Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Inherency – 1AC

Contention 1: Inherency

The Department of Interior’s leasing plan effectively restricts offshore natural gas drilling on federal lands

New 6-30 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 2012, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a)

In late June, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its

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happen if we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas.

Current legislation is insufficient – removing access restrictions allows for expanded energy production – certainty is key

Loris 8-6 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement)

Senator John Hoeven (R–ND) recently introduced the Domestic Energy and Jobs

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mining and opening access is the only necessary federal action surrounding critical minerals.

Plan – 1AC

The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce access restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas production

Energy Revolution – 1AC

Contention __: The Energy Revolution

The energy transition is failing – fracking requires massive amounts of water that drives up costs and makes new natural gas uneconomical – access to new conventional natural gas makes the transition sustainable

Dorsey 12 (Gregory, Managing Editor – Leeb’s Income Performance Letter, “Fractured Logic: The Myth of Abundant Natural Gas,” Leeb’s Market Forecast, 5-9, http://leebsmarketforecast.com/content/fractured-logic-myth-abundant-natural-gas)

A popular meme these days is the idea that natural gas is America’s salvation on

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that also have a healthy exposure to crude oil earn the highest honors.

Natural gas abundance is a myth – shale gas is declining and studies don’t assume increased production

Berman 12 (Art, Former Editor – Oil and Gas Journal, Geological Consultant – American Association of Petroleum Geologists, “After the Gold Rush: A Perspective on Future U.S. Natural Gas Supply and Price,” Oil Drum, 2-8, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8914)

For several years, we have been asked to believe that less is more,

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what is the basis for long-term projections of abundant gas supply?

Claims of abundant natural gas are industry bias and use manipulated data

Hughes 11 (J. David, Fellow in Fossil Fuels – Post Carbon Institute, Geoscientist – Geological Survey of Canada, and Team Leader – Canadian Gas Potential Committee, Abstract by Richard Heinberg, Senior Fellow-in-Residence – Post Carbon Institute, “Will Natural Gas Fuel America in the 21^st Century?” Post Carbon Institute, May, http://www.postcarbon.org/reports/PCI-report-nat-gas-future-plain.pdf)

As this report details, all of these assumptions and recommendations need to be re

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future supply, as well as sound assessments of economic and environmental costs.

New state and federal regulations are coming now – that makes fracking unsustainable

Plumer 12 (Brad, “How states are regulating fracking (in maps)”, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/07/16/how-states-are-regulating-fracking-in-maps/)

Armed with new drilling techniques, companies are spreading out across the United States,

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, the IEA notes, could prove even more costly to the gas industry

A US-led natural gas revolution secures US dominance and makes hegemony sustainable

Mead 12 (Walter Russell, James Clark Chase Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities – Bard College and Editor-at-Large – American Interest, “Energy Revolution 2: A Post Post-American Post,” American Interest, 7-15, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/15/energy-revolution-2-a-post-post-american-post/)

Forget peak oil; forget the Middle East. The energy revolution of the 21st

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role in shoring up the foundations of the American-led world order.

A US led natural gas revolution is key to hegemony – allows us to restructure the international order in our own interest

Gjelten 12 (Tom, Diplomatic Correspondent – NPR, “The Dash for Gas: The Golden Age of an Energy Game-Changer,” World Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/dash-gas-golden-age-energy-game-changer)

For a fresh perspective on geopolitical trends, look at the world through the lens

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and determine whether it imposes any risks to drinking water or human health.

Hegemonic collapse causes great power war

Kagan 12 (Robert – senior fellow of foreign policy at the Center on the United States and Europe, America Has Made the World Freer, Safer and Wealthier, 3-14, p. http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2012/0314_us_power_kagan.aspx)

We take a lot for granted about the way the world looks today -- the

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what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.

Those wars go nuclear

Kagan 7 (Robert, Senior Associate – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History: International Rivalry and American Leadership”, Policy Review, August/September, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10)

The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations

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which could in turn draw the United States back in under unfavorable circumstances.

LNG Exports Advantage

Contention __: LNG Exports

Currently, inadequate supply of natural gas causes domestic infighting over LNG exports – new, sustainable supply is key to export feasibility

Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)

For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible

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concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes.

Perception is key – new supply removes uncertainty over shale gas – that makes LNG exports economical

Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)

Aside from the price impact of potential U.S. LNG exports, a

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bi-directional import/export facilities) to import gas when economic.

Lifting federal restrictions diversifies US energy portfolio – natural gas firms would export any surplus supply

Hartley and Medlock 7 (Dr. Peter, Professor of Economics – Rice University, Rice Scholar – Baker Institute for Public Policy, and Dr. Kenneth B., Fellow in Energy Policy – Baker Institute for Public Policy, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Economics – Rice University, “North American Security of Natural Gas Supply in a Global Market,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, November, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/publications/energy-studies/docs/natgas/ng_security-nov07.pdf)

Higher Lower 48 production as a result of opening access also results in lower imports

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reduced potential for producers in Russia and the Middle East to exert market power

Export infrastructure exists – we can use import terminals to export

Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)

Additional gains would be realized because natural gas exports would exploit existing LNG infrastructure (

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exports to $3.1 billion to $3.7 billion.

Global export contracts are being renegotiated – now is key to get the US in the LNG export game

Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf).

LNG exports will help to sustain market liquidity in what looks to be an increasingly

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have reached final investment decision and are expected to be online by 2020.

Scenario __: Trade Leadership

Globally, bilateral trade agreements are inevitable. However, the US is losing out – reinvigorated support for US-based FTAs solidifies our global trade leadership

Smith 11 (Rod, Editor – Feedstuffs, “US Trade Leadership Slipping,” Feedstuffs Food Link, 6-24, http://www.feedstuffsfoodlink.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=andnm=andtype=newsandmod=Newsandmid=9A02E3B96F2A415ABC72CB5F516B4C10andtier=3andnid=FAA1AC2A45944313AAC3C0F446B2E2C4)

THE number of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) being negotiated by

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This not only affects our economic health but our leadership in the world.

LNG exports are key – gives the US leverage in trade negotiations

Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)

U.S. law distinguishes between LNG exports to countries with which the United

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to steer global gas trade toward greater transparency and market-based pricing.

Impact is great power wars and accesses every impact

Panitchpakdi 4 (DG Supachai, Former Director-General – World Trade Organization, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?”, National Press Club, 2-26, http://www.wto.org/french/ news_f/spsp_f/spsp22_f.htm)

I can sum up my message today in three sentences: The United States,

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important to fail. The world depends on it. So does America.

Scenario __: Japan

LNG exports will go to East Asia – it’s economical and helps meet growing demand

Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)

Owing to growing gas demand, limited domestic supply, and a more rigid and

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at the margin for U.S. LNG in the Pacific Basin.

LNG exports solidify America’s reliability as a partner on energy issues – that’s key to US-Japan relations

Cronin et al 12 (Dr. Patrick, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program – Center for a New American Security, Paul S. Giarra, President of Global Strategies and Transformation, Zachary M. Hosford, Research Associate – Center for a New American Security, Daniel Katz, Researcher – Center for a New American Security, “The China Challenge: Military, Economic and Energy Choices Facing the US-Japan Alliance,” April, CNAS, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_TheChinaChallenge_Cronin_0.pdf)

Although energy security has long been an issue for the alliance, a new combination

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they could drift apart, thereby missing an opportunity to strengthen the alliance.

Alliance solves multiple threats -~-- escalates to global nuclear war.

Gates 11 (Robert, U.S. Secretary of Defense, “U.S.-Japan Alliance a Cornerstone of Asian Security”, Speech to Keio University, 1-14, http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1529)

Over the course of its history, the U.S.-Japan alliance has

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would know less about regional threats and the military capabilities of our potential adversaries

Independently – LNG exports to Japan block the Japan-Russia pipeline

Abiru 12 (Taisuke, Research Fellow and Head of Energy Issues and Japanese Foreign Policy – Tokyo Foundation, “Rebuilding Japan’s Energy Policy,” Tokyo Foundation, 6-21, http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/articles/2012/rebuilding-japans-energy-policy2)

North America and Russia hold the key The key to diversifying Japan’s supply sources and

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taking care to reach an understanding with the Japanese fishing industry before proceeding.

That kills ocean biodiversity

Pereltsvaig 12 (Asya, lecturer in the Department of Linguistics at Stanford University, “Resource exploration and environmental issues on Sakhalin Island,” GeoCurrents, 4-11, http://geocurrents.info/place/russia-ukraine-and-caucasus/siberia/resource-exploration-and-environmental-issues-on-sakhalin-island)

The Russian Far East is one of the world’s Last Great Wilds: home to

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Mitsui, and Mitsubishi for a face-off with the Russian Federation.

Extinction

Craig 3 (Robin Kundis, Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, Lexis)

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they

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kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Solvency – 1AC

Contention 4 is Solvency –

Lifting access restrictions on federal lands provides 60 years of natural gas – clear, federal authority provides certainty that’s key to private sector. And – new drilling tech solves your environment turns.

Griles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30)

Mr. GRILES. America’s public lands have an abundant opportunity for exploration and development

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from and buy, so they can have certainty about where to go.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

That’s what the restrictions are

Hartley and Medlock 7 (Dr. Peter, Professor of Economics – Rice University, Rice Scholar – Baker Institute for Public Policy, and Dr. Kenneth B., Fellow in Energy Policy – Baker Institute for Public Policy, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Economics – Rice University, “North American Security of Natural Gas Supply in a Global Market,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, November, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/publications/energy-studies/docs/natgas/ng_security-nov07.pdf)

Access restrictions in the United States are in place due to explicit federal prohibition of

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we either include or remove from consideration in the scenario analyses outlined below.

CI – “Restrictions” means “regulations” – this evidence is energy specific

Davies 30 (Major George, “CLAUSE 1.—(Scheme regulating production, supply and sale of coal.),” February, vol 235 cc2453-558, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1930/feb/27/clause-1-scheme-regulating-production)

Major GEORGE DAVIES The hon. Member says he has heard no reason advanced for

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has been uncontrolled, production thrown on markets not able to receive it.

Natural gas drilling is energy production

CMP No Date (Conservation Measures Partnership, “3 Energy Production and Mining,” Threats and Actions Taxonomies, http://www.conservationmeasures.org/initiatives/threats-actions-taxonomies/threats-taxonomy/3-energy-production-mining)

3 Energy Production and Mining

Definition: Threats from production of non-biological resources

Exposition: Various forms of water use (for example, dams for hydro power) could also be put in this class, but these threats seemed more related to other threats that involve alterations to hydrologic regimes. As a result, they should go in 7.2 Dams and Water Management/Use.

3.1 Oil and Gas Drilling

Definition: Exploring for, developing, and producing petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons

Exposition: Oil and gas pipelines go into 4.2 Utility and Service Lines. Oil spills that occur at the drill site should be placed here; those that come from oil tankers or pipelines should go in 4. Transportation and Service Corridors or in 9.2 Industrial and Military Effluents, depending on your perspective.

Examples:

oil wells

deep sea natural gas drilling

3.2 Mining and Quarrying

Definition: Exploring for, developing, and producing minerals and rocks

Exposition: It is a judgment call whether deforestation caused by strip mining should be in this category or in 5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting – it depends on whether the primary motivation for the deforestation is access to the trees or to the minerals. Sediment or toxic chemical runoff from mining should be placed in 9.2 Industrial and Military Effluents if it is the major threat from a mining operation.

Examples:

coal strip mines

alluvial gold panning

gold mines

rock quarries

sand/salt mines

coral mining

deep sea nodules

guano harvesting

dredging outside of shipping lanes

3.3 Renewable Energy

Definition: Exploring, developing, and producing renewable energy

Exposition: Hydropower should be put in 7.2 Dams and Water Management/Use.

Examples:

geothermal power production

solar farms

wind farms (including birds flying into windmills)

tidal farms

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Perm – do both

Perine 8 (Katherine, Staff – CQ Politics, “Congress Unlikely to Try to Counter Supreme Court Detainee Ruling”, 6-12, http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002896528andcpage=2)

Thursday’s decision, from a Supreme Court dominated by Republican appointees, gives Democrats further cover against GOP sniping. “This is something that the court has decided, and very often the court gives political cover to Congress,” said Ross K. Baker, a Rutgers Universitiy political science professor. “You can simply point to a Supreme Court decision and say, ‘The devil made me do it.’ ”

Saying “Federal Government” doesn’t mean “all three branches” – any one body acts as it

Chicago 7 (University of Chicago Manual of Style, “Capitalization, Titles”, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles30.html)

Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,

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: the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.

Reduce means to diminish the strength of

OED 89 (Oxford English Dictionary, “Reduce,” Volume 13, p. 433)

21. e. to diminish the strength of (spirit).

Doesn’t solve –

Court natural gas decisions are unpredictable - they are made on a case by case basis and leave many questions unanswered

Neese 5 (Angela – Candidate for Juris Doctor, University of Colorado School of Law, 2005; B.S.B.A., University of Denver, “THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE COLORADO OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: A CALL FOR A NEW AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH”, 2005, 76 U. Colo. L. Rev. 561, lexis)

These two leading Colorado Supreme Court decisions, Bowen/Edwards and Voss, were

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a number of unanswered questions that will likely lead to future legal battles.

.

CP undermines legitimacy – takes out solvency.

Bentley, 2007 (Curt, Constrained by the liberal tradition, Brigham Young University Law Review, p. lexis)

This institutional limitation theory focuses primarily on the constraints imposed on the Court because of

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decrees and where it nonetheless doggedly pursues the counter-majoritarian course. n122

-- No solvency: delay

Klein 84 (Mitchell S. G., MA and Ph.D in Political Science – Northwestern University, Law, Courts, and Policy, p. 117-118)

The aphorism “Justice delayed is justice denied” finds support from nay court analysts

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also produces an unhealthy emphasis on the desirability of settling out of court.

CP Tanks Biz Con

Woellert 5 (Lorraine, Legal Correspondent – Business Week, “Forget Roe and the Framers. Let’s Talk Business”, Washington Post, 10-16, Lexis)

Friends and peers trying to describe Miers and Roberts like to use the P-

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that often made their 9-to-5 workday a little easier.

Recession results

Braithwaite 4 (John, Australian Research Council Federation fellow, Australian National University, and chair of the Regulatory Institutions Network, The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 592 Annals 79, March, Lexis)

The challenge of designing institutions that simultaneously engender emancipation and hope is addressed within the

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, a neglect that continues to this day (see also Barbalet 1993).

Nuclear war

Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression

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may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Case outweighs –

Warming irreversible

ANI 10 (“IPCC has underestimated climate-change impacts, say scientists”, 3-20, One India, http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/20/ipcchas-underestimated-climate-change-impacts-sayscientis.html)

According to Charles H. Greene, Cornell professor of Earth and atmospheric science,

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is unlikely to mitigate the risks of dangerous climate change," said Green.

No tradeoff – natural gas investment doesn’t tradeoff with renewables

Lacey 12 (Stephen, “Top Three Reasons Cheap Natural Gas Won’t Kill Renewable Energy”, 2/21, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/02/21/421319/top-three-reasons-cheap-natural-gas-wont-kill-renewable-energy/?mobile=nc)

Over the years, the conversation around gas has changed dramatically in renewable energy circles

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” underway in accessing shale resources. That’s something that can’t be ignored.

Natural gas acts as a bridge fuel—spurring broad renewable development

Ju 12 (Anne Ju – senior science writer for the Cornell Chronicle) July 17, 2012 “Study Proves Natural Gas Can Bridge the Gap to a Clean Energy Economy” http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Study-Proves-Natural-Gas-Can-Bridge-the-Gap-to-a-Clean-Energy-Economy.html)

Natural gas is a good transition step on the road to greener energy sources like

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fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”

Turn – conventional gas reduces emissions

Howarth et al 11 (Robert W. Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology – Cornell, Renee Santoro, Research Aide for Howarth – Cornell, Anthony Ingraffea, Professor of Engineering – Cornell, “Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations,” Climatic Change, 106(4), p.679-690, Springer Link, http://www.springerlink.com/content/e384226wr4160653/?MUD=MP)

We evaluate the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas obtained by highvolume hydraulic fracturing from

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the 20-year horizon and is comparable when compared over 100 years.

Prices are low now – attempts to drill for natural gas are inevitable – no one will transition to renewables now anyway – it’s just a question of making natural gas sustainable in the long term

No investment in renewables

Seeking Alpha 12

[“ Why Alternative Energy Will Never Achieve Widespread Use In Our Lifetime”, 8/13/12, http://seekingalpha.com/article/802141-why-alternative-energy-will-never-achieve-widespread-use-in-our-lifetime]

The biggest issue comes with adapting these new resources. Aside from the fact that

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energy in long-term portfolios in hopes of racking up strong gains.

Renewable fail – even doubled production isn’t enough

Hughes 11 (J. David, Fellow in Fossil Fuels – Post Carbon Institute, Geoscientist – Geological Survey of Canada, and Team Leader – Canadian Gas Potential Committee, “Will Natural Gas Fuel America in the 21^st Century?” Post Carbon Institute, May, http://www.postcarbon.org/reports/PCI-report-nat-gas-future-plain.pdf)

Electricity generation is the primary use for renewable energy sources such as wind and solar

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electricity supply, especially at current rates of consumption and necessary supply reliability.

Warming doesn’t cause extinction – past temperature fluctuations prove

Stampf 7 (Olaf, staff writer for Spiegel Online, 5/5. “Not the End of the World as we Know it,” http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,481684,00.html)

But even this moderate warming would likely have far fewer apocalyptic consequences than many a

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face is the guilty conscience that could come with benefiting from global warming.

Warming isn’t anthropogenic

Bast and Taylor 11

*CEO of the Heartland Institute, author of Rebuilding America’s Schools (1990), Why We Spend Too Much on Health Care (1992) Eco-Sanity: A Common-Sense Guide to Environmentalism (1994) Education and Capitalism (2003), Climate Change Reconsidered (2009), and The Patriot’s Toolbox (2010, rev. ed. 2011), ** managing editor of Environment and Climate News, Senior Fellow for The Heartland Institute, bachelors degree from Dartmouth College and law degree from the Syracuse University College of Law, (Joseph and James, “Global Warming: Not a Crisis,” The Heartland Institute, 8/2/11, http://heartland.org/ideas/global-warming-not-crisis)

Natural or Man-Made? The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),

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can explain more than a small amount of the climate change we witness.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Case outweighs –

-- Their link is non-unique – Obama is supporting fracking now – that’s sufficient to trigger the disad

Energy is not a key election issues -~-- other issues outweigh.

The Washington Post, 6/27/2012 (Energy ads flood TV in swing states, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/energy-ads/2012/06/27/gJQAD5MR7V_story.html)

Energy issues don’t spark much excitement among voters, ranking below health care, education

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asked to rank their top issues, fewer than 1 percent mention energy.

-- Obama will lose –

Key polls and undecided voters

Chambers, 9/19/2012 (Dean, Mitt Romney likely win in presidential election shown by three key polls, Examiner, p. http://www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-likely-win-presidential-election-shown-by-three-key-polls)

Rasmussen Reports has released today, three key polls that show Mitt Romney's likely win

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today, the election of Mitt Romney as our next president looks likely.

-- Not intrinsic – logical policymaker could do the plan and ____

Plan cuts against Romney’s “dirty fuel” narrative – helps Obama win swing states

LeVine 12 (Steve, “How Dirty is Romney Prepared to Get to Win Election?” Foreign Policy, 6-13, http://oilandglory.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/06/12/how_dirty_is_romney_prepared_to_get_to_win_election)

Is Barack Obama sufficiently dirty to win re-election? Not according to presumptive

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election that may be decided on the margins, advantage: fossil fuels.

Offshore drilling has massive support – outweighs all other energies

Dixon, 3/19/2012 (Darius – energy reporter at Politico, Poll: Support rises for offshore drilling, Politico, p. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74185.html)

Interest in alternative energy sources like wind and solar over has waned among Americans the

AND

percent of independents support increased drilling off the U.S. coast.

No link – plan doesn’t happen till after the election

Lightman and Douglas 9/21 (David and William, “Unproductive Congress breaks until after November election”, 2012, http://www.adn.com/2012/09/20/2633147/unproductive-congress-breaks-until.html_

Lawmakers spent Thursday pointing fingers and charging opponents with cynical political posturing. Among Congress'

AND

to Sept. 10. Congress is expected to return Nov. 13.

Republicans and natural gas industry loves the plan

Clark 12 (Aaron, “Obama Stance on Fossil Fuel Angers Industry,” Bloomberg, 1-24, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/obama-claiming-credit-for-fossil-fuel-gains-angers-industry.html)

President Barack Obama is taking credit for higher U.S. oil and gas

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million barrels of oil and triggering a temporary administration ban on offshore exploration.

Nat gas lobbyists swing the election and shield blame

Browning and Clifford 11 (James, Regional State Director – Common Cause, and Pat, Stone Senior Fellow – HUC-UC Ethics Center, “Fracking for Support: Natural Gas Industry Pumps Cash Into Congress,” Common Cause, 11-10, http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwGandb=7831813)

Natural gas interests have spent more than $747 million during a 10-year

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our elections is critical to protecting our environment for this and future generations.”

Link is self-correcting -~-- Obama will October Surprise if he is behind.

Whittington, 6/14/2012 (Mark, Obama’s October Surprise Could Be Legalizing Pot, Yahoo! News, p. http://news.yahoo.com/obamas-october-surprise-could-legalizing-pot-191100768.html

The Atlantic Wire believes that it has hit upon President Obama's surefire October Surprise to

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a stimulus package for pot growers. It may be his only hope.

Voters will forget events in a month.

Carlson, 9/18/2012 (Margaret, Why Romney can still win, Star Tribune, p. http://www.startribune.com/opinion/commentaries/170184556.html?refer=y)

Besides, we live in the United States of Amnesia, where no one (

AND

the poor, "My job is not to worry about those people."

The plan will not affect the election -~-- the Minimal Effect Model proves.

Farhi, 7/6/2012 (Paul – reporter for the Washington Post, Do campaigns really change voters’ minds?, The Washington Post, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/do-campaigns-really-change-voters-minds/2012/07/06/gJQAEljyRW_story.html)

How can anyone accurately estimate the outcome of an election more than three months ahead

AND

are trivial. The way campaigns play out is largely determined by fundamentals.”

GOP will steal the election -~-- six warrants

Fitrakis and Wasserman, 9/5/2012 (Bob – Professor of Political Science in the Social and Behavioral Sciences Department at Columbus State Community College and Harvey – senior advisor to Greenpeace USA and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, Will the GOP Steal America’s 2012 Election, Daily Kos, p. http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/09/05/1128300/-Will-the-GOP-Steal-America-s-2012-Election)

The Republican Party could steal the 2012 US Presidential election with relative ease. Six

AND

his presidency and is thus unlikely to work for him again in 2012.

China bashing is just rhetoric -~-- Romney’s record prove he will be restrained.

Reuters, 6/13/2012 (INSIGHT-When Romney wasn't so tough on China, p. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/13/usa-campaign-romney-china-idUSL1E8HB8TR20120613)

Kenneth Lieberthal, who advised the Clinton administration on Asia, said Romney would end

AND

an opportunity to host the event because of the nation's human rights abuses.

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a

AND

by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

-- History proves

Ferguson 6 (Niall, Professor of History – Harvard University, Foreign Affairs, 85(5), September / October, Lexis)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal

AND

economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC - Inherency

Contention One is Inherency –
The Department of Interior’s leasing plan effectively restricts offshore natural gas drilling on federal lands
New 6-30 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 2012, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a)
In late June, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its
AND
happen if we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas.

Current legislation is insufficient – certainty is key
Loris 8-6 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement)
Senator John Hoeven (R–ND) recently introduced the Domestic Energy and Jobs
AND
mining and opening access is the only necessary federal action surrounding critical minerals.

1AC – Exports

Contention 2 : LNG Exports
Currently, perception of inadequate supply blocks LNG exports – new, sustainable supply is key
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible
AND
concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes. 

Perception is key
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
Aside from the price impact of potential U.S. LNG exports, a
AND
bi-directional import/export facilities) to import gas when economic.

Lifting access restrictions in the OCS is key
Hartley and Medlock 7 (Dr. Peter, Professor of Economics – Rice University, Rice Scholar – Baker Institute for Public Policy, and Dr. Kenneth B., Fellow in Energy Policy – Baker Institute for Public Policy, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Economics – Rice University, “North American Security of Natural Gas Supply in a Global Market,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, November, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/publications/energy-studies/docs/natgas/ng_security-nov07.pdf)
Higher Lower 48 production as a result of opening access also results in lower imports
AND
potential for producers in Russia and the Middle East to exert market power.

New onshore terminals are being blocked
Parfomak 9 (Paul W. Parfomak, Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy, and Adam Vann, Legislative Attorney, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Import Terminals: Siting, Safety, and Regulation, Congressional Research Service, 12-14-9, http://www.cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/10Jan/RL32205.pdf) 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a hazardous fuel shipped in large tankers to
AND
American natural gas and, thus, the need for new LNG infrastructure.

Offshore terminals are key
Kilisek 12 (Roman, “The Bright Future of Floating LNG Liquefaction, Regasification and Storage Units”, 7/19, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/07/19/the-bright-future-of-floating-lng-liquefaction-regasification-and-storage-units/)
This is a newsworthy event in the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) industry because
AND
the West Coast for export to South America (Chile) and Asia.

Global export contracts are being renegotiated – now is key
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf).
LNG exports will help to sustain market liquidity in what looks to be an increasingly
AND
have reached final investment decision and are expected to be online by 2020.

Scenario 1: Japan

LNG exports will go to East Asia – it’s economical and helps meet growing demand
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
Owing to growing gas demand, limited domestic supply, and a more rigid and
AND
at the margin for U.S. LNG in the Pacific Basin.

That’s key to US-Japan relations
Cronin et al 12 (Dr. Patrick, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program – Center for a New American Security, Paul S. Giarra, President of Global Strategies and Transformation, Zachary M. Hosford, Research Associate – Center for a New American Security, Daniel Katz, Researcher – Center for a New American Security, “The China Challenge: Military, Economic and Energy Choices Facing the US-Japan Alliance,” April, CNAS, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_TheChinaChallenge_Cronin_0.pdf)
Although energy security has long been an issue for the alliance, a new combination
AND
they could drift apart, thereby missing an opportunity to strengthen the alliance.

Alliance solves global nuclear war
Gates 11 (Robert, U.S. Secretary of Defense, “U.S.-Japan Alliance a Cornerstone of Asian Security”, Speech to Keio University, 1-14, http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1529)
Over the course of its history, the U.S.-Japan alliance has
AND
know less about regional threats and the military capabilities of our potential adversaries.  

Scenario 2: Russia 

U.S. LNG exports are key to check Russian energy imperialism
Washington Post 9/25 (“ U.S. gas exports could limit Putin’s influence”, 9/25/12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/us-natural-gas-exports-could-limit-vladimir-putins-influence/2012/09/25/e949342c-0691-11e2-858a-5311df86ab04_story.html)
Gazprom finances Russian President Vladimir Putin’s corrupt political system. Under Mr. Putin’s direction
AND
customers, shareholders, Russia’s neighbors and, ultimately, Russia, too. 

Absent that, Russia military influence is inevitable – that causes Senkaku Island conflict, undermines counter-terror operations, and makes conflict inevitable
Lin 9 (Dr. Christina Y. Lin is currently a researcher with Jane’s Information Group in Surrey, England and
former director for China affairs in policy planning at the U.S. Department of Defense., 2/11/09, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lng=enandid=96417)
After the end of the Cold War and a period of Perestroika, the post
AND
well as alternative geographic suppliers from West Africa, Canada, and elsewhere.
SCO – Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Senkaku disputes go nuclear
Emmot, 6/4/2008 (Bill – editor of the Economist, Power rises in the east, The Australian, p. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/power-rises-in-the-east/story-e6frg8px-1111116460128)
As well as knitting them, however, this drama is also grinding together Asian
AND
East China Sea and the Senkaku-Diaoyutai islands, Taiwan and Pakistan.

Russian war causes extinction
Bostrom 2 (Nick, PhD Philosophy – Oxford University, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios”, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)
The unique challenge of existential risks Risks in this sixth category are a recent phenomenon
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Terrorism results in extinction
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

1AC – New Advantage

Contention 3: Offshore Development

Removing OCS natural gas restrictions solves economic collapse and revitalizes the shipbuilding industry
Mason 11 (Joseph – Senior Fellow, The Wharton School, Louisiana State University Endowed Chair of Banking and nationally-renowned economist, “House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources Hearing; Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs Legislative Hearing on H.R. 306, H.R. 588, S. 266 and H.R. 285”, 4/6, lexis)
Apart from national energy concerns, however, economic considerations also favor increased development of
AND
billion per year) in new U.S. federal tax income.

Economic decline causes global war
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Commercial shipbuilding’s key to naval power
NLUS 12 (Navy League of the United States, “America’s Maritime Industry The foundation of American seapower”, 2012,  http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf, Date Verification – http://gsship.org/industry-links/)
Defense Industrial Base: Shipbuilding The American Maritime Industry also contributes to our national defense
AND
. They are unmatched in capability, but must maintain that lead. 13

Naval power solves nuclear war
Conway et. al 7 (James – General, US Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead – Admiral, U.S. navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Thad Allen – Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, p. http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)
The world economy is tightly interconnected. Over the past four decades, total sea
AND
and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore. 

Now is key – industry collapse causes South China Sea conflict
Crospey 12 (Dr. Seth – Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute, Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy, ““The U.S. Navy Shipbuilding Plan: Assumptions and Associated Risks to National Security”, Statement before the Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations U.S. House of Representatives, 4/18, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SethCropsey~-~-USNavyShipbuildingPlan~-~-Testimony041812.pdf)
If the Navy’s assumption is mistaken that current political leadership will agree to large future
AND
political liberty would benefit for the remainder of this century. Thank you. 

That’s the most likely scenario for US-China war – navy is key
Glaser 12 (Bonnie S., Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Armed Clash in the South China Sea,” CFR, April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883)
The risk of conflict in the South China Sea is significant. China, Taiwan
AND
and intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult

Extinction
Lieven 12 (Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), “Avoiding US-China War,” New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html)
Relations between the United States and China are on a course that may one day
AND
— for example in Washington’s neglect of the crumbling states of Central America.

Certainty is key – and no link to environment DA
Griles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30)
Mr. GRILES. America’s public lands have an abundant opportunity for exploration and development
AND
from and buy, so they can have certainty about where to go.

The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce production restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas

1AC – No Disads

Contention 4: No Disads
20 years of shale gas now – that takes out your DA
Berman 12 (Art, Former Editor – Oil and Gas Journal, Geological Consultant – American Association of Petroleum Geologists, “After the Gold Rush: A Perspective on Future U.S. Natural Gas Supply and Price,” Oil Drum, 2-8-12, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8914)
The Potential Gas Committee (PGC) is the standard for resource assessments because of
AND
but based on current information, 100 years of gas is not justified.

New shale developments are happening
Hulbert 12 (Matthew, Senior Researcher at the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) in The Hague, The Netherlands, B.A. in history and politics from Durham University and an Mphil in international relations from Cambridge University, Forbes Contributor, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” 8-5-12,
http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/)
Unfortunately for producers, they missed two new international headlines into 2010. The first
AND
still claims the US has 482tcf of unconventional recoverable reserves to play with.

Obama trying to get dirty energy support now- takes out the link
Bastasch 10/17
Michael, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2012/10/17/candidates-launch-attacks-over-oil-and-gas-production-war-on-coal/
The second presidential debate opened up with a heated exchange over energy issues, as
AND
isn’t just appearing magically. We’re encouraging it and working with the industry.” 

PC is useless for Obama
Dickenson, 9 (Matthew, Professor of political science at Middlebury College, Sotomayer, Obama and Presidential Power, Presidential Power, “There Is No There, There: Obama and the Polarized Congress”, March 30, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/03/30/there-is-no-there-there-obama-and-the-polarized-congress/)
Neither perspective is correct. Instead, as I have argued since before Obama’s inauguration
AND
of Congress in both parties to do so have declined in recent years.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
We meet – we reduce restrictions on OCS lands – the plan text specifies this – directly reduce
Natural gas leasing restrictions directly prevent energy production – you can’t drill without getting a lease
NaturalGas.org, no date (NaturalGas.org, “Natural Gas Supply
AND
as a limiting factor in the increasing availability of supplies reaching the market.
We meet – removing the restrictions is a financial incentive for companies to drill for natural gas
CI – restrictions on energy production includes restrictions on exploration – if that’s indirect
Natural gas production includes the the process of exploration
Schuck 84 (Peter H., Professor of Law – Yale Law School, “Article: When the Exception Becomes the Rule: Regulatory Equity and the Formulation of Energy Policy through an Exceptions Process,” Duke Law Journal, April, 1984 Duke L.J. 163, Lexis)
The Petroleum Industry and Federal Regulation. n97 Since the first oil wells were drilled
AND
small and independent refiners often process a relatively large proportion of total product.

ON
Prefer it –
Over-limits – There are no natural gas affs under their interpretation. The aff can only reduce restrictions on the development of those natural resources – lease restrictions prevent companies from drilling. There is no topical version of the aff because if you have a lease already, you can drill for natural gas.
If that’s not T, then no aff is because the core definition of a restriction on energy production prevents companies from extracting resources. 

No ground loss – the aff links to all their topic generics and we still claim to increase energy production

Competing interpretations are bad – causes a race to the bottom – they will always find a way to exclude the aff. Default to reasonability – we don’t make the topic unmanageable

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Case outweigh –
Perm – do the plan and non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative
Framework – evaluate the aff vs. status quo or a competitive policy option. That’s best for fairness and predictability – there are too many frameworks to predict and they moot all of the 1ac – makes it impossible to be aff. Only our framework solves activism.

Aff kt/ pol engagement good
Hodson 10 Derek, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206
note: SSI = socioscientific issues
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

No link – no environment impact or trade liberalization arg – that’s inevitable
Images of catastrophe cause an empathic shift to common humanity---creates the condition for empathetic relationships that eschew the politically anesthetizing form of politics their evidence criticizes---and, this is especially crucial in the context of policy debates and advocacy simulations
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to the television
AND
we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes.  
K doesn’t come first
Owens 2002 (David – professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning, Millenium, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Perm do both---it is a contingent recognition of the capacity of catastrophe to forge relations of empathy---disaster reps don’t cause compassion fatigue or anxiety, and the alt alone is epistemic colonialism by circumscribing possible responses
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Conclusion: Contemporary Disaster Consumption and the Aura
Recently the trend among scholars and cultural critics has been to argue that media culture
AND
also in the landscape of media and consumer culture that disasters generate today.  
Anxiety is vital to avert extinction---the perm solves negative effects and simulation solves despair
Mark Shepard 7 (Anxiety - the ultimate survival tool!, Neuro Linguistic Programming Expert, http://www.scribd.com/doc/2050501/Anxiety-The-Ultimate-Survival-Skill)

Anxiety, The Ultimate Survival Skill ¶ As much pain and suffering that highly sensitive
AND
them arriving safely and sitting in front of the fire sipping hot cocoa.
Fear of extinction is a legitimate and productive response to the modern condition---working through it by validating our representations is the only way to create an authentic relationship to the world and death
Macy 2K – Joanna Macy, adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000, Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader, p. 243
The move to a wider ecological sense of self is in large part a function
AND
as a species – be immune to what we do to other beings. 

No single cause of violence
Muro-Ruiz 2 (Diego, London School of Economics, “The Logic of Violence”, Politics, 22(2), p. 116)
Violence is, most of the time, a wilful choice, especially if it
AND
approaches, since they each offer some understanding of the logic of violence.
-- Some threats are real – “security politics” does not motivate all violence
Kydd 97 (Professor of Political Science – California, Riverside, Security Studies, Autumn, p. 154)

As for the Second World War, few structural realists will make a sustained case
AND
that aggressive states are at the root of conflict, not security concerns.

-- Self-fulfilling prophecy is backwards – failure to express our fears causes them to occur

Macy 95 (Joanna, General Systems Scholar and Deep Ecologist, Ecopsychology)

There is also the superstition that negative thoughts are self-fulfilling.  This is
AND
holocaust is often made to feel guilty of contributing to that very fate.
Alt causes right to fill in – turns the K
Olav. F. Knudsen, Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, ‘1 Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 366
A final danger in focusing on the state is that of building the illusion that  
AND
sector of security  policymaking, unheeded by any but the most uncritical minds.  
Alternative fails – critical theory has no mechanism to translate theory into practice
Jones 99 (Richard Wyn, Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html)

Because emancipatory political practice is central to the claims of critical theory, one might
AND
epistemological and methodological claims and thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise. 

Neoliberalism is inevitable – markets control our thought
Hudson 99 Mark, Progressive Librarian, Fall, “Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller”

Neoliberal ideas are as old as capitalism itself, but in recent decades they have
AND
the adverse consequences of that hegemony for our politics, economy and culture.
Turn – Collapsing neoliberalism results in increased corporate power
Legrain 00 (Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000, The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The%20WTOThe%20WTO-Boon%20or%20Bane%20for%20the%20Developing%20World.htm)
A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
AND
poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago. 

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Perm – do both
-- Process counterplans are bad ---

A) Crushes topic education --- it diverts from core questions of visas policy and causes stale and repetitive debates about non-central questions --- there’s no literature about most in the context of the topic

B) Fairness --- makes being Aff impossible --- solvency deficits are contrived and the neg gets limitless alternative processes of enactment --- consult, recommend, bargain, reverse condition make it impossible --- err Aff --- neg gets structural advantages like Ks and multiple counterplan options

-- No solvency – 

First is delay
Moniz 12 Ernest Moniz, Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics and Engineering Systems and Director of the Energy Initiative at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Former Clinton Administration Under Secretary of the Department of Energy and as Associate Director for Science in the Office of Science and Technology Policy ; serves on the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 11/15/11, Quadrennial Energy and Technology Reviews, web.mit.edu/mitei/views/testimony/111115-quadrennial-energy-and-technology-reviews.html
S.1703 would legislate the QER as a required submission to the Congress,
AND
of analytical capabilities and process development are funded and pursued aggressively in 2012.

Even the perception of delay takes out the case
Bayless 3 (Robert, President – Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain States, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30)
Mr. BAYLESS. Senator, if I could follow up, not only is
AND
additional wells. It really puts a bad filter on those price signals.

Second is no implementation – QER won’t go into effect
Barlas 12
Stephen, Columnist @ Financial Executive, 1/1, Lexis
But it is highly unlikely that Obama's blueprint will lead to a firmer footing for
AND
efforts to substitute domestic natural gas for foreign petroleum features business versus business.

Third is congressional strike down
Tollefson 11 (Jeff Tollefson, DOE releases first Quadrennial Technology Review, September 27, 2011, http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09/doe_releases_first_quadrennial_1.html)
The US Department of Energy (DOE) released its inaugural Quadrennial Technology Review on
AND
the danger of long-term thinking that is not backed by legislation. 

Fourth is certainty – it’s key to investment – that’s Loris and Ebinger.

-- Perm --- do the counterplan --- nothing about it mandates certainty or immediacy --- they add a delay and the condition --- we can permute that.

Not textually competitive --- text is best --- most objective and avoids the worst counterplans like consultation

Should doesn’t mean certainty
Black’s Law Dictionary 79 (Fifth Edition, p. 1237)
Should. The past tense of shall; ordinarily implying duty or obligation; although
AND
would,” it does not ordinarily express certainty as “will” sometimes does

 “Resolved” means law
Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word “… “to establish by law”.

-- Perm – If the result of the QER is to do the plan, then do the plan. It solves because it would be perceived as genuine. If the result of the QER is to reject the plan, then do the plan and case outweighs the net-benefit.

QER links to elections/politics –  requires transparency and presidential involvement
PCAST 10
President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), Executive Office of the President, Co-Chaired by John P. Holdren, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Eric Lander, President, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Nov 2010, REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ON ACCELERATING THE PACE OF CHANGE IN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH AN INTEGRATED FEDERAL ENERGY POLICY, www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf
A QER process would, in some sense, formulate an integrated energy policy for
AND
key to the development of a sound product that can gain wide support.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

No compromise --- it will only be a band-aid solution.
Lister 11/8/12 (Tim, CNN, "No shortage of pressing issues for Obama's next term," http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/07/politics/analysis-obama-second-term-issues/index.html)
(CNN) -- Even before he takes the oath of office for a second
AND
ceiling, something that will likely become necessary early in the new year.

No compromise --- not enough time.
Yellin, 11/9/2012 (Jessica – CNN Chief White House Correspondent, Analysis: Obama has limits on debt deal, CNN Politics, p. http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/09/politics/obama-debt-limit/index.html)
In his address at the White House Friday afternoon, the president stressed the importance
AND
a bill that retained the current low tax rates for the richest Americans.

No link – doesn’t require congressional approval
Janofsky 6 (Michael, Veteran Journalist, “Offshore Drilling Plan Widens Rifts Over Energy Policy,” New York Times, 4-9, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/washington/09drill.html)
A Bush administration proposal to open an energy-rich tract of the Gulf of
AND
the administration's final plan would lead to bidding on new leases in 2007.

Boehner –

A) He supports the plan.
Geman 12 (Ben, “House GOP ready to move on Boehner’s plan to link drilling and infrastructure”, 1/27, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/207043-house-gop-begins-moving-on-boehners-drilling-and-infrastructure-plan)
A House panel will likely approve bills next week that form the drilling portion of
AND
House policy leaves far too many areas off-limits to drilling rigs.

B) Boehner support is key to avoid the fiscal cliff.
Weiner 12 (Robert – former senior spokesman in the Clinton White House, the beginning of the Bush Administration, and for Congressmen John Conyers, Charles Rangel, Claude Pepper, and Ed Koch. Sadiq Ahmed is senior policy analyst at Robert Weiner Associates and Solutions for Change, “Boehner, Hero? If He Deals on the Sequester and the Fiscal Cliff”, 10/23, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Boehner-Hero-If-He-Deals-by-Robert-Weiner-121022-761.html)
The country has reached this critical stage due to the deal with Speaker of the
AND
80--20%). These numbers are an uncomfortable fact for Democrats today. 

Capital fails --- budget specific.
Gerson, 10/29/2012 (Michael – Policy Fellow with the ONE Campaign, visiting fellow with the Center for Public Justice, former senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Obama’s discrediting victory limits chances for another term, The Seattle Times, p. http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2019555918_obamasdiscreditingvictoryxml.html)
Obama tends to overestimate his own negotiating skills with Congress, which are poor —
AND
an entirely different type of leader — or America needs a new one.

Public –

A) Massive support for the plan.
Dixon, 3/19/2012 (Darius – energy reporter at Politico, Poll: Support rises for offshore drilling, Politico, p. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74185.html)
Interest in alternative energy sources like wind and solar over has waned among Americans the
AND
64 percent of independents support increased drilling off the U.S. coast

B) Public support gives Obama leverage on the fiscal cliff.
The Globe and Mail, 11/7/2012 (Lead the way in budget negotiations, GOP tells Obama, p. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-election/lead-the-way-in-budget-negotiations-gop-tells-obama/article5082253/)
Fresh off his victory – but facing a renewed Republican majority in the House and
AND
major U.S. indexes fell more than 2 per cent Wednesday.

Oliver branch –

A) GOP loves the plan
Washington Independent 11 (“Offshore drilling vote sees bipartisan support in U.S. House, but not for Florida delegation”, 5/12, http://washingtonindependent.com/109468/offshore-drilling-vote-sees-bipartisan-support-in-u-s-house-but-not-for-florida-delegation)
The U.S. House of Representatives passed the second of its three-
AND
the Senate, where oil executives are getting grilled on industry tax breaks. 

B) That’s key to a grand bargain.
Mintz, 11/8/2012 (Jack – Palmer Chair of Public Policy at the School of Public Policy at the University of Calgary, Obama faces gridlock, Financial Post, p. http://opinion.financialpost.com/2012/11/08/jack-mintz-obama-faces-gridlock/)
Unlike the first two years of his presidency with full control of Congress, Obama
AND
to see a recession, so they will want to find some compromise.

Winners win.
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president's spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

Capital does not affect the agenda
Dickinson 9 (Matthew, Professor of political science at Middlebury College, Sotomayer, Obama and Presidential Power, Presidential Power, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals
AND
an important aspect of presidential power that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores.

Carbon tax will spark a controversy with the fiscal cliff.
Reuters, 11/8/2012 (Long-shot carbon tax suddenly part of fiscal cliff debate, p. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/08/us-carbon-tax-fiscal-cliff-idUSBRE8A71IU20121108)
A potential tax on big polluters, a taboo subject in the United States in
AND
price carbon, despite the post-election, post-Sandy buzz.

Plan gets spun as jobs- shields blame
Izadi 12
Elahe is a writer for the National Journal. “Former Sen. Trent Lott, Ex-Rep. Jim Davis Bemoan Partisanship on Energy Issues,” 8/29/12, http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-election/former-members-bemoan-partisanship-on-energy-issues-20120829
In a climate where everything from transportation issues to the farm bill have gotten caught
AND
job is very simple: adult supervision of the Congress,” Davis said. 

Ending the moratorium popular
Russell 12
Barry Russell is President of the Independent Petroleum Association of America, August 15, 2012, “Energy Must Transcend Politics”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php#2238176
There have been glimpses of great leadership, examples when legislators have reached across the
AND
) is another Democratic leader who consistently votes to promote responsible energy development. 

Fiscal cliff doesn't pose a short-term threat to the economy - tax and spending measures aren't immediate
Schoen 11/8/12 (John, NBC News, "Obama victory clouded by looming fiscal battle with Congress," http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/obama-victory-clouded-looming-fiscal-battle-congress-1C6892841)
The impact could take time to unfold. While clearly dire in the long run
AND
- I don't think it's a good thing, but that's not recessionary.”

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army BS | Judge: 

The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce production restrictions on federal lands in the Arctic Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army BS | Judge: 

Contention Two: Arctic Leadership

Offshore drilling is key to effective security investments – solves leadership

Bert 12 (Captain Melissa – USCG, 2011-2012 Military Fellow, U.S.Coast Guard, "A Strategy to Advance the Arctic Economy", February, http://www.cfr.org/arctic/strategy-advance-arctic-economy/p27258)
The United States needs to develop a comprehensive strategy for the Arctic. Melting sea
AND
tremendous economic benefits and could harm U.S. national security interests.

The plan spurs military investments – solves escalation of the Arctic war

Talmadge 12 (Eric – AP, Huffington Post, "Arctic Climate Change Opening Region To New Military Activity’, 4/16, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/16/arctic-climate-change-military-activity_n_1427565.html)
To the world’s military leaders, the debate over climate change is long over.
AND
The U.S. is currently mulling whether to add more icebreakers.

Diplomacy fails and conflict is likely

Tassinari 9/7 (Fabrizio Tassinari is a non-resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund and the Head of Foreign Policy and EU Studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies, September 7, 2012, "Avoiding a Scramble for the High North", http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/)
The geopolitics of the Arctic are stuck in a paradox: The more regional players
AND
not hard to conjure up the prospect of an Arctic race building up.

Goes nuclear – de-escalation is key

Wallace and Staples 10 (Michael Wallace and Steven Staples. *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,"http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 62

Extinction – it’s an existential risk

Bostrom 2 (Nick, PhD Philosophy – Oxford University, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios", Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)
The unique challenge of existential risks Risks in this sixth category are a recent phenomenon
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

US Arctic leadership via natural gas solves Arctic terrorism

Conley 12 (Heather – Senior Fellow at CSIS and Director, Europe Program, "A New Security Architecture for the Arctic", January, http://csis.org/files/publication/120117_Conley_ArcticSecurity_Web.pdf)
The Arctic will experience extraordinary economic and environmental change over the next several decades.
AND
countries have in moving rapidly to extract these resources from their Arctic territories.

Leads to CBW use

Mychajlyszyn 8 (Natalie, International Affairs, Trade and Finance Division, "The Arctic: Canadian Security and Defence", 24 October 2008, http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0813-e.htm~~%23illegalaccess)
Increased illegal access and illegal activities, including terrorism As the Arctic generally becomes more
AND
engaged in the extraction of lucrative resources, such as diamonds and copper.

Extinction

Sandberg et al 8—Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. Ćirković—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore’s Law.

Drilling’s inevitable, but it’s a question of safety – plan sends a global signal and solves Arctic environment

Sullivan 12 (Dan – a former state attorney general, commissioner of Alaska’s Department of Natural Resources, "It’s time to develop our Arctic resources, 7/20, http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/20/opinion/sullivan-arctic-drilling/index.html)
(CNN) — The United States is on the verge of an energy renaissance
AND
the world that it can be a strong leader in responsible energy development. 

Extinction

Ford 3 (Violet, Vice President – Inuit Circumpolar Conference, "Global Environmental Change: An Inuit Reality", 10-15, http://www.mcgill.ca/files/cine/Ford.pdf)

The Arctic ecosystem is a fundamental contributor to global processes and the balance of life
AND
and their organizations to be distinct and separate from environmental and other NGO’s.

The US needs to take the lead to ensure best practices

Schneider 12 (Michael, Advocacy Director – Clean Air Task Force, "Curb Methane Emissions," National Journal, 7-25, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/07/is-arctic-oil-drilling-ready-f.php?comments=expandall~~%23comments)
For several weeks now the public and the media have cast increasing attention on Arctic
AND
associated with oil and natural gas, in some cases by almost 100%.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army BS | Judge: 

Contention Two is Helium

Gas is key to overall helium supply – it’s the linchpin to numerous industries

Kammerzell 11 (Jaime – Energy Writer, "Helium to Move from Byproduct to Primary Drilling Target", 11/18,  http://rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=112735-http://rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=112735)

Helium is likely to move from a derived product of natural gas production in the
AND
Besides, helium is far more important for science, industry and academia."

Shale gas doesn’t solve – conventional gas is key

Clarke 12 (Richard H – cryogenics and helium specialist at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, "Should we ban helium balloons?", 12/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/discussion/user-comments/richardhclarke-http://www.guardian.co.uk/discussion/user-comments/richardhclarke)

Most shale gas contains no helium - helium diffuses through the shale - and to
AND
in science, welding, chip or optic fibre manufacturing, and aerospace. 

Supply’s on the brink now—-no excess global capacity

Nelson 12 (Walter Nelson –  Director, Helium Sourcing and Supply Chain Air Products and Chemicals, Inc, 7/20/12, Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing, Congressional Documents %26 Publications, lexis )

There have been planned and unplanned maintenance outages at natural gas processing plants, as
AND
running back at full output will the global supply begin to fully stabilize.

That destroys U.S. science leadership

Ong 12 (Phuan Ong  – the Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics Director, Princeton Center for Complex Materials Department of Physics Princeton University, 7/20/12, Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing, Congressional Documents %26 Publications, lexis )

The 2 main reasons why liquid helium is vital for research are: 1)
AND
supply would be very harmful to the U.S. national interest.

That’s key to the legitimacy of U.S. hegemony—-it blunts resentment of the power gap and solves conflict

Coletta 9 (Damon Coletta – Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy, September 2009, "Science, Technology, and the Quest for International Influence," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133%26Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133%26Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

Less appreciated is how scientific progress facilitates diplomatic strategy in the long run, how
AND
a self-inflicted blow to U.S. leadership among nations.

Legitimacy’s key to global stability—-prevents great power war

Fujimoto 12 (Kevin Fujimoto 12, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, "Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct," online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)

The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term
AND
protect its interests later when we are no longer the world’s only superpower. 

Helium is key to particle accelerator science – specifically the ILC

Cofield 9 (Calla – Science Writer , "Helium’s shrinking bubble", 7/8, http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/sites/default/files/legacy/pdfs/200907/heliums_shrinking_bubble.pdf)
At a couple of degrees above absolute zero, far colder than any living organism
AND
helium shortage. Only time will tell if it is acting fast enough.

Specifically, the International Linear Collider is key to antimatter propulsion —- stops nuclear rockets

Genuth 6 (Iddo, Founder and Chief Editor – FoT, "New Antimatter Engine Design", The Future of Things, 10-29, http://thefutureofthings.com/articles.php?itemId=33/64/)

A team of scientists is currently working with NASA to develop a new form of
AND
time. Suffice it to say we have had some very encouraging results.  

Nuclear propulsion causes accidents and extinction

Gutheinz 5 (Joseph, Former Senior Special Agent – NASA Office of Inspector and JD, "NASA’s Plutonium Gamble", http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/plutogamble.html)

Nukes in Space
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a joint project of NASA and the European
AND
place nuclear reactors on the moon from where it will launch atomic-propelled rockets.

ILC key to advanced nuclear detection systems

Varadarajan 9 (Dr. U., "The Societal Benefits of the U.S. International Linear Collider Research and Development Program", www.hep.net/falc/ILC%20wider%20scientific%20benefits.doc)

B.  Detector R%26D   
Exploring with precision the physics of the Terascale at the ILC poses tremendous challenges to
AND
stimulated by ILC include very thin silicon pixel detectors, GEMs and micromegas. 

That prevents nuclear terrorism

SD 5 (Science Daily, "Muon Detector could Thwart Nuclear Smugglers", 3-5, http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/node/7136/print)

Existing radiographic methods are inefficient for detecting shielded nuclear materials and present radiation hazards to
AND
," Chartrand said. "We think we can continue to improve that."

Nuclear terrorism causes retaliation that sparks global nuclear war and extinction

Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)

A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

Heg is completely sustainable- their authors are incorrect

Beckley 12 ~Michael Beckley,  research fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "China’s Century?", Winter 2012~

Hegemony is indeed expensive and provocative, but these declinist arguments tell only part of
AND
political process shaped by the United States in ways that serve its interests. 

There is an important framing issue when evaluating hegemony – none of their turns can ever be proven to be true – the last 60 years of lasting unipolarity disprove every heg bad argument that they put forth and prove every single one of ours

They don’t assume the transition – that goes nuclear

• • Posen and Ross 97 ~Barry Posen, Professor of Political Science in the Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at MIT, Andrew Ross, Professor of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, Winter 1997~
    The United States can, more easily than most, go it alone. Yet
    AND
    of the wars, with unpleasant effects even for those not directly involved.

2AC – A2: OSB/Retrenchment

Offshore balancing causes aggression, triggers a power vacuum and causes global war
Poffenbarger and Schaefer 9
~John G., Dept Social Sciences @ Wheeling Jesuit U, and Mark E., Dept History, Philosophy, Poli. Sci. and Religion @ Marietta College, "Searching for Acceptance: The United States and South America," for presentation at the 2009 International Studies Assoc. Annual Conference, February 17, AllAcademic | VP~
It is our contention that a strategy of hegemony is preferable to one of offshore
AND
taking steps to mitigate the motivations for balancing while seeking to attract bandwagoners.   

Layne’s wrong- it removes the deterrent effect that’s key to prevent conflict

Taliaferro 07
 Associate Professor of Political Science at Tufts University
~Jeffrey W. "Hegemonic Delusions: Power, Liberal Imperialism, and the Bush Doctrine" The Fletcher Dorum on World Affairs, Volume 31:2 (http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/archives/pdfs/31-2pdfs/Taliaferro.pdf)~~
Second, many of Layne’s arguments about the feasibility of an offshore balancing strategy today
AND
that the American military presence dampens the security dilemma in those three regions.
Reducing reliance on forward deployment causes a shift to PGS – results in nuclear miscalculation
Woolf 11 ~Amy F. Woolf Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, "Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues", 6/21/11,  http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/167962.pdf-http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/167962.pdf~~
Prompt global strike (PGS) would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere
AND
conventional warhead. Congress has raised concerns about this possibility in the past.

Offshore balancing kills the economy – removes international economic cooperation

Khalilzad 95
 ~Zalmay, Former Professor of Political Science at Columbia and Director of Project Air Force at RAND, Current US Ambassador to Iraq, Washington Quarterly, Spring~

It is possible that in a balance of power system the United States would be
AND
war among major powers in the nuclear age is likely to be more devastating

Nuclear war

Royal 10
 ~Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

2ac- China

1. Heg doesn’t cause china war

Foot 06  
Professor of International Relations and Swire Senior Research Fellow in the International Relations of East Asia at St Antony’s College, Oxford
(Rosemary, Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging, International Affairs, Jan 06) 

China is neither part of, nor determinedly seeking to build, anti-hegemonic
AND
how that hegemonic position is used, especially with reference to China itself.

2. Hegemony decreases chances of war with China

Lieber ’5
 (Robert J., Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University, The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century, (p. 158))

Parallels between America’s role in East Asia and its involvements in Europe might seem far
AND
with the long-term potential to emerge as a true major power competitor

No US-China war – economics

Shor 12 (Francis, Professor of History – Wayne State, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the
AND
of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.

2ac- Terror

1. Heg solves terror- takes away incentives for them to attack- that’s Thayer and barnett

2. Their ev isn’t reverse causal – collapse of heg wont stop terror

Lieber 05
 Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University
(Robert J., The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century, (p. 29))

Realist views tend to rest on certain general assumptions about the nature of world politics
AND
assume that terrorist enemies would let America off the hook if it retreated.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

Heg is completely sustainable- their authors are incorrect

Beckley 12 ~Michael Beckley,  research fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "China’s Century?", Winter 2012~

Hegemony is indeed expensive and provocative, but these declinist arguments tell only part of
AND
political process shaped by the United States in ways that serve its interests. 

There is an important framing issue when evaluating hegemony – none of their turns can ever be proven to be true – the last 60 years of lasting unipolarity disprove every heg bad argument that they put forth and prove every single one of ours

They don’t assume the transition – that goes nuclear

• • Posen and Ross 97 ~Barry Posen, Professor of Political Science in the Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at MIT, Andrew Ross, Professor of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, Winter 1997~
    The United States can, more easily than most, go it alone. Yet
    AND
    of the wars, with unpleasant effects even for those not directly involved.

2AC – A2: OSB/Retrenchment

Offshore balancing causes aggression, triggers a power vacuum and causes global war
Poffenbarger and Schaefer 9
~John G., Dept Social Sciences @ Wheeling Jesuit U, and Mark E., Dept History, Philosophy, Poli. Sci. and Religion @ Marietta College, "Searching for Acceptance: The United States and South America," for presentation at the 2009 International Studies Assoc. Annual Conference, February 17, AllAcademic | VP~
It is our contention that a strategy of hegemony is preferable to one of offshore
AND
taking steps to mitigate the motivations for balancing while seeking to attract bandwagoners.   

Layne’s wrong- it removes the deterrent effect that’s key to prevent conflict

Taliaferro 07
 Associate Professor of Political Science at Tufts University
~Jeffrey W. "Hegemonic Delusions: Power, Liberal Imperialism, and the Bush Doctrine" The Fletcher Dorum on World Affairs, Volume 31:2 (http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/archives/pdfs/31-2pdfs/Taliaferro.pdf)~~
Second, many of Layne’s arguments about the feasibility of an offshore balancing strategy today
AND
that the American military presence dampens the security dilemma in those three regions.
Reducing reliance on forward deployment causes a shift to PGS – results in nuclear miscalculation
Woolf 11 ~Amy F. Woolf Specialist in Nuclear Weapons Policy, "Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues", 6/21/11,  http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/167962.pdf-http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/167962.pdf~~
Prompt global strike (PGS) would allow the United States to strike targets anywhere
AND
conventional warhead. Congress has raised concerns about this possibility in the past.

Offshore balancing kills the economy – removes international economic cooperation

Khalilzad 95
 ~Zalmay, Former Professor of Political Science at Columbia and Director of Project Air Force at RAND, Current US Ambassador to Iraq, Washington Quarterly, Spring~

It is possible that in a balance of power system the United States would be
AND
war among major powers in the nuclear age is likely to be more devastating

Nuclear war

Royal 10
 ~Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215~
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

2ac- China

1. Heg doesn’t cause china war

Foot 06  
Professor of International Relations and Swire Senior Research Fellow in the International Relations of East Asia at St Antony’s College, Oxford
(Rosemary, Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging, International Affairs, Jan 06) 

China is neither part of, nor determinedly seeking to build, anti-hegemonic
AND
how that hegemonic position is used, especially with reference to China itself.

2. Hegemony decreases chances of war with China

Lieber ’5
 (Robert J., Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University, The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century, (p. 158))

Parallels between America’s role in East Asia and its involvements in Europe might seem far
AND
with the long-term potential to emerge as a true major power competitor

No US-China war – economics

Shor 12 (Francis, Professor of History – Wayne State, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the
AND
of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.

2ac- Terror

1. Heg solves terror- takes away incentives for them to attack- that’s Thayer and barnett

2. Their ev isn’t reverse causal – collapse of heg wont stop terror

Lieber 05
 Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University
(Robert J., The American Era: Power and Strategy for the 21st Century, (p. 29))

Realist views tend to rest on certain general assumptions about the nature of world politics
AND
assume that terrorist enemies would let America off the hook if it retreated.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

K doesn’t come first

Owens 2002 (David – professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning, Millenium, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Securitizing the environment is good – builds public awareness to solve

Matthew 2, Richard A, associate professor of international relations and environmental political at the University of California at Irvine, Summer (ECSP Report 8:109-124)
In addition, environmental security’s language and findings can benefit conservation and sustainable development."
AND
and to build on the remarkable achievements of the entire environmental security field.

No floating piks – their independently a voter b/c they steal all aff ground – aff is structurally behind – all the reasons their K are good are not reasons it comes before the aff

Embracing insecurity is a strategy of the privileged.  Their alternatives presumes some degree of personal security necessary for the freedom to live life as you choose.

Ken BOOTH IR @ Aberystwyth ’7  Theory of World Security p. 104-105
Perhaps the most hideous image of the congruity of insecurity and the determined life in
AND
to ask Why?’ and to live in dignity is never present.
It is important here to distinguish between insecurity that is enforced and life-determining
AND
not have the power to ask the question in the first place. .

Alt causes right to fill in – turns the K

Olav. F. Knudsen, Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, ’1 ~Security Dialogue 32.3, "Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization," p. 366~
A final danger in focusing on the state is that of building the illusion that  
AND
sector of security  policymaking, unheeded by any but the most uncritical minds.  

You essentialize security and ignore its political potential

Nunes 12 — post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, and has a PhD in International Politics from Aberystwyth University, Wales (Joao, 8/15/2012, "Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies," Security Dialogue 43(4), Sage)
This tendency in the literature is problematic for the critique of security in at least
AND
to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory understandings of security.

Alternative fails – critical theory has no mechanism to translate it into practice

Jones 99 (Richard Wyn, Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html)

Because emancipatory political practice is central to the claims of critical theory, one might
AND
epistemological and methodological claims and thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise. 

Their impact essentializes national identity as a source of violence. This is a rigged game more vulnerable to self-fulfilling prophecy than provisional and empirical uses for security.

Karin FIERKE Politics @ Queens Univ. Belfast ’1 in Constructing International Relations eds. Fierke and Jorgensen p. 119-120

There are several poststructuralist assumptions that are problematic from a constructivist perspective. First,
AND
not a theory: it is a "way of studying social relations."
Second. from Campbell’s perspective, constructivists are too easily drawn into the "protocols
AND
Cold War and the post Cold War practices of states is in order. 

The negative’s wholesale rejection of securitization fails – adopting a framework of issue-specific consequentialist evaluation of securitization can solve the neg’s impacts while still solving the case

Floyd 07   (Rita Floyd, University of Warwick, Review of International Studies, Vol 33 p 327-250)

Towards a consequentialist evaluation of security  Considering the two brief overviews of the different schools
AND
they be promoted or in non-consequentialist fashion that they be honoured,

No single cause of violence

Muro-Ruiz 2 (Diego, London School of Economics, "The Logic of Violence", Politics, 22(2), p. 116)
Violence is, most of the time, a wilful choice, especially if it
AND
approaches, since they each offer some understanding of the logic of violence. 

— Some threats are real – "security politics" does not motivate all violence

Kydd 97 (Professor of Political Science – California, Riverside, Security Studies, Autumn, p. 154)

As for the Second World War, few structural realists will make a sustained case
AND
that aggressive states are at the root of conflict, not security concerns.

— Self-fulfilling prophecy is backwards – failure to express our fears causes them to occur

Macy 95 (Joanna, General Systems Scholar and Deep Ecologist, Ecopsychology)

There is also the superstition that negative thoughts are self-fulfilling.  This is
AND
ecological holocaust is often made to feel guilty of contributing to that very fate

Rejection of securitization causes the state to become more interventionist—turns the K

Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 127-129)
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the rejection of the old security
AND
the political limits of the framework proposed by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.

Security and realism inevitable

Guzzini, Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, 98 Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998 (Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212)
Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible just to heap realism onto the dustbin of history and start anew.
This is a non-option. Although realism as a strictly causal theory has
AND
in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

Won’t pass – guest worker’s too controversial and Obama’s not pushing

Nakamura 3-28 (David, Washington Post, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," AZ Central, http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html-http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html)

A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
AND
efforts of the senators, potentially angering the Republican members, officials said.

The bills are contentious – won’t pass

Nakamura 3-28 (David, Washington Post, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," AZ Central, http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html-http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html)

The guest-worker program is not the only contentious area of the Senate legislation
AND
will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus."

Gun control thumps

Murray 3-28 (Mark, "First Thoughts: Obama jumps back into the gun debate," NBC News, http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite)

Obama jumps back into the gun debate: With some GOP senators vowing to filibuster
AND
that’s what makes for good legislation. It’s compromise that brings everybody together."

Debt ceiling thumps

Parkinson 3-21 (John, "Budget and Funding Done but Debt Limit Battle Brewing," ABC News, 3-21, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/budget-and-funding-done-but-debt-limit-battle-brewing/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/budget-and-funding-done-but-debt-limit-battle-brewing/)

After the House of Representatives passed a budget and a stop-gap measure to fund the government through the end of the fiscal year today, Congress is now poised to turn its attention to a fresh battle over a looming debt limit increase.

Nominations thump

Stirewalt 3-28 (Chris, "Obama Joins Bloomberg’s Squeeze Play on Senate Dems," Fox News, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/28/obama-joins-bloombergs-squeeze-play-on-senate-dems/-http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/28/obama-joins-bloombergs-squeeze-play-on-senate-dems/)

Congress is gagging on the work of passing a full-year budget that includes
AND
divided government has convinced him that his claim is just not true. 

Rubio loves offshore drilling

Johnson 10 (Luke, "Marco Rubio’s consistency on offshore drilling may cost him at the polls", 6/23, http://floridaindependent.com/2677/marco-rubios-consistency-on-offshore-drilling-may-cost-him-at-the-polls)
Even as tar balls wash up on Florida Panhandle shores from the April 20 oil
AND
that’s going to impact ~the U.S.~ just the same."

====Rubio is key====
Avlon 1-31 (John, "Immigration Reform Proposal Shows Similar Ideas between Bush and Obama," Daily Beast, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/01/31/immigration-reform-proposal-shows-similar-ideas-betweeen-bush-and-obama.html)
Wehner’s comments cut to the heart of the lessons learned. After essentially ignoring immigration
AND
it will quiver a couple of times and then turn over and die."

No link – doesn’t require congressional approval

Janofsky 6 (Michael, Veteran Journalist, "Offshore Drilling Plan Widens Rifts Over Energy Policy," New York Times, 4-9, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/washington/09drill.html)
A Bush administration proposal to open an energy-rich tract of the Gulf of
AND
the administration’s final plan would lead to bidding on new leases in 2007.

Plan gets spun as jobs- shields blame

Izadi 12
~Elahe is a writer for the National Journal. "Former Sen. Trent Lott, Ex-Rep. Jim Davis Bemoan Partisanship on Energy Issues," 8/29/12, http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-election/former-members-bemoan-partisanship-on-energy-issues-20120829-http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-election/former-members-bemoan-partisanship-on-energy-issues-20120829~~

In a climate where everything from transportation issues to the farm bill have gotten caught
AND
job is very simple: adult supervision of the Congress," Davis said. 

Arctic is a massive win for Obama – assumes their link arguments

Geman 12 (Ben, energy and environment reporter for The Hill, "Senator: Arctic drilling a political win for Obama," 6-29-12, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/235679-senator-arctic-drilling-a-political-win-for-obama-http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/235679-senator-arctic-drilling-a-political-win-for-obama) 

The Obama administration’s expected approval of Royal Dutch Shell’s plan to drill in Arctic waters
AND
, citing estimates of very large amounts of oil beneath the Arctic seas.

Winning on controversial issues is the only way to achieve his agenda —- capital will fail.

Dickinson, 1/18/2013 (John – chief political correspondent for Slate, Go for the Throat%21, Slate , p. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2013/01/barack_obama_s_second_inaugural_address_the_president_should_declare_war.single.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2013/01/barack_obama_s_second_inaugural_address_the_president_should_declare_war.single.html)
The challenge for President Obama’s speech is the challenge of his second term: how
AND
the party that will leave it, at least temporarily, in disarray. 

Ending the moratorium popular

Russell 12
~Barry Russell is President of the Independent Petroleum Association of America, August 15, 2012, "Energy Must Transcend Politics", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php~~%232238176~~ 

There have been glimpses of great leadership, examples when legislators have reached across the
AND
) is another Democratic leader who consistently votes to promote responsible energy development. 

Natural gas production is popular

Strahan 12 (David, Energy Reporter – New Scientist, "The Great Gas Showdown," New Scientist, 2-25, 213(2835), Academic Search Complete)
I FIRST heard the idea on a private jet flying from New York to London
AND
research has found, there’s more to greenhouse gas emissions than just combustion.

====Turn – Republicans and natural gas industry loves the plan====
Clark 12 (Aaron, "Obama Stance on Fossil Fuel Angers Industry," Bloomberg, 1-24, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-24/obama-claiming-credit-for-fossil-fuel-gains-angers-industry.html)
President Barack Obama is taking credit for higher U.S. oil and gas
AND
million barrels of oil and triggering a temporary administration ban on offshore exploration.

Nat gas lobbyists have tremendous influence in congress

Browning and Clifford 11 (James, Regional State Director – Common Cause, and Pat, Stone Senior Fellow – HUC-UC Ethics Center, "Fracking for Support: Natural Gas Industry Pumps Cash Into Congress," Common Cause, 11-10, http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG%26b=7831813)
Natural gas interests have spent more than %24747 million during a 10-year
AND
our elections is critical to protecting our environment for this and future generations."

Winners win.

Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, "For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made", National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president’s spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

PC theory is wrong- winners win

Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
~Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss~
There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)
~Matt note: gender paraphrased~

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army BS | Judge: 

Multipolarity exacerbates current tensions with Russia – causing nuke war

Arbatov 07  corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the Editorial Board of Russia in Global Affairs.
(Alexei, © "Russia in Global Affairs". № 2, July - September 2007-http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/, Is a New Cold War Imminent? 08-08)

However, the low probability of a new Cold War and the collapse of American
AND
warning systems. This could make the stage for nuclear confrontation even tenser.
1AR - Sustainability Overview

And this isn’t offense for them- we should always try to maximize heg- sustainability is irrelevant

Thayer 07
 Associate Professor at Missouri State University
~Bradley "American Empire: A Debate" (pg 105)~

In contrast to Layne’s argument, maximizing the power of the United States aids its
AND
should welcome American primacy and work to preserve it as long as possible. 

And their authors measurements should be discounted- the system is sustainable

Brooks and Wohlforth 09
Steven G. Brooks —AND— William C. Wohlforth, Associate Professors of Government at Dartmouth College, 09
~"Reshaping the World Order," Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64652/stephen-g-brooks-and-william-c-wohlforth/reshaping-the-world-order~~
-  
Now, the conventional wisdom is that the world is rapidly approaching the end of
AND
in a far stronger position to lead the world than any other state.
1ar- China

And- Collapse causes china aggression

Brzezinski 12
~Zbigniew  Brzezinski , National Security Advisor in the Carter Administration, Professor of Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University, " 8 Geopolitically Endangered Species",  January 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full,~

2. TAIWAN Since 1972, the United States has formally accepted the mainland’s "
AND
the mainland. At stake: Risk of a serious collision with China.  

And- Specifically heg  deters Taiwan war
Brookes 08
  (Peter, Senior Fellow for National Security Affairs at The Heritage Foundation and  member of the congressional U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Heritage, Why the World Still Needs America’s Military Might). November 24, 2008

We know that China is undergoing a major military buildup, especially involving its power
AND
to develop an overarching security architecture such as that found in Europe in NATO
2NC US/China War – NDT

No US-China conflict

Allison %26 Blackwill 3/5 — *director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Douglas Dillon Professor at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government AND Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert D., 2013, "Interview: Lee Kuan Yew on the Future of U.S.- China Relations," http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/03/interview-lee-kuan-yew-on-the-future-of-us-china-relations/273657/)
Interview with Lee Kuan Yew, the founding prime minister of Singapore, one of Asia’s most prominent public intellectuals, a member of the Fondation Chirac’s honour committee

Competition between the United States and China is inevitable, but conflict is not.
AND
long term, they do not see themselves as disadvantaged in this fight.
OSB Bad- Bolton and Hanson

The alternative is Backing down – this causes belligerence and kills credibility

Bolton 09

John R. Bolton — Senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (The Los Angeles Times, "The danger of Obama’s dithering,", October 18, 2009, pg. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/18/opinion/oe-bolton18)**
Weakness in American foreign policy in one region often invites challenges elsewhere, because our
AND
of the next 39, we still have a long way to fall.

binet secretary be the face of the oil spill. The buck stops with his office."

Politics

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Army BS | Judge: 

Prefer predictive ev – he’s pushing

Rucker 3-23 (Philip, Political Correspondent, "Obama to Congress: Finish the job on gun control," Washington Post, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/03/23/obama-to-congress-join-me-in-finishing-the-job/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/03/23/obama-to-congress-join-me-in-finishing-the-job/)

Three months after an elementary school massacre in Connecticut reignited a debate over the nation’s
AND
urge the Senate and the House to give each of them a vote." 

Obama’s using PC

Sink 3-25 (Justin, "Obama plans road trip to prod Senate to move on gun-control legislation," The Hill, 2013, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290169-obama-to-prod-senators-takes-gun-control-message-on-the-road)

President Obama will hit the road to rally Senate support for new gun controls in
AND
coming vote as an opportunity for those in Congress to display political leadership.

Obama nominated a District court Justice AND lost – slayed PC

Vadum 3-28 (Matthew, "Obama’s Gun-Grabbing Judge Nominee Implodes," American Spectator, 2013, http://spectator.org/blog/2013/03/28/obamas-gun-grabbing-judge-nomi-http://spectator.org/blog/2013/03/28/obamas-gun-grabbing-judge-nomi)

With all the hoopla surrounding same sex marriage in recent days, you may not
AND
the nomination, voting 51 to 41 to move to a confirmation vote.

Obama nominated a new Secretary of Labor – that’s costing PC

Johnson 3-27 (Carrie, "Obama’s Labor Nominee Faces GOP Opposition Over His Role In A Supreme Court Case," NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/27/175513560/obamas-labor-nominee-faces-gop-opposition-over-his-role-in-a-supreme-court-case-http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/27/175513560/obamas-labor-nominee-faces-gop-opposition-over-his-role-in-a-supreme-court-case)

Thomas Perez, the president’s nominee to lead the Department of Labor and a high
AND
about the controversy, but that’s unlikely to satisfy Republicans on Capitol Hill.

Every nomination causes a huge fight

Bernstein 3-21 (Jonathan, Special Contributor – Washington Post, "The GOP’s path of most resistance," The Reporter, http://www.thereporteronline.com/article/20130321/OPINION03/130329884/the-gop-s-path-of-most-resistance)

It now looks as if we’re going to get not one, but two,
AND
until January 2009 — Senate Republicans are in effect filibustering every single nomination.

2NC Cyberterror – NDT

No retal

No cyber-attack – experts agree

Gjelten 3/15 — veteran correspondent for NPR News, specializing in national security and international affairs (Tom, 2013, "Is All The Talk About Cyberwarfare Just Hype?" http://www.wgbh.org/News/Articles/2013/3/15/Is_All_The_Talk_About_Cyberwarfare_Just_Hype.cfm)

U.S. officials and security experts regularly highlight the cyberthreat, but they
AND
of a military conflict or crisis that they believe threatens their vital interests." 

Alexander was similarly reassuring in his written testimony. "We feel confident that foreign
AND
change at some point, considering the current hostility between the two countries. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan DH | Judge:
China – 1AC
Advantage_: China
Senkaku conflict coming and escalation is likely.
Wittmeyer, 3/19/2013 (Alicia – assistant editor at Foreign Policy, Why Japan and China could accidentally end up at war, Foreign Policy, p. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/19/china_japan_accidental_war_islands)

Great. At a time when Chinese authorities seem to be making efforts to dial
AND
that these deliberate moves escalate beyond what either Japan or China is anticipating.
Economic interdependence doesn’t check.
Auslin 13 (Michael – scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, The Sino-Japanese Standoff, National Review, 1/28/2013 , p. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/338852/sinondashjapanese-standoff-michael-auslin?pg=2)

This Sino–Japanese standoff also is a problem for the United States, which
AND
, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II.

Energy is the core issue.
Jackson 13 (Allison, The Senkaku Islands Dispute Is Forcing Japan to Rethink How It Trades With the World, Business Insider, 1/31/2013, p. http://www.businessinsider.com/diaoyu-dispute-hurts-sino-japanese-trade-2013-1)

Nevertheless, the dispute over the islands will continue to cause political and economic headaches
AND
in Washington, D.C, told National Geographic late last year.
Energy mercantilism intensifies rivalries and territorial disputes - causes escalation.
Zhao 8, 12/7/2008 (Suisheng – Professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Executive Director of the Center for China-US Cooperation, University of Denver, China’s Global Search for Energy, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 49-4-08, p. http://japanfocus.org/-Suisheng-Zhao/2978)

China's energy competition and territorial disputes in the Asia-Pacific
China's state-centered approach towards energy security has led to a mercantilist strategy to
AND
tempestuous, should Beijing's energy imperative translate into aggressive tactics in border disputes.

Miscalculation is likely - historical animosity prevents de-escalation.
He 12, 9/18/2012 (Yinan – expert on Sino-Japan relations, associate professor at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy, Seton Hall University, Nationalism and the China-Japan Island Disputes, Council on Foreign Relations, p. http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2012/09/18/nationalism-and-the-china-japan-island-disputes/)

In the past week mass protests against Japan’s nationalization of the disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku
AND
damage to China’s social stability and international image should the chaos drag on.

Nuclear escalation is likely.
Fisher 11, 10/31/2011 (Max – associate editor at the Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War, The Atlantic, p. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/#slide1)

After 10 years of close but unproductive talks, the U.S. and
AND
Soviet mishaps of the 1980s  is exactly what makes them so dangerous.
Senkaku dispute causes rare earth cut-off - that collapses Japan’s renewable and tech sectors.
Foxton 12, 9/18/2012 (Willard – investigative journalist for the Telegraph, Why the latest row between China and Japan is a nightmare for the tech industry, The Telegraph, p. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007708/why-the-latest-row-between-china-and-japan-is-a-nightmare-for-the-tech-industry/)

The mines at Baotao have slowed production in the light of the Diaoyou situation;
AND
. For all our sakes, let's hope this dispute is resolved quickly.
Extinction
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director – Program in International Relations and Canadian Studies Program – Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars – Mexico Institute, May, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/U.S.%20Mexico%20Cooperation%20in%20Renewable%20Energies.pdf)

It is by now common knowledge that the world is facing a climate change crisis
AND
alternative sources of energy is a crucial component of climate change mitigation strategies.
Independently, Chinese mercantilism causes Asian arms races.
Brandenburg 11, 3/24/2011 (Colonel James A. – United States Air Force, China’s Energy Insecurity and the South China Sea Dispute, USAWC Strategy Research Project, p. 6-7)
In 2010, China reasserted ownership to nearly 80 percent of the South China Sea
AND
energy supplies, this warrants special consideration in the geo-political realm.
Nuclear war
Cirincione 2k (Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project – CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)

The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945.

Oil Shocks – 1AC
Advantage _: Oil Shocks
Oil volatility is inevitable and likely.
Clayton 12, 10/4/2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Real Reason Energy Traders Are Losing Sleep, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/the_real_reason_energy_traders_are_losing_sleep?page=full)

The potential for oil prices to shoot sharply higher or lower in the coming months
AND
unsettling to global energy markets in the months ahead than anything OPEC does.
The risk of Saudi oil infrastructure attacks high
Shauk 3/25/2013 (Zain – Energy Reporter for the Houston Chronicle, Cyberattack risk high for oil and gas industry, Houston Chronicle, p. http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/Cyberattack-risk-high-of-oil-and-gas-industry-4379587.php)

In the months since a virus ripped through 30,000 of Saudi Aramco’s computers
AND
to deal with a high volume of threats, Al-Falih said.
That causes supply shocks.
Clayton 12, 11/9/2012 (Blake, The New Face of Energy Insecurity, The National Interest, p. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-new-face-energy-insecurity-7715)

The future of energy insecurity has arrived. In August, a devastating cyber attack
AND
a significant risk to the economic well-being of the United States.
Al Qaeda attacks on Algeria make oil shocks inevitable.
WSJ 13 Wall Street Journal, 1/18/2013 (Poorly Secured Remote Energy Facilities Invite Terrorist Attacks, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323783704578250121106462696.html?mg=id-wsj)

The terrorist attack on a remote gas field in Algeria has underscored security risks facing
AND
supplies and have kept oil prices high despite years of sluggish economic growth.
Even a limited Hormuz shutdown causes spikes.
NYT 12 New York Times, 1/4/2012 (Oil Price Would Skyrocket if Iran Closed the Strait of Hormuz, p. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/business/oil-price-would-skyrocket-if-iran-closed-the-strait.html)

Energy analysts say even a partial blockage of the Strait of Hormuz could raise the
AND
a blockade might undermine some of those governments in an already unstable region.
Volatility collapses developing economies.
McNally and Levi 11, July/August 2011 (Robert – President of the Rapidan Group, served as Special Assistant to the President at the U.S. National Economic Council, Senior Director for International Energy at the U.S. National Security Council under President George W. Bush, and Michael – David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, A Crude Predicament, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)

Greater oil price volatility will also bedevil macroeconomic policy officials and central bankers. Policymakers
AND
protection; in the worst cases, recent improvements might even be reversed. 

That causes resentment and backlash - escalates to nuclear war.
Goldstein 10 (Joshua, Professor of International Relations – American University, “Changing World Order – Engaging the South”, International Relations, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_goldstein_ir_7/38/9780/25 03754.cw/index.html)

In the last chapter’s “Changing World Order” section, there was mention of
AND
cooperation with the UN and other international institutions in the years to come.
Oil volatility collapses consumer confidence - no time to adapt.
Levi 12, 3/19/2012 (Michael A. – Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, Hot to Handle Oil Price Volatility, p. http://www.cfr.org/united-states/handle-oil-price-volatility/p27667)

There is a myth, popular among both politicians and the public, that high
AND
government to use the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in order to buffer the market.
No econ resiliency - collapsing confidence kills it.
Naroff 12, 11/11/2012 (Joel – president and chief economist of Naroff Economic Advisors Inc., "Fiscal cliff' poses risks of another recession, Philly Inquirer, p. http://www.philly.com/philly/business/20121111__quot_Fiscal_cliff__poses_risks_of_another_recession.html)

The problem with falling into another recession is that there are no policies left to
AND
Depression, and that is a risk most people don't want to take.
Supply shocks are distinct - studies prove that they disrupt the economy.
Cashin et. al, 12 (Paul – Research Department at the International Monetary Fund, Kamiar Mohaddes – Faculty of Economis and Girton College, University of Cambridge, Maziar Raissi – Department of Mathematical Sciences at George Mason University, and Mehdi Raissi, The Differential Effects of Oil Demand and Supply Shocks on the Global Economy, IMF Working Paper, p. 5-6)

We estimate the 38 individual VARX* models over the period 1979Q2–2011Q2.
AND
East, Africa and Latin America) as well as many developing countries.
Goes nuclear.
Merlini 11 [Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United
AND
World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130]

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Studies prove that economic decline causes war.
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
U.S. decline alone causes nuclear great power wars.
Lieberthal and O’Hanlon 12, 7/10/2012 (Kenneth – Director of the John L. Thorton China Center, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and Michael – Senior Fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt, p. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon) 

Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries
AND
regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.
Independently, oil volatility sparks great power war - forces U.S. intervention and goes nuclear.
King 8, September 2008 (Neil, Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns, Center for a New American Security, p. 14-17)

Many commentators in the United States and abroad have begun to wrestle with the question
AND
risk increases that a scramble for assets in the Artic could turn nasty.

Solvency – 1AC
Contention _: The Strategic Petroleum Reserve, or SPR
It’s vulnerable - past drawdowns have not been replaced.
LaRochell 12, 4/24/2012 (Mark – manager of Information services at the Education & Research Service in Washington, D.C., The Debunker: Why Tapping the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is a Bad Idea, Human Events, p. http://www.humanevents.com/2012/04/24/the-debunker-why-tapping-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve-is-a-bad-idea/)

Last year, Obama released 30 million barrels of oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
AND
the risk of a serious shortage in the event of a real emergency.
More drawdowns are coming.
Walsh 12, 3/16/2012 (Bryan – senior writer for TIME Magazine, Oil: Should President Obama Tap the Strategic Petroleum Reserve?, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2012/03/16/oil-should-president-obama-tap-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve/)

There’s little doubt that tapping the SPR would reduce gas prices in the short term
AND
like they are doing something. Now is Obama’s turn at the rite.
Only a full SPR gets credit in the market.
Beaubouef 7 (Bruce A. – managing editor of Hart Publications, Ph.D. in history from the University of Houston, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005, p. 238)

In past energy crises, rising prices and uncertainty over future sup- ply have
AND
percent of U.S. daily petroleum consumption is far from negligible.

Perception of a strong and effective SPR controls market speculation and deters price spikes.
Clayton 12, 9/21/2012 (Blake – fellow for Energy and National security at the Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Needs Fixing–Fast, Council on Foreign Relations, p. http://www.cfr.org/energy/us-strategic-petroleum-reserve-needs-fixingfast/p29103)

Speculation among experts is rife that the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (
AND
of profound recent changes in the North American oil landscape, is critical.

Unconditional and clear signal is key
Jaffe 12, 8/24/2012 (Amy – Wallace S. Wilson fellow for energy studies at Rice University’s Baker Institute, America’s Real Strategic Reserve, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/24/Saudi_Arabia_Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve?page=full)

There is no question that the United States should get more oil onto the market
AND
would also give America more freedom of maneuver in the new Middle East.

A purchase agreement guarantee generates enough oil to fill the SPR.
Fine, 4/26/2007 (Daniel – research associate at the Mining and Minerals Institute at MIT, energy expert at the New Mexico Center for Energy Policy, Oil Shale: Toward a Strategic Unconventional Fuels Supply Policy, p. http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/oil-shale-toward-a-strategic-unconventional-fuels-supply-policy)
The resource, again, is in the trillions of barrels of oil, and
AND
United States. That would mitigate historic market risk a century after discovery.
Strong SPR management bolsters U.S. energy leverage - that prevents Chinese energy mercantilism.
Victor and Eskreis-Winkler, July/August 2008 (David – Professor at Stanford Law School, Director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University, and Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Sarah – Research Associate in National Security at the Council on Foreign Relations, In the Tank, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
THE BETTER management of oil reserves in the United States could help with reserves worldwide
AND
limiting the effects of the crises that periodically convulse the world oil market.
A well-stocked SPR prevents U.S. military intervention.
Beaubouef 2007 (Bruce A. – managing editor of Hart Publications, Ph.D. in history from the University of Houston, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005, p. 221)
But the Arab oil-producing nations opposed and feared the IEA oil stockpiling programs
AND
the president “a card to play” before sending in the Marines.
Weak SPR increases pressure for conflict.
McNally and Levi 11, July/August 2011 (Robert – President of the Rapidan Group, served as Special Assistant to the President at the U.S. National Economic Council, Senior Director for International Energy at the U.S. National Security Council under President George W. Bush, and Michael – David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, A Crude Predicament, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)

Low levels of spare capacity will also complicate U.S. foreign policy.
AND
if the United States and its allies released oil from their strategic reserves.
The plan is necessary to accelerate development to meet SPR needs.
Branscomb, Summer 2008 (Josh – J.D. Candidate at Stanford Law School, Focus on Energy Policy: U.S. Oil Shale—From Resources to Reserves, 6 Geo. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y 397, p. Lexis-Nexis)
A program of staged government incentives is likely to help secure the benefits of oil
AND
pilot projects, as well as those of commercially-representative scale. n182

No Disads – 1AC
Contention _: No Disads
Oil production is up.
WSJ 1-18 Wall Street Journal, 1/18/2013 (U.S. Oil-Production Rise is Fastest Ever, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323468604578249621718888086.html?KEYWORDS=us+oil+production+rising)

U.S. oil production grew more in 2012 than in any year in
AND
, chemicals and sand at high pressures to break apart underground rock formations.
But doesn’t solve oil shocks.
CBO 12 Congressional Budget Office, May 2012 (Energy Security in the United States, p. http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/05-31-1colEnergySecurity.pdf)

Even if world oil prices declined as a result of increased U.S.
AND
the vulnerability of most consumers to disruptions in oil markets largely unchanged.38
 Plan

The United States Federal Government should offer a purchase agreement for crude oil produced in the United States in order to fill the reserve

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Counter-interpretation —- Financial incentives include purchase guarantees —- they encourage production.

Camm et. al 2008 (Frank – senior economist at the RAND Corporation, James T. Bartis – senior policy research at the RAND Corporation, and Charles Bushman, Federal Financial Incentives to Induce Early Experience Producing Unconventional Liquid Fuels, Project Air Force and Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment, RAND Corporation, p. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR586.pdf)
This report focuses on packages comprising the following financial-incentive instruments: • a
AND
can be tailored to reflect the specific circumstances relevant to a specific investment.

Production payments are topical – it’s predictable – it’s the government’s definition

Gielecki et. al, February 2001 (Mark – EIA at the Department of Energy, Fred Mayes – Senior Technology Analyst at the U.S. Department of Energy, and Lawrence Prete, Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Information Administration, p. http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm
A financial incentive is defined in this report as providing one or more of the
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government..

Predictable —- it’s the government’s definition.

Waxman et. al, October 1998 (Seth – Solicitor General at the Department of Justice, Frank W. Hunger – Assistant Attorney General at the Department of Justice, David M. Cohen – Attorney at the Department of Justice, and Mark Melnick – Attorney at the Department of Justice, Harbert/Lumms Agrifuels Projects, et al., v. United States America on Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Courts of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Brief for the United States in Opposition, p. http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)
2 On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated "the authority, with
AND
or his delegate(s)." Pet. App. 111-113.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency

SPR logistics are fine —- best studies.

Platts, 3/1/2012 (US defends SPR’s potential for quick response to oil-supply emergencies, p. http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Oil/6009058-http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Oil/6009058)
The Department of Energy, which manages the emergency reserve, disputed Morse’s calculations and
AND
the agency said. "The targeted release and distribution worked as intended." 

U.S. needs to fill-in —- the SPR has sweet crude.

Clayton, September 2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, Lessons Learned From the 2011 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Release, CFR Working Paper, p. 3)
The collapse of Libyan production in the spring of 2011 created a severe shortage,
AND
was the light sweet crude oil in the U.S. SPR.

No link to prices but solves the advantage.

Clayton, 9/13/2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, Caution is key in using Strategic Petroleum Reserve, Houston Chronicle, p. http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Caution-is-key-in-using-Strategic-Petroleum-3863987.php)
For one thing, policymakers should be under no illusion that tapping public stocks can
AND
what had been the primary impetus for rising oil prices earlier that year.

Refilling the SPR does not affect prices.

Kreutzer, 7/1/2011 (David – Senior Policy Analyst in Energy Economics and Climate Change at the Heritage Foundation’s Center for Data Analysis _{Shell Game is Not an Energy Policy, p. http://blog.heritage.org/2011/07/01/shell-game-is-not-an-energy-policy/)
So, if the SPR draw down and replenishment signals to the market that there
AND
the downward blip that immediately followed the president’s announcement of the SPR release.}

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
CP

USFG means any actor – doesn’t sever the agent

Chicago 7 (University of Chicago Manual of Style, "Capitalization, Titles", http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles30.html)

Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,
AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc. 

Doesn’t sever immediacy –

Increase means future increase

Hening and Munford 1811 ("Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia", Ed. Isaac Riley, Volume IV, Google Books)

Thursday, November 23. On the merits*. Wickham argued that, by the
AND
, as it goes to prove what the testator meant by particular words.

Should means desirable

AC 99 (Atlas Collaboration, "Use of Shall, Should, May Can," http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html)

shall
’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then that
AND
."  This is a bad example. Using ’shall’ here is too strong.
should
’should’ is weaker. It describes something that might not be satisfied in the final
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  ’thoroughly’ means).

"Resolved" means law

Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition)

Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".

Speculation causes oil volatility

Yetiv, 4/27/2011 (Steve – professor of political science and international studies at Old Dominion University, Who’s to blame for rising oil prices? Speculators, The Christian Science Monitor, p. http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/0427/Who-s-to-blame-for-rising-oil-prices-Speculators)
So why have oil prices risen from around %2436 dollars per barrel in December
AND
hard to connect to traditional market forces, indicate the influence of speculation.

Incentive certainty is key to guarantee production.

Gielecki et. al, February 2001 (Mark – EIA at the Department of Energy, Fred Mayes – Senior Technology Analyst at the U.S. Department of Energy, and Lawrence Prete, Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Information Administration, p. http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm)
The effectiveness of tax credits and production incentives has varied considerably, depending on the
AND
much less impact, simply because the gap between competitive energy prices and energy 

Certainty prevents oil volatility

Clayton, 10/4/2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Real Reason Energy Traders Are Losing Sleep, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/the_real_reason_energy_traders_are_losing_sleep?page=full)
The oil crises of the 1970s taught Americans one of the iron laws of geoeconomics
AND
to keep a short-supplied market from pushing up prices too high. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Can’t solve – delay and too many types of gasoline products

Blum 05
~[Justin, Washington Post, Senators See Need for U.S. Gas Reserve, 9/30/05, L/N~]

The United States already has a Strategic Petroleum Reserve stocked with crude oil, which
AND
country would conserve more if higher gasoline costs were passed along to consumers.

CP can’t solve – shelf life

Landry 06
~[Cathy, Platts Oilgram Price Report, US product, gas reserves plan put on hold: Bodman, 3/6/06, l/n~]

The idea of developing US government-owned stockpiles of natural gas and refined products
AND
expansion of inventory. So there is an issue there," he said.

Links to politics

Blum 05
~[Justin, Washington Post, Senators See Need for U.S. Gas Reserve, 9/30/05, L/N~]

But consumer advocates and some lawmakers said refiners do not want the reserves because they
AND
issue that the oil companies don’t like, it’s defeated," Brown said.

Heavy Crude Key –

A) Refinery alignment —- the SPR is too light crude focused —- that kills refinery compatibility because they can’t process the lighter fuels. The plan solves

Government Accountability Office, 2/26/2008 (Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Options to Improve the Cost-Effectiveness of Filling the Reserve, p. 5-6)
Including heavier oil would have the additional benefit of making the composition of SPR oil
AND
maximum volume of heavy oil that could be effectively put in the reserve.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

K doesn’t come first

Owens 2002 (David – professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning, Millenium, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

No root cause – illogical

Larrivee 10— PF ECONOMICS AT MOUNT ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY – MASTERS FROM THE HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL AND PHD IN ECONOMICS FROM WISCONSIN, 10 ~JOHN, A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MORAL ANALYSIS OF MARKETS, 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf-http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf~~
 The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism
AND
problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized. 

Neoliberalism isn’t the root cause of environmental destruction – too many other variables at play

Bakker 9 (Karen, Prof of Geography @ Univ. of British Columbia, "Commentary," Environment and Planning, http://www.envplan.com/epa/editorials/a4277.pdf)
With this sort of example as inspiration, one hopes that scholars of neoliberal¶
AND
might identify do indeed arise from a particular strategy identified as¶ neoliberal.

The alt leads to the expansion of Chinese mercantilism —- collapses global trade

Atkinson, 2/28/2012 (Robert – President of the ITIF, Enough is Enough: Confronting Chinese Innovation Mercantilism, The Information Technology %26 Innovation Foundation, p. http://www.itif.org/publications/enough-enough-confronting-chinese-innovation-mercantilism)
China’s goal of absolute advantage through innovation mercantilism runs counter to the effective functioning of
AND
case state capitalism as embodied in what could be termed the Beijing consensus.

Extinction

Pazner 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)
The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Neoliberalism is sustainable – no political crises

Stelzer 9 Irwin Stelzer is a business adviser and director of economic policy studies at the Hudson Institute, "Death of capitalism exaggerated," http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26174260-5013479,00.html
A FUNNY thing happened on the way to the collapse of market capitalism in the
AND
, so far, so good for reformed capitalism. No substitutes accepted.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Empirically the world grew more peaceful when heg declined

Fettweis 11 ~Christopher J. Fettweis - Department of Political Science Tulane University and Professor of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, "Free Riding or Restraint Examining European Grand Strategy", Comparative Strategy; Sep/Oct2011, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p316-332, 17p, Chetan~ 

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone. 

Won’t pass – guest worker’s too controversial and Obama’s not pushing

Nakamura 3-28 (David, Washington Post, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," AZ Central, http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html-http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html)

A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
AND
efforts of the senators, potentially angering the Republican members, officials said.

Gun control thumps

Murray 3-28 (Mark, "First Thoughts: Obama jumps back into the gun debate," NBC News, http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite)

Obama jumps back into the gun debate: With some GOP senators vowing to filibuster
AND
that’s what makes for good legislation. It’s compromise that brings everybody together."

GOP loves the plan

United Press International, 7/1/2011 (Plan for refilling strategic oil reserves?, p. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2011/07/01/Plan-for-refilling-strategic-oil-reserves/UPI-28661309537073/-http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2011/07/01/Plan-for-refilling-strategic-oil-reserves/UPI-28661309537073/)
A group of Republican lawmakers have called on President Obama to release a plan on how the administration intends to refill the U.S. emergency oil stockpile. They denounced Obama’s June 23 decision to provide half of the 60 million barrels released by International Energy Agency countries in response to the disruption of Libyan sweet crude, saying it raises "serious concerns" about the administration’s energy policy.

Support outweighs opposition.

Dlouhy, 6/23/2011 (Jennifer A. – covers energy policy and other issues for the Houston Chronicles, Obama boosts oil supply, feels political heat already, Fuel Fix, p. http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/23/feds-to-release-30m-barrels-of-oil-from-emergency-stockpile/-http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/23/feds-to-release-30m-barrels-of-oil-from-emergency-stockpile/)
The Obama administration pitched its decision Thursday to release 30 million barrels of oil from
AND
John Cornyn of Texas called the SPR release "a public relations strategy."

Winners win.

Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, "For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made", National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president’s spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

Capital fails

Edwards, 12 (George C., Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas A%26M University. editor of Presidential Studies Quarterly and holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies in the Bush School, Overreach: Leadership in the Obama Presidency, p. 1-2)
In 2008, America suffered from war and economic crisis. Partisan polarization was extraordinarily
AND
change in their environments carefully and orchestrate existing and potential support skillfully.3

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2NC Soft Power – Useless

Soft power doesn’t spill over across issue areas

Brooks and Wohlforth 5 Stephen Brooks and William Wohlforth, Professors Government – Dartmouth (Perspectives on Politics 3:509-524)
Drawing on rational choice theory, Downs and Jones show that a far more compelling
AND
that will strongly influence how other states relate across different issue areas.69
In the end, the current lack of an empirical or theoretical justification for the
AND
bargaining power, invalidates the institutionalist argument about the high cost of unilateralism.
2NC Disease – No XTC

====No disease impact====
Keller 3/7 — Analyst at Stratfor, Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder (Rebecca, 2013, "Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)

Periodic media reports of bird flu, a new SARS-like virus and a
AND
also cannot be visibly ill because that would limit the necessary human contact.

1AR Labor/Guest Worker

Guest worker fights kill immigration reform.

Washington Post, 3/28/2013 (Dispute over guest-worker program puts immigration talks at risk of delay, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/dispute-over-guest-worker-program-puts-immigration-talks-at-risk/2013/03/28/d68bee2c-96ee-11e2-814b-063623d80a60_story.html)
A worsening dispute over a new guest-worker program has emerged as the most
AND
, who are attempting to fashion model legislation for a broad immigration overhaul.

Won’t pass—guest worker

Washington Examiner 3-29-13 (Washington Examiner: Guest worker issue may crimp any immigration measure, http://newsok.com/washington-examiner-guest-worker-issue-may-crimp-any-immigration-measure/article/3775283)
THE AFL-CIO and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce made a
AND
both sides to reach a compromise. Something may yet be hashed out.
Gun Control—-1AR—-Obama Pushing

Prefer predictive ev – he’s pushing

Rucker 3-23 (Philip, Political Correspondent, "Obama to Congress: Finish the job on gun control," Washington Post, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/03/23/obama-to-congress-join-me-in-finishing-the-job/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/03/23/obama-to-congress-join-me-in-finishing-the-job/)

Three months after an elementary school massacre in Connecticut reignited a debate over the nation’s
AND
urge the Senate and the House to give each of them a vote." 

Gun Control—-1AR—-Costs PC

Obama’s using PC

Sink 3-25 (Justin, "Obama plans road trip to prod Senate to move on gun-control legislation," The Hill, 2013, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290169-obama-to-prod-senators-takes-gun-control-message-on-the-road)

President Obama will hit the road to rally Senate support for new gun controls in
AND
coming vote as an opportunity for those in Congress to display political leadership.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

Filling the SPR with heavy crude bolsters its effectiveness by improving compatibility with refineries.

Government Accountability Office, 2/26/2008 (Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Options to Improve the Cost-Effectiveness of Filling the Reserve, p. 5-6)
Including heavier oil would have the additional benefit of making the composition of SPR oil
AND
maximum volume of heavy oil that could be effectively put in the reserve.

That solves both management and effectiveness of the SPR.

Shages, 9/8/2008 (John, D. – former deputy assistant secretary for petroleum reserves at the Department of Energy, Obama Has a Plan To Manage Our Oil Reserve, Wall Street Journal, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122083244190708517.html?mod=opinion_main_commentaries)
Fortunately, we do not have to resolve these philosophical differences. Instead, we
AND
for the other could bring in about %241 billion at today’s prices.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

We meet – we meet financial incentives because the incentive is offered to people to produce more

We meet – drilling is production.

U.S. Energy Information Administration, Date Accessed: 2/4/2013 (Glossary: C, p. http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=C)
Conventional oil and natural gas production:  Crude oil and natural gas that is produced by a well drilled into a geologic formation in which the reservoir and fluid characteristics permit the oil and natural gas to readily flow to the wellbore. 

Counter-interpretation – energy production is extraction not consumption.

DOCC 8 (Australian Government’s Department of Climate Change, "National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Guidelines," http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/~~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/nger-reporting-guidelines.ashx)
Energy Production
’Energy production’ is defined in r. 2.23:
Production of energy, in relation to a facility, means any one of the following:
a. the extraction or capture of energy from natural sources for final consumption by or from the operation of the facility or for use other than in operation of the facility; 11
b. the manufacture of energy by the conversion of energy from one form to another form for final consumption by
or from the operation of the facility or for use other than in the operation of the facility.
Energy consumption
’Energy consumption’ is defined in r. 2.23:
Consumption of energy, in relation to a facility, means the use or disposal of energy from the operation of the
facility including own-use and losses in extraction, production and transmission.

For requires intent, not a guaranteed result

Arterton 3 – US District Judge (Janet, Applera Corporation and Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., plaintiffs, v. MJ Research Inc. and Michael and John Finney, 3:98cv1201 (JBA), UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, 292 F. Supp. 2d 348; 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20903, Lexis)
The ordinary meaning of the preposition "for," see Webster’s New World Dictionary of
AND
9, ll. 31-32, at least while performing PCR.

Our interpretation best –

A) Limits —- we limit the topic to drilling and extraction affs —- their interpretation allows for affs that affect consumption patterns like power grids, RPS, fuel standards or oil refineries.

B) Crude oil specific definition is on our side.

IEA 7 (International Energy Agency, "Production," 5-20, http://www.iea.org/interenerstat_v2/definitions/results.asp?id=5%26Type=Flows)
International Energy Forum Secretariat (IEFS)
Crude oil production. In the JODI questionnaire, production only applies to crude oil
AND
It is at this point that the produced oil becomes marketable (production).

The resolution only says that we have to increase a financial incentive for energy production – the plan has that intent – it doesn’t say energy production has to occur – big distinction

Mixes burdens – no way to know if a direct effect would lead to production and then there is no topical aff

Kills aff ground – 

They still get funding DA’s, SPR bad disads, and all their financial incentive generics

Err on reasonability —- competing interpretation leads to the race for the most limiting interpretation which trades-off with topic education and substance.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

We meet – plan offers contracts to oil companies for oil they produce —- any other distinction is arbitrary.

Counter-interpretation —- Financial incentives include purchase guarantees —- they encourage production.

Camm et. al 2008 (Frank – senior economist at the RAND Corporation, James T. Bartis – senior policy research at the RAND Corporation, and Charles Bushman, Federal Financial Incentives to Induce Early Experience Producing Unconventional Liquid Fuels, Project Air Force and Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment, RAND Corporation, p. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR586.pdf)
This report focuses on packages comprising the following financial-incentive instruments: • a
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can be tailored to reflect the specific circumstances relevant to a specific investment.

Production payments are topical – it’s predictable – it’s the government’s definition

Gielecki et. al, February 2001 (Mark – EIA at the Department of Energy, Fred Mayes – Senior Technology Analyst at the U.S. Department of Energy, and Lawrence Prete, Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy, Energy Information Administration, p. http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm
A financial incentive is defined in this report as providing one or more of the
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government..

Predictable —- it’s the government’s definition.

Waxman et. al, October 1998 (Seth – Solicitor General at the Department of Justice, Frank W. Hunger – Assistant Attorney General at the Department of Justice, David M. Cohen – Attorney at the Department of Justice, and Mark Melnick – Attorney at the Department of Justice, Harbert/Lumms Agrifuels Projects, et al., v. United States America on Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Courts of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Brief for the United States in Opposition, p. http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)
2 On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated "the authority, with
AND
or his delegate(s)." Pet. App. 111-113.

It’s best –

Over limits —- excludes the core of the topic like DOD SMRs – it’s no different than offering a contract for reactors on military bases. That’s distinct from procurement which just buys the oil off the market with no contract. The plan offers an incentive that could be rejected – we just argue it doesn’t.

Aff ground outweighs Neg ground: they get generics, multiple DAs, the K, and the neg block – that’s a structural bias

Mechanism ground checks aff explosion —- our definition guarantees funding CPs and spending Das

No unique right to ground —- neg strat should be determined by the case not the topic.

Prefer reasonability —- competing interpretation leads to the race for the most limiting interpretation which trades-off with topic education and substance.

Not extra-topical —- the plan only specifies the program that offers purchase agreements for the oil —- specificity increases education and avoids vague plan writing.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

Case outweighs – nuclear war causes the worst forms of securitization – causes the right to take over – empirically true – WWII.

Perm – do both

Framework – evaluate the aff vs. status quo or a competitive policy option. That’s best for fairness and predictability – there are too many frameworks to predict and they moot all of the 1ac – makes it impossible to be aff. Only our framework solves activism.

K doesn’t come first

Owens 2002 (David – professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning, Millenium, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Embracing insecurity is a strategy of the privileged.  Their alternatives presumes some degree of personal security necessary for the freedom to live life as you choose.

Ken BOOTH IR @ Aberystwyth ’7  Theory of World Security p. 104-105
Perhaps the most hideous image of the congruity of insecurity and the determined life in
AND
to ask Why?’ and to live in dignity is never present.
It is important here to distinguish between insecurity that is enforced and life-determining
AND
not have the power to ask the question in the first place. .

Perm do plan and reject security discourse

Alt causes right to fill in – turns the K

Olav. F. Knudsen, Prof @ Södertörn Univ College, ’1 ~Security Dialogue 32.3, "Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization," p. 366~
A final danger in focusing on the state is that of building the illusion that  
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sector of security  policymaking, unheeded by any but the most uncritical minds.  

Judge choice – can still endorse other representations and reject the faulty ones of the 1AC

You essentialize security and ignore its political potential

Nunes 12 — post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, and has a PhD in International Politics from Aberystwyth University, Wales (Joao, 8/15/2012, "Reclaiming the political: Emancipation and critique in security studies," Security Dialogue 43(4), Sage)
This tendency in the literature is problematic for the critique of security in at least
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to address these limitations, the next section revisits emancipatory understandings of security.

Alternative fails – critical theory has no mechanism to translate it into practice

Jones 99 (Richard Wyn, Lecturer in the Department of International Politics – University of Wales, Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, CIAO, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html)

Because emancipatory political practice is central to the claims of critical theory, one might
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epistemological and methodological claims and thus that it is a fatally flawed enterprise. 

No single cause of violence

Muro-Ruiz 2 (Diego, London School of Economics, "The Logic of Violence", Politics, 22(2), p. 116)
Violence is, most of the time, a wilful choice, especially if it
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approaches, since they each offer some understanding of the logic of violence. 

Security and realism inevitable

Guzzini, Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, 98 Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998 (Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212)
Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible just to heap realism onto the dustbin of history and start anew.
This is a non-option. Although realism as a strictly causal theory has
AND
in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

SPR logistics are fine —- best studies.

Platts, 3/1/2012 (US defends SPR’s potential for quick response to oil-supply emergencies, p. http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Oil/6009058-http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Oil/6009058)
The Department of Energy, which manages the emergency reserve, disputed Morse’s calculations and
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the agency said. "The targeted release and distribution worked as intended." 

Libya proves drawdowns will be coordinated.

Glick 2011 (Devin – intern at the IFRI in the Energy Program, A Look at the IEA 2011 Release of Strategic Oil Reserves, p. www.bakerinstitute.org/.../IFRI-pub-GlickStrategicOilReserves)
In the case of the 2011 coordinated response, the decision to use strategic stocks
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with points to more international coordination rather than U.S. politics.

CCP collapse escalates to extinction.

Renxing, 8/5/2005 (San, The CCP’s Last-Ditch Gamble, Epoch Times, p. http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-5/30975.html)
"In any event, we, the CCP, will never step down from
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to cling to life. That is the main theme of the speeches.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

2AC

Won’t pass – guest worker’s too controversial and Obama’s not pushing

Nakamura 3-28 (David, Washington Post, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," AZ Central, http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html-http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html)

A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
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efforts of the senators, potentially angering the Republican members, officials said.

The bills are contentious – won’t pass

Nakamura 3-28 (David, Washington Post, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," AZ Central, http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html-http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html)

The guest-worker program is not the only contentious area of the Senate legislation
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will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus."

Gun control thumps

Murray 3-28 (Mark, "First Thoughts: Obama jumps back into the gun debate," NBC News, http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite)

Obama jumps back into the gun debate: With some GOP senators vowing to filibuster
AND
that’s what makes for good legislation. It’s compromise that brings everybody together."

Debt ceiling thumps

Parkinson 3-21 (John, "Budget and Funding Done but Debt Limit Battle Brewing," ABC News, 3-21, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/budget-and-funding-done-but-debt-limit-battle-brewing/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/budget-and-funding-done-but-debt-limit-battle-brewing/)

After the House of Representatives passed a budget and a stop-gap measure to fund the government through the end of the fiscal year today, Congress is now poised to turn its attention to a fresh battle over a looming debt limit increase.

Support outweighs opposition.

Dlouhy, 6/23/2011 (Jennifer A. – covers energy policy and other issues for the Houston Chronicles, Obama boosts oil supply, feels political heat already, Fuel Fix, p. http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/23/feds-to-release-30m-barrels-of-oil-from-emergency-stockpile/-http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/23/feds-to-release-30m-barrels-of-oil-from-emergency-stockpile/)
The Obama administration pitched its decision Thursday to release 30 million barrels of oil from
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John Cornyn of Texas called the SPR release "a public relations strategy."

====GOP wants more oil production for the SPR====
Rampton 12 (Roberta, "US Republicans seek drilling boost if oil reserves tapped", 3/28, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/28/us-oil-reserves-congress-idUSBRE82R1HI20120328)
(Reuters) - Republicans in the U.S. Congress are proposing measures
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U.S. oil production offshore and in protected areas of Alaska.

Winners win.

Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, "For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made", National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president’s spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

Capital fails

Edwards, 12 (George C., Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas A26M University. editor of Presidential Studies Quarterly and holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies in the Bush School, Overreach: Leadership in the Obama Presidency, p. 1-2)
In 2008, America suffered from war and economic crisis. Partisan polarization was extraordinarily
AND
change in their environments carefully and orchestrate existing and potential support skillfully.3

1AR

They’re moving towards a resolution – no indo-pak impact

Gidvani 12 — 2008 graduate of The University of Iowa College of Law and currently practices law in Las Vegas, Nevada (ND, 2/22, "The Peaceful Resolution of Kashmir: A United Nations Led Effort for Successful International Mediation and a Permanent Resolution to the India-Pakistan Conflict," TRANSNATIONAL LAW 26 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, Vol. 18:721, http://www.muntr.org/v4/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/The_Peaceful.pdf)

However, the removal of President Musharraf from power in a landslide election on September
AND
reasonably indicates that a successful resolution can be reached sooner rather than later.

Guest worker fights kill immigration reform.

Washington Post, 3/28/2013 (Dispute over guest-worker program puts immigration talks at risk of delay, p. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/dispute-over-guest-worker-program-puts-immigration-talks-at-risk/2013/03/28/d68bee2c-96ee-11e2-814b-063623d80a60_story.html)
A worsening dispute over a new guest-worker program has emerged as the most
AND
, who are attempting to fashion model legislation for a broad immigration overhaul.

Won’t pass—guest worker

Washington Examiner 3-29-13 (Washington Examiner: Guest worker issue may crimp any immigration measure, http://newsok.com/washington-examiner-guest-worker-issue-may-crimp-any-immigration-measure/article/3775283)
THE AFL-CIO and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce made a
AND
both sides to reach a compromise. Something may yet be hashed out.

Won’t pass—guest worker

Higgins 3-29-13 (Sean Higgins, Senior Editorial Writer, White House aloof in fight between Big Labor and Big Business on immigration, http://washingtonexaminer.com/white-house-aloof-in-fight-between-big-labor-and-big-business-on-immigration/article/2525780)
As the Washington Examiner has noted several times before, the key obstacle in getting
AND
issue remains unresolved: The White House is refusing to take a side.

Republicans want more oil drilling

Cockerham 13 (Sean, McClatchy Newspapers, 2/3/13, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/02/03/181876/republican-energy-plan-calls-for.html-http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/02/03/181876/republican-energy-plan-calls-for.html)

The Senate’s top Republican on energy issues, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, has crafted
AND
have energy these are the prosperous areas," she said in an interview.

Votes prove

Colman 13 (Zack, The Hill Energy, 1/13/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/276755-fracking-success-sparks-talk-of-oil-shale-boom-http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/276755-fracking-success-sparks-talk-of-oil-shale-boom)

But Rep. Doug Lamborn (R-Colo.) thinks the administration is going
AND
in the last Congress but did not receive a vote in the Senate.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge: 

2AC

Perm – do both

Perm – do the CP —- the CP is plan plus —- it does not exclude the purchase of oil produced in the United States, a purchase agreement is a way the government could buy oil. The plan text does not condition that the oil purchased must be newly extracted.

No solvency – the financial incentive has to be tied to production —- that guarantees a supply exists. That’s the Fine evidence.

Doesn’t solve diplomacy – we must show that we are sustainably managing our reserves in order to send a signal to other countries to change their mercantilist policies – the CP is a one shot attempt at managing the reserve

No net benefit – increasing buyers results in production. There’s no distinction between the plan and CP.

Chen, March 1995 (Xiangqun – Department of Economics at West Virginia University, Directing Government Procurement as an Incentive of Production, Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 10, No. 1, p. JSTOR)
It has been a popular practice for governments to give preferential treat- ment to
AND
, price falls, so does the difference between price and marginal cost.
 

Production inevitable —- that triggers your link —- the plan just affects the pace of production not the quantity.

No link —- the plan does not change the amount of production only the market that attracts it – it takes 30 million of 300 million barrels of oil that are currently being produced off the market

Production will only increase.

El-Din, 1/9/2013 (Yousef Gamal, US Oil Output Hike: What It Means for Gulf Producers, CNBC News, p. http://www.cnbc.com/id/100365742-http://www.cnbc.com/id/100365742)
It’s been heralded as a game-changer for the global oil industry: the
AND
," Eugen Weinberg, Head of Commodity Research at Commerzbank, told CNBC.

No extinction

Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die%21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1%26topic=%26topic_set=)

If we’re talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
AND
as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.

No impact —- biopower has existed forever, hasn’t escalated, democracy checks

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross, University of Cincinnati, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ’Modernity’", Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)

In an important programmatic statement of 1996 Geoff Eley celebrated the fact that Foucault’s ideas
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not develop the dynamic of constant radicalization and escalation that characterized Nazi policies. 

1AR

CP doesn’t solve heavy crude – new development is key

Branscomb, Summer 2008 (Josh – J.D. Candidate at Stanford Law School, Focus on Energy Policy: U.S. Oil Shale—From Resources to Reserves, 6 Geo. J.L. %26 Pub. Pol’y 397, p. Lexis-Nexis)
A program of staged government incentives is likely to help secure the benefits of oil
AND
pilot projects, as well as those of commercially-representative scale. n182

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge:
1AC – 1
Shyam and I would like to begin by asking a few questions:
What allows us to be in this debate? What allows us to breathe this clean air while others struggle in polluted environments? What allows us to debate at universities and travel extensively?
In making the argument that is in the 1AC, it acknowledges that Shyam and I speak from a position of privilege. The fact that Shyam and I have the opportunity to travel to Weber State to have this debate, can breathe clean air while others struggle in polluted environments, and that Shyam and I can debate as students from the University of Georgia are all manifestations of privilege. Shyam and I have grown up in privileged environments, and this has shaped our experiences and patterns of thought.
While Shyam and I are privileged, our position within this debate space should be used to begin a critical deconstruction of that privilege and the neoliberal system that lies at the heart of it
*Big Oil has infiltrated the political by using their monetary influence to keep unnecessary tax breaks and subsidies
Leber 12 (Rebecca – Think Progress, “Three Ways Big Oil Spends Its Profits To Defend Oil Subsidies And Defeat Clean Energy”, 10/24, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/10/24/1064231/three-ways-big-oil-spends-its-profits-to-defend-oil-subsidies-and-defeat-clean-energy/)
Starting tomorrow, the world’s largest oil companies — ExxonMobil, Shell, Chevron,
AND
companies another $2.3 billion annual tax cut beyond existing loopholes.
*This system creates real effects in the everyday lives of real people – Dean Blanchard, a fisherman in Louisiana, describes the effects of oil subsidies on his livelihood…
Kistner 12 (Rocky, “Fossil Fuel Subsidies: the Answer Lies in the Gulf,” 6-22-12.
http://theenergycollective.com/rockykistner/87692/fossil-fuel-subsidies-answer-lies-gulf
You don’t have to go to Brazil to find out why this polluter payoff system
AND
but seems like we can’t fix things after an oil spill like this.”
*Oil subsidies are part of the global neoliberal project that subjects more wealth to multinational corporations at the expense of all
Tapamor 7 (Edward – Writer for Resource Investor, “Peak Oil Passnotes: Neo-Liberalism's Ultimate Failure Part 2”, 11/16, http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2007/11/16/peak-oil-passnotes-neoliberalisms-ultimate-failure)
We pointed out last week that this column does not put any faith in the
AND
in the oil industry believe it will, remember who told you first.
*Moreover, the so-called “externalities” of oil production are felt disproportionately among minority communities, as degredation of the surrounding environment strips real people of their livelihoods
Juhasz 8 (Antonia – American oil and energy analyst, Investigative Journalism Fellow at the Investigative Reporting Program, “The Tyranny of Oil”, pgs 186-188)
Chevron's Richmond Refinery in Richmond, California, is one of the oldest and largest
AND
of color disproportionately bearing the burden of our national "cancer alleys."60
This system systematically degrades the possibility for robust democratic politics – Oil represents the neoliberal pursuit for wealth and power at the expense of social justice that makes a vibrant public sphere impossible and leads to exclusionary politics
Giroux 5 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair, Professor at McMaster University, “The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics”, Winter 2005, JSTOR)
Fredric Jameson has argued in The Seeds of Time, it has now become easier
AND
sustainable future and the downward distribution of wealth, resources, and power.
Thus, Shyam and I wish to utilize this debate space to begin a process of the interrogation of oil subsidies, and the broader neoliberal system they are a part of. This should be recognized not as an end-point but a part of a process of facilitating broader discussions of neoliberalism and the issues related to it both within debate and outside of it
Our approach is informed by our personal experiences. Having participated in debate for much of our lives, we feel that it can serve a productive role in helping us to cultivate skills to grapple with problems in our community. Toward that end, we’ve participated in and supported public debates about energy production in our community.
I have participated in these public debates and have helped to work with communities about the harm fossil fuel production has had in their personal lives
*Our role as students in this debate room can provide a locus to challenge systems of neoliberalism – each instance of resistance is key break apart neoliberal pedagogy and revitalize the global public sphere. This should be evaluated as a prior question
Giroux 5 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair, Professor at McMaster University, “The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics”, Winter 2005, JSTOR)
Just as the world has seen a more virulent and brutal form of market capitalism
AND
power accountable, and shutting down legitimate modes of dissent (Giroux 2004).
Critical reflection opens spaces of resistance by which we can reframe our relationship to systems of power in a manner that enhances human agency and threatens their existence
Giroux 6 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair, Professor at McMaster University, “Academic Freedom under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy”, Fall 2006, JSTOR)
What makes critical pedagogy so dangerous to Christian evangelicals, neoconservatives, and right-
AND
now at risk in the latest and most dangerous attack on higher education.
*Big Oil is not impenetrable – effective movements centered around unveiling corporate domination can succeed in dismantling systems of power – empirically proven
Juhasz 8 (Antonia – American oil and energy analyst, Investigative Journalism Fellow at the Investigative Reporting Program, “The Tyranny of Oil”, pgs 18-22)
Nearly 75 percent of Americans believe that big business has too much influence over the
AND
to, and ultimately successful in, breaking up the Standard Oil Company.
Approaching issues of racial injustice outside of the lens of neoliberalism is theoretically bankrupt – market relations systematically strip us of the vocabulary needed to cultivate a sense of collective responsibility and install a conception of freedom as the absence of external constraints – criticizing neoliberalism is logically prior to addressing their impacts.
Giroux 3 (Henry A., Waterbury Chair Professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Pennsylvania State University, Communication Education, Vol. 52, No. 3/4, July/October, “Spectacles of Race and Pedagogies of Denial: Anti-Black Racist Pedagogy Under the Reign of Neoliberalism,” p. 196-198)
Under the reign of neoliberalism in the United States, society is largely defined through
AND
their connection to the New Right, corporate power, and neoliberal ideologies.
Energy debates should focus on critique of broad structures instead of productivist fixes. Even if they win some truth claims – we must shift to evaluate broader public institutions and the conditions they have perpetuated
Zehner 12 (Green illusions, Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and
AND
was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.)
Since this book represents a critique of alternative energy, it may seem an unlikely
AND
would benefit by shifting our focus. Our very relevance depends on it.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge:
Neolib Overview – 2AC
The subsidies provided by to fossil fuel producing companies are part of a global neoliberal project where wealth is subjected to the rich and powerful, ignoring the structural problems that exist in the US and globally – that’s Tapamor
Let’s make it clear – the 1AC does not endorse roleplaying as the federal government. Me and Austin are not saying this round directly changes federal policy. Rather, it is a question of an intellectual orientation we can adopt against neoliberalism while using this debate space to activate our personal agency. Our “impact” is not subsidies bad – it’s pedagogical liberation good.
Neoliberal rationality represents an all out attack on society, leading to a range of social problems including poverty, joblessness, lack of healthcare, apartheid in inner cities, and a larger rich/poor gap. Neoliberalism eliminates the possibility of a viable larger public sphere because of the damage it does to social justice initiatives, allowing the powerful to maintain powerful and exert their force in an exclusionary manner – that’s Giroux
Big Oil distorts markets and creates political abuse
Juhasz 8 (Antonia – American oil and energy analyst, Investigative Journalism Fellow at the Investigative Reporting Program, “The Tyranny of Oil”, pgs 124-125)
FROM ITS VERY CONCEPTION TO the present day, the oil industry has been plagued
AND
and other forms of both market and political abuse. They were right.
Specifically, oil companies are using their political influence to undo environmental regulations. They place their refineries in communities disproportionally affecting those who are poor minorities. 

Framework – 2AC
The role of this ballot should be whoever best uses this debate space to as a means of activating our agency to fight neoliberalism – that’s best –
Multiple pieces of offense –
First –Public Spheres –Political activism is necessary to undermine neoliberalism. This system can be challenged by students and intellectuals such as ourselves who wish to vocally oppose it within spaces such as this. This round creates localized public spheres where it is possible to engage in these types of discussion – absent that, a neoliberal capitalist fill in will infiltrate all public spheres – turns the negative’s arguments because it undermines any change they attempt
Second – Agency and Debate – Critical reflection does create change within spaces such as this – a project that gives education and provides knowledge is in and of itself ENCOURAGING HUMAN AGENCY. It is creating the skills for advocacy that can A. be used outside of this debate space because education is central to all forms of politics and B. are useful within this debate space by changing our intellectual orientation to neoliberalism.. Specifically, our Giroux evidence indicates that this is the purpose that is central to the university and debate and thus what is happening within this space. Absent challenging neoliberalism, debate itself collapses – turns their offense
critical pedagogy forges both critique and agency through a language of scepticism and possibility and a culture of openness, debate, and engagement, all elements that are now at risk in the latest and most dangerous attack on higher education.
Their attempt to say this round doesn’t do anything misunderstands human agency
Prefer our evidence on this issue – we are the only ones that have any in the context of energy. We must shift to broader institutions that don’t engage in forms of social exclusion. We must undermine these productivist relationships 

AT: Utility
The 1AC was an intiation of a process, not a final product – this means there is no link to any of their futurism arguments. We identify structural problems associated with the neoliberal system and begin a process of interrogation within this debate space

Occupy UC Berkeley, the necrosocial  2009

He and his look forward to a reproduction of the logic of representative governance,
AND
there is no fight against the administration here, only its own extension.
Each day passes in this way, the administration on the look out to shape
AND
muted, but desirous life.  A dead but restless and desirous life.
The university steals and homogenizes our time yes, our bank accounts also, but it also steals and homogenizes meaning.  As much as capital is invested in building a killing apparatus abroad, an incarceration apparatus in California, it is equally invested here in an apparatus for managing social death

Morgan Adamson - 2012 Cultural Studies and Comparative Literature - University of Minnesota http://lateral.culturalstudiesassociation.org/issue1/sitze.html
…this thought is non-productive, wasteful, and outside of that which
AND
neo-liberal university that would have us do away with Thought altogether.

A2: Neolib Not Tied To Debate Space – 2AC
The current debate model encourages people to embrace the worst aspect of neoliberalism and encourages us to role play as actors within the United States federal government, while abandoning our social and civic responsibilities to reclaim the state and eliminate the corporate domination intrinsic to it.
We go to debate tournaments only because of our privilege of being able to attend universities that help fund our programs, while there are a host of other schools that don’t have those same programs because of funding issues.
Challenging neoliberalism in this space is key – institutional spaces are becoming privatized – resulting in more exclusion
Fish 9 (Stanley – Professor of humanities and law at Florida International University, in Miami, and dean emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago, “Neoliberalism and Higher Education”, 3/8, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/neoliberalism-and-higher-education/)
What I’ve learned (and what some readers of this column no doubt already knew
AND
democratic rather than monetary goals. In short , universities have embraced neoliberalism.

More Uniqueness
Business encroachment on deliberative spheres is happening rapidly, it is incumbent upon us to resist that influence and preserve a space for non-institutional argument
Edwards 9 (Michael, Oxford, Senior Fellow at Demos, former Regional Director for Oxfam – Southern Africa, director of the Ford Foundations’ Governance and Civil Society Program, Civil Society, p. viii-ix, Polity Press) 

The second set of challenges have come from the economic arena, and specifically from
AND
force through long-term shifts in politics, economics and social relations?

Alt No Solve
New pedagogies are key and their injection of style into this debate space undermines those pedagogies and prevents effect public debate
Giroux 12 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 19 June 2012, “Beyond the Politics of the Big Lie: The Education Deficit and the New Authoritarianism”, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/9865-beyond-the-politics-of-the-big-lie-the-education-deficit-and-the-new-authoritarianism)
The democratic deficit is not, as many commentators have argued, reducible to the
AND
making education central to organized politics and the quest for a radical democracy.

Perm – 2AC
Permutation do plan and refuse logic of university
There is no link to the 1AC –
Our Giroux evidence is devastating for the permutation. It says quote
“The collapse of the neoliberal showcase, Argentina, along with numerous corporate bankruptcies and scandals (notably including Enron), reveals the cracks in neoliberal hegemony and domination. In addition, the multiple forms of resistance against neoliberal capitalism are not limited by a version of identity politics focused exclusively on particularized rights and interests. On the contrary, identity politics is affirmed within a broader crisis of political culture and democracy that connects the militarization of public life with the collapse of the welfare state and the attack on civil liberties.”
Their struggle is not mutually exclusive with ours and you should force them to win a link that outweighs the net benefits of challenging neoliberalism. Their recognition of _ , and focus on the rights and interests can be affirmed within a broader struggle that recognizes the effects neoliberalism has on  _.
The permutation is a linkage of struggles – without an affirmation of solidarity there’s no chance for change
Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 9 October 2011, “An Interview With Henry Giroux: Youth Movement in a Culture of Hopelessness”, http://www.truth-out.org/interview-henry-giroux-youth-movement-culture-hopelessness/1318092302)
AJE: Police have used batons and pepper spray against some protesters in New York
AND
- that truly frightens, in my estimation, financial and dominant elites.

Perm do the 1AC’s critical interrogation as a process but affirm the end point of that as opaque

A2: You Do Nothing/Can’t Solve – 2AC
Voting aff is an attempt to use the debate space to reorient the way we relate to neoliberalism.  This round and your ballot helps us to utilize debate as a means of creating "pedagogical strategies" of resistance.   
Whether that ultimately translates into ending subsidies is irrelevant.  We can use this space to better prepare participants to do good in the world.  It is about changing the curriculum and shaping the minds of students that participate in debate.  It is about activating the space we are in at this current movement.  It’s about using oil subsidies as mechanism to get us to think about how our consumption patterns are complicated in corporate dominance and a starting point for a broader conversation. This round represents the beginning, not the end.
It is your ballot that endorses a debate model that trains students to embrace their collective responsibility.   
Even if they win we must end subsidies, these systems are not impenetrable – it’s empirically proven by Rockefeller’s Standard Oil and how it was broken up by smaller movements as well. People joining together to rewrite the relationship between corporations and the public can create change.  Subsidies and oil remain at the heart of the struggle. Every instance matters because that’s how movements form. That disrupts Big Oil
Citizen participation in energy policy formulation and advocacy is a necessity, the 1ac is profoundly optimistic about our ability to change prevailing systems of energy oppression
Seymour 6 (Frances Seymour founding Director of the Institutions and Governance Program at the World Resources Institute and Simon Zadek, “Governing Energy: The Global Energy Challenge,” Accountability Forum 9, Greenleaf 2006, http://www.greenleaf-publishing.com/content/pdfs/af09zade.pdf)
Accountability for ensuring citizen participation Collaboration between the government and civil society is an increasingly
AND
tortuously slow — can constitute real progress towards meeting the global energy challenge.
Energy policy advocacy is a tool not a trap.  Even if we have no chance to cause the energy changes we wish, we should build momentum and support for these ideas.  
Elizabeth SHOVE Sociology @ Lancaster AND Gordon WALKER Geography @ Lancaster ‘7 “CAUTION! Transitions ahead: politics, practice, and sustainable transition management” Environment and Planning C 39 (4)
For academic readers, our commentary argues for loosening the intellectual grip of ‘innovation
AND
does happen, but not in ways that we can anticipate or know.
Our location is the central place for this struggle to take place – we need to express linkages of solidarity between the debate space, other spaces of learning, and political struggles – it allows us image a different future and fight for it
Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 21 November 2011, “Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals”, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418)
Finding our way to a more humane future demands a new politics, a new
AND
injustice wherever it occurs and hope with a realistic notion of social change.

A2: Style Key
Injection of style is not a reason why we should lose – just because the 1AC utilizes research does not mean it is choice they are forced into
Reid-Brinkley 2008 Shanara, “THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE”, pp. 82-85 http://www.comm.pitt.edu/faculty/documents/reid-brinkley_shanara_r_200805_phd.pdf liam)
Green’s repetition of the phrase it “doesn’t take” is delivered in an angry
AND
more meaningful and  educational view as far as how we achieve our education. 

Our Personal Experience – 2AC
I can personally relate to the problems of Big Oil – when I travel to India, things are messed up because the country has been modernized by western society that relies on consumptive habits. What used to be a clean country is now heavily trashed by its people and the companies there. Forests are growing thin, habitats are being destroyed, for more resource consumption to fill the neoliberal project. You can’t walk by a street most times without seeing pounds of trash on the ground. The industrialized nature of this system has polluted the environment and public sphere because India is one of the most corrupt democracies in the world where politicians are easily payed off by these energy companies. 

AT: Foucault
No link – the aff attempts to break down the corrupt biopolitical sphere that currently exists
Permutation solves – a complex approach to analyzing government corruption
The description of politics is overly simplistic – focusing on sovereignty and bare life means we always come to the same conclusions and can’t ever theorize possibilities of resistance. Prefer the Aff’s more detailed and layered approach and the permutation
Butler 7 (Judith, Who Sings the Nation State? Language, Politics, Belonging, Co-written with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, p. 38-43)
It may be the case that one crucial and central operation of sovereign power is
AND
reiterating its terms and, frankly, I think nothing could be worse.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge:
Bracketing questions of race from broader criticisms of economic ideology makes racial inequality and economic injustice inevitable – only the Alt addresses the root cause.
Macedo and Gounari 3 (Donaldo, Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, and Panayota, Assistant Professor in the Applied Linguistics Graduate Program at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, “Globalization and The Unleashing of New Racism: An Introduction,” in The Globalization of Racism, Eds. Donaldo Macedo  and Panayota Gounari, p. 19-22)
The compartmentaiization of those factors responsible for the production and reproduction of racism is part
AND
role of capitalism in the creation of such inequitable structures to begin with.

1AC - Arctic OCS (w/ Arctic Leadership + Exports)
1NC - Courts CP, Tech Thought K, Politics, Aspec
2NR - Politics and Case

1AC - Arctic OCS (w/ Arctic Leadership + Exports)
1NC - Politics, Bonds CP, Whiteness K, Fracking Regs DA
2NR - Whiteness

1AC - Artic OCS w/ Artic Leadership + Helium Advantages
1NC - Immigration, Byrne and Toly K, Maximize Drilling CP
2NR - Maximize Current Drilling CP + CIR Politics

1AC - Arctic OCS (Arctic and Exports)
1NC - T: Not Extraction, Immigration Politics, Courts CP, Oil CP, Tech Thought K
2NR - Politics and Case

1AC - Arctic and Exports (China war)
1NC - Bataille, Assessment CP, Politics, case
2NR - Bataille

1AC - Arctic (Russia war) and Exports (China war)
1NC - Stiegler, case
2NR - Stiegler

1AC - Court OCS w/ Helium and Cooperative Federalism
1NC - T-Courts, Exemption CP, Helium Reserve CP, Heidegger K, Legitimacy DA, Politics DA
2NR - Heidegger