Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Nuclear Power 1AC – GSU

1AC Economy Advantage

CONTENTION 1: ECONOMY

Loan guarantees now but insufficient

Squassoni 12 Sharon, Director and Senior Fellow of the Proliferation Prevention Program at CSIS, “NUCLEAR POWER IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY PORTFOLIO”, Federation of American Scientists, February, www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf

Congress appropriated $18.5 billion in loan guarantees for nuclear power facilities,

AND

Vogtle reactor project in Georgia (over $8 billion) in 2010.

Economic collapse is inevitable-~--double-dip’s coming now due to unemployment and lack of spending-~--the US is key

Islam 8/8 Frank, International Business Times, "Double Dip Recession Looms Large", 2012, www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/371450/20120808/double-dip-recession-economy-america-frank-islam.htm

A less-than-stellar recovery of the U.S. economy,

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economy more vibrant. Otherwise, the global economy will be in jeopardy.

Expansion stimulates the economy and creates massive job growth

Fertel 9—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs. (Marvin, Op-Ed: In Energy, Nuclear Leads Transition to Green Jobs, http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/economicbenefitsofnewnuclearplants/in-energy-nuclear-leads-transition-to-green-jobs/)

There is tremendous potential for rebuilding the U.S. economy on green jobs

AND

high-paying jobs as part of a transition to a greener economy.

Nuclear is the key bridge to a sustainable economy which solves economic collapse and war

Becker et al 8—article by 6 MIT professors – Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—Richard Milner—Director, Lab for Nuclear Science and Professor, MIT–AND—Eric Cosman— Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Peter Demos—Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Bruno Coppi—Prof of Physics, MIT (A Perspective on the Future Energy Supply of the United States: The Urgent Need for Increased Nuclear Power, web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/212/milner.html)

The reliable and affordable availability of energy is the lifeblood of human civilization in the

AND

initiate immediately a program to implement nuclear fission reactors on a large scale.

Expanding nuclear solves energy shortages which cause economic collapse

Sullivan 9—Professor of Economics, National Defense University (Paul, Policy Uncertainty Plagues Industry, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2009/10/does-nuclear-fit-the-bill.php)

On the other hand, it is clear that many of our nuclear plants are

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new energy future require steady and well-educated leadership at many levels.

It’s also key to long-term growth and hedge against gas spikes

Whitman 12—former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (5/9/12, Christine, It's dangerous to depend on natural gas, tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/05/09/christine-whitman-nuclear-energy/)

The United States needs an "all of the above" energy strategy that focuses

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if we are to secure a safe and sustainable portfolio of energy resources.

Natural gas prices will spike-~--nuclear key

Adams 12—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (6/3/12, Rod, Brief summary of recent natural gas price history, atomicinsights.com/2012/06/brief-summary-of-recent-natural-gas-price-history.html)

Natural gas prices are volatile. Their price pattern can generate large fortunes. The

AND

also fairly certain that the price increase will not be a temporary blip.

That collapses the US economy

Stones 9—Director of Energy Risk, Dow Chemical Company (Edward, Testimony in front of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Energy, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54945/html/CHRG-111shrg54945.htm)

Over the last 12 years, there have been five significant natural gas spikes.

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energy costs in the US remain globally competitive and avoid economically devastating volatility.

Collapse is inevitable absent a federally funded expansion of nuclear power

Freeman 9—Technology Editor, Executive Intelligence Review Magazine and Associate Editor, 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine. Has written in Fusion Magazine, Executive Intelligence Review magazine, 21st Century Science and Technology magazine, Acta Astronautica, Space World magazine, New Federalist newspaper, Science Books and Films, Space Governance Journal, The World and I, Quest Magazine,The Encyclopedia of the Midwest, and other periodicals. (Marsha, Stimulate The Economy: Build New Nuclear Plants!, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2009/Stimulate_Nucl_sp09.pdf)

But economic growth will depend upon trillions of dollars of Federal investment that ameliorate the

AND

ruin, must be retooled and mobilized to recreate a nuclear manufacturing industry.

US is key to the global economy

Caploe 9 David, CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have

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US - and it is going to have to be solved there too.

Economic decline causes global nuclear war

Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., “It’s not just the economy,” State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank

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demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home.

We have strong statistical support – their defense doesn’t account for global crises

Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict

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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

1AC Leadership Advantage

CONTENTION 2: LEADERSHIP

Nuclear power’s inevitable globally-~--it will be unsafe and cause proliferation absent renewed US leadership

Loudermilk 11—Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University (Micah, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375)

Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering of small reactors around the

AND

standards on nuclear agreements, spent fuel reprocessing, and developing reactor technologies.

Rapid global spread of unsafe nuclear power risks nuclear terrorism and proliferation

Ebinger 11 Charles K, senior fellow and director of the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution and John P. Banks is a nonresident fellow with the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution, “Introduction: Planning a Responsible Nuclear Energy Future,” Business and Nonproliferation: Industry's Role in Safeguarding a Nuclear Renaissance, 2011,

http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/press/books/2011/10/businessandnonproliferation/businessandnonproliferation_chapter.pdf

Currently, 440 reactors with a total capacity of 375 gigawatts (GWe) are

AND

attain regional predominance, international standing, or the capabilities of regional rivals.

Wildfire prolif inevitable without safe nuclear

Macalister 9—energy editor of the Guardian. (Terry, New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy', www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste)

The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other

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low-carbon energy and a stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.

Extinction

Kroenig 12 Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30

Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear

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that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Multiple factors ensure miscalculation—deterrence theory is outdated and false

Evans and Kawaguchi 9 Gareth, President of the International Crisis Group, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne and Yoriko, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, “Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers”, December 15, International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, pg. 31-32, http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html

3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nucleararmed

AND

nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Loose nukes cause nuclear war

Wright 7—prize winning author of best winning books. Visiting scholar at The University of Pennsylvania and Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. Attended TCU, finished his interdisciplinary degree in public and international affairs at Princeton (Robert, 4/28, Planet Of The Apes, http://select.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/opinion/28wright.html, AG)

(3) Terrorism. Alas, the negative-feedback loop -- bad outcomes

AND

And the catalyst would be terrorism, along with our mishandling of it.

And terrorism causes extinction

Hellman 8 [Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf]

The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat

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assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.

Boosting domestic nuclear is key to make the global expansion safe and renew US leadership

WGR 12—Working Group Report Prepared by the Idaho National Laboratory, Third Way energy think tank, and New Millennium Nuclear Energy Partnership (June 2012, A Strategy for the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Consolidated Working Group Report, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/540/Third_Way_Report_-_A_Strategy_for_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy.pdf)

For more than sixty years, the United States has led the world in the

AND

together to establish our position in the worldwide market for nuclear energy infrastructure.

1AC Plan

The United States federal government should provide loan guarantees for the expansion of nuclear power in the United States

1AC Solvency

CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

Expanding loan guarantees for nuclear power creates clean, sustainable electricity-~--federal support’s necessary

I21CE 11 Institute for 21st Century Energy, Mission of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for 21st Century Energy is to unify policymakers, regulators, business leaders, and the American public behind a common sense energy strategy to help keep America secure, prosperous, and clean, "Commit to and Expand Nuclear Energy Use", 2011 is copyright date, www.energyxxi.org/commit-and-expand-nuclear-energy-use

Nuclear power is currently an emissions-free source of 20% of America’s electricity

AND

liability cap is now too low and does not reflect today’s market costs.

Loan guarantees are crucial-~--reduce financial uncertainty and boost investment

Adams 10—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (Rod, Concrete Action to Follow Strongly Supportive Words On Building New Nuclear Power Plants, atomicinsights.com/2010/01/concrete-action-to-follow-strongly-supportive-words-on-building-new-nuclear-power-plants.html)

Loan guarantees are important to the nuclear industry because the currently available models are large

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government on the hook for delays that come from bad bureaucratic decision making.

Government support is vital-~--it overcomes financial barriers to nuclear that the market cannot

Yanosek 12 Kassia, entrepreneur-in-residence at Stanford University’s Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance and a private equity investor in the energy sector as a principal at Quadrant Management and Founder of Tana Energy Capital LLC, " Financing Nuclear Power in the US", Spring, energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Financing_Nuclear_Power_by_Kassia_Yanosek

Over the course of the last decade, it appeared that concerns about carbon emissions

AND

of tax credits and loan guarantees provided in the 2005 Energy Policy Act.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge: Durkee
Econ – 1AC
CONTENTION 1: ECONOMY
SMR incentives now but insufficient for commercialization
Harrington 12 Kent, ChEnected, March 22, "Small Modular Reactors Closer to Reality", chenected.aiche.org/energy/small-modular-reactors-closer-to-reality/
This is still a protracted process. The MOA doesn’t constitute a federal funding commitment
AND
full spectrum of technologies, from advanced reactor concepts to enhanced safety design.
Economic collapse is inevitable---double-dip’s coming now due to unemployment and lack of spending---the US is key
Islam 8/8 Frank, International Business Times, "Double Dip Recession Looms Large", 2012, www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/371450/20120808/double-dip-recession-economy-america-frank-islam.htm
A less-than-stellar recovery of the U.S. economy,
AND
economy more vibrant. Otherwise, the global economy will be in jeopardy.
Expansion stimulates the economy and creates massive job growth
Fertel 9—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs. (Marvin, Op-Ed: In Energy, Nuclear Leads Transition to Green Jobs, http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/economicbenefitsofnewnuclearplants/in-energy-nuclear-leads-transition-to-green-jobs/)
There is tremendous potential for rebuilding the U.S. economy on green jobs
AND
high-paying jobs as part of a transition to a greener economy.
Nuclear is the key bridge to a sustainable economy which solves economic collapse and war  
Becker et al 8—article by 6 MIT professors – Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—Richard Milner—Director, Lab for Nuclear Science and Professor, MIT–AND—Eric Cosman— Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Peter Demos—Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Bruno Coppi—Prof of Physics, MIT (A Perspective on the Future Energy Supply of the United States: The Urgent Need for Increased Nuclear Power, web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/212/milner.html)
The reliable and affordable availability of energy is the lifeblood of human civilization in the
AND
initiate immediately a program to implement nuclear fission reactors on a large scale.
It’s also key to long-term growth and hedge against gas spikes
Whitman 12—former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (5/9/12, Christine, It's dangerous to depend on natural gas, tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/05/09/christine-whitman-nuclear-energy/)
The United States needs an "all of the above" energy strategy that focuses
AND
if we are to secure a safe and sustainable portfolio of energy resources.
SMRs are key to a stable electric supply---power plants are shutting down and renewables aren’t reliable
McNelis 12—director of the Center for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economic Development in the Institute for the Environment at UNC-Chapel Hill. (David, 6/24/12, Safe Power from Small Reactors http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/06/24/1295895/safer-power-from-smaller-reactors.html
Efforts to promote energy efficiency, encourage sustainable lifestyle changes and exploit renewable energy sources
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source of energy that should be considered for use in the United States.
Natural gas prices will spike---nuclear key
Adams 12—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (6/3/12, Rod, Brief summary of recent natural gas price history, atomicinsights.com/2012/06/brief-summary-of-recent-natural-gas-price-history.html)
Natural gas prices are volatile. Their price pattern can generate large fortunes. The
AND
also fairly certain that the price increase will not be a temporary blip.
That collapses the US economy
Stones 9—Director of Energy Risk, Dow Chemical Company (Edward, Testimony in front of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Energy, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54945/html/CHRG-111shrg54945.htm)
Over the last 12 years, there have been five significant natural gas spikes.
AND
energy costs in the US remain globally competitive and avoid economically devastating volatility.
Collapse is inevitable absent a federally funded expansion of nuclear power
Freeman 9—Technology Editor, Executive Intelligence Review Magazine and Associate Editor, 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine. Has written in Fusion Magazine, Executive Intelligence Review magazine, 21st Century Science and Technology magazine, Acta Astronautica, Space World magazine, New Federalist newspaper, Science Books and Films, Space Governance Journal, The World and I, Quest Magazine,The Encyclopedia of the Midwest, and other periodicals. (Marsha, Stimulate The Economy: Build New Nuclear Plants!, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2009/Stimulate_Nucl_sp09.pdf)

But economic growth will depend upon trillions of dollars of Federal investment that ameliorate the
AND
ruin, must be retooled and mobilized to recreate a nuclear manufacturing industry.
US is key to the global economy
Caploe 9 David, CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis
IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
US - and it is going to have to be solved there too.
Economic decline causes global nuclear war
Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., “It’s not just the economy,” State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)
Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home.
We have strong statistical support – their defense doesn’t account for global crises
Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
China – 1AC
CONTENTION 2: CHINA
Chinese nuclear power exports encourage Chinese aggression, cause regional instability, and expands Chinese heg in Asia
Blank 10—Research Professor of National Security Affair, Strategic Studies Institute (Stephen, China puts down marker in nuclear power race, www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LF16Cb01.html)
China announced in late April the sale of two nuclear reactors to Pakistan. This
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that China deems as essential to the pursuit of its larger strategic goals.
Domestic SMRs are key to leverage over Chinese exports which solves Chinese belligerence, heg, and global prolif
Cullinane 11—Staff at House Foreign Affairs Committee. Graduate student at the Institute of World Politics (Scott, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, 9/28/11, www.ensec.org/index.php?view=articleandcatid=118%3Acontentandid=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandtmpl=componentandprint=1andpage=andoption=com_contentandItemid=376)
Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
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larger efforts on both sides of the Pacific to shape the 21st century.
Allowing Chinese market leadership causes Chinese belligerence and heg
Auslin 11 – Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, August 15, 2011, “Build, Hold, and Clear: An American Strategy for Asia ,” online: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=articleandpubId=103997andauthors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/127%3EMichael%20Auslin%3C/a%3E
Ultimately, the U.S. must be serious about its willingness to deal
AND
a system from which it has benefited as much as any other nation.
Great power war
Khalilzad 11—Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. (Zalmay, The Economy and National Security, www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Chinese heg causes nuclear war
Walton 7 – C. Dale Walton, Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, 2007, Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the 21st Century, p. 49
Obviously, it is of vital importance to the United States that the PRC does
AND
a healthy multipolar system that is not marked by close great power alliances.
Lack of US nuclear expansion tempts China to export dangerous reactors---causes meltdowns, terrorist theft, and kills nuclear development world-wide
Tu 12—Senior Associate, Energy and Climate Program, Carnegie (Kevin, 3/11/12, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads)
It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety oversight mechanism is one of the weakest
AND
is a fatal mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.  
Revitalizing the US industry solves Chinese market dominance in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia
Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University. (Charles, Nuclear Energy and Nonproliferation: The Implications of Expanded Nuclear Energy in Asia, in Asia’s Rising Power and America’s Continued Purpose, Ed Tellis, Marble and Tanner, 146)
Although China began to develop commercial nuclear energy a decade or two after Japan and
AND
may garner clients in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.
That causes prolif and unsafe reactors---US development solves and gets modeled
Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University.  (Charles, Testimony before the  House Committee on Science and Technology for the hearing on Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/full10/may19/Ferguson.pdf)

Given the differences in design philosophy among these vendors and the fact that none of
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considers all aspects of manufacturing, transportation, operation, and ultimate disposal.”  
Unsafe nuclear development in South East Asia causes nuclear terror and piracy
CNS 12—Joint Paper prepared by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), the Center for Energy and Security Studies (CENESS), and the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (May 2012, PROSPECTS FOR NUCLEAR SECURITY PARTNERSHIP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/120515_seasia_nuclear_security_partnership.pdf)
Due to the increased flow of nuclear materials and radioactive sources in the region,
AND
as major supplier countries place increasing importance on the issue of trade security.
Plan – 1AC
The United States federal government should reduce restrictions in the United States that disproportionately affect expansion of small modular nuclear reactors
Solvency – 1AC
CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY
Current restrictions make SMR development impossible---plan’s necessary
Rysavy et al 9 Charles F, partner with the law firm of Kand
AND
/committees/nuclearpower/docs/SMR-Dec_2009.pdf
Most SMRs are not merely scaled down versions of large-scale reactors, but
AND
in many cases the actual containment/reactor system will be placed underground.
Reducing restrictions enable SMR commercialization---solves growth---federal action’s key
Freed et al 10 Josh, Director of the Third Way Clean Energy Program, Elizabeth Horwitz, Policy Advisor at Third Way’s Clean Energy Program, and Jeremy Ershow, formerly a Policy Advisor at Third Way, September, "Thinking Small On Nuclear Power", content.thirdway.org/publications/340/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Thinking_Small_On_Nuclear_Power.pdf
THE PROBLEM¶ We don’t have sufficient clean energy technologies to meet our baseload electricity
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reactors could be deployed within a decade domestically22 and go global soon after.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Wash | Judge:
Fed key to catalyze investment---CP doesn’t create reliability
Ben-Moshe et al 10 Sony, attorney in the Project Finance Practice Group
AND
/docs/elj302/19gale-crowell-and-peace.pdf
A primary reason why the financing of a nuclear power project may resemble a Mega
AND
it can be adapted to best encourage private sector financing for nuclear energy.
It’s pay to play---Obama has to act---it’s key to prolif credibility
Slawter 9—Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) Former Director for International Nuclear Energy Policy at the U.S. Department of Energy (Bruce, Pay to Play, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=660)
While Americans have been bickering about nuclear power, vast changes have been afoot overseas
AND
many of the party faithful, but they will be the right decisions.
Perm shields
Wells 7 Christina, Professor of Law Univ. of Missouri-Columbia “Katrina and the Rhetoric of Federalism” Lexis Mississippi Law Review
Cooperative federalism (along with its constituent programs) is not, however, without
AND
a response that occurred largely in the context of a cooperative federalism program.
New spending wrecks the California economy
Krol 12 Robert, Professor of economics at California State University Northridge and author of a forthcoming Cato Journal paper on state budget institutions, 2012, “California Needs a Spending Limit”, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/california-needs-spending-limit
California's budget is once again in the red. The governor signed a balanced budget
AND
a new fiscal mess brewing, it's time for him to try again.
California is key to the US economy
Williams 9 Juliet, writer for the Huffington Post, June 29, 2009, “California's Ailing Economy Could Prolong US Recession”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/29/californias-ailing-econom_n_222616.html
SACRAMENTO, Calif. — California faces a $24 billion budget shortfall, an
AND
ripple through the state economy, sowing fear of even more job losses.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Wash | Judge:
Sustainability is impossible and causes extinction in the short term---market incentives are key
Barnhizer 6 -- Professor of Law, Cleveland State University. (David, Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, Lexis)

Medieval alchemists sought unsuccessfully to discover the process that would enable them to turn base
AND
Yet even this approach can only be achieved incrementally with limited positive effects.

Perm do the plan and reorient our relationship to consumption --- the perm radicalizes reformism
Doran and Barry 6 – worked at all levels in the environment and sustainable development policy arena - at the United Nations, at the Northern Ireland Assembly and Dáil Éireann, and in the Irish NGO sector. PhD--AND-- Reader in Politics, Queen's University School of Politics, International Studies, and Philosophy. PhD Glasgow (Peter and John, Refining Green Political Economy: From Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security and Sufficiency, Analyse and Kritik 28/2006, p. 250–275, http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/2006-2/AK_Barry_Doran_2006.pdf)
EM = Ecological Modernization
Viewed in isolation EM can be painted as a reformist and limited strategy for achieving
AND
‘greenprint’ of an abstract and utopian vision of the ‘sustainable society’.  

National policies are critical to solving environmental problems---their individual alternative fails due to lack of scale and institutional support
Kibert et al 12 (Charles J, Professor and Director of the Powell Center for Construction and Environment at the University of Florida, co-founder and President of the Cross Creek Initiative, a non-profit industry/university joint venture seeking to implement sustainability principles into construction, Leslie Thiele (teaches political theory and serves as Director of Sustainability Studies at the University of Florida. His interdisciplinary research focuses on sustainability issues and the intersection of political philosophy and the natural sciences. His central concerns are the responsibilities of citizenship and the opportunities for leadership in a world of rapid technological, social, and ecological change), Anna Peterson, (Department of Religion at the University of Florida. She received her PhD from the University of Chicago Divinity School. Her main research and teaching areas are environmental and social ethics, religion and politics, and religion in Latin America.), and Martha Monroe (Professor of Environmental Education and Extension, at the School of Forest Resources and Conservation of the University of Florida), “The Ethics of Sustainability”, http://www.cce.ufl.edu/current/ethics/Ethics%20of%20Sustainability%20Textbook.pdf)
Another helpful category from environmental studies scholarship on consumption is individualization, which refers to
AND
merely personal issues, we fail to understand their causes and potential solutions.

Consumption and consumerism are inevitable and build ethical democratic solidarity
Cohen 2 (Patricia, Writer for the New York Times, citing James B. Twitchell, Professor of English at the University of Florida, “In Defense Of Our Wicked, Wicked Way”, The New York Times, July 7, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jtwitche/nytimesarticle.pdf)
"I CAN stand here and look at this for hours," said James B
AND
consumption is eternal. The ad slogan is right: Diamonds are forever. 

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Wash | Judge:
Global nuclear expansion now even in light of Fukushima
BI 12 Breakthrough Institute on The Energy Collective, July 31, "Worldwide Nuclear Energy Expansion Continues", theenergycollective.com/breakthroughinstitut/98406/worldwide-nuclear-energy-expansion-continues
Global production of nuclear energy is expected to grow significantly in future years, despite
AND
, the agencies said in a release, as well as in Russia.¶ 

Gary § Marked 11:35 § Dyck, head of nuclear fuel cycle and
AND
its additional 14 planned reactors are much more likely to be advanced models.

Nuclear power isn’t dangerous – their evidence is anti-nuclear propaganda
Spencer 8 Jack, Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy at The Heritage Foundation, 2/1, “Nuclear Safety Paranoia,” http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/020108a.cfm
On January 4, The Washington Post ran a front-page story about guards
AND
gruel. Yet that's what leading media are feeding the public. Repeatedly.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Wash | Judge:
Romney win---polls wrong
Morris 9/21—American political author and commentator who previously worked as a pollster, political campaign consultant, and general political consultant (Dick, Why The Polls Under State Romney Vote, www.dickmorris.com/why-the-polls-under-state-romney-vote/)
Republicans are getting depressed under an avalanche of polling suggesting that an Obama victory is
AND
on an unusually high turnout of his base the Obama camp really is.
Jobs and gas prices ensure public support---not an election issue but if it was Obama’s already seen as a supporter
Johnson 12 John, Nuclear Energy Insider, April 25, "US Campaign Trail: is nuclear in the equation?", analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/new-build/us-campaign-trail-nuclear-equation
In the next Presidential election, American voters will be voting with their pockets.
AND
, with 800 high paying jobs remaining over the life of the plant.
Obama will lose---best economic predictors
Skousen 9/11 Mark, Investment U Research, 2012, "Who Will Win in November? Economists Make Shocking Prediction", www.investmentu.com/2012/September/who-will-win-in-november.html
Will President Obama win re-election, or will Governor Romney occupy the White
AND
“standard error,” so the election is “too close to call.”
Public strongly supports the plan---associated with recovery
PR Newswire 11 (11/3, Americans' Support for Nuclear Energy Holds at Majority Level 6 Months After Japan Accident, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/americans-support-for-nuclear-energy-holds-at-majority-level-6-months-after-japan-accident-130981293.html)
Six months after the Fukushima Daiichi accident in Japan, solid majorities of Americans still
AND
, energy independence, and economic growth and job creation," Bisconti said.
Swing states don’t matter – overall support is key
Bernstein 12 Jonathan, Political Scientist who contributes to the Washington Post, Star Tribune, 6/9, http://m.startribune.com/opinion/?id=158323795andc=y
Five myths about swing states Much of what we think we know about these key
AND
the states they expect to matter most, it won't make much difference.
National polls are more accurate than swing state polls
Bernstein 12 Jonathan, Political Scientist who contributes to the Washington Post, Star Tribune, 6/9, http://m.startribune.com/opinion/?id=158323795andc=y
Any candidate who wins the popular vote by at least three percentage points is certain
AND
we'll look at the national polls to find out what's really going on.
Energy policy won’t switch votes—it’s all about the economy
AP 12 (Associated Press, “Climate change not a presidential election issue yet”, 8/12, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57489676/climate-change-not-a-presidential-election-issue-yet/)
Barack Obama promised to tackle climate change when he first ran for the White House
AND
. "What is done about it awaits the outcome of this election."
Winners win – the plan key to consolidate Obama’s momentum
Creamer 12 (Robert, political organizer and strategist, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment", 1/2, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html)
Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New Year, they
AND
you have them on the run - that's the time to chase them.
Romney’s stance on India is the same and relations are resilient
NDTV 7/26 (New Delhi Television Limited, leading Indian news source, “Obama, Mitt Romney agree on one thing: India”, http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/obama-mitt-romney-agree-on-one-thing-india-247698)
Despite differences over various foreign policy issues, both President Barack Obama and his Republican
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in the last three years, the last four years," Flournoy said.
Economic crisis causes Indo-Pak nuclear war
Hon Dov S Zakheim 9, before the House Committee on Armed Services. A former Undersecretary of Defense, Dr Zakheim is an FPRI trustee, 3-20-09, Security Challenges from The Crisis, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4andlng=enandid=98001
Pakistan’s internal stability has always been tenuous. For the past few years its growing
AND
, the prospect for a major conflagration in South Asia is very real.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Olney
Gas production will decline and prices will soar
Forbes 12 (Richard Finger, Contributor, 7/22/2012, “We're Headed To $8 Natural Gas,” Forbes http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardfinger/2012/07/22/were-headed-to-8-00-natural-gas/2/)
Natural Gas prices have spent all of 2012 below $3.00. Just
AND
us to $8.00 mcf natural gas by the approaching winter.
Nuclear doesn’t tradeoff---it allows gas to be used in suitable markets
Parker 9—President, American Gas Association (David, Nuclear Vital To Electricity Grid, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2009/10/does-nuclear-fit-the-bill.php)
Fuel diversity in electricity generation is critical to the success of a sustainable grid,
AND
natural gas customers have led the way in increasing energy efficiency and conservation.
No impact
Eberstadt 1998. visiting scholar at AEI and at the Harvard University Center for Population and Development Studies (Nicholas, “Demography and International relations”. Washington Quarterly April 1, 1998. http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.8778/pub_detail.asp) 

 The intuitive inference that population increases should result in an intensifying resource scarcity (
AND
, real prices of primary commodities have continued on this secular downward trend.

Energy costs don’t change manufacturing competitiveness
Levi 12 (Michael Levi- senior fellow for energy and the environment at Council on Foreign Relations, director of CFR Program on Energy Security and Climate Change.May 16, 2012, "Energy and U.S. Manufacturing: Five Things to Think About," CFR blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/05/16/energy-and-u-s-manufacturing-five-things-to-think-about/)
The boom in U.S. oil and gas production has sparked talk of
AND
the cost savings are not expected to cause production expansion and capacity investment.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge:
C/I – restrictions are government regs that limit production
Reade 8 LINDA R. READE, District Court Judge, Opinion in UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, vs. RONALD L. COLEMAN, Defendant.No. 07-CR-66-LRRUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA, CEDAR RAPIDS DIVISION545 F. Supp. 2d 854; 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26803April 1, 2008, DecidedApril 2, 2008, Filed, lexis
. . . . Although § 802(44) does not define …. Dictionary 1006 (9th ed. 1991).

NRC licensing process is the largest restriction on SMR energy production
Hopf 11 Jim is the Principal Nuclear Engineer at Energy Solutions. “Roadblock in Congress for SMR Development,” Oct 25, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/25/congress-smr/
As many have observed, the main barrier to the deployment of SMRs may not
AND
requiring the NRC to complete reviews within some fixed, reasonable time period.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge:
Certainty key
Cuttino 12 Phyllis, Director of Pew Clean Energy Program, 7/5, "Investment Will Follow if Congress Renews the Production Tax Credit", www.huffingtonpost.com/phyllis-cuttino/investment-will-follow-if_b_1638790.html
Congress has historically preferred to implement energy policy through a series of tax incentives rather
AND
growth and to assure our global leadership in a rapidly emerging new sector.

Certainty key to SMRs
Adams 10—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (Rod, Concrete Action to Follow Strongly Supportive Words On Building New Nuclear Power Plants, atomicinsights.com/2010/01/concrete-action-to-follow-strongly-supportive-words-on-building-new-nuclear-power-plants.html)
Loan guarantees are important to the nuclear industry because the currently available models are large
AND
the government on the hook for delays that come from bad bureaucratic decision making
CP links to politics - doesn’t resolve controversy
Mayer 7 – Kenneth R. Mayer, Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, December 2007, “The Base Realignment and Closure Process: Is it Possible to Make Rational Policy?,” online: http://users.polisci.wisc.edu/kmayer/Professional/Base%20Realignment%20and%20Closure%20Process.pdf
There is simply far too much controversy over what sorts of reforms are necessary. Should benefits be protected, or should cuts be considered? Should taxes be raised, and if so by how much? Should benefits be means tested? The retirement age raised? What should the transition period look like? No legislator is likely to give up decision making rights in the presence of such controversy and uncertainty about the scope of the final policy.
And this is how it should be. Automatic delegation comes at the cost of
AND
an unusual set of circumstances, and it should replicated with great caution.
Leaks mean it links
Wilson and DiIulio 98 (James Q, Professor of Political Science at UCLA, and John J. DiIulio, Professor of Political Science at Princeton (American Government: Institutions and Policies, p. 291)
American government is the leakiest in the world. The bureaucracy, members of Congress
AND
not against the law for the press to receive and print government secrets.
Huge delay deficit
Ernest J. Moniz, physics prof @ MIT, 11-15-2011, “Quadrennial Energy and Technology Reviews,” MIT Energy Init., http://web.mit.edu/mitei/views/testimony/111115-quadrennial-energy-and-technology-reviews.html
S.1703 would legislate the QER as a required submission to the Congress,
AND
of analytical capabilities and process development are funded and pursued aggressively in 2012.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge:
Nuclear’s not zero-sum with renewables investment---there’s enough to go around
Kerekes 7 Steven, Senior Director of Media Relations at the NEI, "Nuclear Power in Response to Climate Change", November 9, www.cfr.org/energy/nuclear-power-response-climate-change/p14718
So it’s a complete myth that Michael’s preferred technologies haven’t gotten the money. They
AND
as a reliable, affordable source of clean energy is cause for hope.
Alternatives to nuclear suck---fossil fuels cause warming and other renewables fail
Klein 12 Andrew C, Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics at Oregon State University, “Required Infrastructure for the Future of Nuclear Energy”, Federation of American Scientists, February, www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf
So what’s the best substitute for nuclear power? Again, that depends on your
AND
reactors while essentially solving the nuclear waste problem. But they’re decades away.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: Galloway
C/I – Substantial means a large amount
Dictionary.com 12
sub•stan•tial   suhb-stan-shuhl  Show IPA adjective 1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.
Substantial is qualitative not quantitive
H. Beau Baez 6, Assistant Professor of Law, Liberty University School of Law, Seattle University Law Review Spring, 2006 29 Seattle Univ. L. R. 581
The Supreme Court has interpreted the Commerce Clause to prohibit state actions that discriminate against
AND
alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night. n117
Reasonability is uniquely applicable to determining whether an aff is substantial
Linda Stadler 93 “NOTE: Corrosion Proof Fittings v. EPA: Asbestos in the Fifth Circuit--A Battle of Unreasonableness ” Tulane Environmental Law Journal Summer, 1993 6 Tul. Envtl. L.J. 423
n3 Matthew J. McGrath, Note, Convergence of the Substantial Evidence and Arbitrary
AND
. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938).

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wake BM | Judge:
 “Federal Government” doesn’t mean “all three branches”
Chicago 7 (University of Chicago Manual of Style, “Capitalization, Titles”, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles30.html)
Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,
AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.
Links to elections and doesn’t solve signal
Campbell 2K Colton, Professor of Government, “CONGRESS CONFRONTS THE COURTS”, p. 22
The final situation in which the judiciary usurps the legislative power may be equally dangerous
AND
elitist, and out-of-touch is unlikely to be respected.
CP devastates Court legitimacy
Hubbart 5 (Phillip A., Adjunct Professor of Law, Former Judge – Third District Court of Appeal of Florida, Making Sense of Search and Seizure Law: A Fourth Amendment Handbook, p. 106)
Still, the framework of past Fourth Amendment decisions on a specific issue limits the
AND
, as a practical matter, restrict the Court’s decision-making process.
Causes terrorism
Shapiro 3 (Jeremy, Associate Director and Research Associate – Brookings Institute, March “French Lessons: The Importance of the Judicial System in Fighting Terrorism http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/shapiro20030325.htm)
The unique nature of terrorism means that maintaining the appearance of justice and democratic legitimacy
AND
of terrorism without sacrificing the very values they so desperately desire to protect.
They didn’t specify grounds – makes the CP meaningless and rolled back
Post 1 Robert, Law Professor at Berkeley, “The Supreme Court as Institutional Practice: Dissent, Legal Scholarship, and Decisionmaking in the Taft Court,” May, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/186
So, for example, the editors of the American Law Review argued in 1886
AND
reasons which a portion of the court may give for the opposing view.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wake BM | Judge:
Exemptions fail---bureaucracy, inefficiencies and uncertainty deters investment
NEI 10 Nuclear Energy Institute, "NRC ANNUAL FEE ASSESSMENT FOR SMALL REACTORS", October, pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1103/ML110380260.pdf
10 CFR Part 171 does provide for exemptions to NRC annual fees; see Section
AND
process, citing it as one reason the agency is considering a rulemaking.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1AC – Deterrence

CONTENTION 1: GLOBAL DETERRENCE

SMRs allow the Marines to ensure mobility and reduced logistics-~--other energies fail

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.

AND

make the Corps significantly lighter and more mobile by reducing its logistics tail.

Marine SMRs solve and make bases like Guam energy self-sufficient

Baker 12 Matthew, American Security Project Think Tank, "Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?", June 22, americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/

The Defense Energy Security Caucus (DESC) held a briefing yesterday afternoon with proposals

AND

to Congressman Bartlett, SMRs could make such bases energy self-sufficient.

SCENARIO 1 – ASIA

China’s rising now-~--US must harden military bases like Guam to avoid loss of Asia Pacific

Barton 11 Paul C, Gannett Washington Bureau citing Thomas Mahnken, Professor at the Naval War College, "Strategist: Guam in reach of Chinese missiles", March 30, www.armytimes.com/news/2011/03/gannett-guam-within-reach-of-china-missiles-033011/

Advancements in Chinese military capabilities mean Guam has lost its status as a safe haven

AND

power in the Pacific in order to ensure access to the global commons.”

Energy diversification on Guam is critical to the US military buildup

Peterson 11 Chris, "Guam Power Authority", 2011 is last date cited, www.energyandinfrastructure.com/index.php/featured-content/307-guam-power-authority-gpa

Diversification of its energy sources will become much more important in the coming years,

AND

single largest customer, using more than 350 million kilowatt-hours each year

Guam is the lynchpin of deterrence in the Asia-Pacific – proximity to hotspots ensures rapid response and deters Chinese expansionism

Caryl 7 Christian, Senior fellow at the Legatum Institute, a contributing editor at Foreign Policy, and a senior fellow at the MIT Center for International Studies, The Daily Beast, 2/25/07, “America's Unsinkable Fleet”, http:~/~/www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/02/25/html

For an out-of-the-way spit of land in the West

AND

rises--Guam will have to get used to being in the headlines.

Conflict is emerging in the South Sea as China expands its military – escalating tensions and competing resource claims make miscalculation likely

Westhead 12 Rick, Writer for Foreign Affairs, staff writer/South Asia Bureau Chief for the Toronto Star, The Star, 7/14, “Battle for the Pacific: Naval arms race in the China Sea”, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1225396--battle-for-the-pacific-naval-arms-race-in-the-china-sea

A 21st-century Great Game is unfolding in the Asia Pacific, a region

AND

and destroyers and 71 submarines, as well as its first aircraft carrier.

Territorial disputes snowball into nuclear conflict

Chakraborty 10 Tuhin Subhro, Research Associate at Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), his primary area of work is centered on East Asia and International Relations. His recent work includes finding an alternative to the existing security dilemma in East Asia and the Pacific and Geo Political implications of the ‘Rise of China’. Prior to joining RGICS, he was associated with the Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation, United Service Institution of India (USI) where he examined the role of India in securing Asia Pacific. He has coordinated conferences and workshops on United Nation Peacekeeping Visions and on China’s Quest for Global Dominance. He has written commentaries on issues relating to ASEAN, Asia Pacific Security Dilemma and US China relations. He also contributed in carrying out simulation exercise on the ‘Afghanistan Scenario’ for the Foreign Service Institute (FSI). Tuhin interned at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), Sapru House, wherein he worked on the Rise of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military budget and its impact on India. He graduated from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi and thereafter he undertook his masters in East Asian Studies from University of Delhi. His areas of interest include China, India-Japan bilateral relations, ASEAN, Asia Pacific security dynamics and Nuclear Issues, The United States Service Institution of India, 2010, “The Initiation and Outlook of ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus Eight”, http:~/~/www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic%20Perspectiveandpubno=20andano=739url:http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic%20Perspectiveandpubno=20andano=739

The first ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Eight (China, India, Japan,

AND

a major conflict which has the possibility of turning into a nuclear conflict.

That draws in great powers and escalates to World War III

Waldron 97 Arthur, Professor of strategy and policy at the U.S. Naval War College and an AEI adjunct scholar, American Enterprise Institute, 3/1, “How Not to Deal with China”, http://www.aei.org/issue/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/how-not-to-deal-with-china-issue/

Then there is Southeast Asia, which, having weathered the Vietnam War and a

AND

--Russia, or India, or Japan--or the United States.

Nationalism and resource competition make it an existential threat

Gosnell and Orzetti 12 Rachael, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy, former Combat Systems Officer at U.S. Navy AND Michael, Second Lieutenant, U.S. Marine Corps, Master’s Candidate at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and a 2011 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, Proceedings Magazine—U.S. Naval Institute, April 2012, Vol. 138/4/1310, “Now Hear This – Is Great-Power War Still Possible?”, http:~/~/www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-04/org/magazines/proceedings/2012-04/now-hear-great-power-war-still-possible

The Center for Naval Analyses recently published Grand Strategy: Contemporary Contending Analyst Views and

AND

cannot be ruled out. U.S. policymakers must plan accordingly.

Independently, Guam is the crucial pivot point for the US Asia-Pacific strategy

Halloran 11 Richard, New York Times Foreign Correspondent, “Pacific Push”, January, http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/January%202011/0111pacific.aspx

A force buildup on Guam anchors a broad US military strategy to keep China in

AND

, US senior officers have expressed skepticism that the schedule will be maintained.)

That’s key to prevent a regional arms race, war over Taiwan, and seizure of shipping lanes and the Strait of Malacca

Spinetta 6 Major Lawrence, “The Malacca Dilemma-Countering China’s String of Pearls with Land Based Air Power”, http:~/~/www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=pdfandAD=ADA476931

With regard to Japan, China has made repeated incursions into Japanese territorial waters and

AND

keeps the peace in East Asia, it will probably act prudently.”55

Taiwan conflict escalates to nuclear war

Glaser 11 Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs Vol. 9 Iss. 2, March/April

THE PROSPECTS for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth

AND

military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

Causes great power war in the short term-~--interdependence doesn’t check

Medcalf and Heinrichs 11 - Rory Medcalf is Director of the International Security Programme at the Lowy Institute, Sydney. Raoul Heinrichs is Sir Arthur Tange Scholar at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, and editor of the Lowy Institute Strategic Snapshot series, June 27, 2011, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” online: http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?print=yes

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm

AND

relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.

Collapse of Asian trade from Malacca causes nuclear war

Auslin 9 Michael, resident scholar at AEI, “Averting Disaster”, The Daily Standard, 2/6, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29339/pub_detail.asp

As they deal with a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the

AND

types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.

Asian war outweighs by definition-~--biggest militaries and nuclear arsenals

Auslin 11 – Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, August 15, 2011, “Build, Hold, and Clear: An American Strategy for Asia ,” online: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=articleandpubId=103997andauthors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/127%3EMichael%20Auslin%3C/a%3E

The Indo-Pacific region also boasts the world's largest militaries. China, Japan

AND

cyber programs, designed to attack the networked structure of America's defense machine.

SCENARIO 2 – EXPEDITIONARY DETERRENCE

Marine nuclear energy progress spills over to all other military sectors

Roberts 11 David, Staff Writer for Grist, "THE MARINES GO RENEWABLE", Outside Magazine, December 2011, www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/natural-intelligence/Natural-Intelligence-Charge.html?page=all

The effort has covered ground so quickly in part because of the Corps’s relentless,

AND

that “stability operations are a core U.S. military mission.”

SMRs resolve grid and convoy risks-~--islanding and reduced fuel needs

Bourget 11 Remy, worked at Center for Advanced Defense Studies, “Small Modular Reactors: Opportunity for Global Leadership and Innovation”, 7/1, Google Cache

Small Modular Reactors offer unambiguous national security advantages. Unlike other alternative energy sources such

AND

generation of nuclear energy, but recent budgetary decisions suggest a missed opportunity.

Fewer fuel convoys and sustainable operations boost mission effectiveness

Pompilio 12 Natalie, Freelance Writer and co-author of More Philadelphia Murals and the Stories They Tell, citing Retired Brigade General Steven Anderson, "The real reason the military is going green", June 8, www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-06-08/real-reason-military-going-green

Cleaner Energy, A More Secure World¶ In the Middle East, realities in

AND

our economic stability—and with it, our stature in the world.”

SMRs enhance desalination which enables mission effectiveness and prevents water wars

Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical

AND

.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm

The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963

AND

tomorrow's distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.

Water wars cause extinction

Barlow 8 – National chairperson of The Council of Canadians. Co-founder of the Blue Planet Project.  Chairs the board of Washington-based Food and Water Watch and is also an executive member of the San Francisco–based International Forum on Globalization and a Councillor with the Hamburg-based World Future Council. She is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates. Served as Senior Advisor on Water to the 63rd President of the United Nations General Assembly (Maude, “The Global Water Crisis and the Coming Battle for the Right to Water”, 25 February, http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_global_water_crisis_and_the_coming_battle_for_the_right_to_water

 The three water crises – dwindling freshwater supplies, inequitable access to water and

AND

leading to a rise in illegal, and unpopular, migration to India.

Loss of mission effectiveness results in nuclear war in every hotspot

Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but

AND

Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Independently, Marines key to overall US power projection

Hagee 4 General Michael W, Commandant of the Marine Corps, "Before the Senate Armed Services Committee Concerning Posture", February 10, www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmc/posture_feb04.pdf

The Navy-Marine Corps team continues to play a critical role in the Global

AND

are never barred from a vital national objective or limited to suboptimal alternatives.

Extinction

Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http:~/~/www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads

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the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

1AC – Plan

The Executive branch of the United States should acquire small modular nuclear reactors on Marine Corps domestic installations in the United States

1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 2: SOLVENCY

The Marines should lead from the front with SMR deployment-~--it ensures base security, desalination and bypasses NRC licensing

Butler 11 Lt. Col. Glen Butler, USMC, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, “Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it”, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough ***Edited: Footnote included***

Consider Nuclear Power¶ On 16 March 1979, The China Syndrome opened in theaters

AND

affairs. Our natural, and national, security depends on it.43

Plan’s key to ensure availability of SMRs for the military and doesn’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s

AND

leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

SMRs are awesome-~--feasible, cheaper, safer and solve other nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/

Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in

AND

no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

SMR incentives now but they’re insufficient

DOD Energy Blog 11 “Good Things in Small Packages: Small Reactors for Military Power”, February 16, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own

AND

be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

**Case**

Heg Sustainable

Err towards sustainability – declinists rise the bar too high and cherry-pick evidence.

Wohlforth 7 (William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government in the Dartmouth College Department of Government, Unipolar Stability: The Rules of Power Analysis, A Tilted org/symposia/72/, Vol . 29 (1) - Spring 2007, http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1611)

The larger problem with conflating power-as-resources with power-as-

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, such as terrorism, that are particularly important to the United States.

**Off-Case**

2AC T

C/I – Financial incentives induce behaviors-~--that includes procurement

Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of

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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Precision-~--our definition’s from the DoE

Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)

2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with

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or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

2AC QER CP

Certainty is key – crucial for investment

Trembath 11 Alex, Policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough. He is the lead or co-author of several Breakthrough publications, including the 2012 report, 2/4/11, Nuclear Power and the Future of Post-Partisan Energy org/2011/02/the-nuclear-option-in-a-post-partisan-approach-on-energy/||title="Permanent Link to Nuclear Power and the Future of Post-Partisan Energy Policy",  "Beyond Boom and Bust: Putting Clean Tech on a Path to Subsidy Independence" and "Where the Shale Gas Revolution Came From”,  http:~/~/leadenergy.org/2011/02/the-nuclear-option-in-a-post-partisan-approach-on-energy/http://leadenergy.org/2011/02/the-nuclear-option-in-a-post-partisan-approach-on-energy/

If there is one field of the energy sector for which certainty of political will

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power maybe one sector of our economy to benefit from his political leadership.

DoD already established its recommendations for SMR adoption

King 11 Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

Recognizing nuclear power as a potential benefit to Department of Defense (DoD) facilities

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NRC, and DOE Labs. This report documents our analysis and findings.

And it recommended against being an early adopter—proves the CP can’t establish a bureaucratic consensus for the plan

King 11 Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

The most significant risk for SMR power plants is associated with being an early adoptor

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for cooperation and partnership for sharing risks associated with this type of project.

Marines will block

Butler 11 – Lt. Col. USMC - LtCol Butler HQ, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it,  LtCol Glen Butler, http:~/~/www.mca-marines.org/gazette/org/gazette/not-green-enough%20

Camp Pendleton surfaced in 2009 as a potential desalination plant location, but the official Marine Corps stance has been hesitant rather than an eager courtship of the opportunity.39 Indeed, many major Marine bases are in coastal areas and could benefit from SMR/desalination cogeneration plants. Potential future Marine sites like Guam could undeniably benefit from such advancements,40 and as the number of reverse osmosis sites increases, the cost per unit will decrease.

No implementation

Barlas 12 Stephen, Columnist @ Financial Executive, 1/1, Lexis

But it is highly unlikely that Obama's blueprint will lead to a firmer footing for

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efforts to substitute domestic natural gas for foreign petroleum features business versus business.

Should means ought
 Howard 5

Taylor and Howard, 05 - Resources for the Future, Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa (Michael and Julie, “Investing in Africa's future: U.S. Agricultural development assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa”, 9/12, http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001784/5-US-agric_Sept2005_Chap2.pdf)
 Other legislated DA earmarks in the FY2005 appropriations bill are smaller and more targeted: plant biotechnology research and development ($25 million), the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad program ($20 million), women’s leadership capacity ($15 million), the International Fertilizer Development Center ($2.3 million), and clean water treatment ($2 million). Interestingly, in the wording of the bill, Congress uses the term shall in connection with only two of these eight earmarks; the others say that USAID should make the prescribed amount available. The difference between shall and should may have legal significance—one is clearly mandatory while the other is a strong admonition—but it makes little practical difference in USAID’s need to comply with the congressional directive to the best of its ability.

Links to politics

Lindsey Marburger, 11/30/10, manages the Earth Systems Program, overseeing Federation of American Scientists' work in building technologies, energy efficiency and energy technology training and safety, and systems resource analysis, “PCAST Federal Energy Policy Report Released”, http://www.fas.org/blog/nutshell/2010/11/pcast-federal-energy-policy-report-released/

While changing the timescale from two years to four years will decrease the time burden

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of Executive branch to act upon the results and recommendations of the QER.

2AC Advantage CP

DOD key-~--DOE lacks market-pull capabilities

Marqusee 12 Jeffrey, Executive director at the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program at the DOD, “Military Installations and Energy Technology Innovations”, Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities, March, PDF online

Why can’t DoD rely on the Department of Energy (DOE) to solve the

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energy technologies the department’s installations require, as it has for environmental technologies.

DOD renewable initiatives fail-~--SMRs key

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

In recent years, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)

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the prospects for addressing these critical vulnerabilities through small-scale nuclear plants.

Micro-grid fails-~--unreliable and quality problems

BIESI 11 Brookings Institution Energy Security Initiative, The Hoover Institution Shultz-Stevenson Task Force on Energy Policy, "Assessing the Role of Distributed Power Systems in the U.S. Power Sector", October, media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Distributed-Energy.pdf

Microgrid¶ Generation technologies are central to discussions around distributed energy systems. However,

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level of distributed generation deployment, reserve margin maintenance can be a problem.

Alt financing fails

Annie Snider 12, EandE reporter, 1/27/12, “Clean energy doesn't always bring security for military,” http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/27/1

Just north of Las Vegas, a shimmering array of solar panels captures energy from the blazing sun to power some of the Air Force's most advanced work, including testing and flying drones.

Nellis Air Force Base's 14.2-megawatt solar power plant has been lauded

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can provide vital power if the local grid goes down, they say.

But the 140 acres of solar panels at Nellis are useless when commercial power is out, thanks to a provision in the project's agreement with the local utility that lets NV Energy turn off the array if the grid goes down.

The Nellis solar deal reveals some of the major hurdles facing the military as it tries to tap vast renewable energy on its lands as a buffer against the threat posed by power disruptions.

For NV Energy, the key issue is safety. The utility does not want the renewable power plant feeding juice to the grid if workers are repairing lines. Solar panels connected directly to houses or businesses are not a problem, but they can pose safety hazards when they are hooked to the grid.

There is a technological fix: a switch that would let the base disconnect from the grid and keep the solar panels up, shouldering some of the backup power burden that currently falls to the base's diesel generators when commercial power goes out.

But Nellis has not implemented that fix. Nor has the Navy at the Naval Air Weapons Station in China Lake, Calif., where a 270-megawatt geothermal plant makes it the only military installation that produces more power than it uses. Nor have many other U.S. military bases that are quickly amassing fields of solar panels and wind turbines.

To be sure, the idea of using renewable energy to power critical missions wasn't on the Pentagon agenda when the Nellis and China Lake projects were built in 2007 and 1987, respectively. But today, as the Defense Department undertakes a massive effort to build renewable energy generation for "energy security," there is still no overarching requirement that such power sources be able to support vital national missions if the local power goes out.

"It's not energy security if you've got renewable generation that you cannot access if the grid goes down," said Scott Sklar, a 40-year veteran of the renewable power field and a frequent consultant for the military.

Cost is often cited as a barrier for DOD not having the proper grid-access deals or technologies. Utilities charge a "disconnect fee" for the right to drop off the grid and continue generation during a power outage. The fees vary, but military energy managers say they are sizeable enough to affect a project's overall financials.

Money's a problem for the military. Although officials see a security value to on-base power production, renewable energy projects are legally required to yield more in savings over their lifetime than they cost to build. Projects often meet that requirement with thin margins.

"If our leadership determines to us that there is a financial value to energy security, then that will be used in our evaluation of price," said Steve Dumont, an energy manager for the Air Force Command that oversees Nellis. "It's really a policy issue."

And that is the rub: DOD rules and guidance are largely driven by mandates for expanding the use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency rather than operational need.

Pentagon policymakers have been awakened in recent years to the vulnerability of bases that rely on commercial power, but as they start to devise new standards for renewable power, they must navigate regulatory mazes that vary from state to state. States have authority over utilities, and many utilities must be dealt with individually.

Meanwhile, in the absence of orders from headquarters, base energy managers are left to make their own decisions. That is complicated by turnover on those posts and a lack of training and experience.

The result is expensive, labor-intensive projects -- some funded with federal taxpayers' cash, others by developers -- that meet federal green-energy mandates but provide little security benefit to the military.

Fuel Cell DA

Plan solves hydrogen fuel cell transition faster and better

Schaffer and Chang 9 Marvin Baker, Adjunct staff Member at the RAND Corporation and Ike, independent consultant, “Mobile Nuclear Power for Future Land Combat”, issue 52, 1^st quarter 2009, PDF Online

Strategic implications of a mobile and survivable fleet of vehicles independent of fossil fuels would

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extensive study by the Department of Defense and the Department of the Army.

Community DA

Public strongly supports the plan-~--associated with recovery

PR Newswire 11 (11/3, Americans' Support for Nuclear Energy Holds at Majority Level 6 Months After Japan Accident, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/html)

Six months after the Fukushima Daiichi accident in Japan, solid majorities of Americans still

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, energy independence, and economic growth and job creation," Bisconti said.

Link Non U

SMR incentives now but they’re insufficient

DOD Energy Blog 11 “Good Things in Small Packages: Small Reactors for Military Power”, February 16, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own

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be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

2AC Obama Good

Romney win

Chambers 10/1—journalist for the Examiner (Dean, New CNN/ORC poll less skewed for Barack Obama than the previous one, www.examiner.com/article/com/article/new-cnn-orc-poll-far-less-skewed-for-barack-obama-than-the-previous-one)

The new CNN/ORC poll of the presidential race released today shows a two

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Average of Polls that today shows Romney leading by 6.0 percent.

Jobs and gas prices ensure public support-~--not an election issue but if it was Obama’s already seen as a supporter

Johnson 12 John, Nuclear Energy Insider, April 25, "US Campaign Trail: is nuclear in the equation?", analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/new-build/us-campaign-trail-nuclear-equation

In the next Presidential election, American voters will be voting with their pockets.

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, with 800 high paying jobs remaining over the life of the plant.

Undecideds will vote for Romney

Wolk 9/26—NorCal writer (Chuck, If The Election Were Held Today, Romney Would Win Big Over Obama, http://www.norcalblogs.com/gate/2012/09/if-the-election-were-held-today-romney-would-win-big-over-obama.php)

It's time for the American people to ignore the MSM's reports about Obama's inevitable win

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41.26%, which would be a historic landslide for Mitt Romney.

Executive shields controversy

Appelbaum 12 Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific RandD, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say

Sarewitz, who studies the government's role in promoting innovation, said the Defense Department

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find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs.

SMRs popular—their generic links don’t apply

Covert 12 Adrian is the Editorial Assistant at Gizmodo Magazine, “The US Government Is Banking on Small Nuclear Reactors for Future Energy”, March 12, 2012, http://gizmodo.com/5890394/the-us-government-is-banking-on-small-nuclear-reactors-for-future-energy

Ever since Fukushima, nuclear power has not been a warmly-received concept when

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Sure they may not generate Gigawatts, but Megawatts aren't so bad either.

Energy policy won’t switch votes—it’s all about the economy

AP 12 (Associated Press, “Climate change not a presidential election issue yet”, 8/12, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57489676/climate-change-not-a-presidential-election-issue-yet/)

Barack Obama promised to tackle climate change when he first ran for the White House

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. "What is done about it awaits the outcome of this election."

Winners win – the plan key to consolidate Obama’s momentum

Creamer 12 (Robert, political organizer and strategist, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment", 1/2, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html)

Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New Year, they

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you have them on the run - that's the time to chase them.

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger

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they understand why the candidates would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Plan swings Florida to Obama-~--key job creator and gets Hispanics on board

Whitman and Avila 12 Christine Todd, former EPA administrator and New Jersey governor, is the co-chair of the Clean and Safe Energy (CASEnergy) Coalition and Karen, president of Hispanic Elected Local Officials and a member of the CASEnergy Coalition, "Nuclear energy = green jobs, economic growth in Fla., beyond", June 22, articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-06-22/opinion/os-ed-nuclear-energy-florida-jobs-062212-20120621_1_nuclear-energy-green-jobs-hispanic-community

We all know how critical Florida is to the outcome of this year's election.

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-owned suppliers and businesses are among key beneficiaries of this economic infusion.

Florida swings the election

Stanage 11 (Niall, The Hill Writer, “Obama, Republicans prepare for 2012 Florida election showdown,” 6/20, http://thehill.com/homenews/news/167239-a-storm-brews-in-florida-ahead-of-2012-election)

In the 17 months between now and Election Day 2012, innumerable theories, some esoteric, will be advanced about how President Obama can get reelected. Math provides a starker answer: Win Florida. ¶ Obama in 2008 carried nine states that former President George W. Bush won four years previously. If Obama loses eight of those battlegrounds and holds Florida — and the other states remain unchanged — he will secure another four years in the Oval Office.

Hispanics will decide the election-~--Florida’s uniquely key

Cortes 12 Amber, The Seattle Times, September 6, "Hispanic citizens are a - perhaps the - crucial voting bloc in presidential campaign", blogs.seattletimes.com/uwelectioneye/2012/09/06/hispanic-voters-vital-to-national-election/

Hispanic citizens are a — perhaps the — crucial voting bloc in presidential campaign ¶

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Florida by just 230,000 votes — roughly 36 votes per precinct.

Gridlock inevitable with any election outcome

Curry 9/11/12 - NBC News national affairs writer (Tom, NBC Politics, “Romney election could create new scenario for EPA and coal,” http:~/~/nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/11/13807749-romney-election-could-create-new-scenario-for-epa-and-coal?com/_news/2012/09/11/13807749-romney-election-could-create-new-scenario-for-epa-and-coal?lite)

Whether Mitt Romney or Barack Obama wins the presidential election, a congressional impasse in 2013 seems likely. That’s because under most conceivable election scenarios – with Romney or Obama in the White House, and with either Democrats maintaining their Senate majority, or the Republicans taking it – the minority party could use the filibuster threat to block proposals it opposed.

Plan solves warming

Lynas 9/14—Visiting Research Associate at Oxford University’s School of Geography and the Environment (9/14/12, Mark, Without nuclear, the battle against global warming is as good as lost, www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/sep/14/nuclear-global-warming)

Let me be very clear. Without nuclear, the battle against global warming is

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rising risks of climate change, the planet is in very serious trouble.

No impact-~--mitigation and adaptation will solve-~--no tipping point or “1% risk” args

Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from

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economic growth and well‐being may be at risk (Stern 2006).

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem

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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1AC KY RR – Round 5

1AC – Deterrence

CONTENTION 1: GLOBAL DETERRENCE

SMRs allow the Marines to ensure mobility and reduced logistics-~--other energies fail

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.

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make the Corps significantly lighter and more mobile by reducing its logistics tail.

Marine SMRs solve and make bases like Guam energy self-sufficient

Baker 12 Matthew, American Security Project Think Tank, "Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?", June 22, americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/

The Defense Energy Security Caucus (DESC) held a briefing yesterday afternoon with proposals

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to Congressman Bartlett, SMRs could make such bases energy self-sufficient.

SCENARIO 1 – ASIA

China’s rising now-~--US must harden military bases like Guam to avoid loss of Asia Pacific

Barton 11 Paul C, Gannett Washington Bureau citing Thomas Mahnken, Professor at the Naval War College, "Strategist: Guam in reach of Chinese missiles", March 30, www.armytimes.com/news/2011/03/gannett-guam-within-reach-of-china-missiles-033011/

Advancements in Chinese military capabilities mean Guam has lost its status as a safe haven

AND

power in the Pacific in order to ensure access to the global commons.”

Energy diversification on Guam is critical to the US military buildup

Peterson 11 Chris, "Guam Power Authority", 2011 is last date cited, www.energyandinfrastructure.com/index.php/featured-content/307-guam-power-authority-gpa

Diversification of its energy sources will become much more important in the coming years,

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single largest customer, using more than 350 million kilowatt-hours each year

Guam is the lynchpin of deterrence in the Asia-Pacific – proximity to hotspots ensures rapid response and deters Chinese expansionism

Caryl 7 Christian, Senior fellow at the Legatum Institute, a contributing editor at Foreign Policy, and a senior fellow at the MIT Center for International Studies, The Daily Beast, 2/25/07, “America's Unsinkable Fleet”, http:~/~/www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/02/25/html

For an out-of-the-way spit of land in the West

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rises--Guam will have to get used to being in the headlines.

Conflict is emerging as China expands its military – escalating tensions and competing resource claims make miscalculation likely

Westhead 12 Rick, Writer for Foreign Affairs, staff writer/South Asia Bureau Chief for the Toronto Star, The Star, 7/14, “Battle for the Pacific: Naval arms race in the China Sea”, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1225396--battle-for-the-pacific-naval-arms-race-in-the-china-sea

A 21st-century Great Game is unfolding in the Asia Pacific, a region

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and destroyers and 71 submarines, as well as its first aircraft carrier.

Territorial disputes snowball into nuclear conflict

Chakraborty 10 Tuhin Subhro, Research Associate at Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), his primary area of work is centered on East Asia and International Relations. His recent work includes finding an alternative to the existing security dilemma in East Asia and the Pacific and Geo Political implications of the ‘Rise of China’. Prior to joining RGICS, he was associated with the Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation, United Service Institution of India (USI) where he examined the role of India in securing Asia Pacific. He has coordinated conferences and workshops on United Nation Peacekeeping Visions and on China’s Quest for Global Dominance. He has written commentaries on issues relating to ASEAN, Asia Pacific Security Dilemma and US China relations. He also contributed in carrying out simulation exercise on the ‘Afghanistan Scenario’ for the Foreign Service Institute (FSI). Tuhin interned at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), Sapru House, wherein he worked on the Rise of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military budget and its impact on India. He graduated from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi and thereafter he undertook his masters in East Asian Studies from University of Delhi. His areas of interest include China, India-Japan bilateral relations, ASEAN, Asia Pacific security dynamics and Nuclear Issues, The United States Service Institution of India, 2010, “The Initiation and Outlook of ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus Eight”, http:~/~/www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic%20Perspectiveandpubno=20andano=739url:http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic%20Perspectiveandpubno=20andano=739

The first ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Eight (China, India, Japan,

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a major conflict which has the possibility of turning into a nuclear conflict.

Independently, Guam is the crucial pivot point for the US Asia-Pacific strategy

Halloran 11 Richard, New York Times Foreign Correspondent, “Pacific Push”, January, http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/January%202011/0111pacific.aspx

A force buildup on Guam anchors a broad US military strategy to keep China in

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, US senior officers have expressed skepticism that the schedule will be maintained.)

That’s key to prevent a regional arms race, war over Taiwan, and seizure of shipping lanes and the Strait of Malacca

Spinetta 6 Major Lawrence, “The Malacca Dilemma-Countering China’s String of Pearls with Land Based Air Power”, http:~/~/www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=pdfandAD=ADA476931

With regard to Japan, China has made repeated incursions into Japanese territorial waters and

AND

keeps the peace in East Asia, it will probably act prudently.”55

Taiwan conflict escalates to nuclear war

Glaser 11 Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs Vol. 9 Iss. 2, March/April

THE PROSPECTS for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth

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military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

Collapse of Asian trade from Malacca causes nuclear war

Auslin 9 Michael, resident scholar at AEI, “Averting Disaster”, The Daily Standard, 2/6, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29339/pub_detail.asp

As they deal with a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the

AND

types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.

SCENARIO 2 – EXPEDITIONARY DETERRENCE

Marine nuclear energy progress spills over to all other military sectors

Roberts 11 David, Staff Writer for Grist, "THE MARINES GO RENEWABLE", Outside Magazine, December 2011, www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/natural-intelligence/Natural-Intelligence-Charge.html?page=all

The effort has covered ground so quickly in part because of the Corps’s relentless,

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that “stability operations are a core U.S. military mission.”

SMRs resolve grid and convoy risks-~--islanding and reduced fuel needs

Bourget 11 Remy, worked at Center for Advanced Defense Studies, “Small Modular Reactors: Opportunity for Global Leadership and Innovation”, 7/1, Google Cache

Small Modular Reactors offer unambiguous national security advantages. Unlike other alternative energy sources such

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generation of nuclear energy, but recent budgetary decisions suggest a missed opportunity.

Fewer fuel convoys and sustainable operations boost mission effectiveness

Pompilio 12 Natalie, Freelance Writer and co-author of More Philadelphia Murals and the Stories They Tell, citing Retired Brigade General Steven Anderson, "The real reason the military is going green", June 8, www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-06-08/real-reason-military-going-green

Cleaner Energy, A More Secure World¶ In the Middle East, realities in

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our economic stability—and with it, our stature in the world.”

SMRs enhance desalination which enables mission effectiveness and prevents water wars

Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical

AND

.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm

The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963

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tomorrow's distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.

Loss of mission effectiveness results in nuclear war in every hotspot

Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but

AND

Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Independently, Marines key to overall US power projection

Hagee 4 General Michael W, Commandant of the Marine Corps, "Before the Senate Armed Services Committee Concerning Posture", February 10, www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmc/posture_feb04.pdf

The Navy-Marine Corps team continues to play a critical role in the Global

AND

are never barred from a vital national objective or limited to suboptimal alternatives.

Extinction

Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http:~/~/www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads

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the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

SCENARIO 3 – JAPAN

Relations are at a defining moment – negotiations are pushing Japan to shoulder the cost of realignment

Japan Times 12 Japan Times, 3/25/12, “Japan asked to shell out extra $1 billion over marines’ transfer to Guam, http:~/~/www.japantimes.co.jp/text/html

Washington is pushing Tokyo to pay an additional $1 billion over the transfer of

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review proposed that this figure be slashed to just 4,700 marines.

The perception of new funding is key – lack of support sends the wrong signal

Bordallo 12 (Madeleine Z. Bordallo, congresswoman for the United States, representing Guam, 5/23/2012, “STATEMENT ON THE SENATE CUTS TO MILITARY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ON GUAM”, http:~/~/bordallo.house.gov/press-release/gov/press-release/statement-senate-cuts-military-construction-projects-guam)

Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo today issued the following statement on the Senate Appropriations and

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to satisfy the information requests of Congress including the requirements of section 2207.”

The plan eases the financial burden on Japan and sends a strong signal of commitment to the buildup

Calvo 12 (Eddie Calvo, Governor of the United States territory of Guam, former Senator within the Legislature of Guam, Office of Governor Eddie Baza Calvo, 5/23/12, “NEWS: Calvo Fights for Federal Action on Guam So Buildup Can Start”, http:~/~/governor.guam.gov/2012/05/23/news-calvo-fights-federal-action-guam-buildup-start/http://governor.guam.gov/2012/05/23/news-calvo-fights-federal-action-guam-buildup-start/)

The Governor’s main point – it’s important for leaders in Washington and Tokyo to recognize

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Tokyo that the U.S. government is serious about this commitment.

It’s reverse-causal – failure to relocate to Guam destroys relations

Delgado 12 (Nick Delgado, staff writer for Kuam News, Kuam News—Guam’s News Network, 6/30/12, “Guam briefing held on Capitol Hill”, http:~/~/www.kuam.com/story/18921168/2012/06/30/com/story/18921168/2012/06/30/guam-briefing-held-on-capitol-hill)

Congresswoman Madeleine Bordallo gave brief remarks stating Guam plays pivotal roles in the United States'

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a more serious impact to our critical bilateral relations with the Japan government.

Relocation is the crucial prerequisite to cooperation on all other issues – overcomes alt causes

Barnes 12 (Julian E. Barnes, Pentagon reporter at the Wall Street Journal, Yuka Hayashi, staff writer for the Wall Street Journal, Wall Street Journal, 4/27/12, “U.S. and Japan Agree on Deal To Move Forces”, http:~/~/online.wsj.com/article/html)

The U.S. and Japan reached agreement Thursday on a long-stalled

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a "a mutually beneficial, militarily effective, and fiscally sustainable agreement."

Alliance solves multiple threats – escalates to global nuclear war

Gates 11 (Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, 1/14/11, “U.S.-Japan Alliance a Cornerstone of Asian Security”, http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1529)

Over the course of its history, the U.S.-Japan alliance has

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know less about regional threats and the military capabilities of our potential adversaries.

1AC – Plan

The United States Department of Defense should fund acquisition 0f small modular nuclear reactors for Marine Corps domestic installations in the United States.

1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 2: SOLVENCY

The Marines should lead from the front with SMR deployment-~--it ensures base security, desalination and bypasses NRC licensing

Butler 11 Lt. Col. Glen Butler, USMC, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, “Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it”, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough ***Edited: Footnote included***

Consider Nuclear Power¶ On 16 March 1979, The China Syndrome opened in theaters

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affairs. Our natural, and national, security depends on it.43

Plan’s key to ensure availability of SMRs for the military and doesn’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s

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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

SMRs are awesome-~--feasible, cheaper, safer and solve other nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/

Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in

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no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

SMR incentives now but they’re insufficient

DOD Energy Blog 11 “Good Things in Small Packages: Small Reactors for Military Power”, February 16, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own

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be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

2AC Case

Asia

Asia pivot inevitable – takes out their turns

Lobe 12 Jim, Inter Press Service News, "Washington's Asia Pivot Gains Momentum", June 9 2012, www.ipsnews.net/2012/06/washingtons-asia-pivot-gains-momentum/

The much-anticipated U.S. “pivot” from the Greater Middle

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.S. servicemen and women entered the country during the Vietnam War.

Only US shift to Asia prevents free-riding

Santamato 12 Stefano Santamato is a Senior Visiting Research Fellow for the Center for Transatlantic Security Studies at National Defense University’s Institute for National Strategic Studies, May 2, 2012, “The United States “Pivot to Asia”: It’s NATO way or the highway”, http://inssblog.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/the-united-states-pivot-to-asia-its-nato-way-or-the-highway/

But Europeans should

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of its critical importance to the United States is exactly what NATO needs.

Heg

Err towards sustainability – declinists rise the bar too high

Wohlforth 7 (William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government in the Dartmouth College Department of Government, Unipolar Stability: The Rules of Power Analysis, A Tilted org/symposia/72/, Vol . 29 (1) - Spring 2007, http://hir.harvard.edu/index.php?page=articleandid=1611)

The larger problem with conflating power-as-resources with power-as-

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, such as terrorism, that are particularly important to the United States.

2AC Off-Case

2AC T – Substantially

C/I – Substantial means a large amount

Dictionary.com 12

sub·stan·tial   suhb-stan-shuhl  Show IPA adjective 1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.

Prefer our interp:

Substantial is qualitative not quantitive

H. Beau Baez 6, Assistant Professor of Law, Liberty University School of Law, Seattle University Law Review Spring, 2006 29 Seattle Univ. L. R. 581

The Supreme Court has interpreted the Commerce Clause to prohibit state actions that discriminate against

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alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night. n117

Reasonability is uniquely applicable to determining whether an aff is substantial

Linda Stadler 93 “NOTE: Corrosion Proof Fittings v. EPA: Asbestos in the Fifth Circuit--A Battle of Unreasonableness ” Tulane Environmental Law Journal Summer, 1993 6 Tul. Envtl. L.J. 423

n3 Matthew J. McGrath, Note, Convergence of the Substantial Evidence and Arbitrary

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. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938).

2AC T Procurement

C/I – Financial incentives induce behaviors-~--that includes procurement

Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of

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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Prefer our interp:

Precision-~--our definition’s from the DoE

Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)

2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with

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or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

Consumption K

Consumption focus fails-~--political action key

Bryant 12—prof of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, Black Ecology: A Pessimistic Moment, larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/03/19/black-ecology-a-pessimistic-moment/)

So why is this an issue? It’s an issue because while environmentalists prescribe all

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while our bought and sold politicians continue to fiddle as the world burns.

Sustainability is impossible and causes extinction in the short term-~--market incentives are key

Barnhizer 6 -- Professor of Law, Cleveland State University. (David, Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, Lexis)

Medieval alchemists sought unsuccessfully to discover the process that would enable them to turn base

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Yet even this approach can only be achieved incrementally with limited positive effects.

Perm do the plan and reorient our relationship to consumption -~-- the perm radicalizes reformism

Doran and Barry 6 – worked at all levels in the environment and sustainable development policy arena - at the United Nations, at the Northern Ireland Assembly and Dáil Éireann, and in the Irish NGO sector. PhD--AND-- Reader in Politics, Queen's University School of Politics, International Studies, and Philosophy. PhD Glasgow (Peter and John, Refining Green Political Economy: From Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security and Sufficiency, Analyse and Kritik 28/2006, p. 250–275, http://www.analyse-und-kritik.net/2006-2/AK_Barry_Doran_2006.pdf)

EM = Ecological Modernization

Viewed in isolation EM can be painted as a reformist and limited strategy for achieving

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‘greenprint’ of an abstract and utopian vision of the ‘sustainable society’. 

National policies are critical to solving environmental problems-~--their individual alternative fails due to lack of scale and institutional support

Kibert et al 12 (Charles J, Professor and Director of the Powell Center for Construction and Environment at the University of Florida, co-founder and President of the Cross Creek Initiative, a non-profit industry/university joint venture seeking to implement sustainability principles into construction, Leslie Thiele (teaches political theory and serves as Director of Sustainability Studies at the University of Florida. His interdisciplinary research focuses on sustainability issues and the intersection of political philosophy and the natural sciences. His central concerns are the responsibilities of citizenship and the opportunities for leadership in a world of rapid technological, social, and ecological change), Anna Peterson, (Department of Religion at the University of Florida. She received her PhD from the University of Chicago Divinity School. Her main research and teaching areas are environmental and social ethics, religion and politics, and religion in Latin America.), and Martha Monroe (Professor of Environmental Education and Extension, at the School of Forest Resources and Conservation of the University of Florida), “The Ethics of Sustainability”, http:~/~/www.cce.ufl.edu/current/ethics/Ethics%20of%20Sustainability%20Textbook.pdf(% style="font-size:6.0pt" %))

Another helpful category from environmental studies scholarship on consumption is individualization, which refers to

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merely personal issues, we fail to understand their causes and potential solutions.

Consumption and consumerism are inevitable and build ethical democratic solidarity

Cohen 2 (Patricia, Writer for the New York Times, citing James B. Twitchell, Professor of English at the University of Florida, “In Defense Of Our Wicked, Wicked Way”, The New York Times, July 7, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jtwitche/nytimesarticle.pdf)

"I CAN stand here and look at this for hours," said James B

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consumption is eternal. The ad slogan is right: Diamonds are forever.

Mary Wash Accidents DA

Global nuclear expansion now

BI 12 Breakthrough Institute on The Energy Collective, July 31, "Worldwide Nuclear Energy Expansion Continues", theenergycollective.com/breakthroughinstitut/98406/worldwide-nuclear-energy-expansion-continues

Global production of nuclear energy is expected to grow significantly in future years, despite

AND

its additional 14 planned reactors are much more likely to be advanced models.

SMRs are safe-~--distinct from other nuclear designs-~--that’s Ringle-~--more ev

Shellenberger 12 Michael, president of the breakthrough institute, Jessica Lovering, policy analyst at the breakthough institute, Ted Nordhaus, chairman of the breakthrough institute, 9/7, “Out of the Nuclear Closet”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/07/out_of_the_nuclear_closet?page=0,0

To move the needle on nuclear energy to the point that it might actually be

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produce weapons grade material, use less water, and require less maintenance.

No impact – Lendmann’s a hack, disproven by Fukushima

Adams 12 Rod, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., “Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?”, May 2, http:~/~/atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29url:http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with

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and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Obama Good – Elections

Romney win

Chambers 10/1—journalist for the Examiner (Dean, New CNN/ORC poll less skewed for Barack Obama than the previous one, www.examiner.com/article/com/article/new-cnn-orc-poll-far-less-skewed-for-barack-obama-than-the-previous-one)

The new CNN/ORC poll of the presidential race released today shows a two

AND

Average of Polls that today shows Romney leading by 6.0 percent.

Jobs and gas prices ensure public support-~--not an election issue but if it was Obama’s already seen as a supporter

Johnson 12 John, Nuclear Energy Insider, April 25, "US Campaign Trail: is nuclear in the equation?", analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/new-build/us-campaign-trail-nuclear-equation

In the next Presidential election, American voters will be voting with their pockets.

AND

, with 800 high paying jobs remaining over the life of the plant.

Romney won the debate last night

Hugh Hewitt, law prof @ Chapman, 10-3-2012, “Since No President Has Ever Done This Badly In A Debate,” http://www.hughhewitt.com/blog/g/3749bf66-2db1-4461-82cb-c284d8a12970

A historic defeat for a sitting president. Never has a POTUS been this badly

AND

voters on a change tonight. It's beyond depressing. But it's true.

That’s means he’ll win the election

Lombardo 9/12 Steve, Global CEO StrategyOne, "Election Monitor: Why This Election Comes Down to Two Days in October", 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-lombardo/election-monitor-why-this_b_1877815.html

The two biggest … Romney in stone.

Plan shields controversy

Appelbaum 12 Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific RandD, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say

Sarewitz, who studies the government's role in promoting innovation, said the Defense Department

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find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs.

SMRs popular—their generic links don’t apply

Covert 12 Adrian is the Editorial Assistant at Gizmodo Magazine, “The US Government Is Banking on Small Nuclear Reactors for Future Energy”, March 12, 2012, http://gizmodo.com/5890394/the-us-government-is-banking-on-small-nuclear-reactors-for-future-energy

Ever since Fukushima, nuclear power has not been a warmly-received concept when

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Sure they may not generate Gigawatts, but Megawatts aren't so bad either.

Public strongly supports the plan-~--associated with recovery

PR Newswire 11 (11/3, Americans' Support for Nuclear Energy Holds at Majority Level 6 Months After Japan Accident, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/html)

Six months after the Fukushima Daiichi accident in Japan, solid majorities of Americans still

AND

, energy independence, and economic growth and job creation," Bisconti said.

Energy policy won’t switch votes—it’s all about the economy

AP 12 (Associated Press, “Climate change not a presidential election issue yet”, 8/12, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57489676/climate-change-not-a-presidential-election-issue-yet/)

Barack Obama promised to tackle climate change when he first ran for the White House

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. "What is done about it awaits the outcome of this election."

Winners win – the plan key to consolidate Obama’s momentum

Creamer 12 (Robert, political organizer and strategist, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment", 1/2, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html)

Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New Year, they

AND

you have them on the run - that's the time to chase them.

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger

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they understand why the candidates would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Gridlock inevitable with any election outcome

Curry 9/11/12 - NBC News national affairs writer (Tom, NBC Politics, “Romney election could create new scenario for EPA and coal,” http:~/~/nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/11/13807749-romney-election-could-create-new-scenario-for-epa-and-coal?com/_news/2012/09/11/13807749-romney-election-could-create-new-scenario-for-epa-and-coal?lite)

Whether Mitt Romney …proposals it opposed.

AT: Russia Relations Impact

Romney’s all talk-~--he’d work with Russia

Gasyuk 12 (Gasyuk, Rossiyskaya Gazeta’s Washington D.C. correspondent, 6-13, “Romney keeps the gloves off”, http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/06/13/romney_keeps_the_gloves_off_15854.html)

Given the sharp disagreements between the United States and Russia on Syria, which is

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observers believe he would take a more realistic approach to handling bilateral ties.

Japan alliance solves Russian relations

Okamoto 2 (Yukio, special adviser to the cabinet and chairman of the Japanese prime minister’s Task Force on Foreign Relations, Spring 2002, “Japan and the United States:

The Essential Alliance” http://www.twq.com/02spring/okamoto.pdf)

In military terms, the U.S.-Japan alliance’s struggle with Russia is

AND

conduit of communication between the West and Moscow in the years to come.

Water Wars Impact

Pfeffer says we solve water wars through desalination

Water wars cause extinction

Barlow 8 – National chairperson of The Council of Canadians. Co-founder of the Blue Planet Project.  Chairs the board of Washington-based Food and Water Watch and is also an executive member of the San Francisco–based International Forum on Globalization and a Councillor with the Hamburg-based World Future Council. She is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates. Served as Senior Advisor on Water to the 63rd President of the United Nations General Assembly (Maude, “The Global Water Crisis and the Coming Battle for the Right to Water”, 25 February, http://www.fpif.org/articles/the_global_water_crisis_and_the_coming_battle_for_the_right_to_water

 The three water crises – dwindling freshwater supplies, inequitable access to water and

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leading to a rise in illegal, and unpopular, migration to India.

Cyberterror Impact

The alliance prevents cyberterror – that’s Gates

Nuclear war

Cimbala 99— Political Science Professor at Pennsylvania State University, 99 (Stephen, Armed Forces and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Summer)

The nuclear shadow over the information age remains significant. The essence of information warfare

AND

or escalation. Unplanned interactions between infowarriors and deterrers could have unfortunate byproducts.

Space Col Add-On

SMRs solve colonization

O’Neil 11 – Ian, PhD from University of Wales, founder and editor of Astroengine, space producer for Discovery News, “'Suitcase' Nuclear Reactors to Power Mars Colonies,” August 30th, http:~/~/news.discovery.com/space/html

Nuclear power is an emotive subject -- particularly in the wake of the Fukushima power

AND

versatile and affordable power resources to support manned exploration of the solar system.

Extinction

Austen 11 | Citing the Lifeboat Foundation and the Alliance to Rescue Civilization (Ben, contributing editor of Harper’s Magazine, “After Earth: Why, Where, How, and When We Might Leave Our Home Planet,” popular science, http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-02/after-earth-why-where-how-and-when-we-might-leave-our-home-planet?page=3)

Earth won’t always be fit for occupation. We know that in two billion years

AND

will be more human beings who live off the Earth than on it.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: GTown EM | Judge: Malsin
Marines 1AC – KY Round 8
1AC – Deterrence Advantage
CONTENTION 1: GLOBAL DETERRENCE
SMRs allow the Marines to ensure mobility and reduced logistics---other energies fail
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
AND
make the Corps significantly lighter and more mobile by reducing its logistics tail.
Marine SMRs solve and make bases like Guam energy self-sufficient
Baker 12 Matthew, American Security Project Think Tank, "Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?", June 22, americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/
The Defense Energy Security Caucus (DESC) held a briefing yesterday afternoon with proposals
AND
to Congressman Bartlett, SMRs could make such bases energy self-sufficient.
SCENARIO 1 – ASIA
China’s rising now---US must harden military bases like Guam to avoid loss of Asia Pacific
Barton 11 Paul C, Gannett Washington Bureau citing Thomas Mahnken, Professor at the Naval War College, "Strategist: Guam in reach of Chinese missiles", March 30, www.armytimes.com/news/2011/03/gannett-guam-within-reach-of-china-missiles-033011/
Advancements in Chinese military capabilities mean Guam has lost its status as a safe haven
AND
power in the Pacific in order to ensure access to the global commons.”
Energy diversification on Guam is critical to the US military buildup
Peterson 11 Chris, "Guam Power Authority", 2011 is last date cited, www.energyandinfrastructure.com/index.php/featured-content/307-guam-power-authority-gpa
Diversification of its energy sources will become much more important in the coming years,
AND
single largest customer, using more than 350 million kilowatt-hours each year
Guam is the lynchpin of deterrence in the Asia-Pacific – proximity to hotspots ensures rapid response and deters Chinese expansionism
Caryl 7 Christian, Senior fellow at the Legatum Institute, a contributing editor at Foreign Policy, and a senior fellow at the MIT Center for International Studies, The Daily Beast, 2/25/07, “America's Unsinkable Fleet”, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/02/25/america-s-unsinkable-fleet.html
For an out-of-the-way spit of land in the West
AND
rises--Guam will have to get used to being in the headlines.
Conflict is emerging as China expands its military – escalating tensions and competing resource claims make miscalculation likely
Westhead 12 Rick, Writer for Foreign Affairs, staff writer/South Asia Bureau Chief for the Toronto Star, The Star, 7/14, “Battle for the Pacific: Naval arms race in the China Sea”, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1225396~-~-battle-for-the-pacific-naval-arms-race-in-the-china-sea
A 21st-century Great Game is unfolding in the Asia Pacific, a region
AND
and destroyers and 71 submarines, as well as its first aircraft carrier.
Territorial disputes snowball into nuclear conflict
Chakraborty 10 Tuhin Subhro, Research Associate at Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies (RGICS), his primary area of work is centered on East Asia and International Relations. His recent work includes finding an alternative to the existing security dilemma in East Asia and the Pacific and Geo Political implications of the ‘Rise of China’. Prior to joining RGICS, he was associated with the Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation, United Service Institution of India (USI) where he examined the role of India in securing Asia Pacific. He has coordinated conferences and workshops on United Nation Peacekeeping Visions and on China’s Quest for Global Dominance. He has written commentaries on issues relating to ASEAN, Asia Pacific Security Dilemma and US China relations. He also contributed in carrying out simulation exercise on the ‘Afghanistan Scenario’ for the Foreign Service Institute (FSI). Tuhin interned at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), Sapru House, wherein he worked on the Rise of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military budget and its impact on India. He graduated from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi and thereafter he undertook his masters in East Asian Studies from University of Delhi. His areas of interest include China, India-Japan bilateral relations, ASEAN, Asia Pacific security dynamics and Nuclear Issues, The United States Service Institution of India, 2010, “The Initiation and Outlook of ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus Eight”, http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic%20Perspectiveandpubno=20andano=739
The first ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Eight (China, India, Japan,
AND
a major conflict which has the possibility of turning into a nuclear conflict.
Independently, Guam is the crucial pivot point for the US Asia-Pacific strategy
Halloran 11 Richard, New York Times Foreign Correspondent, “Pacific Push”, January, http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/January%202011/0111pacific.aspx
A force buildup on Guam anchors a broad US military strategy to keep China in
AND
, US senior officers have expressed skepticism that the schedule will be maintained.)
That’s key to prevent a regional arms race, war over Taiwan, and seizure of shipping lanes and the Strait of Malacca
Spinetta 6 Major Lawrence, “The Malacca Dilemma-Countering China’s String of Pearls with Land Based Air Power”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA476931
With regard to Japan, China has made repeated incursions into Japanese territorial waters and
AND
keeps the peace in East Asia, it will probably act prudently.”55
Taiwan conflict escalates to nuclear war
Glaser 11 Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs Vol. 9 Iss. 2, March/April
THE PROSPECTS for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth
AND
military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.
Collapse of Asian trade from Malacca causes nuclear war
Auslin 9 Michael, resident scholar at AEI, “Averting Disaster”, The Daily Standard, 2/6, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29339/pub_detail.asp
As they deal with a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the
AND
types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past.
SCENARIO 2 – EXPEDITIONARY DETERRENCE
Marine nuclear energy progress spills over to all other military sectors
Roberts 11 David, Staff Writer for Grist, "THE MARINES GO RENEWABLE", Outside Magazine, December 2011, www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/natural-intelligence/Natural-Intelligence-Charge.html?page=all
The effort has covered ground so quickly in part because of the Corps’s relentless,
AND
that “stability operations are a core U.S. military mission.”
SMRs resolve grid and convoy risks---islanding and reduced fuel needs
Bourget 11 Remy, worked at Center for Advanced Defense Studies, “Small Modular Reactors: Opportunity for Global Leadership and Innovation”, 7/1, Google Cache
Small Modular Reactors offer unambiguous national security advantages. Unlike other alternative energy sources such
AND
generation of nuclear energy, but recent budgetary decisions suggest a missed opportunity.
Fewer fuel convoys and sustainable operations boost mission effectiveness
Pompilio 12 Natalie, Freelance Writer and co-author of More Philadelphia Murals and the Stories They Tell, citing Retired Brigade General Steven Anderson, "The real reason the military is going green", June 8, www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-06-08/real-reason-military-going-green
Cleaner Energy, A More Secure World¶ In the Middle East, realities in
AND
our economic stability—and with it, our stature in the world.”
Loss of mission effectiveness results in nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.
Independently, Marines key to overall US power projection
Hagee 4 General Michael W, Commandant of the Marine Corps, "Before the Senate Armed Services Committee Concerning Posture", February 10, www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmc/posture_feb04.pdf
The Navy-Marine Corps team continues to play a critical role in the Global
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are never barred from a vital national objective or limited to suboptimal alternatives.
Extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
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the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
1AC – New Advantage
CONTENTION 2: WATER
Extreme water shortages are coming and will cause mass instability
AFP 9/10, “World water crisis must be top UN priority: report”, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gcIGn59te-BGkDoG1uG6XrAMXO_A?docId=CNG.96ef5382d53f44338468570447594103.851
WASHINGTON — A rapidly worsening water shortage threatens to destabilize the planet and should be
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added that water insecurity could wreak havoc "even in politically stable regions."
Especially in China, Egypt, and Pakistan --- goes nuclear
NPR 10 (1/3/10, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122195532)
Just as wars over oil played a major role in 20th-century history,
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a third of its flow from the disappearance from its glacial water source."
Middle East war causes World War 3
The Earl of Stirling 11, hereditary Governor and Lord Lieutenant of Canada, Lord High Admiral of Nova Scotia, and B.Sc. in Pol. Sc. and History; M.A. in European Studies, “General Middle East War Nears - Syrian events more dangerous than even nuclear nightmare in Japan”, http://europebusines.blogspot.com/2011/03/general-middle-east-war-nears-syrian.html
Any Third Lebanon War/General Middle East War is apt to involve WMD on
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, fought with 21st Century weaponry will be anything but the Biblical Armageddon.
Chinese water shortages triggers land annex of the Russian Far East and nuclear war
Nathan Nankivell 6, 1/11/2006. Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Maritime Forces Pacific Headquarters, Canadian Department of National Defence. China's Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability,” ZMag, http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4632.
In addition to the concerns already mentioned, pollution, if linked to a specific
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in full-scale war between two powerful, nuclear-equipped nations.
Pakistan water scarcity causes war with India
Dr Akmal Hussain 11, The Express Tribune, “Pakistan’s water crisis”, 8-25,  http://tribune.com.pk/story/231905/pakistans-water-crisis/
A water crisis is emerging which could have major implications for Pakistan’s economy and society
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so, natural disasters could trigger the man-made catastrophe of war.
Indo-Pak war escalates quickly to extinction---no checks
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
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lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.
SMRs enhance desalination which enables mission effectiveness and prevents water wars
Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical
AND

The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963
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tomorrow's distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.
Only SMR’s solve desalinization
IAEA 7 “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
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figures.¶ These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.
1AC – Plan
The Executive branch of the United States should acquire small modular nuclear reactors on Marine Corps installations in the United States.
1AC – Solvency
CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY
The Marines should lead from the front with SMR deployment---it ensures base security, desalination and bypasses NRC licensing
Butler 11 Lt. Col. Glen Butler, USMC, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, “Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it”, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough *Edited: Footnote included*
Consider Nuclear Power¶ On 16 March 1979, The China Syndrome opened in theaters
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affairs. Our natural, and national, security depends on it.43
Plan’s key to ensure availability of SMRs for the military and doesn’t pick winners
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.
SMRs are awesome---feasible, cheaper, safer and solve other nuclear downsides
Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
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no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.
SMR incentives now but they’re insufficient
DOD Energy Blog 11 “Good Things in Small Packages: Small Reactors for Military Power”, February 16, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html
They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own
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be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

Tournament: KY | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: 

Korean war’s inevitable and will go nuclear

IBT 10-6, International Business Times, "Reports Say South Korea, US Revise Defense Agreement; North Korean Media Call For ’Great War’", http://www.ibtimes.com/reports-say-south-korea-us-revise-defense-agreement-north-korean-media-call-great-war-842375
North Korea’s state-run news agency published sinister warnings of a new war in
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Korean War scenarios and it is waiting for a chance to implement them."

North Korea will attack Guam with IRBMs absent hardening

Shirley A. Kan 12, Specialist in Asian Security Affairs, Congressional Research Service,  "Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments", 3-29, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22570.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22570.pdf
Strategic Target. A concern is that Guam’s higher military profile could increase its potential
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North Korea has tried to upgrade already deployed missiles that included IRBMs.23

That prevents US response to provocations, including military aid to the South if a conflict starts

Bruce Klingner 10, Senior Research Fellow, Northeast Asia, Heritage Foundation, "New North Korean Missile Unit Reflects Growing Missile Threat", 3-11, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/03/new-north-korean-missile-unit-reflects-growing-missile-threat
North Korea has established an independent military division responsible for controlling and deploying its intermediate
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2 missile flew 2,300 miles during an April 2009 test flight.

Guam is key to effective Korean crisis response

Kan and Niksch 7 Shirley is a Specialist in National Security Policy and Larry is a Specialist in Asian Affairs at the CRS. "Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments," Jan 16, Online
Guam is a U.S. territory long considered to be strategically significant to
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as some U.S. forces withdraw from South Korea and Japan.

Ensures conflict escalation —- US support’s key to deter and effectively retaliate to Northern aggression

Chosun Ilbo 10-8, "A Poor Result from Missile Negotiations", http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/10/08/2012100801408.html
South Korean and U.S. officials wrapped up protracted negotiations on Sunday resulting
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at a time when the missile race is heating up in Northeast Asia. 

Draws in great powers

Dibb 6, Emeritus Prof of IR @ Australian National University, Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), August 15, 2006 Tuesday, As one nuclear flashpoint reaches a lull, another simmers away, Pg. 11, Lexis
NOW that the building blocks for achieving a cessation in hostilities in the crisis involving
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as will the inevitable collision between Iran and Israel in the Middle East. 

Causes nuclear escalation and extinction

Chol 11 Kim Myong Chol is author of a number of books and papers in Korean, Japanese and English on North Korea, including Kim Jong-il’s Strategy for Reunification. He has a PhD from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s Academy of Social Sciences "Dangerous games" Aug 20 www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/MH20Dg01.html
The divided and heavily armed Korean Peninsula remains the most inflammable global flashpoint, with
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each spewing as much radioactive fallout as 150-180 H-bombs. 

Tournament: KY | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge:
Policymakers have an obligation to err in favor of prediction—it’s inevitable and using explicit predictions enhances decision-making
Fitzsimmons 7 (Michael, Washington DC defense analyst, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06-07, online)
In defence of prediction
Uncertainty is not a new phenomenon for strategists. Clausewitz knew that  ‘many intelligence
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reinvigorate their efforts in the messy but indispensable business of predicting the future.
Complexity theory leads to paralysis
Hendrick 9 (Diane; Department of Peace Studies – University of Bradford, “Complexity Theory and Conflict Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications,” June, http://143.53.238.22/acad/confres/papers/pdfs/CCR17.pdf)
It is still relatively early days in the application of complexity theory to social sciences
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make itself useful yet. Even that it encourages woolly thinking and imprecision.
In terms of application in the field, it could be argued that it may
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prestige, etc. Such attempts appear, therefore, unrealistic or unfeasible.
Scenario planning is possible and key to making effective decisions
Kurasawa 4 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4)
A radically postmodern line of thinking, for instance, would lead us to believe
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early warning is making its way into preventive action on the global stage.  
Our advantage isn’t based on myopic security discourse- multiple independent fields support our hegemony advantage, prefer our advantage because it is interdisciplinary
William Wohlforth (professor of government at Dartmouth College) 2009 “ Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War”Project Muse
Mainstream theories generally posit that states come to blows over an international status quo only
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ways that directly contradict their material interest in security and/or prosperity. 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge:
DoD already established its recommendations for SMR adoption
King 11 Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
Recognizing nuclear power as a potential benefit to Department of Defense (DoD) facilities
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NRC, and DOE Labs. This report documents our analysis and findings.
And it recommended against being an early adopter—proves the CP can’t establish a bureaucratic consensus for the plan
King 11 Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
The most significant risk for SMR power plants is associated with being an early adoptor
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for cooperation and partnership for sharing risks associated with this type of project.
Marines will block
Butler 11 – Lt. Col. USMC - LtCol Butler HQ, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it,  LtCol Glen Butler, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough
Camp Pendleton surfaced in 2009 as a potential desalination plant location, but the official Marine Corps stance has been hesitant rather than an eager courtship of the opportunity.39 Indeed, many major Marine bases are in coastal areas and could benefit from SMR/desalination cogeneration plants. Potential future Marine sites like Guam could undeniably benefit from such advancements,40 and as the number of reverse osmosis sites increases, the cost per unit will decrease.
Should means ought
Howard 5
Taylor and Howard, 05 - Resources for the Future, Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa (Michael and Julie, “Investing in Africa's future: U.S. Agricultural development assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa”, 9/12, http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001784/5-US-agric_Sept2005_Chap2.pdf)
Other legislated DA earmarks in the FY2005 appropriations bill are smaller and more targeted: plant biotechnology research and development ($25 million), the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad program ($20 million), women’s leadership capacity ($15 million), the International Fertilizer Development Center ($2.3 million), and clean water treatment ($2 million). Interestingly, in the wording of the bill, Congress uses the term shall in connection with only two of these eight earmarks; the others say that USAID should make the prescribed amount available. The difference between shall and should may have legal significance—one is clearly mandatory while the other is a strong admonition—but it makes little practical difference in USAID’s need to comply with the congressional directive to the best of its ability.
Links to politics
Lindsey Marburger, 11/30/10, manages the Earth Systems Program, overseeing Federation of American Scientists' work in building technologies, energy efficiency and energy technology training and safety, and systems resource analysis, “PCAST Federal Energy Policy Report Released”, http://www.fas.org/blog/nutshell/2010/11/pcast-federal-energy-policy-report-released/
While changing the timescale from two years to four years will decrease the time burden
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of Executive branch to act upon the results and recommendations of the QER.
Huge delay deficit
Ernest J. Moniz, physics prof @ MIT, 11-15-2011, “Quadrennial Energy and Technology Reviews,” MIT Energy Init., http://web.mit.edu/mitei/views/testimony/111115-quadrennial-energy-and-technology-reviews.html
S.1703 would legislate the QER as a required submission to the Congress,
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of analytical capabilities and process development are funded and pursued aggressively in 2012.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge:
Campaign link empirically false - Obama already fully committed to DoE nukes
Butler 11 – Lt. Col. USMC - LtCol Butler HQ, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it,  LtCol Glen Butler, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough
First, the political climate, though still tenuous, is shifting to favorable,
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stands a chance to bury the ghosts of Chernobyl once and for all.
Romney win now – polls wrong and best models prove
UCB 10/5 University of Colorado at Bolder, “Updated election forecasting model—based on economic data—still points to Romney win”, October 5, 2012, http://phys.org/news/2012-10-election-modelbased-economic-datastill-romney.html
(Phys.org)—An update to an election forecasting model announced by two
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They included economic data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
SMRs popular—their generic links don’t apply
Covert 12 Adrian is the Editorial Assistant at Gizmodo Magazine, “The US Government Is Banking on Small Nuclear Reactors for Future Energy”, March 12, 2012, http://gizmodo.com/5890394/the-us-government-is-banking-on-small-nuclear-reactors-for-future-energy
Ever since Fukushima, nuclear power has not been a warmly-received concept when
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Sure they may not generate Gigawatts, but Megawatts aren't so bad either.
Energy policy won’t switch votes—it’s all about the economy
AP 12 (Associated Press, “Climate change not a presidential election issue yet”, 8/12, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57489676/climate-change-not-a-presidential-election-issue-yet/)
Barack Obama promised to tackle climate change when he first ran for the White House
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. "What is done about it awaits the outcome of this election."
Newest polling shows plan’s popular
Westenhaus 9/30 Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again”, 2012, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html
The Nuclear Energy Institute announced a September telephone survey in a press release suggesting almost
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ready to build new nuclear power plants in the next decade if needed.
Winners win – the plan key to consolidate Obama’s momentum
Creamer 12 (Robert, political organizer and strategist, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment", 1/2, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html)
Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New Year, they
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you have them on the run - that's the time to chase them.
Gridlock inevitable with any election outcome
Curry 9/11 Tom, NBC News national affairs writer, NBC Politics, 2012, “Romney election could create new scenario for EPA and coal,” http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/11/13807749-romney-election-could-create-new-scenario-for-epa-and-coal?lite
Whether Mitt Romney or Barack Obama wins the presidential election, a congressional impasse in 2013 seems likely. That’s because under most conceivable election scenarios – with Romney or Obama in the White House, and with either Democrats maintaining their Senate majority, or the Republicans taking it – the minority party could use the filibuster threat to block proposals it opposed.

Tournament: KY | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge:
The Services can sign EULs without Congressional involvement
A.D.C. ‘11
Community Roles in¶ Enhanced Use Leasing, September, 2011, InfoBrief, Assoc. of Defense Communities
http://www.defensecommunities.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/EUL-Infobrief1.pdf
The military’s involvement in EUL projects generally is focused at the bases where projects will be executed and the EUL program managing agencies — the Army Corps of Engineers, Air Force Real Property Agency and Naval Facilities Engineering Command. Projects have been initiated by the bases, the major commands and units, or the EUL managing agency for each military service itself.
No Congressional Perception of Section 3236 Waiver Authority – At worst no Congressional Perception till February
PL 106-65 ‘99
PUBLIC LAW 106–65—OCT. 5, 1999 113 STAT. 953¶ TITLE XXXII—NATIONAL NUCLEAR¶ SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-106publ65/pdf/PLAW-106publ65.pdf
SEC. 3236. CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT OF SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAMS.¶ ANNUAL REPORT ON SPECIAL
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) a period of 30 days elapses after such notification is¶ received.
Won’t pass and no impact – Congress will fix the cuts
Ehley 10/2 BRIANNA EHLEY is a writer for the Fiscal Times, “Why Not Head Over the Cliff and Dive into the Abyss?”, October 2, 2012, http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Blogs/Fiscal-Cliff-Notes/2012/10/02/Why-Not-Head-Over-the-Cliff-and-Dive-into-the-Abyss.aspx#page1
Should America put the country in 4th gear and simply drive over the fiscal cliff
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something that can be enacted as soon as possible in the next Congress.”
Plan shields controversy
Appelbaum 12 Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific RandD, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say
Sarewitz, who studies the government's role in promoting innovation, said the Defense Department
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find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs.
SMR incentives are bipartisan---recent bills prove
King et al 11 Marcus,  Associate Director of Research at The George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs, with a concurrent appointment as Associate Research Professor of International Affairs, LaVar Huntzinger and Thoi Nguyen, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations", March, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
Favorable public perception has contributed to bipartisan congressional interest in building new nuclear capacity.
AND
DOE sites. The energy parks may include nuclear power plants 11.
Winners win
Marshall and Prins 11 (BRYAN W, Miami University and BRANDON C, University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force”, Sept, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3)
Presidents rely heavily on Congress in converting their political capital into real policy success.
AND
made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Tournament: KY | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge:
1AC – Plan
The Executive Branch of the United States should provide enhanced user leases, energy savings performance contracting partnerships, and P.L. 106 Section 3236 authority to allocate obligated Department of Energy funds to enable the use of small modular reactor technology on Marine Corps bases in the United States.

1AC – Solvency
CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY
The Marines should lead from the front with SMR deployment---it ensures base security, desalination and bypasses NRC licensing
Butler 11 Lt. Col. Glen Butler, USMC, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, “Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it”, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough *Edited: Footnote included*
Consider Nuclear Power¶ On 16 March 1979, The China Syndrome opened in theaters
AND
affairs. Our natural, and national, security depends on it.43

Energy service partnerships create zero cost incentives to attract project financing, power plant construction, and net lower electricity prices – solves internal DoD funding tradeoffs between infrastructure and key assets====

Leos et al 7 - Naval Post-Graduate School MBA Report, Naval Post-Graduate School, Budget Scoring of Alternative Financing Methods for Defense Requirements, Leonard Leos, Paul Rouleau, Mark Wadsworth, June 2007, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a473232.pdf

An ESPC project is a partnership between the customer and an energy service company (

AND

.2 billion in energy cost savings (DoE, 2006, June).

The use of ESPCs is ideal for organizations which seek out alternative means of funding

AND

the private sector and will become a way of life for many organizations. 

Enhanced Use Leases generate funds of for construction and long term lease revenues that fund installation improvements and savings that reduce net infrastructure costs for the Corps

GAO 11 - GAO Report to Congressional Committees, June, 2011, DEFENSE INFRASTRUCTURE: The Enhanced Use Lease Program Requires Management Attention, http://www.gao.gov/assets/330/320465.pdf

With a real estate portfolio of over 539,000 facilities and 28 million acres

AND

were in various phases of review or negotiation for possible future implementation.6

DOE and Vendor Investments reduce up-front development coasts and makes SMR price competitive for military bases

King Et.al. ’11 - Associate Director of Research %26 Associate Research Professor of International Affairs @ George Washington University’s Elliott School

Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S., Military Installations, Marcus King, LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, CRM D0023932.A5/2REV, March 2011, CAN is a research non-profit that runs the Center for Naval Analysis and the Inst. For Public research, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf-http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

The costs associated with moving from the current stage of development¶ of small nuclear

AND

power plants are a feasible option for providing electricity¶ to military installations.

Current power costs on Guam are three times that of SMRs

Baring-Gould ’11 – D.o.I. Technology Deployment Manager

Guam Initial Technical Assessment Report, Ian Baring-Gould, April, 2011

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50580.pdf

Electricity is produced by imported oil (RFO ~%236) and diesel (~%232 distillate). The total consumption of oil in 2007 was 14,230 bbl/day18. In 2009, the average cost of electricity was %240.23 per kWh and the GPA’s 2010 Levelized Energy Adjustment Clause factor was %240.12465/kWh (Effective August 1, 2010)19

Electricity prices on Guam are skyrocketing now

Kerrigan 10-4, ’12 – Reporter at Pacific News Center

Kevin Kerrigan Thursday, 04 October 2012 10:41 ,

Guam - Prices on Guam are up 2.9% in the third quarter

AND

actually dropped 0.4%. And Medical Care dropped 0.9%.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Round 1 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Varda
The Executive branch of the United States should provide enhanced use leases and energy savings performance contracting partnerships for deployment of small modular nuclear reactors on Marine Corps installations in the United States.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Struth
CONTENTION 1: HEGEMONY
Scenario 1—-Cyber-terrorism

Cyber-attack’s coming now—-actors are probing US electricity weaknesses
Reed 10/11 John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 2012, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks
Foreign actors are probing the networks of key American companies in an attempt to gain
AND
power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.

Key military operations depend on a vulnerable grid—-SMRs are essential to prevent cyber-terrorism and grid collapse
Robitaille 12 George E, Department of Army Civilian, March 21, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?", www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
AND
associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Grid attack takes out C and C—-causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa-http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a ...authorized by the President.

Old defense doesn’t apply—-Stuxnet changed the game
Gross 11 Michael Joseph, Vanity Fair contributing editor, he covers topics including politics, technology, and national security, has also written extensively for The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and GQ, attended Williams College, and later studied at Princeton Theological Seminary. After graduating, he wrote speeches for Massachusetts Governor William Weld, "A Declaration of Cyber-War", April, http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/04/stuxnet-201104?currentPage=all
Regardless of how well it worked, there is no question that Stuxnet is something
AND
. We have crossed a threshold, and there is no turning back.

SMRs on bases secures them from attack

Galloway 10 Brigadier General Gerald E, Former Dean of the Academic Board, US Military Academy and Dean of the Faculty and Academic Programs, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, "On the Need for Creative Energy Solutions", Summer, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/WEB%2007%2027%2010%20MAB%20Powering%20America%27s%20Economy.pdf
Based on the progress made in technology, and on the findings of a study
AND
reactors could be used to support overseas military operations or disaster recovery activities."

Scenario 2—-Drones
Grid shutdown makes drones ineffective
Robyn 10 Dr. Dorothy, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, 1/27/10, Statement before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security, http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/robyn_testimony_27jan10.pdf
A final challenge is grid vulnerability.  DoD’s reliance on a fragile commercial grid to
AND
energy threat to bases at home can be a threat to operations abroad.  

Drones maintain heg—- prevents escalation
Bruntstetter 12 Daniel, Assistance Professor of Political Science at the School of Social Sciences at the University of California, "Drones: The Future of Warfare?", April 10, www.e-ir.info/2012/04/10/drones-the-future-of-warfare/
Since President Obama took office, the use of and hype surrounding drones has greatly
AND
terrorism should not be taken as evidence of drone effectiveness in all situations.

Drones defeat terrorists and stop militant rise in Pakistan
Nadim 12 Hussain, visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, "How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan", August 8, nationalinterest.org/how-drones-changed-the-game-pakistan-7290
Regardless of what the news agencies in Pakistan claim about the negative effects of drone
AND
at all as long as they get to burn a few American flags.

Terrorism causes extinction
Hellman 8 ~Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, "Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence" SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf~~
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
AND
assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. 

Militant rise in Pakistan causes nuclear war
Pitt 9 William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence", 5/8, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article%26cat=commentary%26article=2183

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Scenario 3—-Net-Centric Warfare
Adversaries attack information systems—-wrecks netwar capabilities
DSB 7 Defense Science Board, Federal Advisory Committee established to provide independent  
advice to the Secretary of Defense, "2006 Summer Study on Information Management for Net-Centric Operations", April, www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA467538.pdf
The military’s ever increasing reliance on information networks and its ability to provide wider access
AND
may develop a significant capability to attack U.S. information systems.

Netwar is critical to hegemony
Arquilla 10 John, Professor of defense analysis at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, MARCH/APRIL 2010, "The New Rules of War", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/22/the_new_rules_of_war
The irony, however, is that the U.S. military has never
AND
and acted in time to shape it, saving the world from darkness.

Independently, NCW prevents all future conflict
Chang-hee 5 Chang-hee Nam, professor of Inha University, South Korea, who formerly worked for the Korea Institute f or Defense Analysis, "The Realignment of the USFK in the Military Transformation and South Korea’s Defense Reform 2020", http://www.nids.go.jp/english/event/symposium/pdf/2005/e2005_05.pdf-http://www.nids.go.jp/english/event/symposium/pdf/2005/e2005_05.pdf
By contrast with the LPP, the relocation of the 2 nd Infantry Division to
AND
would be so disoriented that they can no longer fight or react coherently.

Plan solves grid collapse—-SMRs make mission critical bases resilient and deters attack
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Small Reactors and Energy Security¶ The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from
AND
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.

Grid failure wrecks US critical mission operations
Stockton 11 Paul, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, "Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come", http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11-http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11
The cyber threat to the DIB is only part of a much larger challenge to
AND
system over which it does not – and never will – exercise control.

Loss of mission effectiveness results in nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Hegemony prevents extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

SMRs create reliable power—- ensures effective missions
King et al 11 Marcus,  Associate Director of Research at The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, with a concurrent appointment as Associate Research Professor of International Affairs, LaVar Huntzinger and Thoi Nguyen, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations", March, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
Having a reliable source of electricity is critically important for many DoD installations. Fort
AND
as emergency response, waste water treatment, and hospitals could be maintained.

1AC – Plan

The Executive Branch of the United States should acquire small modular nuclear reactors on mission critical military installations in the United States.

1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 2: SOLVENCY

Plan’s key to ensure availability of SMRs for the military and doesn’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Military has unique capabilities to advance SMRs—-innovative financing

Cohen 12 Armond, Executive Director for the Clean Air Task Force, "DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?", May 21, energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php
Unlike most other agencies, including the Energy Department, the Pentagon is the ultimate
AND
when such linkages are strong, DoD’s innovation capabilities are second to none.

SMRs are awesome—-feasible, cheaper, safer and solve other nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

SMR incentives now but they’re insufficient

DOD Energy Blog 11 "Good Things in Small Packages: Small Reactors for Military Power", February 16, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html
They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own
AND
be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Octas | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: 

1AC – Wake

1AC – Water Advantage

CONTENTION 1: WATER

Water shortages coming —- causes instability

AFP 9/10, "World water crisis must be top UN priority: report", http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gcIGn59te-BGkDoG1uG6XrAMXO_A?docId=CNG.96ef5382d53f44338468570447594103.851
WASHINGTON — A rapidly worsening water shortage threatens to destabilize the planet and should be
AND
added that water insecurity could wreak havoc "even in politically stable regions."

Especially in China, Egypt, and Pakistan —- goes nuclear

NPR 10 (NPR citing Steven Solomon who has written for The New York Times
AND
org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122195532)
Just as wars over oil played a major role in 20th-century history,
AND
a third of its flow from the disappearance from its glacial water source."

Middle East war causes World War 3

The Earl of Stirling 11, hereditary Governor %26 Lord Lieutenant of Canada, Lord High Admiral of Nova Scotia, %26 B.Sc. in Pol. Sc. %26 History; M.A. in European Studies, "General Middle East War Nears - Syrian events more dangerous than even nuclear nightmare in Japan", http://europebusines.blogspot.com/2011/03/general-middle-east-war-nears-syrian.html
Any Third Lebanon War/General Middle East War is apt to involve WMD on
AND
, fought with 21st Century weaponry will be anything but the Biblical Armageddon.

Pakistan water scarcity causes war with India

Dr Akmal Hussain 11, The Express Tribune, "Pakistan’s water crisis", 8-25,  http://tribune.com.pk/story/231905/pakistans-water-crisis/
A water crisis is emerging which could have major implications for Pakistan’s economy and society
AND
so, natural disasters could trigger the man-made catastrophe of war.

Indo-Pak war causes extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

SMRs solve desalination—-solves water wars and mission effectiveness

Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical
AND

The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963
AND
tomorrow’s distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.

Only SMR’s solve

IAEA 7 "Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies", July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf-http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
AND
figures.¶ These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.
1AC – Heg Advantage

CONTENTION 2: HEG

Scenario 1—-Cyber-terrorism

Grid collapse is coming now

Lovins 10 Amory B, Chairman and Chief Scientist of Rocky Mountain Institute, "DOD’s Energy Challenge as Strategic Opportunity", Issue 57, 2nd Quarter 2010, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-57/lovins.pdf
The Resilience Capability¶ Resilience "combines efficient energy use with more diverse, dispersed
AND
and the whole economy, while oil supply is only a gathering storm.
Cyber-attack is coming —-actors are probing grid weaknesses
Reed 10/11 John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 2012, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks
Foreign actors are probing the networks of key American companies in an attempt to gain
AND
power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.
Key military operations depend on the grid—-SMRs are essential
Robitaille 12 George E, Department of Army Civilian, March 21, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?", mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
AND
associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.
Grid attacks take out C and C—-causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa-http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut Down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY%26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.
Plan solves grid collapse—-SMRs make bases resilient and deters attack
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Small Reactors and Energy Security¶ The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from
AND
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.
Grid failure wrecks US critical mission operations
Stockton 11 Paul, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, "Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come", http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11-http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11
The cyber threat to the DIB is only part of a much larger challenge to
AND
system over which it does not – and never will – exercise control.
Loss of mission effectiveness causes nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.
Hegemony prevents extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

Scenario 2: Alaska

DOD facilities in Alaska are vulnerable to grid disruptions now

Warwick 10 Engineer %26 Researcher at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, "Renewable Resource Development on Department of Defense Bases in Alaska:  Challenges and Opportunities", September, http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19742.pdf)
Alaska Military Facilities There are seven major DOD facilities in Alaska, as follows (
AND
reserves or ancillary services, which are typically required in wholesale wheeling transactions. 

SMRs on Alaskan bases solve

Holdmann 11 Gwen, Director of Alaska Center for Energy and Power at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, "Small Scale Modular Nuclear Power: an option for Alaska", February, http://www.uaf.edu/files/acep/Executive-Summary-3-2-11.pdf
Executive Summary¶ Alaska is home to some of the most abundant supplies of fossil
AND
energy to military bases, remote mining operations, and other industrial users.

Alaskan bases vital to prevent Arctic conflict escalation

Schanz 8 Associate Editor of the Air Force Magazine, "Strategic Alaska", http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/November%202008/1108alaska.aspx
Billy Mitchell saw its great potential in 1935, and now the rest of the world has finally caught on.
More than ever before, the Air Force is paying close attention to its force
AND
Command. Climate conditions have revealed a host of new Arctic transnational issues. 

Risk of conflict high—most recent evidence

Tassinari 9/7 Fabrizio Tassinari is a non-resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund and the Head of Foreign Policy and EU Studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies, September 7, 2012, "Avoiding a Scramble for the High North", http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/
The geopolitics of the Arctic are stuck in a paradox: The more regional players
AND
not hard to conjure up the prospect of an Arctic race building up.

Goes nuclear

Wallace and Staples 10 Michael Wallace is Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia; Steven Staples is President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa, March 2010, "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue", http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 

Extinction

Corcoran 9 PhD, Senior Fellow @ Global Security, Former Strategic Analyst at the US Army War College where he chaired studies for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations and member of the National Advisory Board for the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, 4/21, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm
That brings us to Russia, our former main adversary, now a competitive partner
AND
greatly complicate any efforts to stop escalation short of a total nuclear exchange.
1AC – Plan

The Executive Branch of the United States should acquire electricity from small modular nuclear reactors for mission critical military installations in the United States.

1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

Plan’s solves SMRs in the military — doesn’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Military is best at advancing SMRs

Cohen 12 Armond, Executive Director for the Clean Air Task Force, "DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?", May 21, energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php
Unlike most other agencies, including the Energy Department, the Pentagon is the ultimate
AND
when such linkages are strong, DoD’s innovation capabilities are second to none.

SMRs solve nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

Incentives now but they’re insufficient

DOD Energy Blog 11 "Good Things in Small Packages: Small Reactors for Military Power", February 16, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html
They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own
AND
be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty CM | Judge: Watson
1AC – Heg Advantage

CONTENTION 1: HEG

Scenario 1—-Cyber-terrorism
Cyber-attack is coming —-actors are probing grid weaknesses
Reed 12 John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 10/11, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks
Foreign actors are probing the networks of key American companies in an attempt to gain
AND
power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.
Grid attacks take out C and C—-causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, ~[~[http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa-http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa~~]~]
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut Down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation~’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY%26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.
Plan solves grid collapse—-SMRs make bases resilient and deters attack
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Small Reactors and Energy Security¶ The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from
AND
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.
Grid failure wrecks US critical mission operations
Stockton 11 Paul, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas~’ Security Affairs, "Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come", ~[~[http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11-http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11~~]~]
The cyber threat to the DIB is only part of a much larger challenge to
AND
system over which it does not – and never will – exercise control.
Loss of mission effectiveness causes nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O~’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.
Hegemony prevents extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 ~[~[http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads~~]~])
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Scenario 2—-Drones
Grid shutdown makes drones ineffective
Robyn 10 Dr. Dorothy, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, 1/27/10, Statement before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security, http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/robyn_testimony_27jan10.pdf
A final challenge is grid vulnerability.  DoD~’s reliance on a fragile commercial grid to
AND
energy threat to bases at home can be a threat to operations abroad.  
Drones defeat terrorists
Nadim 12 Hussain, visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, "How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan", August 8, nationalinterest.org/how-drones-changed-the-game-pakistan-7290
Regardless of what the news agencies in Pakistan claim about the negative effects of drone
AND
at all as long as they get to burn a few American flags.
Terrorism causes extinction
Hellman 8 ~~~[Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, "Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence" SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf~~~~~~]
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public~’s mind than the threat
AND
assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. 

Scenario 3: Alaska

DOD facilities in Alaska are vulnerable to grid disruptions now

Warwick 10 Engineer %26 Researcher at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, "Renewable Resource Development on Department of Defense Bases in Alaska:  Challenges and Opportunities", September, http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19742.pdf)
Alaska Military Facilities There are seven major DOD facilities in Alaska, as follows (
AND
reserves or ancillary services, which are typically required in wholesale wheeling transactions. 

SMRs on Alaskan bases solve

Holdmann 11 Gwen, Director of Alaska Center for Energy and Power at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, "Small Scale Modular Nuclear Power: an option for Alaska", February, http://www.uaf.edu/files/acep/Executive-Summary-3-2-11.pdf
Executive Summary¶ Alaska is home to some of the most abundant supplies of fossil
AND
energy to military bases, remote mining operations, and other industrial users.

Alaskan bases vital to prevent Arctic conflict escalation

Schanz 8 Associate Editor of the Air Force Magazine, "Strategic Alaska", http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/November%202008/1108alaska.aspx
Billy Mitchell saw its great potential in 1935, and now the rest of the world has finally caught on.
More than ever before, the Air Force is paying close attention to its force
AND
Command. Climate conditions have revealed a host of new Arctic transnational issues. 

Nuclear war

Wallace and Staples 10 Michael Wallace is Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia; Steven Staples is President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa, March 2010, "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue", http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change."
1AC – Water Advantage

CONTENTION 2: WATER

Water shortages coming —- causes instability

AFP 9/10, "World water crisis must be top UN priority: report", http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gcIGn59te-BGkDoG1uG6XrAMXO_A?docId=CNG.96ef5382d53f44338468570447594103.851
WASHINGTON — A rapidly worsening water shortage threatens to destabilize the planet and should be
AND
added that water insecurity could wreak havoc "even in politically stable regions."

Especially in China, Egypt, and Pakistan —- goes nuclear

NPR 10 (NPR citing Steven Solomon who has written for The New York Times
AND
org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122195532)
Just as wars over oil played a major role in 20th-century history,
AND
a third of its flow from the disappearance from its glacial water source."

Middle East war causes World War 3

The Earl of Stirling 11, hereditary Governor %26 Lord Lieutenant of Canada, Lord High Admiral of Nova Scotia, %26 B.Sc. in Pol. Sc. %26 History; M.A. in European Studies, "General Middle East War Nears - Syrian events more dangerous than even nuclear nightmare in Japan", http://europebusines.blogspot.com/2011/03/general-middle-east-war-nears-syrian.html
Any Third Lebanon War/General Middle East War is apt to involve WMD on
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, fought with 21st Century weaponry will be anything but the Biblical Armageddon.

Pakistan water scarcity causes war with India

Dr Akmal Hussain 11, The Express Tribune, "Pakistan~’s water crisis", 8-25,  http://tribune.com.pk/story/231905/pakistans-water-crisis/
A water crisis is emerging which could have major implications for Pakistan~’s economy and society
AND
so, natural disasters could trigger the man-made catastrophe of war.

Indo-Pak war causes extinction

Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, "Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia," online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

SMRs solve desalination—-solves water wars and mission effectiveness

Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical
AND

The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963
AND
tomorrow~’s distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.

Only SMR~’s solve

IAEA 7 "Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies", July, ~[~[http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf-http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf~~]~]
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
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figures.¶ These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.
1AC – Plan

The Executive Branch of the United States should acquire electricity from small modular nuclear reactors for mission critical military installations in the United States.

1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

Plan~’s solves SMRs in the military — doesn~’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD~’s
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry~’s timeline and trajectory.

Military is best at advancing SMRs

Cohen 12 Armond, Executive Director for the Clean Air Task Force, "DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?", May 21, energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php
Unlike most other agencies, including the Energy Department, the Pentagon is the ultimate
AND
when such linkages are strong, DoD~’s innovation capabilities are second to none.

SMRs solve nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power~’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

DOE funding SMRs now—-more to come

Holly 12/6 Derrill, ECT Staff Writer, "DOE Advances Small Nuclear Reactors", 2012, ~[~[www.ect.coop/power-supply/power-plants/doe-funds-small-nuclear-reactors-project/50667-http://www.ect.coop/power-supply/power-plants/doe-funds-small-nuclear-reactors-project/50667~~]~]
The Department of Energy has agreed to help fund a small modular nuclear reactor design
AND
Springfield, Mo.-based Associated Electric Cooperative is also supporting the group.

Grid collapse inevitable—-it~’s fragile, vulnerable and next blackout will be more severe—-wrecks mission effectiveness

Lovins 10 Amory B, Chairman and Chief Scientist of Rocky Mountain Institute, "DOD~’s Energy Challenge as Strategic Opportunity", Issue 57, 2nd Quarter 2010, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-57/lovins.pdf
The Resilience Capability¶ Resilience "combines efficient energy use with more diverse, dispersed
AND
now hazard national and theater energy security. Simple exploitation of domestic electric vulnerabilities 

could take down DOD~’s basic operating ability and the whole economy, while oil supply is only a gathering storm.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: Finals | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: 

1AC—-Fullerton Finals

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce restrictions on crude oil extraction from the Alaskan Outer Continental Shelf.

1AC Advantage 1

Contention 1: Leadership

Offshore drilling key to US Arctic leadership

Cohen and Altman 11 Ariel Cohen, Ph.D. is a Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy at the Heritage Foundation, Anton Altman is a research volunteer at The Heritage Foundation, August 16, 2011, "Russia’s Arctic Claims: Neither LOST nor Forgotten", http://blog.heritage.org/2011/08/16/russias-arctic-claims-neither-lost-nor-forgotten/
Moscow has an unquestionable head start on the rest of the world, and it
AND
.S. ability to access polar waters and the Arctic Ocean bed.

Arctic drilling is critical to retain global U.S. primacy

Hobson ’12 - Energy and Environmental Correspondent for the National Journal
White House candidates for polar summit, Iceland president tells Alaskans, Margaret Kriz Hobson, August 27, 2012, Warrant Cites Rubenstein – Co-Founder of Carlyle Group %26 Energy, Politics %26 Economics Expert, www.eenews.net-http://www.eenews.net/; and, http://www.arcticimperative.com/?page_id=2078
Grimsson noted that despite the increased international interest in oil and gas development in the
AND
foreign policy in the coming decades without being the leader of the Arctic."
Hegemony prevents extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

That’s necessary to prevent Arctic warfare

Borgerson 10 SCOTT G. BORGERSON is International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a former Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Coast Guard, April 2008, "Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming", http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20032581.pdf?acceptTC=true
Washington cannot afford to stand idly by. The Arctic region is not currently governed
AND
, the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources. 

Risk of Arctic conflict high—-most recent evidence

Tassinari 12 Fabrizio Tassinari is a non-resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund and the Head of Foreign Policy and EU Studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies, September 7, 2012, "Avoiding a Scramble for the High North", http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/
The geopolitics of the Arctic are stuck in a paradox: The more regional players
AND
not hard to conjure up the prospect of an Arctic race building up.

Goes nuclear

Wallace and Staples 10 Michael Wallace is Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia; Steven Staples is President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa, March 2010, "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue", http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 

The Arctic will be the next area of great power conflict—-oil production results in investments that prevent escalation

Talmadge 12 (Eric – AP, Huffington Post, "Arctic Climate Change Opening Region To New Military Activity’, 4/16, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/16/arctic-climate-change-military-activity_n_1427565.html)
To the world’s military leaders, the debate over climate change is long over.
AND
The U.S. is currently mulling whether to add more icebreakers.
1AC Advantage 2

Contention 2: Environment

Failure to open US Arctic drives drilling to Russia—-destroys the environment

Sullivan 12 – Commissioner of Alaska’s Department of Natural Resources %26 Fmr. St. Atty. General
It’s time to develop our Arctic resources, Dan Sullivan, Special to CNN, Fri July 20, 2012
http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/20/opinion/sullivan-arctic-drilling/index.html
 (CNN) — The United States is on the verge of an energy
AND
the world that it can be a strong leader in responsible energy development.

Russian drilling triggers Arctic environmental collapse

Heath 12 Julia Heath is a writer for Foreign Policy in Focus, February 15, 2012, "Preventing a Blowout in the Arctic", http://www.fpif.org/articles/preventing_a_blowout_in_the_arctic
The Russian Record¶ Russia has had a terrible environmental record and a history of
AND
cultural, ecological, and economic disaster for the United States as well.

Spills over to global biodiversity

Gill 9 (Michael Gill, Chair of the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program, "ABSTRACT: BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES", March, UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/csi/LINKS/monaco-abstracts/Gill_abstract_MonacoUNESCOarctic.pdf)
Arctic ecosystems and the biodiversity they support are experiencing growing pressure from  climate change and
AND
addition, biodiversity maintains the ecological balance necessary for planetary and human survival.

Extinction

Science Daily 11 ("Biodiversity Key to Earth’s Life-Support Functions in a Changing World,"  Cites Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, August 11, htm)
The biological diversity of organisms on Earth is not just something we enjoy when taking
AND
diversity is thus a crucial factor in maintaining Earth’s life-support functions.
1AC Advantage 3

CONTENTION 3:  ECONOMY

The economy’s on the brink—-2013’s key

Tverberg 1-8, ’12 - Editor @ the Oil Drum
Why 2013 Will End in a Severe Recession, Gail Tverberg, Tue, 08 January 2013
http://oilprice.com/Finance/the-Economy/Why-2013-will-End-in-a-Severe-Recession.html
We have been hearing a lot about escaping the fiscal cliff, but our problem
AND
can be expected to cause a long-term drag on economic growth.

US is key to the global economy
Caploe 9 David, CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., "Focus still on America to lead global recovery", April 7, The Strait Times, lexis
IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
US - and it is going to have to be solved there too.

Global economic crisis causes nuclear war

Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
We have strong statistical support—-their defense doesn’t account for global crises
Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Plan generates massive economic benefits—-job growth, deficit reduction and ripple effect in the short-term

Mills 12 Mark, member of the advisory council of the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern University and serves on the board of directors of the Marshall Institute, 7/9, "Could the United States Become the World’s Energy-Export Powerhouse?", http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/press_release_pgi_01.pdf-http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/press_release_pgi_01.pdf
Unleashing 20 billion barrels of cumulative oil from Alaska’s ANWR and some currently off-
AND
term economic growth in North America and a beneficial resetting of energy geopolitics.

Job growth’s key to an economic recovery

Patton 12 Mike, Forbes Contributor, "The Key to Economic Growth: Reduce the Unemployment Rate%21", 8/27, www.forbes.com/sites/mikepatton/2012/08/27/the-key-to-economic-growth-reduce-the-unemployment-rate/
We’ve all heard how the U.S. economy has been slow to recover
AND
to say less than 6.0%, GDP will likely remain sluggish.

Deficit reduction’s key to prevent economic collapse

Mauldin 11 John, President of Business Marketing Group and President of Millennium Wave Advisors, LLC (MWA) which is an investment advisory firm registered with multiple states,
Business Insider, "We Need To Cut The Deficit Right Now — And Doing It Is Going To Clobber The Economy", May 7, articles.businessinsider.com/2011-05-07/news/29964201_1_endgame-spain-enemies-list/4
Then there is the crisis scenario. Let’s assume we do not deal with the
AND
a country for decades, and now we have to pay the price.

Independently, removing oil restrictions ensures long-term growth and revitalizes the shipbuilding and chemical industries

Mason 11 Joseph, Senior Fellow, The Wharton School, Louisiana State University Endowed Chair of Banking and nationally-renowned economist, "House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources Hearing; Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs Legislative Hearing on H.R. 306, H.R. 588, S. 266 and H.R. 285", 4/6, Lexis
Apart from national energy concerns, however, economic considerations also favor increased development of
AND
billion per year) in new U.S. federal tax income.

Strong chemical industry prevents extinction

Baum 99 – Baum, Founder of Chemical and Engineering News Washington, 12-6-99 (Rudy, "MILLENNIUM SPECIAL REPORT," C%26EN Washington, Volume 77, Number 49, http://pubs.acs.org/cen/hotarticles/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html)
Computers and the Internet are clearly one of the driving forces shaping all aspects of
AND
mysteries and provide for humanity’s basic and not-so-basic needs. 

Commercial shipbuilding’s key to naval power

NLUS 12 Navy League of the United States, "America’s Maritime Industry The foundation of American seapower", 2012,  http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf-http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf, Date Verification – http://gsship.org/industry-links/
Defense Industrial Base: Shipbuilding The American Maritime Industry also contributes to our national defense
AND
. They are unmatched in capability, but must maintain that lead. 13

Naval power solves nuclear war

Conway et al 7 James – General, US Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead – Admiral, U.S. navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Thad Allen – Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, A Cooperative Strategy for 21^st Century Seapower, p. http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf
No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability as war among major powers
AND
and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Now is key—-industry collapse causes South China Sea conflict

Crospey 12 Dr. Seth – Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute, Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy, ""The U.S. Navy Shipbuilding Plan: Assumptions and Associated Risks to National Security", Statement before the Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight %26 Investigations U.S. House of Representatives, 4/18, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SethCropsey—USNavyShipbuildingPlan—Testimony041812.pdf
If the Navy’s assumption is mistaken that current political leadership will agree to large future
AND
political liberty would benefit for the remainder of this century. Thank you. 

That’s the most likely scenario for US-China war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
and intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult

Extinction

Lieven 12 Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), "Avoiding US-China War," New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html
Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day
AND
— for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.
1AC Solvency

CONTENTION IV: SOLVENCY

Obama is expanding access now but the current plan is too restrictive

Reuters 12 June 28, 2012, "U.S. unveils final drilling plan, limits Arctic sales", http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/28/us-usa-drilling-offshore-idUSBRE85R1MJ20120628?feedType=RSS%26feedName=everything%26virtualBrandChannel=11563
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – U.S. oil companies will be allowed to
AND
," said Doc Hastings, Republican chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee.

Arctic drilling’s inevitable—-the US needs to take the lead

O’Keefe 12 William O’Keefe is CEO at the George C. Marshall Institute, a think tank that promotes better use of science in public policy, July 23, 2012, "Decision Isn’t America’s Alone To Make", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/07/is-arctic-oil-drilling-ready-f.php
The decision on whether Arctic oil drilling is ready for prime time is not the
AND
oil resources will be developed. The only open question is by whom?

US leadership’s key—-failure to drill in federal Alaskan waters causes other countries to fill in

Sullivan 12 Dan Sullivan, a former state attorney general, is the commissioner of Alaska’s Department of Natural Resources, July 20, 2012, "It’s time to develop our Arctic resources", http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/20/opinion/sullivan-arctic-drilling/index.html
The United States is on the verge of an energy renaissance. We need to
AND
the world that it can be a strong leader in responsible energy development.

Now is the crucial time—-drilling Alaskan offshore resources solves

Carroll 11 Carlton Carroll is a Media Relations Representative for the American Petroleum Institute, February 24, 2011, "API calls on Obama administration to open up Alaska’s OCS, cites new study", http://www.api.org/News-and-Media/News/NewsItems/2011/feb-2011/api-calls-on-Obama-administration-to-open-up-alaskas-ocs-cites-new-study.aspx
A new study, showing important advantages to the U.S. economy and
AND
TAPS), a critical lifeline of domestic energy for America," he added.

Tournament: OLC | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge: Malsin

1AC – OLC Rd 7

1AC – Plan

The Executive branch of the United States should acquire electricity from small modular nuclear reactors for military installations in the United States.

1AC Grid Advantage

CONTENTION 1: GRID

Cyber-attack is coming —-actors are probing grid weaknesses
Reed 12 John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 10/11, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks
Foreign actors are probing the networks of key American companies in an attempt to gain
AND
power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.
Grid attacks take out C and C—-causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa-http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut Down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY%26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.
Plan solves grid collapse—-SMRs make bases resilient —- prevents lashout
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Small Reactors and Energy Security¶ The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from
AND
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.
1AC Radar Advantage

CONTENTION 2: RADAR

Space radar is infeasible due to power limitations —- nuclear’s key

McCall 6 Chair, USAF Scientific Advisory Board, "Spacecraft Bus Technoligies," http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/vistas/stechch3.pdf
All current spacecraft are either power limited or restricted in some measure by inadequate electrical
AND
joint programs with Russia offer a low cost alternative and should be pursued.

SMR development solves—-allows the Air Force to deploy space radar

Maybury 12 Dr. Mark T, Chief Scientist, United States Air Force, 1/31/12, "Energy Horizons: United States Air Force Energy S%26T Vision 2011-2026," http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/energy.pdf-http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/energy.pdf
There are other breakthrough space energy generation component technologies with the potential of achieving up
AND
plants decrease in size, their utility on board space based assets increases. 

It will be deployed—-Air Force wants to, they just need the tech

Puiu 12 Tibi Puiu – Studies Mechanical Engineering, Feb 23, 2012 "Air Force plans buildings a solar power station in space and nuclear-powered spacecraft"
http://billionyearplan.blogspot.com/2012/08/air-force-plans-buildings-solar-power.html
Last week, the U.S. Air Force released a report in which
AND
course, safety is a major concern, as outlined in the report.

Space radar is the key internal link to maintaining nuclear primacy

Li %26 Nie 9 – Li Bin, director of Arms Control Program at the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University; and Nie Hongyi, officer in the People’s Liberation Army with an MA from China’s National Defense University and a Ph.D. in International Studies from Tsinghua University, 5/22/9, "An Investigation of China – U.S. Strategic Stability," http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/Li-and-Nie-translation-final-5-22-09.pdf-http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/Li-and-Nie-translation-final-5-22-09.pdf
The mobility of China’s nuclear weapons raises the survivability of Chinese nuclear weapons and thereby
AND
escaped tracking. This increases difficulties for decision-makers on both sides.

It enables effective reconnaissance to ensure primacy over mobile targets

Li 7 Bin, director of Arms Control Program at the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University, "Tracking Chinese Strategic Mobile Missiles," Science and Global Security, Vol. 15, p. 1-30
Long-range weapons can be divided into two categories: nuclear and nonnuclear.
AND
missiles. This analysis will focus mainly on space radar in SMTI mode.

Nuke primacy prevents nuclear war over Taiwan

Lieber and Press 7 - Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Winter 2007, "U.S. Nuclear Primacy and the Future of the Chinese Deterrent," China Security, Issue No. 5, online: http://www.wsichina.org/cs5_5.pdf
Ironically, one of the clearest explanations for how the United States may use nuclear
AND
its nuclear force – or even attacking Taiwan – in the first place.

War over Taiwan is inevitable—-U.S. conventional superiority ensures China will escalate
Zhang 8 - Baohui Zhang, Associate Professor of Political Science, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, March 2008, "The Taiwan Strait and the Future of China’s No-First-Use Nuclear Policy," Comparative Strategy, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 164-182
For the above reasons the no-first-use principle remained unchallenged until the
AND
develop a nuclear doctrine "suitable for economically and technologically weak states."22 

Nuclear war

Glaser 11 Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, "Will China’s Rise Lead to War?" Foreign Affairs Vol. 9 Iss. 2, March/April
THE PROSPECTS for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth
AND
military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

Space radar solves Pakistan loose nukes, Mediterranean oil safety and bioterror

Sersun 3 Douglas K, Major of USAF, Air Command and Staff College, "Eyes of the Nation: Does the United States Need Space Radar?", April, dtlweb.au.af.mil/exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS8zNzMzMA==.pdf
Space Radar is specifically designed to operate within a complementary system-of systems (
AND
well beyond those that resonate with French Maginot Line thinking prior to WWII. 

Pakistan loose nukes cause global nuclear conflict

Pitt 9 William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence", 5/8/09, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article%26cat=commentary%26article=2183
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Bioterror causes extinction

Ochs 2 Richard, Past president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, Member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, and M of the Chemical Weapons Working Group, June 9, 2002, "Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately," http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html-http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
also allow easier use of US bioweapons? How slippery is this slope?

~[ ~] Independently, radar solves debris

Marques 5 Marta Marti-Marques, Technical University of Valencia, Spain, "SPACE-BASED RADAR SYSTEM FOR GEOSTATIONARY DEBRIS DETECTION AND TRACKING AT MEO", 2005, www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-05/B6/1/1965/
Since the first known satellite fragmentation occurred just four years after Sputnik 1 was successfully
AND
proposal and demonstrate its effectiveness in preserving the orbital environment for future generations.

~[ ~] Debris will knock out satellites and cause extinction

Dunstan 9 – James, JD, Space and Technology Lawyer – Garvey Schubert Barer, and Berin Szoka, Senior Feelow – Progress and Freedom Foundation, Director – Space Frontier Foundation, and Member of the Commerical Space Transportation Advisory Committee – Federal Aviation Administration, "Beware Of Space Junk: Global Warming Isn’t the Only Major Environmental Problem", http://techliberation.com/2009/1t2/18/beware-of-space-junk-global-warming-isnt-the-only-major-environmental-problem/
As world leaders meet in Copenhagen to consider drastic carbon emission restrictions that could require
AND
could run into the trillions—rivaling even some proposed climate change solutions.
New

CONTENTION _: WATER DIPLOMACY

Military SMRs key to water diplomacy—-allows mobile desalination

Pfeffer 1 Physical Scientist at Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency, MS in Physics at Johns Hopkins, "Nuclear Power: An option for the Army’s Future," http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm
The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963
AND
tomorrow’s distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.  

Plan’s demonstration domestically spills over

Galloway 10 Brigadier General Gerald E, Former Dean of the Academic Board, US Military Academy and Dean of the Faculty and Academic Programs, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, "On the Need for Creative Energy Solutions", Summer, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/WEB%2007%2027%2010%20MAB%20Powering%20America%27s%20Economy.pdf
Based on the progress made in technology, and on the findings of a study
AND
reactors could be used to support overseas military operations or disaster recovery activities."

Water assistance vital to effective public diplomacy

Seib 10 Philip, Professor of journalism and public diplomacy and director of the Center on Public Diplomacy-USC, Considering Water Diplomacy, 6/29, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-seib/considering-water-diploma_b_629487.html
The vitality and seriousness with which the institute addresses such issues is a reminder that
AND
diplomacy fails to reach its potential as a means of advancing national interests.

Public diplomacy key to AFRICOM effectiveness

Seib 9 Philip, Professor of Public Diplomacy %26 International Relations-USC, America’s New Approach to Africa: AFRICOM and Public Diplomacy, http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/CPD_Perspectives.pdf
Regardless of what reasons are proffered for AFRICOM’s importance, public diplomacy is often cited
AND
So too is the American view of Africa and Africa’s perception of America.

( ) AFRICOM key to disease prevention

Martin 9 MD %26 US Naval Officer, 1/9, "Africa Command Health Symposium: Health as a Bridge to Peace and Stability" http://intlhealth.fhpr.osd.mil/Libraries/IHDocuments/AfricaCommandHealthSymposiumProceedings.sflb.ashx
The newly established United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) intends to incorporate health as
AND
on key countries’ economies, governments, and militaries (NIC, 2008)

~[ ~] Vital to containment

Geller 9 MD %26 Lt. Colonel-US Army, 1/9, "Africa Command Health Symposium: Health as a Bridge to Peace and Stability" http://intlhealth.fhpr.osd.mil/Libraries/IHDocuments/AfricaCommandHealthSymposiumProceedings.sflb.ashx
The Africa Command Surgeon’s priorities include developing a DoD medical strategy for the continent,
AND
contagions, and no increase in regional instability due to emerging disease threat.   

~[ ~] New pandemics likely in Africa

Boyer 11 9/24, Reporter for EMax Health, http://www.emaxhealth.com/8782/us-not-well-prepared-flu-pandemic-man-infects-pigs-h1n1-swine-flu
UCLA Scientists studying the H1N1 swine flu virus have discovered the first evidence of animal
AND
of viruses between humans and wild animals. We have to expand screening."

( ) Extinction—-their impact D doesn’t apply

Quammen 12 David, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, "Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?," The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis
Infectious disease is all around us. It’s one of the basic processes that ecologists
AND
collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

The US is perceived as losing the battle for influence in Africa—-AFRICOM legitimacy key to reverse Chinese influence

Eric Murray 11, Prof. of Physics @ Georgia Tech, US Attempts at Countering Chinese Influence in Africa, 10 October,
http://www.currentanalyst.com/index.php/external-actors/164-us-attempts-at-countering-chinese-influence-in-africa-http://www.currentanalyst.com/index.php/external-actors/164-us-attempts-at-countering-chinese-influence-in-africa
There are different ways of looking at the decline of US power in the world
AND
. As they say, this is the problem of "soft power".

African influence enhances Chinese diplomatic leverage at the UN

Christopher Alessi 12, Associate Staff Writer for the Council on Foreign Relations and Stephanie Hanson, "Expanding China-Africa Oil Ties", CFR,  2-8, http://www.cfr.org/china/expanding-china-africa-oil-ties/p9557
Since former Chinese president Jiang Zemin inaugurated China’s reengagement with Africa in 1996, the
AND
facing Africa is governance—it doesn’t matter how many roads or ports."

Increased Chinese influence will derail climate negotiations —- pressures developing states

Fiona Harvey 12, environment correspondent, Guardian, "Republican presidential win would lose US ground to China – UN climate chief", 3-9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/mar/09/republican-climate-change-us-president-china?newsfeed=true
Figueres faces a difficult year, as at last year’s UN climate conference in Durban
AND
were already meeting in many informal groups that would push the negotiations forward.

Kills any possibility of a legally binding climate treaty post-Durban

Reuters 12, "Citizens not pushing hard for climate deal - UN chief", 3-10, http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/un-climate-idINDEE8280F620120309
Countries had to submit proposals by February 28 on ways of raising the level of
AND
and applicable to all - not an agreement to be reached by 2020."

Now’s key —- the Durban Platform provides a new opportunity to solve global climate change

Robert N. Stavins 12 is the Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program, and Chairman of the Environment and Natural Resources Faculty Group, "The Platform Opens a Window: An Unambiguous Consequence of the Durban Climate Talks", 1-1, http://www.robertstavinsblog.org/2012/01/01/the-platform-opens-a-window-an-unambiguous-consequence-of-the-durban-climate-talks/
Finally, We Arrive in Durban (2011)¶ The third of the three outcomes
AND
Climate Agreements is prepared to contribute to this effort. Please stay tuned.

Solves runaway warming —- Chinese support is key

Helle Jeppesen 11, MSN, "Breakthrough in Durban: Pragmatism over perfection", December, http://arabia.msn.com/technology/news/dw/2011/december/11171643/breakthrough-durban-pragmatism-over-perfection.aspx
Following extended talks, which stretched into the early hours of Sunday, delegates representing
AND
agreement that allows us to pursue ambitious measures for protecting the global climate."

Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction

Flournoy 12 — Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight
AND
Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11)
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
too high for us to take any chances" (Hsu 2010 ) .
1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 4: SOLVENCY

Plan’s solves SMRs in the military — doesn’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Military is best at advancing SMRs

Cohen 12 Armond, Executive Director for the Clean Air Task Force, "DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?", May 21, energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php
Unlike most other agencies, including the Energy Department, the Pentagon is the ultimate
AND
when such linkages are strong, DoD’s innovation capabilities are second to none.

SMRs solve nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

DOE funding SMRs now—-more to come

Holly 12/6 Derrill, ECT Staff Writer, "DOE Advances Small Nuclear Reactors", 2012, coop/power-supply/power-plants/doe-funds-small-nuclear-reactors-project/50667
The Department of Energy has agreed to help fund a small modular nuclear reactor design
AND
Springfield, Mo.-based Associated Electric Cooperative is also supporting the group.

Tournament: OLC | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: 

1AC – OLC Octas

1AC – Plan

The Executive branch of the United States should acquire electricity from small modular nuclear reactors for military installations in the United States.

1AC – Grid Advantage

CONTENTION 1: GRID

Cyber-attack is coming —-actors are probing grid weaknesses
Reed 12 John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 10/11, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks
Foreign actors are probing the networks of key American companies in an attempt to gain
AND
power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.
Grid attacks take out C and C—-causes retaliation and nuclear war
Tilford 12 Robert, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" 2012, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa-http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa
To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut Down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY%26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.
Plan solves grid collapse—-SMRs make bases resilient —- prevents lashout
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Small Reactors and Energy Security¶ The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from
AND
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.
1AC – New

CONTENTION 2: SHIPPING

Shipping industry’s declining—-SMRs provide critical boost

Black 12 David, The National, 2/1, Atomic ships just over the horizon, www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/shipping/atomic-ships-just-over-the-horizon~%23full
The merchant shipping industry is hoping to go nuclear.¶ Despite the reactor disaster at
AND
its work as the support contractor for the Royal Navy’s nuclear submarine fleet.

The plan causes spin-offs to commercial shipping

Femenia 12 Professor and Master of Marine Engineering Program Director at United States Merchant Marine Academy, "Is The Time Right For Commercial Nuclear Powered Vessels?" August, http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/SNAME/ee3b8f97-c746-4d85-bede-cd348a202053/UploadedImages/Is%20The%20Time%20Is%20Right%20For%20Commercial%20Nuclear%20Powered%20Vessels-J.Femenia%20(Full%20Paper-080812).pdf
Most likely the development of one or more appropriately sized reactors, solely for use
AND
of their units is simply to increase the potential market for appropriate units.

Solves extinction

Brownrigg 7 Director general of British Chamber of Shipping, "Speech to the Party Fringe meetings: Shipping – An Answer To Global Warming", http://www.findthatdoc.com/search-20687997-hDOC/download-documents-d-g-labour-party-fringe-sep-2007-doc.htm
Somewhat provocatively, we’ve called this meeting ’Shipping – an answer to Global Warming’
AND
.  And this is the industry that transports 90% of world trade.       

Nuclear shipping revives US shipbuilding

Page 10 Former officer of British Navy %26 Columnist-The Register, 9/27, "Nuclear merchant ships could open up Arctic routes for real," http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/27/nuclear_shipping/page4.html
Certainly a reappearance of nuclear merchant ships could be excellent news for the UK shipping
AND
, would also be one of very few competitors for lucrative new business.

That’s key to naval power

NLUS 12 Navy League of the United States, "America’s Maritime Industry The foundation of American seapower", 2012,  http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf-http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf, Date Verification – http://gsship.org/industry-links/
Defense Industrial Base: Shipbuilding The American Maritime Industry also contributes to our national defense
AND
. They are unmatched in capability, but must maintain that lead. 13

Naval power solves nuclear war

Conway et al 7 James – General, US Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead – Admiral, U.S. navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Thad Allen – Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, A Cooperative Strategy for 21^st Century Seapower, p. http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf
No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability as war among major powers
AND
and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Now is key—-industry collapse causes South China Sea conflict

Crospey 12 Dr. Seth – Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute, Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy, ""The U.S. Navy Shipbuilding Plan: Assumptions and Associated Risks to National Security", Statement before the Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight %26 Investigations U.S. House of Representatives, 4/18, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SethCropsey—USNavyShipbuildingPlan—Testimony041812.pdf
If the Navy’s assumption is mistaken that current political leadership will agree to large future
AND
political liberty would benefit for the remainder of this century. Thank you. 

That’s the most likely scenario for US-China war

Glaser 12 Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
and intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult

Extinction

Lieven 12 Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), "Avoiding US-China War," New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html
Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day
AND
— for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.
1AC – New

CONTENTION 3: HYDROGEN

SMR development results in military hydrogen

AET 12 Alternative Energy Today, "Alternative Energy The Ways that the Military is Using," 10/25, http://www.alternative-energy-today.com/the-ways-that-the-military-is-using-alternative-energy/
One thing that the military leaders stress is the desire for the forces deployed in
AND
is clearly high on the R %26 D priority list of the military.

SMRs make hydrogen feasible and economical

Science 12, quoting Dr. Ibrahim Khamis of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 3/26, "One Day, You May Thank Nuclear Power For The Hydrogen Economy", www.science20.com/news_articles/one_day_you_may_thank_nuclear_power_hydrogen_economy-88334
The hydrogen economy has been ready to start for decades and could begin commercial production
AND
generate hydrogen gas on a large scale in anticipation of growing economic opportunities. 

Tech is viable—just need hydrogen fuel

Squatriglia 11 Chuck, Wired, 4/22, Discovery Could Make Fuel Cells Much Cheaper, www.wired.com/autopia/2011/04/discovery-makes-fuel-cells-orders-of-magnitude-cheaper/
One of the biggest issues with hydrogen fuel cells, aside from the lack of
AND
so it directly addresses one of the main barriers to hydrogen fuel cells."

Key to UAV effectiveness

NRL 10 Naval Research Laboratory, Fall, Fuel Cell Power Soar on Fuel Cell Power, http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content_images/SPECTRA_Fall2010.pdf
Piloted remotely or autonomously, unmanned aerial vehicles have long provided extra "eyes in
AND
using a "green," quiet, efficient, and affordable fuel system.

UAVs key to force projection, application, and battlefield awareness—fuel cells key

Gross et al 11 Thomas, Albert Poche, Kevin Ennis, DOD Defense Logistics Agency Research %26 Development, 10/19, Beyond Demonstration: The Role of Fuel Cells in DoD’s Energy Strategy, http://www.chfcc.org/publications/reports/dod-fuel-cell_10-19-11_dlafuelcells.pdf
Future uses for unmanned vehicles may extend well beyond their current missions. The Integrated
AND
energy efficient than internal combustion engines, which improves mission duration.~[70~]

Key to ISR—solves crisis management

Trefz 3 John L, Jr., LCDR, US Navy, From Persistent ISR to Precision Strikes: The Expanding Role of UAVs, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a420264.pdf
"Operational intelligence is directed at collection, analysis, and evaluation of information dealing
AND
but their loss would be more acceptable than that of a manned aircraft.

Key to de-escalate crises—the alternative is deterrence collapse and wars

Alcazar 12 Vincent, Colonel, USAF, Winter, Crisis Management and the Anti-Access/Area Denial Problem, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2012/winter/alcazar.pdf
America’s political and military leaders rely on unimpeded US force movements across strategic distances to
AND
its conventional deterrence, and undercut its ability to manage escalation and deescalation.

Nuclear war

Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

UAVs key to interdictions in the Caribbean—-solves the drug trade

Purdy 8 Ellen, director, Joint Ground Robotics Enterprise, within the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, and is responsible for oversight and funding of ground robotics technology development, "The Increasing Role of Robots in National Security" May-June 2008, Defense AT%26L, page 27
In U.S. Southern Command’s area of responsibility in Central and South America
AND
hungry—and they keep personnel from being detected and harmed by insurgents.

That’s key to prevent Latin American instability, bioterror, and LNG attacks

Flynn and Bryan 1 Stephen, Senior Fellow @ CFR and Commander in US Coast Guard, and Anthony, Dir. North-South Center’s Caribbean Program, "Terrorism, Porous Borders, and Homeland Security: The Case for U.S.-Caribbean Cooperation", October 21
Terrorist acts can take place anywhere. The Caribbean is no exception. Already the
AND
else to the clandestine manufacture and deployment of biological weapons within national borders.

Bioterror causes extinction

Ochs 2 | Past president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, Member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, and M of the Chemical Weapons Working Group ~[Richard Ochs, , June 9, 2002, "Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately," http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html-http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html~]
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
also allow easier use of US bioweapons? How slippery is this slope?

Latin American instability causes nuke war

Rochlin 94 James Francis, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University College, "Discovering the Americas: the evolution of Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America," p. 130-131.
While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were
AND
, such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter. 

LNG accidents cause extinction

Lovins 1 Hunter and Amory Lovins work together as analysts, lecturers and consultants on energy, resource and security policy in over 30 countries. Hunter Lovins has degrees in Law, Political Studies and Sociology and an honorary doctorate, and is a member of the California Bar. For six years she was assistant Director of the California Conservation project. Amory Lovins is a consultant experimental physicist, educated at Harvard and Oxford, who has published 23 books (many co-authored with Hunter) and several hundred papers. He has held various academic chairs, received six honorary doctorates, served on the US Department of Energy’s senior advisory board, and consulted (often with Hunter) for scores of energy companies, manufacturing firms, governments and international organisations. The Lovineses have received numerous awards for their work.  Brittle Power : Energy Strategy for National Security – Rocky Mountain Institute —  http://www.rmi.org/images/other/S-BrPwr-Parts123.pdf — also available @ http://www.transitcommerce.com/Harpswell/weeks.asp
LNG is less than half as dense as water, so a cubic meter of
AND
of a megaton of TNT, or about fifty-five Hiroshima bombs.

(  ) UAVs key to nuclear forensics

TRS 8 The Royal Society, 2008, "Detecting nuclear and radiological materials", http://www.offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/Detecting-nuclear-and-radiological-materials.pdf
Airborne radiation surveys have a well developed history of use with applications ranging from mineral
AND
science of nuclear forensics as an integral part of the incident response process.

Attribution deters state-sponsored nuclear terror

Talmadge 7 IR %26 Government Prof-George Washington, PhD-MIT, Spring, "Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf
If the United States develops a credible nuclear attribution capability, states that wish to
AND
Korea against selling parts of its emerging nuclear arsenal to the highest bidder.

Nuclear terrorism likely—state sponsorship key

Allison 12 Graham, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 9/7, "Living in the Era of Megaterror", belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22302/living_in_the_era_of_megaterror.html
Today, how many people can a small group of terrorists kill in a single
AND
terrorists, aspirations to become the world’s first nuclear terrorist can be thwarted.

Terrorism causes extinction

Hellman 8 (Martin E, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, "Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence" SPRING, THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
AND
assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
1AC – Solvency

CONTENTION 4: SOLVENCY

Plan’s solves SMRs in the military — doesn’t pick winners

Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Military is best at advancing SMRs

Cohen 12 Armond, Executive Director for the Clean Air Task Force, "DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?", May 21, energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php
Unlike most other agencies, including the Energy Department, the Pentagon is the ultimate
AND
when such linkages are strong, DoD’s innovation capabilities are second to none.

SMRs solve nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

DOE funding SMRs now—-more to come

Holly 12/6 Derrill, ECT Staff Writer, "DOE Advances Small Nuclear Reactors", 2012, coop/power-supply/power-plants/doe-funds-small-nuclear-reactors-project/50667
The Department of Energy has agreed to help fund a small modular nuclear reactor design
AND
Springfield, Mo.-based Associated Electric Cooperative is also supporting the group.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC BS | Judge: Miller, Stout, Taylor
AT: Iraq DA
Heg is ethical
Christian Reus-Smit 4 IR @ Australian Nat’l, American Power and World Order p.  109-115
The final ethical position — the polar opposite of the first — holds that the
AND
is needed than the simple yet enticing propos¬ition that might is never right.
Heg is key to decease excess American interventionism
Kagan and Kristol, 2k (Robert and William, “Present Dangers”, Kagan is a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Kristol is the editor of The Weekly Standard, and a political analyst and commentator, page 13-14 )
http://www2.uhv.edu/fairlambh/asian/present_dangers.htm

It is worth pointing out, though, that a foreign policy premised on American
AND
" power that awaits a dramatic challenge before it rouses itself into action. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC BS | Judge: Miller, Stout, Taylor
Desalination key to prevent billions from dying from structural violence
Beller 4 Dr. Denis E, Beller, 2004 - Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, "Atomic Time Machines: Back to the Nuclear Future," 24 J. Land Resources & Envtl. L. 41
Our global neighbors need much more energy to achieve the standards of living of the
AND
1980 and 2000, while total energy use increased just 27 percent.10

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC BS | Judge: Miller, Stout, Taylor
FW
The role of the ballot is to determine between a topical plan and the status quo or a competitive policy option – the aff should get to simulate case impacts against the kritik
We allow many voices into the conversion-technical discussion of policy key to combatting experts through dialogue and speaking in their language – only the aff does that – the alt is coopted – that’s Hodson – this balances local knowledge with empirics
Util is ethical as per their systems
Dispo Bad – 2AC
Dispo is a voting issue—destroys 2AC strategic flexibility which is the arc of clash and education in debate—magnified because no one has a standard for what dispo means—depth is key to debate’s political value—they cause late developing debates – reject the team to set a precedent – unconditionality solves their offense
Gender K
Prior questions fail and paralyze politics
Owen 2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘[a]
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Their essentialization of women’s values creates dichotomy they described
The perm is the best option-combining traditional and unconventional epistemologies allows for more thorough analysis of problems-the alt alone is worse because it refuses to acknowledge its own biases
Conway 97—philosophy, Penn State (Daniel, Nietzsche and the political, 135-6)
This preference is clearly political in nature, and Haraway makes no pretense of aspiring
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at the expense of the greater objectivity that they might otherwise have gained.
No intrinsic connection between women commodification and nature

Their patriarchy impacts are contrived, reductionist, essentialist, and fracture resistance
Crenshaw 2 [Carrie Crenshaw PhD, Former President of CEDA, “Perspectives In Controversy: Selected Articles from Contemporary Argumentation and Debate” 2002 p. 119-126]
Feminism is not dead. It is alive and well in intercollegiate debate. Increasingly
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be listening, to be tuned in (hooks, Talking Back 14).
Perm do both
Rethinking fails to alter material realities and gets coopted
Whitworth 94 [Assistant Professor of Political Science York University, Feminism and International Relations, Towards a Political Economy of Gender in Interstate and Non-Governmental Institutions, page 22-23]
Even when not concerned with mothering as such, much of the politics that emerge
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, this in itself should give feminists pause to reconsider this position.51
Not the root cause
Goldstein 1 – IR, American U (Joshua, War and Gender, p. 412)
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
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on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
Perm do both
Nuclear Link
SMRs solve nuclear downsides-reduce radiation and accident risks because they’re underground and smaller – that’s Ringle – their link ev is too generic
Incentives-based environmental action in the context of nuclear power is good-key to policy effectiveness
Economist 5 (The Economist, April 21, “Rescuing environmentalism”, http://www.economist.com/node/3888006)
“THE environmental movement's foundational concepts, its method for framing legislative proposals, and
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to an enlightened age of informed, innovative, incentive-based greenery.
Security Link
Threats real and not constructed—rational risk assessment goes aff
Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
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instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.
AT: SVio Outweighs
Heg solves it-unipolarity has created a new global middle class that is a substantial improvement from the period preceding – that’s Barnett
The status quo is structurally improving
Dash 2/4 Co-Founder and Managing Director at Activate, a new kind of strategy consultancy that advises companies about the opportunities at the intersection of technology and media co-founder and CEO of ThinkUp, which shows you how to be better at using your social networks, publisher, editor and owner of Dashes.com, my personal blog where I've been publishing continuously since 1999, entrepreneur, writer and geek living in New York City (Anil Dash, 4 February 2013, “THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER. QUICKLY.,” http://dashes.com/anil/2013/02/the-world-is-getting-better-quickly.html)
The world is getting better, faster, than we could ever have imagined.
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of resources, time and effort to tackling the problems we have left.
Nuke war outweighs structural violence – prioritizing structural violence makes preventing war impossible
Boulding 78 [Ken, is professor of economics and director, Center for Research on Conflict Resolution, University of Michigan, “Future Directions in Conflict and Peace Studies,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1978), pp. 342-354]
Galtung is very legitimately interested in problems of world poverty and the failure of development
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increases with every improvement in technology, either of war or of peace.
Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt – endorse ecofem in all other instances
AT: Water Link
Water link doesn’t make sense-shortage exist and we connect that shortage to human oppression – that’s Dinar – securitization key to action
Perm solves – we can critique security but still assess the water war impacts
Shlomi Dinar 2 is a Ph.D. candidate at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, “Water, Security, Conflict, and Cooperation”, SAIS Review 22.2 (2002) 229-253
Can some sort of compromise be sought in this ongoing debate? One issue often
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freshwater issues affect the likelihood of violence, war, or peace. 29
AT: Control Nature
We don’t try to control nature
We don't have absolute control over nature, but measures to reduce existential environmental risks are still good-we can use science to confirm environmental trends which solves extinction
Highfield 4editor of New Scientist and former Telegraph science editor. DPhil in physical chemistry, conducted at Oxford University and the Institut Laue Langevin (Roger, We can't control nature, but we can prepare for the worst, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3613845/We-cant-control-nature-but-we-can-prepare-for-the-worst.html)

We can't control nature, but we can prepare for the worst¶ This week's
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would be so extreme that we should use science to defend ourselves better.
Abandoning nature causes extinction
Soulé 95 – Natural Resources Professor, California (Michael and Gary Lease, Reinventing Nature?, p 159-60)
The decision has already been made in most places. Some of the ecological myths
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, management is the only viable alternative to massive attrition of living nature.
AT: Ecofeminist Alt
The alternative is an intellectual fantasy-impossible to implement
Anderson 96  political scientist, social psychologist, and author of numerous non-fiction books.  President Emeritus of the World Academy of Art and Science; a founding Fellow of the Meridian Intl Institute; a Fellow of the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute; and a Distinguished Consulting Faculty member of Saybrook U. (Walter, There's no going back to nature, Sept/Oct 96 Issue, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/1996/09/theres-no-going-back-nature)
This doesn't mean the future is going to be terrible  far from it.
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West  are essentially techniques for using natural resources without using them up.
AT: Enviro Impact
All environmental factors getting better
Lomberg 10—Ph.D in pol science (4/21, Bjorn Earth Day: Smile, don't shudder; Ignore doomsday environmentalists. Things aren't so bad. And if rich countries would worry about the right things, all the better, USA Today, LexisNexis)
Given all the talk of impending catastrophe, this may come as a surprise,
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data showed us that many key environmental measures were indeed getting better. ,
Judge Choice
Judge choice - you can reject the problematic parts of the 1AC if we still prove the plan is good idea through our heg or water advantage
Reject Alts Bad – 2AC
Reject alts bad – they turn into floating PIKs in the block, are infinitely regressive and steal the 1AC – makes it impossible to get offense. No advocate for the alt means you reject it – makes it impossible for the aff to find answers
Alt Fails – Wright
The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails - small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt
Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/wright/Published%20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf
5. Waystations¶ The final guideline for discussions of envisioning real utopias concerns the
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empowering people in ways which enlarge their scope of action in the future.

1AR
Heg
AT: Lashout
No risk of lash-out – institutional safeguards check
Allen Buchanan 7, Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at Duke, 2007 (Preemption: military action and moral justification, pg. 128)
The intuitively plausible idea behind the 'irresponsible act' argument is that, other things being
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make it irresponsible for a leader to invoke the preventive-war justification. 

K
AT: Tech Optimism
We’re not tech optimism-it’s supported based on science and checked by pessimists
Adams 10 Rod, Technological Realism Should Replace Optimism, Pro-nuclear advocate with small nuclear plant operating and design experience. Former submarine Engineer Officer, http://atomicinsights.com/2010/05/technological-realism-should-replace-optimism.html
As a “served engineer” on a nuclear powered submarine, I learned a
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blind optimism are both incompatible with performing difficult tasks in potentially dangerous environments.

No Prior Questions
Empiricism is best-no prior questions
Houghton 8 – Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida (David Patrick, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference? International Politics (2008) 45)
As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach effectively laid the influence
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epistemological ones, ought to be what divides the international relations scene today.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC BS | Judge: Miller, Stout, Taylor
AT: Lashout
No risk of lash-out – institutional safeguards check
Allen Buchanan 7, Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at Duke, 2007 (Preemption: military action and moral justification, pg. 128)
The intuitively plausible idea behind the 'irresponsible act' argument is that, other things being
AND
make it irresponsible for a leader to invoke the preventive-war justification. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC BS | Judge: Miller, Stout, Taylor
AT: Tech Optimism
We’re not tech optimism-it’s supported based on science and checked by pessimists
Adams 10 Rod, Technological Realism Should Replace Optimism, Pro-nuclear advocate with small nuclear plant operating and design experience. Former submarine Engineer Officer, http://atomicinsights.com/2010/05/technological-realism-should-replace-optimism.html
As a “served engineer” on a nuclear powered submarine, I learned a
AND
blind optimism are both incompatible with performing difficult tasks in potentially dangerous environments.

No Prior Questions
Empiricism is best-no prior questions
Houghton 8 – Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida (David Patrick, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference? International Politics (2008) 45)
As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach effectively laid the influence
AND
epistemological ones, ought to be what divides the international relations scene today.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UMKC BS | Judge: Miller, Stout, Taylor
1AC – Heg Advantage
CONTENTION 1: HEGEMONY
Key military operations depend on the grid---SMRs are key
Robitaille 12 George E, Department of Army Civilian, March 21, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?", www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
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associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Plan solves grid collapse---SMRs make bases resilient and deters attack
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Small Reactors and Energy Security¶ The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from
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in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.
Grid failure wrecks US critical mission operations
Stockton 11 Paul, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, “Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come”, http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11
The cyber threat to the DIB is only part of a much larger challenge to
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system over which it does not – and never will – exercise control.
SMRs resolve convoy risks---islanding and reduced fuel needs
Bourget 11 Remy, worked at Center for Advanced Defense Studies, “Small Modular Reactors: Opportunity for Global Leadership and Innovation”, 7/1, Google Cache
Small Modular Reactors offer unambiguous national security advantages. Unlike other alternative energy sources such
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generation of nuclear energy, but recent budgetary decisions suggest a missed opportunity.
Convoy and fuel dependency risks collapsing mission effectiveness
Voth 12 Jeffrey M, President of Herren Associates leading a team of consultants advising the federal government on issues of national security, energy and environment, health care and critical information technology infrastructure, George Washing University Homeland Security Policy Institute, “In Defense of Energy – A Call to Action”, April 11, http://securitydebrief.com/2012/04/11/in-defense-of-energy-a-call-to-action/
Last month, the Pentagon released its widely anticipated roadmap to transform operational energy security
AND
still as a military or as a nation, we are falling behind.”
Loss of mission effectiveness results in nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.
Hegemony prevents extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Status seeking is inevitable --- heg is key to solve war
Wohlforth 9 – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)
The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
AND
inherently scarce, and competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9
We control empirics
Wohlforth 8—Daniel Webster Professor of Government,  Dartmouth.  BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in  pol sci, Yale (William, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest)
Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research
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are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove
Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.
The world getting better now because heg is peaceful
Busby 12 Josh, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can't balance against it.
1AC – Water Advantage
CONTENTION 2: WATER
Water wars coming now—most likely scenario for conflict  
Chellaney 13--Brahma, interviewed by Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, "Interview: Author Discusses Asia's Water Woes", Jan 24, professor at the New Delhi-based Center for Policy Research, http://www.rferl.org/content/asia-water-woes/24882816.html
Brahma Chellaney, a professor at the New Delhi-based Center for Policy Research
AND
-- the countries located downstream: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.’
Water scarcity causes wars in Asia
Priyadarshi 12 Nitish, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44
Water stress is set to become Asia’s defining crisis of the twenty-first century
AND
change,” although the extent of impact will vary from basin to basin.
Asian war goes nuclear---no defense
C. Raja Mohan 13, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region,” background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf
Three broad types of conventional conflict confront Asia. The first is the prospect of
AND
geographic scope and the normative basis for a future security order in Asia.
ACI = ASEAN, China, India
Pakistan water scarcity causes war with India
Dr Akmal Hussain 11, The Express Tribune, “Pakistan’s water crisis”, 8-25,  http://tribune.com.pk/story/231905/pakistans-water-crisis/
A water crisis is emerging which could have major implications for Pakistan’s economy and society
AND
so, natural disasters could trigger the man-made catastrophe of war.
Indo-Pak war causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.
SMRs solve desalination---solves water wars and mission effectiveness
Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency in Springfield, Virginia, working on nuclear weapons effects, a graduate of Trinity University and has a master's degree in physics from The Johns Hopkins University and William A, project manager at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, formerly the acting Army Reactor Program Manager at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency, "Nuclear Power:  An Option for the Army's Future", Jan 16 2002 is last date modified, www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/MS684.htm
The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963
AND
tomorrow's distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.
Only SMR’s solve
IAEA 7 “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf
Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
AND
figures.¶ These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.
Water wars threat is real---securitization doesn’t cause war
Shlomi Dinar 2 is a Ph.D. candidate at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, “Water, Security, Conflict, and Cooperation”, SAIS Review 22.2 (2002) 229-253
The dichotomy of conflict and cooperation over water and its relationship to national and regional
AND
their need to access sufficient and clean freshwater in security and nationalist terms.
1AC – Plan
The Executive branch of the United States should acquire small modular nuclear reactors for military installations in the United States.
1AC – Solvency
CONTENTION 2: SOLVENCY
Plan’s key to ensure availability of SMRs for the military and doesn’t pick winners
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.
SMRs solve nuclear downsides
Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.
DOE funding SMRs now---more to come
Holly 12 Derrill, ECT Staff Writer, "DOE Advances Small Nuclear Reactors", 12/6, www.ect.coop/power-supply/power-plants/doe-funds-small-nuclear-reactors-project/50667
The Department of Energy has agreed to help fund a small modular nuclear reactor design
AND
Springfield, Mo.-based Associated Electric Cooperative is also supporting the group.
Policies matter---effective energy choices depend on technical political literacy
Hodson 10 Derek, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206
note: SSI = socioscientific issues
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
Adv 1
CONTENTION 1: Mobile Marines
Mobile SMRs allow the Marines to reduce logistics tail---other energies fail
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
AND
the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.

Marine SMRs key to battlefield mobility and stealth
Schaffer and Chang 9 Marvin Baker, Adjunct staff Member at the RAND Corporation and Ike, independent consultant, “Mobile Nuclear Power for Future Land Combat”, issue 52, 1st quarter 2009, PDF Online
In this article, we introduce the concept of survivable, non–fossil fuel
AND
independent of petroleum, and require little fixed infrastructure to serve dispersed forces.

Mobility’s key to overall deterrence and all conflict de-escalation
Hickins 9 COLONEL KENNETH, United States Army, March 30, “STRATEGIC MOBILITY: FORGOTTEN CRITICAL REQUIREMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA494718
As I stated at the beginning of the paper, Strategic Mobility has not been
AND
Mobility Triad that is a critical requirement for any operational and strategic success.

Mobile energy security’s key to mission effectiveness
Voth 12 Jeffrey M, President of Herren Associates leading a team of consultants advising the federal government on issues of national security, energy and environment, health care and critical information technology infrastructure, George Washing University Homeland Security Policy Institute, “In Defense of Energy – A Call to Action”, April 11, http://securitydebrief.com/2012/04/11/in-defense-of-energy-a-call-to-action/
Last month, the Pentagon released its widely anticipated roadmap to transform operational energy security
AND
still as a military or as a nation, we are falling behind.”

Loss of mission effectiveness results in nuclear war in every hotspot
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7 Frederick, resident scholar at AEI and Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
AND
Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Marine mobility’s key to effective response in Afghanistan, Pakistan and protecting SLOCs
Munson 11—Major Munson is a Marine aviator and Middle East foreign area officer, having served most recently as Officer in Charge, Detachment A, Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 352, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. He is the author of Iraq in Transition: The Legacy of Dictatorship and the Prospects for Democracy, “Back to Our Roots: Marines’ future in the Indo-Pacific,” Published Online in the April 2011 edition of the Marine Corps Gazette, the Professional Journal of U.S. Marines since 1916, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/back-to-our-roots
Preparing for Greater Challenges ¶ The transitions in the world’s economic and power structure laid
AND
of islands and straits against future, if less capable, amphibious threats.

Pakistan collapse cause global nuclear conflict
Pitt 9 William, a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence”, 5/8/09, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
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to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Afghan instability causes nuclear war
Carafano 10 James Jay is a senior research fellow for national security at The Heritage Foundation and directs its Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, “Con: Obama must win fast in Afghanistan or risk new wars across the globe,” Jan 2 http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/jan/02/con-obama-must-win-fast-afghanistan-or-risk-new-wa/
We can expect similar results if Obama’s Afghan strategy fails and he opts to cut
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a puny EU military force incapable of defending the interests of its nations.

Afghan collapse on brink—2014 will see total disintegration
IWPR 2/5--Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Existential Fears in Afghanistan, Abdol Wahed Faramarz, 2013, ARR Issue 448, http://iwpr.net/report-news/existential-fears-afghanistan
As the end date for the NATO combat troop presence approaches, some experts in
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their homes, they talk of tribe and tribalism, race and racism."

Marines independently key to overall US power projection
Hagee 4 General Michael W, Commandant of the Marine Corps, "Before the Senate Armed Services Committee Concerning Posture", February 10, www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmc/posture_feb04.pdf
The Navy-Marine Corps team continues to play a critical role in the Global
AND
are never barred from a vital national objective or limited to suboptimal alternatives.

Extinction
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Adv 2
CONTENTION 2: RAPID RESPONSE

Mobile SMRs spur effective desalination and disaster relief
Pfeffer and Macon 2 Robert A, physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical
AND

The idea of using nuclear power to produce synthetic fuels, originally proposed in 1963
AND
tomorrow's distant battlefields, nuclear power will have to play a significant role.

Disasters are inevitable and getting worse---mobility’s key to mitigate effects
Johnstone 8 L Craig, Ambassador and UN Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, "Planning for the Inevitable, the Humanitarian Consequences of Climate Change", 2008 is last date cited, www.unhcr.org/49256c492.pdf
Coping with the unpredictable is perhaps even more of a challenge. Here to there
AND
, the response is not for future years, it is for now. 

Inadequate response to disasters results in disease outbreak
Aljunid et al 12 Syed, Professor of Health Economics and Senior Research Fellow at
AND
-infectious-diseases-after-natural-disasters.html#info
Beyond damaging and destroying physical infrastructure, natural disasters can lead to outbreaks of infectious
AND
as pre-existing poor sanitary infrastructures, water supply and sewerage systems.

New deadly disease outbreaks are inevitable
CDC Foundation 12 --- “How CDC Saves Lives By Controlling REAL Global Disease Outbreaks,” http://www.cdcfoundation.org/content/how-cdc-saves-lives-controlling-real-global-disease-outbreaks
Serious, deadly contagious disease … and be more deadly than ever. 

Disease causes extinction---no burnout
Torrey and Yolken 5 E. Fuller and Robert H, Directors Stanley Medical Research Institute, 2005, Beasts of the Earth: Animals, Humans and Disease, pp. 5-6
The outcome of this marriage, however, is not as clearly defined as it
AND
HIV or SARS virus may be truly capable of eradicating the human race.

Disaster diplomacy solves terrorism by preventing instability
IFPA 9 Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, January 1, "Finding the Right Mix: Disaster Diplomacy, National Security, and International Cooperation", www.ifpa.org/research/researchPages/DisasterDiplomacySRF.php
Foreign humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HA/DR) operations—ranging from
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an interagency, civil-military, whole-of-government strategy.

Terrorism causes extinction
Hellman 8 (Martin E, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING, THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
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assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. 

Water wars coming and cause conflict  
Chellaney 13--Brahma, interviewed by Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, "Interview: Author Discusses Asia's Water Woes", Jan. 24, professor at the New Delhi-based Center for Policy Research, http://www.rferl.org/content/asia-water-woes/24882816.html
Brahma Chellaney, a professor at the New Delhi-based Center for Policy Research
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-- the countries located downstream: Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.’

Especially in China, Egypt, and Pakistan --- goes nuclear
NPR 10 (NPR citing Steven Solomon who has written for The New York Times
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org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122195532)
Just as wars over oil played a major role in 20th-century history,
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a third of its flow from the disappearance from its glacial water source."

Middle East war causes World War 3
The Earl of Stirling 11, hereditary Governor and Lord Lieutenant of Canada, Lord High Admiral of Nova Scotia, and B.Sc. in Pol. Sc. and History; M.A. in European Studies, “General Middle East War Nears - Syrian events more dangerous than even nuclear nightmare in Japan”, http://europebusines.blogspot.com/2011/03/general-middle-east-war-nears-syrian.html
Any Third Lebanon War/General Middle East War is apt to involve WMD on
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, fought with 21st Century weaponry will be anything but the Biblical Armageddon.

   Water scarcity causes wars in Asia
Priyadarshi 12 Nitish, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44
Water stress is set to become Asia’s defining crisis of the twenty-first century
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change,” although the extent of impact will vary from basin to basin.

   Asian war goes nuclear---no defense
C. Raja Mohan 13, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region,” background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf
Three broad types of conventional conflict confront Asia. The first is the prospect of
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geographic scope and the normative basis for a future security order in Asia.
ACI = ASEAN, China, India

Mobile military SMRs prevent water wars
Pfeffer and Macon 1 Robert A, United States Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency, and William A, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Military Applications of Nuclear Power", xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/21317662/49832714/name/Military+applications+of+nuclear+power+A+think+piece.pdf
The demand for desalination of seawater is also likely to grow, as inadequate freshwater
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supplies of fuel and potable water to indigenous peoples and deployed ground forces.
1AC – Plan
The United States Executive branch should acquire electricity from mobile small modular nuclear reactors in the United States for the Marine Corps.
1AC – Solvency
CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

The Marines should lead from the front with SMR deployment---it ensures base security and desalination
Butler 11 Lt. Col. Glen Butler, USMC, NORAD Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate, Security Cooperation Integration Branch, Chase Prize Essay Winner for this Article, 18 Mar 2011, Marine Corps Gazette, Not Green Enough, “Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it”, http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough *Edited: Footnote included*
Consider Nuclear Power¶ On 16 March 1979, The China Syndrome opened in theaters
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could collocate with nuclear plants on installations to both use the energy.37 

Military should take the lead---key to overcome barriers for mobile reactors
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
The preceding analysis suggests that DOD should seriously consider taking a leadership role on small
AND
in the future for either U.S. military or commercial use.   

Mobile nuclear can power the military---tech is feasible now
Schaffer and Chang 9 Marvin Baker, Adjunct staff Member at the RAND Corporation and Ike, independent consultant, “Mobile Nuclear Power for Future Land Combat”, issue 52, 1st quarter 2009, PDF Online
Since there are currently 33 combat infantry and armor/cavalry brigades, we propose
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extensive study by the Department of Defense and the Department of the Army. 

SMRs avoid nuclear downsides
Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
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no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

DOE funding SMRs now---more to come
Holly 12 Derrill, ECT Staff Writer, "DOE Advances Small Nuclear Reactors", 12/6, www.ect.coop/power-supply/power-plants/doe-funds-small-nuclear-reactors-project/50667
The Department of Energy has agreed to help fund a small modular nuclear reactor design
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Springfield, Mo.-based Associated Electric Cooperative is also supporting the group.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Flow
Desal doesn’t turn case---nuclear’s better than squo fossil fuels and no impact
Khamis 9 I, IAEA, A global overview on nuclear desalination, Int. J. Nuclear Desalination, Vol. 3, No. 4
As desalination and water reuse expansion in the Middle East and the world continues at
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by utilising nuclear and renewable energies (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2008b).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Brazil Consult CP
DoD already established its recommendations for SMR adoption
King 11 Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
Recognizing nuclear power as a potential benefit to Department of Defense (DoD) facilities
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NRC, and DOE Labs. This report documents our analysis and findings.
And it recommended against being an early adopter—proves the CP can’t establish a bureaucratic consensus for the plan
King 11 Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
The most significant risk for SMR power plants is associated with being an early adoptor
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for cooperation and partnership for sharing risks associated with this type of project.
Consultation will fail – countries will demand too many concessions
Rubin 9 (Trudy Rubin, columnist for the Philadelphia Inquirer, "Fine rhetoric; weak policy: CLinton and OBama may harbor unrealistic hopes of global cooperation, 7/23/9)
Instead, she said, the United States will attempt to strengthen old alliances in
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as a concept, but as a policy framework, it falls short.
b) Should isn’t mandatory
Taylor and Howard 5 - Resources for the Future, Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa  (Michael and Julie, “Investing in Africa's future: U.S. Agricultural development assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa”, 9/12, http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001784/5-US-agric_Sept2005_Chap2.pdf)
Other legislated DA earmarks in the FY2005 appropriations bill are smaller and more  targeted:
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need to comply with the congressional directive to the best of its ability. 

c) Res comp is bad – leads to word pics out of the resolution. The aff should not have to defend resolved
Webster’s 2K (Guide to Grammar and Writing, http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm)
Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded …. clause after the colon with a capital letter.
Consultation doesn’t spillover
Kissinger 4 Henry - former Secretary of State, Newsweek, November 8, p. lexis
Across the Atlantic, leaders have been concentrating on transferring national sovereignty to new European
AND
beyond the immediate dictates of national interest and without insisting on universal consensus.
Consultation causes delays – kills solvency
Grieb 2 (Kenneth J. Grieb is Professor and Coordinator of International Studies at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. His is a author of several books dealing with Modern Latin American and United States Diplomatic History -- Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy – available via: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5215/is_2002/ai_n19132358.)
International relations involve negotiations between the governments of nation-states, which are conducted
AND
that many more nations and peoples were involved in global and regional issues.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC Security K
Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt – the state coopts the alt
McCormack 10 (Tara, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)
In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic
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Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.
Prior questions fail and paralyze politics
Owen 2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Threats real and not constructed—rational risk assessment goes aff
Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
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instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.
Desecuritization is not emancipatory---it’s worse for every tangible impact they isolate
Nunes 7 – Joao Reis Nunes, Marie Curie Fellow and Ph. D. Candidate in International Politics at University of Wales, Aberystwyth, September 2007, “Politics, Security, Critical Theory: A Contribution to Current Debates on Security,” online: http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Nunes-joaonunes-politicssecuritycriticaltheory.pdf
Yet, not all of the proponents of CSS would agree that security is something
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is able to conceive viable theoretical alternatives to the predominant views described above.
, consistently describes his approach as more realistic and rational that the others14.
CSS=Critical Security Studies

1ar

K
AT: V2L
VTL doesn’t outweigh
Torbjörn Tännsjö 11, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” online: http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf
I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).
FW
We need to use the language of nuclear experts to challenge them --- solves co-option
J. Michael Hogan 94, Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences at Pennsylvania State University, The Nuclear Freeze Campaign: Rhetoric and Foreign Policy in the Telepolitical Age, pg. 6-7
Most former freeze activists retain at least some faith in the democratic process. According
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overlook the continuing impact of television on our political life as a nation.”
Federal government technocratic discussion has implications outside debate
Crist 4 (Eileen, Professor at Virginia Tech in the Department of Science and Technology, “Against the social construction of nature and wilderness”, Environmental Ethics 26;1, p 13-6, http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/againstsocialconstruction.pdf)
Yet, constructivist analyses of "nature" favor remaining in the comfort zone of
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the world at an hour that is pressingly calling us to change it.
AT: Technocracy Bad
Engagement with technocracy is more effective than passive rejection
Jiménez-Aleixandre 2, professor of education – University of Santiago de Compostela, and Pereiro-Muñoz High School Castelao, Vigo (Spain) (Maria-Pilar and Cristina, “Knowledge producers or knowledge consumers? Argumentation and decision making about environmental management,” International Journal of Science Education Vol. 24, No. 11, p. 1171–1190)
If science education and environmental education have as a goal to develop critical thinking and
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decision making; for this purpose the acknowledging of multiple expertise is crucial.
AT: Disease Link
Critiques of disease reps are wrong
Curley and Herington 11 (Review of International Studies Review of International Studies / Volume
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Science and Bachelor of Arts (Honours) from the University of Queensland.

The second major critique of relevance is securitisation's emphasis on linguistic speech acts as the
AND
competent to avoid severe consequences for the tourism industry and foreign direct investment.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC China DA
US is cooperating---not zero sum
The Economist 3-6, “Cleaning up,” 3-6-13, http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/03/renewable-energy
A CASUAL glance at the business headlines might suggest that China’s renewable-energy industry
AND
States and China…are not so much competing as they are interdependent.”
No SMR exports
Al Fin 12, energy columnist for Oil Price – an online energy markets magazine, “Small Modular Reactors: Slugging it Out”, February 28, http://alfin2300.blogspot.com/2012/02/small-modular-reactors-slugging-it-out.html
More, France and Russia are at the forefront of SMR development, and Argentina
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this revolutionary technology.¶ It is going to be a long uphill battle.
Trade barriers unique to reactor components mean the US can’t export
ITA 11 – International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 2011, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf
Some U.S. suppliers also note that the United States currently levies tariffs
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.S. manufacturers face a significant trade barrier in key foreign markets.
Nuclear not key to Chinese soft power
The Economist 12
The Economist, Mar 10th 2012, “Bandwagons and busts,” http://www.economist.com/node/21549094
By nuclear standards, this is a big deal; China will add more nuclear
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hydropower. The idea is to try everything and see what works best.
No impact to clean tech---not key to Chinese economy
Robin Mills 3-12, Foreign Policy, “Who's Winning the Great Energy Rat Race?”, http://www.realclearenergy.org/2013/03/12/who039s_winning_the_great_energy_rat_race_252196.html
DUBAI — It is a shift as momentous as the U.S. eclipse
AND
be in the works -- meaning policy responsibility is scattered across the government.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC Immigration DA
Won’t pass
Altman 3/20 Alex Altman, Washington correspondent for TIME, “Four Hurdles That Could Block Immigration Reform,” http://swampland.time.com/2013/03/20/four-hurdles-that-could-block-immigration-reform/
The next few months offer the best chance in a generation for the two parties
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is high. Each day, 1,400 undocumented immigrants are deported.
Won’t pass---border security
Byron York 3-27, Chief Political Correspondent - The Washington Examiner, “Border security in exchange for immigration reform? Napolitano says no deal.” 3-27-13, http://washingtonexaminer.com/border-security-in-exchange-for-immigration-reform-napolitano-says-no-deal./article/2525505
Republicans working to craft a comprehensive immigration reform bill say there is one rock-
AND
reform, they can forget about making a deal, now or ever.
Perez nomination pounds the link
NPR 3-27-13, Carrie Johnson, “Obama's Labor Nominee Faces GOP Opposition Over His Role In A Supreme Court Case”, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/27/175513560/obamas-labor-nominee-faces-gop-opposition-over-his-role-in-a-supreme-court-case
Thomas Perez, the president's nominee to lead the Department of Labor and a high
AND
about the controversy, but that's unlikely to satisfy Republicans on Capitol Hill.
Gun control pounds
WaPo 3-28, “Obama, pushing gun-control agenda, says ‘shame on us if we’ve forgotten’ Newtown,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-pushing-gun-control-agenda-says-shame-on-us-if-weve-forgotten-newtown/2013/03/28/e2060b54-97be-11e2-b68f-dc5c4b47e519_story.html
President Obama delivered a forceful and emotional plea to lawmakers Thursday to pass his gun
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(Ky.) — in threatening to filibuster Democratic gun-control legislation.
Infrastructure rules pound
Katie Fahrenbacher 3-15, “Obama starts unveiling his plans for climate change, clean energy,” 3/15/13, http://gigaom.com/2013/03/15/obama-starts-unveiling-his-plans-for-climate-change-clean-energy/
President Obama called for stronger action on climate change and support of clean energy research
AND
, air and soil from infrastructure projects that could have negative environmental effects.
Executive military action shields
Davenport 12 Coral, energy and environment correspondent for National Journal, Prior to joining
AND
, White House Budget to Expand Clean-Energy Programs Through Pentagon, ProQuest
The White House believes it has figured out how to get more money for clean
AND
1 billion on renewable energy and energy-efficiency programs across its departments.
SMRs are popular
Nelson and Northey 12 Gabriel and Northey, energy and environment reports for Greenwire, “DOE funding for small reactors languishes as parties clash on debt,” http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/09/24/3
It's not just wind and solar projects that are waiting for federal help as Congress
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applications, but she did not say when a decision will be made.
Rubio loves nuclear power
Luimbe 12 November 20, "Rubio wants more nuclear energy, doesn't believe in radiocarbon dating", www.luimbe.com/blog/2012/11/20/rubio-wants-more-nuclear-energy-doesnt-believe-in-radio-carbon-dating/
Rubio on nuclear energy:¶ I support a comprehensive energy plan that encourages nuclear energy
AND
burden on family budgets.¶ source: Marco Rubio on Energy and Oil.
Rubio’s key to immigration
Drucker and Trygstad 1/30 David M and Kyle, "Rubio Must Sell Immigration Changes to GOP, Grass Roots", 2013, www.rollcall.com/news/rubio_must_sell_immigration_changes_to_gop_grass_roots-222044-1.html?pos=hftxt
The fate of an immigration overhaul rests almost exclusively with Sen. Marco Rubio,
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or misgivings, the whole thing collapses,” GOP pollster Brock McCleary said.
Obama has no PC
Matt Vespa 3-22, “CBS Political Director Now: Obama Shouldn't Agitate GOP; Back in January: 'Go For The Throat,' Mr. President,” 3-22-13, Read more: http://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/matt-vespa/2013/03/22/180-turn-cbs-political-director-says-obama-shouldnt-agitate-gop-said-go-#ixzz2Ol8hnbXg
http://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/matt-vespa/2013/03/22/180-turn-cbs-political-director-says-obama-shouldnt-agitate-gop-said-go-#ixzz2Ol8Ovmun
What happened in the interim? First, the president and the Democrats lost the
AND
will the media start to note openly that the emperor has no clothes.
PC’s not key to immigration
Hirsh 2/7 Michael, chief correspondent for National Journal, previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, has appeared many times as a commentator on Fox News, CNN, MSNBC, and National Public Radio, has written for the Associated Press, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Foreign Affairs, Harper’s, and Washington Monthly, and authored two books, "There's No Such Thing as Political Capital", 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
Meanwhile, the Republican members of the Senate’s so-called Gang of Eight are
AND
to do with Obama’s political capital or, indeed, Obama at all.
Winner’s win
Hirsh 2/7 Michael, chief correspondent for National Journal; citing Ornstein, a political scientist and scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and Bensel, gov’t prof at Cornell, "There's No Such Thing as Political Capital", 2013, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
But the abrupt emergence of the immigration and gun-control issues illustrates how suddenly
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change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.”
Loss of PC still results in high-skill reform
Yglesias 1/15 Matthew, Slate, 2013, How the GOP Can Roll Obama on Immigration, www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html
Of the major policy issues under discussion in Washington, "immigration reform" stands
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kind of fanaticism that is the exact opposite of Obama's approach to politics.

1AC: Military SMRs

Advs: Grid, Radars 

1NC: T - procurement, Procurement CP, Microgrids CP, RECs DA, Politics DA, Case
2NC - T, Microgrids, Case
1NR - Politics
2NR - T