Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Round 1: Vs. Minnesota CE, with Malcolm Gordon as the Judge
1NC Positions: High Oil Good (ME regime stability impact), Hagel DA (Iran Impact), Neolib K
1NC On Case Args: Defense
2NR Strat: Hagel DA, Oil DA, and Case Defense

Round 3: Vs. Wake BM, with David Cram-Helwich as the Judge
1NC Positions: Topicality – outside US jurisdiction, Hagel DA, Courts CP, Neolib K, Mexico Advantage CP (Annual consultations with Mexico), high oil prices good DA (russia econ impact)

1NC On Case Args: SQ solves Mexico, Alt Causes, some other defense

2NC Extended Args: Politics, Case Defense

New 2NC Impacts or Args:
Hagel Impacts:
Military Resource Scarcity
Afghanistan Stability kt check Pakistan collapse
Laundry List
-China/Taiwan
-Latin America
-North Korea
-Pakistan
-Syria
-India/Pak
-Russia

1NR Args: 2NC clean-up and neolib K 

2NR Strat: Neolib K

Round 6: Vs. West Georgia GM, with Jason Russell as the Judge
1NC:
*T - restrictions = decrease in quantity produced, plan just changes the energy commodity which is produced
*Framework – only advantages that come from plan
*Anti-pedagogy K – rejecting politics good – alt is imperceptible politics 

• Conditions CP – grants Indians sovereignty but gives them the trust option – to keep restrictions if they want
• Litigation turns on case
• Case Defense

2NC:
*Framework – exclude their performance OR allow us to co-opt it with the 1NC
*T – regulations not restrictions
*Case turns – rollback impact included
*CP

1NR:
*Critique
*Condo

• AT: Able-ism

2NR:
Topicality
Case turns

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 1-5 | Opponent: Whitman MM, Houston AJ, UMKC BS | Judge: Gliniecki, Stone, Koch
Round 1 (v. Whitman MM - Nuclear Power)
1NC: T - Incentives, States CP, Efficiency DA, Sequestration DA, India Exports DA, Coercion DA, Adv CP (methane regulation, ifnec, education reform), case
2NC: States CP, Efficiency DA, case
1NR: Sequestration DA
2NR: Efficiency DA, Sequestration DA, case

Round 4 (v. Houston AJ - CFIUS)
1NC: T - Restrictions, Sequestration DA, Courts CP, Neolib K, Grid DA, case
2NC: Courts CP, T - Restrictions, case
2NR: condo good, Courts CP, Sequestration DA

Round 5 (v. UMKC BS - Invisible Energy)
1NC: Framework, Anthro K, Deleuze K, case
2NC: Framework
1NR: Deleuze K, case
2NR: Framework

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 8, Doubles | Opponent: Wake BM, OU LM | Judge:
Round 8: Neg v. Wake BM (Reprocessing)

1NC: Sequestration DA, Courts CP, Adv CP, prolif turns
2NC: Sequestration DA, Courts CP, Adv CP
1NR: prolif turns
2NR: Sequestration DA, prolif turns

Doubles: Neg v. OU LM (Perspectivism) 

1NC: Framework, T, SEP CP, Ugliness CP
2NC: Framework, T
1NR: Ugliness CP
2NR: Ugliness CP

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
T - Procurement
1NC
Procurement is not a financial incentive
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
AND
import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

Voter for limits and ground—procurement dodges core market controversies and guarantees a market while making us account for every facet of government operations—creates an unmanageable prep burden

And, precision—compensation for service might give reason for action but is not an actual incentive
Grant 2002 – professor of political science at Duke University (Ruth, Economics and Philosophy, 18:2002, “THE ETHICS OF INCENTIVES: HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDINGS”, WEA)

The use of `incentives' to speak of market forces is also problematic,¶ though
AND
to the¶ legitimate concern to secure the financial health of the Fund.
The distinction between market forces and incentives can be¶ illustrated further by considering the
AND
clear case of compensation which is not an¶ incentive in any sense.
It is not difficult to see how it might have happened that the¶ boundaries
AND
as a means of motivating positive choices or of encouraging¶ adaptive behavior.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
T – TVA is not USFG
1NC
USFG is the federal government of the USA, based in DC – just the three branches which they can’t meet because of their cross-x answer
Dictionary of Government and Politics 98 (Ed. P.H. Collin, p. 292)

United States of America (USA) ju:’naitid ‘steits av e’merike
AND
an executive (the President) and a judiciary (the Supreme Court).

Violation – the TVA is Federal Government Corporation which is a distinct non-state actor – their inclusion explodes limits and undermines predictable ground
FROOMKIN ’96 (A. Michael; Associate Professor of Law – University of Miami, “Reinventing the Government Corporation,” http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/reinvent.htm)

Although federal corporations have been a part of the national life for 200 years,{
AND
constitutional, statutory, or federal common-law rule to the contrary.

Ground – corporations circumvent legislative, agency, and judicial action – core agent ground guaranteeing perception of plan and DA links

Limits – hundreds of government corporations, most of them different energy utilities, overburden neg research and decimate preparation for all debates
2NC

The Supreme Court votes neg – FGCs are not the Government – sovereign immunity cases prove
FROOMKIN ’96 (A. Michael; Associate Professor of Law – University of Miami, “Reinventing the Government Corporation,” http://osaka.law.miami.edu/~froomkin/articles/reinvent.htm)

The Supreme Court has addressed the specific legal status of government corporations several times,
AND
the veil and transform the suit into one against the government.{95} 

Money doesn’t even come from the budget
Wall Street Journal 2-7-09
The problem is that it isn't really accountable to anyone. It is not scrutinized by shareholders and, unlike traditional government agencies, it is self-funded, so it doesn't have to justify itself to Congress to win annual appropriations. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
CIR Politics
1NC
Immigration reform package moving smoothly through congress now – avoiding controversy along with Obama pressure and engagement is key to maintain momentum and prevent the GOP from smothering the bill
 I-Hsien Sherwood (writer for the Latino Post) March 21, 2013 “Immigration Reform 2013 News: Delays Could Hinder Reform Bill, So Speed is Necessary” http://www.latinospost.com/articles/14995/20130321/immigration-reform-2013-news-delays-hinder-bill-speed-necessary.htm
Lately, proponents of immigration reform have been optimistic about the progress of bipartisan bills
AND
.¶ Whether Congress can maintain momentum on the issue remains to be seen.

TVA MOX controversial
Rob Pavey, 2011 http://chronicle.augusta.com/news/metro/2011-09-12/mox-report-congress-six-months-overdue
The mixed oxide, or MOX plant, is designed to dispose of 34 metric
AND
be submitted to Congress as soon as it is completed,” he said.

Top priority—PC stewardship key
Shifter 12/27 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?” 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3186

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
AND
some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

Obama’s reform is key to all aspect of heg---competitiveness, hard and soft power
Nye 12 Joseph S. Nye, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. “Immigration and American Power,” December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye

CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Global war
Zhang and Shi, 2011 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/) 

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
1NR
2nc overview
A) Soft power accesses all their impacts and averts nuclear war.
Nye and Armitage, 2007 − Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University and President of Armitage International
(Joseph and Richard, *Note: Report was in collaboration with about 50 other congressmen, “CCIS Commission of Smart Power – A Smarter, more Secure America”, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071106_csissmartpowerreport.pdf) MP

Today’s Challenges The twenty-first century presents a number of unique foreign policy challenges
AND
actually abet terrorist recruitment among local populations. We must strike a balance between

Airborne viruses mean extinction
More 93 (Gannett News Service, January 11, p. l/n)

Preston asks an author of the report whether “an emerging virus could wipeout our species.” The virologist replies that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could do the job, especially if it were to mutate into an airborne diseases like influenza. “There is no reason in principle why HIV couldn’t spread by the respitory route,” he notes.

Warming does too
Cole 11 – Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University of Michigan (Juan, Informed Comment, “A Hot Wet Thousand Years and 10 Green Energy Stories to Avert it”, http://www.juancole.com/2011/11/a-hot-wet-thousand-years-and-10-green-energy-stories-to-avert-it.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+juancole%2Fymbn+%28Informed+Comment%29, WEA)

The bad news is that I’ve been reading David Archer’s The Long Thaw on climate
AND
in the old West. Anyway, here are some slim reeds of hope
Reforms key to nuclear power -- skilled labor shortage crushes nuclear renaissance otherwise
COC, ‘9
COMPETE – Council on Competitiveness, “Mobilizing a World-Class Energy Workforce,” Dec., http://www.compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/CoC_-_Pillar_6_Handout_-_Mobilizing_a_World-Class_Energy_Workforce,_Dec09.pdf

America currently lacks an energy workforce of sufficient size and capabilities to meet the needs
AND
by working closely with educational institutions as well as within their own organizations.

Solves relations and intl coop sufficiently to avoid international crises
Joseph Nye, assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs, Washington Quarterly, Winter, 1996
Although the United States cannot single-handedly resolve the many communal conflicts that have
AND
to internationally recognizcd missions, to lead the military component of the operation.

AT: Heg D
Heg prevents extinction
Lieber 2005 – PhD from Harvard, Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown, former consultant to the State Department and for National Intelligence Estimates (Robert, “The American Era”, pages 53-54, WEA)

Withdrawal from foreign commitments might seem to be a means of evading hostility toward the
AND

of economic stagnation and civilization’s retreat into a few fortified enclaves.”23 

AT: Thumpers
Obama PC puts immigration at the top of the docket
Jennifer Epstein (writer for Politico) March 27, 2013 “Obama renews push on immigration reform” http://www.politico.com/politico44/2013/03/obama-renews-push-on-immigration-reform-160372.html?hp=r3
President Obama sought to refocus the political conversation on immigration reform Wednesday in interviews with
AND
added on Univision. "Hopefully we'll be able to get it done."

Top of the docket and has momentum but narrow window
Justin Sink and Meghashyam Mali (writer for The Hill) March 25, 2013 “Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress” http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform
 Bipartisan groups in both the House and Senate are moving closer to unveiling separate
AND
could move forward when legislators return from a two-week Easter break.
Now is key – immigration reform is politically ripe but the window is small
Mike Lillis (writer for The Hill) March 20, 2013 “Pelosi predicts passage of immigration reform bill before summer” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/289291-pelosi-predicts-passage-of-immigration-reform-bill-by-summer
Rep. Luis Gutiérrez (D-Ill.), one of the negotiators, said
AND
worker protections, family unification, gay and lesbian benefits, and human rights

Ptx Links
Government support for reprocessing’s politically impossible---tech costs, environmental and prolif drawbacks  
Damon Kenul 10, Research Assistant at NYU Langone Medical Center, et al., 11/29/10, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability,” http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf
Of these options, we believe that the fifth has the most promise. Nuclear
AND
promising solution provided investments are made to address current challenges in the field.
Political backlash against reprocessing turns the entire case---destroys certainty necessary for private sector involvement and kills the credibility of the plan
Damon Kenul 10, Research Assistant at NYU Langone Medical Center, et al., 11/29/10, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability,” http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf
The differentiation in the U.S. and French nuclear industries was largely based
AND
how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.
The U.S. efforts to exploit nuclear power commercially originated as a result
AND
typical of the American political system than the centralized JCAE had been. 61
Further, during this period there was a significant rise in the number of anti
AND
) accident. This situation contrasts the environment of the French nuclear industry.
The American combination of fragmented power, little reliance on bureaucratic expertise, an independent judiciary, and opposing interest groups greatly undermines the ability of the U.S. government to credibly commit to the nuclear power industry. In France, despite substantial anti-nuclear interest groups, the impermeability of the institutional setup—no division of power, weak judiciary, and reliance on bureaucratic expertise— effectively prevents activists from influencing policy outcomes.64

Plan drains PC
Thomas Clements 9-17, Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, 9/17/12, “Plutonium Fuel (MOX) Program at Savannah River Site Hit with Major Setback,” http://aikenleader.villagesoup.com/p/plutonium-fuel-mox-program-at-savannah-river-site-hit-with-major-setback/897688
Experimental MOX made from weapons-grade plutonium has never been tested or used in
AND
factory, along with soaring costs which will raise the ire of Congress.

TVA perceived
The Tennesean 3/25 (Obama tries again with TVA nominee Marilyn Brown, drawing TN senators' criticism, http://www.tennessean.com/article/20130325/NEWS0201/303250031/Obama-tries-again-TVA-nominee-Marilyn-Brown-drawing-TN-senators-criticism)

Senators angry after blocking bid to put Brown on board WASHINGTON — Angering Tennessee’s two
AND
contend energy efficiency is a prelude to government-directed “social engineering.”

UQ
This stretch is critical for immigration reform – Obama is pushing but differences could derail the bill
The Hill March 19, 2013 “Crucial stretch for Obama” http://thehill.com/opinion/editorials/289159-crucial-stretch-for-obama
President Obama has a big second-term agenda, but he faces a make
AND
Memorial Day, both legislative efforts will be deemed in potentially deadly trouble.

Immigration reform will pass now insiders cite substantial progress and consensus now
Meghashyam Mali (writer for The Hill) March 25, 2013 “Obama to host new citizens, push for action on immigration reform” http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/290053-obama-to-host-new-citizens-press-congress-on-immigration-reform
The move comes as the president continues to press lawmakers to pass comprehensive immigration reform
AND
would back immigration reform, including measures to provide a pathway to citizenship.
AT: Agencies Shield
Agencies don’t shield and no risk of a turn---Obama is velcro and will only get blamed---no credit
Nicholas and Hook 10 Peter and Janet, Staff Writers---LA Times, “Obama the Velcro president”, LA Times, 7-30, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730/3
If Ronald Reagan was the classic Teflon president, Barack Obama is made of Velcro
AND
be late in the game to downsize either the president or his agenda.
Obama will take the fall – even if he doesn’t want to
Politico, 1-7-10, p. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0110/31259.html

Taking a decidedly different tack from his predecessor in the face of a government failure, President Barack Obama on Thursday took the blame for shortcomings that led to a failed Christmas Day bombing plot, saying, “The buck stops with me.”
Aides to Obama signaled that he was consciously seeking to be the anti-Bush, airing the administration’s dirty laundry and stepping up to take his share of the responsibility.
“The president also wanted to do something, I think, unusual today,” National Security Council Chief of Staff Denis McDonough said during a webchat after Obama’s speech. “Not only was this a very quick accounting, not only did the president accept responsibility for it, but the president also wanted to do this as transparently as possible.”
Quick, transparent, willing to take the blame — all things Obama has said President George W. Bush was not.
Every SINGLE MOVE Obama makes is hotly contested and intensely debated—there’s only risk of a link
TVNZ 10/8 (Jon Johansson, 10/8/09, "A presidential chess game", http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/presidential-chess-game-3060277)

While only his most serious chess matches have been mentioned here, numerous other games are continually taking shape, demanding his study and his response. Every single move Obama makes, in whichever game he plays, is hotly contested and intensely debated. There is no let up for him.
AT: Public Link Turn
Public will backlash – no one wants to pay for it – wont buy your turns
Mariotte 6/5/12 (Michael Mariotte, Executive Director of Nuclear Information and Resource Service, “Nuclear Power and Public Opinion: What the polls say,” http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/06/05/1097574/-Nuclear-Power-and-Public-Opinion-What-the-polls-say)
Americans are not exactly wild about the idea of building new nuclear reactors. Polls
AND
energy standard” or a clean energy bank concept are bound to fail.
AT: XO Solves
Obama wont take unilateral action on immigration reform – fear of backlash deters him
Keegan Hamilton (writer for the Atlantic) March 26, 2013 “How Obama Could (but Probably Won't) Stop Deporting Illegal Immigrants Today” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/03/how-obama-could-but-probably-wont-stop-deporting-illegal-immigrants-today/274352/
We have a Congress for a reason," Jacoby says. "To fix anything
AND
says. "I don't think he wants that to be his legacy."
Congress key—durability and will
Lerer 2/10 Lisa is a writer at Bloomberg. “Obama State of Union Means Executive Power for Defiant Congress,” 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-11/obama-poised-to-skirt-congress-to-seal-legacy-in-new-term-agenda.html

Already, plans are being laid to unleash new executive orders, regulations, signing
AND
and spending issues as well as any comprehensive changes in the immigration system.

Only solves border security—not our impacts
Lillis 2/16 Mike is a writer at The Hill. “Dems: Obama can act unilaterally on immigration reform,” 2013, http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/283583-dems-recognize-that-obama-can-act-unilaterally-on-immigration-reform

Not all immigration-reform supporters think Obama has so much space to move on immigration without Congress.¶ Rep. Henry Cuellar (Texas), vice-chairman of the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee, said the president has some license to make border security moves and spending decisions.¶ "But pretty much he's done what he can do right now," Cuellar said Friday, "and after that it's up to Congress to address the rest of the issues."
AT: Winners Win
Winners lose---PC’s not renewable, is zero-sum, and diminishes fast
Ryan 9 Selwyn, Professor Emeritus and former Director, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, “Obama and political capital,” 1/18 http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=161426968
Like many, I expect much from Obama, who for the time being,
AND
his 15 million strong constituency in cyberspace (the latent "Obama Party"). 

PC is finite---fights on one issue make pushing others harder
Hayward 12 John is a writer at Human Events. “DON’T BE GLAD THE BUFFETT RULE IS DEAD, BE ANGRY IT EVER EXISTED,” 4/17, http://www.humanevents.com/2012/04/17/dont-be-glad-the-buffett-rule-is-dead-be-angry-it-ever-existed/
Toomey makes the excellent point that Obama’s class-warfare sideshow act is worse than
AND
shadow of outrageous government spending, likewise distracts us from the real issues.
Winner’s win theory not true for Obama
American Prospect, 5-16-11, p. http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=barack_obamas_theory_of_power
Obama won more legislative trophies during his first two years than Clinton did, but
AND
and for bankers. (See this month’s special report on page A1.)

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
Russian Relations ADV CP
1NC
The United States Federal Government should initiate cooperative consultations with the Russian government over negotiating a new START treaty, altering the Eastern European missile defense arrangement, and managing Central Asia’s security transition concerning the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.
CP solves relations
Steven Pifer (Director, Arms Control Initiative, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe at the Brookings Institute) March 2012 “The Future Course of the U.S.-Russia Relationship” http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2012/03/21-arms-control-pifer¶ 

The U.S. relationship with Russia has been and will, for the
AND
of the Jackson-Vanik amendment, an action that is long overdue.

That coop solves loose nukes
Associated Press 9.18.08
http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jttDn6BPh7apBLSIhN9th0IC1udgD93929LG0

The authors of a U.S. program designed to secure weapons of mass
AND
dismantle and secure thousands of nuclear warheads and other weapons of mass destruction.
2NC

Srsly it solves
Steven Pifer (Director, Arms Control Initiative, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe at the Brookings Institute) January 2013 “U.S.-Russia Relations in Obama's Second Term” http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/01/09-us-russia-relations-pifer

The U.S.-Russia agenda holds a range of issues on which the
AND
the basis for a presidential agenda, one that would engage Obama’s interest.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
Prolif Assessment CP
1NC
The United States federal government ought to perform a proliferation assessment of mixed-oxide fuel through the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, committing to financial support of the Tennessee Valley Authority increasing procurement contracts for mixed oxide fuel for its electricity generation in the United States.
Prior proliferation assessment is critical -- it strengthens US leverage and prevents global prolif.  
IBT, 9-11-12
“Laser Enrichment Technology/Dangers,” http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/20120911/laser-enrichment-technology-dangers.htm
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is putting U.
AND
that can be addressed directly by the NRC under its existing regulatory authority.”
Nuclear war
Taylor, 2002
Stuart, Sr. Fellow Brookings, 9-14, “Invading Iraq Wouldn't Necessarily Make Us Safer”

That risk dwarfs anything that Saddam Hussein could do with chemical or biological weapons
AND
nuclear weapons, excepting only those necessary to deter nuclear attack by others.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
Neoliberalism K
1NC
Financialization of energy production is a neoliberal tool to subvert communal agency—fuels inequality and unsustainable practices
Hildyard et al 2012 – *founder and Director of The Corner House, a U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, co-editor of The Ecologist, co-founder of the Durban Group for Climate Justice (February, Nicholas Hildyard, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton, The Corner House, “Energy Security For What?  For Whom?”, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf, WEA)

The neoliberal market-driven approach to energy policy in Europe and¶ North America
AND
whilst at the¶ same time creating new sources of conflict and insecurity.

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations
Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy”, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1, WEA)

As Marilyn Waring noted twenty years ago, under this system, when there is
AND
, and waste disposal, documenting energy ¶ injustice through various theoretical lenses. 

Vote neg to eschew neoliberal frameworks—they’re unsustainable and insulate decisionmaking from deliberation and alternative assumptions needed to solve
Adaman and Madra 2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, “Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology”, http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf, WEA)

The reduction of ecological valuation through a market mechanism (or various techniques) to
AND
the extraction crisis will be¶ capable of addressing long-term concerns. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: NDT | Judge:
India
1NC
No nuclear use—expert consensus
Enders, 2002 – quoting lots of professors (David, Daily News Editor for the Michigan Daily, “Experts say nuclear war still unlikely,” http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2002/01/30/News/Experts.Say.Nuclear.War.Still.Unlikely-1404620.shtml)  

University political science Prof. Ashutosh Varshney becomes animated when asked about the likelihood of
AND
sides are looking for ways out of the current tension," Lieberthal said.

No risk of India-Pakistan war
Mutti 9 – over a decade of expertise covering on South Asia geopolitics, Contributing Editor to Demockracy journal (James, 1/5, Mumbai Misperceptions: War is Not Imminent, http://demockracy.com/four-reasons-why-the-mumbai-attacks-wont-result-in-a-nuclear-war/)

Writer Amitav Ghosh divined a crucial connection between the two messages. “When commentators
AND
fears about the Indian subcontinent being “the most dangerous place on earth.”
As an observer of the subcontinent for over a decade, I am optimistic that
AND
respond to a major terrorist attack was the American way – a war.
Here are four reasons why the Mumbai attacks will not result in a war:

1. For both countries, a war would be a disaster. India has
   AND
   Attacking a fledgling democratic Pakistan would not improve India’s reputation in anybody’s eyes.
   The restraint Manmohan Singh’s government has exercised following the attacks indicates a desire to avoid
   AND
   the beginning, despite the unenviable military and political difficulties in doing so.
   2. Since the last major India-Pakistan clash in 1999, both countries
   AND
   of India and Pakistan and a decreasing sense of animosity between the countries.
   3. Both countries also face difficult internal problems that present more of a threat
   AND
   India instead of the Pakistani state, other militant Islamic outfits have not.
   Groups based in the tribal regions bordering Afghanistan have orchestrated frequent deadly suicide bombings and
   AND
   to fizzle out with no resolution, as many other such inquiries have.
   4. The international attention to this attack – somewhat difficult to explain in my
   AND
   and is using its regional influence to bring more diplomatic pressure on Pakistan.

No loose nukes
Rajghatta, ’07 – foreign editor and the United States correspondent for the Times of India. He did his masters in Mass Communication from Bangalore University, Bangalore (Chidanand, Nov 20, 2007, Pak nukes already under US control: Report, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Pak-nukes-already-under-US-control-Report/articleshow/2556824.cms)

WASHINGTON: Pakistan's nuclear weapons are already under American control even as analysts are working
AND
seize the nuclear arsenal if there was imminent danger of an extremist takeover.
Plan opens the floodgates for global prolif – and hypocrisy takes out any chance of solvency
UCS 11 – Union of Concerned Scientists, 4/5/11, “Nuclear Reprocessing: Dangerous, Dirty, and Expensive,” http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/nuclear-reprocessing.html
Reprocessing would increase the ease of nuclear proliferation.
U.S. reprocessing would undermine the U.S. goal of halting
AND
, all reprocessing technologies are far more proliferation-prone than direct disposal.

Limiting plutonium reprocessing is the vital internal link to stopping global prolif---the plan destroys leverage over Iran and North Korea
Bunn and Malin 9 – Matthew Bunn is an Associate Professor at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government; Martin B. Malin is Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Fall 2009, “Enabling a Nuclear Revival—And Managing Its Risks,” Innovations, Vol. 4, No. 4, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Enabling-a%20Nuclear-Revival-and-Managing-Its-Risks.pdf
Many steps will have to be taken to limit proliferation risks. Iran and North
AND
that it is in their interest to give up their nuclear weapon ambitions.
Beyond those two cases, some of the most important means of limiting the risk
AND
strengthening international safeguards; and strengthening enforcement when states violate their nonproliferation obligations.
Iranian prolif leads to a nuclear exchange – causes an arms race that escalates into global conflicts
Kroenig 2012 – Matthew,  professor of government at Georgetown University and an affiliate with the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. (Time to Attack Iran: Why a Strike is the Least Bad Option, Foreign Affairs for the Council on Foreign Relations, January/February 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136917/matthew-kroenig/time-to-attack-iran, MCL)
Some states in the region are doubting U.S. resolve to stop the
AND
the two countries that could draw the United States in, as well.

Committing to reprocessing now, using MOX rather than next-gen tech, would make the U.S. look like idiots, not leaders
Matthew Bunn 7, Associate Professor at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, 11/14/7, “Risks of GNEP’s Focus on Near-Term Reprocessing,” http://www.environment.harvard.edu/docs/faculty_pubs/bunn_risks.pdf
Fortunately, there is no pressing need to move forward with construction of a reprocessing
AND
program at a more measured pace guided by a more open process.”20
It would certainly not be a sign of U.S. leadership to decide
AND
by reprocessing more plutonium is like using gasoline to put out a fire.
The recent National Academy of Sciences review has provided an excellent discussion of just how
AND
of the GNEP program in the context of other nuclear RandD.   

2NC
Zero chance of nuclear use
Enders, 2002 – quoting lots of professors (David, Daily News Editor for the Michigan Daily, “Experts say nuclear war still unlikely,” http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2002/01/30/News/Experts.Say.Nuclear.War.Still.Unlikely-1404620.shtml)  

University political science Prof. Ashutosh Varshney becomes animated when asked about the likelihood of
AND
sides are looking for ways out of the current tension," Lieberthal said.

No nuke winter from IP
Dyer 2002 (5/24, Gwinette, Hamilton Spectator, "Nuclear war a possibility over Kashmir", Lexis, WEA)

For those who do not live in the subcontinent, the most important fact is that the damage would be largely confined to the region. The Cold War is over, the strategic understandings that once tied India and Pakistan to the rival alliance systems have all been cancelled, and no outside powers would be drawn into the fighting.
The detonation of a hundred or so relatively small nuclear weapons over India and Pakistan would not cause grave harm to the wider world from fallout.
People over 40 have already lived through a period when the great powers conducted hundreds of nuclear tests in the atmosphere, and they are mostly still here.

No nuclear theft
Innocent, 10 – foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute (Malou, “Away from McChrystal and Back to the Basics,” Huffington Post, 6/28, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11934)

Pakistan has an elaborate command and control system in place that complies with strict Western standards, and the country's warheads, detonators, and missiles are not stored fully-assembled, but are scattered and physically separated throughout the country. In short, the danger of militants seizing Pakistan's nuclear weapons in some Rambo-like scenario remains highly unlikely. 

Even if they get Pakistan’s nukes, they can’t use them
Asia Times 10 Asia Times Online, 4/16/10, “Terrorism: The nuclear summit’s ‘straw man’”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD16Ak02.html

That leaves the option of stealing a weapon. But pilfering a nuclear weapon is
AND
many serious obstacles to terrorists actually obtaining and setting off a nuclear bomb.

Russia

1NC
The plan isn’t key---joint plutonium disposal’s already legally required---nothing more the plan can do
GSN 11 – Global Security Newswire, 7/14/11, “Russian-U.S. Plutonium Disposal Pact Enters Into Force,” http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/russian-us-plutonium-disposal-pact-enters-into-force/
Russia and the United States on Wednesday brought an updated bilateral agreement on the disposal of weapon-grade plutonium into force through an exchange of diplomatic documents, the U.S. State Department announced (see GSN, June 7).
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made the exchange in Washington.
The U.S.-Russian Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement requires the nations starting in 2018 to each eliminate a minimum of 34 metric tons of processed plutonium -- enough fissile material to fuel roughly 17,000 nuclear warheads. The pact anticipates further reductions in stockpiled weapon-usable plutonium in the future, according to a State Department press release.
"Entry into force of the agreement also represents a significant milestone in U.S.-Russian cooperation on nuclear security measures, and it marks an essential step in the nuclear disarmament process by making these reductions in plutonium stocks irreversible," the release states.
Moscow and Washington are in discussions with the International Atomic Energy Agency on methods for verifying the pact's mandates are being carried out (U.S. State Department release, July 13).
"This milestone marks important progress on U.S. and Russian commitments to eliminate nuclear weapons material," Laura Holgate, National Security Council senior director for WMD terrorism and threat reduction, said in provided comments. "Such eliminations are the ultimate in improving nuclear security, as they permanently remove the threat of theft or misuse of nuclear material, at the same time reducing the burden of securing materials."
The plutonium pact was initially inked in 2000 and subsequently updated in April 2010 with a new protocol that authorized Russian to employ fast reactors to irradiate the plutonium under rigorous security standards, the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration said in a release.
Washington is to give Russia as much as $400 million for the project, with Moscow paying the remaining costs of the effort -- projected to be in excess of $3 billion. The Energy Department's semiautonomous nuclear agency and its Russian equivalent, Rosatom, are also to pursue foreign donations to defray the costs for Russia.
To carry out the disposal program in the United States, the Energy Department is supervising building of three plants at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, including the Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility that would convert plutonium into nuclear reactor fuel (see GSN, June 17). Russia is also developing its own plutonium conversion technologies and is building the BN-800 fast reactor (U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration release, July 13).
Luongo cites access and reciprocity to Russian facilities-  and high-level negotiations the plan can’t fiat are key to solve
Luongo ‘7 -- executive director of the Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council (Kenneth N., “Improving U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cooperation”, Partnership for Global Security, 2007, http://www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/publications/Articles%20and%20Commentary/improving_nuc_html)

Despite such accomplishments, however, some of the programs face significant problems. Milestones
AND
political level and with more cohesiveness than has been exercised in the past.
Relations are impossible
Migranyan, director – Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, professor – Institute of International Relations, Moscow, 1/30/’13
(Andranik, “Russia and Obama's Second Term,” The National Interest)

I shall begin with what I consider the most interesting viewpoint professed for many years
AND
as China, cooperation on Arctic development and the fight against Islamist terrorism.
First, the problem here is that it is unrealistic to expect large, sovereign
AND
both; hence, their readiness to join forces against a common enemy.
Second, two countries can have convergent vital interests only if both are roughly equal in resources and power. Otherwise, the weaker one experiences a loss of sovereignty as a result of its smaller economic and military-political potential, and that negates the strategic character of the relationship.
Consider the widespread perception in the 1990s and at the beginning of the twenty-
AND
containing Washington’s arrogant and unilateral foreign policy that attempts to dominate the world?
Regarding the development of Arctic resources, the United States’ refusal to sign the Convention on the Law of the Sea betrays a U.S. lack of interest in dividing Arctic resources in a way that coincides with international law. Rather, Washington wants to keep its hands untied for any action in the Arctic.
Strategic dialogue necessitates a certain level of trust between parties. But the talks between
AND
nuclear weapon, the United States or Israel would destroy the program’s infrastructure.
With the emergence of a multipolar world, the need arises for power balances in
AND
or entirely competitive relations between two large countries with intersecting and conflicting interests.
Such a black-and-white approach can only exist between states engaged in
AND
, when Germany and France went against the wishes of the United States.
Thus, it seems inescapable that the United States and Russia will sometimes partner but also sometimes have conflicting interests.

Norwegian missile accident proves – no Russian dead hand.
Nikolai Sokov, pub. date: October 1997, works @ the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute, CSIS, “Could Norway Trigger a Nuclear War? Notes on the Russian Command and Control System,” accessed: 10-2-09, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pm_0024.pdf  

The recently leaked information suggests that the reason for the "mistaken identity" of
AND
, they would have received information of an attack, which is vital.
No chance of terrorism—it’s too hard to steal nukes and usage barriers exist
Stratfor 2009 (5/29, “Debunking Myths About Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism,” http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20090528_debunking_myths_about_nuclear_weapons_and_terrorism, WEA)

However, the effort involved in actually trying to steal a nuclear weapon would entail
AND
the planet, and the personnel better vetted than almost any other institution.
Even the lightest attempt to begin probing runs the risk of not only failing to acquire a bomb, but setting off a series of alarms and red flags that brings such an aggressive investigative and law enforcement/military response down on the terrorist organization that it could be completely wiped out before it ever attempted to target its true objectives (whatever they might be).
And even if one could be stolen or otherwise acquired, modern nuclear weapons have
AND
to be smuggled particularly far — much less half way around the world.

No arctic war- No opportunity and coop solves – prefer experts
Young, Professor – Institutional and International Governance, Environmental Institutions @ UCSB, Arctic expert, PhD – Yale, 2011
(Oran R, “The future of the Arctic: cauldron of conflict or zone of peace?” International Affairs 87:1, p. 185-193)

Popular accounts of the Arctic’s jurisdictional issues are regularly couched in terms of provocative phrases
AND
promises to deal with jurisdictional issues in the region in a peaceful manner.

Double-bind – Cooperation’s impossible b/c of Russian distrust
Rubin 2012 (Trudy Rubin, Inquirer Columnist, March 11, 2012, “Worldview: Putin's paranoia will make a tough customer for U.S.,” Philly, http://articles.philly.com/2012-03-11/news/31145486_1_carnegie-moscow-center-vladimir-putin-russian-leader)
Can Washington have a productive relationship with a Russian leader who thinks Americans are out
AND
Syria with a man who feels such personal animosity toward the United States.
Or squo coop is resilient and sufficient
Ria Novosti 5/10/12 “Russian, U.S. Presidents to Continue ‘Reset’,” http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120510/173351119.html
Russian and U.S. presidents Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama on Wednesday agreed in their telephone conversation to continue the “reset” in the relations between their countries, the White House said in a statement.
“The two Presidents reiterated their interest in the sustained high-level dialogue that has characterized the reset of relations, and the substantial progress of the last three years on issues like nuclear security and non-proliferation, Afghanistan, the WTO, and increased trade and commercial ties,” the White House said.
“President Obama and President Putin noted with satisfaction the concrete achievements of the last three years and expressed their commitment to enhance bilateral cooperation on the basis of mutual strategic interests,” the statement said.

The two leaders also “commemorated the occasion of Russia’s celebration of Victory in Europe day, noting the historic war-time alliance between our two countries and underscoring their mutual commitment to strengthening the U.S.-Russian partnership.”
On Wednesday, the Kremlin reported that Putin and Obama congratulated each other on Victory Day and discussed the prospects of Russian-U.S. relations.
The White House also said Putin told his U.S. counterpart Obama on the phone that he would not attend the G8 summit at Camp David.
“Noting his responsibilities to finalize Cabinet appointments in the new Russian government, President Putin expressed his regret that he would be unable to attend the G8 Summit at Camp David on May 18-19,” it said.
“President Obama expressed his understanding of President Putin’s decision and welcomed the participation of Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev at the G8 Summit,” the White House said.
“President Obama and President Putin agreed to hold a bilateral meeting on the margins of the June 18-19, G20 Summit in Los Cabos, Mexico,” it said.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Procurement is not a financial incentive

Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
AND
import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

Voter for limits and ground—procurement dodges core market controversies and guarantees a market while making us account for every facet of government operations—creates an unmanageable prep burden

And, precision—compensation for service might give reason for action but is not an actual incentive

Grant 2002 – professor of political science at Duke University (Ruth, Economics and Philosophy, 18:2002, "THE ETHICS OF INCENTIVES: HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDINGS", WEA)

The use of `incentives’ to speak of market forces is also problematic,¶ though
AND
to the¶ legitimate concern to secure the financial health of the Fund.
The distinction between market forces and incentives can be¶ illustrated further by considering the
AND
clear case of compensation which is not an¶ incentive in any sense.
It is not difficult to see how it might have happened that the¶ boundaries
AND
as a means of motivating positive choices or of encouraging¶ adaptive behavior.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Immigration reform package moving smoothly through congress now – Obama pressure and engagement is key to maintain momentum and prevent the GOP from smothering the bill

 I-Hsien Sherwood (writer for the Latino Post) March 21, 2013 "Immigration Reform 2013 News: Delays Could Hinder Reform Bill, So Speed is Necessary" http://www.latinospost.com/articles/14995/20130321/immigration-reform-2013-news-delays-hinder-bill-speed-necessary.htm
Lately, proponents of immigration reform have been optimistic about the progress of bipartisan bills
AND
.¶ Whether Congress can maintain momentum on the issue remains to be seen.

Kyle – insert link

Links to politics

Ebinger, 11 ~brookings, Charles Ebinger has more than 35 years of experience specializing in international and domestic energy markets (oil, gas, coal and nuclear) and the geopolitics of energy, with a particular focus on the Middle East, South Asia, Africa., the Arctic and Antarctic. Ebinger has served as an energy policy advisor to over 50 governments on restructuring their state-owned energy sectors, privatization and the creation of regulatory regimes. He is an adjunct professor of electricity economics at Johns Hopkins Nitze School and is one of the Nuclear Energy Institute’s "Nuclear Energy Experts." http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2011/06/24-petroleum-policy-ebinger-http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2011/06/24-petroleum-policy-ebinger~~
One approach that merits detailed examination for the future is whether the SPR might be
AND
recover its costs since each firm would have a different marginal cost curve.

====Top priority—PC stewardship key====
Shifter 12/27 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. "Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?" 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32%26pubID=3186

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
AND
some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

====Obama’s reform is key to all aspect of heg—-~competitiveness, hard and soft power~====
Nye 12 Joseph S. Nye, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. "Immigration and American Power," December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye

CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Global war

Zhang and Shi, 2011 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/) 

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Immigration reform package moving smoothly through congress now – Obama pressure and engagement is key to maintain momentum and prevent the GOP from smothering the bill

 I-Hsien Sherwood (writer for the Latino Post) March 21, 2013 "Immigration Reform 2013 News: Delays Could Hinder Reform Bill, So Speed is Necessary" http://www.latinospost.com/articles/14995/20130321/immigration-reform-2013-news-delays-hinder-bill-speed-necessary.htm
Lately, proponents of immigration reform have been optimistic about the progress of bipartisan bills
AND
.¶ Whether Congress can maintain momentum on the issue remains to be seen.

Kyle – insert link

Links to politics

Ebinger, 11 ~brookings, Charles Ebinger has more than 35 years of experience specializing in international and domestic energy markets (oil, gas, coal and nuclear) and the geopolitics of energy, with a particular focus on the Middle East, South Asia, Africa., the Arctic and Antarctic. Ebinger has served as an energy policy advisor to over 50 governments on restructuring their state-owned energy sectors, privatization and the creation of regulatory regimes. He is an adjunct professor of electricity economics at Johns Hopkins Nitze School and is one of the Nuclear Energy Institute’s "Nuclear Energy Experts." http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2011/06/24-petroleum-policy-ebinger-http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2011/06/24-petroleum-policy-ebinger~~
One approach that merits detailed examination for the future is whether the SPR might be
AND
recover its costs since each firm would have a different marginal cost curve.

====Top priority—PC stewardship key====
Shifter 12/27 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. "Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?" 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32%26pubID=3186

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
AND
some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

====Obama’s reform is key to all aspect of heg—-~competitiveness, hard and soft power~====
Nye 12 Joseph S. Nye, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. "Immigration and American Power," December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye

CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small
AND
long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Global war

Zhang and Shi, 2011 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/) 

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Congress should establish an independent commission empowered to submit to Congress recommendations regarding energy production restrictions and financial incentives. Congress will allow 60 days to pass legislation overriding recommendations by a two-thirds majority.  If Congress doesn’t vote within the specified period, those recommendations will become law. The Commission should recommend to Congress that they offer a purchase agreement for crude oil produced in the United States in order to fill the reserve.

Solves the case and avoids politics

Mayer ’07 (Kenneth,- professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison  "THE BASE REALIGNMENT AND CLOSURE PROCESS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE RATIONAL POLICY?")
The conventional wisdom was that legislators, facing increasing deficits and budget rules that were
AND
taking opportunities. None of the disapproval resolutions came anywhere close to passing. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Financialization of energy production is a neoliberal tool to subvert communal agency—fuels inequality and unsustainable practices

Hildyard et al 2012 – *founder and Director of The Corner House, a U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, co-editor of The Ecologist, co-founder of the Durban Group for Climate Justice (February, Nicholas Hildyard, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton, The Corner House, "Energy Security For What?  For Whom?", http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf, WEA)

The neoliberal market-driven approach to energy policy in Europe and¶ North America
AND
whilst at the¶ same time creating new sources of conflict and insecurity.
 

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations

Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, "Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy", https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1, WEA)

As Marilyn Waring noted twenty years ago, under this system, when there is
AND
, and waste disposal, documenting energy ¶ injustice through various theoretical lenses. 

Vote neg to eschew neoliberal frameworks—they’re unsustainable and insulate decisionmaking from deliberation and alternative assumptions needed to solve

Adaman and Madra 2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, "Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology", http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf, WEA)

The reduction of ecological valuation through a market mechanism (or various techniques) to
AND
the extraction crisis will be¶ capable of addressing long-term concerns. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Text: The United States Federal Government Should raise taxes on all petroleum products, designating a trajectory that signals a rising cost of petroleum products and create a "lockbox" for the aforementioned taxes in the event of supply disruptions or other national security related problems.

The CP solves the case – allows a fungible reserve of money, which prevents a supply disruption

Munk, 08 ~Time to Change our Oil Policy by Bernard Munk December 2008 Bernard Munk-http://www.fpri.org/about/people/munk.html, FPRI Senior Fellow, is the Principal of Munk Advisory Services, an investment advisory service for professional investment managers and private investors. Dr. Munk founded and operated six different companies in international and domestic business active in Europe, the Far East, Central and South America and Africa, including Penndel Energy, Bemico Corporation, Protimex Corporation, and Western Hemisphere Industries. He has served as the Chief Economist at Bowman Capital Management, Visiting Professor of Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System, a Fellow at The Brookings Institute, Adjunct Professor of Management at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and Senior Fellow in the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management. http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200812.munk.changeoilpolicy.html-http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200812.munk.changeoilpolicy.html~~ 

 The first rule is to keep the price of oil high to the users
AND
subsidy for all producers of alternative, non-petroleum-based energy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solvency

ALT causes —-

Location

Peck, 06 ~USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT THE U.S. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE: NEEDED CHANGES TO COUNTER TODAY’S THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY by Commander Bruce L. Peck Jr. United States Navy Captain Albert F. Lord Project Adviser, 15 MAR 2006, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379~~
Location Initially locating all of the SPR storage in salt caverns concentrated along the Texas
AND
weather (Hurricanes), the frequency and strength of which have previously been discussed

Speed of distribution and other countries like Canada solve

Peck, 06 ~USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT THE U.S. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE: NEEDED CHANGES TO COUNTER TODAY’S THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY by Commander Bruce L. Peck Jr. United States Navy Captain Albert F. Lord Project Adviser, 15 MAR 2006, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379~~
Size and Speed of Distribution Another pair of glaring vulnerabilities in the SPR are the
AND
increase in capacity will be even less able to do so in the future

Product composition – this card means you should assign zero risk to the AFF and vote neg on presumption because of the utter idiocy of their solvency claim

Peck, 06 ~USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT THE U.S. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE: NEEDED CHANGES TO COUNTER TODAY’S THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY by Commander Bruce L. Peck Jr. United States Navy Captain Albert F. Lord Project Adviser, 15 MAR 2006, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379~~
  Composition of Products The third, and potentially most significant weakness of the SPR
AND
that occurs rapidly and without any prior indicators that allow for advance preparation.

Physical limitations

Peck, 06 ~USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT THE U.S. STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE: NEEDED CHANGES TO COUNTER TODAY’S THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY by Commander Bruce L. Peck Jr. United States Navy Captain Albert F. Lord Project Adviser, 15 MAR 2006, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449379~~
Physical Limitations Given the vulnerabilities to maintaining a steady, reliable, and sufficient source
AND
pumping capacity, and the absence of refined fuels as part of the SPR

Jones act blocks

Clayton, 12 ~September, Blake Clayton is fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. His current research focuses on energy security and policy, global commodities markets, and natural resource economics. WORKING P A P E R Lessons Learned From the 2011 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Release Blake Clayton September 2012, CFR, p. online~
The Jones Act requires that all shipping vessels traveling between U.S. ports
AND
inland refineries via pipelines; and to other coastal refineries reachable by sea.

Lack of adequate infrastructure is a problem

Clayton, 12 ~September, Blake Clayton is fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. His current research focuses on energy security and policy, global commodities markets, and natural resource economics. WORKING P A P E R Lessons Learned From the 2011 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Release Blake Clayton September 2012, CFR, p. online~
 The U.S. SPR release ignited a debate about whether recent changes
AND
U.S. SPR is "significantly less usable than advertised."72 

MARKED

He notes that the U.S. SPR was designed to transport oil from
AND
4.4 mb/d that the Department of Energy claims.73

Global stockpiles solve

Gholz et al 08 ~Eugene Gholz is an associate professor at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of
Texas at Austin. Daryl G. Press is an associate professor of government at Dartmouth College. All the Oil We Need
By EUGENE GHOLZ and DARYL G. PRESS http://www.dartmouth.edu/~~dpress/docs/All_the_Oil_We_Need_NYT.pdf~~
WHILE oil prices have declined somewhat of late, the volatility of the market and the political and religious unrest in major oil-producing countries has Americans worrying more than ever about energy security. But they have little to fear — contrary to common understanding, there are robust stockpiles of oil around the globe that could see us through any foreseeable calamities on the world market.

The plan causes price rises – markets are fearful about a lack of spare capacity

Clayton, 12 ~September, Blake Clayton is fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. His current research focuses on energy security and policy, global commodities markets, and natural resource economics. WORKING P A P E R Lessons Learned From the 2011 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Release Blake Clayton September 2012, CFR, p. online~
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF RELEAS ING STRATEGIC STOCKS Policymakers should remember that releasing oil from strategic
AND
market. Market expectations about higher prices tomorrow can spark higher prices today.

Adv 1

Countries won’t escalate – high level reports prove

Focus Taiwan News Channel 3/9
("Military conflict in East, South China seas unlikely: defense ministry," pg online @ http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL%26ID=201303090011-http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL%26ID=201303090011 um-ef)
Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense said Saturday that military conflict over territorial disputes in the
AND
their wish to resolve the issues through diplomatic means, the report said.

Asian energy crisis causes cooperation, not war

Hyun Jin Choi 2009;  research associate at the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (IFPA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he conducted research on the ROK-U.S. alliance, crisis management, and civil-military relations, Ph.D. candidate in the department of political science at Michigan State University; "Fueling Crisis or Cooperation? The Geopolitics of Energy Security in Northeast Asia" Asian Affairs: An American Review Volume 36, Issue 1, 2009, Wilson Online

The Possibility of Multilateral Cooperation Although energy geopolitics in Northeast Asia has the potential to
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stockpiling, and joint operations for protecting sea lanes of communication.(FN93)

Alt causes – territory disputes in East Asia

Hyun Jin Choi 2009;  research associate at the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (IFPA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he conducted research on the ROK-U.S. alliance, crisis management, and civil-military relations, Ph.D. candidate in the department of political science at Michigan State University; "Fueling Crisis or Cooperation? The Geopolitics of Energy Security in Northeast Asia" Asian Affairs: An American Review Volume 36, Issue 1, 2009, Wilson Online

Territorial Disputes over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands China and Japan have had disputes over
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could lead to resumed competition over disputed Yellow Sea resources in the future.

No internal link to solving warming – Japan can’t spill over in time to solve warming

Long timeframe means intervening actors and tech solve

Michaels 7 – Cato senior fellow (Patrick, 2/2, Live with Climate Change, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=7502)

Consequently, the best policy is to live with some modest climate change now and encourage economic development, which will generate the capital necessary for investment in the more efficient technologies of the future.
Fortunately, we have more time than the alarmists suggest. The warming path of
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extremists, enjoys virtually no support in the truly peer reviewed scientific literature.
Rather than burning our capital now for no environmental gain (did someone say "ethanol?"), let’s encourage economic development so people can invest and profit in our more efficient future.
People who invested in automobile companies that developed hybrid technology have been rewarded handsomely in the past few years, and there’s no reason to think environmental speculators won’t be rewarded in the future, too.

China can’t cut off rare earth – Japan just hit the jackpot

Ambrose Evans-Pritchard 3-24-2013; International Business Editor of The Daily Telegraph. He has covered world politics and economics for 30 years, based in Europe, the US, and Latin America. He joined the Telegraph in 1991, serving as Washington correspondent and later Europe correspondent in Brussels.   "Japan breaks China’s stranglehold on rare metals with sea-mud bonanza" http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/ambroseevans_pritchard/9951299/Japan-breaks-Chinas-stranglehold-on-rare-metals-with-sea-mud-bonanza.html

Japanese scientists have found vast reserves of rare earth metals on the Pacific seabed that
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. All we need is enough to force China to lower its prices." 

No Asia war—multiple safeguards and reversible tensions

Feng 10 – professor at the Peking University International Studies ~Zhu, "An Emerging Trend in East Asia: Military Budget Increases and Their Impact", http://www.fpif.org/articles/an_emerging_trend_in_east_asia?utm_source=feed~~

As such, the surge of defense expenditures in East Asia does not add
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Islands to the Spratly Islands to the India-China border dispute. 

No China war

Robert J. Art, Fall 2010 Christian A. Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University and Director of MIT’s Seminar XXI Program The United States and the rise of China: implications for the long haul  Political Science Quarterly 125.3 (Fall 2010): p359(33)

The workings of these three factors should make us cautiously optimistic about keeping Sino-
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analyze America’s interests in East Asia. I now turn to these interests. 

Adv 2

No impact—IMF studies agree

Tobias N. Rasmussen and Agustín Roitman August 2011 Middle East and Central Asia Department, International Monetary Fund; "Oil Shocks in a Global Perspective: Are they Really that Bad?"

VII. CONCLUSION Conventional wisdom has it that oil shocks are bad for oil-
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. We provide a model illustrating this effect and find supporting empirical evidence.

No risk of short term oil shocks – market adaptability

Boston Globe 2-13-2011; (Jeremy Kahn) "Crude reality" http://articles.boston.com/2011-02-13/news/29336191_1_crude-oil-shocks-major-oil-producers

But a growing body of economic research suggests that this conventional view of oil shocks
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less sensitive to changes in crude prices overall than it was in 1973.

No impact—last recession proves econ doesn’t determine conflict or instability

Barnett 2009 – senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine, columnist for World Politics Review (8/25, Thomas P.M. "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis," World Politics Review, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx-http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx, WEA)
 
When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
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expect the fantastic fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.

The economy is resilient

Washington Times 2008 – chief political correspondent for The Washington Times (7/28, Donald Lambro, The Washington Times, "Always darkest before dawn", lexis, WEA)

The doom-and-gloomers are still with us, of course, and
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, I’m more bullish than ever on our economy’s long-term prospects.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
1
Fusion is not “nuclear power”:
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ’12 (March 29, “Uses of Radiation: Nuclear Power Plants” website, http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/uses-radiation.html#npp)
Nuclear Power Plants Electricity produced by nuclear fission —
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 Rather, the uranium fuel generates heat through a process called fission.

Fusion is specifically distinct
McDonald, senior officer IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy, '06 (Alan, International Atomic Energy Agency “Nuclear Energy 'Pros and Cons'”, IAEA InfoLog, January 2006, http://www.iaea.org/blog/Infolog/?page_id=47)
Nuclear power may have a longer or shorter run than, say, coal as
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carbon capture and storage, nanotechnology, genetic engineering and all the rest.
Key to limits – we have official government definitions about what nuclear power is, fusion is an entirely separate literature base requiring entirely different disads, its essentially a whole new energy added to the topic.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
2
Production is extraction, conversion, and distribution of energy – excludes RandD
Koplow 4 Doug Koplow is the founder of Earth Track in Cambridge, MA. He has worked on natural resource subsidy issues for 20 years, primarily in the energy sector "Subsidies to Energy Industries" Encyclopedia of Energy Vol 5 2004www.earthtrack.net/files/Energy%20Encyclopedia,%20wv.pdf

3. SUBSIDIES THROUGH THE FUEL CYCLE
Because no two fuel cycles are exactly the same, examining subsidies through the context of a generic fuel cycle is instructive in providing
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And
bring the energy resource to the point of final use, and accident risks.

RandD also violates incentives
CCES 9 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (also called c2es) “Buildings and Emissions: Making the Connection” No specific date dated, most recent citation from 2009 www.c2es.org/technology/overview/buildings

Policy Options to Promote Climate-Friendly Buildings
The mosaic of current policies affecting the building sector is complex and dynamic involving voluntary
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“green building” certification, energy efficiency programs, and other efforts.

Various taxonomies have been used to describe the policy instruments that govern buildings, typically distinguishing between regulations, financial incentives, information and education, management of government energy use, and subsidies for research and development (RandD). Each of these is broadly described below.
-Standards and codes
Regulatory policies include building and zoning codes, appliance energy efficiency standards, clean energy
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over the past decade, opportunities to strengthen code requirements and compliance remain.
Appliance and equipment standards require minimum efficiencies to be met by all regulated products sold; they thereby eliminate the least efficient products from the market. Federal standards exist for many residential and commercial appliances, and several states have implemented standards for appliances not covered by federal standards (see Appliance Efficiency Standards).
-Financial incentives
Financial incentives can best induce energy-efficient behavior where relatively few barriers limit information and decision-making opportunities (e.g., in owner-occupied buildings). Financial incentives include tax credits, rebates, low-interest loans, energy-efficient mortgages, and innovative financing, all of which address the barrier of first costs. Many utilities also offer individual incentive programs, because reducing demand, especially peak demand, can enhance the utility’s system-wide performance.
-Information and education
While many businesses and homeowners express interest in making energy-efficiency improvements for their
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is a powerful tool for promoting energy efficiency by enabling intelligent consumer choices.
-Lead-by-example programs
A variety of mechanisms are available to ensure that government agencies lead by example in the effort to build and manage more energy-efficient buildings and reduce GHG emissions. For example, several cities and states, and federal agencies (including the General Services Administration), have mandated LEED or LEED-equivalent certification for public buildings, and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 includes provisions for reduced energy use and energy efficiency improvements in federal buildings.
-Research and development (RandD)

Vote neg:

1. Limits—RandD enables obscure energy types that financial incentive research wouldn’t cover—overstretched neg burdens and prevents any limiting function based on object content.

2. Ground – indirect nature of RandD allows them to claim spinoff advantages unrelated to the tech without a resolutional increase – decimates neg ground

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
3
Immigration reform package moving smoothly through congress now – Obama pressure and engagement is key to maintain momentum and prevent the GOP from smothering the bill
 I-Hsien Sherwood (writer for the Latino Post) March 21, 2013 “Immigration Reform 2013 News: Delays Could Hinder Reform Bill, So Speed is Necessary” http://www.latinospost.com/articles/14995/20130321/immigration-reform-2013-news-delays-hinder-bill-speed-necessary.htm
Lately, proponents of immigration reform have been optimistic about the progress of bipartisan bills
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.¶ Whether Congress can maintain momentum on the issue remains to be seen.

Pushing randd for fusion costs capital -- GOP will fight Obama
Cho, ’11 Adrian, “Commitments, Ideology Clash Over DOE Research Spending,” Science 11 November 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6057 pp. 754-755
Despite congressional support for science office, U.S. payments to the international
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to do them one at a time instead of developing them in parallel.”

Top priority—PC stewardship key
Shifter 12/27 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?” 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3186

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
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some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

Obama’s reform is key to all aspect of heg---competitiveness, hard and soft power
Nye 12 Joseph S. Nye, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, is University Professor at Harvard University. “Immigration and American Power,” December 10, Project Syndicate, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/obama-needs-immigration-reform-to-maintain-america-s-strength-by-joseph-s—nye

CAMBRIDGE – The United States is a nation of immigrants. Except for a small
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long way toward fulfilling his promise to maintain the strength of the US.

Global war
Zhang and Shi, 2011 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/) 

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
4

Chinas pushing ahead with fusion -- tons of funding and a large domestic workforce --  failure kills the Chinese economy and makes pollution inevitable
Boyd, 2-12-13
Olivia, China Dialogue, “Nuclear fusion: an answer to China’s energy problems?” http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5699
The global nuclear sector has been through something of an apocalyptic patch since the disaster
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Chinese growth will come to a shuddering halt, and similarly everywhere else.”

Lack of US funding allows China to secure fusion leadership
Salkever, ‘10
Alex, freelance writer whose work has appeared in the Christian Science Monitor, Wired, Outside, and Inc. Magazine, former technology editor for BusinessWeek.com and covered environmental topics for AOL DailyFinance.com, 10-11, “The Promise of Fusion: Energy Miracle or Mirage?” http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_promise_of_fusion_energy_miracle_or_mirage/2327/
If the tests fail this year and fusion efforts do not receive subsequent funding, the U.S. could cede its leadership position in the controlled fusion race to France, Japan, and China, all of which are racing to create fusion reactors. China, in particular, is committing huge amounts of money to fusion research as it eyes a potentially game-changing way to power its headlong industrial growth.

Econ decline collapses the CCP -- great power war
Kane, ‘1
Thomas, PhD in Security Studies from the University of Hull and Lawrence Serewicz, Autumn, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/01autumn/Kane.htm
Despite China's problems with its food supply, the Chinese do not appear to be
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China's government might try to ward off its demise by attacking adjacent countries.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
6

Linking research and production goals distorts traditional academic science   
Ziman, ‘96
John, emeritus professor of physics -- University of Bristol, 8-26, “Is science losing its objectivity?” Nature, http://libweb.surrey.ac.uk/library/skills/Science%20and%20Society/SS_1_Reading2.pdf
The peculiar feature of academic science is that it developed as an activity engaged in
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the principle of ‘public knowledge’ - traditionally the linchpin of academic science7.

That has a debilitating effect on academic research and scientific objectivity -- turns the case -- only voting neg maintains the critical distinction between pure and applied science
Ziman, ‘96
John, emeritus professor of physics -- University of Bristol, 8-26, “Is science losing its objectivity?” Nature, http://libweb.surrey.ac.uk/library/skills/Science%20and%20Society/SS_1_Reading2.pdf
Again, post-academic science will distrust the élitism of peer review and replace
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disinterestedness’ and often managed in practice almost to live up to its ideals.

A complete embrace of the scientific method is critical to avoid extinction and ensure value to life
Asimov et al., ‘73
 “Humanist Manifesto II,” signatories: Lionel Able, Prof. of English, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo; Khoren Arisian, Board of Leaders, NY Soc. for Ethical Culture; Isaac Asimov, author; George Axtelle, Prof. Emeritus, Southern Illinois Univ.; Archie J. Bahm, Prof. of Philosophy Emeritus, Univ. of N.M.; Pual H. Beattie, Pres., Fellowship of Religious Humanists; Keith Beggs, Exec. Dir., American Humanist Association; Malcolm Bissell, Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Southern California; H. J. Blackham, Chm., Social Morality Council, Great Britain; Brand Blanshard, Prof. Emeritus, Yale University; Paul Blanshard, author; Joseph L. Blau, Prof. of Religion, Columbia University; Sir Hermann Bondi, Prof. of Math., King's Coll., Univ. of London; Howard Box, Leader, Brooklyn Society for Ethical Culture; Raymond B. Bragg, Minister Emer., Unitarian Ch., Kansas City; Theodore Brameld, Visiting Prof., C.U.N.Y.; Brigid Brophy, author, Great Britain; Lester R. Brown, Senior Fellow, Overseas Development Council; Betty Chambers, Pres., American Humanist Association; John Ciardi, poet; Francis Crick, M.D., Great Britain; Arthur Danto, Prof. of Philosophy, Columbia University; Lucien de Coninck, Prof., University of Gand, Belgium; Miriam Allen deFord, author; Edd Doerr, Americans United for Separation of Church and State; Peter Draper, M.D., Guy's Hospital Medical School, London; Paul Edwards, Prof. of Philosophy, Brooklyn College; Albert Ellis, Exec. Dir., Inst. Adv. Study Rational Psychotherapy; Edward L. Ericson, Board of Leaders, NY Soc. of Ethical Culture; H. J. Eysenck, Prof. of Psychology, Univ. of London; Roy P. Fairfield, Coordinator, Union Graduate School; Herbert Feigl, Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Minnesota; Raymond Firth, Prof. Emeritus of Anthropology, Univ. of London; Antony Flew, Prof. of Philosophy, The Univ., Reading, England; Kenneth Furness, Exec. Secy., British Humanist Association; Erwin Gaede, Minister, Unitarian Church, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Richard S. Gilbert, Minister, First Unitarian Ch., Rochester, N.Y.; Charles Wesley Grady, Minister, Unit. Univ. Ch., Arlington, Ma.; Maxine Greene, Prof., Teachers College, Columbia University; Thomas C. Greening, Editor, Journal of Humanistic Psychology; Alan F. Guttmacher, Pres., Planned Parenthood Fed. of America; J. Harold Hadley, Min., Unit. Univ. Ch., Pt. Washington, N.Y.; Hector Hawton, Editor, Questions, Great Britain; Eustace Haydon, Prof. Emeritus of History of Religions; James Hemming, Psychologist, Great Britain; Palmer A. Hilty, Adm. Secy., Fellowship of Religious Humanists; Hudson Hoagland, Pres. Emeritus, Worcester Fdn. for Exper. Bio; Robert S. Hoagland, Editor, Religious Humanism; Sidney Hook, Prof. Emeritus of Philosophy, New York University; James F. Hornback, Leader, Ethical Society of St Louis; James M Hutchinson, Minister Emer., First Unit. Ch., Cincinnati; Mordecai M. Kaplan, Rabbi, Fndr. of Jewish Reconstr. Movement; John C. Kidneigh, Prof. of Social Work., Univ. of Minnesota; Lester A. Kirdendall, Prof. Emeritus, Oregon State Univ.; Margaret Knight, Univ. of Aberdeen, Scotland; Jean Kotkin, Exec. Secy., American Ethical Union; Richard Kostelanetz, poet; Paul Kurtz, Editor, The Humanist; Lawrence Lader, Chm., Natl. Assn. for Repeal of Abortion Laws; Edward Lamb, Pres., Lamb Communications, Inc.; Corliss Lamont, Chm., Natl. Emergency Civil Liberties Comm.; Chauncey D. Leake, Prof., Univ. of California, San Francisco; Alfred McC. Lee, Prof. Emeritus, Soc.-Anthropology, C.U.N.Y.; Elizabeth Briant Lee, author; Christopher Macy, Dir., Rationalist Press Assn., Great Britain; Clorinda Margolis, Jefferson Comm. Mental Health Cen., Phila.; Joseph Margolis, Prof. of Philosophy, Temple Univ.; Harold P. Marley, Ret. Unitarian Minister; Floyd W. Matson, Prof. of American Studies, Univ. of Hawaii; Lester Mondale, former Pres., Fellowship of Religious Humanists; Lloyd Morain, Pres., Illinois Gas Company; Mary Morain, Editorial Bd., Intl. Soc. of General Semantics; Charles Morris, Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Florida; Henry Morgentaler, M.D., Past Pres., Humanist Assn. of Canada; Mary Mothersill, Prof. of Philosophy, Bernard College; Jerome Nathanson, Chm. Bd. of Leaders, NY Soc. Ethical Culture; Billy Joe Nichols, Minister, Richardson Unitarian Church, Texas; Kai Nielsen, Prof. of Philosophy, Univ. of Calgary, Canada; P. H. Nowell-Smith, Prof. of Philosophy, York Univ., Canada; Chaim Perelman, Prof. of Philosophy, Univ. of Brussels, Belgium; James W. Prescott, Natl, Inst. of Child Health and Human Dev.; Harold J. Quigley, Leader, Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago; Howard Radest, Prof. of Philosophy, Ramapo College; John Herman Randall, Jr., Prof. Emeritus, Columbia Univ.; Oliver L. Reiser, Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Robert G. Risk, Pres., Leadville Corp.; Lord Ritchie-Calder, formerly Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland; B. T. Rocca, Jr., Consultant, Intl. Trade and Commodities; Andre H. Sakharov, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.; Sidney H. Scheuer, Chm., Natl, Comm. for an Effective Congress; Herbert W. Schneider, Prof. Emeritus, Claremont Grad. School; Clinton Lee Scott, Universalist Minister, St Petersburgh, Fla.; Roy Wood Sellars, Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Michigan; A. B. Shah, Pres., Indian Secular Society; B. F. Skinner, Prof. of Psychology, Harvard Univ.; Kenneth J. Smith, Leader, Philadelphia Ethical Society; Matthew Ies Spetter, Chm., Dept. Ethics, Ethical Culture Schools; Mark Starr, Chm., Esperanto Info. Center; Svetozar Stojanovic, Prof. Philosophy, Univ. Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Harold Taylor, Project Director, World University Student Project; V. T. Thayer, author; Herbert A. Tonne, Ed. Board, Journal of Business Education; Jack Tourin, Pres., American Ethical Union; E. C. Vanderlaan, lecturer; J. P. van Praag, Chm., Intl. Humanist and Ethical Union, Utrecht; Maurice B. Visscher, M.D., Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Minnesota; Goodwin Watson, Assn. Coordinator, Union Graduate School; Gerald Wendt, author; Henry N. Wieman, Prof. Emeritus, Univ. of Chicago; Sherwin Wine, Rabbi, Soc. for Humanistic Judaism; Edwin H. Wilson, Ex. Dir. Emeritus, American Humanist Assn.; Bertram D. Wolfe, Hoover Institution; Alexander S. Yesenin-Volpin, mathematician; Marvin Zimmerman, Prof. of Philosophy, State Univ. NY at Bflo.; http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_II
The next century can be and should be the humanistic century. Dramatic scientific,
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many seek; it can give personal meaning and significance to human life.

Epistemic foundations come first -- determines the effectiveness of the affs scientific knowledge production and the likelihood of solvency
Ziman, 96
John, emeritus professor of physics -- University of Bristol, 8-26, “Is science losing its objectivity?” Nature, http://libweb.surrey.ac.uk/library/skills/Science%20and%20Society/SS_1_Reading2.pdf
The close link between social norms and philosophical principles is no accident. It is
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moment — is obviously influenced by the way in which research is organized.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
7

The United States should increase funding and research and development for pulsed power systems. The United States Federal Government should initiate cooperative consultations with the Russian government over negotiating a new START treaty, altering the Eastern European missile defense arrangement, and managing Central Asia’s security transition concerning the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.
CP solves relations
Steven Pifer (Director, Arms Control Initiative, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe at the Brookings Institute) March 2012 “The Future Course of the U.S.-Russia Relationship” http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2012/03/21-arms-control-pifer¶ 

The U.S. relationship with Russia has been and will, for the
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of the Jackson-Vanik amendment, an action that is long overdue.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
1nc fusion leadership
The internal link in the Hagel ev says that trade leadership and attention to humanitarian concerns is key
Status quo solves energy leadership regardless of fusion
Steyer and Podesta, ‘12
Tom, John, Wall Street Journal, 1-24, “We Don't Need More Foreign Oil and Gas,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203718504577178872638705902.html
Under President Obama's leadership, we appear to be at the beginning of a domestic
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% from 2008 to 2009, even during the depths of the recession.

More innovation isn’t the issue -- lack of a comprehensive energy strategy hinders leadership regardless and is a prerequisite to effective fusion deployment
Bolze, ‘11
Steve, President and CEO -- GE Power and Water, 11-2, “America Lacks Policy Leadership,” http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php
The race America is clearly losing is the competition for a rational, coherent national
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get in the race and push clean energy policy over the finish line.
1nc russia
Relations are impossible
Migranyan, director – Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, professor – Institute of International Relations, Moscow, 1/30/’13
(Andranik, “Russia and Obama's Second Term,” The National Interest)

I shall begin with what I consider the most interesting viewpoint professed for many years
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as China, cooperation on Arctic development and the fight against Islamist terrorism.
First, the problem here is that it is unrealistic to expect large, sovereign
AND
both; hence, their readiness to join forces against a common enemy.
Second, two countries can have convergent vital interests only if both are roughly equal in resources and power. Otherwise, the weaker one experiences a loss of sovereignty as a result of its smaller economic and military-political potential, and that negates the strategic character of the relationship.
Consider the widespread perception in the 1990s and at the beginning of the twenty-
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containing Washington’s arrogant and unilateral foreign policy that attempts to dominate the world?
Regarding the development of Arctic resources, the United States’ refusal to sign the Convention on the Law of the Sea betrays a U.S. lack of interest in dividing Arctic resources in a way that coincides with international law. Rather, Washington wants to keep its hands untied for any action in the Arctic.
Strategic dialogue necessitates a certain level of trust between parties. But the talks between
AND
nuclear weapon, the United States or Israel would destroy the program’s infrastructure.
With the emergence of a multipolar world, the need arises for power balances in
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or entirely competitive relations between two large countries with intersecting and conflicting interests.
Such a black-and-white approach can only exist between states engaged in
AND
, when Germany and France went against the wishes of the United States.
Thus, it seems inescapable that the United States and Russia will sometimes partner but also sometimes have conflicting interests.

Relations can’t collapse, and issues are compartmentalized
Migranyan, director – Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, professor – Institute of International Relations, Moscow, 1/30/’13
(Andranik, “Russia and Obama's Second Term,” The National Interest)

The fundamental reality is that both Russia and the United States have entered a new
AND
, within accepted diplomatic rules, in order to gain advantageous bargaining positions.
The United States also has entered a new phase. It is going through a
AND
means there isn’t much chance of consistently smooth relations between the two countries.

No impact to NATO
Steven Erlanger 9-3-2011; was the cultural news editor from December 2002 until June 2004. Previously he served as The New York Times’s Berlin bureau chief since August 2001. He was bureau chief for Central Europe and the Balkans, based in Prague, from January 1999 after having served as chief diplomatic correspondent, based in Washington, since January 1996. Before that, he had served nearly four years in the Moscow bureau, first as a correspondent, from March 1992, and then as the bureau chief, from May 1994.,” Libya’s Dark Lesson for NATO”,  http://www.nytimes.com/ref/international/erlanger-bio.html

The Atlantic alliance, like the European Union, is suffering from a predictable post-Soviet hangover, combined with the strains of rapid expansion to countries that have sharply divergent views about Moscow, Ukraine, Georgia, the Middle East and the real threats to Europe. NATO leaders, in their latest strategic doctrine, tried to find credible threats to Europe from matters like piracy, when the real rationale for the organization vanished along with the Soviet tanks along the Elbe.
No major European war—institutions like NATO check
Asmus 3 (Ronald, Senior Fellow – German Marshall Fund, Foreign Affairs, September/October, Lexis)

Several factors make the recent collapse in transatlantic cooperation surprising. The crisis came on
AND
in locking in a post-Cold War peace over the last decade.
No risk of Balkan conflict
Burns, 6 (Nicholas, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, U.S. Department of State, “Knocking on NATO’s Open Door,” Feb 19, http://zagreb.usembassy.gov/issues/060221.htm)

A decade ago, the countries of Southeast Europe were reeling from the impact of
AND
, the reforms are key to lasting peace and prosperity in the region.
ICBMs solve DTRA
Turner ‘3 (Stansfield, Retired US Navy Admiral and former Dir. CIA and Commander-in-Chief of NATO’s Southern Flank, Naval War College Review, “Is the U.S. Navy being marginalized?” 56:3, Proquest)

Strategic Deterrence. At the peak we had forty-one strategic ballistic missile submarines
AND
will be seen as less critical to the country than it once was.
No chance of terrorism—it’s too hard to steal nukes and usage barriers exist
Stratfor 2009 (5/29, “Debunking Myths About Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism,” http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20090528_debunking_myths_about_nuclear_weapons_and_terrorism, WEA)

However, the effort involved in actually trying to steal a nuclear weapon would entail
AND
the planet, and the personnel better vetted than almost any other institution.
Even the lightest attempt to begin probing runs the risk of not only failing to acquire a bomb, but setting off a series of alarms and red flags that brings such an aggressive investigative and law enforcement/military response down on the terrorist organization that it could be completely wiped out before it ever attempted to target its true objectives (whatever they might be).
And even if one could be stolen or otherwise acquired, modern nuclear weapons have
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to be smuggled particularly far — much less half way around the world.
No bioweapons impact
Galamasa 11 Francisco, Social Sciences Institute, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal Profiling Bioterrorism: Present and Potential Threats Published in: journal Comparative Strategy, Volume 30, Issue 1 January 2011 , pages 79 – 93

Restrictions in Terrorist Use of Biological Weapons    Even with these strategic advantages, cases where
AND
and donors is yet another restriction in terrorist use of biological weapons.19 

1nc spinoffs
No more spinoffs -- if they exist, they would’ve already been discovered
Manheimer, ‘98
Wallace M., “Back to the Future: The Historical, Scientific, Naval, and Environmental Case for Fission Fusion,” Code 6707 Plasma Physics Division April 2, 1998 Naval Research Laboratory, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA347302
Finally, there is now an effort to find an intermediate milestone for fusion research
AND
better or worse, magnetic fusion is almost certainly tied to energy supply.

Alt cause CMR
Cronin 8 Patrick M. Cronin, Director of the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, September 2008, “Irregular Warfare: New Challenges for Civil-Military Relations,” DA: 7-17-2010, http://smallwarsjournal.com/documents/iwcivmilrelations.pdf
The war that “we are in and must win” (to paraphrase Secretary
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military leaders and makes the best use of their unique and complementary portfolios.

No nuclear terror—we cite better experts
Pinker, 11 Steven, professor of psychology at Harvard University, The Better Angels of our Nature Why Violence Has Declined, ISBN: 067002295, for online access email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com and I will forward you the full book 

Though conventional terrorism, as John Kerry gaffed, is a nuisance to be policed
AND
as so many people insist, imminent, inevitable, or highly probable. 

No motive—low odds of success deter and capabilities are underutilized
Moodie 2 – president of the Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute (Brad Roberts and Michael Moodie, Biological Weapons: Toward a Threat Reduction Strategy, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/DefHor/DH15/DH15.htm)

The argument about terrorist motivation is also important. Terrorists generally have not killed as
AND
Cohen, argue that “it’s not a matter of if but when.”
The attacks of September 11 would seem to settle the debate about whether terrorists have
AND
only to their deity have proven historically to be among the most lethal.
But this debate cannot be considered settled. Bin Laden and his followers could have
AND
the rest of the international community—to the annihilation of the perpetrators. 

No China war
Robert J. Art, Fall 2010 Christian A. Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University and Director of MIT's Seminar XXI Program The United States and the rise of China: implications for the long haul  Political Science Quarterly 125.3 (Fall 2010): p359(33)

The workings of these three factors should make us cautiously optimistic about keeping Sino-
AND
analyze America's interests in East Asia. I now turn to these interests. 

Won’t pass the nuclear threshold
Moore 6 (Scott; Research Assistant – East Asia Nonproliferation Program – James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies – Monterey Institute of International Studies, “Nuclear Conflict in the 21st Century: Reviewing the Chinese Nuclear Threat,” 10/18, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_80.html)

Despite the tumult, there is broad consensus among experts that the concerns generated in this discussion are exaggerated. The size of the Chinese nuclear arsenal is small, estimated at around 200 warheads;3 Jeffrey Lewis, a prominent arms control expert, claims that 80 is a realistic number of deployed warheads.4 In contrast, the United States has upwards of 10,000 warheads, some 5,700 of which are operationally deployed.5
Even with projected improvements and the introduction of a new long-range Intercontinental Ballistic
AND
sum, then, fears over China's current nuclear posture seem somewhat exaggerated.
This document, therefore, does not attempt to discuss whether China's nuclear posture poses
AND
United States, and the acquisition by Japan of a nuclear weapons capability.
Use of nuclear weapons by China would require a dramatic policy reversal within the policymaking apparatus, and it is with an analysis of this potential that this brief begins. Such a reversal would also likely require crises as catalysts, and it is to such scenarios, involving Taiwan and Japan, that this brief progresses. It closes with a discussion of the future of Sino-American nuclear relations. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
2nc cp
Srsly it solves
Steven Pifer (Director, Arms Control Initiative, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe at the Brookings Institute) January 2013 “U.S.-Russia Relations in Obama's Second Term” http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/01/09-us-russia-relations-pifer

The U.S.-Russia agenda holds a range of issues on which the
AND
the basis for a presidential agenda, one that would engage Obama’s interest.

That creates the foundation for pulsed power systems
MacDougall 9 (Fred MacDougall – General Atomics Electronic Systems, Inc., Joel Ennis, Xiao Hui (Chip) Yang , Robert A. Cooper,  John E. Gilbert, John F. Bates, Chip Naruo, Mark Schneider, Nathan Keller, Shama Joshi, T. Richard Jow, Janet Ho, C. J. (Skip) Scozzie, S. P. S (Elizabeth) Yen, July, “HIGH ENERGY DENSITY CAPACITORS FOR PULSED POWER APPLICATIONS”, IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, GENERAL ATOMICS ENERGY PRODUCTS Engineering Bulletin, http://www.ga-esi.com/support/ep/tech-bulletins/high-energy-density-capacitors-for-pulsed-power.pdf) 

The improvement in the performance of high energy density capacitors used in pulsed power has accelerated over the past few years. This has resulted from increased research sponsored by the US Army Research Laboratory, in support of the US Military’s needs.   The capacitor development effort will be discussed as well as the results of both short term and long term testing of a new generation of high energy density capacitors.  
I. PROGRESS IN CAPACITOR ENERGY DENSITY
The field of high energy density capacitors encompasses a range of requirements.    One of
AND
efficiency capacitors designed for this type of application over the past four decades.  
The noticeable improvement in the rate of progress in the past five years is a
AND
This technology is used in the GA-ESI Type CMX capacitor line.  

Spinoffs args are terrible -- not intrinsic to specific kinds of research and tech advancements occur anyway
Spudis, ‘9
Dr. Paul D., geologist and lunar scientist, 1-28, “What Apollo was …. and wasn’t,” http://blogs.airspacemag.com/moon/2009/01/what-apollo-was-and-wasnt/
I don’t disagree that Apollo produced a lot of technical innovation, much of which
AND
effort, but that fact lessens its value as an argument for space.

Status quo solves the case -- ITER research
McLean, ‘5
Adam, Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, “The ITER Fusion Reactor and Its Role in the Development of a Fusion Power Plant,” Radiation Protection Management, v. 22, no. 5, http://www.radpro.com/McLean.pdf
From an engineering perspective, ITER has already led the growth of advanced technology in
AND
, and low tritium inventory handling scenarios (e.g. Beryllium). 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
2nc da
2NC – Solves US Fusion 

Disad solves the case -- Chinese initiation is key -- but the US will still get all the benefits of fusion development and there’s no negative impact to allowing China to take the lead
Cohen, ‘11
Armond, Executive Director -- Clean Air Task Force, 10-24, “Rethinking The Clean Energy “Race”,” http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php
China is a critical ally in moving forward
AND
run futile, distracting mercantile “races” that we are unlikely to “win.”

2NC – Solves Global Fusion Adoption

Chinese clean tech leadership spreads fusion globally -- solves extinction
Denlinger, ‘10
Paul, consultant specializing in the China market, 7-20, Forbes, “Why China Has To Dominate Green Tech,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/china/2010/07/20/why-china-has-to-dominate-green-tech/
On the policy level, the Chinese government has to perform a delicate balancing act
AND
century. For all practical purposes, we’re all in the same boat.

2NC Exts – Fusion K/T Chinese Econ 

Fusion leaderships key to the Chinese economy
MacPherson, ‘11
Kitta, Director of the U.S. Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) and professor of astrophysical sciences, 5-12, “Perspective on: The future of fusion,” http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S30/51/45I87/index.xml?section=featured
In a nuclear fusion reaction two atomic nuclei fuse and release energy. In a
AND
The United States has a workforce for fusion that is second to none. 

Controlling the market is critical to economic expansion
Jenkins, ‘11
Jesse, Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute, 10-26, “A Clean Energy Comeback Strategy,” http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php
Without substantial innovation to improve the performance and reduce the cost of clean energy technologies
AND
In this clean energy race, pole position is still up for grabs.

2NC Exts – Yes Leadership 

Chinas aggressively pushing ahead with research -- lack of US funding allows Chinese fusion leadership
ASP ‘12
American Security Project, February, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity forAmerican Leadership and Security,” http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ref-0036-Fusion-2020-White-Paper.pdf
Fusion power is safe and clean, and when commercialized, will solve many of
AND
implications of delay are clear. We are in danger of falling behind.

Chinas outpacing the US in fusion -- has more than double the amount of US fusion researchers -- inaction solidifies Chinese control
ASP ‘12
American Security Project, February, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity forAmerican Leadership and Security,” http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Ref-0036-Fusion-2020-White-Paper.pdf
China has a major program in fusion based on the EAST superconducting tokamak and plans
AND
second tier; a customer, not a seller of fusion energy technology. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
1nr
Space
No political will
BBC 7 (“Will we ever send humans to Mars?” 10-5-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7021303.stm)

A manned mission to Mars would probably use a so-called split-mission
AND
Hovland.  "But then, I'm not the person paying for it."
Space colonization is impossible --- humans can’t adjust
Theunis Piersma 10, professor of animal ecology at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and senior research scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research in Den Burg,  “Why space is the impossible frontier,” NewScientist, 11-16-10, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827860.100-why-space-is-the-impossible-frontier.html

Hawking, Obama and other proponents of long-term space travel are making a grave error. Humans cannot leave Earth for the several years that it takes to travel to Mars and back, for the simple reason that our biology is intimately connected to Earth.
To function properly, we need gravity. Without it, the environment is less demanding on the human body in several ways, and this shows upon the return to Earth. Remember the sight of weakened astronauts emerging after the Apollo missions? That is as nothing compared with what would happen to astronauts returning from Mars.
One of the first things to be affected is the heart, which shrinks by
AND
dizziness and blackouts because blood does not reach their brains in sufficient quantities.
Six weeks in bed leads to about as much atrophy of the heart as one week in space, suggesting that the atrophy is caused by both weightlessness and the concomitant reduction in exercise.
Other muscle tissue suffers too. The effects of weightlessness on the muscles of the limbs are easy to verify experimentally. Because they bear the body's weight, the "anti-gravity" muscles of the thighs and calves degenerate significantly when they are made redundant during space flight.
Despite the best attempts to give replacement exercise to crew members on the International Space Station, after six months they had still lost 13 per cent of their calf muscle volume and 32 per cent of the maximum power that their leg muscles could deliver (Journal of Applied Physiology, vol 106, p 1159).
Various metabolic changes also occur, including a decreased capacity for fat oxidation, which can lead to the build-up of fat in atrophied muscle. Space travellers also suffer deterioration of immune function both during and after their missions (Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, vol 79, p 835).
Arguably the most fearsome effect on bodies is bone loss (The Lancet, vol
AND
the loss of bone material, while an increase leads to thicker bone.
It is no surprise, then, that in the microgravity of space bones demineralise
AND
formation does continue in microgravity, formation rates are overtaken by bone loss.
What is of greatest concern here is that, unlike muscle loss which levels off
AND
space travel certainly brings home the maxim "use it or lose it".
Bone loss is not permanent. Within six months of their return to Earth, those cosmonauts who spent half a year in space did show partial recovery of bone mass. However, even after a year of recovery, men who had been experimentally exposed to three months of total bed rest had not fully regained all the lost bone, though their calf muscles had recovered much earlier (Bone, vol 44, p 214).
Space agencies will have to become very creative in addressing the issue of bone loss during flights to Mars. There are concepts in development for spacecraft with artificial gravity, but nobody even knows what gravitational force is needed to avoid the problems. So far, boneless creatures such as jellyfish are much more likely than people to be able to return safely to Earth after multi-year space trips. For humans, gravity is a Mars bar.
The impossibility of an escape to space is just one of many examples of how our bodies, and those of our fellow organisms, are inseparable from the environments in which we live. In our futuristic ambitions we should not forget that our minds and bodies are connected to Earth as by an umbilical cord.

Other countries like the ESA oslve – their evidence doesn’t say that space is key

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: MSU GT | Judge:
Perm
Perm links – dGovernment support destroys scientific objectivity --  empirical proof
Tyfield, ‘8
David, Professor -- Lancaster University, “Reviews: The Price of Truth: How Money Affects the Norms of Science,” v. 24, no. 1, March, Economics and Philosophy, Cambridge Journals
It is now commonplace to read about the dramatic changes in the funding of science
AND
most prudent and realistic response to this situation” (p. 33).

Commodification of scientific endeavors is ethically bankrupt -- compromises core moral principles of academic research
Radder, ‘10
Hans, professor of philosophy of science and technology -- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, “The Commodification of Academic Research: Science and the Modern University,” University of Pittsburgh Press
Since the 1980s, most universities in the Western world have experienced substantial changes as
AND
necessary, for developing in-depth analyses, assessments, and alternatives.

Maintaining research ethics is critical to effective science and preventing widespread suffering
Resnik, ‘11
David B., JD, Ph.D., Bioethicist and IRB Chair -- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, “What is Ethics in Research and Why is it Important?” http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/
There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research
AND
his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students.
The aff deploys government support for specific political and economic ends -- that represents a departure from pure science and undermines efficacy
Jotterand, ‘6
Dr. Fabrice, joint Assistant Professor appointment at the University of Texas at Dallas (School of Arts and Humanities, Center for Values in Medicine, Science, and Technology) and at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry), Dallas, Texas, “The Politicization of Science and Technology: Its Implications for Nanotechnology,” The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, v. 34, no 4, Wiley Online
Nanotechnology represents, in part, a technological revolution in the sense that it allows
AND
determined by human ends, goals and values within the social context.10

Condo
Condo good
A) Sophistry self-regulates—bad args and contradictions are beatable because of their logical weaknesses, but condo forces optimization and offense unique to the plan, any increase in scope reflects the incentive to expand research diversity instead of rely on a predictable generic.

B) Familiarity bias makes flexibility vital, neg ground is always reactive so 2ac skew’s inevitable by other means.  Their standard encourages sandbagging and aff bias when it matters most, especially since we need to audible against new affs when thorough background research is impossible.

C) Opportunity cost—foreclosing options to endorse something worse than the squo undermines logical coherence which turns decisionmaking.  Policies are defended against both extremes and our standard of this 1nc as a maximum checks abuse—not a voter even with no offense.

D) Letting only the neg sever reps is justified—the 1nc is an either-or proposition that they have deep ideological flaws and still fail within their own parameters.  We can already contradict with arguments like “heg inevitable” and “multipolarity now” which means their offense is non-unique and condo already justifies testing opp cost with fiat.  We no longer hypo-test because they can craft a narrower aff that defends less of the resolution but more of the 1ac.  Speaking first and last means they have the burden of proof so we have the burden of rejoinder to dispute however we can

Uniquely justified against new affs because we lack the time to conduct thorough research and the strat skew imparted by newness is far greater than what we do.  Vote them down cause disclosing before the round enables neg preparation and allows research while maintaining familiarity advantages, they are worse for debate and caused the abuse we did.
AT: Epistemology Bad
Critical interrogation of RandD methods is necessary to maintain scientific ethics -- it’s the only to prevent massive public backlash to the aff that undermines solvency
Jotterand, ‘6
Dr. Fabrice, joint Assistant Professor appointment at the University of Texas at Dallas (School of Arts and Humanities, Center for Values in Medicine, Science, and Technology) and at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (Program in Ethics in Science and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry), Dallas, Texas, “The Politicization of Science and Technology: Its Implications for Nanotechnology,” The Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, v. 34, no 4, Wiley Online
A critical analysis of the social and ethical implications of nanotechnology must confront the pluralism
AND
of scientific practice and the public perception of what is at issue.42

The commodification of academic research wrecks scientific integrity and turns the case -- creates faulty, inaccurate research, slows progress, prevents the development of useful spinoff tech, and undermines public faith in science -- you should be highly skeptical of the affs epistemology
Radder, ‘10
Hans, professor of philosophy of science and technology -- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, “The Commodification of Academic Research: Science and the Modern University,” University of Pittsburgh Press
At the same time, these developments have evoked critical responses. Such critical voices
AND
collective achievement, built on an immense amount of publicly funded research results?

AT: Particularity
Scientific objectivity is essential -- the affs methodology produces inaccurate and misleading science -- makes massive devastation inevitable
De Oliveira, ‘12
Marcos Barbosa, associate professor -- Universidade de São Paulo, “On the Commodification of Science: The Programmatic Dimension,” May, Science and Education, Springer Journals
From a practical point of view, scientific knowledge is expected to be reliable,
AND
negative side effects. (Brown 2010; Resnik 2010; Musschenga 2010).

Round 2 (against UNLV EV FERC Feed-in Tariff aff): T - Restrictions exclude Regulations

Round 3 (against George Washington BS Passive solar aff): Courts CP, Debt Ceiling DA

Round 6 (against UNT KP Native Epistemology aff): Framework

Quarters (against Northwestern LV SMR aff): RandD CP, MOX DA

neg cards are attached below

Round 1 - Neg v Minn CE (Oil w/ econ, Russia, Asia pivot) - Gordon
1nc - Hagel DA, Oil DA (Kazakhstan, dollar hegemony, UAE, Iran, Russia DA on case), Courts CP, Neolib K
2nc - Oil DA, case
1nr - Hagel
2nr - Oil DA (Kazakhstan), Hagel, case

Round 3 - Neg v Wake BM (Mexico w/PEMEX and Gulf enviro) - Cram-Helwich
1nc - Hagel DA, Oil DA (Russia), Advantage CP, Courts, Neolib K, case D
2nc - Hagel DA, case
1nr - Neolib K
2nr - Neolib K

Round 6 - Neg v West Georgia GM (Red Pedagogy aff) - Russell
1nc - T-Restrictions, Framework, HEARTH Act CP, Visibility K, case (defense and Damage Pedagogy K)
2nc - T-Restrictions, Framework, HEARTH Act CP, case
1nr - Visibility K
2nr - T-Restrictions, case