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It's attached as a Word document at the bottom of the page.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge: Kernoff, K

plan

The United States Federal Government should remove the waste confidence rule.

1

Advantage one is Yucca Mountain

Only an unconditional federal commitment sends the signal necessary to revitalize interest in nuclear engineering

Unistar, 10
(January, This UniStar Issue Brief is a publication of UniStar Nuclear Energy, a joint venture of Constellation Energy and EDF Group, "Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce," http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf)

The decades-long hiatus in construction of new nuclear energy facilities has contributed to
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also ensure that a trained workforce will be available to fill the demand.

New US nuclear power demand causes nuclear expertise revival

APS 8
APS (American Physical Society), Report from the APS Panel on Public Affairs Committee on Energy and Environment, June 2008, Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/Nuclear-Readiness-Report-FINAL-2.pdf

The 21st century has brought a growing realization that it is time to reexamine the
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university reactors has dwindled from 63 to 25 during essentially the same period.

Revitalized nuclear expertise vital to stockpile stewardship, nuclear forensics, and revolutions in disease containment

Mtingwa, 9
(Chair of the POPA study on the Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges. He is an accelerator physicist and Senior Lecturer at MIT. "Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges," January, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200901/mtingwa.cfm)

On another front, the tragedy of September 11, 2001, has brought an
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as exciting areas of research that present intellectually and financially rewarding career paths.

Key to credible nuclear deterrence

Browne et al 8
John C. Browne, Los Alamos National Laboratory (retired), Clark Murdock, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Francis Slakey, American Physical Society,  Benn Tannenbaum, American Association for the Advancement of Science,  Jessica Yeats, Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2008, Nuclear Weapons in 21st Century U.S. National Security, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081208_nuclear_weapons_report.pdf

To maintain a credible nuclear deterrent, the United States should sustain the necessary human
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recruit, retain, and sustain highly skilled and motivated scientists and engineers.

Loss of U.S. nuclear primacy causes global nuclear war

Caves 10
(John P, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, January, Strategic Forum, No. 252, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,")

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
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far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Effective nuclear forensics deters terrorism

Talmadge 7 
(IR %26 Government Prof-George Washington, PhD-MIT, "Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf)

Because terrorists lack return addresses, analysts have dismissed even more firmly the possibility of
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or passively assist terrorists in a nuclear attack on the United States.20 

Risks nuclear use

Us Russia Joint Threat Assessment May 11
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Joint-Threat-Assessment%20ENG%2027%20May%202011.pdf
 ABOUT THE U.S.-RUSSIA JOINT THREAT ASSESSMENT ON NUCLEAR TERRORISM The
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director general of autonomous non-profit organization "Counter-Terrorism Center."
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where, and on what scale the first act of nuclear terrorism occurs. 

Extinction

Ayson 10, Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 ("After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Yucca Mountain will make or break nuclear investment

Jack Spencer 12, nuclear energy fellow at Heritage, "Uncle Sam, Derelict Nuclear-Waste Disposer", May 10, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/05/uncle-sam-derelict-nuclear-waste-disposer-http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/05/uncle-sam-derelict-nuclear-waste-disposer

By blocking the Yucca project, the administration has imperiled the future of nuclear energy
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administration is slowly killing cheap, reliable and "green" nuclear energy.

Removing waste confidence expands investment in nuclear power and solves Yucca

Jack Spencer and Cornelius Milmoe 12, Jack is a Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy at Heritage, Cornelius is a lawyer and nuclear energy expert who owns Milmoe Consulting Services LLC, "Obama Administration: No Confidence in Nuclear Energy", March 5, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/obama-administration-no-confidence-in-nuclear-energy-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/obama-administration-no-confidence-in-nuclear-energy

Abstract: A major public concern about nuclear reactors has been that the spent nuclear
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should begin with Congress simply demanding that America’s government bodies follow the law.

The plan is key to planning and regulatory certainty

Jack Spencer 11, nuclear energy fellow at Heritage, "Dubious Anniversary for NRC, Yucca Mountain, and U.S. Nuclear Power", June 29, http://blog.heritage.org/2011/06/29/dubious-anniversary-for-nrc-yucca-mountain-and-u-s-nuclear-power/-http://blog.heritage.org/2011/06/29/dubious-anniversary-for-nrc-yucca-mountain-and-u-s-nuclear-power/

But in this case, the stakes are much higher. The NRC’s lack of
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Unfortunately, Jaczko has decided that the NRC should not do its job.

The rule structurally precludes nuclear expansion

William Tucker 12, veteran journalist. Educated at Amherst College, his work has appeared in Harper’s, the Atlantic Monthly, the American Spectator, the Weekly Standard, National Review, Reason, the New Republic, Reader’s Digest, the Wall Street Journal, and many other publications. His articles have won the John Hancock Award, the Gerald Loeb Award, the Amos Tuck Award, and he was a finalist for the National Magazine Award, "WILLIAM TUCKER: No Confidence in Waste Confidence", August 13, http://www.nucleartownhall.com/blog/william-tucker-no-confidence-in-waste-confidence/-http://www.nucleartownhall.com/blog/william-tucker-no-confidence-in-waste-confidence/

So instead of reprocessing, we have spent the last 40 years casting around for
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a Waste Confidence Rule than we’ll have engineers trying to solve the problem.  

2

Advantage two is NRC

Nuclear waste has politicized the NRC, crushing its credibility

Spencer, nuclear energy fellow at Heritage, 2011
(Jack, "Dubious Anniversary for NRC, Yucca Mountain, and U.S. Nuclear Power," June 29, http://blog.heritage.org/2011/06/29/dubious-anniversary-for-nrc-yucca-mountain-and-u-s-nuclear-power/)
Before the board’s decision can become final, however, the NRC must vote on whether or not to
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Anything that undermines that credibility and trust, even if only by perception, must be resolved.

The new chairwoman is trying to focus on NRC’s core mission of global nuclear safety

Inhofe, Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 9/12/2012
(James, "Recommendations for Enhancing Nuclear Reactor Safety," CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis)
Thank you, Chairman Boxer, for holding this hearing and focusing on implementing the lessons learned from Fukushima.
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Chairwoman Macfarlane, the Commission is focusing on its mission of nuclear safety without unnecessary distractions.

But the waste confidence rule makes credibility loss inevitable

Dickman, former Chief of Staff to the NRC Chairman, 8/20/2012
(Paul T., "Waste Confidence—A Classic Case of Failed Leadership," http://atomicinsights.com/2012/08/part-2-waste-confidence-a-classic-case-of-failed-leadership.html)
Dr. Klein in his last major speech to the industry and NRC staff on
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Tragedy and can anyone have doubted the outcome of the Appellate Court’s decision?
Regardless of the protestations by industry, Waste Confidence is a huge problem. Congress, not the NRC should be responsible for making these decisions. If Congress is incapable of requiring the Administration to comply with existing laws (the Nuclear Waste Policy Act), what hope does the NRC have of addressing Waste Confidence?
~NOTE: Klein = former NRC chairman~

Politicization spills over to all NRC activities

Issa, Congressman from California, 7/23/2012
(Darrell, "New NRC chairman can learn from predecessor’s mistakes," The Hill, http://oversight.house.gov/op-ed/new-nrc-chairman-can-learn-from-predecessors-mistakes/)
Despite what his allies might have you believe, criticisms of Chairman Jaczko were not motivated by politics, policy views, or personality differences. To the contrary, the concerns raised by NRC employees,
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is more important than any one person – it is a collective responsibility.  

Waste confidence is diverting NRC from MDEP, which is key to international regulatory harmonization. Short term is key—

Svinicki, NRC Commissioner, U.S. Senate staffer for over a decade
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for Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences in 2009. 9/18/2012
(Kristine L., "Ensuring a Safe and Secure Future for Nuclear Energy," Center for Strategic and International Studies, Lexis)
The focus in 2012 in the near term is on completing the licensing activities for design certification and combined license applications
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 The commission directed the staff to complete this action within 24 months and to focus primarily on the three deficiency in the — deficiencies NRC’s analysis as identified in the D.C. Circuit’s decision.

NRC provides the model for harmonization

Fertel, President %26 CEO, Nuclear Energy Institute, 9/18/2012
(Marvin, "Ensuring a Safe and Secure Future for Nuclear Energy," Center for Strategic and International Studies, Lexis)
And then both you and General Scowcroft referred to the other thing is right now
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and also helping to facilitate things to sell U.S. technology.

Harmonization creates a global nuclear renaissance without picking winners – MDEP is key

Brown, Senior Vice President, Regulatory Affairs, GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy Americas, et al, 2008
(Robert, "Benefits Gained through International Harmonization of Nuclear Safety Standards for Reactor Designs," WNA Working Group on Cooperation in Reactor Design Evaluation and Licensing Discussion Paper, http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedFiles/org/reference/pdf/ps-cordel.pdf)
A greater convergence and harmonization of national standards would allow for increased international cooperation among regulators.
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that discourage the unjustified imposition of requirements by any individual national regulatory body.

Harmonization overcomes low natural gas prices – kick-starts reactor construction worldwide
Brown, Senior Vice President, Regulatory Affairs, GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy Americas, et al, 2008
(Robert, "Benefits Gained through International Harmonization of Nuclear Safety Standards for Reactor Designs," WNA Working Group on Cooperation in Reactor Design Evaluation and Licensing Discussion Paper, http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedFiles/org/reference/pdf/ps-cordel.pdf)
For potential investors, however, global expansion of nuclear power continues to be viewed primarily
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 This important step could kick-start serial reactor construction worldwide.

Nuclear power expansion’s key to global desalination

Saly T. Panicker and P.K. Tewari 11, Desalination Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, "Nuclear Energy for Water Desalination" in "Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology, and Applications", googlebooks

Water scarcity is one of the most pressing crises affecting our planet It is a
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Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Algeria. Brazil. Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq. Italy, Jordan. Lebanon. Philippines. Syrian Arab Republic, and the UAE are exploring the potential of nuclear desalination in their countries or regions.

Only reactors can reliably power desal plants

Science Daily 7, "Could Nuclear Power Be The Answer To Fresh Water?", November 20, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071120082429.htm-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071120082429.htm

Scientists are working on new solutions to the ancient problem of maintaining a fresh water supply.
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"The development of advanced reactors providing heat for hydrogen production and large amount of waste heat will catalyze the large-scale seawater desalination for economic production of fresh water," he says.

Global water scarcity’s inevitable – causes war and kills billions

Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, "War for water is not a far cry", June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44-http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44

The battles of yesterday were fought over land. Those of today are over energy
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There are many other countries of the world that are severely impacted with regard to human health and inadequate drinking water. The following is a partial list of some of the countries with significant populations (numerical population of affected population listed) whose only consumption is of contaminated water:
§ Sudan: 12.3 million
§ Venezuela: 5.0 million
§ Ethiopia: 2.7 million
§ Tunisia: 2.1 million
§ Cuba :1.3 million

Those wars go global

Reilly ’2
(Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, "NOT A DROP TO DRINK," http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml-http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)
*Cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts

The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
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planet decreases, today’s low-level conflicts can only increase in intensity.

And nuclear

Weiner ’90
(Jonathan, Visiting Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth, p. 214) 

If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
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of the 60,000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

The NRC can only focus on safety if it avoids political debates

Waxman, Ranking Member of House Committee on Energy and Commerce, 7/24/2012
(Henry A., "NRC Policy and Governance Oversight," Hearing of the Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy and Subcommittee on Energy and Power, Lexis)
I want to begin by welcoming Dr. Allison Macfarlane, the new chairman of
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one that NRC should heed when implementing lessons learned from the Fukushima disaster. 

Focus and credibility are key to safety improvements

Nuclear Energy Institute 6/26/2012
("NRC Leadership Must Reinstate Environment That Promotes Collegial Engagement," http://www.nei.org/newsandevents/newsreleases/nrc-leadership-must-reinstate-environment-that-promotes-collegial-engagement)
Safe performance of nuclear energy facilities and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s credibility are the two most important factors for policymaker and public confidence in nuclear energy.
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It is important that the NRC commission and staff have a professional, collegial environment that allows the important work of the agency to continue without interruption or distraction.

NRC is modeled

Domenici, Former U.S. Senator and Bipartisan Policy Center Senior Fellow, and Miller, Former Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, September 2012
(Pete and Warren, "Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets," A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Nuclear Initiative, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Nuclear%20Report.PDF)
At present, however, the U.S. safety and security infrastructure and
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in domestic nuclear energy activities could erode U.S. international standing.

Spills over globally

Nuclear Energy Insider 9/19/2012
("NRC Chair Macfarlane: ’natural hazards come in many forms,’" http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/new-build/nuclear-energy-insider-policy-and-commission-brief-13-%E2%80%93-19-september-2012)
The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Chairman Allison Macfarlane has said that ’safety culture’ is among the key lessons of the Fukushima tragedy.
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. Among the nations signing agreements with the United States will be Mexico, Switzerland, Jordan, Korea and Turkey.

Safety is key to broader nuclear applications

Allison 8
Graham Allison, Harvard Belfer Center for International Affairs and Science Director, JFK Government Professor, and T.P. Sreenivasan, Former UN and Vienna Ambassador, Brookings Visiting Fellow, May 2008, IAEA Commissioned Independent Report prepared by a panel of 22 nonproliferation experts, Allison and Sreenivasan Executive Directors, Reinforcing the Global Nuclear Order for Peace and Prosperity: The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and Beyond, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18333/reinforcing_the_global_nuclear_order_for_peace_and_prosperity.html?breadcrumb=%2Fproject%2F3%2Fmanaging_the_atom

As Chernobyl showed, a nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhere.13 A major accidental release of radioactivity could cause widespread suffering and economic disruption, and undermine prospects for large-scale growth in peaceful nuclear applications. Member states and the IAEA must do everything they can to ensure that such an accident never occurs again. 

Peaceful nuclear applications critical to global food security

Allison 8
Graham Allison, Harvard Belfer Center for International Affairs and Science Director, JFK Government Professor, and T.P. Sreenivasan, Former UN and Vienna Ambassador, Brookings Visiting Fellow, May 2008, IAEA Commissioned Independent Report prepared by a panel of 22 nonproliferation experts, Allison and Sreenivasan Executive Directors, Reinforcing the Global Nuclear Order for Peace and Prosperity: The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and Beyond, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18333/reinforcing_the_global_nuclear_order_for_peace_and_prosperity.html?breadcrumb=%2Fproject%2F3%2Fmanaging_the_atom

Nuclear techniques have also contributed significantly to improving global food security and safety. The
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, so that member states can meet regulations for international agricultural export markets. 

Food wars and extinction
Brown, 9 – founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute
(Lester R, "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries to cause government collapse.
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states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Fukushima puts global nuclear safety on the brink—another accident shuts down civilian use

Stewart Brand, CNN, 3/24/11, What’s next for nuclear power?, features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/24/whats-next-for-nuclear-power/

My thoughts are only partially complete. I’m paying close attention. One thing we
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scale calamity that is climate change — is still overshadowing everybody and everything.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: MSU HR | Judge: Kernoff, K
elections

Bioterror is ineffective, expensive, and inefficient
Stratfor 7, private intelligence agency, analyzes geopolitical trends, 12/21/ ("Bioterrorism: Sudden Death Overtime?," http://www2.stratfor.com/analysis/bioterrorism_sudden_death_overtime)

In this season of large college bowl games and the National Football League playoffs in
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common — and more deadly — than air horns filled with creepy bioterror. 

Cant repeal health care – too many obstacles
Somashekhar 12
(Sandhya – Washington Post, "Romney would face tough road trying to repeal ’Obamacare’ if elected president" July 10, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mitt-romney-would-face-tough-road-trying-to-repeal-obamacare-if-elected-president/2012/07/10/gJQAh4nmaW_story.html)

Mitt Romney has vowed that on his first day as president, he would act
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, according to experts. Romney campaign officials say they have a blueprint. 

No comebacks, especially for Romney
Uygur, 10-1
Cenyk Uygur, host of the young Turks on Current Tv, "This Election Is Already Over - Obama Has Won," Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cenk-uygur/obama-polls-lead_b_1927955.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cenk-uygur/obama-polls-lead_b_1927955.html

There’s another poll out today showing President Obama with a nine point lead in Ohio
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the books. It’s over. President Obama will get re-elected.

No internal link
Wang 9/27/12
Herman, writer for The Barrel, a Platts energy forecasting blog, "Even with US gasoline prices at a higher number, energy isn’t a big deal in White House race," http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/-http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/, AM

The respected polling firm Gallup asked voters in August what the most important issue facing
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that it’s a high top-of-mind issue in the campaign."

The public loves nuclear—newest polling and be skeptical of their link authors
Westenhaus 9/30/12
Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, "Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again," http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html-http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html, AM

The Nuclear Energy Institute announced a September telephone survey in a press release suggesting almost
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ready to build new nuclear power plants in the next decade if needed.

Yucca’s popular
Nicolas Loris 8, economist at Heritage, "3 out of 4 Americans Support Nuclear", October 1, http://blog.heritage.org/2008/10/01/3-out-of-4-americans-support-nuclear/-http://blog.heritage.org/2008/10/01/3-out-of-4-americans-support-nuclear/

Remember a couple of months ago when I told you that 2 out of 3
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and increased electricity demands, new nuclear must be included in the mix.

Uniqueness overwhelms for women and the key issue is the economy—not energy
Levy 8/30/12
Ariel Edwards, staff writer for huffington post, "Female Voters Prefer Obama To Romney, Are Focused On Economy, Poll Says," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/30/female-voters-obama-romney-poll_n_1844312.html?1346360706-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/30/female-voters-obama-romney-poll_n_1844312.html?1346360706, AM

As women have found themselves in the center of much of 2012’s political wrangling —
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an understanding of the middle class, with 94 percent calling it important.

Collapse of US deterrence causes CBW and EMP attacks that cause extinction
Schneider, 8
(National Institute for Public Policy, "The Future of the U.S. nuclear deterrent," Comparative Strategy 27.4, ebscohost)

Today, the United States, the world’s only superpower with global responsibilities, is
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sales from North Korea, which have been reported in the press.8

Credible nuclear attribution capabilities solves deterrence
Talmadge 7
(IR %26 Government Prof-George Washington, PhD-MIT, "Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf)

Deterrence will depend on convincing other states and even skeptics in the U.S
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or other substate organizations that are found to have assisted aspiring nuclear terrorists.

Key to nuclear health expertise
APS 8
APS (American Physical Society), Report from the APS Panel on Public Affairs Committee on Energy and Environment, June 2008, Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/Nuclear-Readiness-Report-FINAL-2.pdf

3.3. Health Physics¶ As for any large-scale enterprise involving
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), does not allow for much increase in the demand for their services.

Enforcement guarantees Obama gets blamed
Canon and Johnson, professor of polisci at UK and vice-presiding judge on the Oklahoma court of appeals, ’99
(Bradley C. Canon and Charles A. Johnson, Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact, 1999, p. 3)

As we will see in later chapters, many judicial decisions afford a great deal
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a variety of pressures from a variety of political actors in the system.

Tournament: Harvard | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
plan

The United States Federal Government should obtain, through alternative financing, electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States.

dod adv

DoD bases are vulnerable to grid disruptions which destroys command infrastructure – only SMR’s can solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)

In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
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associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Those communication breakdowns go nuclear
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics vulnerability
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in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.

Grid collapse decimates drone operations
Davenport and Dreazen 11
(Coral Davenport and Yochi J. Dreazen, energy correspondents at the National Journal, “The Green Lantern” May 27, 2011, http://www.nationaljournal.com/reporters/bio/18)

Meanwhile, the Defense Department is also confronting a new world of energy-security
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from regional-grid blackouts—and boosting local renewable-energy production.

Solves terrorism
Daniel L. Byman 11, Director of Research at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, “Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia”, June 3, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2011/0603_terrorism_byman.aspx

The U.S. drone campaign against al Qaeda, begun under Bush and
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to disrupt and often more a danger to themselves than to their enemies.

That’s nuclear terror
Us Russia Joint Threat Assessment May 11
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Joint-Threat-Assessment%20ENG%2027%20May%202011.pdf
 ABOUT THE U.S.-RUSSIA JOINT THREAT ASSESSMENT ON NUCLEAR TERRORISM The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism is a collaborative project of Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and the U.S.A. and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences led by Rolf Mowatt-Larssen and Pavel Zolotarev. Authors: • Matthew Bunn. Associate Professor of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School and Co-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, 1995–2000. • Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, director of Intelligence and Counterintelligence at the U.S. Department of Energy, 2005–2008. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer, 1993–2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration, 2006–2009. • Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces, 1994–1996. • Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 1993–1997, deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia, 1997–1998. Contributor: • Vladimir Lukov, director general of autonomous non-profit organization “Counter-Terrorism Center.” 

The expert community distinguishes pathways terrorists might take to the bomb (discussed in detail
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where, and on what scale the first act of nuclear terrorism occurs. 

Extinction
Ayson 10, Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

SMR’s “island” bases by providing constant reliable power
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

Having a reliable source of electricity is critically important for many DoD installations. Fort
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as emergency response, waste water treatment, and hospitals could be maintained.

DoD bypasses regulatory hurdles and safety hazards
Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375

Path forward: Department of Defense as first-mover Problematically, despite the immense
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advance the technology broadly and eventually lead to their wide-scale adoption.

water adv

Water scarcity coming now - it's a threat multiplier that enflames hotspots globally. Specifically, Egypt and Central Asia - their defense isn't predictive
Dinar et al 10/18/12
SHLOMI DINAR is associate professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations and associate director of the School of International and Public Affairs at Florida International University. LUCIA DE STEFANO is associate professor at Complutense University of Madrid and researcher at the Water Observatory of the Botín Foundation. JAMES DUNCAN is consultant on natural resource governance and geography with the World Bank. KERSTIN STAHL is senior scientist at the Institute of Hydrology in the University of Freiburg. KENNETH M. STRZEPEK is research scientist with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. AARON T. WOLF is a professor of geography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, Foreign Affairs, October 18, 2012, "No Wars for Water", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138208/shlomi-dinar-lucia-de-stefano-james-duncan-kerstin-stahl-kenneth/no-wars-for-water?page=show

In short, predictions of a Water World War are overwrought. However, tensions
AND
, freshwater will only further frustrate stability efforts in the world's volatile regions.

Those wars go global
Reilly ‘2
(Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, “NOT A DROP TO DRINK,” http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)
*Cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts

The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
AND
planet decreases, today’s low-level conflicts can only increase in intensity.

And nuclear
Weiner ‘90
(Jonathan, Visiting Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth, p. 214) 

If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
AND
of the 60,000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

Indo-Pak water scarcity’s coming – causes escalatory disputes
Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44

Such is the deep nexus between water and global warming that the increased frequency of
AND
, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.

Goes nuclear
Zahoor ‘11
(Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, “Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia,” http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia, AM)

South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
AND
dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means.

Water scarcity causes Central Asian war
Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44

That's been a constant dilemma for the Central Asian states since they became independent after
AND
, the largest consumer of water in the region, is located downstream.

Extinction
Blank 2k Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22

Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
AND
5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

Only SMR’s solve
IAEA 7, “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf

Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
AND
figures. These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Key to deescalate conflicts
Palley ‘11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71

The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
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biblical ability to “strike any local rock and have water gush forth.”

It’s economically viable
Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent, “Research projects show nuclear
desalination economical”, April, http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf

The desalination of seawater using nuclear power is cost-effective compared with other primary
AND
metric tons oil equivalent or $21/bbl barrel.”

Plan accesses a huge export market
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

Previous studies have documented the potential for a significant export market for U.S
AND
step toward a U.S.-centric, bundled reliable fuel services.

solvency

DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—
AND
will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.

Alternative financing arrangements reduce costs and spur unique commercial spillover
Fitzpatrick, Freed and Eyoan, 11
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy at Third Way, Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way, and Mieke Eoyan, Director for National Security at Third Way, June 2011, Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance CleanEnergy Technology... And Why It Has To, content.thirdway.org/publications/414/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf

The DoD has over $400 billion in annual purchasing power, which means the
AND
of the economy, it should make clean energy innovation its newest priority.

SMR’s are super cost-effective and safe
Ioannis N. Kessides and Vladimir Kuznetsov 12, Ioannis is a researcher for the Development Research Group at the World Bank, Vladimir is a consultant for the World Bank, “Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries”, August 14, Sustainability 2012, 4(8), 1806-1832

SMRs offer a number of advantages that can potentially offset the overnight cost penalty that
AND
belief that nuclear reactors are characterized by significant economies of scale 19.

DoD installations are key – market pull
Jeffrey Marqusee 12, Executive Director of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) at the Department of Defense, “Military Installations and Energy Technology Innovation”, March, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Energy%20Innovation%20at%20DoD.pdf

The key reason that DoD cannot passively rely on the private sector to provide a
AND
middle where microgrids and their relationship to energy storage and electric vehicles reside.

And expertise
Armond Cohen 12, Executive Director of the Clean Air Task Force, “DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?”, May 29, http://www.catf.us/blogs/ahead/2012/05/29/dod-a-model-for-energy-innovation/

Unlike most other agencies, including the Energy Department, the Pentagon is the ultimate
AND
zero-carbon liquid fuels other than anything resembling current generation biofuels. 


Tournament: Harvard | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Financial incentives induce production using cash – that includes power purchasing
Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) 

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Precision – our definition’s from the DoE
Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)

2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with
AND
or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

Tournament: Harvard | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm do both means states fund DoD purchasing – otherwise they don’t fiat power gets to the bases
GAO 9, “Defense Infrastructure: DOD Needs to Take Actions to Address Challenges in Meeting Federal
Renewable Energy Goals”, December, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/299755.html

DOD has also joined with private sector entities, entering into various types of arrangements
AND
several different types of these approaches that have resulted in renewable energy projects.

Current acquisitions favor old tech – the plan’s signal is key
CNA 10, non-profit research organization that operates the Center for Naval Analyses and the Institute for Public Research, “Powering America’s Economy: Energy Innovation at the Crossroads of National Security Challenges”, July, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/WEB%2007%2027%2010%20MAB%20Powering%20America%27s%20Economy.pdf

In our final discussion, we consider the end of the innovation pipeline—deployment
AND
innovative technologies on its installations provides a clear demand signal to the developer.

DOD bypasses and solves licensing lag.
CSPO 10, Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at ASU, “four policy principles for energy innovation and climate change: a synthesis”, June, http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Synthesis.pdf

Government purchase of new technologies is a powerful way to accelerate innovation through increased demand
AND
innovation. Public procurement of other renewable energy technologies could be similarly important.

Only military SMR’s will be usable on bases
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The preceding analysis suggests that DOD should seriously consider taking a leadership role on small
AND
in the future for either U.S. military or commercial use.   

Tournament: Harvard | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Nuclear inev
Westenhaus 9/30/12
Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again,” http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html, AM

The U.S. is not a…the doldrums.

Price spikes inevitable – assumes the aff
Levine 9/24/12
Steve, Quartz’s Washington correspondent, writes about the intersection of energy, technology and geopolitics, a juncture of some of the most important and quickly developing events and trends on the planet. LeVine teaches the subject as an adjunct professor in Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program in the Graduate School of Foreign Service. He is a Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation. LeVine comes to the beat after 18 years as a foreign correspondent in the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Philippines, where he wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the Financial Times, and Newsweek. Most recently, LeVine founded and ran The Oil and the Glory, a blog on energy and geopolitics at Foreign Policy magazine. He is the author of two books: The Oil and the Glory, a history of oil told through the 1990s-2000s oil rush on the Caspian Sea; and Putin’s Labyrinth, a profile of Russia through the lives and deaths of six Russians, “Five ways a new age of cheap energy could shift the power balance on the planet,” http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/, AM

This vision of energy abundance stems from a series of new finds. Already,
AND
by lower production and renewed scarcity—a vicious circle of price swings.

Alt causality—China will switch to natural gas
Levine 9/24/12
Steve, Quartz’s Washington correspondent, writes about the intersection of energy, technology and geopolitics, a juncture of some of the most important and quickly developing events and trends on the planet. LeVine teaches the subject as an adjunct professor in Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program in the Graduate School of Foreign Service. He is a Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation. LeVine comes to the beat after 18 years as a foreign correspondent in the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Philippines, where he wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the Financial Times, and Newsweek. Most recently, LeVine founded and ran The Oil and the Glory, a blog on energy and geopolitics at Foreign Policy magazine. He is the author of two books: The Oil and the Glory, a history of oil told through the 1990s-2000s oil rush on the Caspian Sea; and Putin’s Labyrinth, a profile of Russia through the lives and deaths of six Russians, “Five ways a new age of cheap energy could shift the power balance on the planet,” http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/, AM

On current industry forecasts, global energy consumption should rise by some 39% by
AND
, the way of life and even the very survival of certain nations.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge:
No impact to sequestration
Gordon Adams 10-17, Professor of International Relations at the School of International Service, American University and a Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, From 1993-97 he was the senior White House budget official for national security, “The Fiscal Slide”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/17/the_fiscal_slide?page=full

But does this mean the end of our national security (and domestic well-
AND
management, priority-setting, and greater efficiency might be the result.
And since the sequester would be a one-off, setting a lower baseline for future defense growth, our national security might just be as safe as it ever was.

A deal is inevitable – and the economy is resilient
Garrett, staff writer for the Australian Financial Review, 10/27/2012
(Geoffrey, “American innovation, inspiration will triumph,” Lexis)
It would also shrink US gross domestic product by an estimated 4 per cent in
AND
, which will be with us long after the next president leaves office.

Obama’s political capital is useless – he is too stubborn on taxes, and previous negotiations with Boehner prove
Saunders, columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, 10/26/2012
(Debra, “Romney can get the job done,” http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/saunders/article/Romney-can-get-the-job-done-3985331.php
Obama's Affordable Care Act helped unseat moderate and other Democrats who had voted for the
AND
S. economy over the cliff so that he can save it later.

DoD shields
Merchant, 10
(Political and Environment Columnist-Discovery, 10/21,  “How the US Military Could Bring Solar Power to Mass Market,” http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/how-the-us-military-could-bring-solar-power-to-mass-market.html)

Furthermore, Congress is infinitely more likely to approve funding for RandD;
AND
spending. Which under any other guise would be vehemently opposed by conservatives.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
1

Contention one is the grid

Incentives now
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own
AND
be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

And demos
ANA 12
(Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, “ Documents Reveal Time-line and Plans for “Small Modular Reactors” (SMRs) at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Unrealistic and Promise no Funding” June 8, 2012, http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/PlutoniumFuelMOX/tabid/75/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/558/Default.aspx) 

“While SRS may superficially appear to present certain attractive aspects for the location of
AND
DOE to be inaccurate since they were signed less than six months ago.

The plan is key to DOD SMRs
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—
AND
will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.

DoD bases are vulnerable to grid disruptions which destroys command infrastructure – only SMR’s can solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)

In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
AND
associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Those communication breakdowns go nuclear
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics vulnerability
AND
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.

SMR’s “island” bases by providing constant reliable power
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

Having a reliable source of electricity is critically important for many DoD installations. Fort
AND
as emergency response, waste water treatment, and hospitals could be maintained.

DoD bypasses regulatory hurdles and safety hazards
Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375

Path forward: Department of Defense as first-mover Problematically, despite the immense
AND
advance the technology broadly and eventually lead to their wide-scale adoption.

DOD facilities in Alaska vulnerable to grid disruptions—climate and geography makes
Warwick , 10
(Engineer and Researcher- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Renewable Resource Development on Department of Defense Bases in Alaska:  Challenges and Opportunities, September,  http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19742.pdf)

Alaska Military Facilities There are seven major DOD facilities in Alaska, as follows (
AND
reserves or ancillary services, which are typically required in wholesale wheeling transactions. 

No defense applies—federal laws exclude Alaska from traditional grid-protection
Magnuson, 12
(September, Columnist-National Defense Magazine, Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids,
http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx)

Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both cyber-attacks and space
AND
smartgrid systems — the risk of attacks using both cyber and physical means.”

Alaska’s unique—high risk of grid disruptions
Pickett, 8
(Chairman, Regulatory Commission of Alaska, 12/8, “Electric Utility Regulation in Alaska - Law Seminars International”)

The challenges faced by Alaska’s electric utilities are immense.  Extreme volatility in fuel prices
AND
assault.  This is the current environment surrounding electric utility regulation in Alaska.  

SMRs on Alaskan bases solve
Holdmann, 11
(Director of Alaska Center for Energy and Power-University of Alaska Fairbanks, “Small Scale Modular Nuclear Power: an option for Alaska,” http://www.uaf.edu/files/acep/Executive-Summary-3-2-11.pdf)

Executive Summary Alaska is home to some of the most abundant supplies of fossil fuels
AND
energy to military bases, remote mining operations, and other industrial users.

2

Advantage one is the Arctic

Alaskan bases vital to prevent Arctic conflict escalation
Schanz, 8
(Associate Editor-Airforce Magazine, “Strategic Alaska,” http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/November%202008/1108alaska.aspx)

Billy Mitchell saw its great potential in 1935, and now the rest of the world has finally caught on.
More than ever before, the Air Force is paying close attention to its force
AND
Command. Climate conditions have revealed a host of new Arctic transnational issues. 

Strengthening Alaskan bases is the key internal link to stopping all-out Arctic war
Dowd, 11
(MA-Indiana University, Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute, “The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic,” https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979)

One reason a military presence will be necessary is the possibility of accidents caused by
AND
Arctic is not to trigger a military confrontation, but to prevent one.

Only US leadership can stop war
Borgerson, 8
(International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a former Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Coast Guard, Foreign Affairs, March/April, Arctic Meltdown Subtitle: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming, Lexis)

Washington cannot afford to stand idly by. The Arctic region is not currently governed
AND
, the region could erupt in an armed mad dash for its resources.

Risk of conflict high—most recent evidence
Tassinari, 9/7
(Non-resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund and the Head of Foreign Policy and EU Studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies, “Avoiding a Scramble for the High North”, http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/)

BERLIN - The geopolitics of the Arctic are stuck in a paradox: The more
AND
not hard to conjure up the prospect of an Arctic race building up.
Best scholarship proves our impact
Murray 12
(Professor of Political Science @ Alberta, “Arctic politics in the emerging multipolar system: challenges and consequences,” The Polar Journal, 2.1)

It is no overstatement to say that the end of the Cold War was one
AND
the structure are very likely to translate into changes to state security strategies.

Goes nuclear
Wallace, 10
(Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, March, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)

The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
geo-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.” 

Extinction
Corcoran 9
(PhD, Senior Fellow @ Global Security, Frmr. Strategic Analyst at the US Army War College where he chaired studies for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations and member of the National Advisory Board for the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, we win the qualification game, 4/21, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm)

That brings us to Russia, our former main adversary, now a competitive partner
AND
greatly complicate any efforts to stop escalation short of a total nuclear exchange.

3

Advantage two is air power

Energy vulnerability cracks Alaska’s ability to be used for air power
Katkus, 10
(Adjutant General for the Alaska National Guard and the Commissioner of the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.  “AMFAST: Short-Term Strategic Plan,” 3/1, http://dmva.alaska.gov/content/amfast/AMFAST%20Short-Term%20Strategic%20Plan%20Final%20Copy.pdf)

Advancements and efficiencies in aircraft technology spawned air travel routes that intersect Alaska and established
AND
central to the advancement of both our robust military and our state economy.

Alaska key to airpower—necessary to address every conflict contingency in Asia
Schanz, 8
(Associate Editor-Airforce Magazine, “Strategic Alaska,” http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/November%202008/1108alaska.aspx)

Atkins said the Pacific Theater’s tyranny of distance makes it no accident that the only
AND
said of the Raptor. "And Alaska affords that." A Training Ideal
By the end of 2009, about 40 Raptors will be stationed at Elmendorf,
AND
back in 1935, called "the most strategic place in the world."

Alaska vital to air mobility---only way to quickly project power in the Asia
King, 8
(JD-University of Pittsburgh School of Law and cum laude graduate of Harvard, Former staff member of the Chief of Naval Operations and field historian with the Navy, Alaska: “The Most Important Strategic Place in the World,” Part III,  http://whiskeyandgunpowder.com/the-importance-of-alaska-part-ii/)

Hester stated that the Pacific arena is critical for the next 100 years. Hester
AND
into a new, world-spanning strategic game that is just beginning.

Alaskan key to contain global conflicts
Katkus, 10
(Adjutant General for the Alaska National Guard and the Commissioner of the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.  “AMFAST: Long-Term Strategic Plan,” 7/1, http://dmva.alaska.gov/content/amfast/AMFAST%20Long-Term%20Strategic%20Plan%20FINAL.pdf)

Alaska’s strategic global positioning is central to nearly every aspect of our incredible military history
AND
. Our great men and women in uniform deserve our very best support. 

Air power solves multiple scenarios for war
Khalilzad and Lesser, 1
(PhD from the University of Chicago, counselor at CSIS, permanent representative to the UN, Senior Transatlantic Fellow at the US German Marshall Fund, former Vice President and Director of Studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, RAND, “Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century”, p.164-5, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf)

This subsection attempts to synthesize some of the key operational implications distilled from the analyses
AND
, China-Taiwan, India-Pakistan, and the Persian Gulf.

Risk of territorial disputes is high in the Pacific
Webb 9/20/12
(Jim, Sen. Foreign Relations Committee, Former Secretary of the Navy, also served as the first Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs, “Hearing on Maritime Territorial Disputes and Sovereignty Issues in Asia” Opening Remarks, September 20, 2012, Congressional Testimony) 

Today, the East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcommittee will consider the impact of recent
AND
two countries with whom we share the solemn commitment of being treaty allies.

Goes nuclear
Chakraborty 10
(United Service Institution of India“The Initiation and Outlook of ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus Eight,” pg online @ http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic%20Perspectiveandpubno=20andano=739)

The first ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus Eight (China, India, Japan,
AND
a major conflict which has the possibility of turning into a nuclear conflict.

Alaskan missile defense will be rendered ineffective because it’s connected to the grid
Clayton, 12
(CSM Staff Writer, 4/25, Weakness in Systems used by Pentagon Power Grid, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0425/America-s-Stuxnet-Weakness-found-in-systems-used-by-Pentagon-power-grid)

An amateur enthusiast has found evidence that hackers could exploit a security vulnerability in the
AND
power plant provides power to National Missile Defense Authority facilities on the island.

Energy insecurity collapses Alaskan missile defense—vital to solve ICBM threats
Begich, 9
(The Honorable Mark Begich-US Senator from Alaska, “Alaska's Strategic Role in the Defense of the United States and the Vital Role of Missile Defense
9/10, http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/alaskas-strategic-role-in-the-defense-of-the-united-states-and-the-vital-role-of-missile-defense)

Over the past six years, the military has run 34 hit-to-
AND
New Mexico, Alaska -- what I call the Rocky Mountain Western states. 

NMD failure leads to extinction
Lambakis, 7
(Sr. Analyst-National Institute for Public Policy and Editor-Comparative Strategy, PhD-Catholic University, Missile Defense From Space, 2/1, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6124)

The ballistic missile threat to the United States, its deployed forces, and allies
AND
could jeopardize the very viability of society and the survival of the nation.

Asian multilateralism fails
Kurlantzick 12 (Joshua Kurlantzick CFR Fellow for Southeast Asia, 7/24/2012, "South China Sea: From Bad to Worse?", http://www.cfr.org/china/south-china-sea-bad-worse/p28739)

Tensions in the South China Sea have risen to their highest level in at least
AND
, a sharp contrast from some other regional organizations like the African Union.

Asia uniquely escalates
Campbell et al 8 (Kurt M, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Dr. Campbell served in several capacities in government, including as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asia and the Pacific, Director on theNational Security Council Staff, previously the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), served as Director of the Aspen Strategy Group and the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Washington Quarterly, and was the founder and Principal of StratAsia, a strategic advisory company focused on Asia, rior to co-founding CNAS, he served as Senior Vice President, Director of the International Security Program, and the Henry A. Kissinger Chair in National Security Policy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, doctorate in International Relation Theory from Oxford, former associate professor of public policy and international relations at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Assistant Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, member of Council on Foreign Relations and  International Institute for Strategic Studies, “The Power of Balance: America in iAsia” June 2008, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf)

Asian investment is also at record levels. Asian countries lead the world with unprecedented infra-structure projects. With over $3 trillion in foreign currency reserves, Asian nations and businesses are starting to shape global economic activity. Indian firms are purchasing industrial giants such as Arcelor Steel, as well as iconic brands of its once-colonial ruler, such as Jaguar and Range Rover. China’s Lenovo bought IBM’s personal computer
We call the transformations across the Asia-Pacific the emergence of “iAsia”
AND
are all magnified by the risk of miscalculation or poor decision-making.

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
The pivot does nothing
Aaron L. Friedberg 12, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and the author of A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia. From 2003 to 2005, he served as a Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs in the Office of the Vice President, “Bucking Beijing”, Foreign Affairs, September / October

The problem with the pivot is that to date it has lacked serious substance.
AND
more candid about the nature of the challenge posed by China's growing strength.

Obama and DoD action on renewables now—triggers spending and politics
Colman 12
Zack Colman, The Hill, 8/7/12, White House to seek $7B in green energy contracts for military, thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/242593-army-announces-renewable-energy-contracts-as-white-house-continues-green-push

The White House announced Tuesday it is inviting contract proposals from green energy firms to boost the Army’s use of renewable energy.
The administration is making $7 billion available for the U.S. Army
AND
are one part of a larger White House renewable energy blitz this week.
Earlier Tuesday, the administration revealed it would fast-track seven solar and wind electricity projects on federal lands and also held a news conference celebrating the completion of the first wind farm on federal lands in Nevada.

Link’s non-unique
GAO 12,
 “Renewable Energy Project Financing: Improved Guidance and Information Sharing Needed for DOD Project-Level Officials”, April, http://gao.gov/assets/590/589883.pdf

Availability of funding. Some military service headquarters and installation officials said that, in
AND
cost-effective than renewable energy projects and receive higher priority for funding.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
Biofuel purchases and requirements now
Cardwell 12
Diane Cardwell, NYTimes, 8/27/12, Military SPending on Biofuels Draws Fire, www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/business/military-spending-on-biofuels-draws-fire.html?pagewanted=all

When the Navy put a Pacific fleet through maneuvers on a $12 million cocktail
AND
drop in the ocean of the Pentagon’s nearly $650 billion annual budget.

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, ‘7
(Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now. 

Existing carbon triggers the impact
Daniel Rirdan 12, founder of The Exploration Company, “The Right Carbon Concentration Target”, June 29, http://theenergycollective.com/daniel-rirdan/89066/what-should-be-our-carbon-concentration-target-and-forget-politics?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=The+Energy+Collective+%28all+posts%29

James Hansen and other promi­nent cli­ma­tol­o­
AND
that carbon, too. We have taken fos­sil fuel and released

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
Incentives can create a market – in that context, plan is obvi substantial
EIA 2001 (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration,  “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government. 

Substantially means “of ample or considerable amount” – that’s dictionary.com
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantial)

Substantially is subjective
Hopkins 9
Starting and Managing a Nonprofit Organization: A Legal Guide, p. google books
 Bruce R. Hopkins
Senior Partner
Polsinelli Shughart PC
700 West 47th Street, Suite 1000
Kansas City, Missouri
(Cass, Clay, Jackson and Platte Cos.)

The* true* measure of substantiality remains elusive. In reports accompanying tax legislation
AND
law are too vague and thereby tend to encourage subjective and selective enforcement."

“Substantial” can mean fundamental
Dictionary.com (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantial)
4.
basic or essential; fundamental: two stories in substantial agreement.

Plan is a fundamental incentive – limits out lots of indirect affs, which actually hurt neg ground
Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) 

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
Only smr’s solve the grid – renewables fail
Charles Barton 11, founder of the Nuclear Green Revolution blog, MA in philosophy, “Future storm damage to the grid may carry unacceptable costs”, April 30, http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html

Amory Lovins has long argued that the traditional grid is vulnerable to this sort of
AND
use of renewable electrical generation approaches may worsen rather than improved grid reliability.

Empirics
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

In recent years, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
AND
the prospects for addressing these critical vulnerabilities through small-scale nuclear plants.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
Obtain means to acquire
SCOTUS 3, Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc. - 537 U.S. 393 (2003), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/537/393/case.html

(a) Petitioners did not commit extortion within the Hobbs Act's meaning because they
AND
from Congress, not from the courts. pp.400-409.

No land
King et al 11
Marcus, LaVar Huntzinger • Thoi Nguyen, CNA, March, “Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations” https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf

There are liabilities to having a nuclear power plant located on a military installation.
AND
airspace in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear plant could be used thereafter.

Or expertise
King et al 11 (Marcus, LaVar Huntzinger • Thoi Nguyen, CNA, March,“Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations” https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf)

A principal advantage of DoD ownership or operation would be the possibility to tailor a
AND
depend on the type of nuclear power plant built on a DoD installation.

Non-unique
Joe Loper et al 8, Vice President for Policy and Research at the Alliance to Save Energy, “Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Federal Buildings, Facilities and Vehicles”, April, http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/PCAP_Final_FEMP_Chapter_4-18-08.pdf

Appropriations for energy-efficiency improvements historically have been insufficient to exploit more than a
AND
the authority lapse. The drop-off in UESCs is less clear.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
DoD already established its recommendations for SMR adoption
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

Recognizing nuclear power as a potential benefit to Department of Defense (DoD) facilities
AND
NRC, and DOE Labs. This report documents our analysis and findings. 

AND—It recommended against being an early adopter—proves the CP can’t establish a bureaucratic consensus for the plan
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

The most significant risk for SMR power plants is associated with being an early adoptor
AND
for cooperation and partnership for sharing risks associated with this type of project.

No implementation
Barlas 12
Stephen, Columnist @ Financial Executive, 1/1, Lexis

But it is highly unlikely that Obama's blueprint will lead to a firmer footing for
AND
efforts to substitute domestic natural gas for foreign petroleum features business versus business.

CP solvency requires transparency and presidential involvement—that proves it links to politics
PCAST 10
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), Executive Office of the President, Co-Chaired by John P. Holdren, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Eric Lander, President, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Nov 2010, REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ON ACCELERATING THE PACE OF CHANGE IN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH AN INTEGRATED FEDERAL ENERGY POLICY, www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf

A QER process would, in some sense, formulate an integrated energy policy for
AND
key to the development of a sound product that can gain wide support.

Biofuel fights now
Cardwell 12
Diane Cardwell, NYTimes, 8/27/12, Military SPending on Biofuels Draws Fire, www.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/business/military-spending-on-biofuels-draws-fire.html?pagewanted=all

When the Navy put a Pacific fleet through maneuvers on a $12 million cocktail
AND
again when Congress takes up the Defense Department’s budget again in the fall.
The naval demonstration — known as the Great Green Fleet — was part of a $510 million three-year, multiagency program to help the military develop alternatives to conventional fuel. It is a drop in the ocean of the Pentagon’s nearly $650 billion annual budget.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Super vulnerable
Mo et al 12
(Yilin Mo received the Bachelor of Engineering degree from Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2007. He is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Tiffany Hyun-Jin Kim received the B.A. degree in computer science from University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, in 2002 and the M.S. degree in computer science from Yale University, New Haven, CT, in 2004. She is currently working towards the Ph.D. degree at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Kenneth Brancik completed a rigorous one year program in systems analysis at the former Grumman Data Information Systems in 1984 and an intensive two year program at Columbia University in the analysis and design of information systems in 1997. He received the M.S. degree in management and systems from New York University (NYU), New York, in 2002 and the Ph.D. degree in computing from Pace University, Dona Dickinson received the B.A. degree in industrial psychology from California State University, Heejo Lee received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in computer science and engineering from POSTECH, Pohang, Korea, Adrian Perrig received the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University, Bruno Sinopoli received the Dr. Eng. degree from the University of Padova, Padova, Italy, in 1998 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, “Cyber–Physical Security of a Smart Grid Infrastructure” “Proceedings of the IEEE” January 2012, Vol. 100, No. 1)

A wide variety of motivations exist for launching an attack on the power grid,
AND
external access which in turn can lead to compromise and infection of components.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Pursuit of hegemony’s locked-in
Zach Dorfman 12, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605

The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
AND
Russia. Many of these same people desire a unilateral war with Iran.
And it isn’t just Republicans. Drone attacks have intensified in Yemen, Pakistan, and elsewhere under the Obama administration. Massive troop deployments continue unabated. We spend over $600 billion dollars a year on our military budget; the next largest is China’s, at “only” around $100 billion. Administrations come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

No transition
Calleo, Director – European Studies Program and Professor @ SAIS, ‘10
(David P, “American Decline Revisited,” Survival, 52:4, 215 – 227)

The history of the past two decades suggests that adjusting to a plural world is
AND
turns the dollar into an imperial instrument that threatens the world with inflation.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
nuclear technocracy’s key to solve
Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/‘11
(Ted and Michael, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta) 

Tenth, we are going to have to get over our suspicion of technology,
AND
simpler, more bucolic past in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

The status quo is structurally improving
Indur Goklany 10, policy analyst for the Department of the Interior – phd from MSU, “Population, Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Human Well-Being in the Age of Industrialization (Part III — Have Higher US Population, Consumption, and Newer Technologies Reduced Well-Being?)”, April 24, http://www.masterresource.org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#more-9194

In my previous post I showed that, notwithstanding the Neo-Malthusian worldview,
AND
, but misses the larger picture, despite pretensions to a holistic worldview.

Their impact is wrong – debate over even the most technical issues improves decision-making and advocacy
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

What is the role of the citizen in the modern technological state? As political
AND
vision of "technological democracy"-is an important outcome of grassroots action.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
SMR’s can compete, but up-front costs are too high – gov key
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

U.S. SMR vendors have privately financed the initial stages of SMR design
AND
in general could be a disincentive for private capital investment in SMR development.

Only picking winners can solve bases
This card’s also in ‘dod key – base adv’
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The preceding analysis suggests that DOD should seriously consider taking a leadership role on small
AND
in the future for either U.S. military or commercial use.   

Their theory is garbage
Lewis Milford 11, founder and President of Clean Energy Group, “Picking Winners or Losers”, August 26, http://www.cleanegroup.org/blog/picking-winners-or-losers/

Some arguments never die. Recently, some members of Congress criticized Energy Secretary Chu
AND
. The alternative is to let losers win, and who wants that.

They’re wrong.
Xie 11
(Yanmei - Nucleonics Week, “Think tanks differ on government's role in SMR development” Inside Stories; Pg. 3 Vol. 52 No. 6)

At an industry-sponsored forum February 7 in Washington, Michael Shellenberger, president
AND
development of those technologies and the deployment of those technologies," he said.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Quarters | Opponent:  | Judge:
plan

The United States Federal Government should obtain, through alternative financing, electricity from small modular reactors for military facilities in the United States.

1ac – adv 

Contention one is climate

SMR-based nuclear power is safe and solves warming—it’s key to a global nuclear renaissance.
Michael Shellenberger 12, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/

Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
AND
than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done.

Plan results in global SMR exports – massively reduces emissions.
Rosner 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
AND
Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

DOD is critical to mass adoption and commercialization
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—
AND
will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and causes mass death
Deibel 7 (Terry L, Professor of IR @ National War College, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Positive feedbacks will overwhelm natural carbon sinks
James w. Kirchner 2, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at Berkeley, “The Gaia Hypothesis: Fact, Theory, And Wishful Thinking”, http://seismo.berkeley.edu/~kirchner/reprints/2002_55_Kirchner_gaia.pdf

Do biological feedbacks stabilize, or destabilize, the global environment? That is,
AND
a warming to proceed may be substantially less than has been widely believed’.

Adopting a mindset of scientific inquiry for climate change makes sense because it’s a phenomenon uniquely suited to an empiricist methodology
Jean Bricmont 1, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf

Given that instrumentalism is not defensible when it is formulated as a rigid doctrine,
AND
but we would like to offer a few ideas that might prove useful.

We are not science, we use science – our method is the same one everyone inevitably uses on a day-to-day basis, just more rigorous
Jean Bricmont 1, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf
So, how does one obtain evidence concerning the truth or falsity of scientific assertions
AND
between the alternative theories if indeed they should be regarded as different theories.

Reality exists independent of signifiers
Wendt 99
Alexander Wendt, Professor of International Security at Ohio State University, 1999, “Social theory of international politics,” gbooks

The effects of holding a relational theory of meaning on theorizing about world politics are
AND
is also regulated by a mind-independent, extra-linguistic world. 

1ac – roleplay

Contention two: Deliberation

Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor. 

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals
Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ‘9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) 

These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
AND
, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens.

Switch-side debate inculcates skills that empirically improve climate policy outcomes
Mitchell 10
 Gordon R. Mitchell is Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department
of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh, where he also directs the William Pitt Debating
Union. Robert Asen’s patient and thoughtful feedback sharpened this manuscript, which was also
improved by contributions from members of the Schenley Park Debate Authors Working Group
(DAWG), a consortium of public argument scholars at the University of Pittsburgh that strives
to generate rigorous scholarship addressing the role of argumentation and debate in society.  SWITCH-SIDE DEBATING MEETS DEMAND-DRIVEN RHETORIC OF SCIENCE.  MITCHELL, GORDON R.1 Rhetoric and Public Affairs; Spring2010, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p95-120, 26p 

 The watchwords for the intelligence community’s debating initiative— collaboration, critical thinking,
AND
challenge involves finding meaning in inverted rhetorical situations characterized by an endemic surplus of
heterogeneous content. 

DELIBERATIVE POLICYMAKING through DEBATE is the CRUCIAL internal link to solving warming through public policy and SUBSUMES their critiques of traditional persuasion
Herbeck and Isham 10
http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775
 Jon Isham
Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College
 In the fall of 1999, Jon joined the department of economics and the program in environmental studies at Middlebury College. Jon teaches classes in environmental economics, environmental policy, introductory microeconomics, social capital in Vermont, and global climate change. Jon is co-editing a new book, Ignition: The Birth of the Climate Movement; has co-edited Social Capital, Development, and the Environment (Edward Elgar Publications); has published articles (several forthcoming) in Economic Development and Cultural Change, The Journal of African Economies, The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Rural Sociology, Society and Natural Resources, The Southern Economic Journal, The Vermont Law Review, and the World Bank Economic Review; and has published book chapters in volumes from Ashgate Press, The New England University Press, Oxford University Press, and Cambridge University Press. His current research focuses on building the new climate movement; the demand for water among poor households in Cambodia; information asymmetries in low-income lending; and the effect of local social capital on environmental outcomes in Vermont.
Herbeck, member of the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Honors College. 

 Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments
AND
, including those on pressing issues related to climate change and clean energy. 

The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences
Larsen et al 9
    a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy and History of Technology, Division of History of Science and Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
    b KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Division of Environmental Strategies Research, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
 Habitat International
Volume 33, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 260–266
Climate Change and Human Settlements
Climatechange scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures 

 In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of
AND
result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase. 

Our heuristic overcomes disbelief and mobilizes public responses
Romm 12 (Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 “Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm #88 on its list of 100 “people who are reinventing America.” Time named him a “Hero of the Environment″ and “The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger.” Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, “Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ‘Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate”, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/#more-432546)

The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday
AND
by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture.

Predictions and scenario building are valuable for decision-making, even if they’re not perfect
Garrett 12
Banning, In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies, director of the Asia Program and Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council.
http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies

 “Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing
AND
respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss. 

No risk of lashout
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9
(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Engagement with nuclear technocracy is critical to solve
Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/‘11
(Ted and Michael, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta) 

Tenth, we are going to have to get over our suspicion of technology,
AND
simpler, more bucolic past in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

Simulation allows us to influence state policy AND is key to agency
Eijkman 12
The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. electronic resource http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal

However, whether as an approach to learning, innovation, persuasion or culture shift
AND
contains a detailed description, in table format, of the synopsis below.

Best data confirms our argument
Eijkman 12
The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. electronic resource http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal

This is where simulations have come into their own. The operative word is ‘
AND

Bekebrede, 2010; van Bilsen, Bekerede and Mayer, 2010)

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Quarters | Opponent:  | Judge:
No social death – history proves
Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249

THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
of becoming ‘African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity.”40

The invocation of social death as ontologically inevitable inscribes a pessimism towards politics which makes agency impossible and oversimplifies the history of resistance
Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249

Specters of the Atlantic is a compellingly sophisticated study of the relation be- tween
AND
That is precisely what the women on the Hudibras fought to accomplish.31

Afro-pessimism is inaccurate and is used to justify white supremacism
Patterson 98
The Ordeal Of Integration:
Progress And Resentment In America's "Racial" Crisis
Orlando Patterson is a Jamaican-born American historical and cultural sociologist known for his work regarding issues of race in the United States, as well as the sociology of development

In the attempt to understand and come to terms with the problems of Afro-
AND
we still have some way to go before approaching anything like a resolution.

Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ‘10
(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework
AND
today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Quarters | Opponent:  | Judge:
Reparations politics proves that focus on the state is a productive and emancipatory individual performance, especially when connected with human rights
Balfour 5 (Reparations after Identity Politics Author(s): Lawrie Balfour University of Virginia Reviewed work(s): Source: Political Theory, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Dec., 2005), pp. 786-811)

First, the demand for reparations provides a reminder that the dismissal of the use
AND
making structure that would give authority over any compensation to ordinary citizens.63 

Their demand of a win ensures problematic identity conflict
Jones 10 (Appropriating the One-Drop Rule: Family Guy on Reparations Jason Jones, University of Washington Enculturation 7 (2010): http://enculturation.gmu.edu/appropriating-the-one-drop-rule)

If, as Farrell and McPhail claimed, the reparations debate is a matter of
AND
beyond identification’s denial of difference, Ratcliffe posits four strategies of rhetorical listening: 

Their endorsement of reparations distracts from community responsibility – Theres no way to resolve debt
Balfour 5 (Reparations after Identity Politics Author(s): Lawrie Balfour University of Virginia Reviewed work(s): Source: Political Theory, Vol. 33, No. 6 (Dec., 2005), pp. 786-811)

The first meaning of Baldwin's "for nothing" emphasizes the value of the uncompensated
AND
the larger struggle could sow the seeds for a future politics of ressentiment. 

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming MP  | Judge: Kelly Nickel

1AC

PLAN

The United States Federal Government should obtain, through alternative financing, electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States.
DOD

DoD bases are vulnerable to grid disruptions which destroys command infrastructure – only SMR’s can solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)

In recent years, the U.S Department … fired power plants on the environment.

Those communication breakdowns go nuclear
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The DOD interest in small … would be greatly reduced.

Grid failure shuts down US military operations
Paul Stockton 11, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, “Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come”, http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11

The cyber threat to the DIB is only … which it does not – and never will – exercise control.

Nuclear war
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon 7, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf

We live at a time when wars not … is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

States will inevitably compete for relative status–only primacy can prevent conflict
Wohlforth 9,
Professor of government at Dartmouth, (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War” World Politics, 61:1, January, Project Muse)

Second, I question the dominant … material interest in security and/or prosperity.

SMR’s “island” bases by providing constant reliable power
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

Having a reliable source of electricity … treatment, and hospitals could be maintained.

DoD bypasses regulatory hurdles and safety hazards
Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375

Path forward: Department of Defense as … lead to their wide-scale adoption.

DESAL

Water scarcity coming now - it's a threat multiplier that enflames hotspots globally. Specifically, Egypt and Central Asia - their defense isn't predictive
Dinar et al 10/18/12
SHLOMI DINAR is associate professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations and associate director of the School of International and Public Affairs at Florida International University. LUCIA DE STEFANO is associate professor at Complutense University of Madrid and researcher at the Water Observatory of the Botín Foundation. JAMES DUNCAN is consultant on natural resource governance and geography with the World Bank. KERSTIN STAHL is senior scientist at the Institute of Hydrology in the University of Freiburg. KENNETH M. STRZEPEK is research scientist with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. AARON T. WOLF is a professor of geography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, Foreign Affairs, October 18, 2012, "No Wars for Water", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138208/shlomi-dinar-lucia-de-stefano-james-duncan-kerstin-stahl-kenneth/no-wars-for-water?page=show

In short, predictions of a Water … stability efforts in the world's volatile regions.

Those wars go global
Reilly ‘2
(Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, “NOT A DROP TO DRINK,” http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)
*Cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts

The two books provide a chilling… low-level conflicts can only increase in intensity.

And nuclear
Weiner ‘90
(Jonathan, Visiting Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth, p. 214) 

If we do not destroy … the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

Water scarcity causes Central Asian war
Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44

That's been a constant … largest consumer of water in the region, is located downstream.

Extinction
Blank 2k Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22

Thus many structural conditions for … capable of settling the situation.(77)

Water scarcity collapses Latin America
Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent, “Research projects show nuclear
desalination economical”, April, http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf

As in most regions of the world, … cities with water scarcity problems.

Goes global and nuclear
Rochlin 94 (James Francis, Professor of Political Science at Okanagan University College. “Discovering the Americas: the evolution of Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America,” p. 130-131)

While there were economic … which led Canada to become involved in efforts at regional conflict resolution, such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter.

Only SMR’s solve
IAEA 7, “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf

Seventy percent of the planet is … be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Key to deescalate conflicts
Palley ‘11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71

The third world has long been rent … any local rock and have water gush forth.”

It’s economically viable
Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent, “Research projects show nuclear
desalination economical”, April, http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf

The desalination of seawater using …/toe metric tons oil equivalent or $21/bbl barrel.”

Plan accesses a huge export market
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

Previous studies have … be step toward a U.S.-centric, bundled reliable fuel services.

SOLVENCY

DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Thus far, this paper has …, performance, and proliferation resistance.

Alternative financing arrangements reduce costs and spur unique commercial spillover
Fitzpatrick, Freed and Eyoan, 11
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy at Third Way, Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way, and Mieke Eoyan, Director for National Security at Third Way, June 2011, Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance CleanEnergy Technology... And Why It Has To, content.thirdway.org/publications/414/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf

The DoD has over $400 billion in annual … energy innovation its newest priority.

SMR’s are super cost-effective and safe
Ioannis N. Kessides and Vladimir Kuznetsov 12, Ioannis is a researcher for the Development Research Group at the World Bank, Vladimir is a consultant for the World Bank, “Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries”, August 14, Sustainability 2012, 4(8), 1806-1832

SMRs offer a number of advantages that can … by significant economies of scale 19.

Prefer our econ models
Dean Glenn Hubbard 11-2, Professor of Finance and Economics at Columbia Business School, “Building small: In many industries, economies of size is shifting to economies of numbers”, http://www.laserfocusworld.com/news/2012/11/05/building-small-in-many-industries-economies-of-size-is-shifting-to-economies-of-numbers.html

For decades, bigger is better has been ..reap the benefits of this new paradigm in production.



LINK UQ

DoE will massively increase SMR incentives
Jeffrey Tomich 11-2, energy reporter for the St Louis Dispatch, “Ameren, Westinghouse still waiting for decision on nuclear grant”, http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/ameren-westinghouse-still-waiting-for-decision-on-nuclear-grant/article_1b46d35b-eda4-5c15-9b08-b0ed80caf2bf.html

It was six months ago that Ameren … and operating license as early as 2014.

But it’s not enough
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead … alternative energy production means.

And there are 3 demo projects in progress, but no incentives
ANA 12
(Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, “ Documents Reveal Time-line and Plans for “Small Modular Reactors” (SMRs) at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Unrealistic and Promise no Funding” June 8, 2012, http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/PlutoniumFuelMOX/tabid/75/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/558/Default.aspx) 

“While SRS may superficially … less than six months ago.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wyoming MP  | Judge: Kelly Nickel
2AC

DESAL

No offense—fossil fuel based global desal inevitable, but is unsustainable—nuclear shift key
I. Khamis, IAEA, 2009, A global overview on nuclear desalination, Int. J. Nuclear Desalination, Vol. 3, No. 4

As desalination and water reuse expansion in the Middle East and the world continues at a rapid pace, these innovations must be integrated into the next generation of water facilities. The integrated nuclear energy systems would lead to considerably lower power and water costs than the corresponding coal-based systems. When external costs for different energies are internalised in power and water costs, the relative cost differences are considerably increased in favour of the nuclear systems. Financial analysis further confirms these conclusions (Nisan et al., 2007; Wade, 2001). Integrated seawater desalination systems are likely to be deployed intensively in the future in view of the very high demands for water and electrical energy in many regions of the world. A future desalination strategy based uniquely on the utilisation of fossil-fuelled systems is not sustainable because of the high carbon footprint from both power generation and desalination. At the moment, the only solution to reduce the carbon footprint of integrated desalination systems appears to be by utilising nuclear and renewable energies (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2008b).

No damage to the ocean and the alt is worse
Manuel Schiffler, economist in the World Bank's Middle East and North Africa Region, 2004, Perspectives and challenges for desalination in the 21st century, Desalination 165, 1-9

The environmental footprint of desalination has been reduced through technological progress. However, some significant environmental impacts remain, in particular during the operating phase of the plants. One major impact is the discharge of brine — a concentrated salt solution that may be hot and may contain various chemicals — on coastal or marine eco-systems or, in the case of inland brackish water desalination, on rivers and aquifers. Another major impact is the emission of greenhouse gases in the production of electricity and steam needed to power the desalination plants. Furthermore, abstraction of brackish groundwater for desalination can have significant environ- mental impacts. Other impacts of usually more limited nature include noise, visual disturbance, interference with public access and recreation, possible impacts from seawater intakes, as well as various environmental impacts during the construction phase and potential impacts from accidental spills. There can also be positive environmental impacts from desalination, if desalination reduces the pressure on conventional water resources. In particular, seawater desalination can help to relieve the pressure on overexploited coastal aquifers and thus prevents seawater intrusion, a widespread phenomenon causing quasi-irreversible damage in coastal areas around the world. In some cases, seawater desalination can be an alternative to the use of fossil groundwater further inland or to the construction of large dams and inter-basin transfers that are usually associated with significant social and environmental costs. An internationally agreed environmental assessment methodology for desalination plants does not exist so far and its development would be desirable. In assessing the environmental impact of numerous desalination projects on the marine environment, it is important to assess the cumulative impacts of new and existing plants as well as of discharges from other sources. A strategic environmental assessment is more appropriate for that purpose than a series of isolated, project- related environmental assessments. In many of the focal countries of the present study, the legal basis and institutional capacity for environmental assessments in general is weak and there is no or very little experience with environmental assessments of individual desalination projects, not to speak of strategic environmental assessments. To the author’s best knowledge, no stra- tegic environmental assessment of brine dis- charges into the Arab Gulf (Persian Gulf), which is a shallow, nearly closed water body that receives the highest discharge of brine from desalination processes in the world, has been undertaken to date. While impacts obviously differ depending on the characteristics and sensitivity of the local marine environment, future impacts from brine discharge into the Mediterranean are expected to be relatively limited compared to impacts in the Arab Gulf, but may be more restrictive if European directives are applied in future EuroMed agreements. Mitigation measures include preventive mea- sures, such as the strengthening of environmental institutions and water conservation, and reactive measures, which involve physical changes to a plant or process. The latter include optimized siting in the construction phase, the use of more energy-efficient technologies, design and treatment techniques to reduce damage to the marine environment, including the appropriate design of sea outfalls and the mixing of brine with seawater before discharge, and architectural measures to reduce visual impact especially for tourism purposes.

Ocean’s resilient
Bjørn Lomborg, Director, Environmental Assessment Institute, THE SKEPTICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST, ‘1 p. 189

But the oceans are so incredibly big that our impact on them has been astoundingly insignificant - the oceans contain more than 1,000 billion liters of water. The UN’s overall evaluation of the oceans concludes: “The open sea is still relatively clean. Low levels of lead, synthetic compounds and artificial radionuclides, though widely detectable, are biologically insignificant. Oil slicks and litter are common among sea leans, but are, at present, a minor consequences to communities of organisms living in ocean waters.

AFRICA

They conceded an internal link to Nile war

Goes global
Glick 7
 Caroline Glick 7, deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post, Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Center for Security Policy, “Condi's African holiday”, December 11, http://www.rightsidenews.com/20071211309/editorial/us-opinion-and-editorial/our-world-condis-african-holiday.html

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, which rage continuously, can easily escalate into big wars. Local conflicts have regional and global aspects. All of the conflicts in this tinderbox, which controls shipping lanes from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea, can potentially give rise to regional, and indeed global conflagrations between competing regional actors and global powers. 

DISASTER RELIEF

Power outages kill disaster relief operations
Brookings and Hoover 11, The Brookings Institution Energy Security Initiative, The Hoover Institution Shultz-Stephenson Task Force on Energy Policy, “Assessing the Role of Distributed Power Systems in the U.S. Power Sector”, October, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Distributed-Energy.pdf

The DOD has a substantial portfolio … cripple Untied States military capabilities.

Extinction
Reiffel 5 (Lex, Brookings Institution, “Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas,” The Brookings Institution, www.brookings.edu/views/papers/20051207rieffel.pdf)

The devastation of New Orleans by … up to rely more on “soft” instruments.

K

Method focus causes scholarly paralysis
Jackson, associate professor of IR – School of International Service @ American University, ‘11
(Patrick Thadeus, The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations, p. 57-59)

Perhaps the greatest irony of this instrumental, … that, ironically, Popper and Kuhn and Lakatos would all reject.

Alt Fails—nation state identity is inevitable and key to solving multiple scenarios for violence and war
Calhoun 7
(Craig, Prof of Social Science at New York University and President of the Social Science Research Council”, Nations Matter: Citizenship, Solidarity and the Cosmopolitcan Dream, p 3-7)

 The idea of a nation-state is arguably pernicious. ….been achieved in and through states.

Nuclear technocracy’s key to solve
Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/‘11
(Ted and Michael, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta) 

Tenth, we are going to have to get over our …. past in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

Violence is declining
Steven Pinker 11, professor of psychology at Harvard, The Better Angels of our Nature, October, googlebooks

This book is about what may be the most … history: how human minds deal with changing circumstances.

GREENWASHING

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, ‘7
(Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten … much more about it by now. 

Their link ev describes the opposite of the plan—its about businesses that buy RECs instead of consuming renewable energy—plan fiats DoD produces clean SMR energy
Auden Schendler, Vice President of sustainability at Aspen Skiing Company, October 2007, When Being Green Backfires, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 85, Issue 10

In the past two years, companies have …: a third-party gold standard for REC quality.

Neg ev concedes the link turn—DoD fossil fuel consumption creates perception of greenwashing—plan solves a bigger internal link
Laura Horton 11, J.D., Golden Gate University School of Law, Spring 2011, “COMMENT: FUTURE FORCE SUSTAINABILITY: DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN A CHANGING CLIMATE,” Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, 4 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 303, p. lexis
‘
As the world's largest consumer of energy, …. to lead alternative-energy development in the United States and the world.
IV. Looking Ahead - The Staying Power of DOD Energy Efficiency Efforts

CP

Perm – Do the CP

Plan mandate is for DoD to obtain or get SMR electricity—the CP is a way to implement this
SCOTUS 3, Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc. - 537 U.S. 393 (2003), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/537/393/case.html

(a) Petitioners did not commit extortion within … from Congress, not from the courts. pp.400-409.

Alt financing can buy the reactor!
GAO, April 2012, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT FINANCING: Improved Guidance and Information Sharing Needed for DOD Project-Level Officials, http://gao.gov/assets/590/589883.pdf

Alternative-financing approaches… energy production facilities. Contract terms may not exceed 32 years.

Long term contracts key to market signal
Farrell 11
LIEUTENTANT GENERAL KEN EICKMANN, USAF (RET.) Former Commander, Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson Afb, and LIEUTENANT GENERAL LAWRENCE P. FARRELL JR., USAF (RET.), Former Deputy Chief Of Staff For Plans And Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, October 11, Ensuring America’s Freedom of Movement:, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/MAB4.pdf

Retired Air Force Lieutenant General Lawrence Farrell … is to send strong market signals,” he added.

DOD reactor siting trades off with base effectiveness—avoiding new DOD-projects now because of base impacts
GAO, December 2009, Defense Infrastructure: DOD Needs to Take Actions to Address Challenges in Meeting Federal Renewable Energy Goals, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/299750.pdf

According to a 2005 DOD study,34 ren… including the operation of military radar.

DoD ownership on base forces on-site waste storage—cripples readiness
McCormick, 12
(“Interview with Colin McCormick,” This interview was conducted with Dr. Colin McCormick, (Senior Advisor for RandD in the Office of the Under Secretary at the Department of Energy. He previously served as the Team Lead for Emerging Technologies in the Building Technologies Program of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Prior to joining the Department of Energy he was an energy and security analyst at the Federation of American Scientists, a staff member with the House Science and Technology Committee, and an AAAS Congressional Fellow on the staff of Rep. Ed Markey of Massachusetts. Dr. McCormick received his PhD in atomic and optical physics from the University of California, Berkeley, and did post-doctoral work in quantum optics at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the group of 1997 Physics Nobel Laureate William Phillips. Dr. McCormick reviewed, revised and approved the below text for publication. Specifically, this interview began as discussions that took place on October 17, 2012 and October 22, 2012, with questions being asked by members of GWDebate (Francisco Bencosme, Kevin Bertram, Lauren Cashmore, Paul Hayes, Joseph Nelson and Kyla Sommers). 10/17, http://debateandtherealworld.com/article.php?id=3)

McCormick: Light water designs use … fires would have a similar effect. 

Alt financing is key to utility operation of SMRs—CP causes expertise gap
GAO, April 2012, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT FINANCING: Improved Guidance and Information Sharing Needed for DOD Project-Level Officials, http://gao.gov/assets/590/589883.pdf

Operation and maintenance of … of these two approaches.

Causes years delay
McCormick, 12
(“Interview with Colin McCormick,” This interview was conducted with Dr. Colin McCormick, (Senior Advisor for RandD in the Office of the Under Secretary at the Department of Energy. He previously served as the Team Lead for Emerging Technologies in the Building Technologies Program of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Prior to joining the Department of Energy he was an energy and security analyst at the Federation of American Scientists, a staff member with the House Science and Technology Committee, and an AAAS Congressional Fellow on the staff of Rep. Ed Markey of Massachusetts. Dr. McCormick received his PhD in atomic and optical physics from the University of California, Berkeley, and did post-doctoral work in quantum optics at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the group of 1997 Physics Nobel Laureate William Phillips. Dr. McCormick reviewed, revised and approved the below text for publication. Specifically, this interview began as discussions that took place on October 17, 2012 and October 22, 2012, with questions being asked by members of GWDebate (Francisco Bencosme, Kevin Bertram, Lauren Cashmore, Paul Hayes, Joseph Nelson and Kyla Sommers). 10/17, http://debateandtherealworld.com/article.php?id=3)

D+TRW: What is your view on the … time. Not to mention extremely costly.

Nuclear does not count towards the renewables requirement
GAO, April 2012, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT FINANCING: Improved Guidance and Information Sharing Needed for DOD Project-Level Officials, http://gao.gov/assets/590/589883.pdf

42 U.S.C. § 15852 (originally enacted in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-58, § 203 (2005))
To the extent economically … by any of the preceding sources.

As long as DoD obtains the power, it solves their need to buy RECs—disproves the thesis of every link
Loni Silva, 2012 graduate of The George Washington University Law School, staff member of the Public Contract Law Journal, Summer 2012, THE PROBLEMS WITH USING RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES TO MEET FEDERAL RENEWABLE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, 41 Pub. Cont. L.J. 985

The Federal Energy Management …. energy requirements by purchasing RECs.

And B – not buying RECs just for meeting goals without generating the associated power
Dept of the Army, Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment, 5/24/2012, Subject: Department of Army Policy for Renewable Energy Credits,

d. Renewable Energy Project (REP). A project to: (1) Construct, …. prices within any calendar year timeframe.
REP=renewable energy project, like the plan

DoD structures the PPA agreements and would retain RECs if they needed them to meet federal guidance
David Dowd, Mondaq Business Briefing, 8/14/12, United States: Recent US Department Of Defense Solicitation For Up To $7 Billion Of Renewable Or Alternative Energy Utilizing Power Purchase Agreements, lexis

The DOD may incorporate … or offered as a replacement to achieve federal mandates.

But they don’t need more REC’s because they’re already meeting guidance requirements in the squo
GAO, April 2012, RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT FINANCING: Improved Guidance and Information Sharing Needed for DOD Project-Level Officials, http://gao.gov/assets/590/589883.pdf

Officials from two of the military services raised … renewable energy goals in the long term.

1AR

IMPACT

Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is wrong
Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ‘10
(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we … Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

Their impact is wrong – debate over even the most technical issues improves decision-making and advocacy
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

What is the role of the citizen in the … important outcome of grassroots action.

No lashout
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9
(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group …mobilization, and a security dilemma.

1AR EPISTEMOLOGY

Their alt ev says that interrogating knowledge would allow the nuclear scholarship movements to emerge—that’s empirically denied
Wendt, professor of international security – Ohio State University, ‘98
(Alexander, “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations,” British International Studies Association) 

As a community, we in the academic study …one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

Broad indicts of epistemology don’t take out our impacts – you should weigh specific evidence to get closer to the truth
Kratochwil, professor of international relations – European University Institute, ‘8
(Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213)

In what follows, I claim that the … “new and improved” versions of familiar products.

TECHNOCRACY

Engagement with technocracy is more effective than passive rejection
Jiménez-Aleixandre, professor of education – University of Santiago de Compostela, and Pereiro-Muñoz High School Castelao, Vigo (Spain), ‘2
(Maria-Pilar and Cristina, “Knowledge producers or knowledge consumers? Argumentation and decision making about environmental management,” International Journal of Science Education Vol. 24, No. 11, p. 1171–1190)

If science education and environmental education … purpose the acknowledging of multiple expertise is crucial.

Policies matter – effective energy choices depend on technical political literacy
Hodson, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, ‘10
(Derek, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206)
note: SSI = socioscientific issues

The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based … during the establishment of policy.
REALISM

It’s true
Miller, professor of IR – University of Haifa, ‘10
(Benjamin, “Contrasting Explanations for Peace: Realism vs. Liberalism in Europe and the Middle East,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 31, Iss. 1)

In what follows, I initially differentiate among … has drastically declined.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The impact is tiny
CBO 11/8/12
Congressional Budget Office, non-partisan budget officials,  ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POLICIES CONTRIBUTING TO FISCAL TIGHTENING IN 2013, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/11-08-12-FiscalTightening.pdf, AM

Substantial changes to tax and spending policies are scheduled to take effect in January 2013
AND
) and shrinking the unemployment rate to 5.5 percent by 2018.

Europe
Lokey 11/7/12
Colin, President of Classmate Inc I have a bachelor's degree in Political Science from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and am currently working on a Master's Degree in Business Administration at East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, TN. I have also taken graduate level courses in both Political Science (U.T.) and Public Administration (ETSU). I have been investing and trading for 11 years and have extensive experience trading stocks, bonds, and options, “U.S. Election Not As Important For Stocks As Eurozone Crisis,” http://seekingalpha.com/article/986521-u-s-election-not-as-important-for-stocks-as-eurozone-crisis, AM

On Wednesday, Mario Draghi picked up on something important. The day before the
AND
QQQ) until there are signs of real structural improvement across the Atlantic.

DoD dodges politics
Ewbank 11
Leigh Ewbank, Americans for energy leadership, 1/11/11,  ‘Buy American’ Solar Provision Highlights the Role of Military Procurement, leadenergy.org/2011/01/‘buy-american’-provision-highlights-the-role-of-military-procurement/

Military procurement serves an important purpose in the domestic political environment beyond its ability to
AND
the Department of Defense’s sustained demand for microchips resulted in dramatic cost reductions. 

No grand bargain
Cook, writer for the National Journal, 11/8/2012
(Nancy, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/to-avert-a-fiscal-cliff-catastrophe-someone-has-to-blink-20121108)

The far more likely scenario for both parties is a swan dive over the fiscal
AND
surrendering their entrenched tax positions.

Congress will kick the can
Schiff, president and chief global strategist of Euro Pacific Capital, 11/10/2011
(Peter, “Going Over The Fiscal Cliff Isn't The Problem, It's The Solution,” http://www.businessinsider.com/extend-and-pretend-2012-11)
If you recall, the cliff was created by a deal last year when Congress
AND
future size, making it that much harder to actually go over it.

Numerous issues come up before the cliff
Geewax, 11/7
(NPR Correspondent, After Election, Congress Turns To 'Fiscal Cliff,' Other Money Issues
http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/164474557/after-election-congress-turns-to-fiscal-cliff-other-money-issues

Still, they must try to get something done. The soon-to-
AND
, even before turning to all of the other fiscal-cliff elements.

No pol cap and it fails
Fournier, 11/6
(Columnist-National Journal, Obama wins victory, but mandate is a different story http://www.govexec.com/management/2012/11/obama-wins-victory-mandate-different-story/59329/

Barack Obama won a second term but no mandate. Thanks in part to his
AND
Hill,” said Steve McMahon, strategist for Howard Dean’s 2004 presidential campaign.

Presidential leadership’s irrelevant
Jacobs and King 10, University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond, “Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama Presidency,”  Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802)  

 But personality is not a solid foundation for a persuasive explanation of presidential impact
AND
, and anticipated voter reactions. Presidential sales pitches go only so far.

Winners win
Marshall and Prins 11, Bryan W., poli sci at Miami University, Ohio, Brandon C., poli sci at the University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force”, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3 (September) 2011

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in converting their political capital into real policy success.
AND
made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Decline doesn’t cause war
Morris Miller, Professor of Administration @ the University of Ottawa, ‘2K
(Interdisciplinary Science Review, v 25 n4 2000 p ingenta connect)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
AND
by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard BS  | Judge: Ryan Beiermeister

water securitization

The link between water wars securitization is wrong – dinar makes two key arguments

First, states already conceive of water as a critical security issue

Second, rhetoric does not change the amount of H20 in the ground or how much people need to drink

Yes read -- The alt is circular polemics – our scholarship is really good and good is good enough

Dinar 2

SAIS Review 22.2 (2002) 229-253

Water, Security, Conflict, and Cooperation

Shlomi Dinar is a Ph.D. candidate at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. He is concentrating in environment, negotiation, conflict, and cooperation. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Captain Jerome E. Levy. This paper benefited from the Anna Sobol Levy Fellowship, a fellowship supported by Captain Levy. The author would also like to thank Benjamin Miller, Emanuel Adler, and the editors of this journal for very constructive comments. This article was originally inspired from an essay that originally appeared in International Negotiation. Shlomi Dinar, "Negotiation and International Relations: A Framework for Hydropolitics," International Negotiation 5, no. 2 (2000).

Can some sort of compromise be sought in this ongoing debate? One issue often neglected in the traditional school of security studies is that, in addition to the study of war as a part of security, one must also consider the study of peace. While traditionalists and other critics have mounted a compelling attack on the expansion of the concept of security, the relevance of hydropolitics to conflict and cooperation and thus peace studies is clear. Therefore, the door should be open to a great variety of causal factors, theories, and explanations under the condition that they logically and empirically affect war, peace, and nonmilitary causes or means affecting national as well as regional and international security. 28 The water-security link is therefore valid so long as hydropolitics logically and empirically affects conflict and cooperation, which in turn affects national, regional, and international security. Therefore, water scarcity and hydropolitics should be considered part of the security field to the extent that freshwater issues affect the likelihood of violence, war, or peace. 29

There’s no impact to making knowledge claims if they’re backed up with the preponderance of evidence

central asia

Alt has no way to solve central Asian energy competition – blank says that’s why stability is key

Yes read 0-- We don’t demonize Russia – best analysis is through a realist lens specifically in central asia

Adomanis 11/22/11

http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2011/11/22/two-recent-examples-of-russia-as-a-non-ideological-power/2/http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2011/11/22/two-recent-examples-of-russia-as-a-non-ideological-power/2/

 A native Philadelphian and reluctant Washingtonian, I have been lucky enough to be educated first at Harvard and then at Oxford (though one should not judge those fine educational institutions for the inevitable typos in my posts) and received instruction from some of the finest teachers one could ask for. I've written for a number of student-run publications, blogged at True/Slant before its acquisition by Forbes, write a weekly column for INOSMI, and occasionally appear on RT.

 I’ve* long thought that this is all a lot of hogwash, and that if you look at the totality of post-2000 Russian foreign policy it is hard to ascertain any sort of consistency whatsoever beside a persistent and robust defense of Russia’s interests. Indeed compared to the increasingly shrill and incoherent ideology of American foreign policy, what strikes me about Russia’s foreign policy is the near-total absence of ideology and the overwhelming precedence of old-school realism.

Russia, of course, tends to polarize people and the battle lines on this particular issue, as on most others relating to the country, have long been drawn and have hardened and calcified over time in much the same way that the Western Front did in the First World War.

Well, while I was doing my quick early-morning scan of the headlines I happened upon two articles that, I think, show quite nicely how Russia’s foreign policy is a highly flexible, adaptable, and decidedly non-ideological one.

The first is from the Associated Press:

    In a boost to Israel, Russia joined the U.S. and Britain on Tuesday in backing the Jewish state’s view that the Middle East cannot be turned into a nuclear arms-free zone without progress on regional peace.

    The three nations — who are charged with registering new members to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty — also blunted Arab efforts to get them involved creating such a zone, telling an International Atomic Energy Agency meeting that was the sole responsibility of countries in the region.

    The three-nation statement was made at a rare venue — a meeting bringing Israel and the Arab states together for a discussion of how to work toward establishing a Mideast nuclear-arms free zone. While nearly 100 nations attended the forum, it was primarily meant to allow those two opposing camps to exchange views on the issue — one of many dividing Israel from its Arab neighbors.

This certainly doesn’t mean that Russia has suddenly become vehemently pro-Israel, but it also pretty clearly shows that it has no real stake in being deliberately “pro-Arab” either. Unlike the US, which has a public commitment to keeping Israel more militarily powerful than any other country in the region and which has expended endless diplomatic resources to defend its conduct, Russia will back either the Israelis or the Arabs depending on where its interests lie on a particular issue. Indeed, Russia reiterated it’s longstanding opposition to Israeli settlements in Jerusalem just last week but has, in the not too distant past, signed a military cooperation deal and bought $400 million worth of UAVs. Russia’s policy is a lot of things, but it’s obviously not straightforward (just try to keep track of its constant back-and-forth over Iran) and it’s not based on a particular “pro-autocracy” ideology.

The other example comes from Tajikistan, where a Russian and Estonian pilot were released after Moscow exerted extraordinarily heavy, and brash, diplomatic  pressure:

    A Tajik court has freed a Russian and an Estonian pilots whose jailing this month led to a major row with Moscow. Russia’s Vladimir Sadovnichy and Alexei Rudenko from Estonia were jailed for eight-and-a-half years for smuggling and illegally crossing the border.  But the men, who both denied the charges, have now been released at the request of the prosecutor and following heavy pressure from the Kremlin.

    Many Tajik migrants were rounded up in Moscow after the initial guilty ruling.

    And in another, apparently tit-for-tat, move, Russia’s chief medical officer last week expressed concern about whether ethnic Tajik workers in Russia were carrying the HIV virus that causes Aids. Migrant work in Russia is a vital source of income for many nationals from Tajikistan, the poorest former Soviet Republic.

As another news report indicated:  ”About 1 million Tajik nationals — nearly every seventh Tajik citizen — are engaged in seasonal jobs in Russia, and the remittances they send back to their impoverished homeland contribute greatly to Tajikistan’s economy.”

I would note that Tajikistan is part of Russia’s “near-abroad” and that it is (to put things mildly) neither democratic nor pro-Western. Yet here we can clearly see that Russia, which places a very heavy rhetorical and practical emphasis on “protecting its citizens,” played a pretty vicious game of hardball. I’m not defending Russia’ conduct in this instance, I think it’s pretty clearly unethical to punish random Tajik migrant workers for the actions of their unelected and unaccountable government, merely pointing out that Russia acts irascibly to defend its interests independent of whether a country is democratic or not.

This might all seem rather basic and even self-evident, but one does not need to search very far to find examples of prominent journalists and analysts arguing that Russia’s rather brusque treatment of the Baltics and Georgia is evidence of the Kremlin’s hateful ideological predisposition against democracy. Well judging by the extremely harsh treatment of Tajikistan over what is, in the grand scheme of things, a rather minor diplomatic disagreement, I don’t think that analysis stands up to any scrutiny.

 One can (accurately, I think) argue that Russia’s foreign policy is somewhat overbearing, uncompromising, and overly harsh, but it seems impossible to find any consistent ideological motivation. Compared to the insane and insistent ideology that emanated from the Soviet Union until the very end, this is something for which we can be thankful.

* I am hardly alone in this belief and am not arguing that I am. Daniel Larison, among many other writers more talented and erudite than me, has long persuasively argued that Russia’s foreign policy is best understood through a realist lens.

at: psyche lashout

PERM: REFUSE INSTITUTIONAL TINKERING IN FAVOR OF REINVESTING DECISION-MAKING WITH CARE

Yes read Even if they’re right about drives, the repression-lashout link has been disproven

Havi Carel 6, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of the West of England, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger”, googlebooks

Secondly, the constancy principle on which these ideas are based is incompatible with observational data. Once the passive model of the nervous system has been discarded, there was no need for external excitation in order for discharge to take place, and more generally, "the behavioural picture seemed to negate the notion of drive, as a separate energizer of behaviour" {Hcbb. 1982. p.35). According to Holt, the nervous system is not passive; it does not take in and conduct out energy from the environment, and it shows no tendency to discharge its impulses. 'The principle of constancy is quite without any biological basis" (1965, p. 109). He goes on to present the difficulties that arise from the pleasure principle as linked to a tension-reduction theory. The notion of tension is "conveniently ambiguous": it has phenomenological, physiological and abstract meaning. But empirical evidence against the theory of tension reduction has been "mounting steadily" and any further attempts to link pleasure with a reduction of physiological tension are "decisively refuted" (1965, pp. 1102). Additionally, the organism and the mental system are no longer considered closed systems. So the main arguments for the economic view collapse, as does the entropic argument for the death drive (1965, p. 114). A final, more general criticism of Freud's economic theory is sounded by Compton, who argues, "Freud fills in psychological discontinuities with neurological hypotheses" (1981, p. 195). The Nirvana principle is part and parcel of the economic view and the incomplete and erroneous assumptions about the nervous system (Hobson, 1988, p.277). It is an extension ad extremis of the pleasure principle, and as such is vulnerable to all the above criticisms. The overall contemporary view provides strong support for discarding the Nirvana principle and reconstructing the death drive as aggression.

at: psychoanalysis

Yes read -- Psychoanalysis can’t explain international politics

Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ‘10

(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 182 – 185, Figure 1.5 included)

Can we bring some order to this host of criticisms? It is remarkable that, for all the criticisms of Žižek’s political Romanticism, no one has argued that the ultra- extremism of Žižek’s political position might reflect his untenable attempt to shape his model for political action on the curative final moment in clinical psychoanalysis. The differences between these two realms, listed in Figure 5.1, are nearly too many and too great to restate – which has perhaps caused the theoretical oversight. The key thing is this. Lacan’s notion of traversing the fantasy involves the radical transformation of people’s subjective structure: a refounding of their most elementary beliefs about themselves, the world, and sexual difference. This is undertaken in the security of the clinic, on the basis of the analysands’ voluntary desire to overcome their inhibitions, symptoms and anxieties.

As a clinical and existential process, it has its own independent importance and authenticity. The analysands, in transforming their subjective world, change the way they regard the objective, shared social reality outside the clinic. But they do not transform the world. The political relevance of the clinic can only be (a) as a supporting moment in ideology critique or (b) as a fully- fl edged model of politics, provided that the political subject and its social object are ultimately identical. Option (b), Žižek’s option, rests on the idea, not only of a subject who becomes who he is only through his (mis) recognition of the objective sociopolitical order, but whose ‘traversal of the fantasy’ is immediately identical with his transformation of the socio- political system or Other. Hence, according to Žižek, we can analyse the institutional embodiments of this Other using psychoanalytic categories. In Chapter 4, we saw Žižek’s resulting elision of the distinction between the (subjective) Ego Ideal and the (objective) Symbolic Order. This leads him to analyse our entire culture as a single subject–object, whose perverse (or perhaps even psychotic) structure is expressed in every manifestation of contemporary life. Žižek’s decisive political- theoretic errors, one substantive and the other methodological, are different (see Figure 5.1)

The substantive problem is to equate any political change worth the name with the total change of the subject–object that is, today, global capitalism. This is a type of change that can only mean equating politics with violent regime change, and ultimately embracing dictatorial government, as Žižek now frankly avows (IDLC 412–19). We have seen that the ultra- political form of Žižek’s criticism of everyone else, the theoretical Left and the wider politics, is that no one is sufficiently radical for him – even, we will discover, Chairman Mao. We now see that this is because Žižek’s model of politics proper is modelled on a pre- critical analogy with the total transformation of a subject’s entire subjective structure, at the end of the talking cure. For what could the concrete consequences of this governing analogy be?

We have seen that Žižek equates the individual fantasy with the collective identity of an entire people. The social fantasy, he says, structures the regime’s ‘inherent transgressions’: at once subjects’ habitual ways of living the letter of the law, and the regime’s myths of origin and of identity. If political action is modelled on the Lacanian cure, it must involve the complete ‘traversal’ – in Hegel’s terms, the abstract versus the determinate negation – of all these lived myths, practices and habits. Politics must involve the periodic founding of

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entire new subject–objects. Providing the model for this set of ideas, the fi rst Žižekian political subject was Schelling’s divided God, who gave birth to the entire Symbolic Order before the beginning of time (IDLC 153; OB 144–8).

But can the political theorist reasonably hope or expect that subjects will simply give up on all their inherited ways, myths and beliefs, all in one world- creating moment? And can they be legitimately asked or expected to, on the basis of a set of ideals whose legitimacy they will only retrospectively see, after they have acceded to the Great Leap Forward? And if they do not – for Žižek laments that today subjects are politically disengaged in unprecedented ways – what means can the theorist and his allies use to move them to do so?

No empirical basis for applying psychology to state action

Epstein, senior lecturer in government and IR – University of Sydney, ‘10

(Charlotte, “Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics,” European Journal of International Relations XX(X) 1–24)

One key advantage of the Wendtian move, granted even by his critics (see Flockhart, 2006), is that it simply does away with the level-of-analysis problem altogether. If states really are persons, then we can apply everything we know about people to understand how they behave. The study of individual identity is not only theoretically justified but it is warranted. This cohesive self borrowed from social psychology is what allows Wendt to bridge the different levels of analysis and travel between the self of the individual and that of the state, by way of a third term, ‘group self’, which is simply an aggregate of individual selves. Thus for Wendt (1999: 225) ‘the state is simply a “group Self” capable of group level cognition’. Yet that the individual possesses a self does not logically entail that the state possesses one too. It is in this leap, from the individual to the state, that IR’s fallacy of composition surfaces most clearly.

Moving beyond Wendt but maintaining the psychological self as the basis for theorizing the state

Wendt’s bold ontological claim is far from having attracted unanimous support (see nota­bly, Flockhart, 2006; Jackson, 2004; Neumann, 2004; Schiff, 2008; Wight, 2004). One line of critique of the states-as-persons thesis has taken shape around the resort to psy­chological theories, specifically, around the respective merits of Identity Theory (Wendt) and SIT (Flockhart, 2006; Greenhill, 2008; Mercer, 2005) for understanding state behav­iour.9 Importantly for my argument, that the state has a self, and that this self is pre-social, remains unquestioned in this further entrenching of the psychological turn. Instead questions have revolved around how this pre-social self (Wendt’s ‘Ego’) behaves once it encounters the other (Alter): whether, at that point (and not before), it takes on roles prescribed by pre-existing cultures (whether Hobbessian, Lockean or Kantian) or whether instead other, less culturally specific, dynamics rooted in more universally human char­acteristics better explain state interactions. SIT in particular emphasizes the individual’s basic need to belong, and it highlights the dynamics of in-/out-group categorizations as a key determinant of behaviour (Billig, 2004). SIT seems to have attracted increasing interest from IR scholars, interestingly, for both critiquing (Greenhill, 2008; Mercer, 1995) and rescuing constructivism (Flockhart, 2006).

For Trine Flockart (2006: 89–91), SIT can provide constructivism with a different basis for developing a theory of agency that steers clear of the states-as-persons thesis while filling an important gap in the socialization literature, which has tended to focus on norms rather than the actors adopting them. She shows that a state’s adherence to a new norm is best understood as the act of joining a group that shares a set of norms and val­ues, for example the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). What SIT draws out are the benefits that accrue to the actor from belonging to a group, namely increased self-esteem and a clear cognitive map for categorizing other states as ‘in-’ or ‘out-group’ members and, from there, for orientating states’ self–other relationships.

Whilst coming at it from a stance explicitly critical of constructivism, for Jonathan Mercer (2005: 1995) the use of psychology remains key to correcting the systematic evacuation of the role of emotion and other ‘non-rational’ phenomena in rational choice and behaviourist analyses, which has significantly impaired the understanding of inter­national politics. SIT serves to draw out the emotional component of some of the key drivers of international politics, such as trust, reputation and even choice (Mercer, 2005: 90–95; see also Mercer, 1995). Brian Greenhill (2008) for his part uses SIT amongst a broader array of psychological theories to analyse the phenomenon of self–other recog­nition and, from there, to take issue with the late Wendtian assumption that mutual recognition can provide an adequate basis for the formation of a collective identity amongst states.

The main problem with this psychological turn is the very utilitarian, almost mecha­nistic, approach to non-rational phenomena it proposes, which tends to evacuate the role of meaning. In other words, it further shores up the pre-social dimension of the concept of self that is at issue here. Indeed norms (Flockhart, 2006), emotions (Mercer, 2005) and recognition (Greenhill, 2008) are hardly appraised as symbolic phenomena. In fact, in the dynamics of in- versus out-group categorization emphasized by SIT, language counts for very little. Significantly, in the design of the original experiments upon which this approach was founded (Tajfel, 1978), whether two group members communicate at all, let alone share the same language, is non-pertinent. It is enough that two individuals should know (say because they have been told so in their respec­tive languages for the purposes of the experiment) that they belong to the same group for them to favour one another over a third individual. The primary determinant of individual behaviour thus emphasized is a pre-verbal, primordial desire to belong, which seems closer to pack animal behaviour than to anything distinctly human. What the group stands for, what specific set of meanings and values binds it together, is unimportant. What matters primarily is that the group is valued positively, since posi­tive valuation is what returns accrued self-esteem to the individual. In IR Jonathan Mercer’s (2005) account of the relationship between identity, emotion and behaviour reads more like a series of buttons mechanically pushed in a sequence of the sort: posi­tive identification produces emotion (such as trust), which in turn generates specific patterns of in-/out-group discrimination.

Similarly, Trine Flockhart (2006: 96) approaches the socializee’s ‘desire to belong’ in terms of the psychological (and ultimately social) benefits and the feel-good factor that accrues from increased self-esteem. At the far opposite of Lacan, the concept of desire here is reduced to a Benthamite type of pleasure- or utility-maximization where mean­ing is nowhere to be seen. More telling still is the need to downplay the role of the Other in justifying her initial resort to SIT. For Flockhart (2006: 94), in a post-Cold War con­text, ‘identities cannot be constructed purely in relation to the “Other”’. Perhaps so; but not if what ‘the other’ refers to is the generic, dynamic scheme undergirding the very concept of identity. At issue here is the confusion between the reference to a specific other, for which Lacan coined the concept of le petit autre, and the reference to l’Autre, or Other, which is that symbolic instance that is essential to the making of all selves. As such it is not clear what meaning Flockhart’s (2006: 94) capitalization of the ‘Other’ actually holds.

The individual self as a proxy for the state’s self

Another way in which the concept of self has been centrally involved in circumventing the level-of-analysis problem in IR has been to treat the self of the individual as a proxy for the self of the state. The literature on norms in particular has highlighted the role of individuals in orchestrating norm shifts, in both the positions of socializer (norm entre­preneurs) and socializee. It has shown for example how some state leaders are more sus­ceptible than others to concerns about reputation and legitimacy and thus more amenable to being convinced of the need to adopt a new norm, of human rights or democratization, for example (Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998; Keck and Sikkink, 1998; Risse, 2001). It is these specific psychological qualities pertaining to their selves (for example, those of Gorbachev; Risse, 2001) that ultimately enable the norm shift to occur. Once again the individual self ultimately remains the basis for explaining the change in state behaviour.

To summarize the points made so far, whether the state is literally considered as a person by ontological overreach, whether so only by analogy, or whether the person stands as a proxy for the state, the ‘self’ of that person has been consistently taken as the reference point for studying state identities. Both in Wendt’s states-as-persons thesis, and in the broader psychological turn within constructivism and beyond, the debate has con­sistently revolved around the need to evaluate which of the essentialist assumptions about human nature are the most useful for explaining state behaviour. It has never ques­tioned the validity of starting from these assumptions in the first place. That is, what is left unexamined is this assumption is that what works for individuals will work for states too. This is IR’s central fallacy of composition, by which it has persistently eschewed rather than resolved the level-of-analysis problem. Indeed, in the absence of a clear dem­onstration of a logical identity (of the type A=A) between states and individuals, the assumption that individual interactions will explain what states do rests on little more than a leap of faith, or indeed an analogy.

YES READ ABOVE

at: enviro impact

The status quo is structurally improving

Indur Goklany 10, policy analyst for the Department of the Interior – phd from MSU, “Population, Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Human Well-Being in the Age of Industrialization (Part III — Have Higher US Population, Consumption, and Newer Technologies Reduced Well-Being?)”, April 24, http:~/~/www.masterresource.org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#more-9194

In my previous post I showed that, …, despite pretensions to a holistic worldview.

cap good

Capitalism solves war

Gartzke 7 (Eric, associate professor of political science and a member of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, “The Capitalist Peace”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, January 2007, Pp. 166–191)

If war is a product of incompatible interests …the dyadic observation of the democratic peace.

sustainability

The system’s sustainable

Kaletsky ’10

(Anatole, Masters in Economics from Harvard, Honour-Degree Graduate at King’s College and Cambrdige, editor-at-large of The Times of London, founding partner and chief economist of GaveKal Capital, He is on the governing board of the New York– based Institute for New Economic Theory (INET), a nonprofit created after the 2007– 2009 crisis to promote and finance academic research in economics outside the orthodoxy of “efficient markets.” From 1976 to 1990, Kaletsky was New York bureau chief and Washington correspondent of the Financial Times and a business writer on The Economist,

The world did not end. Despite all the …of 1803– 15. Hence the title of this book.

hager

Nuclear technocracy’s key to solve

Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/‘11

(Ted and Michael, http:~/~/thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta)

Tenth, we are going to have to get over …in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

Their impact is wrong – debate over even the most technical issues improves decision-making and advocacy

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92

(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

What is the role of the citizen in the modern …"-is an important outcome of grassroots action.

chernus

The alt fails

Stuart Z. Charne, Rutgers, December 1991, “Book Reviews,” Review of Religious Research, v. 33, no. 2, p. jstor

This book demonstrates … relating to nuclear arms.

heidegger alt

The alt is violent, causes passivity, and makes exploitation worse

Graham ‘99

(Phil, Graduate School of Management, University of Queensland, Heidegger’s Hippies: A dissenting voice on the “problem of the subject” in cyberspace, Identities in Action! 1999, http:~/~/www.philgraham.net/HH_pdf)

Societies should get worried when …” and ontology are the least of all worries.

threat con

No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars

Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9

(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434)

Even when hostile narratives, … chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

at: death drive

The death drive’s a useless label

Havi Carel 6, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of the West of England, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger”, googlebooks

Freud introduces the death drive in …? If so, why do they keep collapsing into one another?

Their account of violence is super reductive and can’t be solved

Havi Carel 6, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of the West of England, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger”, googlebooks

The notion of the death drive is on the … are justified in their criticism.

at: ontology

Ontology is silly and irrelevant to resolution of the political

Gathman 9

http:~/~/limitedinc.blogspot.com/2009/10/html

Professional editor, translator, publishes pieces in salon.com and Austin Chronicle

IT – and I will interrupt the … There's nothing more political than this.

heg good

Best studies validate hegemonic stability theory

Owen ‘11

John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at … and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Also read pinker and a util card. 

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory PS  | Judge: McCarty

fiscal cliff

No impact to sequestration

Gordon Adams 10-17, Professor of International Relations at the School of International Service, American University and a Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, From 1993-97 he was the senior White House budget official for national security, “The Fiscal Slide”, http:~/~/www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/17/the_fiscal_slide?page=com/articles/2012/10/17/the_fiscal_slide?page=full

But does this mean the end of our national … defense growth, our national security might just be as safe as it ever was.

The impact is tiny

CBO 11/8/12

Congressional Budget Office, non-partisan budget officials,  ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POLICIES CONTRIBUTING TO FISCAL TIGHTENING IN 2013, http:~/~/www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/11-08-12-pdf(%%), AM

Substantial changes to tax and spending … rate of use of labor and capital) and shrinking the unemployment rate to 5.5 percent by 2018.

Europe

Lokey 11/7/12

Colin, President of Classmate Inc I have a bachelor's degree in Political Science from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and am currently working on a Master's Degree in Business Administration at East Tennessee State University in Johnson City, TN. I have also taken graduate level courses in both Political Science (U.T.) and Public Administration (ETSU). I have been investing and trading for 11 years and have extensive experience trading stocks, bonds, and options, “U.S. Election Not As Important For Stocks As Eurozone Crisis,” http:~/~/seekingalpha.com/article/986521-com/article/986521-u-s-election-not-as-important-for-stocks-as-eurozone-crisis(%%), AM

On Wednesday, Mario Draghi picked up on something important. The …) (QQQ) until there are signs of real structural improvement across the Atlantic.

Dod shields

Annie Snider 12, EandE reporter, “Pentagon still can't define 'energy security,' much less achieve it”, January 16, http:~/~/www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/16/1url:http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/16/1

While such clashes have commanded … security and peak oil can find common cause.

No grand bargain and PC’s not key

Matthew Yglesias, 11/9/12, Boehner Is Bluffing, www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2012/11/boehner_and_the_fiscal_cliff_the_house_speaker_is_bluffing_about_the_bush.html

Remember the famous scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark when Indiana …, and pass the Obama middle-class tax cuts in January.

Congress will kick the can

Schiff, president and chief global strategist of Euro Pacific Capital, 11/10/2011

(Peter, “Going Over The Fiscal Cliff Isn't The Problem, It's The Solution,” http://www.businessinsider.com/extend-and-pretend-2012-11)

If you recall, the cliff was created by a deal last … it that much harder to actually go over it.

Numerous issues come up before the cliff

Geewax, 11/7

(NPR Correspondent, After Election, Congress Turns To 'Fiscal Cliff,' Other Money Issues

http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/164474557/after-election-congress-turns-to-fiscal-cliff-other-money-issues

Still, they must try to get something done. …to all of the other fiscal-cliff elements.

No pol cap and it fails

Fournier, 11/6

(Columnist-National Journal, Obama wins victory, but mandate is a different story http://www.govexec.com/management/2012/11/obama-wins-victory-mandate-different-story/59329/

Barack Obama won a second term but no mandate. …, strategist for Howard Dean’s 2004 presidential campaign.

Obama, Boehner, and McConnell like the plan

NEI 11, Nuclear Energy Institute, “New Congress Offers New Opportunities”, January, http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insightjanuary2011/new-congress-offers-new-opportunities

Nuclear energy will be one issue that could lead to …, nuclear energy must be one of the foundation elements in that policy.”

Presidential leadership’s irrelevant

Jacobs and King 10, University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond, “Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama Presidency,”  Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802) 

 But personality is not a solid foundation for a persuasive … voter reactions. Presidential sales pitches go only so far.

Winners win

Marshall and Prins 11, Bryan W., poli sci at Miami University, Ohio, Brandon C., poli sci at the University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force”, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3 (September) 2011

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in … managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002).

sequester

It’s irrelevant

Thompson 12

Mark, What Defense Cuts?, Pulitzer Prize-winner Mark Thompson has covered national security in Washington since 1979, and for Time since 1994.

http://nation.time.com/2012/07/20/what-defense-cuts/

The fear-mongering about impending defense cuts is becoming deafening. Yet even if sequestration happens in January, the Congressional Budget Office says the Pentagon will still be spending as much as it did in 2006. While the cuts may be crude – that is how Congress wrote the law imposing it – they are not draconian. Here’s a new and interesting CBO chart. All the sturm und drang is about the flat budget lines in the “FYDP Period” on the chart – Pentagon spending over the next five years. Only by turning your level upside down and standing on your head can you call those flat lines “cuts” in the normal taxpayer sense of the word. But what’s really, ahem, priceless is another CBO chart. It tracks the Pentagon’s current plans without sequestration, which would lop about $600 billion from the U.S. military’s bottom line over the coming decade. The Pentagon has been insisting for months that sequestration must be avoided because the military has already pared $487 billion from its 10-year spending plan. We’ve already cut so deeply, senior defense officials plead. Cutting more will endanger the nation’s security. Those cuts have been called “huge” by lawmakers who should know better. Here’s the CBO’s estimate from this chart of just how much the Pentagon’s procurement account will be cut from 2013 to 2017 under its current plans:

1ar – no impact

It’s super slow

Stone 12

Chad, Misguided “Fiscal Cliff” Fears Pose Challenges to Productive Budget Negotiations, Chief Economist at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, where he specializes in the economic analysis of budget and policy issues. He was the acting executive director of the Joint Economic Committee of the Congress in 2007 and before that staff director and chief economist for the Democratic staff of the committee from 2002 to 2006. He was chief economist for the Senate Budget Committee in 2001-02 and a senior economist and then chief economist at the President’s Council of Economic Advisers from 1996 to 2001. http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=3788

The economy will not immediately fall off a cliff into recession the first … for low- and moderate-income people while failing to raise any revenue.11

at: market freakout

No impact to markets

Indiviglio, staff editor – credit markets, regulation, fiscal policy @ the Atlantic, 7/26/’10

(http:~/~/www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/07/does-uncertainty-matter/60445/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/07/does-uncertainty-matter/60445/)

Since the recovery began last year, economists and pundits have been … because of the recession's unique properties, such as the housing collapse and financial meltdown. It is too early in the recovery to tell, he says.

at: jobs

Private sector fills in

Forbes ‘12

“Fiscal Cliff: Fact or Fiction?,” http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/sherylnancenash/2012/06/22/fiscal-cliff-fact-or-fiction/2/http://www.forbes.com/sites/sherylnancenash/2012/06/22/fiscal-cliff-fact-or-fiction/2/(%%), AM* He= Jeff Layman, principal and chief investment advisor at BKD Wealth Advisors,

Furthermore, simply subtracting the ...the negative impact to the economy as well,” he predicts.

1ar europe

Triggers perception

Trumbull 11/7/12

Mark, staff writer at CSM, “As 'fiscal cliff' looms, stock markets shudder at economic 'uncertainty',” http:~/~/www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/2012/1107/com/USA/Elections/2012/1107/As-fiscal-cliff-looms-stock-markets-shudder-at-economic-uncertainty(%%), AM

Wednesday’s stock market … spoke of economic weakness in the wider euro zone.

1AR Deal Inevitable

Their card’s just a quote from Reid—ours is consensus

Chaitrong, writer for the Nation (Thailand), 11/10/2012

(Wichit, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Deadlock-in-US-would-hit-Asia-hard-30194039.html)

While it is possible that the … sort of postponement of the fiscal cliff," Ferrarone said.

NOTE: Ferrarone = Chris Ferrarone, global equity strategist for UBS Investment Research

It’ll be a last minute compromise—PC isn’t key

Carmichael, 11/8

(Columnist-Globe and Mail, Why the U.S. won’t topple over the fiscal cliff, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/why-the-us-wont-careen-over-the-fiscal-cliff/article5077282/)

America’s fast-approaching fiscal cliff is terrifying, to be … can be found to avoid that fatal plunge.

And insiders

Rowland, writer for the Boston Globe, 11/9/2012

(Christopher, “Obama, Boehner outline competing plans for fiscal cliff,” http://bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2012/11/09/president-obama-and-john-boehner-outline-competing-plans-for-fiscal-cliff-remain-odds-tax-cuts-for-wealthy/0f2bvrOPCtH96csjT5pWcL/story.html)

Most scenarios circulating in … specifically how he proposes handling the sequester.

It’s inevitable

Neibauer, 11/7

(Washington Business Journal-Staff Reporter, Attention turns to sequestration in lame duck, http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/fedbiz_daily/2012/11/attention-turns-to-sequestration-in.html)

“The fiscal cliff is such a … 5 percent of our GDP in the ’13 calendar year, and that’s something that nobody wants. There’s some incentive to sit down.”

1AR Pounders

Reuters card is factually wrong—other issues now, like Sandy

Clark, 11/6

(Columnist-GovExec.com, “Obama’s victory gives management reformers breathing room,” http://www.govexec.com/management/2012/11/obamas-victory-gives-management-reformers-breathing-room/59326/?oref=skybox

A select set of members of Congress … the bipartisan task of taming trillion-dollar deficits.

Petraeus and Benghazi scandal

Jonathan Tobin, Commentary, 11/9/12, Will it Take an Affair to Get the Media Interested in Benghazi?, www.commentarymagazine.com/2012/11/09/will-it-take-an-affair-to-get-the-media-interested-in-benghazi-petraeus-resignation/

But the avalanche of press coverage that Petraeus … story with far reaching implications for American security.

PTC

Bill Opalka, Renewablesbiz, 11/8/12, Renewables survive the election cycle, www.renewablesbiz.com/article/12/11/renewables-survive-election-cycle

While Tuesday’s election didn’t change the … weeks, as the wind industry faces imminent collapse, the panel said.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory PS  | Judge: McCarty 

india

Export market’s already hugely competitive

Jeffrey Hays 12, founder of Facts and Details, freelance journalist and teacher in Japan, “nuclear business and reactor production in japan”, April, http:~/~/factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=2307andcatid=23andsubcatid=152url:http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=2307andcatid=23andsubcatid=152

The New York Times reported: Makers of … competing with Japan to win orders.

Over nuclear expansion inev

Westenhaus 9/30/12

Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again,” http:~/~/oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/html, AM

The U.S. is not alone.  New nuclear plants are coming in Asia and even in Europe.  Nuclear generating capacity is projected to grow 38% in the next eight years.  These kinds of numbers wake up the uranium commodities speculators – even while the market is in the doldrums.

India nuclear industry collapsing

MV Ramana, Daily Mercury, 10/16/12, India’s nuclear power failures warn against uranium exports, www.dailymercury.com.au/news/indias-nuclear-power-failures-warn-against-uranium/1584030/

First, despite all the hoopla about …. a major source of electricity in India.

Regulatory barriers block India exports

IDSA, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, Nov 2010, IDSA Task Force Report: Development of Nuclear Energy Sector in India, http://bit.ly/RpF1TY

The existing 1962 enactment, as it should …. The next section will deal with that.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory PS  | Judge: McCarty

neolib

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Nuclear technocracy’s key to solve

Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/‘11

(Ted and Michael, http:~/~/thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta)

Tenth, we are going to have to get over our suspicion of … past in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

Case outweighs – neoliberalism now, no great power war

The status quo is structurally improving

Indur Goklany 10, policy analyst for the Department of the Interior – phd from MSU, “Population, Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Human Well-Being in the Age of Industrialization (Part III — Have Higher US Population, Consumption, and Newer Technologies Reduced Well-Being?)”, April 24, http:~/~/www.masterresource.org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#more-9194

In my previous post I showed that, notwithstanding …, despite pretensions to a holistic worldview.

Perm do both

The system’s sustainable, the alt fails

Kaletsky ’10

(Anatole, Masters in Economics from Harvard, Honour-Degree Graduate at King’s College and Cambrdige, editor-at-large of The Times of London, founding partner and chief economist of GaveKal Capital, He is on the governing board of the New York– based Institute for New Economic Theory (INET), a nonprofit created after the 2007– 2009 crisis to promote and finance academic research in economics outside the orthodoxy of “efficient markets.” From 1976 to 1990, Kaletsky was New York bureau chief and Washington correspondent of the Financial Times and a business writer on The Economist,

The world did not end. Despite all the forebodings of …. Hence the title of this book.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory PS  | Judge: McCarty

off the bases cp

Alt financing doesn’t impact the location of the SMR

Stoel Rives LLP, 3/14/12,  FAQ on Army's $7 Billion Draft RFP for Renewable Energy, www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=9270url:http://www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=9270

Q6: Where can a project be located?

A6: Projects may be located on "any federal property located within the Continental United States including Alaska, Hawaii, territories, provinces or other property under the control of the United States Government" for the period of the contract, or "on any properties available for use by the developer that are in the proximity of the . . . federal property" to which the electricity will be delivered. Although this response sounds like "anywhere," individual facility Task Orders may set out specific site requirements and Government-specific facility requirements that could impact the facility's location.

Obtain means acquire

SCOTUS 3, Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc. - 537 U.S. 393 (2003), http:~/~/supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/537/393/html

(a) Petitioners did not commit extortion within the Hobbs … expansion of the law's coverage must come from Congress, not from the courts. pp.400-409.

For is for the purposes or needs of – that’s dictionary.com

“suiting the purposes or needs of: medicine for the aged.”

Perm—do the plan unconditionally, and include CPs condition in the procurement contract

Specifications get written into contracts

King 11

Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

A principal advantage of DoD ownership or … there is little advantage to DoD ownership or operation.

And no public backlash

King 11

Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf

Recent surveys show that American public opinion … small reactor program for fiscal year 2011.

Uniqueness disproves the link—Military engagement overcomes opposition, checks spillover to other issues—neg author

Amanda Boccuti, GIS Support Analyst, Marstel-Day, LLC, Lauren Faul, Strategic Communications Analyst, Marstel-Day, LLC , Lauren Gray, Environmental Issues Researcher, Marstel-Day, LLC., 5/21/12, Establishing Creative Strategies for Effective Engagement Between Military Installations and Communities, engagingcities.com/article/establishing-creative-strategies-effective-engagement-between-military-installations-communi

Marstel-Day, LLC, a woman-owned, … and communities can help resolve many of the issues that seem at first irresolvable.

No spillover to cooperative partnerships—they are inevitable

Fred Powledge, 2008, Beyond the Fenceline Partnerships with Surrounding Communities, http://www.dodbiodiversity.org/ch10/Chapter.10.Partnerships.pp144-153.pdf

Cooperative partnerships have grown in … between military land man- agers and Indian tribes. (For a document concerning environmental decision mak- ing with Indian tribes, see http://www. epa.gov/Compliance/resources/publications/ ej/ips_consultation_guide.pdf)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
plan

The United States Federal Government should reduce greenhouse gas new source performance standards for coal fired energy generation units, clarifying that the Environmental Protection Agency lacks the authority to implement these standards under the Clean Air Act. 

adv 1

GHG NSPS rule prohibits new coal production—kills the industry
Peter Glaser, Troutman Sanders, LLP, 5/31/12, ADMINISTRATION ENERGY POLICIES, Congressional Testimony, Lexis

EPA's proposed …….of law and regulation.

Crushes electricity reliability—causes cascading blackouts
Scott Segal, Electricity Reliability Coordinating Council Director, 6/25/12, ERCC Comments Submitted to EPA on the New Source Performance Standards for Power Plant Carbon Emissions, www.electricreliability.org/ercc-comments-submitted-epa-new-source-performance-standards-power-plant-carbon-emissions

Given the regulatory ….moving forward with the proposed rule.

Grid impact d is wrong—cascading blackouts likely
Peter Glaser, Troutman Sanders, LLP, 5/31/12, ADMINISTRATION ENERGY POLICIES, Congressional Testimony, Lexis

Impacts of the EPA …Yet this study was never done.

Extinction
Marlo Lewis, Senior Fellow Competitive Enterprise Institute, 6/25/2008, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, http://cei.org/cei_files/fm/active/0/Statement%2520of%2520Marlo%2520Lewis.pdf

Notice what they leave out. The report …..governments are cheating.21

NSPS collapses the economy and competitiveness
Bernard L. Weinstein, Ph.D. associate director of the Maguire Energy Institute and an adjunct professor of business economics in the Cox School of Business at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, September 2011, Proposed EPA Power-Sector Air Rules: Weakening Economic Recovery and Putting America’s Most Competitive Manufacturing Industries at Risk, http://pressdocs.cox.smu.edu/maguire/SMU_Utility_MACT_Report.pdf

The causes of America’s economic …..during a time of serious economic stress.

Studies prove energy costs are key
Margo Thorning, Ph.D., Senior Vice President and Chief Economist American Council for Capital Formation, 2/9/11, The Impact of EPA Regulation of GHGs under the Clean Air Act on U.S. Investment and Job Growth, http://accf.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/House-Energy-Commerce-Testimony-292011-FINAL.pdf

While it is true that a certain …….adjust to higher production and energy costs.

U.S key to the global economy
Caploe 9 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of ……. to be solved there too.

Extinction
Kemp 10
Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Competitiveness decline triggers great power wars
Baru 9 (Sanjaya, Visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 – 168)

The management of the economy, and of the treasury, has been a vital
AND
victory has always gone to the side with the greatest material resources.’7

Our theory of economics is true
Edward Alden 2-4, senior fellow at CFR, “Why Manufacturing Really Matters: Gary Pisano and Willy Shih on Innovation”, http://blogs.cfr.org/renewing-america/2013/02/04/why-manufacturing-really-matters-gary-pisano-and-willy-shih-on-innovation/

If there is any consensus in the debate …..which will in turn spin off new job opportunities.

Coal’s key to cloud computing
PennEnergy, 4/23/12, Cloud computing relying on coal-fired generation, www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2012/04/cloud-computing-relying.html

A recent report released by …… generally managed on a state level . 

That’s key to sustain the internet
Mark Mills, senior fellow of the Manhattan Institute, 5/31/11, Opportunity In The Internet's Voracious Energy Appetite: The Cloud Begins with Coal (and fracking), www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2011/05/31/opportunity-in-the-internets-voracious-energy-appetite-the-cloud-begins-with-coal-and-fracking/

High-tech products require ….. dig more coal, frack more shale….  

Extinction
Eagleman 10
David Eagleman is a  neuroscientist at Baylor College of Medicine, where he directs the Laboratory for Perception and Action and the Initiative on Neuroscience and Law and author of Sum (Canongate). Nov. 9, 2010, “ Six ways the internet will save civilization,”
http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/12/start/apocalypse-no

Many great civilisations have fallen, leaving nothing but cracked ruins and scattered genetics.
AND
to suggest that the net may just be the technology that saves us. 

adv 2

US courts should strike down the coal NSPS rule—precedent key to prevent fossil fuel regulatory death and EPA carbon caps
Marlo Lewis, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Energy and Environmental Policy Senior Fellow, 11/14/12, Why You Should Care That Courts Overturn EPA's Carbon Pollution Standard, www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/11/14/why-you-should-care-that-courts-overturn-epas-carbon-pollution-standard/print/

The 2012 elections ensure that …..energy options until a future Congress reins in the agency.

Coal NSPS establishes a precedent that leads to broader GHG regulation—destroys range of industries
Chamber of Commerce et al, 6/25/12, Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for New Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units, Docket ID No. EPA –HQ–OAR–2011–0660; FRL– 9654–7, 77 Fed. Reg. 22,392 (April 13, 2012), The National Association of Manufacturers, the American Chemistry Council, American Forest and Paper Association, American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers, American Iron and Steel Institute, American Petroleum Institute, American Wood Council, Brick Industry Association, Corn Refiners Association, Council of Industrial Boiler Owners, National Oilseed Processors Association, Portland Cement Association, The Fertilizer Institute, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, http://www.nam.org/~/media/53E86E050C7A495A9CC84F9778BA1F10/Association_GHG_NSPS_Comments_June_25_2012.pdf

The Associations represent the nation’s …… to the same types of regulations.

GHG regs on the semiconductor industry kills competitiveness
SIA, SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, 1/31/11, SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION PETITION FOR RECONSIDERATION AND REQUEST FOR STAY PENDING RECONSIDERATION OF SUBPART I OF THE FINAL RULE FOR MANDATORY REPORTING OF GREENHOUSE GASES, http://op.bna.com/env.nsf/id/fwhe-8z4l8q/$File/sia.petition.pdf

Individual recipes are among the most closely-guarded trade secrets in the semiconductor industry
AND
to incur compliance costs lacking any reasonable proportion to the industry’s emissions.64

Semiconductors are key to US nuclear modernization
Chandratre et al 7
(V.B. Chandratre et al 7, Menka Tewani, R.S. Shastrakar, V. Shedam,  S. K. Kataria and P. K. Mukhopadhyay  Electronics Division,  Bhabha Atomic Research Centre   “AN APPROACH TO MODERNIZING NUCLEAR  INSTRUMENTATION: SILICON-BASED SENSORS,  ASIC AND HMC” October, http://www.barc.ernet.in/publications/nl/2007/200710-2.pdf)

Modernization of nuclear instrumentation is pursued for realizing the goal of  compact portable nuclear instruments
AND
electronics. Rapid  developments in semiconductor technology have aided  in realizing this concept.

Nuclear war
John P. Caves 10, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada514285

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Leads to GHG regulation of aviation and aerospace—kills the industry, modernization, and safety
Clinton J. Woods, House Energy and Environment Committee Staffer, GMU Masters, Spring 2009, Ground Control to EPA: The Regulation of Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions under the Clean Air Act, http://digilib.gmu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1920/6541/1/79-318-1-PB.pdf

Due to a variety of recent legal and political developments, aviation interests face the
AND
climate change policy makes an EPA seat at the aviation table nearly inevitable.

US leadership key to harmonize global aviation tech—otherwise, regional aviation industries fail
Dan Elwell, Vice President of Civil Aviation at Aerospace Industries Association, 7/18/12, MAINTAINING U.S. LEADERSHIP IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY, Congressional Testimony, Lexis

Because aviation is fundamentally global, it is critical that the U. S.
AND
a misguided desire to move more forcefully on the issue of aircraft emissions.
In cases like these, the United States must maintain its presence and reputation in
AND
need to provide systems capable of interacting with ATC infrastructure throughout the world.

Key to Asia-Pacific interdependence
IATA, 11/9/12, Infrastructure to Support Asian Growth, www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/pages/2012-11-09-01.aspx

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) urged Asia-Pacific aviation leaders to
AND
and the cost to the environment is 16 million tonnes of CO2 emissions.

Nuclear war
Plate, East Asia Expert, Adjunct Professor of Communications @ UCLA, 6/28/’3
(Tom, Neo-cons a bigger risk to Bush than China, Strait Times, l/n)

But imagine a China disintegrating- on its own, without neo-conservative or
AND
economic growth – the very direction the White House now seems to prefer. 

Asia is highest risk
Izzadeen ‘13
Ameen, geopolitical correspondent for the Daily Mirror, “ Signs of possible third world war in Asia,” http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/25780-signs-of-possible-third-world-war-in-asia.html

Writing to the prestigious Foreign Policy journal, former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd says
AND
the critical mass, that is the trigger for the next world war.

Asia is on the brink
Symonds 2/12/13
Peter, International Committee of the Fourth International, “The danger of war in Asia,” http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/02/12/pers-f12.html

Two recent commentaries highlight the growing nervousness in ruling circles internationally about the danger of
AND
airspace have raised the risk of an incident that could spark open conflict.

Best studies validate our econ impact
Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Second, on a dyadic level. Copeland's (1996. 2000) theory of
AND
popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC

t-restriction

NSPS bans coal
Brownell et al 12
F. William Brownell, Henry V. Nickel, Norman W. Fichthorn, Allison D. Wood, Hunton and Williams LLP, 9/6/12, LASBRISASENERGYCENTER,LLC,etal., Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL ) PROTECTION AGENCY and LISA PEREZ JACKSON, Administrator, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Respondents, insideEPA database

Here, by contrast, EPA published a proposed ….“limited” but eliminated entirely.

Counter-interp—restrictions include limiting conditions
Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis

The word "restriction," when used ….. or nonperformance of a particular act.

This is the middle ground—
LVM Institute 96, Ludwig Von Mises Institute Original Book by Ludwig Von Mises, Austrian Economist in 1940,  fourth edition copyright Bettina B. Greaves, Human Action, http://mises.org/pdf/humanaction/pdf/ha_29.pdf

Restriction of production means that the government either forbids or makes more difficult or more
AND
as much as possible. Such interference …. production; it curtails it.

“On production” means there’s no limits disad
Dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/on
On
preposition
1.so as to be or remain supported by …. the label on the package.

Also says a restriction isn’t a prohibition
Sinha 6
S.B. Sinha is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. “Union Of India and Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries,” Nov 7, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/

There would seem to be no occasion to discuss whether or not the Railroad Commissioners
AND
to be made or different provisions in the same order are required therefor.

cp

Microgrid fails
Energy Collective, 5/10/12, Replacing nuclear with wind power: Could it be done?, theenergycollective.com/node/84553

Many people would like it to be theoretically possible to replace nuclear power with wind
AND
works intermittently and requires keeping all the conventional generators that we already have.

Accomodative policy creates a bubble-crisis coming
Leong 3-15-13
George, Fed's Easy Money to Cause Next Financial Meltdown. Senior Editor at Lombardi Financial and an Analyst with Globe Inormation Services
http://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/03.13/meltdown.html

The Federal Reserve may be responsible for the biggest financial meltdown yet to come.
AND
. Of course, the lack of jobs for graduates is not helping.

Easy money is disastrous
Leong 3-25-13
George, Senior Editor at Lombardi Financial and an Analyst with Globe Inormation Services.
http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/4320291-smithpaul/1687581-who-cares-about-america-s-financial-mess-lets-just-print-more-money

Money printing by the Federal Reserve will continue into the near future. And while
AND
2008, but it’s still high and extremely vulnerable to higher interest rates.

k
Competitiveness exists, our challengers rely on it, and ideology’s key
Lodge 9, (George C., “ Ideology and national competitiveness,” Journal of Management Issues, December 22)  

First, there is such a thing as a ….they practice--at least immediately. 

The status quo is structurally improving
Indur Goklany 10, policy analyst for the Department of the Interior – phd from MSU, “Population, Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Human Well-Being in the Age of Industrialization (Part III — Have Higher US Population, Consumption, and Newer Technologies Reduced Well-Being?)”, April 24, http://www.masterresource.org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#more-9194

In my previous post I showed that, notwithstanding the Neo-Malthusian worldview,
AND
, but misses the larger picture, despite pretensions to a holistic worldview.

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Boulding 77
 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung
Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published
 Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.12 He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science.
 He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement. 

 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of 'structural violence' 'and 'positive
AND
it may have d'one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

The system’s sustainable
Kaletsky ’10
(Anatole, Masters in Economics from Harvard, Honour-Degree Graduate at King’s
AND
Washington correspondent of the Financial Times and a business writer on The Economist, 

The world did not end. Despite all the forebodings of disaster in the 2007
AND
Napoleonic Wars of 1803– 15. Hence the title of this book.

The system’s resilient and the alt fails – there is no crisis
Gideon Rose 12, Editor of Foreign Affairs, “Making Modernity Work”, Foreign Affairs, January/February

The central question of modernity has been how to reconcile capitalism and mass democracy,
AND
in the past, optimism would seem the better long-term bet.

The alt fails
Kliman, professor of economics – Pace University, ‘4
(Andrew, “Alternatives to Capitalism: What Happens After the Revolution?” http://akliman.squarespace.com/writings/)

I.  Concretizing the Vision of a New Human Society We live at a moment
AND
meantime, the challenges from below require us to proceed on its basis.

Specificity matters – rejecting neoliberalism as a monolithic entity undermines the alt
Duffy and Moore 10
Article: Neoliberalizing nature? Elephants as imperfect commodities Author: Duffy, R Journal: Antipode ISSN: 0066-4812 Date: 2010 Volume: 42 Issue: 3 Page: 742
Note: from 1 September 2012 I take up the post of Professor of Conservation Politics at the Durrell Institute of Conservation Ecology (DICE) in the School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent.
I am Professor of International Politics, and I held posts at Edinburgh University and Lancaster University before joining Manchester in 2005. I take a deliberately interdisciplinary approach to understanding conservation; my work is located at the intersection between international relations, geography and sociology. My work examines the debates on global environmental governance, especially the roles of international NGOs, international treaties, international financial institutions and epistemic communities. I am particularly interested in how global environmental management regimes play out on the ground, how they are contested, challenged and resisted by their encounter at the local level. I focus on wildlife conservation, tourism and illicit trading networks to understand the local level complexities of global environmental management. I have undertaken a number of ESRC funded research projects on Peace Parks, gemstone mining and national parks,and on ecotourism (more details are under 'research interests'. My most recent book, Nature Crime: How We're Getting Conservation Wrong (Yale University Press, 2010) examines how global dynamics of wealth and poverty shape conservation outcomes. More information is on my personal wesbite 'Conservation Politics' http://conservationpolitics.wordpress.com/

However, it is critically important not to reify neoliberalism and ascribe it a greater
AND
challenged through engagement with specific case studies (Bakker 2009; Castree 2008b).

2ac politics

Plan is DC Court of Appeals
Administrative Conference of the U.S., 1976, Judicial Review Under the Clean Air Act and Federal Water Pollution Control Act, http://www.acus.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/76-4-ss.pdf

1. Section 509(b) of the FWPCA provides that all standards promulgated
   AND
   for review in the circuit in which the petitioner resides or transacts business.

That avoids the link
Keith Whittington, Princeton Politics Professor, 2005, Interpose Your Friendly Hand: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court, The American Political Science Review, Nov., (99)4,

There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their
AND
action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.

But he’d use the plan to horsetrade for legislation
Tristan Brown, Seeking Alpha, 11/8/12, Don't Expect The EPA To Finish Off Thermal Coal, seekingalpha.com/article/990181-don-t-expect-the-epa-to-finish-off-thermal-coal

Carbon Pollution Standard for New Power …. Republicans are willing to negotiate on future legislation.

Labor fight kills the bill
Anna Palmer, 3/22/13, Immigration deal in limbo as business, labor clash, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=1B5B052A-9CA3-4105-8BBE-B24B22287C3E

The Senate’s “Gang of Eight” is preparing ….immigration reform.”

Obama’s not involved
Julie Pace, Associated press whtie house correspondent, 3/27/13, Obama: Immigration bill could pass by summer, www.timesunion.com/news/politics/article/Obama-back-at-forefront-of-immigration-debate-4389183.php

While overhauling the ….unlikely to "doom" the legislation.

No issue spillover
Judson Berger, 3/4/13, Recurring budget crises could put squeeze on Obama's second-term priorities, www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/04/recurring-budget-crises-could-put-squeeze-on-obama-second-term-priorities/

Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill., a …. group crafting legislation. 

Border security kills
Fawn Johnson, 3/21/13, Border Triggers Could Sink Immigration Deal, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/border-triggers-could-sink-immigration-deal-20130321

Republicans' insistence that border-security ….have committed no other crimes.

2ac aviation

Aviation key to the economy, competitiveness and trade
NAW, National Aerospace Week, 2011, Aerospace and Defense: Second to None, http://www.nationalaerospaceweek.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/whitepaper.pdf

Civil aviation is an economic engine … manufacturers and workers could be lost.

Critical to US airpower
David Thompson, President, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009, The Aerospace Workforce, Federal News Service

Aerospace systems are of considerable importance to U.S. national security, economic
AND
in the common industrial supply base that our entire space sector relies on.

Only air power can mitigate global conflicts and deter major war
Dunlap 6 – Maj. General, deputy judge advocate of the Air Force, National War College graduate with over 30 years of Armed Forces Experience (Charles Jr., Armed Forces Journal, “America’s Asymmetric Advantage”,  http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/09/2009013)

So where does that leave us? If we are smart, we will
AND
), the very existence of the U.S. is at risk.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AR

at: no asia war

Their defense doesn’t assume Chinese econ collapse—that’s the lynchpin of regional stability
Chen ‘1 (Shuxen, RAND Corp, “China the United States and The Global Economy”, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR1300.pdf)

Nevertheless, America’s main interests in China have been quite constant, namely peace,
AND
who are willing and able to keep the relationship on an even keel.

2ac natural gas – prices

Over-reliance on natural gas causes price escalation and supply disruptions
Mark McCullough, American Electric Power Executive Vice President, 9/20/12, 'AMERICAN ENERGY INITIATIVE', Lexis

AEP believes that it is not prudent for EPA, or any other agency,
AND
of natural gas or any our energy resource over the long-term.
By contrast, foreclosing the option to use of coal over the long- term
AND
volatile over the long term, with implications for the entire economy. 10
IMPORTANCE OF FUEL DIVERSITY
Fuel diversity is a concept ….exposure can lead to severe impacts

 on residential, commercial, and industrial customers. For example, the recent
AND
producers have scrambled to fill the massive void left in their energy infrastructure.
Domestic energy disruptions and their consequences are clearly evident by such disasters as Hurricane Katrina
AND
value to any energy security solution and has national security benefits as well.

at: warming

No impact to warming
Mendelsohn, professor of forestry and environmental studies – Yale, ‘9
(Robert O., “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf) 

These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.

2ac util

Util’s the only moral framework
Murray 97 (Alastair, Professor of Politics at U. Of Wales-Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, p. 110)

Weber emphasised that, while the 'absolute ethic of the gospel' must be taken seriously
AND
underlying this doctrine 'leads to the negation of absolute ethical judgements altogether'.13  

A2 financial crises

Financial crises re-entrench the system
Mead, 9 – Senior Fellow @ the Council on Foreign Relations
Walter Russell, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8andp=2) 

And yet, this relentless series of crises has not disrupted the rise of a
AND
crisis may actually resuscitate U.S. power relative to its rivals.

Empirics
Zakaria, serves on the board of Yale University, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and Shakespeare and Company.; received a B.A. from Yale and a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard; editor of Newsweek International, 2009
Fareed, “The Capitalist Manifesto: Greed Is Good”, Jun 13, 2009, http://www.newsweek.com/id/201935/output/print)

A specter is haunting the world—the return of capitalism. Over the past
AND
against liberalization and got their worst drubbing at the polls in 40 years.

poverty

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures
Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
AND
was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500.  

Broader trends outweigh income – tech and ideas have lowered the cost of living.
Kenny, fellow at the New America Foundation and Center for Global Development, 2011
(Charles, also a senior economist at the World Bank, Getting Better, pg.10-11)
How can we reconcile the evidence of income stagnation in many of the world’s poorest
AND
are lower than those that any country in the world achieved in 1900.  

Tournament: NDT | Round: Rd 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

NSPS bans coal

Brownell et al 12
F. William Brownell, Henry V. Nickel, Norman W. Fichthorn, Allison D. Wood, Hunton %26 Williams LLP, 9/6/12, LASBRISASENERGYCENTER,LLC,etal., Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL ) PROTECTION AGENCY and LISA PEREZ JACKSON, Administrator, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Respondents, insideEPA database

Here, by contrast, EPA published a proposed CO2 NSPS that cannot be achieved by any new coal-fired EGU to which it applies. By virtue of that standard having becoming "applicable" as of April 13, 2012, it now sets the "floor" for determining BACT for those new units and obligates them to demonstrate that they can comply with a standard that is unachievable, a showing that cannot be made.8
The fundamental "alter~~~[ation~~~]" of the PSD "legal regime" effected
AND
-fired EGUs has been not merely "limited" but eliminated entirely.

Counter-interp—restrictions include limiting conditions

Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis

The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in
AND
a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

This is the middle ground—

LVM Institute 96, Ludwig Von Mises Institute Original Book by Ludwig Von Mises, Austrian Economist in 1940,  fourth edition copyright Bettina B. Greaves, Human Action, http://mises.org/pdf/humanaction/pdf/ha_29.pdf

Restriction of production means that the government either forbids or makes more difficult or more
AND
as much as possible. Such interference makes people poorer and less satisfied.
This is the crux of the matter. All the subtlety and hair-splitting wasted in the effort to invalidate this fundamental thesis are vain. On the unhampered market there prevails an irresistible tendency to employ every factor of production for the best possible satisfaction of the most urgent needs of the consumers. If the government interferes with this process, it can only impair satisfaction; it can never improve it.
The correctness of this thesis has been proved in an excellent and irrefutable manner with
AND
it is lower. It does not increase production; it curtails it.

"On production" means there~’s no limits disad

Dictionary.com, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/on
On
preposition
1.so as to be or remain supported by or suspended from: Put your package down on the table; Hang your coat on the hook.
2.so as to be attached to or unified with: Hang the picture on the wall. Paste the label on the package.

Says a restriction isn~’t a prohibition, which makes zero sense

Sinha 6
S.B. Sinha is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. "Union Of India %26 Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries," Nov 7, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/

There would seem to be no occasion to discuss whether or not the Railroad Commissioners
AND
to be made or different provisions in the same order are required therefor.

Their precision ev is about Canadian case law

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The functional implementation of the CP still requires all 3 branches

Neomi Rao, GMU Assistant Law Professor, Spring 2009, "PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE 21ST CENTURY SYMPOSIUM: ARTICLE: THE PRESIDENT’S SPHERE OF ACTION," 45 Willamette L. Rev. 527, lexis

By contrast, as discussed above, Congress cannot legislate without concurrence from the President
AND
for quick action - rather such "energy" belongs with the executive. 

Obama will veto

James E. McCarthy, Congressional Research Service, Specialist in Environmental Policy, 1/9/12, EPA’s Utility MACT: Will the Lights Go Out?, www.eenews.net/assets/2012/01/19/document_gw_03.pdf

Although it may be easier to obtain congressional approval of a CRA resolution, the
AND
both the House and Senate, and is seen by many as unlikely.

Status quo proves Congress can’t reign in EPA GHG regulations—Court GHG precedent necessary to solve

Marlo Lewis, Competitive Enterprise Institute, 1/7/10, EPA’s Tailoring Rule: Temporary, Dubious, Incomplete Antidote To Massachusetts v. EPA’s Legacy of Absurd Results (Part 1), www.masterresource.org/2010/01/epas-tailoring-rule-temporary-dubious-incomplete-antidote-to-massachusetts-v-epas-legacy-of-absurd-results/

An obvious question arises: Under what authority may EPA deviate so blatantly from the
AND
case. Ignoring half the provision in dispute without explanation is not kosher.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Visa’s not key to reverse brain drain

Wadhwa 9
Vivek Wadhwa, executive in residence/adjunct professor at the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University and a senior research associate with the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Spring 2009, "A Reverse Brain Drain," Issues in Science and Technology, http://www.issues.org/25.3/wadhwa.html-http://www.issues.org/25.3/wadhwa.html

To our surprise, visa status was not the most important factor determining their decision
AND
opportunities to launch their own business were significantly better in their home countries.

Aviation’s key to Asia-Pacific interdependence

IATA, 11/9/12, Infrastructure to Support Asian Growth, www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/pages/2012-11-09-01.aspx

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) urged Asia-Pacific aviation leaders to
AND
and the cost to the environment is 16 million tonnes of CO2 emissions.

Courts link to politics

Lindsay Harrison, Lecturer in Law at the University of Miami School of Law, 11/18/2005, Does the Court Act As "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?, http://legaldebate.blogspot.com/2005/11/does-court-act-as-political-cover-for.html

Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?    While
AND
ruling that, for whatever reason, received the attention of the public. 

Labor fight kills the bill

Anna Palmer, 3/22/13, Immigration deal in limbo as business, labor clash, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=1B5B052A-9CA3-4105-8BBE-B24B22287C3E

The Senate’s "Gang of Eight" is preparing to leave town with a deal on immigration reform in limbo, stalled by a fight between Big Labor and Big Business.
On Thursday morning, it had appeared that a deal was in hand over the major remaining sticking point: the outlines of a broad new visa program aimed at balancing the need for foreign workers in low-skilled jobs with the desires of American workers competing for those same jobs.
So much for optimism.
In a closed-door session that stretched late into Thursday night, things got heated. Sources said negotiations grew extremely tense after business groups balked. There were more talks on Friday — but no more progress, even though negotiations continued in a rare Friday night session of the Senate.
Now, the Gang of Eight faces a quandary. If senators can’t win the endorsement of labor and business, they must soon decide whether to go their own way — absent the support of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and AFL-CIO — and hope the powerful interest groups stay neutral when a bill eventually emerges.
The senators said they would continue to negotiate with the interest groups during their two-week recess, with the goal of narrowing their differences, winning their backing and rolling out a proposal in the second week of April. That would set up a Senate Judiciary Committee vote before the end of the month, with floor votes by early summer.
"People have a lot at stake here," said Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.). "This is a huge deal. Talking about the lives of 11 million people just to start with, so I understand why passions are high, and sentiments are high."
Late Friday night, tensions were still at a boil. Labor officials accused Republicans and business groups of proposing "congressionally sanctioned poverty" for low-skilled workers. And Chamber officials attacked labor groups for preventing a deal from taking shape.
"The unions have jeopardized the entire immigration reform effort, which would provide a pathway to legalization and citizenship for the 10-11 million undocumented workers, because of their refusal to take a responsible stance on a small temporary worker program," Randy Johnson, the Chamber’s senior vice president of Labor, Immigration, and Employee Benefits, said in a late Friday night statement. "These types of programs have always been considered a key part of comprehensive immigration reform."

Obama’s not involved

Julie Pace, Associated press whtie house correspondent, 3/27/13, Obama: Immigration bill could pass by summer, www.timesunion.com/news/politics/article/Obama-back-at-forefront-of-immigration-debate-4389183.php

While overhauling the nation’s patchwork immigration laws is a top second term priority for the
AND
new low-skilled workers was unlikely to "doom" the legislation.

No issue spillover

Judson Berger, 3/4/13, Recurring budget crises could put squeeze on Obama’s second-term priorities, www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/04/recurring-budget-crises-could-put-squeeze-on-obama-second-term-priorities/

Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill., a vocal advocate for immigration reform, voiced confidence Monday that the administration and Congress could handle the busy agenda.
"The spirit of bipartisan cooperation that is keeping the immigration issue moving forward has
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I remain extremely optimistic that immigration reform is going to happen this year."
Immigration reform efforts are still marching along despite the budget drama. Obama met last week on the issue with Sens. John McCain, R-Ariz., and Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., who both are part of a bipartisan group crafting legislation. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Forecasting hypothetical impact scenarios based on energy trajectories is critical to effective energy policy

Paul P. Craig 2, Professor of Engineering Emeritus at the University of California, Davis, What Can History Teach Us? A Retrospective Examination of Long-Term Energy Forecasts for the United States, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2002. 27:83–118

The applicable measure of success here is the degree to which the forecast can prompt
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can improve intuition for the behavior of complex systems (12–14).
2.4. Use 4: In Automatic Management Systems Whose Efficacy Does Not Require the Model to be a True Representation
Hodges %26 Dewar use the example of the Kalman filter, which can be used
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is not of concern. Neural networks fall into this category (15).
2.5. Use 5: As Aids in Communication and Education
By forcing analysts to discuss data and analysis results in a systematic way, forecasting models can facilitate communication between various stakeholders. The measure of success for this use is the degree to which the model improves understanding and communication, both for individuals and between groups with different mindsets and vocabularies.
For example, the population of a developing country at some future time might depend
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that others can and do use for their own explorations of the future.
When a problem is being analyzed, word leaks out and leads to suggestions,
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, to meet and get to know experts, and to find jobs.
2.6. Use 6: To Understand the Bounds or Limits on the Range of Possible Outcomes
Models can enhance confidence through limiting or bounding cases. The Princeton Study referred to
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became a major theme of energy policy and remains so to this day.
2.7. Use 7: As Aids to Thinking and Hypothesizing
Forecasts can help people and institutions think through the consequences of their actions. Researchers
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of a change in property taxes on economic growth in a particular state.
Computer forecasting is an excellent tool to teach people the dynamics of complex systems (12, 13). The behavior of these systems is often counterintuitive, so such forecasting games can help people learn to manage them better. For example, systems dynamics models (described below) were used in the 1960s to explain why building premium housing in urban areas can under some plausible circumstances accelerate, rather than slow, migration to suburbs (14, p. 5)2.
Some forecasts are generated as part of scenario exploration exercises, which can be helpful
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long time constants and find it useful to forecast over decades (18).

Psychoanalysis can’t explain international politics

Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ’10
(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 182 – 185, Figure 1.5 included) 

Can we bring some order to this host of criticisms? It is remarkable that
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of the analysands’ voluntary desire to overcome their inhibitions, symptoms and anxieties.
As a clinical and existential process, it has its own independent importance and authenticity
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and the other methodological, are different (see Figure 5.1)
The substantive problem is to equate any political change worth the name with the total
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cure. For what could the concrete consequences of this governing analogy be?
We have seen that Žižek equates the individual fantasy with the collective identity of an
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lived myths, practices and habits. Politics must involve the periodic founding of
/

entire new subject–objects. Providing the model for this set of ideas, the fi rst Žižekian political subject was Schelling’s divided God, who gave birth to the entire Symbolic Order before the beginning of time (IDLC 153; OB 144–8).
But can the political theorist reasonably hope or expect that subjects will simply give up
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can the theorist and his allies use to move them to do so?

Even if they’re right about drives, the repression-lashout link has been disproven

Havi Carel 6, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of the West of England, "Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger", googlebooks

Secondly, the constancy principle on which these ideas are based is incompatible with observational
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support for discarding the Nirvana principle and reconstructing the death drive as aggression.

Simulation allows us to influence state policy AND is key to agency

Eijkman 12
The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. ~[electronic resource~] http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf-http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal

However, whether as an approach to learning, innovation, persuasion or culture shift
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contains a detailed description, in table format, of the synopsis below.

No impact to crisis-opportunism – that’s when all change happens

Jonathan Chait 8, senior editor at the New Republic, Dead Left, July 30, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/books/dead-left-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/books/dead-left

Klein repeatedly implies that there is something immoral about using crises to advance the right-wing agenda without explaining why this is so. After all, Friedman wanted to overhaul the New Orleans public education system because he believed, rightly or wrongly, that vouchers would work better. If you thought your house was horribly designed, and a tornado flattened it, would you rebuild it exactly as before?
The notion that crises create fertile terrain for political change, far from being a
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accompanies a war, a depression, or large-scale civil unrest."
Fuchs did not mean that the public would never accept universal health insurance unless they
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"prays for crisis the way drought-stricken farmers pray for rain."

Predictions and scenario building are valuable for decision-making, even if they’re not perfect

Garrett 12
Banning, In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies, director of the Asia Program and Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council.
http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies

 "Disruptive change" that produces "strategic shocks" has become an increasing
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respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss. 

Alt fails – risk-based policymaking inevitable

Danzig 11
Richard Danzig, Center for a New American Security Board Chairman, Secretary of the Navy under President Bill Clinton, October 2011, Driving in the Dark Ten Propositions About Prediction and National Security, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Prediction_Danzig.pdf

The Propensity to Make Predictions – and to Act on the Basis of Predictions – Is Inherently Human
"No one can predict the future" is a common saying, but people
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it is natural to try to build national security in the same way.
This taste for prediction has deep roots.16 Humans are less physically capable than
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to prediction. Humans are rational beings and, therefore, make predictions.
The taste for prediction has roots, moreover, in something deeper than rationality.
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and desire for control contribute to an unjustifiable over-reliance on prediction.
2. Requirements for Prediction Will Consistently Exceed the Ability to Predict
The literature on predictive failure is rich and compelling.23 In the most systematic
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greater ability to make either ’well calibrated’ or ’discriminating’ forecasts."26
As described below,27 there are strong reasons for a high likelihood of failure
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(and subsequent decade-long presences in) Afghanistan and Iraq.32
So, in this light, why does the defense community repeatedly over-invest in prediction?
A common conceptual error intensifies the hunger for prediction. History celebrates those who made good predictions. Because Winston Churchill’s fame rests on, among other things, his foresight about German militarism and the accuracy of his demands for preparation for World War II, it appears evident that confident prediction is the road to success. Yet it is an error to focus on numerators (instances of success) without asking about denominators (instances of failure).
33 Accordingly, there is a tendency to ignore Churchill’s failures in many other predictions (his disastrous expectations from military operations in Gallipoli, his underestimation of Gandhi, etc.). There is also a tendency to ignore the great number of other predictors who are not celebrated by history because they failed in analogous circumstances.
Moreover, prediction is subject to refinement and is often a competitive enterprise. As a result, predictive power is like wealth – gaining some of it rarely satisfies the needs of those who receive it. Predictive power intensifies the demand for more predictive power.
Tell a national security advisor that another country is likely to develop a nuclear weapon
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wonder that U.S. intelligence agencies are consistently regarded as failing.
Whatever their mixtures of strengths and weaknesses, they are always being pushed to go beyond the point of success.
Put another way, the surest prediction about a credible prediction is that it will
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very nature of interaction is bound to make ~[warfare~] unpredictable."35
These inherent psychological and practical realities will consistently lead to over-prediction. People are doomed repeatedly to drive beyond their headlights.

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures

Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)

If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
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was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1ar – we meet

EPA agrees with us

Brownell et al 12
F. William Brownell, Henry V. Nickel, Norman W. Fichthorn, Allison D. Wood, Hunton %26 Williams LLP, 9/6/12, LASBRISASENERGYCENTER,LLC,etal., Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL ) PROTECTION AGENCY and LISA PEREZ JACKSON, Administrator, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Respondents, insideEPA database

Specifically, the April 13 Notice explains that the proposed CO2 NSPS establishes an emission
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5520(b), 77 Fed. Reg. at 22,436.
As to the first, EPA concedes that the 1,000 lb/MWh
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given insufficient consideration to the "counter productive environmental effects of the system").
In sum, EPA in the April 13 Notice published a CO2 emission standard that
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1), and why UARG’s challenge to that action is ripe for review.

Evaluating hypothetical possibility of compliance is unreasonable

William L. Wehrum, William L. Wehrum, Hunton %26 Williams LLP, 8/3/12, WHITE STALLION ENERGY CENTER, LLC, et al., Petitioners, v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Respondent, BRIEF OF INDUSTRY AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS, http://www.nam.org/~~/media/2AA72BFA88F74E1B881D5BB46465B765/White_Stallion_Energy_Center_v_EPA_brief_08032012.pdf

In other words, EPA’s floor methodology is based on what it believes is hypothetically
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a beyond the floor standard without consideration of the beyond the floor factors").
C. MACT standards for new sources must be "achieved in practice," not theoretically achievable by some nonexistent source.
Even if the statute is somehow deemed ambiguous, EPA’s pollutant-by- pollutant approach to setting the floor is unreasonable. "~[A~]chieved in practice" means more than the theoretical possibility of compliance from an imagined source:
It is reasonable to suppose that if an emissions standard is as stringent as "the emissions control that is achieved in practice" by a particular unit, then that particular unit will not violate the standard. This only results if "achieved in practice" is interpreted to mean "achieved under the worst foreseeable circumstances."
Sierra Club v. EPA, 167 F.3d 658, 665 (D
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" the standards that are based on the performance of those very units.
The need to identify a single source that has achieved the best control "in practice" is particularly important with respect to ensuring that the best controlled similar source "will not violate the standard" because controls installed to reduce one HAP may have antagonistic effects on other HAPs. EPA recognized this fact but ignored it in adopting its pollutant-by-pollutant approach to establishing MACT floors:
The EPA notes ... that if optimized performance for different HAP is not technologically possible
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, as noted, the bill accompanying this Report contained no floor provisions).
EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0234-20126 at 433 (emphases added) (Ex. 6); see also id. at 447 ("The EPA is aware that the performance of one control technology can affect the performance of other in-stream control technologies.").
It is unreasonable to interpret the CAA to allow for standards that purport to have
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. 2007) (emphasis added) (Williams, J., concurring).
EPA’s current pollutant-by-pollutant methodology for establishing MACT floors for new sources
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pollutant approach to setting floors, EPA failed to adhere to this directive.

1ar – counter-interp

Feasibility determines energy production, so barriers are restrictions

Phil et al 12
Erik Phil and Filip Johnsson, Division of Energy Technology, Chalmers University of Technolog, and Duncan Kushnir and Bjorn Sanden, Division of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers University of Technology, August 2012,Material constraints for concentrating solar thermal powerEnergy  Volume 44, Issue 1, August 2012, Pages 944–954

The available solar flux on land is several thousand times higher than today’s anthropogenic primary
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2030 ~[1~], ~[2~], ~[3~] and ~[4~].
So far, photovoltaic (PV) technologies have the largest share of the solar
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, Egypt and India ~[5~], ~[6~] and ~[7~].
CSP plants use reflective surfaces to concentrate sunlight, providing heat for a thermodynamic cycle, such as a steam turbine. The physical principle is thus very different from photovoltaic panels, which use the photons in sunlight to excite electrons and create currents in solid state matter. These differences mean that CSP will differ significantly from PV regarding properties such as environmental impact and material constraints.
With projected strong growth in view, it is of interest to identify and quantify
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to investigate the limits and potential bottlenecks and manufacturing constraints for CSP production.

Context is key

Haneman 59 J.A.D. is a justice of the Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division. "Russell S. Bertrand et al. v. Donald T. Jones et al.," 58 NJ Super. 273; 156 A.2d 161; 1959 N.J. Super, Lexis

HN4 In ascertaining the meaning of the word "restrictions" as here employed,
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be construed as being used in the same limited fashion as "zoning."

Only contextual definition

Paul Crampton, Partner at Osler, Hoskin %26 Harcourt LLP, J.D., June 2009, MAJOR CHANGES TO THE COMPETITION ACT (CANADA) AND THE COMPETITION BUREAU’S ENFORCEMENT POLICIES, 8-5 Antitrust Src. 5

OUTPUT RESTRICTIONS. Paragraph 45(1)(c) applies to all agreements "to fix, maintain, control, prevent, lessen or eliminate the production or supply of the product." In the Bureau’s view, in addition to garden-variety output agreements, this language captures agreements that reduce the quantity of products supplied to specific customers or groups of customers as well as agreements to permanently or temporarily close manufacturing facilities.  n31
The Draft CC Guidelines are not particularly helpful regarding agreements that typically would not be considered to constitute hard-core cartel conduct but which could raise issues under this provision, such as standard-setting agreements and JV agreements that place restrictions on the production or supply of products to be produced by the JV.

Does not require wholesale prohibition—limiting production is a restriction

Texas Supreme Court 10, 
CAUSE NO. 08-01-18,007-CV-A, Final Judgment, http://www.supreme.courts.state.tx.us/ebriefs/12/12046401.pdf

"Restriction" is defined and commonly used to mean "~[a~] limitation (esp. in a deed) placed on the use or enjoyment of property." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1054 (7th ed. 2000).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Cheap electricity is key to electrification – solves their impact

Dr. Frank Clemente, Professor Emeritus at Penn State University where he specializes in research on the socioeconomic aspects of energy policy, 9/28/12, Coal as the foundation of social development, http://energy-facts.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=p0nwnMFNCkI%3d%26tabid=100

Coal as the foundation of social development
Electricity ushered in a transformation of American society throughout the last century. Suddenly,
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the new peak oil world, gas prices will be a fast follower.

May be true FOR PEOPLE – but empirical studies prove you can’t scale it up to explain IR or revolutionary politics

Epstein, senior lecturer in government and IR – University of Sydney, ’10 (Charlotte, "Who speaks? Discourse, the subject and the study of identity in international politics," European Journal of International Relations XX(X) 1–24)

To be clear, this move is not intended to deny the intimate links between
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the discursive construction of identity, especially when taken to the interstate level.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC

plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase funding for downblending surplus highly enriched uranium for use in nuclear reactors. 

1

Advantage One: Fissile Material

Lax security at US nuclear facilities ensures terrorist acquisition—declaring HEU surplus and funding downblending crucial global commitment to control fissile material
Stockton, 12
(Consultant-Project on Government Overight and Former Special Assistant to DOE Secretary Bill Richardson, U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: How the Country Can Profit and Become More Secure by Getting Rid of Its Surplus Weapons-Grade Uranium, http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/downblending/report-20100914.pdf)

A huge opportunity to save the U.S. taxpayers money, generate up
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3. Congress should appropriate additional funds to DOE for downblending and dismantlement. 

US leadership vital—sends a global signal that is necessary to prevent nuclear attacks
Stockton, 12
(Consultant-Project on Government Overight and Former Special Assistant to DOE Secretary Bill Richardson, U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: How the Country Can Profit and Become More Secure by Getting Rid of Its Surplus Weapons-Grade Uranium, http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/downblending/report-20100914.pdf)

When President Barack Obama took office, he acknowledged that securing nuclear materials is critical
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9/11 modernization efforts to secure HEU in the U.S.

HEU terrorism’s extremely likely – specifically in Russia and at Pelindaba
Andrew Newman and Matthew Bunn 9, Andrew Newman is a Research Associate with the
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The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol.33:2 fall 2009

The threat of nuclear terrorism is real. 1 Osama bin Laden has called the
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of nuclear terrorism can be reduced to a fraction of its current level.

Most qualified evidence
Us Russia Joint Threat Assessment May 11
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Joint-Threat-Assessment%20ENG%2027%20May%202011.pdf
 ABOUT THE U.S.-RUSSIA JOINT THREAT ASSESSMENT ON NUCLEAR TERRORISM The
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director general of autonomous non-profit organization “Counter-Terrorism Center.” 

The expert community distinguishes pathways terrorists might take to the bomb (discussed in detail
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where, and on what scale the first act of nuclear terrorism occurs. 

Extinction
Ayson 10, Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

And causes US nuclear lashout
Lt Col Henry W Conley 3 (Chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
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would be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”

Dispersal of weapons material causes microprolif – extinction
Carrico, Lecturer – UC Berkeley, Fellow Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies – SF Art Institute, PhD Rhetoric – Berkeley, ‘6
(Dale, http://amormundi.blogspot.com/2006/03/technology-and-terror.html) 

"Key technologies of the future -— in particular, genetic engineering, nanotech
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anywhere might soon threaten you quite literally, and needlessly, with destruction.

Russian follow-on solves accidents on the Kola peninsula, which cause extinction
Rousseau, 12
(Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Khazar University, 3/20, Perfect Nuclear Storm Waiting To Happen In Russia’s Northwest Region, http://www.eurasiareview.com/20032012-perfect-nuclear-storm-waiting-to-happen-in-russia%E2%80%99s-northwest-region-analysis/)

The volume of radioactive material … at high risk for many years to come.

2

Downblending maintains the Y-12 complex until the new Uranium Processing Facility comes online
D Ray Smith 12, member of the Oak Ridge Heritage and Preservation Association (ORHPA) and historian at the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge, Building 9212 and the Uranium Processing Facility, part 1, May 7, http://www.oakridger.com/article/20120507/NEWS/305079982#art-tit

Recently, Building 9212 has been …engineering advances and cost saving measures included.

That’s key to prevent capability gaps
Frank Munger 11, reporter for Knox News in Knoxville, Report: Y-12 may not meet uranium requirements by 2019, August 26, http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2011/aug/26/report-y-12-may-not-meet-uranium-requirements-by/

A new report raises questions of …overall operational impact of these equipment issues," the report said.

And we free up critical space at the facility
Drake, 8
(POGO Analyst, “Deciphering NNSA's Complex Transformation,” 6/23,  http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/deciphering-nnsas-complex-transformation)

With great fanfare in 2005, the NNSA declared an additional 200 metric tons of
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during a recent meeting that downblending had nothing to do with Complex Transformation.

That space can be used for the facility’s other missions
Civiak, 9
(Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pittsburgh and Former visiting scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Transforming the U.S. Strategic Posture and Weapons Complex for Transition to a  Nuclear Weapons-Free World,” April, http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_09040701a.pdf)

We believe that NNSA should move more rapidly to consolidate HEU storage into the HEUMF
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or eliminated, if  the Navy were to switch from using HEU fuel.

Key to nuclear maintenance
D Ray Smith 12, member of the Oak Ridge Heritage and Preservation Association (ORHPA) and historian at the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge, Y‐12’s Building 9212 and the Uranium Processing Facility, part 2, May 11, http://www.y12.doe.gov/library/pdf/about/history/2012-05-11.pdf

At present Y‐12 is operating highly enriched uranium processing in a series of
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, fueling the nuclear Navy, and supplying fuel for nuclear research reactors.

Weak stockpile stewardship causes miscalc and collapses deterrence—escalates to WMD warfare
John P. Caves 10, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada514285

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
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the plan has not because Congress has declined to provide the requisite funding.

Key to prevent great power wars
Morgan and Paul 9
Patrick Morgan, UC Irvine Peace Research Professor, Global Peace and Conflict Studies Center Director, and Paul, McGill University IR Professor, 2009, Complex Deterrence: Strategy in the global age p 9-11

Among the great powers (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
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to be excessively alarmed by the expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Solves escalation of impacts
Robinson 1
Paul Robinson, Sandia National Lab President and Director, 2001, "Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century," http://www.nukewatch.org/importantdocs/resources/pursuing_a_new_nuclear_weapons_p.html

Let me first stress that nuclear arms must never be thought of as a single
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are necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world.

Collapse of US deterrence causes CBW and EMP attacks that cause extinction
Schneider, 8
(National Institute for Public Policy, “The Future of the U.S. nuclear deterrent,” Comparative Strategy 27.4, ebscohost)

Today, the United States, the world’s only superpower with global responsibilities, is
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sales from North Korea, which have been reported in the press.8

Also key to naval power and supply of nuclear medicine
Eschenberg, 12
(Former Manager-Oak Ridge DOE Facility, 10/2, Public Meeting: THE  DEFENSE  NUCLEAR  FACILITIES  SAFETY  BOARD, http://www.dnfsb.gov/sites/default/files/Board%20Activities/Public%20Hearings/2012/Factors%20That%20Could%20Affect%20Safety%20for%20the%20Uranium%20Processing%20Facility%20(UPF)%20Project%20/Transcripts/phtr_2012102_21006.pdf)

Today, some 70 years later, as we embark on  one of the most
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tenants, and I'd like to talk through  some of them for you.  

Naval power key to prevent a laundry list of wars
Eaglen 11, research fellow for national security – Heritage, and McGrath, former naval officer and director – Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis, 5/16/’11
(Mackenzie and Bryan, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy,” Heritage Foundation)

Global Implications. Under a scenario of …importance of the seas to trade.12

Nuclear medicine solves zoonotic disease
International Atomic Energy Agency 2011
(Nuclear Technology Review, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/ntr2011.pdf)

The development, testing, validation, and implementation of rapid and accurate nuclear and
AND
an important step towards understanding the phenotypic and genotypic variation of farm animals. 

Zoonotic disease causes extinction – diagnosis is key, and their impact defense doesn’t apply
Quammen, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29/2012
(David, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis) 

Infectious disease is all around us. It's … they end. In some cases they end
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collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2ac mueller

He has no data and only addresses attacks in the US
Jessica Stern 6, Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, “Are We Safe Yet”, September 7, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/discussions/roundtables/are-we-safe-yet

I have four main problems with … And data collected by the private organization MIPT show a similar upward trend.

2ac y-12 terror

Y-12 key to HEU terror
Civiak, 9
(Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pittsburgh and Former visiting scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Transforming the U.S. Strategic Posture and Weapons Complex for Transition to a  Nuclear Weapons-Free World,” April, http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_09040701a.pdf)

We recommend that DOE more … and its Nuclear Products Division in Lynchburg, VA.

2ac kola

Kola HEU explosion inevitable and risks extinction
Shields, 7
(6/10, Columnist-The Independent(UK), “Worse than Chernobyl,” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/worse-than-chernobyl-dirty-timebomb-ticking-in-a-rusting-russian-nuclear-dump-threatens-europe-452528.html)

Worse than Chernobyl: 'dirty timebomb' … populated area, causing untold social and economic disruption beyond the threat to life.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
t

Downblending is for electricity production
Smith, 6
(Communications Director-DOE NNSA, “U.S. Nuclear Weapons-Grade Material Converted into Electricity,” http://www.usec.com/news/us-nuclear-weapons-grade-material-converted-electricity)

WASHINGTON – The U.S. Department … that USEC’s nuclear utility customers use to generate 10 percent of America’s electricity.”

Funding it is an incentive
Stockton and Drake 10, Peter Stockton is a senior investigator at the Project on Government Oversight. He served as special assistant to Energy Secretary Bill Richardson from 1999 to 2001, working as Richardson's personal troubleshooter on physical and cyber security in the nuclear weapons complex. As a senior congressional investigator in the 1970s and 1980s, he explored the diversion of weapon-grade uranium to Israel, the death of Karen Silkwood, and the security and effectiveness of the nuclear weapons production program, Ingrid Drake joined the Project on Government Oversight in 2007 as a fellow. Previously, she worked as a Capitol Hill and Washington correspondent for Free Speech Radio News and Pacifica Radio’s daily news show, “From danger to dollars: What the US should do with its highly enriched uranium”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists November/December 2010 vol. 66 no. 6 43-55

Another possible reason for the low … sale of LEU from downblended HEU.

Removing HEU from storage removes a restriction
Holt, 12
(Specialist in Energy Policy, 5/15, “Potential sources of nuclear fuel for tritium production,” http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/documents/2012_0515_CRS_TritiumFuelOptions.pdf

USEC currently down-blends Russian weapons-origin …supplement this naval reserve if necessary.

Counter-interpretation – incentives are cash expenditures to induce production
Webb, sessional lecture – Faculty of Law @ University of Ottawa, ‘93
(Kernaghan, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501)

One of the obstacles to intelligent discussion … programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

We’re a qpq with lab which are outside the usfg

Their distinction was eliminated in the 70’s
McGowan 79
 606 F.2d 986  196 U.S.App.D.C. 79, 1979-1 Trade Cases 62,526  FT. PIERCE UTILITIES AUTHORITY OF the CITY OF FT. PIERCE, et al., Petitioners, v. UNITED STATES of America, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Respondents, Florida Power and Light Co., City of Mount Dora, Florida, City of Lake Helen, Florida, Intervenors. FT. PIERCE UTILITIES AUTHORITY OF the CITY OF FT. PIERCE, et al., Petitioners, v. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION and United States of America, Respondents, City of Mount Dora, Florida, Florida Power and Light Co., City of Lake Helen, Florida, Intervenors.  Nos. 77-1925, 77-2101.  United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.  Argued Nov. 16, 1978. Decided March 23, 1979. As Amended March 23, 1979. Certiorari Denied Oct. 1, 1979. See 100 S.Ct. 83. 

 The Atomic Energy Act provides for two types …, issued operating licenses under section 104(b) to FPandL for Turkey Point Nos. 3 and 4 and St. Lucie No. 1, respectively.

Prefer clear brightlines – all incentives effect market conditions – whether an incentive causes adequate production is arbitrary and mixes burdens

They overlimit – conversion of uranium is a necessary step for all nuclear affs
USEC, 12
(“The American Centrifuge”, 2012, http://www.usec.com/american-centrifuge)

Since 2002, USEC has been developing and … provide approximately 20% of the U.S. electricity supply today. 

1AR – PRODUCTION

Energy production is extraction or conversion
COAG 9
(Department of Climate Change on behalf of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Expert Group on Streamlining Greenhouse and Energy Reporting, "national Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Streamlining Protocol," http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/nger-streamlining-protocol.pdf) 

‘Energy production’ is defined in NGER … of the facility or for use other than in the operation of the facility.

For nuclear power, that means fuel conversion
NASA, No Date [pg. http://www.sti.nasa.gov/sscg/44.html]

Definition
Energy Production – The production of … and cooling by renewable resources.

Takes out their reactor type distinction:

HEU can’t be used for production without downblending
Bunn, 12
(Prof-JFK School-Harvard, Consolidation: Thwarting Nuclear Theft, March, http://www.nuclearsummit.org/files/Consolidation_Thwarting_Nuclear_Theft.pdf)
Removing Civil HEU

Once reactors have been converted to LEU or …here are gaps that should be addressed.

Empirically, downblending leads to fuel for power reactors
NFS, 12
(Nuclear Fuel Services, “HEU TO LEU CONVERSION (DOWNBLENDING),” http://www.nuclearfuelservices.com/downblending.php)

A significant tool in America's non-proliferation … other client projects to provide LEU material for use in commercial reactors or as a strategic reserve of fuel for America.

It’s for power reactors
Podvig, 12
(Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, PhD-University of Moscow, February, Disposition of Excess Military Nuclear Material, http://www.unidir.org/pdf/ouvrages/pdf-1-92-9045-012-C-en.pdf)

However, only about 100 tonnes of this HEU will … to fuel power, research or special-purpose reactors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
states

Perm do both

Only Obama can declare surplus HEU
Stockton, 12
(Consultant-Project on Government Overight and Former Special Assistant to DOE Secretary Bill Richardson, U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: How the Country Can Profit and Become More Secure by Getting Rid of Its Surplus Weapons-Grade Uranium, http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/downblending/report-20100914.pdf)

DECLARE MORE U.S. HEU SURPLUS … there are hundreds of metric tons of HEU that could be declared surplus. 

Top level diplomatic engagement’s key to modeling
Bleek, 9
(Fellow-Center for a New American Security and PhD Candidate in IR-Georgetown, Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015: Proceedings of a Russian-U.S. Workshop, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12590andpage=100)

One lesson of past operations is that most … but micromanagement should be avoided. 

NNSA has spare capacity now but isn’t downblending – that proves the counterplan doesn’t result in them taking the initiative
Stockton and Drake 10, Peter Stockton is a senior investigator at the Project on Government Oversight. He served as special assistant to Energy Secretary Bill Richardson from 1999 to 2001, working as Richardson's personal troubleshooter on physical and cyber security in the nuclear weapons complex. As a senior congressional investigator in the 1970s and 1980s, he explored the diversion of weapon-grade uranium to Israel, the death of Karen Silkwood, and the security and effectiveness of the nuclear weapons production program, Ingrid Drake joined the Project on Government Oversight in 2007 as a fellow. Previously, she worked as a Capitol Hill and Washington correspondent for Free Speech Radio News and Pacifica Radio’s daily news show, “From danger to dollars: What the US should do with its highly enriched uranium”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists November/December 2010 vol. 66 no. 6 43-55

The most important step to modernize the … to downblend significantly more than even 20 metric tons per year.

States can’t solve modeling---local foreign policy just leads to inconsistent signal
DeLisle, 2K
(Law @ Penn, Foreign Affairs, Federalism, and Well-Meaning Mischief, http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20000715.law.delisle.massburmalaw.html) 

What’s Really Wrong with Local Foreign Policy: Incoherence
The risk, in short, is one of … could speak with one voice and act with clear purpose and maximum efficacy in a dangerous world.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
immigration

We've hit global peak farmland and the US isn’t key to yields
Tucker 12
William Tucker, veteran journalist. Educated at Amherst College, his work has appeared in Harper’s, the Atlantic Monthly, the American Spectator, the Weekly Standard, National Review, Reason, the New Republic, Reader’s Digest, the Wall Street Journal, and many other publications. His articles have won the John Hancock Award, the Gerald Loeb Award, the Amos Tuck Award, and he was a finalist for the National Magazine Award, Real Clear Energy, December 26, 2012, "The Farmland Required to Feed Humanity Has Peaked", http://www.realclearenergy.org/articles/2012/12/26/the_farmland_required_to_feed_humanity_has_peaked.html

Usually the environmental news is bad. ….restoration of vast acreage to Nature."

Cyber war is massively exaggerated - trades off focus with more important threats
Valeriano 13
BRANDON VALERIANO is Lecturer in Social and Political Sciences at the University of Glasgow, RYAN MANESS is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Illinois at Chicago, The Ducks of Minerva, January 29, 2013, " Perceptions and Opinions of the Cyber Threat", http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2013/01/perceptions-and-opinions-of-the-cyber-threat.html

Cyberwar is a pressing international … but it is nowhere near the top threat facing the United States.

Downblending overwhelmingly popular---broad consensus
Korb, 11
(Senior Fellow at American Progress, 8/11, Defense Cuts After the Debt Deal, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2011/08/11/10081/defense-cuts-after-the-debt-deal/)

Nuclear weapons: $33.72 billion While … promoted by groups left, right, and center, should be at the top of their lists.

That outweighs their spending link
Costello, 11
(“Bipartisan Bill Strengthens Defenses against Nuclear Terror,” 12/20, http://www.fmwg.org/news.cfm?action=articleandid=e1c3f76d-4a26-455f-8b90-750aad473e2b)

WASHINGTON, D.C. – The Fissile Materials …Security and Sustainability Program at Global Green USA.

Controversy now
Douglas P Guarino 3-13, reporter for Global Security Newswire, House Panel Reaffirms Support for Oversight of Nuclear Weapons Complex, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/house-panel-reaffirms-support-oversight-nuke-complex/

Members of the House Energy and …Commerce lawmakers argued the opposite.

Labor fight kills the bill
Anna Palmer, 3/22/13, Immigration deal in limbo as business, labor clash, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=1B5B052A-9CA3-4105-8BBE-B24B22287C3E

The Senate’s “Gang of Eight” is … a key part of comprehensive immigration reform.”

Fault lines are forming – Obama is stepping away and allowing it to crack
Nakamura 3-28. David, Washington Post reporter, "Guest-worker dispute may delay immigration bill" Arizona Central -- www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html

A bipartisan deal on immigration … bipartisan Senate group had included the idea in its own principles that same week. 

Obama is pushing the controversial infrastructure bank with immigration and gun control – disproves the link
Dominic Rushe, staff writer, 3/29 “Obama unveils plans to pump billions into US infrastructure in Miami speech,” The Guardian, 2013, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/mar/29/obama-us-infrastructure-spending-miami-speech

Among his proposals were …other reforms. "As president you need to be able to do a lot of things at once," he said.

Energy fights inevitable
Nick Juliano, EandE Reporter, 3/21/13, Senate opens debate; vote-a-rama with controversial amendments looms, www.eenews.net/EEDaily/2013/03/21/2

The Senate yesterday began debating … whether to offer an amendment.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
K---2AC

Exclusive method focus is circular
Jackson, associate professor of IR – School of International Service @ American University, ‘11
(Patrick Thadeus, The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations, p. 57-59)

Perhaps the greatest irony of this instrumental, decontextualized … be the goal—a goal that, ironically, Popper and Kuhn and Lakatos would all reject.

No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9
(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, … narratives, fears, and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Patriarchy’s not the root cause
Bell, senior lecturer – Department of Politics and International Studies @ Cambridge University, ‘6
(Duncan, “Beware of false prophets: biology, human nature and the future of International Relations theory,” International Affairs 82, 3 p. 493–510)

Writing in Foreign Aff airs in 1998, Francis Fukuyama… essay unfortunately recur throughout the growing literature on the biology of international politics.

The alt fails – taking an ethical stance against patriarchal exploitation does nothing to alter material realities
Bina Agarwal 98, Professor of Economics, Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, “Environmental management, equity and ecofeminism: Debating India's experience”, Journal of Peasant Studies, 25:4, 55-95

How does the ecofeminist formulation hold up in the … determinants of their response, as emphasised in ecofeminist discourse.38 

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are … deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

K---1AR

Environment is improving - more growth is key
Lomborg 11
Bjorn Lomborg, directs the Copenhagen Consensus Center and is the author of The Skeptical Environmentalist and Cool It, Newsweek, June 12, 2011, "A Roadmap for the Planet", http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/06/12/bjorn-lomborg-explains-how-to-save-the-planet.html#

Climate alarmists and campaigning … breathable and the water is more drinkable

Causes endless paradigm wars
Wendt, professor of international security – Ohio State University, ‘98
(Alexander, “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations,” British International Studies Association) 

As a community, we in the academic study … one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

Reality outweighs representations
Wendt, 1999
Alexander Wendt, Professor of International Security at Ohio State University, 1999, “Social theory of international politics,” gbooks

The effects of holding a relational theory of meaning on theorizing … language help determine meaning, but meaning is also regulated by a mind-independent, extra-linguistic world. 

Util’s the only moral framework
Murray 97 (Alastair, Professor of Politics at U. Of Wales-Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, p. 110)

Weber emphasised that, while the 'absolute ethic … this doctrine 'leads to the negation of absolute ethical judgements altogether'.13  

Pursuit of hegemony’s locked-in
Zach Dorfman 12, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605

The rise of China notwithstanding, the United … supremacy is assumed rather than argued for: in an age of tremendous political division, it is a bipartisan first principle

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Boulding 77
 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung
Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published
 Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.12 He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science.
 He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement. 

 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of 'structural violence' …may have d'one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures
Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps … estimates that poverty was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: 

1AC

plan

The United States Federal Government should acquire electricity from small modular reactors for its military installations in the United States.

1

Water scarcity coming now - it’s a threat multiplier that enflames hotspots globally. Specifically, Egypt and Central Asia - their defense isn’t predictive
Dinar et al 10/18/12
SHLOMI DINAR is associate professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations and associate director of the School of International and Public Affairs at Florida International University. LUCIA DE STEFANO is associate professor at Complutense University of Madrid and researcher at the Water Observatory of the Botín Foundation. JAMES DUNCAN is consultant on natural resource governance and geography with the World Bank. KERSTIN STAHL is senior scientist at the Institute of Hydrology in the University of Freiburg. KENNETH M. STRZEPEK is research scientist with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. AARON T. WOLF is a professor of geography in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University, Foreign Affairs, October 18, 2012, "No Wars for Water", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138208/shlomi-dinar-lucia-de-stefano-james-duncan-kerstin-stahl-kenneth/no-wars-for-water?page=show

In short, predictions of a Water World War are overwrought. However, tensions
AND
, freshwater will only further frustrate stability efforts in the world’s volatile regions.

Those wars go global

Reilly ’2
(Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, "NOT A DROP TO DRINK," http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml-http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)
*Cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts

The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
AND
planet decreases, today’s low-level conflicts can only increase in intensity.

And nuclear

Weiner ’90
(Jonathan, Visiting Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth, p. 214) 

If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
AND
of the 60,000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

Water scarcity causes Central Asian war

Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, "War for water is not a far cry", June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44-http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44

That’s been a constant dilemma for the Central Asian states since they became independent after the Soviet break-up.
Much of Central Asia’s water flows from the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, leaving downstream countries Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan dependent and worried about the effects of planned hydropower plants upstream.
Tashkent fears that those two countries’ use of water from Central Asia’s two great rivers — the Syr Darya and Amu Darya — to generate power will diminish the amount reaching Uzbekistan, whose 28 million inhabitants to make up Central Asia’s largest population.
After the collapse of communism in the 1990s, a dispute arose between Hungary and Slovakia over a project to dam the Danube River. It was the first of its type heard by the International Court of Justice and highlighted the difficulty for the Court to resolve such issues decisively. There are 17 European countries directly reliant on water from the Danube so there is clear potential for conflict if any of these countries act selfishly.
Experts worry that dwindling water supplies could likely result in regional conflicts in the future. For example, in oil-and-gas rich Central Asia, the upstream countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan hold 90 percent of the region’s water resources, while Uzbekistan, the largest consumer of water in the region, is located downstream.

Extinction

Blank 2k ~Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, "American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region", World Affairs. 9-22~

Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
AND
5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

Central asia escalates – It’s a geopolitical hub

Arun Sahgal %26, former Army officer who created the Office of Net Assessment in the Indian Joint Staff, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses and ’Distinguished Fellow’ School of Geo-Politics at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education,  Vinod Anand 10, postgraduate in defence and strategic studies and is an alumnus of Defence Services Staff College and College of Defence Management, "Strategic Environment in Central Asia and India", http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/1004Joshi-V-Strategic.pdf-http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/1004Joshi-V-Strategic.pdf

The geo-strategic salience of Central Asia today has been underscored by two main
AND
Asia pave the way for outside powers to interfere in their internal affairs.

Indo-Pak water scarcity’s coming – causes escalatory disputes

Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, "War for water is not a far cry", June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44-http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44

Such is the deep nexus between water and global warming that the increased frequency of climate change-driven extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and flooding, along with the projected rise of ocean levels, is likely to spur greater interstate and intrastate migration- especially of the poor and the vulnerable- from delta and coastal regions to the hinterland.
As the planet warms, water grow scarcer. Global warming will endanger the monsoon, which effects much greater than those of drought alone-particularly in India given that 70 percent of India’s rainfall comes from the monsoon.
The declining snow cover and receding glaciers in the Himalayan state of Jammu and Kashmir could trigger renewed hostilities between India and Pakistan, neighbouring states in the South Asian region that are at odds on a host of issues.
The two countries share the Indus River, one of the longest rivers in the world. The river rises in southwestern Tibet and flows northwest through the Himalayas. It crosses into the Kashmir region, meandering to the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the territory.
Pakistan and India have long been embroiled in a territorial dispute over Kashmir, but have so far managed to uphold a World Bank-mediated Indus Water Treaty (IWT) that provides mechanisms for resolving disputes over water sharing. Any drastic reduction in the availability of water in the region has the potential of causing a war between the hostile south Asian neighbors.
The Indus water system is the lifeline for Pakistan, as 75 to 80 percent of water flows to Pakistan as melt from the Himalayan glaciers. This glacier melt forms the backbone of irrigation network in Pakistan, with 90 percent of agricultural land being fed by the vastly spread irrigation network in Pakistan, one of the largest in the world. Any disruption of water flow would cause a grave impact on agriculture produce in Pakistan.
The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between the Republic of India
AND
not revoke the treaty during any of three later Indo-Pakistani Wars.
Until now, the Indus Water Treaty has worked well, but the impact of
AND
while the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers were allocated for India’s use.
Transboundary water sharing between India and Pakistan will become an extremely difficult proposition as surface water would become a scarce commodity with the depletion of water reserves up in the mountains.
The sharing of the Ganges waters is a long-standing issue between India and Bangladesh over the appropriate allocation and development of the water resources of the Ganges River that flows from northern India into Bangladesh. The issue has remained a subject of conflict for almost 35 years, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.

Goes nuclear

Zahoor ’11
(Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, "Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia," http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia-http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia, AM)

South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
AND
dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means.

Only SMR’s solve

IAEA 7, "Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies", July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf-http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf

Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
AND
global issue. Every year new countries are affected by growing water problems.
It is for this reason that the Millennium Declaration by UN General Assembly in 2000 set up a target
to halve, by the year 2015, the world population, which is unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking
water. Vision 21: shared vision for Hygiene, Water Supply and Sanitation, has a target to provide
water, sanitation and hygiene for all by 2025.
Better water conservation, water management, pollution control and water reclamation are all part of the integrated solution to projected water stresses. So too are new sources of fresh water, including the desalination of seawater.
Desalination technologies have been well established since the mid-20th century and widely deployed
AND
drinking water, it would provide approximately 20 litres/day/capita.
Large scale commercially available desalination processes can generally be classified into two categories: (a) distillation processes that require mainly heat plus some electricity for ancillary equipment, and (b) membrane processes that require only electricity. In the first category (distillation) there are two major processes: multi-stage flash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation (MED). In both processes, seawater is heated; the steam that evaporates is condensed and collected as freshwater; and the residual brine is discharged.
In the second category (membranes) is the reverse osmosis process (RO), in which pure water passes from the high-pressure seawater side of a semi-permeable membrane to the low-pressure freshwater side. The pressure differential must be high enough to overcome the natural tendency for water to move from the low concentration freshwater side of a membrane to the high concentration seawater side in order to balance osmotic pressures.
The energy for the desalination plants is generally supplied in the form of either steam or electricity. Conventional fossil fuel-powered plants have normally been utilized as the primary sources but their intensive use raises increasing environmental concerns, specifically in relation to greenhouse gas emissions (Section 1.3.3). The depleting sources and the future price uncertainty of the fossil fuels and their better use for other vital industrial applications are also the factors to be considered.
1.3. THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN DESALINATION
The world energy requirements are presently met from oil, coal, gas, hydro, nuclear and renewable energies in that order as shown in Table 1.
It is now universally recognized that there will be an increase in the world’s requirement for electricity over the next few decades. The present trend towards meeting this demand includes the building of fossil fuel plants, particularly combined cycle gas fired plants.
However, the spiralling increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has resulted in setting the emission targets in international meetings held at Toronto, Rio de Janeiro and Kyoto. The IAEA predicts that the GHG emissions would be 36-50% higher by 2010 compared to 1990 levels. Many analysts, therefore, feel that the only viable alternative to fossil fuels is nuclear energy to reduce the rate of increase of GHG, particularly, carbon dioxide.
Yet another incentive for nuclear power is to maintain diversity of supply. A national strategy limited to one particular form of energy (fossil fuels) will be vulnerable to increased fuel costs and pressures from exporting countries.
Nuclear power is a proven technology, which has provided more than 16% of world electricity supply in over 30 countries. More than ten thousand reactor-years of operating experience have been accumulated over the past 5 decades.
There are many reasons which favour a possible revival of the nuclear power production in
AND
Member States to confirm its technical and economical viability under country-specific conditions
The desalination of seawater using nuclear energy is a feasible option to meet the growing demand for potable water. Over 175 reactor-years of operating experience on nuclear desalination have already been accumulated worldwide.
1.3.1. Nuclear desalination
In the IAEA terminology, nuclear desalination is defined to be the production of potable
AND
of the total energy output of the reactor is used for water production.
The design approaches for a nuclear desalination plant are essentially derived from those of the nuclear reactor alone, with some additional aspects to be considered in the design of a desalination plant and its integration with the nuclear system.
All nuclear reactor types can provide the energy required by the various desalination processes. In this regard, it has been shown that Small and Medium Reactors (SMRs) offer the largest potential as coupling options to nuclear desalination systems in developing countries. The development of innovative reactor concepts and fuel cycles with enhanced safety features as well as their attractive economics are expected to improve the public acceptance and further the prospects of nuclear desalination.
The coupling with nuclear system is not difficult technically but needs some consideration in (a)
avoiding cross-contamination by radioactivity, (b) providing backup heat or power sources in case the
nuclear system is not in operation (e.g. for refuelling and maintenance), (c) incorporation of certain
design features, minimising the impact of the thermal desalination systems’ coupling to the nuclear
reactors (Section 1.6).
1.3.2. Why nuclear desalination?
The International Atomic Energy Agency is a specialized organization of the UN system that seeks to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. The institutional basis for the IAEA’s involvement in nuclear desalination is in its Statute and Medium Term Strategy.
Article II of the IAEA Statute provides that:
" The Agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world".
This refers implicitly to nuclear desalination as an option for the use of nuclear technologies.
The same applies to the Article III of the Statute, which authorizes the IAEA:
" To encourage and assist research on, and development and practical application of, atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world…."; (Article III, A.1); and
"To foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy." (Article III, A.3).
In addition, Objective A.3 of the Agency’s Medium Term Strategy requires the Agency:
" To support and facilitate the development of new and emerging applications of nuclear technologies by co-generation and heat applications, including seawater desalination".
Request of assessing feasibility of using nuclear energy for seawater desalination was first made by the five North African countries to the IAEA in 1989 and the General Conference adopted its resolution to resume the study. These countries are located in semi-arid zones and already suffer from water shortages.
In recent years, interests have been also been indicated by Member States in South
AND
fuel resources and spin-off effects of nuclear technology for industrial development.
Looking to the future, there are several reasons for focusing now on expanding nuclear
AND
appropriate for remote areas that are not suitable for connections to the grid.
For nuclear desalination to be attractive in any given country, two conditions have to
AND
the Middle East and North Africa, increase their nuclear expertise and capabilities.
1.3.3. Environmental impact of desalination by fossil fuelled energy sources
Desalination is an energy intensive process. A future desalination strategy based only on the
AND
the fossil fuelled based systems for the production of needed electricity and heat.
The following paragraphs illustrate the damaging consequences of such a policy by taking the example of the Mediterranean region.
Following the recent "Blue Plan" ~2~, the total available natural water resources (1), based on the statistics from 1990 to 1998, in the principle countries of the Mediterranean region, are as shown in Table 2.
The projected demands (3) for the year 2025 ~31~ are also included in Table 1.
It is obvious that available natural water resources would rather decrease in 2025 because of increased pollution, over exploitation and other human activities. However, to keep matters simple, it would be supposed that they would remain at the same level as in 1998.
It can be observed that, in 2025, the total projected water deficit (balance) in the Mediterranean region would of the order of 294 km3/per year.
Not all this required capacity would be met by desalination plants. Current contribution of desalination is of the order of 1 to 2 %. If it is supposed that in 2025, this contribution would be about 2.5 %, then the total required desalting capacity would be 7.3 km3/year (20.1 million m3/day).
According to the EC ExternE study2, the total emissions of GHG per MW(e).h of electricity produced by representative fossil fuelled power plants in France, are as presented in Table 3.
The specific heat and electricity consumptions of three main desalination plants are given in Table 4, ~3~.
The data presented in the above Tables allows to calculate the approximate3 total GHG emissions produced by the fossil fuelled plants and the three desalination plants.
Results for a total desalting capacity of 20.1 million m3/day are presented in Table 5.
It can thus be concluded that for a desalting capacity of 20.1 million m3/day in the Mediterranean region alone, required in 2025, one would produce, depending upon the energy source and the desalination process used,
13 to 264 million tonnes/year of CO2.
1350 to 1 310 000 tonnes/year of SOx.
21 100 to 540 000 tonnes/year of NOx.
1190 to 40 000 tonnes/year of particles.
The potential levels of GHG and particle emissions on the world scale could then be more than double these figures.
These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Key to deescalate conflicts

Palley ’11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71

The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
AND
biblical ability to "strike any local rock and have water gush forth."

It’s economically viable

Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent, "Research projects show nuclear
desalination economical", April, http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf-http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf

The desalination of seawater using nuclear power is cost-effective compared with other primary energies, according to researchers in 10 countries who have studied various options at specific sites in their own countries. Their findings show nuclear to be at least competitive in all cases.
Researchers from Argentina, China, Egypt, France, India, Korea, Pakistan
AND
in a technical document (IAEA-TECDOC) already at the printer.
"There is a dire shortage of fresh water for drinking in many countries already
AND
km3, is readily available, and even that is very unevenly distributed."
According to Khamis, recent statistics show 2.3 billion people living in water
AND
needed energy for maintaining sustainable development and growth," the ANL report says.
The IAEA report says that desalinating seawater is not the only solution under discussion for
AND
pressure side, and leaving salty seawater on the high-pressure side.
Desalination plant capacity worldwide is close to 40 million m3 today, mostly by distillation using fossil energy, and mostly in the Middle East and North Africa. Nuclear desalination has so far been exclusively for use within the nuclear power plants themselves, except at the Soviet-built BN-350 fast reactor in Aktau, Kazakhstan, which supplied potable water to local communities until it was shut down in 1999.
Currently, only India supplies nuclear desalinated water outside the plant site. Having earlier
AND
which earlier operated a 454 m3/day RO facility for plant use.
Fresh water is needed for many purposes. Saudi Arabia alone already irrigates crops with desalinated water. A number of countries, notably Egypt, the Persian Gulf States, Israel, Jordan, and Libya, depend on the technology to maintain tourism. Khamis said nuclear desalination has been held back by two key factors: economics, and the unavailability of reactors of appropriate size.
The CRP addressed the former, comparing cost performance between reactor plus desalination method combinations. The perception that nuclear is less cost-effective than other energy sources was repudiated by the studies.
The report says that the country case studies "have shown that in general, the nuclear desalination costs can vary from %240.5 to %240.94/m3 for RO, from %240.6 to %240.96/m3 for MED, and from %241.18 to %241.48/m3 for MSF plants. All nuclear options are economically attractive as compared with the gas turbine combined-cycle–based desalination systems, as long as gas prices remain higher than %24150/toe ~metric tons oil equivalent~ or %2421/bbl ~barrel~."

2

Massive expansion of nuclear power’s inevitable worldwide – that causes cascading prolif

John P Banks and Charles K Ebinger 11, John is a fellow with the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution, Charles is senior fellow and director of the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution, "Introduction: Planning a Responsible Nuclear Future" in "Business and Nonproliferation", googlebooks

Nuclear energy is a twentieth-century innovation but until recently has not spread beyond
AND
reprocessing. This is a major challenge for a regime already under stress.

The spread of enrichment and reprocessing collapse the entire nonproliferation regime

Anatoly S. Diyakov 10, Professor of Physics and Director of the Center for Arms Control Energy and Environmental Studies at the Moscow Institute of Physics, "The nuclear "renaissance" %26 preventing the spread of enrichment %26 reprocessing technologies: a Russian view", Dædalus Winter 2010

The anticipated growth of nuclear power around the world may lead to the spread of
AND
countries guaranteed access to external sources of nuclear fuel cycle services and products.

Squo nuclear power means quick breakout—asymmetric development of arsenals creates imbalances that undermine deterrent relationships

Sokolski 9
Henry Sokolski, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 6/1/2009, Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534

Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next
AND
research reactor, or plans to build a large power reactor by 2030.
With a large reactor program inevitably comes a large number of foreign nuclear experts (
AND
covert fuel manufacturing even more likely)21 afford much cause for optimism.
This brave new nuclear world will stir existing security alliance relations more than it will settle them: In the case of states such as Japan, South Korea, and Turkey, it could prompt key allies to go ballistic or nuclear on their own.
Nuclear 1914
At a minimum, such developments will be a departure from whatever stability existed during
AND
number of nuclear or nuclear-weapon-armed or -ready states.
So far, the U.S. has tried to cope with independent nuclear
AND
Washington and each of these nuclear-armed entities (see Figure 3).
There are limits, however, to what this approach can accomplish. Such a
AND
would be likely to do in such a crisis (see graphic below):
Combine these proliferation trends with the others noted above and one could easily create the perfect nuclear storm: Small differences between nuclear competitors that would put all actors on edge; an overhang of nuclear materials that could be called upon to break out or significantly ramp up existing nuclear deployments; and a variety of potential new nuclear actors developing weapons options in the wings.
In such a setting, the military and nuclear rivalries between states could easily be
AND
munitions, and to develop a variety of preventative and preemptive war options.
Certainly, in such a world, relations between states could become far less stable
AND
, would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

Prolif cascades cause militarization of disputes—escalates to great power war

Kroenig 9
Matt Kroenig, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, November 2009, Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation, http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/19671/beyond_optimism_and_pessimism.html

Nuclear proliferation can embolden new nuclear states, triggering regional instability that could potentially threaten
AND
in the new nuclear state, potentially be drawn into the fighting themselves.
There is direct evidence that nuclear weapons can contribute to regional instability. Robert Rauchhaus
AND
of nuclear weapons, encouraging them to initiate militarized disputes against India.48
Proliferation optimists counter that nuclear proliferation should increase regional stability, but the most recent
AND
or all of the contentious actors in a region possess nuclear weapons.51
Furthermore, for the sake of argument, even if nuclear proliferation does have stabilizing effects as optimists argue, as long as regional conflict among nuclear-armed states is possible, the basic argument presented here still holds. This is because power-projecting states may still feel compelled to intervene in the conflicts that do occur. These are conflicts that they perhaps could have avoided had nuclear weapons been absent.
There is direct evidence that regional conflicts involving nuclear powers can encourage power-projecting
AND
in crises between the nuclear- armed countries of India and Pakistan.55
Indeed, the expectation that powerful states will intervene in conflicts involving a nuclear-
AND
United States would never allow an extended conflict in nuclear South Asia.58
For these reasons, power-projecting states worry about the effect of nuclear proliferation
AND
military probing operations because of an overoptimistic assessment of its psychological advantage."61
More recently, U.S. officials have continued to fear the effect of
AND
theocratic regime will be a source of both regional and global instability."63
U.S. officials assessed that regional instability set off by nuclear proliferation could
AND
involving a nuclear-armed Iran or North Korea and their neighbors.66
Leaders in power-projecting states also fear that regional instability set off by nuclear
AND
another dangerous flash-point in the uncertain Sino-American strategic relationship.

Cold War no longer applies—nuclear war

Cimbala 8
Stephen Cimbala, Ph.D., Penn State Brandywine Political Science Distinguished Professor, 2008, Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia, Comparative Strategy Volume 27, Issue 2

The spread of nuclear weapons in Asia presents a complicated mosaic of possibilities in this
AND
because states in Asia have new aspirations for regional or global respect. 12
The spread of ballistic missiles and other nuclear-capable delivery systems in Asia,
AND
and China; Pakistan, with India and China; and so on.
The short flight times of ballistic missiles between the cities or military forces of contiguous
AND
systems that increase decision pressures for rapid, and possibly mistaken, retaliation.
This potpourri of possibilities challenges conventional wisdom about nuclear deterrence and proliferation on the part
AND
could overturn these expectations for the obsolescence or marginalization of major interstate warfare.
For theorists, the argument that the spread of nuclear weapons might be fully compatible
AND
slow and peaceful change, as opposed to sudden and radical power transitions.
These arguments, for a less alarmist view of nuclear proliferation, take comfort from
AND
concepts might be inaccurate guides to the avoidance of war outside of Europe. 

A strong SMR industry’s key to US leadership, market share, and cradle to grave

Mandel 9
(Jenny – Scientific American, Environment %26 Energy Publishing, LLC, "Less Is More for Designers of "Right-Sized" Nuclear Reactors" September 9, 2009, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-nuclear-power-plant-station-mini-reactor)

Tom Sanders, president of the American Nuclear Society and manager of Sandia National Laboratories’
AND
is: Are we building them, or are we just importing them?"

Domestic nuclear expansion’s key to leadership and nonprolif

Michael Wallace and Sarah Williams 12, Michael is Senior Adviser at the U.S. Nuclear Energy Project at CSIS, Sarah is a Nuclear Policy Analyst at the Partnership for Global Security at CSIS, "Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing its Early Demise", October, http://csis.org/files/publication/120417_gf_wallace_williams.pdf-http://csis.org/files/publication/120417_gf_wallace_williams.pdf

America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, financing hurdles
AND
.S. nuclear industry and take action to prevent its early demise.

Cradle to grave solves cascades

McGoldrick 11
Fred McGoldrick, CSIS, spent 30 years at the U.S. State and Energy Departments and at the U.S. mission to the IAEA, negotiated peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements with a number of countries and helped shape the policy of the United States to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, May 2011, Limiting Transfers of Enrichment and Reprocessing Technology: Issues, Constraints, Options, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/MTA-NSG-report-color.pdf

The U.S. has been exploring the possibilities of developing offers by one
AND
be the same for a cradle-to-grave service to work.

Plan accesses a huge export market

Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf-https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

Previous studies have documented the potential for a significant export market for U.S
AND
of such plants may not have yet achieved all of the learning benefits.
The Department of Commerce has launched the Civil Nuclear Trade Initiative, which seeks to
AND
step toward a U.S.-centric, bundled reliable fuel services.

solvency

DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership

Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—
AND
will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.

SMR’s are super cost-effective and safe

Ioannis N. Kessides and Vladimir Kuznetsov 12, Ioannis is a researcher for the Development Research Group at the World Bank, Vladimir is a consultant for the World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries", August 14, Sustainability 2012, 4(8), 1806-1832

SMRs offer a number of advantages that can potentially offset the overnight cost penalty that
AND
belief that nuclear reactors are characterized by significant economies of scale ~19~.

Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen %26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
citizen activists to become both participants in and critics of the policy process. 

Marked

In order to defeat the plant, activists engaged in technical debate. They won
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: 

2AC Prolif

iaea

Tradeoffs now and monitoring fails

Trevor Findlay, Senior Fellow at Centre for International Governance Innovation and Director of the Canadian Centre for Treaty Compliance. Professor at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, 2012, UNLEASHING THE NUCLEAR WATCHDOG: strengthening and reform of the iaea, http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/IAEA_final_0.pdf

In spite of this well-deserved reputation and its apparently starry prospects, the
AND
its governing bodies has increased alarmingly in recent years, crimping its potential.
Most alarming of all, the Agency has failed, by its own means,
AND
for improvement, especially in detecting undeclared materials, facilities and activities.6

at: apartheid

Case outweighs

Ford 11
Chris Ford, Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute in Washington, D.C. He previously served as U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, and General Counsel to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 1/10/11, Havea and Have-Nots: "Unfairness in nuclear Weapons possession," www.newparadigmsforum.com/NPFtestsite/?p=658

First, however, let’s provide some context. As I noted above, it
AND
change their behavior. This argument seems to be a curiously modern phenomenon.
One might respond that the very specialness of nuclear weapons makes such a position appropriate
AND
I’m skeptical, but for the sake of argument let’s say "maybe."
The argument that nuclear weapons are "special," however, is a two-
AND
aren’t useless, however, it may be appropriately hard to abolish them.)
More importantly, any argument about the destructively "special" character of nuclear weaponry
AND
which the conventional "unfairness" critique simply does not very persuasively apply.
III.   Implications
Let me be clear about this. The moral critique of nuclear weapons possession may
AND
world’s nuclear dilemma. It isn’t really about "fairness" at all.
Given the entanglement of nuclear weapons issues with quasi-existential questions potentially affecting the survival of millions or perhaps even billions of people, moreover, it stands to reason that an "unfair" outcome that nonetheless staves off such horrors is a perfectly good solution. On this scale, one might say, non-catastrophe entirely trumps accusations of "unfairness." Questions of stability are far more important than issues of asymmetric distribution.
This, of course, has powerful implications for nonproliferation policy, because pointing out the hollowness of the "unfairness" argument as applied to nuclear weapons suggests the moral sustainability of nonproliferation even if complete nuclear disarmament cannot be achieved and the world continues to be characterized by inequalities in weapons possession. We forget this at our collective peril.
Don’t get me wrong. "Unfairness" arguments will presumably continue to have a
AND
what is really important here: substantive outcomes in the global security environment.
"Unfairness," in other words, is an overrated critique, and "fairness" is an overrated destination. At least where nuclear weapons are concerned, there are more important considerations in play. Let us not forget this.

Dickinson, associate professor of history – UC Davis, ’4
(Edward, Central European History, 37.1)

In short, the continuities between early twentieth-century biopolitical discourse and the practices
AND
legislative and welfare reforms in the 1920s or the 1970s in Germany.90
Of course it is not yet clear whether this is an irreversible dynamic of such
AND
of biopolitics, the only end point of the logic of social engineering.
This notion is not at all at odds with the core of Foucauldian (and
AND
create "multiple modernities," modern societies with quite radically differing potentials.91

Prolif exacerbates inequality—turns the K

Biswas 1
Shampa Biswas, Whitman College Politics Professor, December 2001, "Nuclear apartheid" as political position: race as a postcolonial resource?, Alternatives 26.4

At one level, as Partha Chatterjee has pointed out, the concept of apartheid
AND
, not delegitimize the unequal privileges and burdens written into the categories themselves.
Indian military scientists claim that India has now accumulated enough data for reliable future weaponization
AND
speaking for democratic ideals through the symbol of nuclear apartheid. (55)
There are several troublesome issues here with respect to the concept of "nuclear democracy
AND
and noncombatants as required in the just conduct of war. (57)
In this context, it might be worth pointing to the 1996 ruling by the
AND
makes both science and the state susceptible to undemocratic governance. (60) 

at: disarm alt

Doesn’t solve

Frank Procida 9, National Intelligence Fellow at CFR, "Unclear Nuclear Logic?", Foreign Affairs, March/April, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64662/frank-procida-peter-huessy/unclear-nuclear-logic

The shift in U.S. nuclear policy advocated by Ivo Daalder and Jan
AND
of reaching agreements with rogue states, would probably barely register in negotiations.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: 

2AC Water Security

at: water security

Your K doesn’t matter because water war is as real as it gets

Dinar 2
SAIS Review 22.2 (2002) 229-253
Water, Security, Conflict, and Cooperation
Shlomi Dinar is a Ph.D. candidate at the Johns Hopkins University School
AND
Framework for Hydropolitics," International Negotiation 5, no. 2 (2000).

The dichotomy of conflict and cooperation over water and its relationship to national and regional
AND
as irrelevant and other rejectionists of the environment-security link have ignored.
Linking security with the environment does not increase the possibility that nations will engage in
AND
thus futile and has become a scholarly debate marred by polemics and semantics.
Given its geographical attributes, freshwater truly straddles the notion of sovereignty that traditionalists cherish
AND
their need to access sufficient and clean freshwater in security and nationalist terms.

kaufman

No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars

Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ’9
(Stuart J, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) 

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

accidents

No impact

Rod Adams 12, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., "Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?", May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29-http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
AND
and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: OU LM | Judge: 

2AC Security K

technocracy

Nuclear technocracy’s key to solve

Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/’11
(Ted and Michael, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta-http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta) 

Tenth, we are going to have to get over our suspicion of technology,
AND
simpler, more bucolic past in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

Their impact is wrong – debate over even the most technical issues improves decision-making and advocacy

Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen %26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

What is the role of the citizen in the modern technological state? As political
AND
vision of "technological democracy"-is an important outcome of grassroots action.

roleplay

Global extinction risks require a revision of the politics of compassion – survival is still paramount.  New risks dictate embracing our ethic DEPSITE their impacts

Winchester 94
James J. Winchester teaches Philosophy at Spelman College
Nietzsche’s Aesthetic Turn

As uninformed as it is to assume that there is an easy connec- tion
AND
is the level of interconnectedness that the technological age has pressed upon us.
 

Embrace compassion because it’s difficult and fraught with risk

Frazer 6
The Review of Politics  (2006), 68: 49-78 Cambridge University Press
Michael Frazer’s research focuses on Enlightenment political philosophy and its relevance for contemporary political theory
AND
as a postdoctoral research associate in the Political Theory Project at Brown University.
Assistant professor – HARVARD

There is a second way in which the painful experience of compassion can threaten human
AND
, unthinking beings, but such individuals are not destined for creative achievement.
By contrast, the natural philosopher, poet, or psychologist—the born and
AND
perspective of life, both can be seen as opponents of human flourishing. 

Their own ethics demands utility – a geneaological value system is ultimately rooted in the body – that trumps qualitative determinations

Nussbaum 94
Martha Nussbaum (born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy and ethics.
Nussbaum is currently Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University
AND
the rank of university professor.Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality,  By Richard

 We now turn to the heart of the matter, the role of "
AND
hero, if only socialism does not inspire him with weakness.5"  

Acting to help others generates meaning

Todd May 5, philo prof at Clemson, "To change the world, to celebrate life", Philosophy %26 Social Criticism, vol 31, nos 5–6, 517–531

What are we to make of these references? We can, to be sure
AND
our lives and in our politics, we can be worthy of it.

We control uniqueness – meaning isn’t doomed, it’s just transient – we should stop suffering when we can

Mitchell Smolkin, doctor who specializes in depression, Understanding Pain, 1989 p75-79

For Camus, the absurdity of the human condition consists in the incongruity between what
AND
rats again and send them forth to die in a happy city."76

ridley

Quality of life is skyrocketing worldwide by all measures

Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
AND
was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500.  

1AR K

2ac discourse

Reality outweighs representations

Wendt, 1999
Alexander Wendt, Professor of International Security at Ohio State University, 1999, "Social theory of international politics," gbooks

The effects of holding a relational theory of meaning on theorizing about world politics are
AND
is also regulated by a mind-independent, extra-linguistic world. 

A2 turns the case

Not true - empirics

Fuhrmann 11
(Matthew, Stanton Nuclear fellow at CFR, "Nuclear Inertia," http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/green_room/2011/04/nuclear_inertia.single.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/green_room/2011/04/nuclear_inertia.single.html, AM)

For the past two years, I’ve been building a data set that can help
AND
economic welfare, energy security, and energy production capacity, for example.
The nearly 75 nuclear accidents in the database include widely remembered disasters, such as Three Mile Island (TMI) in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986, but also less-known incidents, such as the reactor meltdown in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1983 and an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction in Tokaimura, Japan, in 1999 that killed two people.
Japanese authorities recently rated Fukushima at the highest possible severity level (Level 7), a designation shared only by Chernobyl. (TMI was classified as Level 5.) Given that the last accident of this magnitude crippled the nuclear industry, it may be tempting to conclude that the crisis in Japan will substantially curtail global nuclear power development. According to my database, however, it seems this judgment may be premature.
Nuclear-reactor construction is dominated by inertia. Harvesting nuclear energy is incredibly expensive at first, but much cheaper once the infrastructure is in place. Nevertheless, countries with a lot of money invested in nuclear energy have been surprisingly reluctant to give it up—even after major nuclear accidents. States that were not heavily invested, however, have often been quick to cancel their nuclear plans after accidents in other countries.
My analyses confirmed the conventional wisdom that TMI and Chernobyl stymied the global nuclear industry. A simple comparison between construction rates in the pre- and post-Chernobyl eras indicates that states were about 75 percent less likely to build reactors following the Soviet accident.
But Chernobyl and TMI aside, nuclear accidents generally have not deterred countries from building additional plants—even when the accidents happen within their borders. India, for example, began construction on four new reactors following the release of helium and heavy water at the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station in February 1995. *
Countries with nuclear power plants under construction prior to Three Mile Island continued to build
AND
plants, but these fears were rarely sufficient to derail entrenched national interests.

water K

Perm solves – we can critique security but still assess the water war impacts

Dinar 2
SAIS Review 22.2 (2002) 229-253
Water, Security, Conflict, and Cooperation
Shlomi Dinar is a Ph.D. candidate at the Johns Hopkins University School
AND
Framework for Hydropolitics," International Negotiation 5, no. 2 (2000).

Can some sort of compromise be sought in this ongoing debate? One issue often
AND
freshwater issues affect the likelihood of violence, war, or peace. 29

1ar technocracy

Engagement with technocracy is more effective than passive rejection

Jiménez-Aleixandre, professor of education – University of Santiago de Compostela, and Pereiro-Muñoz High School Castelao, Vigo (Spain), ’2
(Maria-Pilar and Cristina, "Knowledge producers or knowledge consumers? Argumentation and decision making about environmental management," International Journal of Science Education Vol. 24, No. 11, p. 1171–1190)

If science education and environmental education have as a goal to develop critical thinking and
AND
decision making; for this purpose the acknowledging of multiple expertise is crucial.

A2 roleplaying bad

Simulation allows us to influence state policy AND is key to agency

Eijkman 12
The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. ~[electronic resource~] http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf-http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal

However, whether as an approach to learning, innovation, persuasion or culture shift
AND
contains a detailed description, in table format, of the synopsis below.

impacts

K can’t turn the case

Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ’10
(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ’quilting’ framework
AND
the empirical and analytic distinctness of the different object fields in complex societies.
In truth, we feel that Theory, and the continuing line of ’master
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produced illusions, from Plato’s timeless cave allegory to Žižek’s theory of ideology.
We know that Theory largely understands itself as avowedly ’post- metaphysical’. It
AND
existential and political Theory than for a multi- dimensional and interdisciplinary critical theory 

Marked

that would challenge the chaotic specialisation neoliberalism speeds up in academe, which mirrors and
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today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

fw—at: smith

Life affirmation is an infinitely regressive standard for framework—it’s possible to do both

Clare Hemmings 5, feminist theory prof at the London School of Economics, Invoking Affect, Cultural Studies Vol. 19, No. 5 September 2005, pp. 548 /567

While appreciative of a critical focus on the unusual, which is to say the
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these ’two kinds’ of affect, which means the relationship remains dyadic.
Instead, both authors negotiate a way out of their own uncomfortable critical position by
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is to persuade ’paranoid theorists’ into a more productive frame of mind.

A2 victimization

Images of suffering are key to compassion

Porter 6, Prof %26 head of the School of International Studies at the University of South Australia, (Elisabeth, Hypatia 21.4, project muse)

I have explained what constitutes suffering and that attentiveness affirms dignity. I clarify further
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, 126). Attentive ethics in international relations is about priorities and choices.

at: vtl

Even if we should adopt a personal stance of life affirmation, refusing to allow others to embrace their lives is worse than the embrace itself
Alex Scott, MD, Rush Medical College, Author, 2008, Schopenhauer’s The World as Will and Idea http://www.angelfire.com/md2/timewarp/schopenhauer.html-http://www.angelfire.com/md2/timewarp/schopenhauer.html

Schopenhauer also argues that the voluntary renunciation of egoism is achieved by a denial of
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live by any other individual, then that action is not morally wrong.

A2 death k

The search for an authentic relationship to death devalues life

Theresa Sanders 6, theology prof at Georgetown, Tenebrae: Holy Week after the Holocaust, googlebooks

In her book Spirit of Ashes: Hegel, Heidegger, and Man-Made
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one to weight the meaning of death with a counterbalancing intensity of life. 

Marked

Concludes Wyschogrod, "By destroying the system of meanings which rendered death-accepting
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Such economics turn imagery of the "cycle of life" into mockery.
 

1AC: military SMRs through Other Transactions
DOD/Heg Adv
Prolif Leadership ADV

2AC Grid key to drones/terror add-on, grid key to econ add-on

1AC: DOD SMR w/ Other Transactions
Adv 1: DOD/Heg
Adv 2: Water--water wars, Indo/Pak, Central Asia

1AC: SMR through OTs
Adv 1--DOD
Lashout
Guantanamo (Carribean war, trade)

Adv 2--Prolif Leadership

2AC: Hezbollah add-on to Carribean instability

1AC: The United States Federal Government should acquire, through Other Transactions authority, electricity from small modular reactors for its military installations in the United States. 

Adv 1: DOD--Lashout, Guantanamo Bay impacts
Adv 2: Hydrogen--Naval Power, Chinese Subs impacts

1AC: SMR--warming adv, deliberation cards