Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Advantage 1- Islanding

Small nuclear reactors key to prevent bases from being vulnerable to inevitable grid outages.

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to provide its ¶ bases with electricity when the
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order to win an ongoing battle or war would ¶ be greatly reduced.

Grid failure in the next 3 years

Huff 12
(Ethan A, staff writer at natural news "Hacking expert says catastrophic failure of smart energy grid within 3 year" http://usahitman.com/hcfseg/-http://usahitman.com/hcfseg/, SEH)

For at least the past five years, the federal government has been pushing utility
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Internet, and effectively without any protection, is insanity at its finest."

Grid will go down- four reasons

Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, "More Fight – Less Fuel" http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf-http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

5.3  Four Sources of Risk for Grid Outages ¶ The first risk is
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controls used by other forms ¶ of energy, notably oil and gas.  

That undermines the military and risks nuclear war

The Examiner 7/27
(Robert Tilford, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, "Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast" http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa-http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa, SEH)

To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power "every military base in our country."¶ "Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out", he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut¶ Down completely.¶ "Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power", said Senator Grassley.¶ "So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions", he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, "preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country" (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kY%26feature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an "Act of War" and could be met with a "full scale" US military response.¶ That could include the use of "nuclear weapons", if authorized by the President.

Al Qaeda can and will pull off a cyber-attack – Al Qaeda video proves

Cloherty ’12
(Jack Cloherty is the lead producer for the Justice Department/Homeland Security beat at World News. "Virtual Terrorism: Al Qaeda Video Calls for ’Electronic Jihad’" May 22, 2012 accessed online September 15, 2012 at http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/cyber-terrorism-al-qaeda-video-calls-electronic-jihad/story?id=16407875~~%23.UFS0p42PVe-, TSW)

Al Qaeda may be turning its destructive attention to cyber-warfare against the United
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increase of 10,000 reports over the same period the previous year.

Current policy of cyber deterrence risks spoofing- leads to nuclear war.

Gelinas 10
(Ryan Richard, thesis for Master of Arts¶ in Security Studies from Georgetown, "CYBERDETERRENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTION" https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1-https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1, SEH)

The set of cases analyzed here demonstrate decisively that attribution of cyber attacks is ¶
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policy tool will be better preserved for realms where it is more applicable.

That risks terrorism

Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, "More Fight – Less Fuel" http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf-http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

DoD’s key problem with electricity is that critical missions, such as national strategic ¶
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of their missions is as important as ¶ within the U.S. 

Numerous attempts prove our impact

Wagner 9/11
(Dr. Abraham R. Wagner is a Professor of International and Public Affairs at the ¶ Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War %26 Peace Studies at Columbia University. "Counter-Terrorism Technologies — Taking Stock on 9/11" 09/11/2012 2:13 pm accessed online September 11, 2012 at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abraham-r-wagner/counterterrorism-technolo_b_1874521.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abraham-r-wagner/counterterrorism-technolo_b_1874521.html, TSW)

On this 11th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, it makes sense to
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as to why the fundamental problems in this area remain to be solved.

Leads to a bioattack.

De Rugy and Pena 2
, *policy analyst, *senior defense policy analyst at the Cato Institute, (Veronique and Charles, " Responding to the Threat of Smallpox Bioterrorism An Ounce of Prevention Is Best Approach" April 18, Policy Analysis No. 432 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa434.pdf-http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa434.pdf)  

There is evidence that al-Qaeda members have been trying to acquire nuclear materials
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mitigate the consequences of an attack, need to be examined and evaluated. 

Terrorists can obtain Bio-weapons and will use them – Syria Demise

Blair ’12
(Charles P. Blair joined FAS in June 2010. He is the Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats. Born and raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Mr. Blair was an exchange student in Moscow in the mid-1980s, witnessing firsthand the closing salvos of the Cold War. Since the end of that era, Mr. Blair has worked on issues relating to the diffusion and diversification of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the context of proliferation amid the rise of mass casualty terrorism incidents and the centripetal and centrifugal elements of globalization. Mr. Blair’s work focuses on state and violent non-state actors (VNSA) – amid a dystopic and increasingly tribal world. "Fearful of a nuclear Iran? The real WMD nightmare is Syria" 1 MARCH 2012 accessed online August 22, 2012 at http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/fearful-of-nuclear-iran-the-real-wmd-nightmare-syria)

As possible military action against Iran’s suspected nuclear weapons program looms large in the public
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political or religious persuasion, in the Middle East and around the world.

Extinction

Ochs 2 
(Richard, Naturalist – Grand Teton National park with Masters in Natural Resource Management – Rutgers, "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.  

Even if it doesn’t kill everyone retaliation would

Conley 03 
(Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power Journal- Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html 

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
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be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made."48 

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

SMR key to nuclear leadership

Rosner and Goldberg 11
(Robert Rosner, astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director, Argonne National Laboratory ¶ Senior Fellow, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago¶ Research Coordinator, Global Nuclear Future Initiative ¶ American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power ¶ Generation in the U.S." Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, http://csis.org/files/attachments/111129_SMR_White_Paper.pdf-http://csis.org/files/attachments/111129_SMR_White_Paper.pdf, SEH)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission ¶
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, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly ¶ emerging, China.

US dominance in SMR’s key to nuclear leadership which prevents proliferation

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375, SEH)

Combating proliferation with US leadership¶ Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the
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reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

Proliferation risks nuclear war due to brinkmanship games- questions of deterrence miss the point.

Kroenig 12
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" Non Proliferation Policy Center, http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30~%23_ftn11-http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30, SEH)

First and foremost, proliferation optimists do not appear to understand contemporary deterrence theory.
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reveal the shortcomings of their analysis and fail to make a compelling case.

Proliferation draws major powers in to regional disputes

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation" Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

There is direct evidence that regional conflicts involving nuclear powers can ¶ encourage power-
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the United States would never allow an extended conflict in nuclear South Asia. 

That leads to great power war

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation" Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

Leaders in power-projecting states also fear that regional instability set off by nuclear
AND
another dangerous flash-point in the uncertain Sino-American strategic relationship.  

US investment in SMRs key to beat china

Chu ’10
(Mr. Chu is the U.S. Secretary of Energy. "America’s New Nuclear Option" March 23, 2010 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704231304575092130239999278.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704231304575092130239999278.html)

Perhaps most importantly, investing in nuclear energy will position America to lead in a
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, eliminating the plutonium that critics say could be used for nuclear weapons.

Without increasing nuclear technology, we lose out to China in nuclear leadership. The impact is Asian influence and proliferation.

Cullinane ’11
~[Scott Cullinane is a graduate student at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26catid=118:content%26Itemid=376-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26catid=118:content%26Itemid=376 ETB~]

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
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with very unsavory governments seems likely to increase the risks involving nuclear material.

U.S. leadership in Asia solves multiple scenarios for war

Goh 8 
(Evelyn, Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, "Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order," 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database)

This is the main structural dilemma: as long as the United States does not
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as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse.

Asian wars go nuclear

Landy 2k
 National Security Expert @ Knight Ridder, 3/10
(Jonathan, Knight Ridder, lexis)

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
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that totaled %24600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The United States Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on military bases within the United States.

SMRs deployable soon

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 11
("The Commercial Outlook for¶ U.S. Small Modular Nuclear¶ Reactors" http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf-http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, SEH)

Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
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Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.

Military procurement- solves commercial use proliferation and islanding- avoid regulation

Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear IndustryPosted" http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/-http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)

Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
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the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

DOD key- prevents unfavorable lock-in

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if ¶ small reactors do
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

AT States

Don’t solve

States can’t force DoD policy

States don’t have legal authority over military bases- they are enclaves

Tymkovich 12
(Seymour, Circuit Judge, "ALLISON v. BOEING LASER TECHNICAL SERVICES" http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=In%20FCO%2020120810042.xml%26docbase=CSLWAR3-2007-CURR-http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=In%20FCO%2020120810042.xml%26docbase=CSLWAR3-2007-CURR, SEH)

Under a body of constitutional law applicable to federal enclaves, U.S.
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law was expressly adopted by the enclave’s new sovereign, the federal government.

DOD key to nuclear

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From the perspective of larger national security issues, if DOD
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dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, ¶ and proliferation resistance.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Elections

Romney Wins - Bread and Peace Model

Obama loses

Hibbs 7/27
(Douglas A., retired professor of economics %26 political science, author/co-author of five books %26 dozens of journal articles, %26 active consultant; July 27, 2012, "Obama’s Re-election Prospects Under ’Bread and Peace’ Voting in the 2012 US Presidential Election," PS: Political Science %26 Politics, forthcoming – Kurr)

The Situation So Far¶ During the first thirteen full quarters of President Obama’s term
AND
values of incumbent vote shares at all postwar presidential elections 1952-2008.

Hibbs model best

Enten ’11 
Harry is a graduate of Hanover, NH. I graduated with adegree in government summa cum laude with a concentration in statistics and elections. I have previously interned at the NBC Political Unit in Washington D.C. (Spring 2009) %26 Pollster.com (spring and summer 2010), "The Hibbs Model Does Work at Predicting and Explaining Elections," http://poughies.blogspot.com/2011/06/hibbs-model-does-work-at-predicting-and.html-http://poughies.blogspot.com/2011/06/hibbs-model-does-work-at-predicting-and.html

Presidential elections are all about the economy, or are they? Those who have
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real disposable income growth data post-1948 like the Presidential model.¶ So

2AC Uniqueness Slayer

Link is non unique - Obama already pushed for SMR’s

New York Times 11
(Matthew L. Wald, "Administration to Push for Small ’Modular’ Reactors" http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?_r=3-http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?_r=3, SEH)

The Obama administration’s 2012 budget proposal will include a request for money to help develop
AND
an executive order to reduce its carbon footprint by 28 percent by 2020.

Romney Supports

Romney has supported Nuclear Power- there’s no reason he’d oppose the plan.

Romney’s stance on Iran is same as the status quo – no aggression 

CNN ’12
(Tom Cohen, 7/30/2012, "Romney talks tough but differs little from Obama on Iran", http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/30/politics/romney-iran/index.html-http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/30/politics/romney-iran/index.html)

Mitt Romney seeks to assure Israel and Iran, as well as Jewish voters in
AND
often gives way to oppression, to violence, or to devastating war."

2AC- Agencies Don’t Link

Agencies avoid politics – empirically proven

Shane 95   
Dean and Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh  (Peter, "Political Accountability in a System of Checks and Balances: The Case of Presidential Review of Rulemaking", 48 Ark. L. Rev. 161, 1995)

Such was the regulatory oversight system dedicated most faithfully to a categorical separation of powers
AND
president." 64 That would, of course, be the opposite of accountability

2AC Link Turn

New Military Base Spending is popular

Bloomberg 9/4
(Danielle Ivory, "Virginia Leads Swing States at Risk Over Cliff: BGOV Barometer" http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-04/virginia-leads-swing-states-at-risk-over-cliff-bgov-barometer.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-04/virginia-leads-swing-states-at-risk-over-cliff-bgov-barometer.html, SHE)

For some swing-state voters, the presidential election may come down to who
AND
because they derived less than 3 percent of their economy from federal contracts.

Top Political Scientists Agree the infusion of spending is popular 

Krinner %26 Reeves ’12  
Douglas is Associate Professor of Political Science at Boston University and Andrew is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Boston University, "The Influence of Federal Spending on Presidential Elections," http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPSR%2FPSR106_02%2FS0003055412000159a.pdf%26code=1c7ae66018f9fe746798fcc5c0bfb3b2-http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPSR%2FPSR106_02%2FS0003055412000159a.pdf%26code=1c7ae66018f9fe746798fcc5c0bfb3b2

This research thus suggests two ways in which the uneven distribution of grant spending across
AND
of voting¶ for the incumbent party’s candidate in the upcoming¶ election.

2AC No I/L

Energy not key

Voters won’t change their minds- new study proves

Bartles 9-21
Larry is Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt, "There go  the Undecided Voters," http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/09/21/there-go-the-undecided-voters/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+themonkeycagefeed+%28The+Monkey+Cage%29%26utm_content=Google+Reader-http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/09/21/there-go-the-undecided-voters/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+themonkeycagefeed+%28The+Monkey+Cage%29%26utm_content=Google+Reader

Lynn Vavreck has an informative piece on the New York Times Campaign Stops blog today
AND
colleagues in 2012 have 44,000 nationwide. That’s real scientific progress.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

AT Heidegger

Framework

Framework: the affirmative must defend a topical plan, the negative must defend the status quo or a competing policy option.

a) Best for real world education – our fw most closely resembles how policymakers decide on advocacy.

b) Fairness – our interp provides a clear way to compare two advocacies by weighing impacts which is essential to fairness. Their fw makes opportunity cost impossible and invites judge intervention.

c) Predictability – our fw ensures predictable aff ground because we predict args based upon our aff literature.

d) Infinitely regressive – there are an infinite number of philosophical perspectives from which they can argue

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Permutation

Perm: do both.

Only by combining methods can we avoid fragmentation and facilitate real political change to prevent planetary extinction – even if the perm risks cooption the apocalyptic imagery of the aff is rejuvenating to ecocriticism

JL Schatz. 2012. Professor of English and Feminist Evolutionary Studies %26 Director of Debate at Binghamton University. The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism. Journal of Ecocriticism: A New Journal of Nature, Society and Literature. 4(2) 

There are three things ecocriticism must keep in mind to retain its effectiveness in the
AND
the world that we will be able to envision how to save it. 

Perm: do the affirmative and the alternative in all other instances.

Regular Case Ext

Case outweighs and is a disad to the K –

a) Cyber attacks are the number one threat to US security – extend ABC News ’11 – only treating the energy grid as a security issue and opting for the plan  will sponsor the provision of small nuclear reactors to prevent cyber attacks. Two impacts:

1) Cyber attacks will eventually draw the US into conflicts. That’s Gelinas ’10.

2) Stopping blackouts is necessary to prevent the grid from being vulnerable to terrorist attacks that will escalate to extinction due to bioweapons and retaliation. Extend Defense Science Board ’8, Blair ’12, Ochs ’2, Pena ’2, and Conley 03.

b) Without SMRs, the US loses its status as the leader in nuclear technology. Extend Loudermilk. US leadership is key to prevent nuclear proliferation. The impact is extinction as a result of great power wars and the escalation of regional conflicts.. Extend Cimbala ’8, Kroenig ’12, and Kroenig ’9.

Managerialism/Enviro Securitization Good

Managerialism is necessary to prevent global extinction –processes of environmental destruction are unstoppable without intervention

Dr Neil Levy 1999. Fellow of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at Charles Sturt University. "Discourses of the Environment" p. 215
If the ’technological fix’ is unlikely to be more successful than strategies of limitation
AND
and of those with whom we share this planet, will be decided.  

ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITIZATION KEY TO HUMAN SURVIVAL AND INCENTIVIZE CONSERVATION.

CHALECKI 2K7 ~[Elizabeth, "environmental security: a case study of climate change", pacific institute for studies in development, environment and safety, Asst. Professor in the International Studies Program at Boston Collegehttp://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate_change.pdf-http://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate_change.pdf~]
The security of individuals, communities, nations, and the entire global community is  
AND
This makes global environmental conditions a legitimate national security concern for all countries.

Securitizing energy production is key to solve climate change

Guri Bang. 2010. Center for International Climate and Environmental Research in Norway. Energy security and climate change concerns: Triggers for energy policy change in the United States? Energy Policy. 38: 1645-1653.
These examples of debates in Congress show that in a situation with increased public concerns
AND
as incremental energy policy change that would at best not increase GHG emissions.

Warming risks global extinction

Deibel 2007 (Terry L, Professor of IR @ National War College, "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Enviro Securitization Inev

AND, ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITIZATION IS INEVITABLE – GLOBAL WARMING MAKES PEOPLE REACT TO RESOURCE SCARCITY CONCERNS, NO MATTER HOW EPISTEMOLOGICALLY FLAWED, THE ALT CAN’T CHANGE PERCEPTION.

CHALECKI 2K7
~[Elizabeth, "environmental security: a case study of climate change", pacific institute for studies in development, environment and safety, Asst. Professor in the International Studies Program at Boston Collegehttp://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate_change.pdf-http://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate_change.pdf~]

Climate change will mean more natural disasters as a result of shifting weather and precipitation
AND
population for scarce resources, civil and ethnic unrest may require peacekeeping troops.

Ontology Focus Bad

Debates about ontology are irrelevant to real world policy debates – pragmatism is more effective at facilitating social change

David McClean. 2001. philosopher, writer and business consultant, conducted graduate work in philosophy at NYU. "The cultural left and the limits of social hope" http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm
There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
if we treat policy and reform as more important than Spirit and Utopia.

PIKs Are Bad

1. Steals 1AC offense

2. Moots topic education

No Impact to Ontology

World War II proves that attempting to predict the impact of a particular ontology is futile – it cannot explain why modernity produced varying responses to the conflict within the same population from genocidal nationalist militarism to pacificsm.

Ontology has no political impact

Srnicek 09 ~[Nick, Ph.D Candidate in International Relations @ the London School of Economics, "Notes on Ontology and Politics," http://accursedshare.blogspot.com/2009/01/some-notes-on-ontology-and-politics.html~~]

It seems to me that one of the most contentious and unremarked upon effects of
AND
an ontological category, its political content is entirely underdetermined by ontological reasoning.)

Iranian military threat is overblown- any conflict would be limited

Luttwak 07
An American military strategist and historian who has published works on military strategy, history, and international relations. The Middle of Nowhere". Edward Nicolae Luttwak. 5/26/07. Prospect Issue 134.)  

Arab-Israeli catastrophism is wrong twice over, first because the conflict is contained
AND
stands ready to destroy any airstrip or jetty from which attacks are launched.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emporia State | Judge:
The exclusion of hemp from discussions of U.S. domestic energy production is an intellectual acquiescence to a targeted campaign of social racism to ensure corporate profitability while simultaneously creating a perpetual for-profit policing tool explicitly aimed at those cultures considered less advanced than white America.
Bramhall 2012
[dr. stuart Jeanne,  adolescent psychiatrist and political refugee in New Zealand, the politics of hemp, http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-02-09/politics-hemp, feb 9]
For nearly four decades, industrial … Tax Act was declared unconstitutional.
And, these historical prohibitions against industrial or energy applications hemp and marijuana are used to extend the racially prejudicial penal system into every street corner and alley, permeating the daily experience of racial minorities with perpetual alienation and criminalization.
Lendman 2012
[Stephen,  America’s Racist Drug Laws,  Sentencing Project Executive Director, leading expert on sentencing, race, and criminal justice, http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2012/02/06/america-s-racist-drug-laws]

For 25 years, it's "work(ed) for a … people, overwhelmingly young Black and Hispanic males.

Ed Forchion first explains his own experiences with law enforcement when he wrote in ‘99 “I, because I am a minority male I have known of this racial profiling or "DWB" ( Driving While Black) for years to be true. I cannot count the amount of time's I've had my car stopped, searched, then to justify the illegal act they write bogus tickets.”  http://www.njweedman.com/trooper_thornton.htm
In 2001, Forchion explained that the energy-based exclusion of hemp and the social prohibition on marijuana work in tandem to create a racialized penal system tantamount to mass slavery by criminalizing cultural difference and coercing assimilation through forced detention.

[Edward “njweedman”, 414575 Riverfront State Prison Camden, N.J. 08101, The Re-incarceration of Jim Crow: In regards to Amerikkkas racist war on drugs: the controlled substance act of 1970”]

Police officers, … their legislative actions.

THE US PRISON REGIME REMAINS CENTRAL TO AMERICAN WORLD ORDERING THAT USES MATERIAL AND DISCURSIVE REPRESSION TO PAVE THE WAY FOR WHITE SUPRMACY and NEOLIBERALism IS THE CAUSE OF AMERICAN GLOBALITY AND ENSURES DOMINATION, GENOCIDE, WAR, RACISM, AND BIOPOLITICAL CONTROL
Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
Kritika Kultura “AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON  TO BAGONG DIWA”
 Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   
In this meditation I am … global white supremacy.  
Our stand against prisons is a call for a broader movement connecting a critique of racism, sexism, heterosexism, classism and other oppressions. Moreover, it is possible to create a system that provides actual alternatives to imprisonment and domination.  Therefore this presentation represents the affirmation of an interrogation of, and position against the American prison system and all social relations that support its permanence
Social Justice Movements '06
http://socialjustice.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/index.php/Abolish_Prisons
Given that over two … - one with a clear goal of prison abolition.

Our advocacy should thus be understood as part of an intellectual struggle against the racialized practices that justify colonialism, imperialism, and fascism, and hence allow for the existence of the prison system. A failure to confront contemporary displays of the state’s history of sovereign domination threatens the entire world.
NIKHIL SINGH 2006,  Professor of History at the University of Washington, South Atlantic Quarterly “The Afterlife of fascism”

The philosopher Giorgio Agamben … the entire world in danger.

Our focus on a critique of the American imperial prison system is key to ending the practices that manage and enslave people of color all over the world
Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
Kritika Kultura “AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:  STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON  TO BAGONG DIWA”  Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   

Variable, overlapping, and mutually … is organic to its ordering. 

Rejections of whiteness only serve to alienate those who coincidentally live this experience from participation in anti-racist struggle like critique of the American prisons system.
Shannon Sullivan.Penn State University Charles S. Peirce Society. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society. Buffalo: 2008. Vol. 44, Iss. 2; pg. 236, 27 pgs
It is commonly acknowledged today, at … be effective in practice.
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE NEUTRAL ON A MOVING TRAIN – THE U.S. RACIAL PENAL REGIME IS BEING GLOBALIZED INSTALLING WHITE SUPREMACY ACROSS THE GLOBE. ONLY THE 1AC’S THEORIZATION OF THIS FOUNDATIONAL RACIAL VIOLENCE THROUGH THE LENS OF THE U.S. PRISON SYSTEM CAN CREATE AN OVERLAP OF SCHOLARLY PRAXIS AND ACTIVIST MOBILIZATION.  
Dylan Rodriguez, Professer University of California Riverside, November 2007
Kritika Kultura “AMERICAN GLOBALITY   AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME:
STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON  
TO BAGONG DIWA” Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/KK09.pdf)   
I am suggesting a conception … (grassroots as well as professional) scholarly praxis. 

The affirmative should win the debate if our intellectual critique is found superior to the SQ or the negative’s competitive alternative. 

INTELLECTUAL RESISTANCE IS KEY TO UNWORKING THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF TRUTH AND POWER THAT ENSURE DOMINATION.
Roger Alan DEACON. 2003. Political Science Researcher w/a Doctorate from U of Natal – Durban. Fabricating Foucault: Rationalising the Management of Individuals. P 272-5
To problematize the … relations of power to individual human subjects. 

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: 

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should procure, through alternative financing, electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States.

Alternative financing arrangements reduce costs and spur unique commercial spillover

Fitzpatrick, Freed and Eyoan, 11
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy at Third Way, Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way, and Mieke Eoyan, Director for National Security at Third Way, June 2011, Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance CleanEnergy Technology... And Why It Has To, content.thirdway.org/publications/414/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf

The DoD has over %24400 billion in annual purchasing power, which means the
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of the economy, it should make clean energy innovation its newest priority.

SMRs deployable soon

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 11
("The Commercial Outlook for¶ U.S. Small Modular Nuclear¶ Reactors" http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf-http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, SEH)

Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
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Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.

Military procurement- solves commercial use proliferation and islanding- avoid regulation

Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear IndustryPosted" http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/-http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)

Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
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the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

DOD key- prevents unfavorable lock-in

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if ¶ small reactors do
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Double | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: 

1. It’s a non-falsifiable claim written for no reason other than web traffic

2. It is NOT in Obama’s character and HIGHLY unlikely

HEILBRUNN ’12
http://nationalinterest.org/blog/jacob-heilbrunn/obamas-october-surprise-bombing-iran-7285
But as Romney calls for "any and all measures" to stop Iran,
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Tehran, he might even start referring to himself as the new Decider.

Iranian military threat is overblown- any conflict would be limited

Luttwak 07 
An American military strategist and historian who has published works on military strategy, history, and international relations. The Middle of Nowhere". Edward Nicolae Luttwak. 5/26/07. Prospect Issue 134.)  

Arab-Israeli catastrophism is wrong twice over, first because the conflict is contained
AND
stands ready to destroy any airstrip or jetty from which attacks are launched.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: 

Should means "ought"

American Heritage Dictionary 10
~["should," date last modified, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should~~]

Should 1. simple past tense of shall.¶ 2. (used to express condition): Were he to arrive, I should be pleased.¶ 3. must; ought (used to indicate duty, propriety, or expediency): You should not do that.¶ 4. would (used to make a statement less direct or blunt): I should think you would apologize.

That means we just need to make a recommendation

American Heritage Dictionary 10
 ~["should," date last modified, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should~~]

Used to express probability or expectation: They should arrive at noon.

Resolved is before the colon and not in the plan text

Webster’s 2k 
(Guide to Grammar and Writing, http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm)

Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on… If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the colon with a capital letter

resolved means to decide

Princeton Wordnet 10
~["resolved," date last modified, http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=resolved~~]

S: (v) purpose, resolve (reach a decision) "he resolved never to drink again"

Substantially

Dictioanry.com
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantial-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantial

1. of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.

EPA fails at their job don’t follow their own regulations – lawsuits prove

Fimrite ’11
(Peter Fimrite, Chronicle Staff Writer, "Suit says EPA fails to shield species from poisons" 4:00 a.m., Friday, January 21, 2011 http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Suit-says-EPA-fails-to-shield-species-from-poisons-2478117.php-http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Suit-says-EPA-fails-to-shield-species-from-poisons-2478117.php, TSW)

Two environmental groups filed a lawsuit Thursday accusing the U.S. Environmental Protection
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spokesman for the EPA, said the agency cannot comment on pending litigation.

The environment is indestructible

Easterbrook 95
Distinguished Fellow, Fullbright Foundation
(Gregg, A Moment on Earth pg 25) 

IN THE AFTERMATH OF EVENTS SUCH AS LOVE CANAL OR THE Exxon Valdez oil spill
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are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting. 

Won’t cause extinction

Easterbrook ’3
(Gregg, senior fellow at The New Republic, July, Wired Magazine, "We’re All Gonna Die%21" http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1%26topic=%26topic_set-http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1%26topic=%26topic_set=) 

If we’re talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
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as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.

2AC AT Meltdowns- SMR’s are safe

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375, SEH)

Promoting safer nuclear power¶ The debate over nuclear energy over the years has consistently
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, an accident affecting one reactor would be limited to that individual reactor.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: 

Overwhelmed now – Japan does not even listen to the IAEA

Dagger 12
~[Christine (Correspondent for Yahoo News) "Nuclear Disaster Planning: Japan, Tepco and the IAEA All Failed to Plan for a Possible Meltdown" Yahoo News,  http://voices.yahoo.com/nuclear-disaster-planning-japan-tepco-iaea-8089984.html-http://voices.yahoo.com/nuclear-disaster-planning-japan-tepco-iaea-8089984.html 

It’s easy of course for the layman - like me and a billion others -
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eventual impact of the emergency will be on Japan or the wider world.

IAEA would work in early design stages – checks the impact

Campagna 10
~[Mark, July, American Nuclear Society, "PHYSICAL SECURITY FOR SMALL MODULAR REACTORS" https://www.google.com/url?sa=t%26rct=j%26q=%26esrc=s%26source=web%26cd=6%26ved=0CEYQFjAF%26url=https%3A%2F%2Fsmr.inl.gov%2FDocument.ashx%3Fpath%3DDOCS%252FReading%2BRoom%252FPolicy%2Band%2Bregulation%252FANS%2BSMR%2BPHYSICAL%2BSECURITY%2B910.pdf%26ei=pz5ZUJ8xg_jzBMmFgMgP%26usg=AFQjCNFYkczfb8249GQAzntiS5tO_AAVPA%26cad=rja-https://www.google.com/url?sa=t%26rct=j%26q=%26esrc=s%26source=web%26cd=6%26ved=0CEYQFjAF%26url=https%3A%2F%2Fsmr.inl.gov%2FDocument.ashx%3Fpath%3DDOCS%252FReading%2BRoom%252FPolicy%2Band%2Bregulation%252FANS%2BSMR%2BPHYSICAL%2BSECURITY%2B910.pdf%26ei=pz5ZUJ8xg_jzBMmFgMgP%26usg=AFQjCNFYkczfb8249GQAzntiS5tO_AAVPA%26cad=rja ~]

Since SMRs are generally in the early stages of development, a significant opportunity exists
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appropriate qualified engineers/designers during very early stages of design/engineering.

IAEA is terrible – Iran proves

Blitz et al 12
~[James %26 Najmeh Bozorgmehr 2/22 "West dismayed at failure of IAEA talks in Iran", Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dc8d8114-5d79-11e1-8bb6-00144feabdc0.html~~%23axzz25QpY83Bq ~]

The failure of talks this week between Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency over
AND
contains on Iran’s progress in developing a second uranium enrichment site near Qom.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: 

The United States Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on military bases within the United States.

Small nuclear reactors key to prevent bases from being vulnerable to inevitable grid outages.

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to provide its ¶ bases with electricity when the
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order to win an ongoing battle or war would ¶ be greatly reduced.

Grid will go down- four reasons

Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, "More Fight – Less Fuel" http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf-http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

5.3  Four Sources of Risk for Grid Outages ¶ The first risk is
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controls used by other forms ¶ of energy, notably oil and gas.  

Grid failure shuts down US military operations

Paul Stockton 11, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, "Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come", http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11-http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11

The cyber threat to the DIB is only part of a much larger challenge to
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system over which it does not – and never will – exercise control.

Cyber-attack is the biggest national security threat

ABC News 11
(Huma Khan, "Cyber Attack on U.S. Electric Grid ’Gravest Short Term Threat’ to National Security, Lawmakers Say" http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/05/cyber-attack-on-us-electric-grid-gravest-short-term-threat-to-national-security-lawmakers-say/-http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/05/cyber-attack-on-us-electric-grid-gravest-short-term-threat-to-national-security-lawmakers-say/, SEH)

The United States is ill-prepared to deal with a cyber attack on the
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the House Energy and Commerce Committee. "They are very technically sophisticated."

Current policy of cyber deterrence risks spoofing- leads to nuclear war.

Gelinas 10
(Ryan Richard, thesis for Master of Arts¶ in Security Studies from Georgetown, "CYBERDETERRENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTION" https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1-https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1, SEH)

The set of cases analyzed here demonstrate decisively that attribution of cyber attacks is ¶
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policy tool will be better preserved for realms where it is more applicable.

Absence of command signals causes satellite malfunction

Coleman, 10 
(Kevin Coleman, Defense Tech Chief Cyber War Correspondent, Cyber War = Space War, March 1st, 2010, http://defensetech.org/2010/03/01/cyber-war-space-war/~%23ixzz1948Fvj1r-http://defensetech.org/2010/03/01/cyber-war-space-war/ )

While the satellite broadband market slowed in 2009 because of the poor economy, it
AND
and are integrated with and dependent on communication satellite systems in outer space.

Satellites key to hege

Martin 10
(Donald, Employee of the Aerospace Corporation, A History of US Military Satellite Communication Systems, Aerospace Corporation Magazine, http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/01.html-http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/01.html, )

U.S. military satellite communications have improved and expanded greatly over the past four decades, from SCORE through DSCS III, UFO, and Milstar. Capabilities have grown dramatically with the development of satellite and electronics technologies. Higher-power and wider-bandwidth satellites have enabled increased information transmission to an ever-wider assortment of terminal types deployed with an increasing number and variety of military units. Throughout this history, and now, Aerospace has been involved in every phase of development and deployment of DOD satellite communication systems, from concept development and requirements definition through design and test reviews to launch preparations and on-orbit testing and operations. Aerospace regularly applies lessons learned in the course of one program to all DOD satellite programs. As military satellite communication systems improve, they continue to provide information superiority to the U.S. military. This enables our military forces to remain dominant in the increasing speed and diversity of their actions during times of peace as well as times of conflict.

Hegemony key to global peace and solving great power wars

Barnett 11
Thomas P.M. Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
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the status quo power, we remain the world’s most vigorously revisionist force.
As for the sheer "evil" that is our military-industrial complex,
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in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.
To continue the historical survey, after salvaging Western Europe from its half-century of civil war, the U.S. emerged as the progenitor of a new, far more just form of globalization — one based on actual free trade rather than colonialism. America then successfully replicated globalization further in East Asia over the second half of the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

American hegemony key to the current international order

Kagan 12
(Mr. Kagan is a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, "Why the World Needs America" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html~%23printMode-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html, SEH)

History shows that world orders, including our own, are transient. They rise
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what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy—-best statistical studies prove

Owen 11 
John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
if all is going to be well, what need then for us?
Our colleagues at Simon Fraser University are brave indeed. That may sound like a
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academic debates, this might get mildly theoretical and even more mildly methodological.
Concerning international wars, one version of the "nuclear-peace" theory is not in fact laid to rest by the data. It is certainly true that nuclear-armed states have been involved in many wars. They have even been attacked (think of Israel), which falsifies the simple claim of "assured destruction"—that any nuclear country A will deter any kind of attack by any country B because B fears a retaliatory nuclear strike from A.
But the most important "nuclear-peace" claim has been about mutually assured
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that states with a second-strike capability will not fight one another.
Their colossal atomic arsenals neither kept the United States at peace with North Vietnam during
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War III, and little about the wisdom of banning the Bomb now.
Regarding the downward trend in international war, Professor Mack is friendlier to more palatable
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superpower support for rival rebel factions in so many Third-World countries).
These are all plausible mechanisms for peace. What is more, none of them
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and whether both might support international cooperation, including to end civil wars.
We would still need to explain how this charmed circle of causes got started, however. And here let me raise another factor, perhaps even less appealing than the "nuclear peace" thesis, at least outside of the United States. That factor is what international relations scholars call hegemony—specifically American hegemony.
A theory that many regard as discredited, but that refuses to go away,
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been good for the world that the United States has been so predominant.
There is no obvious reason why hegemonic stability theory could not apply to other areas of international cooperation, including in security affairs, human rights, international law, peacekeeping (UN or otherwise), and so on. What I want to suggest here—suggest, not test—is that American hegemony might just be a deep cause of the steady decline of political deaths in the world.
How could that be? After all, the report states that United States is the third most war-prone country since 1945. Many of the deaths depicted in Figure 10.4 were in wars that involved the United States (the Vietnam War being the leading one). Notwithstanding politicians’ claims to the contrary, a candid look at U.S. foreign policy reveals that the country is as ruthlessly self-interested as any other great power in history.
The answer is that U.S. hegemony might just be a deeper cause
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War most of its allies accepted some degree of market-driven growth.
Second, the U.S.-led western victory in the Cold War damaged
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in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon.
The same case can be made, with somewhat more difficulty, concerning the spread
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U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Violence and war are decreasing

Pinker 11 
Steven Pinker is Professor of psychology at Harvard University "Violence Vanquished" Sept 24 online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html

On the day this article appears, you will read about a shocking act of violence. Somewhere in the world there will be a terrorist bombing, a senseless murder, a bloody insurrection. It’s impossible to learn about these catastrophes without thinking, "What is the world coming to?"
But a better question may be, "How bad was the world in the past?"
Believe it or not, the world of the past was much worse. Violence has been in decline for thousands of years, and today we may be living in the most peaceable era in the existence of our species.
The decline, to be sure, has not been smooth. It has not brought violence down to zero, and it is not guaranteed to continue. But it is a persistent historical development, visible on scales from millennia to years, from the waging of wars to the spanking of children.
This claim, I know, invites skepticism, incredulity, and sometimes anger.
AND
, so people’s impressions of violence will be disconnected from its actual likelihood.
Evidence of our bloody history is not hard to find. Consider the genocides in the Old Testament and the crucifixions in the New, the gory mutilations in Shakespeare’s tragedies and Grimm’s fairy tales, the British monarchs who beheaded their relatives and the American founders who dueled with their rivals.
Today the decline in these brutal practices can be quantified. A look at the numbers shows that over the course of our history, humankind has been blessed with six major declines of violence.
The first was a process of pacification: the transition from the anarchy of the hunting, gathering and horticultural societies in which our species spent most of its evolutionary history to the first agricultural civilizations, with cities and governments, starting about 5,000 years ago.
For centuries, social theorists like Hobbes and Rousseau speculated from their armchairs about what life was like in a "state of nature." Nowadays we can do better. Forensic archeology—a kind of "CSI: Paleolithic"—can estimate rates of violence from the proportion of skeletons in ancient sites with bashed-in skulls, decapitations or arrowheads embedded in bones. And ethnographers can tally the causes of death in tribal peoples that have recently lived outside of state control.
These investigations show that, on average, about 15% of people in prestate eras died violently, compared to about 3% of the citizens of the earliest states. Tribal violence commonly subsides when a state or empire imposes control over a territory, leading to the various "paxes" (Romana, Islamica, Brittanica and so on) that are familiar to readers of history.
It’s not that the first kings had a benevolent interest in the welfare of their citizens. Just as a farmer tries to prevent his livestock from killing one another, so a ruler will try to keep his subjects from cycles of raiding and feuding. From his point of view, such squabbling is a dead loss—forgone opportunities to extract taxes, tributes, soldiers and slaves.
The second decline of violence was a civilizing process that is best documented in Europe. Historical records show that between the late Middle Ages and the 20th century, European countries saw a 10- to 50-fold decline in their rates of homicide.
The numbers are consistent with narrative histories of the brutality of life in the Middle Ages, when highwaymen made travel a risk to life and limb and dinners were commonly enlivened by dagger attacks. So many people had their noses cut off that medieval medical textbooks speculated about techniques for growing them back.
Historians attribute this decline to the consolidation of a patchwork of feudal territories into large kingdoms with centralized authority and an infrastructure of commerce. Criminal justice was nationalized, and zero-sum plunder gave way to positive-sum trade. People increasingly controlled their impulses and sought to cooperate with their neighbors.
The third transition, sometimes called the Humanitarian Revolution, took off with the Enlightenment. Governments and churches had long maintained order by punishing nonconformists with mutilation, torture and gruesome forms of execution, such as burning, breaking, disembowelment, impalement and sawing in half. The 18th century saw the widespread abolition of judicial torture, including the famous prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishment" in the eighth amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
At the same time, many nations began to whittle down their list of capital crimes from the hundreds (including poaching, sodomy, witchcraft and counterfeiting) to just murder and treason. And a growing wave of countries abolished blood sports, dueling, witchhunts, religious persecution, absolute despotism and slavery.
The fourth major transition is the respite from major interstate war that we have seen since the end of World War II. Historians sometimes refer to it as the Long Peace.
Today we take it for granted that Italy and Austria will not come to blows
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, if one calculates violent deaths as a proportion of the world’s population).
Though it’s tempting to attribute the Long Peace to nuclear deterrence, non-nuclear developed states have stopped fighting each other as well. Political scientists point instead to the growth of democracy, trade and international organizations—all of which, the statistical evidence shows, reduce the likelihood of conflict. They also credit the rising valuation of human life over national grandeur—a hard-won lesson of two world wars.
The fifth trend, which I call the New Peace, involves war in the
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inept governments, challenged by insurgencies and armed by the cold war superpowers.
The less bad news is that civil wars tend to kill far fewer people than wars between states. And the best news is that, since the peak of the cold war in the 1970s and ’80s, organized conflicts of all kinds—civil wars, genocides, repression by autocratic governments, terrorist attacks—have declined throughout the world, and their death tolls have declined even more precipitously.
The rate of documented direct deaths from political violence (war, terrorism, genocide and warlord militias) in the past decade is an unprecedented few hundredths of a percentage point. Even if we multiplied that rate to account for unrecorded deaths and the victims of war-caused disease and famine, it would not exceed 1%.
The most immediate cause of this New Peace was the demise of communism, which
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more often than when adversaries are left to fight to the bitter end.
Finally, the postwar era has seen a cascade of "rights revolutions"—a growing revulsion against aggression on smaller scales. In the developed world, the civil rights movement obliterated lynchings and lethal pogroms, and the women’s-rights movement has helped to shrink the incidence of rape and the beating and killing of wives and girlfriends.
In recent decades, the movement for children’s rights has significantly reduced rates of spanking, bullying, paddling in schools, and physical and sexual abuse. And the campaign for gay rights has forced governments in the developed world to repeal laws criminalizing homosexuality and has had some success in reducing hate crimes against gay people.
Why has violence declined so dramatically for so long? Is it because violence has literally been bred out of us, leaving us more peaceful by nature?
This seems unlikely. Evolution has a speed limit measured in generations, and many of these declines have unfolded over decades or even years. Toddlers continue to kick, bite and hit; little boys continue to play-fight; people of all ages continue to snipe and bicker, and most of them continue to harbor violent fantasies and to enjoy violent entertainment.
It’s more likely that human nature has always comprised inclinations toward violence and inclinations that counteract them—such as self-control, empathy, fairness and reason—what Abraham Lincoln called "the better angels of our nature." Violence has declined because historical circumstances have increasingly favored our better angels.
The most obvious of these pacifying forces has been the state, with its monopoly on the legitimate use of force. A disinterested judiciary and police can defuse the temptation of exploitative attack, inhibit the impulse for revenge and circumvent the self-serving biases that make all parties to a dispute believe that they are on the side of the angels.
We see evidence of the pacifying effects of government in the way that rates of
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lawsuit to resolve their disputes but have to administer their own rough justice.
Another pacifying force has been commerce, a game in which everybody can win. As technological progress allows the exchange of goods and ideas over longer distances and among larger groups of trading partners, other people become more valuable alive than dead. They switch from being targets of demonization and dehumanization to potential partners in reciprocal altruism.
For example, though the relationship today between America and China is far from warm, we are unlikely to declare war on them or vice versa. Morality aside, they make too much of our stuff, and we owe them too much money.
A third peacemaker has been cosmopolitanism—the expansion of people’s parochial little worlds through literacy, mobility, education, science, history, journalism and mass media. These forms of virtual reality can prompt people to take the perspective of people unlike themselves and to expand their circle of sympathy to embrace them.
These technologies have also powered an expansion of rationality and objectivity in human affairs.
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that the Long Peace and rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village.

Focus on deterrence and democracy is key to adverting crisis escalation—reject infinite root causes that debilitate action

Moore 4
John Moore 4 chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int’l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
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in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Shocks to the system are the ONLY propensity for conflict—liberal norms have eradicated warfare and structural violence—every field study proves

HORGAN 9
JOHN is Director of the Center for Science at Stevens Institute of Technology, former senior writer at Scientific American, B.A. from Columbia and an M.S. from Columbia "The End of the Age of War," Dec 7 http://www.newsweek.com/id/225616/page/1
The economic crisis was supposed to increase violence around the world. The truth is
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phenomenon," says John Mueller, a political scientist at Ohio State University.
That might sound crazy, but consider: if war is defined as a conflict
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insurgencies, and terrorism—what Mueller calls the "remnants of war."
These facts would provide little comfort if war’s remnants were nonetheless killing millions of people—but they’re not. Recent studies reveal a clear downward trend. In 2008, 25,600 combatants and civilians were killed as a direct result of armed conflicts, according to the University of Uppsala Conflict Data Program in Sweden. Two thirds of these deaths took place in just three trouble spots: Sri Lanka (8,400), Afghanistan (4,600), and Iraq (4,000).
Uppsala’s figures exclude deaths from "one-sided conflict," in which combatants deliberately
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In contrast, car accidents kill more than 1 million people a year.
The contrast between our century and the previous one is striking. In the second
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cultures, such as the Aztecs, the Romans, and the Greeks.
By far the most warlike societies are those that preceded civilization. War killed as
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burning appear as a complex response to the external stress of environmental problems."
Early civilizations, such as those founded in Mesopotamia and Egypt 6,000 years ago, were extremely warlike. They assembled large armies and began inventing new techniques and technologies for killing, from horse-drawn chariots and catapults to bombs. But nation-states also developed laws and institutions for resolving disputes nonviolently, at least within their borders. These cultural innovations helped reduce the endless, tit-for-tat feuding that plagued pre-state societies.
A host of other cultural factors may explain the more recent drop-off in
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and depletion of natural resources, which can otherwise lead to social unrest.
Better public health is another contributing factor. Over the past century, average life spans have almost doubled, which could make us less willing to risk our lives by engaging in war and other forms of violence, proposes Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker. At the same time, he points out, globalization and communications have made us increasingly interdependent on, and empathetic toward, others outside of our immediate "tribes."
Of course, the world remains a dangerous place, vulnerable to disruptive, unpredictable
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political scientist Nils Petter Gleditsch of the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo.
So far the trends are positive. If they continue, who knows? World peace—the dream of countless visionaries and -beauty—pageant -contestants—or something like it may finally come to pass.

Our authors’ methods are accurate

SØRENSEN 98  
Prof of IR ~[GEORG SØRENSEN, Professor of International Politics and Economics @ Aarhus Univ. "IR Theory after the cold war" Review of International Studies (1998), 24 : 83-100 Cambridge University Press~] 

What, then, are the more general problems with the extreme versions of the
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post-positivism is metatheoretically compelled to embrace any conceivable change project.28

Critical alternatives fail to change the practice of energy production- it fragments and depoliticizes opposition, means only the permutation solves anything

Milja Kurki 2011, lecturer in international politics at Aberystwyth University and principal investigator of the Political Economies of Democratisation project at Aberystwyth University, September 2011, "The Limitations of the Critical Edge: Reflections on Critical and Philosophical IR Scholarship Today," Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 40, No. 1, p. 129-146

It is a sign of the times that while dissatisfaction with the political and economic
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IR can be re-politicised, brought back closer together and reinvigorated.

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Advantage 2 Leadership

SMR key to nuclear leadership

Rosner and Goldberg 11
(Robert Rosner, astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director, Argonne National Laboratory ¶ Senior Fellow, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago¶ Research Coordinator, Global Nuclear Future Initiative ¶ American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power ¶ Generation in the U.S." Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, http://csis.org/files/attachments/111129_SMR_White_Paper.pdf-http://csis.org/files/attachments/111129_SMR_White_Paper.pdf, SEH)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission ¶
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, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly ¶ emerging, China.

US dominance in SMR’s key to nuclear leadership which prevents proliferation

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375, SEH)

Combating proliferation with US leadership¶ Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the
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reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

That leads to runaway proliferation

Macalister 9
(Terry, energy editor of the Guardian, He is an award-winning journalist and has just produced a new ebook  focusing on the opportunities and threats posed by industrialization of the Arctic. "New generation of nuclear power stations ’risk terrorist anarchy" http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste-http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste. SEH)

The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other
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to build new nuclear plants in Britain declined to comment on the issue.

Proliferation risks nuclear war due to brinkmanship games- questions of deterrence miss the point.

Kroenig 12
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" Non Proliferation Policy Center, http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30~~%23_ftn11-http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30, SEH)

First and foremost, proliferation optimists do not appear to understand contemporary deterrence theory.
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reveal the shortcomings of their analysis and fail to make a compelling case.

Proliferation draws major powers in to regional disputes

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation" Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

There is direct evidence that regional conflicts involving nuclear powers can ¶ encourage power-
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the United States would never allow an extended conflict in nuclear South Asia. 

That leads to great power war

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation" Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

Leaders in power-projecting states also fear that regional instability set off by nuclear
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another dangerous flash-point in the uncertain Sino-American strategic relationship.  

US investment in SMRs key to beat china

Chu ’10
(Mr. Chu is the U.S. Secretary of Energy. "America’s New Nuclear Option" March 23, 2010 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704231304575092130239999278.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704231304575092130239999278.html)

Perhaps most importantly, investing in nuclear energy will position America to lead in a
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, eliminating the plutonium that critics say could be used for nuclear weapons.

Without increasing nuclear technology, we lose out to China in nuclear leadership. The impact is Asian influence and proliferation.

Cullinane ’11
~Scott Cullinane is a graduate student at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26catid=118:content%26Itemid=376-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26catid=118:content%26Itemid=376 ETB~

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
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with very unsavory governments seems likely to increase the risks involving nuclear material.

U.S. leadership in Asia solves multiple scenarios for war

Goh 8 
(Evelyn, Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, "Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order," 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database)

This is the main structural dilemma: as long as the United States does not
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as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse.

Asian wars go nuclear

Landy 2k
 National Security Expert @ Knight Ridder, 3/10
(Jonathan, Knight Ridder, lexis)

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
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that totaled %24600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Advantage 1- Islanding

Small nuclear reactors key to prevent bases from being vulnerable to inevitable grid outages- the impact is nuclear war

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to provide its ¶ bases with electricity when the
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order to win an ongoing battle or war would ¶ be greatly reduced.

Grid failure in the next 3 years- smart grids fail

Huff 12
(Ethan A, staff writer at natural news "Hacking expert says catastrophic failure of smart energy grid within 3 year" http://usahitman.com/hcfseg/-http://usahitman.com/hcfseg/, SEH)

For at least the past five years, the federal government has been pushing utility
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Internet, and effectively without any protection, is insanity at its finest."

Grid will go down- four reasons

Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, "More Fight – Less Fuel" http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf-http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

5.3  Four Sources of Risk for Grid Outages ¶ The first risk is
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controls used by other forms ¶ of energy, notably oil and gas.  

Al Qaeda can and will pull off a cyber-attack – Al Qaeda video proves

Cloherty ’12
(Jack Cloherty is the lead producer for the Justice Department/Homeland Security beat at World News. "Virtual Terrorism: Al Qaeda Video Calls for ’Electronic Jihad’" May 22, 2012 accessed online September 15, 2012 at http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/cyber-terrorism-al-qaeda-video-calls-electronic-jihad/story?id=16407875~~%23.UFS0p42PVe-, TSW)

Al Qaeda may be turning its destructive attention to cyber-warfare against the United
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increase of 10,000 reports over the same period the previous year.

Current policy of cyber deterrence risks spoofing- leads to nuclear war.

Gelinas 10
(Ryan Richard, thesis for Master of Arts¶ in Security Studies from Georgetown, "CYBERDETERRENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTION" https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1-https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1, SEH)

The set of cases analyzed here demonstrate decisively that attribution of cyber attacks is ¶
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policy tool will be better preserved for realms where it is more applicable.

That risks terrorism

Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, "More Fight – Less Fuel" http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf-http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

DoD’s key problem with electricity is that critical missions, such as national strategic ¶
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of their missions is as important as ¶ within the U.S. 

Numerous attempts prove our impact

Wagner 9/11
(Dr. Abraham R. Wagner is a Professor of International and Public Affairs at the ¶ Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War %26 Peace Studies at Columbia University. "Counter-Terrorism Technologies — Taking Stock on 9/11" 09/11/2012 2:13 pm accessed online September 11, 2012 at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abraham-r-wagner/counterterrorism-technolo_b_1874521.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abraham-r-wagner/counterterrorism-technolo_b_1874521.html, TSW)

On this 11th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, it makes sense to
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as to why the fundamental problems in this area remain to be solved.

Leads to a bioattack.

De Rugy and Pena 2
, *policy analyst, *senior defense policy analyst at the Cato Institute, (Veronique and Charles, " Responding to the Threat of Smallpox Bioterrorism An Ounce of Prevention Is Best Approach" April 18, Policy Analysis No. 432 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa434.pdf-http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa434.pdf)  

There is evidence that al-Qaeda members have been trying to acquire nuclear materials
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mitigate the consequences of an attack, need to be examined and evaluated. 

Terrorists can obtain Bio-weapons and will use them – Syria Demise

Blair ’12
(Charles P. Blair joined FAS in June 2010. He is the Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats. Born and raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Mr. Blair was an exchange student in Moscow in the mid-1980s, witnessing firsthand the closing salvos of the Cold War. Since the end of that era, Mr. Blair has worked on issues relating to the diffusion and diversification of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the context of proliferation amid the rise of mass casualty terrorism incidents and the centripetal and centrifugal elements of globalization. Mr. Blair’s work focuses on state and violent non-state actors (VNSA) – amid a dystopic and increasingly tribal world. "Fearful of a nuclear Iran? The real WMD nightmare is Syria" 1 MARCH 2012 accessed online August 22, 2012 at http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/fearful-of-nuclear-iran-the-real-wmd-nightmare-syria)

As possible military action against Iran’s suspected nuclear weapons program looms large in the public
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political or religious persuasion, in the Middle East and around the world.

Extinction

Ochs 2 
(Richard, Naturalist – Grand Teton National park with Masters in Natural Resource Management – Rutgers, "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately" 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.  

Even if it doesn’t kill everyone retaliation would

Conley 03 
(Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power Journal- Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html 

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
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be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made."48 

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Plan

The United States Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on military bases within the United States.

Solvency

SMRs deployable soon

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 11
("The Commercial Outlook for¶ U.S. Small Modular Nuclear¶ Reactors" http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf-http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, SEH)

Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
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Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.

Military procurement solves commercial use proliferation and islanding- avoid regulation

Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear IndustryPosted" http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/-http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)

Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
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the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

DOD key- prevents unfavorable lock-in

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications" Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if ¶ small reactors do
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

They have the personnel

Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?" 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)

Section 332 of the FY2010 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), "Extension and
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of energy for our critical military facilities will leverage this knowledge and experience.

Thumpers

Obama budget

New York Times 11
(Matthew L. Wald, "Administration to Push for Small ’Modular’ Reactors" http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?_r=3-http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?_r=3, SEH)

The Obama administration’s 2012 budget proposal will include a request for money to help develop
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an executive order to reduce its carbon footprint by 28 percent by 2020.

Romney has endorsed SMR’s and removing restrictions

Physics Today 10-1
"Obama, Romney Agree on Support for Basic Research But Little Else," http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i10/p22_s1?bypassSSO=1-http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i10/p22_s1?bypassSSO=1

Romney has embraced nuclear energy, which by any reckoning is capital intensive. He
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the first two reactors to be built in the US since the 1970s.

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMu | Judge: 

Procurement T

1. We meet- plan creates incentives and secures a market for nuclear energy

2. We meet- paying them is the financial incentive

3. Counter interpretation- financial incentives are disbursement of public funds or contingent commitments

Webb 93
(lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Ground- it is grounded in the literature and is the only way to intrinsically keep military affs in the topic which are key to beat states counterplans, and it links much harder to disads

Predictability- our evidence has a definitive list and an intent to define, and is supported in the literature

Limits- only adds procurement affs to their list, but limits out all indirect incentive effects their allows

Education- key to talk about different actors use of energy and how energy’s connection to the military, and no aff makes sense where the government is the consumer

Reasonability key to prevent a race to the most limiting definition

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

AT States

Perm do both

Links as much to politics as the plan

Don’t solve

States can’t force DoD policy

States don’t have legal authority over military bases- they are enclaves

Tymkovich 12
(Seymour, Circuit Judge, "ALLISON v. BOEING LASER TECHNICAL SERVICES" http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=In%20FCO%2020120810042.xml%26docbase=CSLWAR3-2007-CURR-http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=In%20FCO%2020120810042.xml%26docbase=CSLWAR3-2007-CURR, SEH)

Under a body of constitutional law applicable to federal enclaves, U.S.
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law was expressly adopted by the enclave’s new sovereign, the federal government.

If they can get around that proves 50 state fiat is bullshit because allows them to skirt around literature and moot all 1AC offense

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Elections

Obama budget

New York Times 11
(Matthew L. Wald, "Administration to Push for Small ’Modular’ Reactors" http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?_r=3-http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?_r=3, SEH)

The Obama administration’s 2012 budget proposal will include a request for money to help develop
AND
an executive order to reduce its carbon footprint by 28 percent by 2020.

Romney has endorsed SMR’s and removing restrictions
Physics Today 10-1
"Obama, Romney Agree on Support for Basic Research But Little Else," http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i10/p22_s1?bypassSSO=1-http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i10/p22_s1?bypassSSO=1

Romney has embraced nuclear energy, which by any reckoning is capital intensive. He
AND
the first two reactors to be built in the US since the 1970s.

Romney can’t come back- history
Klein 9-24
Ezra is a Columnist for the Washington Post and Bloomberg, "Romney’s Nightmare Scenario," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/09/24/romneys-nightmare-scenario/?tid=pm_business_pop-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/09/24/romneys-nightmare-scenario/?tid=pm_business_pop

After all, Romney’s deficit in the polls is not a momentary blip. He
AND
would be literally unprecedented for Romney to mount a comeback at this stage.

Romney foreign policy will be pragmatic- flip flopping and advisors
Heilbrunn 8-27
Jacob is senior editor at National Interest, "Will Romney Discover his Inner Nixon," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/27/will_romney_discover_his_inner_nixon-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/27/will_romney_discover_his_inner_nixon

Given the somersaults that previous presidents have performed in moving from the campaign trail to
AND
a hawk. Perhaps even Colin Powell will be placated by his performance.¶ 

New Military Base Spending is popular

Bloomberg 9/4
(Danielle Ivory, "Virginia Leads Swing States at Risk Over Cliff: BGOV Barometer" http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-04/virginia-leads-swing-states-at-risk-over-cliff-bgov-barometer.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-04/virginia-leads-swing-states-at-risk-over-cliff-bgov-barometer.html, SHE)

For some swing-state voters, the presidential election may come down to who
AND
because they derived less than 3 percent of their economy from federal contracts.

Energy not key
Wang 9-27
Herman writes for The Barel which is McGraw-Hill’s energy website, "Even with U.S. Gasoline Prices at a Higher Number, Energy isn’t a Big Deal in White House Race," http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/-http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/

Political ads have been filling up television airwaves in the US, with the heated
AND
the economy’s bad, the whole idea of drilling sounds good to people."

DOD energy programs don’t link—-conservative won’t oppose

Davenport 12
Coral Davenport, energy and environment correspondent for National Journal. Prior to joining National
AND
, White House Budget to Expand Clean-Energy Programs Through Pentagon, ProQuest

The White House believes it has figured out how to get more money for clean
AND
1 billion on renewable energy and energy-efficiency programs across its departments.

Tournament: KY | Round: 1 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Heidegger

Framework

Framework: the affirmative must defend a topical plan, the negative must defend the status quo or a competing policy option.

a) Best for real world education – our fw most closely resembles how policymakers decide on advocacy.

b) Fairness – our interp provides a clear way to compare two advocacies by weighing impacts which is essential to fairness. Their fw makes opportunity cost impossible and invites judge intervention.

c) Predictability – our fw ensures predictable aff ground because we predict args based upon our aff literature.

d) Infinitely regressive – there are an infinite number of philosophical perspectives from which they can argue

Extinction O/W

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Threats are Real

Threats are not socially constructed- decision makers use the most objective, rational, and accurate assessments possible- there are no bureaucratic or ideological motivations to invent threats.

Ravenal ’9 
~Earl C. Ravenal, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What’s Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America’s Foreign Policy." Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75~

Quite expectedly, the more doctrinaire AND  opportunities for personal profit.

Permutation

Perm: do both.

Only by combining methods can we avoid fragmentation and facilitate real political change to prevent planetary extinction – even if the perm risks cooption the apocalyptic imagery of the aff is rejuvenating to ecocriticism

JL Schatz. 2012. Professor of English and Feminist Evolutionary Studies %26 Director of Debate at Binghamton University. The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism. Journal of Ecocriticism: A New Journal of Nature, Society and Literature. 4(2) 

There are three things ecocriticism must keep in mind to retain its effectiveness in the
AND
the world that we will be able to envision how to save it. 

Perm: do the affirmative and the alternative in all other instances.

Ontology Bad

Debates about ontology are irrelevant to real world policy debates – pragmatism is more effective at facilitating social change

David McClean. 2001. philosopher, writer and business consultant, conducted graduate work in philosophy at NYU. "The cultural left and the limits of social hope" http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm
There is a lot of philosophical prose on the general subject of social justice.
AND
if we treat policy and reform as more important than Spirit and Utopia.

Managerialism/Enviro Securitization Good

Managerialism is necessary to prevent global extinction –processes of environmental destruction are unstoppable without intervention

Dr Neil Levy 1999. Fellow of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at Charles Sturt University. "Discourses of the Environment" p. 215
If the ’technological fix’ is unlikely to be more successful than strategies of limitation
AND
and of those with whom we share this planet, will be decided.  

1AR

Ontology First Bad

Epistemology focus causes endless paradigm wars.
Wendt,1998.  professor of international security – Ohio State University, (Alexander, "On Constitution and Causation in International Relations," British International Studies Association) 

As a community, we in the academic study of international politics spend too much
AND
sparring over epistemology is often one-sided, intolerant caricatures of science.

Predictions Good

Scenario planning solves their impacts
Tom Flaherty, et al. Michael Bagale, Christopher Dann, Owen Ward, Partners at Booz %26 Co. Global Management Consulting, 8/7/2012 (http://www.booz.com/media/uploads/BoozCo_After-Fukushima-Nuclear-Power.pdf)
It is still not fully clear how the new NRC recommendations will affect the U
AND
, anything short of this goal may hurt the future of nuclear power.

Threat Construction Good

Threat construction doesn’t result in war
Stuart J. Kaufman, 2009. Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Images of nuclear apocalypse are necessary to problematize their usage

James Foard. 1997. Associate Professor of Religion, Arizona State, "Imagining Nuclear Weapons: Hiroshima, Armageddon, and the Annihilation of the Students of Ichijo School," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/LXV/1/1.pdf TBC 7/1/10)
This ambivalence about Hiroshima has been partially ameliorated by displacing it with Armageddon in our
AND
to use the most famous phrase, "fabulously textual" (Derrida’23). 

Prolif K

Our concern with proliferation is not a fear of the non-western other but rather a security policy about further horizontal prolif. Causes instability.
Hugh Gusterson 1999 "nuclear weapons and the other in the western imagination", cultural anthropology 14(1), 111-143
The strategy of exclusion is based pragmatically in the conventions of realpolitik. It involves
AND
is the reason to keep insisting on nonproliferation" (1990:23).

Intervention Good

The world without human intervention is not closer to post-Chernobyl than pristine utopia – the environment has already adapted to human presence. And, their notion of nature separate from humanity prevents alt solvency.

Slavoj Zizek 2007. Philosopher and Abercrombie %26 Fitch Magazine Contributor. Ecology as a New Opium for the Masses, 11/26, http://kasamaproject.org/2008/12/28/zizek-ecology-as-a-new-opium-for-the-masse/)
The lesson to be fully endorsed is thus that of another environmental scientist who came
AND
the nearby city Pripyat which was abandoned, left the way it was. 

We’ve gone too far, we have to keep managing to maintain the earth 
Atkisson 2k
 ~Alan AtKisson is President and CEO of The AtKisson Group,   an international sustainability consultancy to business and government,   "Sustainability is Dead— Long Live Sustainability,  " http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf~~

At the dawn of the third milennium human civilization finds itself in a seeming paradox
AND
next challenge on the road to our destiny. (1-8)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Florida | Judge: 

Terrorists have religious motivations that make discourse and compromise meaningless. The only way to win the war we are in is to kill them before they kill us.¶

Peters 4
 - (Ralph, Retired Army Officer, "In Praise of Attrition," Parameters, Summer)¶ 

Trust me. We don’t need discourses. We need plain talk, honest answers
AND
preemptive and retaliatory action, only encourages the terrorists and remaining Baathist gangsters.

At: War Impacts - No Root Cause

The alternative locks in the war system – infinite number of non-falsifiable ’root causes’ means only incentive theory solves

Moore ’04 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, pages 41-2.
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
are useful if they reflect the real world better than previously held paradigms.
In the complex world of foreign affairs and the war puzzle, perfection is unlikely
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Florida | Judge: 

Counterplan

Permutation do the counterplan

Perm- The Department of Defense should only procure small modular reactors that are cost competitive.

Squo solves research

Szondy 2/16
(David, writer for Gizmag, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?" http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/-http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/, SEH)

In terms of power, RTGs are the equivalent of batteries while small nuclear reactors
AND
Babcock and Wilcox are putting up money for their own modular reactor projects.

9 to 10 years to solve

King et al 11
(Marcus King, Associate Director of Research at The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs LaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.
Military Installations" http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf-http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf, SEH)

The time required to obtain design certification, license, and build¶ the next generation of nuclear plants is about 9 to 10 years. After the¶ first plants are built it may be possible to reduce the time required for¶ licensing and construction to approximately 6 years ~45~.

SMRs will never be cost competitive- natural gas

St. Louis Post-Dispatch ’12
~Jeffrey Tomich, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2012/05/10/small-problem.html-http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2012/05/10/small-problem.html ETB~

While some utilities are still pursuing full-scale plants, there is a parallel
AND
member. "At this point, it’s all about hype and hope."

Multi-actor counterplans that include the agent bad

They are unpredictable- no stable literature base, there are an infinite number of combinations of actions, and no logical policy maker can move two agencies

Destroys fairness- allows them to skirt outside of actor constraints, creates artificially competitive advantages, and forces us to debate ourselves

Not secret they are public, squo disproves impact to Grious

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Florida | Judge: 

Asia Pivot

2AC Cuts Now

Modernization budget will be cut now - Mandated cuts

Weisgerber 2/12
(Marcus Weisgerber of Defense News which is a global newsweekly on politics, business and technology of defense. Defense News serves an audience of senior military, government and industry decision-makers throughout the world "2013 DoD Modernization Budget Falls 7% Below Prior Projections" Feb. 12, 2012 - 11:36AM http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120212/DEFREG02/302120003/2013-DoD-Modernization-Budget-Falls-7-Below-Prior-Projections, TSW)

The Pentagon has proposed slashing its 2013 modernization budget more than 7 percent from its
AND
RandD nearly the same amount the Pentagon asked for in 2012.

2AC Way Ahead

China military 20 years behind US – PLA general concedes

Xinhua 2/21
(Xinhua is the official press agency of the People’s Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in China. "Scholar disputes Jane’s report on Chinese military" 2012-02-21 00:03:50 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-02/21/c_131421249.htm-http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-02/21/c_131421249.htm, TSW)

A Chinese military scholar on Monday disputed a global research group’s report on China’s defense
AND
8.66 percent in 1998 to 6.94 percent in 2009.

Asia pivot sets off conflict in Asia- Bush proves

Ullman 9/26
(Harlan, retired United States Naval Commander. He is an advisor to government and the private sector and is active in transformation both of business and the Department of Defense, "Strategic pivot to nowhere" http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2012/09/26/Outside-View-Strategic-pivot-to-nowhere/UPI-48191348655400/-http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2012/09/26/Outside-View-Strategic-pivot-to-nowhere/UPI-48191348655400/, SEH)

A common thread in this flawed strategic thinking links the miscalculations of the Bush 43
AND
Asia.¶ Thus far, no explanation to this quandary has been offered.

Asian pivot wrecks European relations

Ullman 9/26
(Harlan, retired United States Naval Commander. He is an advisor to government and the private sector and is active in transformation both of business and the Department of Defense, "Strategic pivot to nowhere" http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2012/09/26/Outside-View-Strategic-pivot-to-nowhere/UPI-48191348655400/-http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2012/09/26/Outside-View-Strategic-pivot-to-nowhere/UPI-48191348655400/, SEH)

This January, in announcing a new defense strategy, the White House made another
AND
Center for Trans-Atlantic Security Studies reinforced this perception of downgrading Europe.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Central Floria | Judge: 

Capitalism

Framework

Framework: the affirmative must defend a topical plan, the negative must defend the status quo or a competing policy option.

a) Best for real world education – our fw most closely resembles how policymakers decide on advocacy.

b) Fairness – our interp provides a clear way to compare two advocacies by weighing impacts which is essential to fairness. Their fw makes opportunity cost impossible and invites judge intervention.

c) Predictability – our fw ensures predictable aff ground because we predict args based upon our aff literature.

d) Infinitely regressive – there are an infinite number of philosophical perspectives from which they can argue

Neolib inev

1. Neoliberalism is inevitable through global pressure

Weede, Professor of Sociology at the University of Bonn, 04 (Erich, "The Diffusion of Prosperity and Peace by Globalization," The Independent Review, Vol. 9, No. 2, Fall, http://www.independent.org /pdf/tir/tir_09_2_1_weede.pdf)  First, prosperous countries influence the legal foundations for capitalism or economic policies elsewhere. How much this influence matters was demonstrated during the Cold War by the divided nations, where one part was influenced by the Soviet Union and the other part by the United States. Economies benefiting from U.S. influence, such as West Germany, South Korea, and Taiwan, did much better than East Germany, North Korea, or mainland China, which were inspired by the Soviet model. After China began to abandon socialist practices and converted to creeping capitalism in the late 1970s, it quadrupled its income per capita in two decades and almost closed a sixteen-to-one gap in income per capita with Russia (Weede 2002). The idea of advice should not be conceived too narrowly. By providing a model for emulation, successful countries implicitly provide advice to others. In general terms, the best institutional and policy advice may be summarized as "promote economic freedom" (Berggren 2003; Kasper 2004). Cross-national studies (Dollar 1992; Edwards 1998; Haan and Sierman 1998; Haan and Sturm 2002; Weede and Kämpf 2002) demonstrate that economic freedom or improvements in economic freedom increase growth rates.4 Economic openness or export orientation is part of the package of economic freedom. 

3. Turn—There’s no tradeoff between competitiveness and environmental justice—it is the only way to make structural changes.

Porter and Van Der Linde 95 ("Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship."  The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 97-118 Michael E. Porter is the C. Roland Christensen Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School.
Class van der linde is faculty at the International Management Research Insitute of St. Gallen University)  

The relationship between environmental goals and industrial competitiveness has normally been  thought  of  as involving
AND
tradeoff between  competitiveness  and the  environment  rather than accepting   it as a given.  

Extinction O/W

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.
 

Calculations Good

Worst-case scenarios calculate for the sake of responsibility – mobilization is key to effective to political movements that prevent the worst forms of their impact

Michael Williams, Professor of International Politics – U. Wales, Aberystwyth, ’5
(The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations p. 165-7)

Moreover, the links between sceptical realism and prevalent post-modern themes go more
AND
addressed by retreating yet again into further reversals of the same old dicohotomies.

Ethical

Capitalism is the most ethical system

C. Bradley Thompson. 1993. BBandT Research Professor at Clemson University and the Executive Director of the Clemson Institute for the Study of Capitalism "Socialism vs. Capitalism: which is the moral system"On Principle, v1n3 October 1993  
The intellectuals’ mantra runs something like this: In theory socialism is the morally superior
AND
sloth and penalizes hard work while capitalism rewards hard work and penalizes sloth..  

Inevitable

Capitalism isn’t dead and its inevitable – empirically economic panics show resilience/innovation of the system

Walter Russell Mead, 2008. James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College , The Australian, "Boom and bust the way of the West", Dec 5, 2008,
And those 300 years have been marked by one financial crisis after another. Even
AND
new level of complexity that defeats us and leads to yet another meltdown. 

Transition Wars

The alt causes backlash and transition wars

Anderson 1984. professor of sociology – UCLA, ’84  (Perry, In the tracks of historical materialism, p. 102-103)
That background also indicates, however, what is essentially missing from his work.
AND
—as this work does—is to locate it in thin air.

That causes extinction

Kothari 1982
Kothari, profrssor of political science – University of Delhi, ’82
(Rajni, Towards a Just Social Order, Alternatives, p. 571)

Attempts at global economic reform could also lead to a world racked by increasing turbulence, a greater sense of insecurity among the major centres of power — and hence to a further tightening of the structures of domination and domestic repression – producing in their wake an intensification of the old arms race and militarization of regimes, encouraging regional conflagrations and setting the stage for eventual global holocaust.

Transition fails—causes war—consumption would reemerge even worse—try or die assessments are wrong

George Monbiot. 2009. The Guardian, Is there any point in fighting to stave off industrial apocalypse?, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change
I detect in your writings, and in the conversations we have had, an
AND
question – what will we learn from this collapse? – is nothing.

Sustainable Transition

Alt destroys transition to sustainable capitalism

Rifkin 10
 – Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends, January 11, 2010, "’The Empathic Civilization’: Rethinking Human Nature in the Biosphere Era," online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin/the-empathic-civilization_b_416589.html 

The pivotal turning points in human consciousness occur when new energy regimes converge with new
AND
same time interconnected via smart grids to other regions across countries and continents.

Prevents extinction

Atkisson 2k
 ~Alan AtKisson is President and CEO of The AtKisson Group,   an international sustainability consultancy to business and government,   "Sustainability is Dead— Long Live Sustainability,  " http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf~~

At the dawn of the third milennium human civilization finds itself in a seeming paradox
AND
next challenge on the road to our destiny. (1-8)

War

Capitalism prevents war

Bernstein 05 
~Andrew, Ph.D., Philosophy, Graduate School of the City University of New York, lecturer. The Capitalist Manifesto The Historic, Economic and Philosophic case for laissez-faire. 2005. p. 231-236~

The cause of the Persian Gulf War of the early 1990s was similar: the
AND

the only rational, life-giving power: that to produce.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Mo St BR | Judge: 

SMRs solve Shale

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 11
("The Commercial Outlook for¶ U.S. Small Modular Nuclear¶ Reactors" http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf-http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, SEH)

Some SMRs could be suited for specialized applications. The small size and output of
AND
carbon emissions ¶ from such recovery and make the extraction more ¶ attractive.

SMR’s frees up massive amounts of oil and natural gas.

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375, SEH)

Lastly, and often ignored, is the ability of small reactors to bring a
AND
benefits which may alter thinking on the monetary competitiveness of the technology.     

Shale boom key to global economy – international energy policy

Henry 8/15
(Lowman S. Henry is chairman %26 CEO of the Lincoln Institute and host of the weekly Lincoln Radio Journal. "Hitting ’pay dirt’ in Pennsylvania" Updated: Monday, October 15, 2012 http://triblive.com/opinion/2740302-74/pennsylvania-development-gas-marcellus-oil-shale-impact-pay-america-domestic~~%23axzz29xMVzlSO, TSW)

There is no doubt that development of Pennsylvania’s Marcellus shale natural gas resources has fueled
AND
has been struck. A lot is riding on keeping it that way.¶ 

Economic decline causes global war

Royal 10 
(Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
to fabricate external military conflicts to create a ’rally around the flag’ effect. 

Shale gas boom key to revive chemical industry – best report proves

Kever 8/11
(Jeannie Kever HOUSTON CHRONICLE "Shale gas could boost other industries" Thursday October 11, 2012 5:59 AM http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2012/10/11/shale-gas-could-boost-other-industries.html-http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2012/10/11/shale-gas-could-boost-other-industries.html, TSW)

The shale-gas boom could cut costs significantly for the chemical industry and ultimately
AND
low-priced natural-gas liquids will ripple through the manufacturing chain.¶ 

Extinction

ICCA 2
International Council of Chemical Associations, June 20, "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY", http://www.cefic.be/position/icca/pp_ic010.htm-http://www.cefic.be/position/icca/pp_ic010.htm

The key finding of "Our Common Future", (the 1987 report of the
AND
keeping up international competitiveness as a pre-requisite of sustainable job creation.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
Plan

The United States Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on military bases within the United States.

Advantage 1- Islanding
Small nuclear reactors key to prevent bases from being vulnerable to inevitable grid outages- the impact is nuclear war

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications” Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to provide its ¶ bases with electricity when the
AND
order to win an ongoing battle or war would ¶ be greatly reduced.

Grid failure in the next 3 years- smart grids fail

Huff 12
(Ethan A, staff writer at natural news “Hacking expert says catastrophic failure of smart energy grid within 3 year” http://usahitman.com/hcfseg/, SEH)

For at least the past five years, the federal government has been pushing utility
AND
Internet, and effectively without any protection, is insanity at its finest.”
Grids goes down- laundry list of reasons
Slavo 7/12
(Mac is editor of shftplan, “UPDATE: Cascading Grid Crash: Now 600 Million Without Power in India (Are We Vulnerable?)” http://www.shtfplan.com/headline-news/paralysis-grid-down-in-india-370-million-left-without-power_07302012, SEH)

The power grid in the United States, while more advanced and apparently better maintained
AND
and do crash – even in countries with hundreds of millions of residents.

Al Qaeda can and will pull off a cyber-attack – Al Qaeda video proves

Cloherty ‘12
(Jack Cloherty is the lead producer for the Justice Department/Homeland Security beat at World News. “Virtual Terrorism: Al Qaeda Video Calls for 'Electronic Jihad'” May 22, 2012 accessed online September 15, 2012 at http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/cyber-terrorism-al-qaeda-video-calls-electronic-jihad/story?id=16407875#.UFS0p42PVe-, TSW)

Al Qaeda may be turning its destructive attention to cyber-warfare against the United
AND
increase of 10,000 reports over the same period the previous year.

Current policy of cyber deterrence risks spoofing- leads to nuclear war.

Gelinas 10
(Ryan Richard, thesis for Master of Arts¶ in Security Studies from Georgetown, “CYBERDETERRENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTION” https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1, SEH)

The set of cases analyzed here demonstrate decisively that attribution of cyber attacks is ¶
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policy tool will be better preserved for realms where it is more applicable.

That risks terrorism

Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, “More Fight – Less Fuel” http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

DoD’s key problem with electricity is that critical missions, such as national strategic ¶
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of their missions is as important as ¶ within the U.S. 

Numerous attempts prove our impact

Wagner 9/11
(Dr. Abraham R. Wagner is a Professor of International and Public Affairs at the ¶ Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University. “Counter-Terrorism Technologies -- Taking Stock on 9/11” 09/11/2012 2:13 pm accessed online September 11, 2012 at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abraham-r-wagner/counterterrorism-technolo_b_1874521.html, TSW)

On this 11th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, it makes sense to
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as to why the fundamental problems in this area remain to be solved.

Leads to a bioattack.

De Rugy and Pena 2
, *policy analyst, *senior defense policy analyst at the Cato Institute, (Veronique and Charles, “ Responding to the Threat of Smallpox Bioterrorism An Ounce of Prevention Is Best Approach” April 18, Policy Analysis No. 432 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa434.pdf)  

There is evidence that al-Qaeda members have been trying to acquire nuclear materials
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mitigate the consequences of an attack, need to be examined and evaluated. 

Terrorists can obtain Bio-weapons and will use them – Syria Demise

Blair ‘12
(Charles P. Blair joined FAS in June 2010. He is the Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats. Born and raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Mr. Blair was an exchange student in Moscow in the mid-1980s, witnessing firsthand the closing salvos of the Cold War. Since the end of that era, Mr. Blair has worked on issues relating to the diffusion and diversification of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the context of proliferation amid the rise of mass casualty terrorism incidents and the centripetal and centrifugal elements of globalization. Mr. Blair’s work focuses on state and violent non-state actors (VNSA) – amid a dystopic and increasingly tribal world. “Fearful of a nuclear Iran? The real WMD nightmare is Syria” 1 MARCH 2012 accessed online August 22, 2012 at http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/fearful-of-nuclear-iran-the-real-wmd-nightmare-syria)

As possible military action against Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program looms large in the public
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political or religious persuasion, in the Middle East and around the world.

Extinction

Ochs 2
(Richard, Naturalist – Grand Teton National park with Masters in Natural Resource Management – Rutgers, “Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately” 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.  

Even if it doesn’t kill everyone retaliation would
Conley 03
(Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power Journal- Spring 2003- http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html 

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
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be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”48 

Advantage 2 Leadership

SMR key to nuclear leadership

Rosner and Goldberg 11
(Robert Rosner, astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director, Argonne National Laboratory ¶ Senior Fellow, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago¶ Research Coordinator, Global Nuclear Future Initiative ¶ American Academy of Arts and Sciences, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power ¶ Generation in the U.S.” Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, http://csis.org/files/attachments/111129_SMR_White_Paper.pdf, SEH)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission ¶
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, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly ¶ emerging, China.

US dominance in SMR’s key to nuclear leadership which prevents proliferation

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs” Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, SEH)

Combating proliferation with US leadership¶ Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the
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reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

That leads to runaway proliferation

Macalister 9
(Terry, energy editor of the Guardian, He is an award-winning journalist and has just produced a new ebook  focusing on the opportunities and threats posed by industrialization of the Arctic. “New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy” http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste. SEH)

The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other
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to build new nuclear plants in Britain declined to comment on the issue.

Proliferation risks nuclear war due to brinkmanship games- questions of deterrence miss the point.

Kroenig 12
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” Non Proliferation Policy Center, http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30#_ftn11, SEH)

First and foremost, proliferation optimists do not appear to understand contemporary deterrence theory.
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reveal the shortcomings of their analysis and fail to make a compelling case.

Proliferation draws major powers in to regional disputes

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation” Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

There is direct evidence that regional conflicts involving nuclear powers can ¶ encourage power-
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the United States would never allow an extended conflict in nuclear South Asia. 

That leads to great power war

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation” Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

Leaders in power-projecting states also fear that regional instability set off by nuclear
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another dangerous flash-point in the uncertain Sino-American strategic relationship.  

China factory mass produces in 2 years

Wang 10/24
(BRIAN WANG of University of Calgary, “¶ Nextbigfuture overview of emerging energy technology” 10/24/2012 http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/10/nextbigfuture-overview-of-emerging.html, TSW)

Small modular reactors - China is building a 200 MWe pebble bed reactor. Conservative
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the United States will blunt any emerging energy generation construction for 15 years.¶ 

China gaining nuclear leadership and will export

Wang 8/22
(Brian Wang, Director of Research for Next Big Future. “Guardian Analysis of Nuclear Power has the Typical Bias” AUGUST 22, 2012 Accessed online at http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/08/guardian-analysis-of-nuclear-power-has.html, TSW)

In 2007, the reported cost for the first two AP1000 units under construction in
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, then wind and solar would be far more expensive than nuclear power.

Without increasing nuclear technology, we lose out to China in nuclear leadership. The impact is Asian influence and proliferation.

Cullinane ‘11
Scott Cullinane is a graduate student at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandcatid=118:contentandItemid=376 ETB

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
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with very unsavory governments seems likely to increase the risks involving nuclear material.

U.S. leadership in Asia solves multiple scenarios for war

Goh 8
(Evelyn, Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database)

This is the main structural dilemma: as long as the United States does not
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as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse.

Asian wars go nuclear

Landy 2k
 National Security Expert @ Knight Ridder, 3/10
(Jonathan, Knight Ridder, lexis)

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
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that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Solvency

SMRs deployable soon

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 11
(“The Commercial Outlook for¶ U.S. Small Modular Nuclear¶ Reactors” http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, SEH)

Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
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Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.
Military procurement solves commercial use proliferation and islanding- avoid regulation

Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear IndustryPosted” http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)

Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
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the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

DOD key- prevents unfavorable lock-in

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications” Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if ¶ small reactors do
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

They have the personnel

Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)

Section 332 of the FY2010 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), “Extension and
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of energy for our critical military facilities will leverage this knowledge and experience.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. We meet- plan creates incentives and secures a market for nuclear energy

2. We meet- paying them is the financial incentive

3. Counter interpretation- financial incentives are disbursement of public funds or contingent commitments

Webb 93
(lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Ground- it is grounded in the literature and is the only way to intrinsically keep military affs in the topic which are key to beat states counterplans, and it links much harder to disads

Predictability- our evidence has a definitive list and an intent to define, and is supported in the literature

Precision – our definition’s from the DoE
Waxman 98
Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)

2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with
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or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

Limits- only adds procurement affs to their list, but limits out all indirect incentive effects their allows
Education- key to talk about different actors use of energy and how energy’s connection to the military, and no aff makes sense where the government is the consumer

Reasonability key to prevent a race to the most limiting definition

Not bidirectional, the energy gets used

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
No recession impact  

Coleman ‘3
(Glenn, writer for Money Magazine, CNN, “Peter Lynch: Why he's buying now,” 1-24, http://money.cnn.com/2003/01/23/funds/lynch/)
Recessions are scary things, and the obvious worries about jobs and bonuses and bills
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a fact yet that we'll pull ourselves No. 10 in better shape.

Economic decline does not cause shooting wars 

Miller 2k
(Morris, economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, Winter, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, “Poverty as a cause of wars?” p. Proquest)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
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by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

No shortage – plenty of REEs exist to last a century and use inevitable

Castor 11
Castor, Stephen B. Castor, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, 2008, "Rare Earth Deposits of North America",http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00068.x/pdf, Date accessed July 8, 2011

In the past, REE commodities were not only mined dominantly in the USA
AND
will provide new and potentially large markets in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.

Rare earth mineral low prices inevitable- Chinese manufacturing industry pressure and their impacts are non-unique

Onstad 12
(Eric, Deputy Editor in Charge, Commodities, EMEA at Thomson ReutersEMEA Mining Correspondent at Thomson Reuters, “Analysis: Rare earth prices to erode on fresh supply, China,” 9/19/2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/19/us-rareearths-outlook-idUSBRE88I0O020120919) 

Prices of the 17 elements used in technologies such as smartphones and hybrid cars soared
AND
of Toronto-based Dundee Capital Markets said in a note to clients.

REE mining and supply increasing- California mountain pass and other new mines outside US prevents bottle neck 

Burnett 12
(H.Sterling, PhD Applied Philosophy, Senior Fellow and lead analyst of the National Center for Policy Analysis' E-Team -- one of the largest collections of energy and environmental policy experts and scientists, “Finding Sources of Rare Earths beyond China,” 

Mountain Pass: An American Rare Earth Mine. California’s Mountain Pass, the only
AND
, will provide the new supplies of rare earths needed for critical industries.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan displaces fossil fuels

Loudermilk ‘11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, May 31, 2011, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs,” Journal of Energy Security, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375)

Pursuing a carbon-free world Realistically speaking, a world without nuclear power is
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US would benefit from diversification and expansion of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.
SMRs key to renewables penetration

Loudermilk ‘11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, May 31, 2011, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs,” Journal of Energy Security, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375)

Limitations of renewables Renewable energy technologies have made great strides forward during the last decade
AND
in fact prove instrumental to enabling the smart grid to become a reality.¶ 

Internal disorder doesn’t trigger lashout or diversionary wars

Newmyer 07
Jacqueline, post doctoral fellow @ Harvard’s school of government, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/04/domestic_instability_and_chine.html

From economic inequality to political dissent, then, Chinese scenarios for unrest all include
AND
perceived to be down, offering an opportunity to inflict a devastating blow.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Framework: the affirmative must defend a topical plan, the negative must defend the status quo or a competing policy option.
a) Best for real world education – our fw most closely resembles how policymakers decide on advocacy.
b) Fairness – our interp provides a clear way to compare two advocacies by weighing impacts which is essential to fairness. Their fw makes opportunity cost impossible and invites judge intervention.
c) Predictability – our fw ensures predictable aff ground because we predict args based upon our aff literature.
d) Infinitely regressive – there are an infinite number of philosophical perspectives from which they can argue

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else
Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of “Life”, Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Total rejection of capitalism fragments resistance

Gibson-Graham 96  
(JK, feminist economists, End of Capitalism)
One of our goals as Marxists has been to produce a knowledge of capitalism.  
AND
make its unity a fantasy, visible as a denial of diversity and change

Capitalism isn’t dead and its inevitable – empirically economic panics show resilience/innovation of the system
Walter Russell Mead, 2008. James Clarke Chace Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College , The Australian, “Boom and bust the way of the West”, Dec 5, 2008,
And those 300 years have been marked by one financial crisis after another. Even
AND
new level of complexity that defeats us and leads to yet another meltdown. 

Transition fails—causes war—consumption would reemerge even worse—try or die assessments are wrong

George Monbiot. 2009. The Guardian, Is there any point in fighting to stave off industrial apocalypse?, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change
I detect in your writings, and in the conversations we have had, an
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question – what will we learn from this collapse? – is nothing.

That causes extinction
Kothari 1982
Kothari, profrssor of political science – University of Delhi, ‘82
(Rajni, Towards a Just Social Order, Alternatives, p. 571)

Attempts at global economic reform could also lead to a world racked by increasing turbulence
AND
regimes, encouraging regional conflagrations and setting the stage for eventual global holocaust.

Alt destroys transition to sustainable capitalism

Rifkin 10
 – Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends, January 11, 2010, “'The Empathic Civilization': Rethinking Human Nature in the Biosphere Era,” online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin/the-empathic-civilization_b_416589.html 

The pivotal turning points in human consciousness occur when new energy regimes converge with new
AND
same time interconnected via smart grids to other regions across countries and continents.

 Prevents extinction

Atkisson 2k
 Alan AtKisson is President and CEO of The AtKisson Group,   an international sustainability consultancy to business and government,   “Sustainability is Dead— Long Live Sustainability,  ” http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf

At the dawn of the third milennium human civilization finds itself in a seeming paradox
AND
next challenge on the road to our destiny. (1-8)
Capitalism is the most ethical system
C. Bradley Thompson. 1993. BBandT Research Professor at Clemson University and the Executive Director of the Clemson Institute for the Study of Capitalism “Socialism vs. Capitalism: which is the moral system”On Principle, v1n3 October 1993  
The intellectuals’ mantra runs something like this: In theory socialism is the morally superior
AND
sloth and penalizes hard work while capitalism rewards hard work and penalizes sloth..  
3. Turn: Capitalism is closing the global income gap and even if it wasn’t everyone is still better off

Norberg, 03
 Fellow, Timbro institute, Johan, In Defense of Global Capitalism pg 54

This progress is all very well, many critics of globalization will argue, but
AND
fifth or the richest and poorest third, we find the differences diminishing.  

Capitalism prevents war

Bernstein 05
Andrew, Ph.D., Philosophy, Graduate School of the City University of New York, lecturer. The Capitalist Manifesto The Historic, Economic and Philosophic case for laissez-faire. 2005. p. 231-236

The cause of the Persian Gulf War of the early 1990s was similar: the
AND

the only rational, life-giving power: that to produce.

Tournament: Wake | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Framework- should get to weigh the aff

Prevents mooting the 1AC

Key to topic education

K precludes the aff- impact is multiple extinction scenerios

Link is inevitable- state will coerce others

Tournament: Wake | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Middle East War doesn’t escalate- Syria and Arab Spring Prove.

Farm Bill Thumps

Farm Press 9-20

“Boehner Confirms No Farm Bill until Lame Duck Session,” http:~/~/deltafarmpress.com/government/com/government/boehner-confirms-no-farm-bill-until-lame-duck-session

On Thursday morning (September 20), House Speaker John Boehner confirmed that the House

AND

in early July. The full Senate passed its farm bill in June.

DOD doesn’t link

Appelbaum 12

Binyamin Appelbaum 12, Defense cuts would hurt scientific R%26D, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8-12, http:~/~/hamptonroads.com/2012/01/com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say(%%)

Sarewitz, who studies the government's role in promoting innovation, said the Defense Department

AND

find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs.

No Deal- Tea Party or white house caving is inevitable

Collender 9-26

Stan is a former staffer on both the House and Senate budget committees, founder of the blog “Capital Gains and Games,” and a partner at Quorvis Communications, where he works with clients in the financial sector, “Boehner May Have to Let the Debt Ceiling Happen to Stay Speaker,”

I've come to the conclusion that House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH)

AND

willing to admit.

Plans popular

Pendidikan ‘11

Cinta writes for the Love and Like Education Blog, “Sanders is the Sole Vote Against Small Modular Reactor Research,” http:~/~/loveandlikeeducation.blogspot.com/2011/08/html

Sanders is Sole Vote Against Small Modular Reactor Research¶ Bernie Sanders and Small Modular

AND

of funds than many of the projects in the swollen DOE renewable budget.

Obama horetrading key to Cliff

Business Week 11-7

“Obama Success on Fiscal Cliff may Hinge on Congress’ Ties,” http:~/~/www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/360156?type=com/printer/articles/360156?type=bloomberg

President Barack Obama, his re- election victory sealed, is reaching out to

AND

their own taxes rise, 47 percent back raising taxes on the wealthy.

will help you do that,” Griffin said.

No impact to sequestration still dominate spending

Dickinson 9-5

Matthew has a Ph. D in Political Science from Harvard, is a Professor of Political Science and writes for the Economist, “Who will Make the Case for Serious Cuts,” http:~/~/www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/09/defence-spending?fsrc=gn_com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/09/defence-spending?fsrc=gn_ep

AS I mentioned in last night's live-blog, if sequestration comes to pass

AND

resources, and Russia, which Mitt Romney thinks is America's greatest foe.

White House averts for months

WSJ 9-27

“Guessing the Fiscal Cliff’s Fate,” http:~/~/online.wsj.com/article/html

If a sequester is triggered, the White House budget office has considerable flexibility in

AND

the budget office in 1991, the last time there was a sequester.

No global escalation

Dyer 2 

(Gwynne, former appointments to the Royal Military College Sandhurst and Oxford University, former member of three different armed services, Winter, "The Coming War," Queen's Quarterly, Expanded Academic ASAP)

All of this indicates an extremely dangerous situation, with many variables that are impossible

AND

countries in general. We are the ones with the resources and the technology

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
1AC
Proliferation

Losing fuel leadership now

Rasp 11
(Gary Rasp, communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin “Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste”, Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)

Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for
AND
recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

Key to market standards

NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

Policy Impact: By taking an active role in spent fuel recycling, the United
AND
how those partnerships functioned to meet shared nonproliferation objectives through full actinide recycle. 

Fuel cycle leadership is key to US global exports

ANS 12
(American Nuclear Society, “ANS adopts position statement on U.S. global nuclear leadership through export-driven engagement”, 7-2-2012, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/nuclear-fuel-cycle/spent-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing/)

ANS believes the U.S. should remain committed to facilitating an expansion of
AND
and responsive to the needs of  the U.S. nuclear industry.

Fuel cycle leadership key to solve fuel-leasing

NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

Direct Impact: The main drawback of a once-through fuel cycle in the
AND
fuel cycle practices through consent rights on U.S. exports. 82

Plan solves global demand for uranium enrichment 

NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

Direct Impact: The most attractive feature of these fuel cycle alternatives is that they
AND
United States would have to decide on priorities for addressing those international needs.

Biggest internal link to proliferation

NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

The proliferation risk of once-through fuel cycles arises primarily at the front end
AND
risk may be marginally greater for the once-through fuel cycle alternatives.

US Non-proliferation leadership is key

Ogilvie-White ’12
(Dr. Tanya, senior analyst in international strategy at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute “Position Vacant: Nonproliferation and Disarmament Leader, Asia”, PacNet, a publication of CSIS, Number 77A, 12-5-2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/Pac1277A.pdf)

During the past few weeks, there have seen some striking discussions in the international
AND
difficult to manage and even harder to sustain over the longer-term. 

We’re at the tipping point of global nuclear proliferation – global nuclear war

Rosenbaum 11
(Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, “How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III,” March 2nd, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)

And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and
AND
multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age.

Proliferation is easy and fast

Heisbourg 12
François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171andrtid=2

Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era
AND
non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

Proliferation risks nuclear war due to brinkmanship games- questions of deterrence miss the point.

Kroenig 12
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” Non Proliferation Policy Center, http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30#_ftn11, SEH)

First and foremost, proliferation optimists do not appear to understand contemporary deterrence theory.
AND
reveal the shortcomings of their analysis and fail to make a compelling case.

Proliferation draws major powers in to regional disputes

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation” Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

There is direct evidence that regional conflicts involving nuclear powers can ¶ encourage power-
AND
the United States would never allow an extended conflict in nuclear South Asia. 

That leads to great power war

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation” Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

Leaders in power-projecting states also fear that regional instability set off by nuclear
AND
another dangerous flash-point in the uncertain Sino-American strategic relationship.  
Russia
PMDA cooperation coming now ---- MOX fuel is key

DTRIP ’12
(Defense Treaty Inspection Readiness Program, “Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement”, 2012, http://dtirp.dtra.mil/tic/synopses/pmda.aspx)

The Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA), long title: Agreement Between
AND
finished, including a new electrical substation which was completed in September 2010.

MOX is key – only option

Wolfe '12
(Clinton R., PhD in Chemistry, executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness in Aiken, S.C. He formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the U.S. Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, "Guest Column" The Augustana Chronicles, Augustana GA, 11/18/12   www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Clinton administration made treaty obligations with
AND
that mankind can make decisions of this importance and actually pull them off.
Any alternative doesn’t solve

Wolfe '11
(Clinton R., PhD in Chemistry, executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness in Aiken, S.C. He formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the U.S. Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, " “July 6, 2011¶ Letter/column in¶ The Augusta Chronicle - Augusta GA¶ Examine big picture of MOX mission “ www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)

I would like to first consider his reference to cost vs. the alternative.
AND
name of tight budgets would be penny-wise and pound-foolish.

Parallel plutonium elimination is key

Wolfe 2/17
Clinton R., PhD in Chemistry, executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness in Aiken, S.C. He formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the U.S. Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, "Too much is at stake to throw MOX nuclear project into jeopardy," 2/17/13 m.chronicle.augusta.com/opinion/opinion-columns/2013-02-17/too-much-stake-throw-mox-nuclear-project-jeopardy

In any event, it is reckless and foolish to talk about terminating the program
AND
It’s going to take decades – and continued investments – to dismantle them.”

MOX creates broader plutonium cooperation

Sokova ’10
Elena, research associate at the Monterey Institute of International Studies “Plutonium Disposition”, NTI, 9-16-2010, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/plutonium-disposition-14/

To ensure the plutonium subject to disposition is irreversibly removed from use in nuclear weapons
AND
the existence of an operational infrastructure for MOX fuel fabrication makes this possible.
Plutonium cooperation is key- need to focus on weapons-grade material

Clinton and Lavrov ’10
Secretary of State and Russian Foreign Minister, “Signing of the Plutonium Disposition Protocol”, Mission of the United States Geneva Switzerland, 4-13-2010, http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/04/14/signing-pmda/

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, good afternoon, and let me state the obvious.
AND
and I join the Secretary in thanking the teams which negotiated this agreement.
Solves broader relations

Luongo ‘7
(Kenneth N., executive director of the Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council “Improving U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cooperation”, Partnership for Global Security, 2007, http://www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/publications/Articles%20and%20Commentary/improving_nuc_coop.html)

Expediting fissile material disposition and elimination. Although programs that support the disposal of excess
AND
in fighting future threats is what the United States and Russia truly seek.

That solves nuclear war- key to avert global threats

Allison and Blackwill 11
Graham Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, Robert D. Blackwill, International Council Member, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs 10-30, "10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters"http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21469/10_reasons_why_russia_still_matters.html

That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

Effective relations solve nuclear war- prevents confrontation

Lukyanov ’11
(Fyodor, editor-in-chief of Russia in Global Politics magazine, “Nuclear destruction remains the basis of relations”, The Telegraph, 1-5-2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/opinion/8241050/Nuclear-destruction-remains-the-basis-of-Russia-US-relations.html)

When President Dmitry Medvedev warned in his latest state-of-the-nation
AND
to a model of the Cold War – albeit a wittingly senseless one.

Plutonium cooperation uniquely key to prevent conflict with Russian neighbors

Pifer ‘9
(Steven, fellow at Brookings, “Russia and Eurasia”, Global Trends, October 2009, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2009/10/global%20trends%20russia%20eurasia%20pifer/10_global_trends_russia_eurasia_pifer)

Monitoring Russian demographics and the Russian economy should be relatively straightforward. Following trends in
AND
reductions in U.S. systems) could alleviate the nuclear concern.

Extinction

AP ’11
(Associate press, “Top Russian general: NATO expansion raises danger of nuclear conflict,” http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/top-russian-general-nato-expansion-raises-danger-of-nuclear-conflict-1.396185)

Russia is facing a heightened risk of being drawn into conflicts at its borders that
AND
ally, or a large-scale conventional attack that threatens Russia's existence.

MOX fuel key to solve terrorism

Reilly '12
(Bill, Bill Reilly, a retired colonel, formerly headed the U.S. Army's reactor program., "MOX offers a nuclear power boost," 7/1/12, updated 1/29/13 www.columbiatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/mox-offers-a-nuclear-power-boost/article_4075b9c4-bd1c-5f22-99fb-0783224782cf.html#.USFCOOi1nn4)

As the Cold War receded, the United States and Russia reached a historic agreement
AND
making the world a safer place by reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation.

Retaliation ensures extinction

Ayson 10
(Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
Terrorists would strike Moscow

Dunlop and Smith 6
(William, scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and Harold, distinguished visiting scholar and professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California at Berkeley, “Who did it? Using international forensics to detect and deter nuclear terrorism,” Arms Control Today, October 1, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_10/CVRForensics

Among these, Moscow perhaps presents the most compelling case for international cooperation on post
AND
the United States following the 1996 TWA Flight 800 airline disaster.5  

Triggers the dead hand

CNANW 9
(Canadian Network to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, “Questions and Answers on "RLOAD" and De-alerting”, http://www.web.net/~cnanw/index.htm, Accessed 10/6)

On the Russian side, command of nuclear weapons is said to be very centralized
AND
of Perimetr is better described in our recent paper "Replace LoW Policy"

Extinction

Rosenbaum 7
(Ron, award winning journalist and author, “The Return of the Doomsday Machine?”,  8/31/2007, Slate Magazine, http://www.slate.com/id/2173108/pagenum/all/)

In Strangelove, the doomsday machine was a Soviet system that automatically detonated some 50
AND
It went fully operational in January 1985. It is still in place." 

Solvency

TVA solves

Wolfe '12
Clinton R., PhD in Chemistry, executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness in Aiken, S.C. He formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the U.S. Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, "Guest Article" The Greenville News, Greenville, SC, 8/10/12www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208

As the need for nuclear power grows, we must pursue serious efforts toward converting
AND
nuclear waste for each unit of energy will be reduced by 50 percent.
Commercialization keeps South Carolina running the SRS

Bunn '07
Matthew Bunn is a senior research associate in the Managing the Atom project at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Previously, he served in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where, among other responsibilities, he staffed the interagency working group on plutonium disposition. He was the study director for the two-volume National Academy of Sciences study Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium, published in 1994 and 1995., "Troubled Disposition: Next Steps in Dealing with Excess Plutonium," April 2007, www.armscontrol.org/act/2007_04/Bunn

A wide range of other obstacles have contributed to these slowing schedules and escalating costs
AND
substantial fines to the state if it does not meet plutonium disposition deadlines.

Plan

The Tennessee Valley Authority should increase procurement contracts for mixed oxide fuel for its electricity generation in the United States.

No DA

Public wants more nuclear power and it’s expanding globally

Westenhaus 9/30
(Brian, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again”, Oil Price, 9-30-2012, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html)

This latest survey found that Americans strongly favoring nuclear energy outnumber those strongly opposed by
AND
the uranium commodities speculators – even while the market is in the doldrums.

Nuclear power’s expanding in the U.S. now

Ferguson ’12
(Charles D., Federation of the American Scientists, Public Interest Report, “Making the Case for Nuclear Power in the United States”, Summer 2012, http://www.fas.org/pubs/pir/2012summer/Summer2012_PresidentMessage.pdf)

Will nuclear power in the United States flourish or fade away? To paraphrase Mark
AND
on pace to continue to generate about 20 percent of the nation’s electricity.

Nuclear now and inevitable
Tirone 12
Jonathan, AP, “Nuclear Power Production Set to Grow Even After Japan Phase-Out (Vienna)”, 9/19, http://www.northjersey.com/news/international/170334006_Nuclear_Power_Production_Set_to_Grow_Even_After_Japan_Phase-Out__Vienna_.html?page=all

Nuclear power is set to grow over the next four decades even after Japan shuts
AND
Germany and Switzerland announced plans to phase out nuclear power after the meltdowns.

More evidence

Westenhaus 9/30/12
Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again,” http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html, AM

The U.S. is not alone.  … market is in the doldrums.

Here’s a list of countries expanding nuclear programs

John P Banks and Charles K Ebinger 11, John is a fellow with the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution, Charles is senior fellow and director of the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution, “Business and Nonproliferation”, googlebooks

Second, many developing countries are further along in their commitment to nuclear power development
AND
require continued enhanced proliferation prevention efforts—especially from the commercial nuclear industry.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Case

Generic Answer to Alt Cause

Cooperation on nuclear energy is the key issue – it builds stakeholders, leverage, and bridges the trust gap – solves alt causes, and this evidence assumes Putin

Weitz 12
(Richard, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, World Politics Review Senior Editor, “Global Insights: U.S.-Russia Arms Control Prospects Under Putin”, World Politics Review, 3-6-2012, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11681/global-insights-u-s-russia-arms-control-prospects-under-putin)

This weekend’s election in Russia has unsurprisingly returned Vladimir Putin to the country’s presidency.
AND
could lead to progress in the areas where the two sides’ interests overlap.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Immigration

Procure Now
TVA definitely producing SMRs now

Patterson 3/25
(Gene, Chanel 6 news reporter in Knoxville Tennessee, “Nuclear power advancements in Virginia could come to Tennessee” http://www.wate.com/story/21790592/nuclear-power-advancements-in-virginia-could-come-to-tennessee)

A new generation of nuclear reactors called SMRs could be producing power in the U
AND
not just for the partners. Tennessee Valley consumers will be impacted too.

Drones
Drones thumps
The Hill 3-24
“White House Moves to Let Pentagon take Over CIA armed Drones Sparks Concern,” http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/290049-white-house-plan-to-let-pentagon-take-over-cia-armed-drones-sparks-concern

A White House plan to make the administration's armed drone program the sole domain of
AND
Department (DOD) would exercise the same restraint with the controversial program.

Guns
Guns thumps
The Frontrunner 3-26
“Obama to Campaign Across the Country for Gun Measures,” lexis

The Hill (3/26, Sink, 21K) reports President Obama "
AND
across the country a little bit and talking about some of these issues."

PC Not Key
PC not key to immigration
Hirsch 2-7
Michael is Chief Correspondent for National Journal, “There’s no Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
AND
his account determines what he can do at any given moment in history.
No PC
No PC now
Vespa 3-22
Matt, Writer for NewsBusters, “CBS Political Director Now: Obama Shouldn't Agitate GOP; Back in January: 'Go For The Throat,' Mr. President” http://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/matt-vespa/2013/03/22/180-turn-cbs-political-director-says-obama-shouldnt-agitate-gop-said-go-
Don't look for Dickerson's …. the emperor has no clothes.

Parties Vote Based National Best Interest
Uniqueness Overwhelms the Link
Kroger 3-12
Gregory is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, “The Hastert Rule: It’s More like a Guideline,” http://mischiefsoffaction.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-hastert-rule-its-more-like-guideline.html

Last week the U.S. House passed a bill supported by a majority
AND
is in the electoral interests of the House GOP to let themselves lose.
Link Turn and Shield
TVA avoids the link to politics
Barker 9 - reporter for the Knoxville News Sentinel
Scott, “Tennessee Gets a Lesson in Unaccountable Government,” WSJ, Proquest

The problem is that it isn't really accountable to anyone. It is not scrutinized
AND
to a cabinet official. In practice, TVA reports to no one.

A2: Debt
No Debt impact- reserve currency and special status
O’Brein 3-7
Matthew is an associate editor at the Atlantic, “No, the United States Will Never, Ever Turn into Greece,” http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/03/no-the-united-states-will-never-ever-turn-into-greece/273748/

Not all debt is created equal. Countries that borrow in a currency they control
AND
as we hear.¶ Our Greek chorus are more Chicken Littles than Cassandras.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Russia DA

Reprocessing

Reprocessing inevitable- European countries

Darin 3/11
(Paul, Writer for Epoch Times, “Nuclear Waste, Nuclear Recycling, and the US” http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/united-states/nuclear-waste-nuclear-recycling-and-the-us-360682.html)

Other countries have dealt with nuclear waste in different ways. France, for example
AND
that he can bring the knowledge back to the states for prospective companies. 

Reprocessing inevitable- China and Pakistan

Gertz 3/26
(Bill, Free Beacon, “China confirms nuclear deal with Pakistan” 

China confirmed this week it will sell a new 1,000-megawatt nuclear
AND
is working to develop Pakistan’s nuclear fuel reprocessing capabilities, the officials said.

DA Proper

Collapse inevitable
Brinded 1-25
Lianna, “WEF Paints Bleak Outlook for Russia's Economy,” http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/427882/20130125/wef-russia-report-oil-energy-vladimir-putin.htm

In WEF's benchmark Scenarios for the Russian Federation report, the group outlined three scenarios
AND
growth, doing so will be near impossible at a time of crisis.

Falling prices cause diversification – it’s try or die
Gorst, writer for Financial Times, 12/14/2012
(Isabel, “EBRD to Russia: diversify,” http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/12/14/ebrd-to-russia-diversify/#axzz2HH7AWJbz)

Russia has talked a lot about economic diversification over the past two decades but it
AND
for two decades … A fall in oil prices would be an incentive.”

Add On

And, U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation would accelerate Rosatom’s nuclear modernization plans
Dewey et al ’10
(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http://joinsurf.com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8)
Russia is currently pursuing the strategy of expanding its global role as an energy provider
AND
experience may be of real value as Russia works to meet its targets.

That’s key to Russia’s economy
World Nuclear News ’12
(“Russia speeds up nuclear investment”, 11-22-2012, http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP_Russia_speeds_up_nuclear_investment_2211121.html)
Russian leaders have affirmed the strategic and economic importance of nuclear technology to the country
AND
share rising to 70-80% by the end of the century.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Counterplan

The plan would build government-industry coordination between the U.S. and Russia
Pifer et al ’10 – brookings
(Steven, Joseph Cirincione, Clifford Gaddy, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Leadership on Nuclear Arms Reductions and Non-Proliferation”, Brookings Institution, January 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/1/us%20russia%20nuclear%20pifer/01_us_russia_nuclear_pifer.pdf)
Vice President Biden announced the Obama administration’s intention to reset relations with Russia in a
AND
and cooperative bilateral relationship as well as reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation.

China Add-On

Plan solves U.S.-China reprocessing cooperation
Lyons et al ‘9
(Blythe J. Lyons, John R. Lyman, Mihaela Carstei, and General Richard L. Lawson (USAF), “United States-China Cooperation On Nuclear Power: An Opportunity for Fostering Sustainable Energy Security”, Atlantic Council, 3-4/3-6 2009, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/AtlanticCouncil-USChinaNuclearPower.pdf)
Cooperation on the development of advanced fuel cycle technologies, already underway in U.
AND
with the challenges to realize the burgeoning nuclear trade between the two countries.

Solves U.S.-China relations
Gardner and Rascoe 11
(Timothy Gardner and Ayesha Rascoe, “Clean energy seen as ‘bright spot’ in U.S.-China relations”, Reuters, 1-19-2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/us-usa-china-energy-idUSTRE70H5WB20110119)
Cooperation on clean energy could be a high point in U.S.-China
AND
of the bright spots in our future cooperation," Wan said on Tuesday.

Prevents extinction
Wittner 11 – professor of history emeritus at SUNY Albany
(Lawrence Wittner, Huffington Post World, 11-30-2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/nuclear-war-china_b_1116556.html)
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.
AND
of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.

Uranium
Plan solves uranium importation
Humi ’11 – professor at Worcester Polytechnic University
(Mayer Humi, professor at Worcester Polytechnic, “Assessment of Alternative Energy Technologies and Recommendations for a National Energy Policy”, Interactive Qualifying Project Report by undergraduates, 3-9-2011, http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-030811-183047/unrestricted/Assesment_of_Alternative_Energy.pdf)
Once the Uranium has been used in the nuclear reactor until it is deemed as
AND
due to the concerns for creation of nuclear weapons observed in other countries.
U.S. uranium dependence causes nuclear war
Konstantiov 12 – professor of math at Moscow State and member of numerous scientific/geological councils
(Mihail Konstantiov, Professor of Mathematics with the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy (UACEG), Bulgaria, Vice-Chancellor of UACEG (1999-2003), Member of scientific councils and commissions, Member of the Board of IICREST. He has authored 30 books and over 500 scientific papers. He has participated in international scientific projects of EU and NATO and realized research and lecturing visits in British, German and French universities. Prof. Konstantinov has been Member and Vice Chair of the Central Election Commission of Bulgaria and Voting coordinator of OSCE (1997-) as well as the Bulgarian representative at the Council of Europe on electronic voting. In addition to his scientific publications, he has authored more than 300 articles in Bulgarian editions devoted to social and political issues with emphasis on election practice and legislation., “Uranium time bomb ticking”, Europost, 2-11-2012, http://www.europost.bg/article?id=3763)
In 1945, the US had three nucle¬ar bombs - two plu¬to¬ni¬um-based devi¬ces
AND
food and water that is loom¬ing will not take it away from us.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Japan

ENR not Key
123 agreements are prolif-resistant enough—no ENR pledge not key
McGoldrick 10
Fred McGoldrick, CSIS, spent 30 years at the U.S. State and Energy Departments and at the U.S. mission to the IAEA, negotiated peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements with a number of countries and helped shape the policy of the United States to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, 11/30/10, The U.S.-UAE Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: A Gold Standard or Fool’s Gold?, http://csis.org/files/publication/101130_McGoldrick_USUAENuclear.pdf

Finally, while we have many ways to promote nonproliferation objectives, one important nonproliferation
AND
to-institution contacts and collaboration that can help advance our nonproliferation objectives.

 Obama Won’t Do
Your authors assume measures supported by nonprolif cred advocates—not what Obama would do
Grossman 12
Elaine Grossman, Global Security Newswire, 1/12/12, U.S. Nuclear Trade Talks with Vietnam, Jordan Moving Forward, www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-nuclear-trade-talks-vietnam-jordan-moving-forward/

Nonproliferation proponents have argued that the United States should advocate in nuclear trade negotiations with nations such as Vietnam, Jordan and potentially Saudi Arabia that any agreement contain a pledge not to enrich uranium or reprocess plutonium on their territory. ¶ These activities are useful for civil energy programs but could also open the door to the clandestine development of nuclear weapons, if a nation opts to move in that direction. ¶ The United Arab Emirates volunteered in its 2009 atomic trade pact with Washington to renounce a right to enrich or reprocess, but the Obama administration has been reluctant to necessarily demand this type of “no-ENR” pledge from every other cooperative-agreement partner with whom it negotiates.
1NC- Japan Prolif Frontline

Alliances and deterrence check japan prolif

Hughes ’7
(Llewelyn, poly sci phd candidate at MIT, International Security, CSIS and MIT, April, lexis)

Japan's status as a nonnuclear weapons state remains of ongoing interest to policy analysts and scholars of international relations. For some, Japanese nuclearization is a question not of whether but of when. This article reassesses the state of the evidence on the nuclearization of Japan. It finds that support in Japan for the development of an independent nuclear deterrent remains negligible. Evidence demonstrates that ministries and agencies with responsibility for foreign and security policy have sought to consolidate Japan's existing insurance policies against nuclear threats--multilateral regimes and the extension of the U.S. nuclear deterrent to Japan--rather than seeking an indigenous nuclear deterrent. 

Technical constraints cripple Japan’s nuclear capabilities- no risk of rapid rearm

Kamiya ‘3
Matake, Assoc. Prof of IR @ Japan University, Winter, “Nuclear Japan…” http://www.twq.com/03winter/docs/03winter_kamiya.pdf,) 

Those who emphasize the potential for Japan to go nuclear in the foreseeable future argue that, of all the elements required to be a nuclear power, the only one that Japan lacks is the will. The proponents of this view are mistaken, however, because Japan currently has only latent, not immediate, nuclear capability. In other words, even if Japan decided to build its own nuclear arsenal tomorrow, it could not achieve that goal overnight. First, Japan has intentionally avoided acquiring the necessary weapons grade plutonium to make bombs; Japan’s plutonium stockpile consists only of reactor-grade plutonium. Although some kind of small-scale nuclear bomb production with reactor-grade plutonium may be possible, experts generally agree that bomb production with this kind of plutonium involves an extremely dangerous technological process and that such bombs are likely to be too unstable and too militarily unreliable to be deployed as actual warheads. In fact, no country has ever tried to produce nuclear weapons with reactor-grade plutonium. If Japan decided to develop its own nuclear weapons, it would surely choose to do so with weapons-grade plutonium because the process would be much easier, safer, and cheaper. The amount of weapons-grade plutonium, however, that Japan could obtain from existing nuclear power plants would be limited. For a major power such as Japan, having a small number of nuclear warheads is militarily meaningless. A militarily meaningful nuclear arsenal would require production of hundreds of warheads, which would first necessitate that Japan spend at least a decade constructing new facilities to extract the grand amount of weapons- grade plutonium required.23 These facts clearly demonstrate that Japan’s plutonium program and its plutonium stockpile are unrelated to the possibility of nuclearization. Japan’s acceptance of comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards further assures that Japan operates its plutonium program strictly for peaceful purposes. Moreover, since 1994, Japan has disclosed specific figures on its plutonium stock as part of its effort to promote the transparency of the country’s nuclear-fuel recycling program, to help assuage any inevitable suspicion of Japanese intentions. The second technological hurdle that Japan must clear before claiming to possess a militarily meaningful nuclear arsenal entails ballistic missile development.

§ Marked 14:44 § 

 For Japan, tactical nuclear weapons would be useless in practical terms; as an island nation, it would find few meaningful targets for such weapons. But Japan would have to devote many years to developing a ballistic missile program before achieving deployment capability. Among other difficulties, converting Japan’s H-2 rocket into a form for military use is not realistic. Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, the fuels used to power Japan’s H-2, must be maintained at extremely low temperatures. Because maintaining the huge H- 2 at these temperatures for extended periods of time is practically impossible, technicians must first cool the H-2’s fuel tanks before they are filled, shortly before launch, a process that requires at least a few hours. Finally, Japan lacks the technology necessary to build an accurate inertial guidance system and the reentry mechanisms that are essential for ballistic missiles. Even if Japan technologically mastered ballistic-missile development, its small physical size (in territorial square miles) would still make it vulnerable to a first strike. Land-based missiles on such a small territory would not ensure a retaliatory capability, and air-launched missile systems would not nec essarily receive adequate warning time to allow the deploying aircraft to scramble to secure locations. Japan would have to deploy submarines to possess a credible second-strike capability. For that purpose, Japan would be faced with building nuclear engines as well as an extensive terrestrial or satellite communications grid to support their activities. The time needed for Japan to make this extensive list of technological strides can more realistically be measured in decades than years. In conclusion, for all its latent nuclear potential, Japan is not capable now, nor will it be anytime soon, of going nuclear quickly. The likelihood that Japan would secretly pursue nuclear weapons development without the world knowing about it, even if Japan had the desire, is minimal. Japan is an open society; all of its nuclear power activity is subject to IAEA regulation; and it is practically incapable of surmounting all the technological hurdles without international assistance. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
1AR

Russia
Gas shipments are already being diverted from the US---Russia is in trouble
Riley 12, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 12/31, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-shale-revolutions-shifting-geopolitics/article4256348.ece
The incentives to develop shale oil and natural gas are very great. But so
AND
It is difficult to see how the markets will avoid dropping oil prices. 

China fills in
Levine 9/24/12
Steve, Quartz’s Washington correspondent, writes about the intersection of energy, technology and geopolitics, a juncture of some of the most important and quickly developing events and trends on the planet. LeVine teaches the subject as an adjunct professor in Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program in the Graduate School of Foreign Service. He is a Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation. LeVine comes to the beat after 18 years as a foreign correspondent in the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Philippines, where he wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the Financial Times, and Newsweek. Most recently, LeVine founded and ran The Oil and the Glory, a blog on energy and geopolitics at Foreign Policy magazine. He is the author of two books: The Oil and the Glory, a history of oil told through the 1990s-2000s oil rush on the Caspian Sea; and Putin’s Labyrinth, a profile of Russia through the lives and deaths of six Russians, “Five ways a new age of cheap energy could shift the power balance on the planet,” http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/, AM

On current industry forecasts, global energy consumption should rise by some 39% by
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, the way of life and even the very survival of certain nations.

SMR
SMR’s revive the American nuclear industry.

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs” Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, SEH)

In recent years, though the “renaissance” has yet to occur, thinking
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at Argonne-West in Idaho, demonstrate the potential of such technology.

Waste confidence rule/NRC regs don’t prevent new reactor licensing

Milmoe 7/6/12
(Cornelius Milmoe is a lawyer and nuclear energy expert who has worked in the government and private sector. “Hope Is Not Enough: The Path to Waste Confidence” July 6, 2012 at 2:00 pm http://blog.heritage.org/2012/07/06/hope-is-not-enough-the-path-to-waste-confidence/, TSW)

The ruling means that hope is not enough to provide reasonable assurances of waste removal
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licensing, and restore trust in the integrity and independence of the NRC.

Immigration
No Cyber War
Impossible—defense systems air gapped and private ones resilient
Weimann‘4 (Gabriel, senior fellow, United States Institute of Peace, Professor of Communication, University of Haifa, Israel, December (Cyberterrorism: How Real Is the Threat?, Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, p. http://www.usip.org/ pubs/specialreports/sr119.pdf)

Many computer security specialists believe it is virtually impossible to use the Internet to inflict
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new software must be submitted to the National Security Agency for security testing.
Uq O/W Immigration
Immigration inevitable- 2016 field
Chait 3-19
Jonathan is a commentator for New York Magazine and Former Senior Editor at the New Republic, “GOP Candidates Form Pro-Immigration Cartel,” http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/03/gop-candidates-form-pro-immigration-cartel.html

Rand Paul has always supported immigration reform in general, but he is delivering a
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little right now to stop a bill from passing the House this summer.

Republicans have to do it
Khimm 3-19
Suzy is a Budget and Economy reporter for the Washington Post, “Five Reasons Why Immigration Reform is Moving Forward,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/19/five-reasons-why-immigration-reform-is-moving-forward/

2) Republicans have a political imperative to keep things moving: Top strategists from
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on this issue the party is going to lose its ability to grow.”
UQ O/W A2: Temporary Workers
It’s passing- temporary workers are irrelevant
Politico 3-27
“Immigration Talks Back on Track, Union Says,” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/immigration-talks-back-on-track-union-says-89398.html?hp=r3- Quotes Avendano who is immigration chairperson of the AFL-CIO 

Avendaño likened the Republican proposal that included three bands where two-thirds of new
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to be able to support the momentum behind this bill,” Avendaño said.

AT Funding Links
No link and turn – TVA is self-funded but returns cash to the government
TVA 12
“Budget Proposal and Management Agenda, http://www.tva.com/abouttva/pdf/budget_proposal_2013.pdf
TVA is a corporation of the federal government. TVA is self-funded almost
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, TVA expects sales of about 161 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: WestGeorgiaDF | Judge: 

1AC

Plan – The United States federal government should reduce its restrictions external to a fast track process for small modular reactors.

Contention One-Warming

First, global warming is real – newest scientific studies

Spotts 11
Pete, staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor ("Climate study, funded in part by conservative group, confirms global warming," 10/21/11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/1021/Climate-study-funded-in-part-by-conservative-group-confirms-global-warming)

A new climate study shows that since the mid-1950s, global average temperatures
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help restart the discussion about what is next," Dr. Ammann says.

And its anthropogenic- 7 indicators

Shahan 11 
Zachary, writer for Scientific American and Reuters ("Yes, Global Warming is Real AND Caused by Humans," 10/28/11, http://planetsave.com/2011/10/28/yes-global-warming-is-real-and-caused-by-humans/)

Now, that’s the quick and simple, and for those of you not satisfied
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warming. This has been observed by satellites (Laštovi?ka 2006)." 

The nature of the global warming problem demands accepting scientific consensus

Dennis Patrick O’Hara and Alan Abelsohn 11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael’s College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics %26 the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)

Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
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certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.

Electricity sector is key

Mormann 11 (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Economic Law Quarterly, "Requirements for a Renewables Revolution." 05/02/11. http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq38_4_03_2012_0808.pdf)

Renewable sources of energy are relevant not only to electricity generation but also to other
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this Article focuses on the use of renewables for the generation of electricity.

Natural Gas—The US will be locked in to natural gas unless renewable alternatives are developed—Natural Gas causes methane release and fast warming

Nordhaus and Shellenberger 12. 
Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger 12 are the authors of Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Feb 27 (http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/-http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/)

A funny thing happened while environmentalists were trying and failing to cap carbon emissions in
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fossil fuels. There simply is no substitute for making clean energy cheap.

Diversity of fuels and decreased natural gas usage for energy production is essential to the future America’s agricultural sector—impact is starvation

IECA 3 ~Industrial Energy Consumers of America, nonprofit organization created to promote the interests of manufacturing companies for which the availability, use and cost of energy, power or feedstock play a significant role in their ability to compete, July 22 2003, "IMPACT OF THE U.S. NATURAL GAS CRISIS ON THE NORTH AMERICAN NITROGEN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY," http://www.ieca-us.com/wp-content/uploads/072203Fertilizerbriefing.pdf~~

Natural gas is the principal and only economically feasible feedstock raw material used for producing
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must enact policies that stabilize the supply/demand balance for natural gas.

Addressing the root cause of climate change attacks environmental racism and institutional racism in the United States

Cropwatch 01 ("Climate Change and Environmental Racism:  Addressing Racism and Labor in the Climate Change Negotiations," www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=920-http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=920)

MARRAKECH — The lack of transparency and public participation in the climate negotiations will further worsen conditions for Indigenous Peoples, people of color and workers in the US and US-Mexico border. Speakers from Indigenous Environmental Network, Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice, CorpWatch and Redefining Progress held a briefing on Tuesday in Marrakech, bringing issues of racial justice and worker’s rights to the center of the climate change negotiations.
Climate change is a reality in North America, and those least responsible for creating
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plays a major factor in the siting of polluting industries in the US.
The corporate lobby has been very instrumental in derailing the negotiations on climate change and
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in the US — a society addicted to fossil fuels," added Goldtooth.
Oil and other fossil fuel corporations are pushing the world to the edge of ecological
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be held accountable to forging genuine solutions," said Amit Srivastava of CorpWatch.
"For Indigenous People and people of color, climate change is a matter of life and death," said Ansje Miller of Redefining Progress, "Yet, our government turns its back on Americans most vulnerable to climate change by saying that we can’t afford to address the problem. The truth is, we can’t afford not to."
"Any solution must ensure the need for communities and workers to live in a
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works on the US-Mexico border for the bi-national network.

Adopting a mindset of scientific inquiry for climate change makes sense because it’s a phenomenon uniquely suited to an empiricist methodology

Jean Bricmont 1, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, "Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism", September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf-http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf

Given that instrumentalism is not defensible when it is formulated as a rigid doctrine,
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but we would like to offer a few ideas that might prove useful.

DELIBERATIVE POLICYMAKING through DEBATE is the CRUCIAL internal link to solving warming through public policy and SUBSUMES their critiques

Herbeck and Isham 10
http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775-http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775¶ Jon Isham¶ Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College ¶ In the fall of 1999, Jon joined the department of economics and the program in environmental studies at Middlebury College. Jon teaches classes in environmental economics, environmental policy, introductory microeconomics, social capital in Vermont, and global climate change. Jon is co-editing a new book, Ignition: The Birth of the Climate Movement; has co-edited Social Capital, Development, and the Environment (Edward Elgar Publications); has published articles (several forthcoming) in Economic Development and Cultural Change, The Journal of African Economies, The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Rural Sociology, Society and Natural Resources, The Southern Economic Journal, The Vermont Law Review, and the World Bank Economic Review; and has published book chapters in volumes from Ashgate Press, The New England University Press, Oxford University Press, and Cambridge University Press. His current research focuses on building the new climate movement; the demand for water among poor households in Cambodia; information asymmetries in low-income lending; and the effect of local social capital on environmental outcomes in Vermont.¶ Herbeck, member of the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Honors College. ¶ 

Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments in
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, including those on pressing issues related to climate change and clean energy. 

Warming causes extinction - oceans

Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, "Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?", http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html-http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html, WEA)
The findings of the comprehensive report: ’The impact of climate change on the world’s
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warned, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science

Contention Two-Grid

Environmental injustices are perpetuated by an imbalance in energy externalities—a green urban grid is the only alternative

Behles 12. (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. "An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid." Spring 2012. 36 Wm. %26 Mary Envtl. L. %26 Pol’y Rev. 671 Lexis.)

The New Green Grid Can Reduce Pollution and Provide Economic Development in Environmental Justice Neighborhoods
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Hunters Point and Richmond, as high impact areas for air pollution. n187

Plan displaces fossil fuels

Loudermilk ’11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, May 31, 2011, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," Journal of Energy Security, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)

Pursuing a carbon-free world Realistically speaking, a world without nuclear power is
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US would benefit from diversification and expansion of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

SMRs key to renewables penetration

Loudermilk ’11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, May 31, 2011, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," Journal of Energy Security, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)

Limitations of renewables Renewable energy technologies have made great strides forward during the last decade
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in fact prove instrumental to enabling the smart grid to become a reality.¶ 

Seeking environmental justice key to avert extinction

Byrant 95 (Bunyan, Professor in the school of Natural Resources and Environment, and an adjunt professor in the center for Afro-American and African studies at the University of Michigan, "Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions, p.209-212, MV) 

The cooperative relations forged after World War II are now obsolete. New cooperative relations
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the production cycle, we should at least have that as a goal.

Contention 3-Solvency

The plan solves the only major roadblock to the creation of a robust domestic SMR industry.

Loris 11 (Nicolas D. Loris – Research Associate in the Roe Institute, Jack Spencer – Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Currently is The Heritage Foundation’s senior reesrach fellow in nuclear energy policy, Previously worked on commercial, civilian and military components of nuclear energy at the Babcock %26 Wilcox Companies, Holds a bachelor’s degree in international politics from Frostburg State University and a master’s degree from the University of Limerick, A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?, February 2^nd, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors)

Abstract: More and more companies—in the U.S. and abroad—are investing in new commercial nuclear enterprises, chief among them, small modular reactors (SMRs). The SMR industry is growing, with many promising developments in the works—which is precisely why the government should not interfere, as subsidies and government programs have already resulted in an inefficient system for large reactors. Heritage Foundation nuclear policy experts explain how the future for small reactors can remain bright.
Small modular reactors (SMRs) have garnered significant attention in recent years, with
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the current regulatory bias in favor of large light water reactors (LWRs).
The result is a young, robust, innovative, and growing SMR industry.
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to new reactor certification and to develop a sustainable nuclear waste management strategy.
Why SMRs?
Small modular reactors share many of the attractive qualities of large reactors, such as providing abundant emissions-free power, while adding new features that could make them more appropriate for certain applications, such as providing power to rural communities or for dedicated industrial use. SMRs are not yet positioned to take the place of traditional large LWRs, but they represent an important growth area for the commercial nuclear industry.
Indeed, should the promise of small modular reactors be realized, the technology could transform the nuclear industry. That is because these attributes would potentially mitigate some of the financial and regulatory problems that nuclear energy has recently faced. SMRs potentially cost less (at least in up-front capital), are more mobile and multifunctional, provide competition, and can largely be produced by existing domestic infrastructure.
Lower Costs Up Front. Large reactors are very expensive to license and construct and
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sheets, an option that spreads capital outlays over time should be attractive.
Safe Installation in Diverse Locations. Some designs are small enough to produce power for
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interest in small nuclear reactor designs from islands around the world.~5~
Using a small nuclear reactor could cut electricity costs in isolated areas since there would
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reactors will likely be easier to control during times of malfunction.~7~
Multi-functionality. SMRs can be used in a variety of applications that have
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wood, agricultural residue, and dung for cooking and heating.~9~
Competition. While competition among large nuclear-reactor technologies currently exists, small reactors
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will drive innovation and ultimately lower prices for both new and existing technologies.
Domestic Production. Although the nuclear industry necessarily shrank to coincide with decreased demand,
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, engineering, and uranium enrichment capabilities—all in the United States.
If SMRs are so great, where is the construction?
While some designs are closer to market introduction than others, the fact is that America’s regulatory and policy environment is not sufficient to support a robust expansion of existing nuclear technologies, much less new ones. New reactor designs are difficult to license efficiently, and the lack of a sustainable nuclear waste management policy causes significant risk to private investment.
Many politicians are attempting to mitigate these market challenges by offering subsidies, such as
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years and defer significant research and development costs from industry to the taxpayer.
The problem with this approach is that it ignores the larger systemic problems that create the unstable marketplace to begin with. These systemic problems generally fall into three categories:
Licensing. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is ill prepared to build the
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, which then undermines long-term progress, competition, and innovation.
Nuclear Waste Management. The lack of a sustainable nuclear waste management solution is perhaps
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could contribute greatly to an economically efficient and sustainable nuclear waste management strategy.
Government Intervention. Too many policymakers believe that Washington is equipped to guide the nuclear
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cost and risk of a more mature technology that already dominates the marketplace.
How to Fix a Broken System
At the Global Nuclear Renaissance Summit on July 24, 2008, then-NRC
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-century model for small and alternative reactor technologies by doing the following:
Reject additional loan guarantees. Loan guarantee proponents argue that high up-front costs
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a single basic technology, such as large light water reactors.~13~
Avoid subsidies. Subsidies do not work if the objective is a diverse and economically
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as illustrated by the government’s inability to meet its nuclear waste disposal obligations.
Build expertise at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The NRC is built to regulate large
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additional expertise would position the NRC to effectively regulate an emerging SMR industry.
Establish a new licensing pathway. The current licensing pathway relies on reactor customers to
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help build the necessary regulatory support on which commercialization ultimately depends.~14~
Resolve staffing, security, construction criteria, and fee-structure issues by December
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Congress should demand that these issues be resolved by the end of 2011.

Only the plans action can overcome existing obstacles to SMR commercialization.

Sullivan et al 10 (Mary Anne Sullivan – Partner in Hogan Lovells’ energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger – Partner in Hogan Lovells’ energy practice in Washington, D.C., Amy C. Roma – Senior associate in Hogan Lovells’ energy practice in Washington, D.C., Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?, November 2010, Electric Light %26 Power, Nov/Dec2010, Vol. 88 Issue 6, p46)

With development of large-scale reactors in the United States slowed by constrained debt
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process heat needs, such as oil production from the Alberta tar sands.
Utilities as diverse as the Tennessee Valley Authority, which already generates 6,600
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industry also would create jobs and could increase U.S. exports.
SMR reactor designers, customers and regulators must determine whether a regulatory process that was developed for 1,000-plus-MW projects based on similar technologies can be right-sized to meet much smaller projects’ needs based on diverse technologies that must be deliverable in a reasonable time to be economical.
There are wide-ranging, proposed SMR designs, including light-water reactors, high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, liquid metal-cooled fast reactors, and molten salt reactors, with the smallest design beginning around 10 MW.
The Hyperion Power Module uses a uranium nitride fuel and a lead-bismuth eutectic
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is on par with the electricity production of one large-scale reactor.
Several reactor developers have been in contact with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
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yet filed a letter of intent to submit an application with the NRC.
NRC Licensing
The biggest challenge to getting SMRs to market in the United States is NRC licensing
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factory-built and transported whole for drop-in installation at sites.
SMRs must undergo rigorous NRC safety and licensing reviews, but under the regulations as written, an applicant for an SMR design certification would need to determine on its own and on a case-specific basis which of the safety and licensing standards in the regulations–all of which were designed with large reactors in mind–are relevant to its design and which ones should not be applicable. This is a laborious, uncertain process.
The NRC recognizes its regulations must be re-examined to address the new SMR technologies. The agency has begun to review the potential policy, technical and licensing issues for SMRs. The NRC has identified issues associated with the licensing process, design requirements, operational matters and financial matters where tailoring to meet SMRs’ specific needs might be warranted.
NRC commissioners have recognized the need to examine their processes with the risks and requirements
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the relaxation or elimination of unnecessary regulations in the NRC’s licensing of SMRs.
Risk insights could inform the agency of the appropriate accident source terms to use for
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determine how to tailor many other regulatory provisions for that specific SMR design.
No one in the industry or at the NRC seems to be arguing for a whole new set of SMR licensing regulations. Such a rulemaking would take years and introduce new levels of uncertainty, which either would leave a nascent industry struggling for a foothold in the marketplace or drive it abroad to friendlier regulatory pastures and would leave the U.S. without SMR benefits.
Rather, by continuing on the NRC path of customizing its existing regulations to address only what should be different in the SMR design certification and licensing processes, the NRC can build on its existing and known licensing regime, which should result in the development of a usable licensing process in the shortest time.
With several companies already in pre-application discussions with the NRC and gearing up
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, SMR vendors should continue supporting the NRC’s initiative through industry working groups.
Department of Energy (DOE) Assistance
The NRC is not the only agency looking to help move SMRs from concept to
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competition for funding for design certification efforts to light-water reactor designs.
Recognizing that there are other SMR designs that incorporate more revolutionary technology, the DOE
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on their designs and already have approached the NRC to discuss licensing schedules.
The DOE might also play host at its Savannah River Site to an energy park that could include nonlight-water SMRs. If the vision is realized, the SMRs constructed at the proposed energy park could make Savannah River independent of the local power grid and help meet a 2009 presidential directive to cut significantly greenhouse gas emissions at government facilities.
In addition to its research and development role, the DOE will work with the international nuclear community to develop codes and standards that make sense for SMR technologies and in facilitating export approvals when SMR technology is ready for deployment overseas.
Another tool in the DOE’s toolbox for advancing innovative energy technologies into commercial viability is the loan guarantee program. It’s unclear whether that program, which many have said is essential for building large new nuclear plants, can be tailored to meet the needs of smaller, lower-cost designs. For the small plug-and-play reactor designs, loan guarantees might make the most sense for SMR manufacturing facilities, rather than individual power plants.
But SMRs and the struggling loan guarantee program will have reached milestones if the question of how best to structure loan guarantees to meet the needs of SMR developers and customers for assistance in commercial deployment becomes important for resolution.

SMR-based nuclear power is safe and solves warming—it’s key to a global nuclear renaissance.

Michael Shellenberger 12, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/

Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
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than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done.

Plan results in global SMR exports – massively reduces emissions.

Rosner 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf-https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
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Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Finally, the plan jumpstarts the US nuclear industry and leads to comprehensive regulatory reform of nuclear power.

Spencer 8 (Jack, Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy at The Heritage Foundation’s Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Current is The Heritage Foundation’s senior reesrach fellow in nuclear energy policy, Previously worked on commercial, civilian and military components of nuclear energy at the Babcock %26 Wilcox Companies, Holds a bachelor’s degree in international politics from Frostburg State University and a master’s degree from the University of Limerick, Time to Fast-track New Nuclear Reactors, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/09/time-to-fast-track-new-nuclear-reactors)

Nuclear technology can help to meet America’s growing demand for reliable, clean, affordable electricity. This has led many politicians, including presidential candidate John McCain, to conclude that the nation needs to start building new nuclear plants now.
The electric power industry has already begun plans to start building new reactors. While approximately 20 applications have been filed or are in preparation to build over 30 new reactors, no permits have been issued and no new plants have begun construction. A primary reason is that the regulatory process remains arduous and unknown. To overcome this, Congress should authorize a fast-track permitting process for a limited number of reactor projects.
A Slow, Arduous Process
The Department of Energy instituted the Nuclear Power 2010 program in 2002 as an effort to address the regulatory and institutional barriers to new reactors’ near-term deployment. As its name implies, the original time frame called for new reactor deployment by 2010. Unfortunately, the program has not succeeded in this regard. Most believe that the earliest that a new plant will come on line is the latter half of the next decade.
The problem is not technical or economic-new reactors are being built around the
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from outside interests. This has led for calls to streamline the process.
Streamlining is necessary because the process cannot just be sped up. Specific procedures are in place that the NRC must follow, and that process takes time. Simply adding manpower, as some have suggested, would only provide marginal benefit. Because training regulators can take two years, it would be years before the NRC could hire and train enough people to shorten time schedules.
To speed up the current permitting process, Congress should authorize a fast-track program that is open to new reactor applicants that meet certain conditions. The goal would be to cut by at least 50 percent the amount of time it takes to permit a new plant. This must be done without sacrificing safety standards or security.
The lessons learned from the fast-track program could be applied to necessary regulatory overhauls in the future.
The program’s objective would be to reduce the permitting schedule from four years down to two or less and should be available for up to two construction permits per reactor design.
The fast-track program would consist of:
Focusing NRC Resources. Per congressional direction, the NRC should focus its resources on permitting designated fast-track applications as quickly as possible without sacrificing safety or quality assurance.
Mobilizing National Laboratory Capabilities. Although the NRC already uses the national labs to support their activities, the national labs should be compelled by Congress to organize themselves to support the fast-track applications.
Focus University Funding Around Supporting the Effort. The Department of Energy funds programs that support nuclear education in the university system. These programs should be focused on supporting the NRC’s fast-track program. This would not only provide additional resources to fast-tracking permits but would also develop a workforce with the technical expertise to design and operate America’s reactors.
Ensuring a Science- and Technical-Based Assessment. The NRC must have the freedom to pursue a transparent, fact-based process in a non-adversarial environment. While inputs from local stakeholders must be accommodated, the NRC must be allowed to make decisions based on good science and engineering in a timely manner. This requires an efficient process that allows legitimate concerns to be heard and resolved without being hijacked by outside, agenda-driven interests.
Fast-track program applicants would have to meet certain criteria. These would include:
NRC Certified or Proven Design. The NRC has already certified four designs (although one is currently being amended) and reviewing three others. While only reactors with certified designs are licensable, applicants with designs that are nearing completion, especially if those designs are proven elsewhere, should be eligible for a slightly modified fast-track program that would include design certification.
Proven Site with Broad Public Support. The reactor site must already be licensed for operating reactors, and the applicant must demonstrate that the new reactor is welcome by the local community. Furthermore, the applicant must establish that an additional reactor will be safe and environmentally compatible. Under such conditions, the NRC should be permitted to provide an expedited environmental review, which takes roughly two years under current policy.
Proven Reactor Owner/Operator. The application must be submitted by an operator with extensive experience with nuclear operations and be in good standing with the NRC. This is not to suggest that some current COL applicants are not capable, but fast-track applicants must have extensive nuclear operations experience and credibility with the state and local community. Each applicant would have to demonstrate its competence to the NRC before entering the program.
Proven Demand. The applicant must demonstrate that there is a market for the power to be produced by the reactor.
Complete COL (Combined Operations and Construction License) Application. The applicant must have a full and complete COL application per NRC guidance. One of the current problems slowing the NRC is the lack of completeness of some of the applications. Complete applications are critical to ensuring that the NRC is able to conduct a comprehensive design and safety review without having to go back to the applicant for additional information.
Long-Lead Components Commitment. The applicant must demonstrate both a financial commitment and a preparedness to earnestly move forward by securing a source for timely delivery of long-lead components. Many of the components used to build a nuclear power plant must be ordered years in advance. Applicants seeking fast-track permits should be required to place early orders or deposits as soon as they are granted a fast-track permitting status.
Applicant Fees. Like most other NRC activities, industry should fund most of the activities associated with the fast-track program through the assessment of a program participation fee.
To execute the program, Congress must:
Provide Specific Direction to the NRC, National Labs, and Department of Energy. Congress must explicitly state its intentions for the fast-track program and make funding contingent on the NRC, national labs, and DOE to organizing themselves to achieve the objective of early completion of new reactor construction.
Adequately Fund. If Congress is serious about reducing the time it takes to permit and build new reactors, it must give NRC, the national labs, and the DOE the resources and regulatory flexibility they need to get the job done. Rebuilding America’s energy infrastructure is exactly the kind of direction that each of these institutions should be working toward.
Many Benefits, Few Drawbacks
Many in Congress have begun to realize that the nation’s energy, economic, security
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regulatory reform that the nation needs for a nuclear renaissance to take hold.

Contention 4:  Debate Process

Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments

Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor. 

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity
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the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals

Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ’9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) 

These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
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, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens.

State action and coercion key to solve existential problems and turns corporate dominance

Mansbridge ’11 
Jane is the Charles Adams Professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, "On the Importance of Getting Things Done," http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPSC%2FPSC45_01%2FS104909651100165Xa.pdf%26code=61d04501e14285b50244640216120c97-http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPSC%2FPSC45_01%2FS104909651100165Xa.pdf%26code=61d04501e14285b50244640216120c97

T¶ rend plus inaction equals¶ drift. When a¶ trend has external
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of individual and collective resistance, not a¶ theory of collective action.

The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences

Larsen et al 9
    a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy and History of
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scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures 

 In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of
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result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: WestGeorgiaDF | Judge: 

2AC

Framework

The role of the ballot should be an intellectual endorsement or rejection of a topical affirmative’s advocated course of action. The neg gets competitive alternatives, DAs, K, and case turns.

Fiat is an if/then statement. If the plan were enacted, is it good or bad.  Any other view moots the 1AC.

Prefer our framework

It functions productively in nearly all debate rounds, making it both predictable and fair. Theirs makes zero sense in any round not discussing the grammar of slave v. settler.

It allows both the aff and the neg’s Ks to be evaluated.  Theirs moots most of the 1AC and crushes aff ground.

Theirs has no standard for evaluation, ours uses T/F, magnitude, probability.

Ours is best for topic education and deep research, theirs encourages nontopical defenses of "racism bad" vs. reject the grammar of the settler.

Do Both

Perm all of the plan plus the noncompetitive parts of the alt.

The aff is Disad to the alt.

Existence is a prerequisite to ontology

Wapner ’03
(Paul, Associate prof and director of Global Environmental Policy Program @ American U, Dissent, Winter, http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=539-http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=539)

THE THIRD response to eco-criticism would require critics to acknowledge the ways in
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-critics must be supporters, in some fashion, of environmental preservation.

Perm: Do Both

Perm solves- climate change offers a critical lens through which we can analyze whiteness manifest in futurity

Baldwin 12
~Andrew, Durham University, Department of Geography, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham. "Whiteness and futurity¶ Towards a research agenda" Prog Hum Geogr April 2012 vol. 36 no. 2 172-187~

In spite of its diversity, the work mentioned above shares a common trait:
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, as much through a glance forward as a citation of past signification.

Your criticism fails without that combination. Major impetus for political action is situated around futurity and a more broad based criticism of whiteness is only possible through its contextualization in futurity

Baldwin 12
~Andrew, Durham University, Department of Geography, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham. "Whiteness and futurity¶ Towards a research agenda" Prog Hum Geogr April 2012 vol. 36 no. 2 172-187~

This paper has sought to show how the study of whiteness in geography has a
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than simply a critical orientation, is itself an object to be explained.
My argument is that a past-oriented approach to accounting for geographies of whiteness
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? And, perhaps more pressing, how might whiteness be newly politicized?
Futurity provides a productive vocabulary for thinking about and challenging whiteness. It does not
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into the future reconfigures what is to be valued in the decades ahead.

A2 Social Death

No social death – history proves

Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249

THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
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social personhood, or identity, and of resistance to slavery itself. 35
Scholars of slave resistance have never had much use for the concept of social death
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had arrived in the Americas bearing much more than their "tropical temperament."
The cultural continuity and resistance schools of thought come together pow- erfully in an
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of becoming ’African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity."40

A2: Wilderson

Blacks aren’t ontologically dead and Wilderson offers no alternative

SAËR MATY BÂ, teaches film at Portsmouth University, September 2011 "The US Decentred: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation" book review of Red, Black %26 White: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms and Mama Africa: Reinventing Blackness in Bahia, Cultural Studies Review volume 17 number 2 http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/csrj/index pp. 381–91
Red, White and Black is particularly undermined by Wilderson’s propensity for exaggeration and blinkeredness
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? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

A2 Wilderson’s conception of social death

A) Wilderson’s conception of social death is based off of a flawed methodology which interrupts the transformative potential of the African Diaspora
BÂ 2011 – Portsmouth University (SAËR MATY, "The US Decentred: From Black Social Death to Cultural Transformation," Cultural Studies Review, volume 17 number 2 September 2011)
A few pages into Red, White and Black, I feared that it would
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? The coffle approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340) 

A2 Ethics 1st

Identifying ethics as separate from alternative actions is exactly what we impact turn—the idea that this comes before responses at the margin.  They conceded coalitions key

Isaac 2002 – political science professor at Indiana University (Jeffrey, Dissent, Spring, "Ends, means, and politics", http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601, WEA)

What is striking about much of the political discussion on the left today is its failure to engage this earlier tradition of argument. The left, particularly the campus left—by which I mean "progressive" faculty and student groups, often centered around labor solidarity organizations and campus Green affiliates—has become moralistic rather than politically serious. Some of its moralizing—about Chiapas, Palestine, and Iraq—continues the third worldism that plagued the New Left in its waning years. Some of it—about globalization and sweatshops— is new and in some ways promising (see my "Thinking About the Antisweatshop Movement," Dissent, Fall 2001). But what characterizes much campus left discourse is a substitution of moral rhetoric about evil policies or institutions for a sober consideration of what might improve or replace them, how the improvement might be achieved, and what the likely costs, as well as the benefits, are of any reasonable strategy. One consequence of this tendency is a failure to worry about methods of securing political support through democratic means or to recognize the distinctive value of democracy itself. It is not that conspiratorial or antidemocratic means are promoted. On the contrary, the means employed tend to be preeminently democratic—petitions, demonstrations, marches, boycotts, corporate campaigns, vigorous public criticism. And it is not that political democracy is derided. Projects such as the Green Party engage with electoral politics, locally and nationally, in order to win public office and achieve political objectives. But what is absent is a sober reckoning with the preoccupations and opinions of the vast majority of Americans, who are not drawn to vocal denunciations of the International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization and who do not believe that the discourse of "anti-imperialism" speaks to their lives. Equally absent is critical thinking about why citizens of liberal democratic states—including most workers and the poor—value liberal democracy and subscribe to what Jürgen Habermas has called "constitutional patriotism": a patriotic identification with the democratic state because of the civil, political, and social rights it defends. Vicarious identifications with Subcommandante Marcos or starving Iraqi children allow left activists to express a genuine solidarity with the oppressed elsewhere that is surely legitimate in a globalizing age. But these symbolic avowals are not an effective way of contending for political influence or power in the society in which these activists live. The ease with which the campus left responded to September 11 by rehearsing an all too-familiar narrative of American militarism and imperialism is not simply disturbing. It is a sign of this left’s alienation from the society in which it operates (the worst examples of this are statements of the Student Peace Action Coalition Network, which declare that "the United States Government is the world’s greatest terror organization," and suggest that "homicidal psychopaths of the United States Government" engineered the World Trade Center attacks as a pretext for imperialist aggression. See http://www.gospan.org). Many left activists seem more able to identify with (idealized versions of) Iraqi or Afghan civilians than with American citizens, whether these are the people who perished in the Twin Towers or the rest of us who legitimately fear that we might be next. This is not because of any "disloyalty." Charges like that lack intellectual or political merit. It is because of a debilitating moralism; because it is easier to denounce wrong than to take real responsibility for correcting it, easier to locate and to oppose a remote evil than to address a proximate difficulty. The campus left  says what it thinks. But it exhibits little interest in how and why so many Americans think differently. The "peace" demonstrations organized across the country within a few days of the September 11 attacks—in which local Green Party activists often played a crucial role—were, whatever else they were, a sign of their organizers’ lack of judgment and common sense. Although they often expressed genuine horror about the terrorism, they focused their energy not on the legitimate fear and outrage of American citizens but rather on the evils of the American government and its widely supported response to the terror. Hardly anyone was paying attention, but they alienated anyone who was. This was utterly predictable. And that is my point. The predictable consequences did not matter. What mattered was simply the expression of righteous indignation about what is wrong with the United States, as if September 11 hadn’t really happened. Whatever one thinks about America’s deficiencies, it must be acknowledged that a political praxis preoccupation with this is foolish and self-defeating. The other, more serious consequence of this moralizing tendency is the failure to think seriously about global politics. The campus left is rightly interested in the ills of global capitalism. But politically it seems limited to two options: expressions of "solidarity" with certain oppressed groups—Palestinians but not Syrians, Afghan civilians (though not those who welcome liberation from the Taliban), but not Bosnians or Kosovars or Rwandans—and automatic opposition to American foreign policy in the name of anti-imperialism. The economic discourse of the campus left is a universalist discourse of human needs and workers rights; but it is accompanied by a refusal to think in political terms about the realities of states, international institutions, violence, and power. This refusal is linked to a peculiar strain of pacifism, according to which any use of military force by the United States is viewed as aggression or militarism. case in point is a petition circulated on the campus of Indiana University within days of September 11. Drafted by the Bloomington Peace Coalition, it opposed what was then an imminent war in Afghanistan against al-Qaeda, and called for peace. It declared: "Retaliation will not lead to healing; rather it will harm innocent people and further the cycle of violence. Rather than engage in military aggression, those in authority should apprehend and charge those individuals believed to be directly responsible for the attacks and try them in a court of law in accordance with due process of international law." This declaration was hardly unique. Similar statements were issued on college campuses across the country, by local student or faculty coalitions, the national Campus Greens, 9- 11peace.org, and the National Youth and Student Peace Coalition. As Global Exchange declared in its antiwar statement of September 11: "vengeance offers no relief. . . retaliation can never guarantee healing. . . and to meet violence with violence breeds more rage and more senseless deaths. Only love leads to peace with justice, while hate takes us toward war and injustice." On this view military action of any kind is figured as "aggression" or "vengeance"; harm to innocents, whether substantial or marginal, intended or unintended, is absolutely proscribed; legality is treated as having its own force, independent of any means of enforcement; and, most revealingly, "healing" is treated as the principal goal of any legitimate response. None of these points withstands serious scrutiny. A military response to terrorist aggression is not in any obvious sense an act of aggression, unless any military response—or at least any U.S. military response—is simply defined as aggression. While any justifiable military response should certainly be governed by just-war principles, the criterion of absolute harm avoidance would rule out the possibility of any military response. It is virtually impossible either to "apprehend" and prosecute terrorists or to put an end to terrorist networks without the use of military force, for the "criminals" in question are not law-abiding citizens but mass murderers, and there are no police to "arrest" them. And, finally, while "healing" is surely a legitimate moral goal, it is not clear that it is a political goal. Justice, however, most assuredly is a political goal. The most notable thing about the Bloomington statement is its avoidance of political justice. Like many antiwar texts, it calls for "social justice abroad." It supports redistributing wealth. But criminal and retributive justice, protection against terrorist violence, or the political enforcement of the minimal conditions of global civility—these are unmentioned. They are unmentioned because to broach them is to enter a terrain that the campus left is unwilling to enter—the terrain of violence, a realm of complex choices and dirty hands. This aversion to violence is understandable and in some ways laudable. America’s use of violence has caused much harm in the world, from Southeast Asia to Central and Latin America to Africa. The so-called "Vietnam Syndrome" was the product of a real learning experience that should not be forgotten. In addition, the destructive capacities of modern warfare— which jeopardize the civilian/combatant distinction, and introduce the possibility of enormous ecological devastation—make war under any circumstances something to be feared. No civilized person should approach the topic of war with anything other than great trepidation. And yet the left’s reflexive hostility toward violence in the international domain is strange. It is inconsistent with avowals of "materialism" and evocations of "struggle," especially on the part of those many who are not pacifists; it is in tension with a commitment to human emancipation (is there no cause for which it is justifiable to fight?); and it is oblivious to the tradition of left thinking about ends and means. To compare the debates within the left about the two world wars or the Spanish Civil War with the predictable "anti-militarism" of today’s campus left is to compare a discourse that was serious about political power with a discourse that is not. This unpragmatic approach has become a hallmark of post–cold war left commentary, from the Gulf War protests of 1991, to the denunciation of the 1999 U.S.-led NATO intervention in Kosovo, to the current post–September 11 antiwar movement. In each case protesters have raised serious questions about U.S. policy and its likely consequences, but in a strikingly ineffective way. They sound a few key themes: the broader context of grievances that supposedly explains why Saddam Hussein, or Slobodan Milosevic, or Osama bin Laden have done what they have done; the hypocrisy of official U.S. rhetoric, which denounces terrorism even though the U.S. government has often supported terrorism; the harm that will come to ordinary Iraqi or Serbian or Afghan citizens as a result of intervention; and the cycle of violence that is likely to ensue. These are important issues. But they typically are raised by left critics not to promote real debate about practical alternatives, but to avoid such a debate or to trump it. As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It is assumed that U.S. military intervention is an act of "aggression," but no consideration is given to the aggression to which intervention is a response. The status quo ante in Afghanistan is not, as peace activists would have it, peace, but rather terrorist violence abetted by a regime—the Taliban—that rose to power through brutality and repression. This requires us to ask a question that most "peace" activists would prefer not to ask: What should be done to respond to the violence of a Saddam Hussein, or a Milosevic, or a Taliban regime? What means are likely to stop violence and bring criminals to justice? Calls for diplomacy and international law are well intended and important; they implicate a decent and civilized ethic of global order. But they are also vague and empty, because they are not accompanied by any account of how diplomacy or international law can work effectively to address the problem at hand. The campus left offers no such account. To do so would require it to contemplate tragic choices in which moral goodness is of limited utility. Here what matters is not purity of intention but the intelligent exercise of power. Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It is the core of politics. Power is the ability to effect outcomes in the world. Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power. To accomplish anything in the political world, one must attend to the means that are necessary to bring it about. And to develop such means is to develop, and to exercise, power. To say this is not to say that power is beyond morality. It is to say that power is not reducible to morality. As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah Arendt have taught, an unyielding concern with moral goodness undercuts political responsibility. The concern may be morally laudable, reflecting a kind of personal integrity, but it suffers from three fatal flaws: (1) It fails to see that the purity of one’s intention does not ensure the achievement of what one intends. Abjuring violence or refusing to make common cause with morally  compromised parties may seem like the right thing; but if such tactics entail impotence, then it is hard to view them as serving any moral good beyond the clean conscience of their supporters; (2) it fails to see that in a world of real violence and injustice, moral purity is not simply a form of powerlessness; it is often a form of complicity in injustice. This is why, from the standpoint of politics—as opposed to religion—pacifism is always a potentially immoral stand. In categorically repudiating violence, it refuses in principle to oppose certain violent injustices with any effect; and (3) it fails to see that politics is as much about unintended consequences as it is about intentions; it is the effects of action, rather than the motives of action, that is most significant. Just as the alignment with "good" may engender impotence, it is often the pursuit of "good" that generates evil. This is the lesson of communism in the twentieth century: it is not enough that one’s goals be sincere or idealistic; it is equally important, always, to ask about the effects of pursuing these goals and to judge these effects in pragmatic and historically contextualized ways. Moral absolutism inhibits this judgment. It alienates those who are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Ontology/Epistemology Focus Bad

Focusing on ontology/epistemology is reductionist and useless for change.

Owen, ’2 David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

1AR

Geo

SMR key to genoengineering solves warming

Telegraph ’11 
"Geo-engineering, nuclear power and climate change: playing God is good for the planet," 

Most Greens also emphatically object to geo-engineering – the idea that we could
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deployment of air-capture technologies to reduce the concentration of ambient CO2.

A2 Sexton ev.

Sexton mischaracterizes the social relations that they use for their impact claims

Spickard 9 - UC, Santa Barbara (Paul Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism (review) American Studies - Volume 50, Number 1/2, Spring/Summer 2009, pp. 125-127  ajones)

One of the major developments in ethnic studies over the past two decades has been
AND
to think critically about itself. Sadly, this is not that book. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: 

1AC

Plan

The Judicial Branch of the United States federal government should substantially reduce national security restrictions on the production of wind power, holding that the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States’ ruling against the Ralls Corporation’s production of wind power violates the Administrative Procedures Act.

FDI Advantage

Ralls case will deter future investment

Jalinous %26 Brewster 12
(Farhad, Partner in the firm’s National Security/CFIUS Practice Group %26 experience
AND
(CFIUS),"China Legal Review 9/27/12 – Kurr)

Seventh, whether or not President Obama vetoes this transaction, and whether or not
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the subject of discussion and debate long after the Ralls case is resolved.

The decision deters US investment abroad

Hamilton and Quinlan 06
(Daniel, and Joseph, June, Protecting Our Prosperity  Ensuring Both National Security and the Benefits of Foreign Investment in the United States, National Foundation for American Policy, online – Kurr) 

Sixth, what goes around comes around. Restrictions on foreign investors in the U
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to target foreign firms here may ¶ wind up hitting American firms abroad. 

Also, it chills future Chinese investment in the US

Alden 10/15/12
(Edward, Bernard L. Schwartz senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), specializing in U.S. economic competitiveness, "Obama Slapdown on Chinese Wind Deal Sends Wrong Message" http://chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/obama-slapdown-on-chinese-wind-deal-sends-wrong-message/-http://chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/obama-slapdown-on-chinese-wind-deal-sends-wrong-message/, SEH)

President Obama has become the first president in 22 years to issue a formal order
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the United States – that needs all the foreign investment it can get.

FDI solves war - 4 reasons

Lee and Mitchell 2010
Hoon, Dept of Political Science – Texas Tech, and Sarah, Dept of Political Science – University of Iowa, Foreign Direct Investment and Territorial Disputes

Theoretical arguments relating FDI to interstate conflict can be categorized into¶ three broad perspectives
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FDI influence states’ actions in the dynamic process of interstate competition over issues.

Without foreign investment China’s economy collapses- dollar trap

Lemoine 13
(Françoise Lemoine, Senior economist with the CEPII (Paris), 1/12/13 Economic Change and Restructuring January 2013 From foreign trade to international investment: a new step in China’s integration with the world economy

The rise of China’s investment abroad follows a well-known model according to¶
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¶ would have a major impact on the world economy (Huang 2012).

Chinese economic collapse cause nuclear war

Yee 2 — Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002, "The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality," p5)

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Scenario B- is a Trade War

Ralls decision risks a trade war with China

South China Morning Post 12
("US should not politicise trade with China in ZTE and Huawei issue" http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1058195/us-should-not-politicise-trade-china-zte-and-huawei-issue)

Little is as damaging for a company’s value and overseas expansion plans as to be
AND
presidential election looming, political point-scoring and protectionism are immediate suspicions.
Obama and challenger Mitt Romney have often mentioned China on the campaign trail, accusing
AND
the panel after the release of the House of Representatives intelligence committee’s report.
Huawei and ZTE have struck deals in dozens of countries without problems. Economic espionage is a commonly heard accusation that is rarely substantiated. It is a serious allegation, yet no charges have been filed. The rebuttals made would seem justified: that the report is political, its intention being to block competition and stymie the growth of Chinese companies.
The last time a US president blocked foreign investment in an American company was in 1990 and that also involved a Chinese firm. That was in the wake of the Tiananmen killings, but perceptions have been shifting thanks to diplomacy, trade, investment, contact and co-operation. It is disappointing that the US and Obama are acting as if nothing has changed.
Chinese companies thinking of investing in the US, particularly state-owned firms, have to clearly spell out business intentions and strategies. In a world of globalised trade, though, there is no room for protectionism. Allegations like those made can easily have serious consequences with long-lasting effects. They can breed nationalism, prompt a trade war and send diplomatic ties into a tailspin. This is not what China, the US or the world needs.

US-China trade war escalates to military conflict

Landy 7
 ~[Ben Landy, Director of Research and Strategy at the Atlantic Media Company, publisher of the Atlantic Monthly, National Journal, and Government Executive magazines.   Landy served in various research and project management positions at the Brookings Institution and Center for Strategic and International Studies, two leading public policy think tanks in Washington, D.C.  Ben holds a bachelor of arts degree from Yale University. April 3, 2007, http://chinaredux.com/2007/04/03/protectionism-and-war/~%23comments-http://chinaredux.com/2007/04/03/protectionism-and-war/,)

The greatest threat for the 21st century is that these economic flare-ups between
AND
–far more than increases in military budgets and anti-satellite tests.

Escalation is likely – misperception and miscalc

Stares 11
(Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow for Conflict Prevention and Director of the Center for Preventive Action, 11 (Paul B., September, "Managing Instability on China’s Periphery,"http://www.cfr.org/china/managing-instability-chinas-periphery/p25838-http://www.cfr.org/china/managing-instability-chinas-periphery/p25838, pages7-8, accessed 10-10-11) 

Crises are inherently volatile events. Misinformation, miscommunication,¶ and misunderstanding can all play
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done jointly,¶ others will happen unilaterally but in a mutually supportive way.

APA Advantage

Advantage two is APA

Ruling on APA grounds key to administrative law

Stewart 05 
(Richard B Stewart University Professor and John E. Sexton Professor of Law, New York University.    "The Emergence of Global Administrative Law: Article: U.S. Administrative Law: A Model for Global Administrative Law?" 2005 http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362%26context=lcp%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DThe%2BEmergence%2Bof%2BGlobal%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%253A%2BArticle%253A%2BU.S.%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%253A%2BA%2BModel%2Bfor%2BGlobal%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C44%26as_sdtp%3D~%23search=%22Emergence%20Global%20Administrative%20Law%3A%20Article%3A%20U.S.%20Administrative%20Law%3A%20Model%20Global%20Administrative%20Law%22-http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362%26context=lcp%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DThe%2BEmergence%2Bof%2BGlobal%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%253A%2BArticle%253A%2BU.S.%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%253A%2BA%2BModel%2Bfor%2BGlobal%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%26btnG%3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C44%26as_sdtp%3D)

In the United States and other liberal democratic industrialized nations, ¶ administrative regulation is
AND
by outside parties and the justifications that it gives for its policy choices.

That gets modeled globally

Aman 99
(Alfred Aman Dean and Professor of Law, Indiana University  School  of Law-Bloomington. "Globalization and the U.S. Administrative Procedures Act: Furthering Democracy and the Global Public Interest" Global Legal Studies Journal http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1157%26context=ijgls%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2522As%2BI%2Bhave%2Bargued%2Babove%252C%2Bthe%2Bglobalizing%2B%2522%2B%2522policy%2Bthat%2Bis%2Bmeaningful%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bglobal%2Blevel.%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C44%26as_ylo%3D1999%26as_yhi%3D1999~~%23search=%22As%20have%20argued%20above%2C%20globalizing%20%20policy%20meaningful%20global%20level.%22)

As I have argued above, the globalizing State is a decentered State that can
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the creation of public policy that is meaningful on the global¶ level.

Scenario A – Interdependence

Extension of administrative law is key to legitimate international institutions.

Esty 06
(Daniel Esty Hillhouse Professor of Environmental Law  and Policy, Yale University. "Good Governance at the Supranational Scale: Globalizing Administrative Law" http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427%26context=fss_papers%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%25E2%2580%259CGood%2BGovernance%2Bat%2Bthe%2BSupranational%2BScale%253A%2BGlobalizing%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%25E2%2580%259D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C44%26as_ylo%3D%26as_yhi%3D~~%23search=%22%E2%80%9CGood%20Governance%20Supranational%20Scale%3A%20Globalizing%20Administrative%20Law%E2%80%9D%22)

In an interdependent world, a degree of supranational governance is¶ inevitable. Success
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results-based,¶ order-derived, systemic, and deliberative legitimacy.

That prevents great power wars

Deudney %26 ikenberry 09
(DANIEL DEUDNEY is Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University and the
author of Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory From the Polis to the Global Village. G.
JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at
Princeton University, a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University, and the author of
After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars. Foreign Affairs, January/February 2009, Volume 88, Number 1, p. 77 http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/the_myth_of_the_autocratic_revival.pdf) 

As the world becomes increasingly liberal and democratic, there are growing opportunities for ¶
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networks across ¶ international borders raises even more the costs of war. 

Weakened international legal-procedural constraints lead to extinction

Demenchonok 09
(Edward Demenchonok has worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of
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Nonviolence and Co-Responsibility" 18 FEB 2009 Wiley Online Library)

The idea of a hegemonic-centered world order is a recent version of what
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fate as the dinosaurs, with their huge bodies but disproportionately small brains. 

Scenario B – Environment

Stronger administrative law key to global environmental protection

Esty 06
(Daniel Esty Hillhouse Professor of Environmental Law  and Policy, Yale University. "Good Governance at the Supranational Scale: Globalizing Administrative Law" http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427%26context=fss_papers%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%25E2%2580%259CGood%2BGovernance%2Bat%2Bthe%2BSupranational%2BScale%253A%2BGlobalizing%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%25E2%2580%259D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C44%26as_ylo%3D%26as_yhi%3D~~%23search=%22%E2%80%9CGood%20Governance%20Supranational%20Scale%3A%20Globalizing%20Administrative%20Law%E2%80%9D%22)

Environmental issues were long thought to be largely local. But in recent¶ decades
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identified in¶ Part III to its day-to-day workings.

Key to prevent extinction- resiliency arguments are wrong

Watson 06
(Captain Paul Watson Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society "The Politics of Extinction" 2006, www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html)

The facts are clear. More plant and animal species will go through extinction within
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present course of civilization points to ecocide — the death of nature.

The ocean is on the brink

NSF 06
(National Science Foundation "Accelerating Loss of Ocean Species Threatens Human Well-Being" November 2, 2006 http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=1513)

In a study published in the November 3 issue of the journal Science, an
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, indeed it may not be able to sustain our lives at all." 

Makes extinction inevitable

Craig 08
(Robin Kundis, Attorneys’ Title Insurance Fund Professor of Law, Florida State University College of Law, Tallahassee, Florida, " CLIMATE CHANGE, REGULATORY FRAGMENTATION, AND WATER TRIAGE", Summer, 79 U. Colo. L. Rev. 825, lexis)

Marine ecosystems have immense value. Oceans cover more than 70% of our planet
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for 43% of the estimated value of the world’s ecosystem services." 322 

Only multilateral institutions solve

Esty 06
(Daniel Esty Hillhouse Professor of Environmental Law  and Policy, Yale University. "Good Governance at the Supranational Scale: Globalizing Administrative Law" http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1427%26context=fss_papers%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%25E2%2580%259CGood%2BGovernance%2Bat%2Bthe%2BSupranational%2BScale%253A%2BGlobalizing%2BAdministrative%2BLaw%25E2%2580%259D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C44%26as_ylo%3D%26as_yhi%3D~~%23search=%22%E2%80%9CGood%20Governance%20Supranational%20Scale%3A%20Globalizing%20Administrative%20Law%E2%80%9D%22)

Some international externalities are best understood as a function of the¶ workings of the
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such as public health and¶ environmental protection programs) will be underproduced.

Solvency

Judicial branch has the authority

Elwood 9/15/2012
(John, considerable experience litigating in the Supreme Court and the federal courts of appeals, served in senior-level positions in the U.S. Department of Justice, former assistant to the Solicitor General, briefed fifteen merits cases before the Supreme Court, former senior Deputy in the Office of Legal Counsel, former ex officio member of the U.S. Sentencing Commission, recipient of the Attorney General’s Award for Exceptional Service and the Attorney General’s Award for Distinguished Service, JD Yale Law School; "Landmark Foreign-Investment Suit Filed," Volokh Conspiracy, http://www.volokh.com/2012/09/15/landmark-foreign-investment-suit-filed/ - Kurr)

On Wednesday, a Chinese-owned wind-farm developer sued CFIUS to seek
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Sackett v. EPA) that agency actions are subject to judicial review.

Judicial review ensures stronger APA compliance

Vigdor et al 10/29/12
(William, John Elwood, and Jeremy C. Marwell, members of Vinson %26 Elkins, LLP; "United States: Blocking Ore. Wind Farms: Overstepping Authority?," Mondaq, Lexis – Kurr)

Second, and more fundamentally, the possibility that CFIUS actions could be subject to
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injunction, which Judge Amy Berman Jackson set for expedited briefing and consideration.

Plan spills over

Vinson %26 Elkins 9/17/2012
(Vinson %26 Elkins lawyers have provided innovative business solutions for clients whose needs are as diverse as the entities they represent. In today’s challenging environment of global markets, volatile economies, and complex human and environmental issues, our law firm’s time-tested role as trusted advisor has become even more critical; "Chinese Energy Developer Sues Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) for Blocking Oregon Wind-Farm Investment on National Security Grounds" V%26E CFIUS and National Security Review E-communication, http://www.velaw.com/resources/ChineseEnergyDeveloperSuesCFIUSBlockingOregonWindFarmInvestment.aspx-http://www.velaw.com/resources/ChineseEnergyDeveloperSuesCFIUSBlockingOregonWindFarmInvestment.aspx - Kurr)

On September 12, the Ralls Corporation, a Chinese-owned wind-farm
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has national security concerns regarding foreign acquisitions of even small wind turbine projects.

Plan solves FDI – judicial review makes the process more transparent

Michaels 11
(John D., Acting Professor UCLA School of Law; June, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," 97 Va. L. Rev. 801 – Kurr)
 In addition, by insulating the crucial work of CFIUS from the President,
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lawyers who deal regularly with CFIUS and can counsel their clients accordingly. n320

No Disads

Obama just approved a bunch of wind projects

Scheid 3/13
(Brian, Writer for Platts a leading global provider of energy, petrochemicals and metals information, and a premier source of benchmark price assessments for those commodity markets, "Obama administration approves wind, solar energy projects" http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/6257674)

The Obama administration has approved two solar projects in California and one wind project in
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station to connect the project to the existing power grid, Interior said. 

He plans on approving more clean energy

Renew Grid 3/20
("President Obama Unveils Energy Blueprint" http://www.renewgridmag.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.9709~~%23.UUoTlBzqmz4)

Last week, the White House released President Barack Obama’s "Blueprint for a Clean
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over 10 years into research and development of advanced vehicles, including EVs.

Wind is massively increasing now

Upton 3/14
(John, Writer for Grist an environmental news site, "Wind power is poised to kick nuclear’s ass" http://grist.org/news/wind-power-is-poised-to-kick-nuclears-ass/)

In 2012, wind energy became the fastest-growing source of new electricity generation
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helping to spur wind’s growth, and the nuclear industry thinks that’s unfair:

Increases 17% annually

Wind Power Monthly 3/14
("Wind increases output and coverage in US" http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1174632/Wind-increases-output-coverage-US)

UNITED STATES: Wind energy generation in the US increased by 17% per cent
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energy provided more than 5% of generation in 14 states last year.

Bottom of 1AC

US/China econ not zero-sum

Torode 11-5-12
Greg South China Morning Post
Dan Ikenson, a scholar at the pro-free trade Cato Institute in Washington
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were vital - as long as protectionism could be avoided, he added.

No impact to rivalry, China wants to be perceived as cooperating, not competing

Tsering ’12,
Bhuchung  Vice President, International Campaign for Tibet Congressional Documents and Publications 7-25-12

It is the aspiration of the present leadership of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to project their country as an emerging super power, if not already one, that will abide by "universally-accepted norms." Towards that end, they have even advocated their relations with the United States as "a new-type relationship between major countries" which features "cooperation not confrontation, win-win results not ’zero-sum’ game, and healthy competition not malicious rivalry."

Generic Thumper

Monsanto court case requires capital and thumps the DA

Gillam 13 (Carey – Reuters, "U.S. agriculture wary as Monsanto heads to Supreme Court", 2/15, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-monsanto-seeds-idUSBRE91E06Q20130215)
(Reuters) - A 75-year-old Indiana grain farmer will take
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under principles of intellectual property law," said Monsanto general counsel Dave Snively. 

Controversy inevitable – numerous blockbusters

Liptak 12 
(Adam – New York Times, "Supreme Court Faces Weighty Cases and a New Dynamic", 9/29, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/us/supreme-court-faces-crucial-cases-in-new-session.html?pagewanted=all)

 The Supreme Court returns to the bench on Monday to confront not only a
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over such suits, and business groups are hoping the answer is no. 

Legitimacy is tanked already

Rosen 12 
(Jeffrey – Legal Affairs Editor at New Republic, "The Supreme Court Has a Legitimacy Crisis, But Not For the Reason You Think ", 2012, http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/103987/the-supreme-court-has-legitimacy-crisis-not-the-reason-you-think)

Last week, a New York Times/CBS poll found that only 44 percent
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led to a statistically significant decline in approval among Democrats as a whole. 

Legitimacy resilient – single decisions don’t matter

Grosskopf 98
(Anke and Jeffrey Mondak, Professor of Political Science – University of Pittsburgh and Florida State University, "Do Attitudes Toward Specific Supreme Court Decisions Matter? The Impact of Webster and Texas v. Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court", Political Research Quarterly, 51(3), September)

Opinion about the Supreme Court may influence opinion about the Court’s decisions, but is
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not reactions to decisions, act as the strongest determinants of institutional support. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: 

T- Restriction

We meet- Ralls decision was siting restriction. That’s the Watt evidence.

We meet- national security is a restriction

Bungert 94
(Hartwin, Lecturer in Law (Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter) at the Institute of International and Comparative Law, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, FRG. Referendar ("J.D.") 1989, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, FRG; LL.M. 1991, The University of Chicago Law School; Doctor iuris 1993, Faculty of Law, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, FRG; Assessor 1994, Munich Court of Appeals (Oberlandesgericht Munchen), FRG; Summer, "Equal Protection for Foreign and Alien Corporations: Towards Intermediate Scrutiny for a Quasi-suspect Classification" 59 Mo. L. Rev. 569 - Kurr)

"National security" is often used as a justification of restrictions and discriminations against
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territory, as well as, production and use of nuclear energy. n359

Counter-interp—restrictions include limiting conditions

Plummer 29
J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis

The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in
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a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

This is the middle ground

LVM Institute 96
Ludwig Von Mises Institute Original Book by Ludwig Von Mises, Austrian Economist in 1940,  fourth edition copyright Bettina B. Greaves, Human Action, http://mises.org/pdf/humanaction/pdf/ha_29.pdf

Restriction of production means that the government either forbids or makes more difficult or more
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it is lower. It does not increase production; it curtails it.

Energy production is the device that converts it to electricity

Universal Design Consortium 10
http://www.udcinc.org/ZEHZEB.html-http://www.udcinc.org/ZEHZEB.html

Energy Production is defined as the strategies and/or renewable energy producing source that can be used to generate electrical current for the building.

Ralls decision is a prohibition

Jalinous %26 Brewster 9/27/2012
(Farhad, Partner in the Kaye Scholar’s National Security/CFIUS Practice Group. %26 Christopher R., senior official with the Federal Trade Commission; "Ralls litigation challenges authority of US Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)" Lexology, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d80ffea5-64b9-4b24-b445-1c3a57536021-http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=d80ffea5-64b9-4b24-b445-1c3a57536021 – Kurr)

Finally, Ralls argues that, by ordering Ralls to cease construction, remove equipment
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.S. party, since its authority is limited to reviewing foreign acquisitions’’’

Aff also increases incentives

King %26 Restuccia 9-28
Bob %26 Andrew Politico.com nexis
The company behind the wind project, Ralls Corp., denounced the security fears as
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could place the wind farms in service by the end of the year.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: 

Neoliberalism

Framework

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

The alt causes backlash and transition wars

Anderson 1984. professor of sociology – UCLA, ’84  (Perry, In the tracks of historical materialism, p. 102-103)
That background also indicates, however, what is essentially missing from his work.
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—as this work does—is to locate it in thin air.

Alt destroys transition to sustainable capitalism

Rifkin 10
 – Jeremy Rifkin, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends, January 11, 2010, "’The Empathic Civilization’: Rethinking Human Nature in the Biosphere Era," online: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremy-rifkin/the-empathic-civilization_b_416589.html 

The pivotal turning points in human consciousness occur when new energy regimes converge with new
AND
same time interconnected via smart grids to other regions across countries and continents.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: 

Russia DA

Global wind expansion inevitable

Sahu ’13
Bikash Kumar Sahu, Moonmoon Hiloidhari, D.C. Baruah, Energy Conservation Laboratory, Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India, "Global trend in wind power with special focus on the top five wind power producing countries," Renewable andSustainableEnergyReviews19(2013)348–359, AM

In the last few decades the world has witnessed tremendous growth in wind industry sector
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capacity will increase up to 600 and 1500 GW, respectively ~[18~].

Exports would be capped- their article

Ebinger et al 12 
(Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, "Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas," Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)

While LNG exports may be practically feasible, ¶ they will be subject to approval
AND
domestic demand for ¶ —and therefore domestic prices of —natural gas.

The links non-unique- Their Author

Burnes et al 12-7 
(John, Lisa Epifani, Curt Moffatt, Janna Chesno, Partner – VanNess Feldman, "DOE Releases LNG Export Study and Requests Public Comment," VanNess Feldman, 2012, http://www.vnf.com/news-alerts-778.html-http://www.vnf.com/news-alerts-778.html)

Exports of natural gas, including LNG, must be authorized by DOE’s Office of
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a volumetric cap, on the amount of LNG that could be exported.

Russian economy is collapsing now

MarketWatch 10/8 
("World Bank says Russian economy to slow", 2012, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/world-bank-says-russian-economy-to-slow-2012-10-08)

 MOSCOW—Russia’s economy will slow over the next year, the World Bank
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trajectory, even though oil prices have stayed high," the bank said. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: 

Politics

Perm shields the link congress still gets involved.

Drones thumps

The Hill 3-24
"White House Moves to Let Pentagon take Over CIA armed Drones Sparks Concern," http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/290049-white-house-plan-to-let-pentagon-take-over-cia-armed-drones-sparks-concern-http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/290049-white-house-plan-to-let-pentagon-take-over-cia-armed-drones-sparks-concern

A White House plan to make the administration’s armed drone program the sole
AND
Department (DOD) would exercise the same restraint with the controversial program. 

Brain drain is inevitable Hindustan times says it already exists.

PC not key to immigration

Hirsch 2-7
Michael is Chief Correspondent for National Journal, "There’s no Such Thing as Political Capital," http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
AND
his account determines what he can do at any given moment in history.
Uniqueness Overwhelms the Link
Kroger 3-12
Gregory is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, "The Hastert Rule: It’s More like a Guideline," http://mischiefsoffaction.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-hastert-rule-its-more-like-guideline.html-http://mischiefsoffaction.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-hastert-rule-its-more-like-guideline.html

Last week the U.S. House passed a bill supported by a majority
AND
is in the electoral interests of the House GOP to let themselves lose.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Navy should acquire airborne wind energy from kite systems for energy production on United States’ Navy ships. 

Naval Oil Advantage

Current oil dependence crushes the Navy

Marsh 10
(Douglas, Douglas, Lieutenant US Navy, “Our Lethal Dependence on Oil” http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2010-06/our-lethal-dependence-oil)

On your drive to base today you stopped at the gas station and noticed the price of regular … the Navy with state-of-the-art warfighting capabilities but nothing to power them.

Oil dependence drastically reduces combat capability

Navy Times 12
(Brock Vergakis, “Navy energy leader warns of oil dependency” http://www.navytimes.com/news/2012/04/ap-navy-energy-leader-warns-oil-dependency-041012/#) 

The director of the Navy’s energy coordination office invoked … capability and more capability.”

Optimists are wrong- current navy oil dependence decimates the navy and risks war

Burke 7/27/12
(Patrick, Intern at the Truman National Security Project, “Oil Dependence: Don’t Put a Band-Aid on a Gaping Wound” http://trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/oil-dependence-dont-put-a-band-aid-on-a-gaping-wound/)

In a recent study, James Bartis of the RAND Corporation claimed … our oil sources and drilling more wells is not enough; the military needs options.

Airborne wind energy systems can be dual used for propulsion

Fagiano 10
(L Fagiano, partimento di Automatica e Informatica, Corso¶ Duca degli Abruzzi, M. Milanese¶ ∗¶ , V. Razza¶ ∗¶ , I. Gerlero¶ †¶ “Control of Power Kites for Naval Propulsion” http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=05530824)

This paper investigates the application of an innovative …matching between real¶ world measures and simulation results

That drastically reduces oil dependence

Techstar 10
(“New wind power for ships” http://www.off-grid.net/2010/01/10/new-wind-power-for-ships/)

The world’s first cargo ship to be powered with high altitude kite-like … for operating the system and that the operational concept works as intended.

It’s easy to integrate

Navy Times 8
(Philip Ewing, “Wind power helps cargo ship save fuel” http://www.navytimes.com/news/2008/10/navy_skysail_101608/)

Diesel engines, gas turbines and nuclear reactors have propelled U.S. ships around…cargo containers and transport them to the U.S., according to MSC documents.

Military acquisition solves

Cahoon 11
(Troy L, Captain USAF, Thesis for Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics ¶ Graduate School of Engineering and Management ¶ Air Force Institute of Technology, “AIRBORNE WIND ENERGY: ¶ IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN FOR THE U.S. AIR FORCE”http:www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a539255.pdf)

Conclusions of Research ¶ Tapping into higher altitude winds will … power, or AWE, for the use of the USAF. 

That also solves Navy electricity needs- solves electrolysis and rail guns

Leggett ‘12
(Nickolaus, Pilot, certified technician, MA political science, ”To the Federal Aviation Administration: Formal Comments of Nickolaus E. Leggett,” http://www.energykitesystems.net/FAA/FAAfromNickolausLeggett.pdf)

Some mobile AWES installations will be used in the future. … prototypes should be allowed by the FAA.

Independently solves oil dependence

Szondy 12
(David, freelance writer based in Monroe, Washington. An award-winning playwright, he has contributed to Charged and iQ magazine and is the author of the website Tales of Future Past, “U.S. Navy looking at obtaining fuel from seawater” http://www.gizmag.com/jet-fuel-seawater/24287/)

Tell someone that you’ve invented a car that runs on water and they're … the puzzle is still missing.

Naval power controls all conflict escalation

Eaglen ‘11
(Mackenzie research fellow for national security – Heritage, and Bryan McGrath, former naval officer and director – Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy,” Heritage Foundation

The U.S. Navy’s global presence has added … of passionate rising powers and feckless declining powers.

That unleashes a laundry list of nuclear conflicts

Eaglen ‘11
(Mackenzie research fellow for national security – Heritage, and Bryan McGrath, former naval officer and director – Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy,” Heritage Foundation

Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically reduced naval … in the billions of dollars.16 

Navy Key to deter Senkaku conflict 

McCurry ’12
Justin is Global Post Correspondent for Japan in Tokyo, “Japan v. China: Small Islands, Big Worry,” http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/121029/east-china-sea-japan-senkakus-diaoyu-disputed-islands

Anyone who believed the territorial row between Japan and China would be a short-lived exercise in …take a much tougher stance towards Japan."

Goes Nuclear

Emmot 8
(Bill – editor of the Economist, Power rises in the east, The Australian, p. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/power-rises-in-the-east/story-e6frg8px-1111116460128)

As well as knitting them, however, this drama is also grinding together Asian powers that had previously kept a strict …Senkaku-Diaoyutai islands, Taiwan and Pakistan.

Even if there is no war- that wrecks US Japan alliance

White 12-26
Hugh is Professor of Strategic Studies at American National University and a Visiting Fellow at the Lowy Institute, “Caught in a Bind that Threatens an Asian War Nobody Wants,” http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/caught-in-a-bind-that-threatens-an-asian-war-nobody-wants-20121225-2bv38.html#ixzz2GAKA8VUy

Beijing apparently believes that if it keeps pushing, Washington will persuade … powers have often gone to war over.

Alliance can solve prolif, Middle East peace, terrorism, and Indo-Pak exchange

Kawashima 3
(Yutaka, Ex-Foreign Minister of Japan,  Japanese Foreign Policy At The Crossroads p. 53-54)

Certainly Japan should stress to the United States that in many respects a unilateral … shares not only many interests but also basic values. 

Shipping

Military as a first purchaser key to bring new tech to market.

Cohen 12
(Armond, Executive Director – Clean Air Task Force, DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php#2211477)

Recently, the Clean Air Task Force and our …DNA” needs to be replicated or adapted to meet the challenge.

DoD installations are key – market pull

Marqusse 12
Jeffrey Marqusee 12, Executive Director of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) at the Department of Defense, “Military Installations and Energy Technology Innovation”, March, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Energy%20Innovation%20at%20DoD.pdf

The key reason that DoD cannot passively rely on the … storage and electric vehicles reside.

Bringing AWEs to market saves the shipping industry- the impact is trade and warming.

DSM 12
(Dutch-based multinational life sciences and materials sciences company, http://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/cworld/en_US/documents/backgrounder-skysails-new-energy-for-shipping-with-relevant-sources.pdf)

THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY FACES A FUNDAMENTAL …most attractive technologies for simultaneously reducing operating ¶ costs and CO2 emissions.

Trade prevents war

Griswold 11
(Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9 http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf)

Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend.” It …destroyed by civil conflict and war.

Also resolves external conflicts- makes war unthinkable

Brooks 2k
Jason Brooks, Department of Journalism at Carleton University, May 1, 2000, Garvey Contest Essay, “Make Trade, Not War,” http://www.independent.org/students/garvey/essay.asp?id=1456

Free trade is, in one sense, like a nuclear weapon. Which seems strange to … less it will be in danger of wars.” Free trade is indeed the wellspring of peace.

Warming is real and anthropogenic- scientific consensus

Trenberth et al. 12
 (Kevin Trenberth, Sc.D, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Climate Analysis Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research Richard Somerville, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego Katharine Hayhoe, Ph.D., Director, Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University Rasmus Benestad, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute Gerald Meehl, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research Michael Oppenheimer, Ph.D., Professor of Geosciences; Director, Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Princeton University Peter Gleick, Ph.D., co-founder and president, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security Michael C. MacCracken, Ph.D., Chief Scientist, Climate Institute, Washington Michael Mann, Ph.D., Director, Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University Steven Running, Ph.D., Professor, Director, Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana Robert Corell, Ph.D., Chair, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment; Principal, Global Environment Technology Foundation Dennis Ojima, Ph.D., Professor, Senior Research Scientist, and Head of the Dept. of Interior's Climate Science Center at Colorado State University Josh Willis, Ph.D., Climate Scientist, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Matthew England, Ph.D., Professor, Joint Director of the Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia Ken Caldeira, Ph.D., Atmospheric Scientist, Dept. of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution Warren Washington, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research Terry L. Root, Ph.D., Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University David Karoly, Ph.D., ARC Federation Fellow and Professor, University of Melbourne, Australia Jeffrey Kiehl, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research Donald Wuebbles, Ph.D., Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois Camille Parmesan, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, University of Texas; Professor of Global Change Biology, Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, UK Simon Donner, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Canada Barrett N. Rock, Ph.D., Professor, Complex Systems Research Center and Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire David Griggs, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Australia Roger N. Jones, Ph.D., Professor, Professorial Research Fellow, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Australia William L. Chameides, Ph.D., Dean and Professor, School of the Environment, Duke University Gary Yohe, Ph.D., Professor, Economics and Environmental Studies, Wesleyan University, CT Robert Watson, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Chair of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Steven Sherwood, Ph.D., Director, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Chris Rapley, Ph.D., Professor of Climate Science, University College London, UK Joan Kleypas, Ph.D., Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research James J. McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor of Biological Oceanography, Harvard University Stefan Rahmstorf, Ph.D., Professor of Physics of the Oceans, Potsdam University, Germany Julia Cole, Ph.D., Professor, Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona William H. Schlesinger, Ph.D., President, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Jonathan Overpeck, Ph.D., Professor of Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona Eric Rignot, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Professor of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine Wolfgang Cramer, Professor of Global Ecology, Mediterranean Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France, 2/1/2012, “Check With Climate Scientists for Views on Climate”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204740904577193270727472662.html)

Do you consult your dentist about your heart condition? In science, as … could also drive decades of economic growth. Just what the doctor ordered.

Warming specifically causes hydrogen sulfide expansion—that causes extinction. 

Ward 10
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010)

In the rest of this chapter I will support a contention that within … all systems maintaining habitability on Planet Earth: the thermohaline current systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents. 

Independently shipping prevents extinction

Brownrigg 7 Director general of British Chamber of Shipping, “Speech to the Party Fringe meetings: Shipping – An Answer To Global Warming”, http://www.findthatdoc.com/search-20687997-hDOC/download-documents-d-g-labour-party-fringe-sep-2007-doc.htm
Somewhat provocatively, we’ve called this meeting ‘Shipping – an answer to Global Warming’.  Before I … transports 90% of world trade.       

Solvency

Aviation, weather, and terror proof

Burke 12/3/12
(Jill Burke ‘Will airborne windmills revolutionize rural Alaska energy?”
Dec 03, 2012 http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/will-airborne-windmills-revolutionize-rural-alaska-energy-video, TSW)

What could go wrong?¶ Altaeros is relying on a … $620,000 of its own, largely through labor and equipment it will provide.

Carbon nanotube solves tether concerns

Bronstein ‘10
(Max G. Bronstein is a recent graduate of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. He holds a Masters of public policy and a certificate in science, technology, and
public policy.¶ College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States “Harnessing rivers of wind: A technology and policy assessment of high altitude wind power in the U.S.” 17 October 2010, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 78 (2011) 736–746, Science Direct, TSW)

The continued development of the TRC design will … depend upon advances in related fields of science and technology.

Currently feasible

Cahoon 11
(Troy L, Captain USAF, Thesis for Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics ¶ Graduate School of Engineering and Management ¶ Air Force Institute of Technology, “AIRBORNE WIND ENERGY: ¶ IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN FOR THE U.S. AIR FORCE”http:www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a539255.pdf)

The challenges to the development of AWE are … approaches being pursued are a rotor based concept, a kite based concept, and a balloon ¶ based concept. 

No Disads

Already funded

Anderson 12
Ross Andersen is an Atlantic correspondent based in Washington, D.C. He is also the Science Editor at the Los Angeles Review of Books, and a contributor to The Economist. “The 'Silent Green Revolution' Underway at the Department of Energy” 9/9/12 http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/the-silent-green-revolution-underway-at-the-department-of-energy/261905/

After receiving an unprecedented … Power, which has received ARPA-E funding (Makani).

Obama just approved a bunch of wind projects

Scheid 3/13
(Brian, Writer for Platts a leading global provider of energy, petrochemicals and metals information, and a premier source of benchmark price assessments for those commodity markets, “Obama administration approves wind, solar energy projects” http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/6257674)

The Obama administration has approved two … station to connect the project to the existing power grid, Interior said. 

He plans on approving more clean energy

Renew Grid 3/20
(“President Obama Unveils Energy Blueprint” http://www.renewgridmag.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.9709#.UUoTlBzqmz4)

Last week, the White House released President Barack …Trust, which would put $2 billion over 10 years into research and development of advanced vehicles, including EVs.

Wind is massively increasing now

Upton 3/14
(John, Writer for Grist an environmental news site, “Wind power is poised to kick nuclear’s ass” http://grist.org/news/wind-power-is-poised-to-kick-nuclears-ass/)

In 2012, wind energy became the fastest-… industry thinks that’s unfair:

Increases 17% annually

Wind Power Monthly 3/14
(“Wind increases output and coverage in US” http://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1174632/Wind-increases-output-coverage-US)

UNITED STATES: Wind energy generation in the US … Elizabeth Salerno, AWEA's director of industry data and analysis. Wind energy provided more than 5% of generation in 14 states last year.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T Procure

Procurement T

1. We meet- plan creates incentives and secures a market for nuclear energy

2. We meet- paying them is the financial incentive

3. Counter interpretation- financial incentives are disbursement of public funds or contingent commitments

Webb 93
(lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean … programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Ground- it is grounded in the literature and is the only way to intrinsically keep military affs in the topic which are key to beat states counterplans, and it links much harder to disads

Predictability- our evidence has a definitive list and an intent to define, and is supported in the literature
Limits- only adds procurement affs to their list, but limits out all indirect incentive effects their allows
Education- key to talk about different actors use of energy and how energy’s connection to the military, and no aff makes sense where the government is the consumer

Reasonability key to prevent a race to the most limiting definition

New Affs

Case

Fifth generation aircraft solves anti-access and no chance Russia and China strat will work

Wilson ‘11
(J.R. Wilson has been a full-time freelance writer, focusing primarily on aerospace, defense and high technology, since 1992, when he finished a four-year assignment as North American Group Editor for the UK-based Jane’s Information Group. A 1971 graduate of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, he spent eight years with United Press International before joining McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. as head of public relations for the space sector. A similar post with defense simulation contractor Cubic Corp. was followed by a brief stint as president and CEO of a small manufacturing firm in San Diego. “Anti-access Air Defenses¶ Tracking the development of anti-stealth countermeasures” April 19, 2011 http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/anti-access-air-defenses/, TSW)

The F-35 has continued the move away from high-… “Rebalancing the Force,” the QDR focused on the need to deter and defeat aggression in anti-access environments.

CP 

Acquire is the Counterplan

We can be the counterplan

US Code 3 Legal Information Institute, “41 USC § 131 – Acquisition”, November 24, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/41/131?quicktabs_8=1#quicktabs-8
In division B, the term “acquisition”—¶ (1) means the process of … functions directly related to the process of fulfilling agency requirements by contract.
Not Competative

Resolved means to deliberate.
Merriam Webster 9 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved

# Main Entry: 1re•solve # Pronunciation: \ri-ˈzälv, -ˈzȯlv also -ˈzäv or -ˈzȯv\ # Function: verb # Inflected Form(s): resolved; re•solv•ing 1 : to become separated into component parts; also : to become reduced by dissolving or analysis 2 : to form a resolution : determine 3 : consult, deliberate 

Should means achieving the objectives of a presumptively mandatory requirement.
GAO 8 Government Accounting Office, Exposure Draft of Proposed Changes to the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, http://www.gao.gov/govaud/cl_iia080331.pdf

The second sentence of the “must” definition used in the … “should” is the appropriate word. 

Certainty Key

Certainty is key
Silverstein, Energybiz Editor-in-Chief, 12
(Ken, August 26, 2012, “Obama and Romney: Electrifying the Energy Debate”, http://www.energybiz.com/article/12/08/obama-and-romney-electrifying-energy-debate)

While the presidential candidates are playing politics, the utility … highlighted with clarity and time frames, the industry will get there.” 

Electricity Prices

No Link
High Altitude Wind is cheaper than anything
Cahoon ’11
Troy is a Captain in the U.S. Airforce and has a Master’s of Science in Aeronautical Engineering from the Air Force Institute for Technology, “Airborne Wind Energy: Implementation and Design for the U.S. Air Force,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a539255.pdf

Despite the technical challenges faced by this …altitudes up to 4,600 m (15,000 ft).10,14

Environmental Security

Threats are Real

Threats are not socially constructed- decision makers use the most objective, rational, and accurate assessments possible- there are no bureaucratic or ideological motivations to invent threats. 

Ravenal ‘9
Earl C. Ravenal, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75

Quite expectedly, the more doctrinaire of the …imagination to exploit opportunities for personal profit.

Rejection Fails

The alternative results in more securitization and intervention
Tara McCormack, 2010, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 127-129)
The following section will briefly raise some questions about the …and emancipatory theoretical approaches.

Scenario Building Good

Prefer specific scenarios – even if we invoke some security logic, the fact that others will securitize means that we have to make worst-case assessments to avoid escalation
Ole Waever, Senior Research Fellow – Copenhagen Peace Research Inst., 2K
(I. R. Theory and the Politics of European Integration, ed Kelstrup/Williams p. 282-285)

The other main possibility is to stress responsibility. Particularly …escalations, violence and mutual vilification. 

Scenario planning is key to effective energy policy
Laurance R. Geri and David E. McNabb. 2011. teaches in the Masters Program in Public Administration (MPA) at Evergreen State. Energy Policy in the U.S.: Politics, Challenges, and Prospects for Change. p. 30
Energy planners were chastened by the failure to … problem has yet to be presented, let alone adopted.

Ecosecurity good/inevitable
Ecosecurity discourse key to solvency
Matthew 2, Richard A, associate professor of international relations and environmental political at the University of California at Irvine, Summer (ECSP Report 8:109-124)
In addition, environmental security's language and … remarkable achievements of the entire environmental security field.

Realism in environmental security is good- accurate
Gellers 10 (Josh Gellers, third-year PhD student in Political Science at the University of California, Irvine and Assistant Director of the Focused Research Group in International Environmental Cooperation. He earned an MA in Climate and Society from Columbia University (2007) and a BA in Political Science with a minor in Geography and a certificate in International Relations from the University of Florida (2005), “Climate Change and Environmental Security: Bringing Realism Back In”, University of California, Irvine 2010)
The examples of environmental security issues … more than it values the pleasures of peace.”36

Ecosecurity solves k impacts
Barnett ‘1
Jon. Research Council in the School of Environmental Enquiry at U of Melbourne. The Meaning of Environmental Security: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era, Pg 137-40 GBS-JV
The question of whether it is valid to understand … that is likely to ensue from the project of environmental security.

Realism in environmental security is good- accurate
Gellers 10 (Josh Gellers, third-year PhD student in Political Science at the University of California, Irvine and Assistant Director of the Focused Research Group in International Environmental Cooperation. He earned an MA in Climate and Society from Columbia University (2007) and a BA in Political Science with a minor in Geography and a certificate in International Relations from the University of Florida (2005), “Climate Change and Environmental Security: Bringing Realism Back In”, University of California, Irvine 2010)
The examples of environmental … goals more than it values the pleasures of peace.”36

Politics

A2: Grid
No Skill shortage- tons of H1Bs and U.S. Ph. D’s.
Grid is fine
Paul Clark 12, MA Candidate, Intelligence/Terrorism Studies, American Military University; Senior Analyst, Chenega Federal Systems, 4/28/12, “The Risk of Disruption or Destruction of Critical U.S. Infrastructure by an Offensive Cyber Attack,” http://blog.havagan.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/The-Risk-of-Disruption-or-Destruction-of-Critical-U.S.-Infrastructure-by-an-Offensive-Cyber-Attack.pdf
An attack against the electrical grid is … and cyber security measures (Gohn and Wheelock 2010).

Defense is air gapped
Weimann‘4 (Gabriel, senior fellow, United States Institute of Peace, Professor of Communication, University of Haifa, Israel, December (Cyberterrorism: How Real Is the Threat?, Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, p. http://www.usip.org/ pubs/specialreports/sr119.pdf)

Many computer security specialists …to the National Security Agency for security testing.

Subs Thumps
Nuclear sub discussion in budget causes fights – blame shifting
AFP 2/26/13
(Agence France Presse -- English¶ “US leaders squabble despite Bernanke cuts warning” February 26, 2013 Tuesday 7:43 PM GMT Lexis, TSW)

US Fed chairman Ben Bernanke Tuesday sounded … to the showdown over $85 billion in cuts due to hit on Friday.
Biofuels Thumps

Biofuel program disproves link

Daily Caller 3/21
(“Senate lets the Navy’s ‘green fleet’ sail on” http://dailycaller.com/2013/03/21/senate-lets-the-navys-green-fleet-sail-on/)

The Senate defeated a proposed amendment … maintenance services for the warfighter,” Toomey added.

Guns
Their ev doesn’t say Obama bill kills CIR.
Guns thumps
The Frontrunner 3-26
“Obama to Campaign Across the Country for Gun Measures,” lexis

The Hill (3/26, Sink, 21K) reports President Obama "…bully pulpit, as you describe it, by traveling across the country a little bit and talking about some of these issues."

Defense Shielded
Defenses transferes draw no congressional interest
McCain 3-12
“Remarks by John McCain on Congress and the Budget,” lexis

"In fiscal year 2011 alone, the Department … was originally sold to us as impossible and something that the President said last year during the presidential campaign would 'never happen,' was in actuality inevitable.

UQ O/W
Uniqueness Overwhelms the Link
Kroger 3-12
Gregory is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, “The Hastert Rule: It’s More like a Guideline,” http://mischiefsoffaction.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-hastert-rule-its-more-like-guideline.html

Last week the U.S. House passed a bill … intersection; sometimes it is in the electoral interests of the House GOP to let themselves lose.
PC Not Key
PC not key to immigration
Hirsch 2-7
Michael is Chief Correspondent for National Journal, “There’s no Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama … what he can do at any given moment in history.

No PC
No PC now
Vespa 3-22
Matt, Writer for NewsBusters, “CBS Political Director Now: Obama Shouldn't Agitate GOP; Back in January: 'Go For The Throat,' Mr. President” http://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/matt-vespa/2013/03/22/180-turn-cbs-political-director-says-obama-shouldnt-agitate-gop-said-go-
Don't look for Dickerson's colleagues … media start to note openly that the emperor has no clothes.

No Obama Bill
Obama won’t introduce his own bill
ABC Univision 3/27/13 (President Obama Expects Immigration Bill In April, http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/immigration-reform-obama-expects-bill-april/story?id=18825428)
"I'm actually optimistic that when they get … still get done by summer, a goal he set out earlier this year, the president replied, "I believe so." 

DoD Budget

Cheaper than anything that’s electiricity

Plan Saves Money

Fuel costs spill-over and destroy the DOD budget
Freed 12 Josh, Vice President for Clean Energy, Third Way, “Improving capability, protecting 'budget”, May 21, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php
As Third Way explains in a digest being released this week by our National Security … stronger. That’s why the Pentagon has decided to invest in these efforts. 

1NC- A2: Food Shortages

Supply and demand means farmers will make more food – empirically true 

Zubrin ‘11
Dr. Robert Zubrin Fellow with the Center for Security Policy B.A. in Mathematics from the University of Rochester (1974), and a masters degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics, a masters degree in Nuclear Engineering, and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering  “WHY IT’S WRONG TO AGREE WITH THE MALTHUSIANS ABOUT ETHANOL” http://www.ilcorn.org/daily-update/182-why-it-rsquo-s-wrong-to-agree-with-the-malthusians-about-ethanol/

In fact, Lester Brown is wrong about …they were in 1960 (40 bushels per acre.)
Food shortages inevitable

Dawson ‘6
Thomas, January 5. American Chronicle, “Food for Thought and the Price of Food,” http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=4533

It may seem to many that we are living in a period in which there are … and diesel fuels to further subsidize and satisfy the farm lobby.

Empirically denied – innovation solves

Wish 10
Vladish Wish, writer for Allianz (study of demographics) “Who’s Afraid of Thomas Malthus?” Global |01 October 2010by Valdis Wish http://knowledge.allianz.com/?224

None of the troubling predictions about overpopulation and … population growth to the extent that India will soon be the world's most populous country.
Helium

Not Blimps

Their disad is about blimps- we’re kites

NBC News 10
(Jennifer Alsever, “Innovations to boost airborne energy have wind at their back” http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39851579/ns/business-going_green/#.UTz3yRzqmz4)

Other startups take a different approach to mile-… airborne power systems sometime next year.
Hodgepodge of Claims
Spikes inev and non-unique but long-term production is inevitable---the aff has zero effect  
Lundblad 9/11—The News Herald (Elizabeth, Helium shortage being felt at party supply stores, florists, www.news-herald.com/articles/2012/09/11/news/doc504f7974c9ebc643495288.txt?viewmode=fullstory)
The lack of supply has sent prices soaring.¶ Last … the world. There are sources of helium that have been identified but have not been tapped.”
No Impact
No impact---major helium users aren’t affected by the shortage or spikes 

Nicodemus 12—Reporter at Worcester Telegram and Gazette (3/25/12, Aaron, With luck, we’ll all survive the helium shortage, www.telegram.com/article/20120325/COLUMN73/103259959/1002)
But apparently, the worldwide helium … Kapur, general manager at Aimtek Inc. in Auburn

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Biofuels
Biofuels fail- too expensive still environmental regs

Skye 10
(“Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuels” http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Biofuels)

Production carbon emissions: Several … initial investment is often required.

K
Always V2L
All life has value
L Schwartz, medical ethicist, 2002, Medical ethics: a case based approach, www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf
Supporters of the sanctity of life ethic dismiss … is necessary. However, it will be necessary to justify any violation of this right.
High Impact Outweighs
Even slight risks of catastrophic impacts outweigh
Rescher, 83  (Nicholas, Department of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the theory of risk evaluation, p. 67)

In such situations we are dealing with hazards … that are, in the circumstances, “unacceptable”.
 Democracy Good
Democracy improves basic rights, autonomy, and agency
de Zeeuw and Kumar ‘6
Promoting Democracy in Postconflict Societies. Edited by Jeroen de zeeuw and Krishna Kumar. 2006. pg. 5-6
International donors believe—with considerable … breeding grounds for international terrorists.
Inevitable
CHALECKI 2K7
Elizabeth, “environmental security: a case study of climate change”, pacific institute for studies in development, environment and safety, Asst. Professor in the International Studies Program at Boston Collegehttp://www.pacinst.org/reports/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate_change.pdf

Climate change will mean more natural …unrest may require peacekeeping troops.

A2: Discourse
Prioritization of discourse destroys critique – discussing questions of implementation are key to progressive change
Brown ‘01
Wendy Brown, Poli Sci and Women’s Studies @ Berkeley, ‘1 (Politics Out of History, p. 35-6)

“Speech codes kill critique,” Henry Louis … and good fight in our clamor over words and names. Don’t mourn, moralize.

1AC - Islanding, Leadership
1NC - States, Elections, Heidegger

Prisons Aff

SMRs Heg Aff

1NC
Risk
Environmental Justice
Resilience

Islanding Adv
Leadership Adv
Alternative Financing Plan/Solvency

SMRs Heg Aff

1NC
Nietzsche Paranoia K

1AC - Islanding, Leadership
1NC - T - Procurement, Elections, Managerialism, States

Prisons Aff

1AC - Islanding, Leadership
1NC - Terror Talk, Elections, T - Procurement, Cost CP, Asia Pivot DA, Cap K