Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan: The United States federal government should procure energy from thorium-fueled high temperature gas-cooled small modular nuclear reactors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The international nuclear renaissance is underway and the US is falling behind – SMR development key to US nuclear tech leadership
Rogers, Duke Energy Chairman, 12
(James E., Chairman, President, and CEO of Duke Energy, former deputy general counsel for litigation and enforcement for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, "“The Nuclear Renaissance” Opportunity: Lost, Or Found?," Stanford Energy Journal, Spring 2012, http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/The_Nuclear_Renaissance_by_Jim_Rogers, accessed 9-6-12, mtf)

Twenty-three years ago, I became a CEO because of a failed attempt
AND
support this, I believe, is the best way to do it.

Renewed US nuclear leadership critical to enhance international nonproliferation efforts
Domenici and Miller, Co-chairs of BPC Nuclear Initiative, 12
(Pete and Warren, Senator, BPC senior fellow, and Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, “Maintaining U.S.  Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets: A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s  Nuclear Initiative,” July 2012, Bipartisan Policy Center, pages 17-19, da 8-18-12, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, mee)

Strategic Goal: Continued strong U.S. leadership in global nuclear security matters
AND
, the United States has a critical commercial and advisory role to play. 

Loss of leadership triggers prolif – weakened international regimes and US enrichment dependence
Jones, Bipartisan Policy Center senior fellow, 12
(James, co-chairman of Bipartisan Policy Center Energy Project, former national security adviser to Obama, retired General, “US must remain leader in nuclear enrichment,” 1-17-12, The Hill, da 9-6-12, http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/204711-us-must-remain-leader-in-nuclear-enrichment-, mee)

Achieving energy security is among our nation’s most pressing requirements in this still-young
AND
— a role that has always, appropriately, received overwhelming bipartisan support.

Stable nonproliferation regime is key – international insecurities ensure prolif will cascade and escalate into war
Heisbourg, Geneva Centre for Security Policy Chairman, 12
(François, Chairman of the Council of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy and of the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Nuclear Nonproliferation: Moving Beyond Pretense," edited by Henry Sokolski, Ch. 1: How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?, July 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/userfiles/file/oving%20Beyond%20Pretense%20web%20version.pdf#page=182, accessed 9-5-12, mtf)

“New” lessons from a revisited past and current trends in nuclear  proliferation will
AND
.  Some markers to that end will be laid in our concluding section.

Prolif leads to irrational decision making and escalatory war likely
Horowitz, University of Pennsylvania Political Science Associate Professor, 9
(Michael, PhD from Harvard, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53:2, April 2009, Pages 7-10, da 9-6-12, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Horowitz_The_Spread_of_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf, mee)

Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated. While to some extent
AND
war, the balance of power, and the preferences of the adopter. 

Best studies show that even a small scale nuclear war results in extinction
Robock, professor of climatology at Rutgers University, 9
(Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers and associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction, "Nuclear winter," The Encyclopedia of Earth, 1-6-09, http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter, accessed 9-9-11, mtf)

Introduction  Nuclear winter is a term that describes the climatic effects of nuclear war.
AND
. Only nuclear disarmament will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe.

Plan secures sustainable prolif leadership and encourages international modeling
Campbell, American Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness president, 7
(Scott, Senior Public Policy Advisor, Baker Donelson Bearman Caldwell and Berkowitz, PC, Former Director, Office of Policy, Planning and Analysis, U.S. Department of Energy, “The U.S. Domestic Civil Nuclear Infrastructure And U.S. Nonproliferation Policy,” May 2007, pages 22-24, da 9-6-12, http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf, mee)

The U.S. has and should continue to be able to influence the
AND
it has been in helping to ensure a rigorous system of export controls.

SMRs are uniquely key to sustain nuclear leadership
Domenici and Miller, Co-chairs of BPC Nuclear Initiative, 12
(Pete and Warren, Senator, BPC senior fellow, and Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, “Maintaining U.S.  Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets: A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s  Nuclear Initiative,” July 2012, Bipartisan Policy Center, page 20, da 8-18-12, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, mee)

Strategic Goal: Historically, the United States has been a leader in nuclear  technology
AND
research, development, and deployment (RDandD) programs.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – assumes alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate
AND
across the political and diplomatic spectrum about what can and should be done.

Warming compounds, leads to positive feedback cycles and results in extinction
Tickell, Climate researcher, 8
(Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Gaurdian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8-11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ commentisfree/2008/aug/11/ climatechange, ldg)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

CO2-induced warming releases hydrogen sulfide and causes mass extinction
Ward, University of Washington geological sciences professor, 8
(Peter, Under a Green Sky: Global Warming, the Mass Extinctions of the Past, and What They Tell Us About Our Future, p. 134-138, ldg)

The best of the methods is a computer program developed by the great Robert Berner
AND
beast than the K- T, our now sole known impact extinction.

Other nations will model US investment – it’s a bellwether of nuclear tech
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

This paper describes the current status and future plans for expansion of nuclear power,
AND
often used as a springboard for action in other parts of the world.

Large-scale nuclear power transition solves warming – assumes resource and time restraints
Knapp et al., University of Zagreb professor, 10
(Vladimir Knapp, Dubravko Pevec, and Mario Matijević, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, University of Zagreb in Croatia, "The potential of fission nuclear power in resolving global climate change under the constraints of nuclear fuel resources and once-through fuel cycles," Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 11, November 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-22-12, mtf)

In this study, we have investigated the potential of nuclear fission energy, under
AND
political decisions on future energy strategies and for public acceptance of nuclear energy.

No risk of link turns – complete nuclear power chain significantly reduces CO2 emissions
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

2.3. Global climate change  In 1990 a major environmental concern emerged—
AND
, nuclear power almost entirely avoids the environmental effects of fossil fuel pollutants.

HTGR advanced reactors act as a stepping stone to hydrogen energy production – that’s key to decrease global emissions
Saito, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 10
(Shinzo, "Role of nuclear energy to a future society of shortage of energy resources and global warming," Journal of Nuclear Materials Volume 398, Issues 1–3, March 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-8-12, mtf)

Another type of nuclear energy system has a great possibility to contribute to create a
AND
applied world-wide would be expected to dramatically decrease global CO2 emissions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
US procurement key to SMR development – creates initial market and overcomes challenges
Rosner and Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, 11
(Robert and Stephen, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies at the University of Chicago; Contributor: Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc. "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.," Technical Paper, Revision 1, November 2011, https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf, accessed 8-6-12, mtf)

6.2.1  Purchase Power Agreements with Federal Agency Facilities
Federal facilities could be the initial customer for the output of the LEAD or FOAK
AND
, can surmount these challenges  and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

SMRs reduce startup costs and enhance competitiveness with natural gas
Rosner and Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, 11
(Robert and Stephen, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies at the University of Chicago; Contributor: Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc. "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.," Technical Paper, Revision 1, November 2011, https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf, accessed 9-21-12, mtf)

4.2 WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL AND RISK PREMIUM ANALYSIS
In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the current work, the future behavior of
AND
the investment requirements are comparable – SMRs could potentially “fit the bill.”

SMRs resolve issues of larger reactors – safety, prolif resistant, and lower costs
Andres and Breetz, National War College professor, 11
(Richard B., Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University; and Hanna L., doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications," Institute for National Strategic Studies, February 2011, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712, accessed 9-6-12, mtf)

Capabilities, Costs, and Uncertainties.  Although generalizing about the next generation of small  
AND
the potential to remove many of the risk  factors associated with larger reactors.

Gas-cooled reactors are safe and highly efficient
Fecht, Popular Mechanics writer, 12
(Sarah, "Next Up in Nuclear: Small Modular Reactors," 1-28-12, http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/nuclear/next-up-in-nuclear-small-modular-reactors, accessed 8-7-12, mtf)

Gas-Cooled SMRs The idea behind gas-cooled reactors, Genoa says,
AND
efficiency, and General Atomics’ Modular Helium Reactor achieves up to 47 percent.

Thorium reactors are prolif and meltdown resistant – commercial SMR utilization key
Fulp, Certified Professional Geologist, 11
(Mickey, M.Sc. Geology from the University of New Mexico, "The Future of Thorium as Nuclear Fuel," 6-29-11, http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2011/06/29/the-future-of-thorium-as-nuclear-fuel, accessed 9-6-12, mtf)

According to the USGS, world resources of thorium are as follows: Thorium has
AND
-fueled electrical power is in small modular reactors designed for remote locations.

SMRs solve investment, startup hurdles and competition
Schlesinger, EnergyBiz writer, 12
(Richard, "NUCLEAR aims small," EnergyBiz is an energy market intelligence resource, Sept./Oct. 2012, http://www.energybiz.com/magazine/article/281595/nuclear-aims-small, accessed 9-21-12, mtf)

The enormous up-front capital investment and the long construction time have been the
AND
long approval process, it remains to be seen whether the promise they offe

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Elections Obama Good – Romney Wins

Romney win-models prove
Vision to America, 10-17-12
(“Always Right Study: 77% Chance Romney Wins Popular Vote”, http://visiontoamerica.com/12545/always-right-study-77-chance-romney-wins-popular-vote/, DOA; 10-19-12, ldg)

The poll has accurately predicted … the outcome of a presidential election. 

Romney win-voter enthusiasm
Schaeffer, Evolving Strategies director of research, 10-17-12
(Adam, “Will Enthusiasm Decide the Election (II)?”, http://ricochet.com/main-feed/Will-Enthusiasm-Decide-the-Election-II, DOA: 10-19-12, ldg)

Our recent experiment found that … look like they're excited and determined to turn out this year. 

Romney win-Gallup tracking poll
The Hill 10-17-12
(“Gallup: Romney's lead among likely voters expands to six points”, http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/polls/262557-gallup-romney-opens-up-6-point-national-lead, DOA:

Mitt Romney picked up two points … that leaders on both sides of the aisle can support.

Best model proves Romney wins – prefer it to polls
University of Colorado at Boulder, 10-5-12
(“Updated election forecasting model—based on economic data—still points to Romney win,” http://phys.org/news/2012-10-election-modelbased-economic-datastill-romney.html, d/a 10-12-12, ads) 

According to their updated analysis, … win, and three rated the 2012 race as a toss-up.

He will get every key swing state - our model is empirically the most accurate, polls overestimate the presidents chances and will inevitably flip to Romney
University of Colorado at Boulder, 10-5-12
(“Updated election forecasting model—based on economic data—still points to Romney win,” http://phys.org/news/2012-10-election-modelbased-economic-datastill-romney.html, d/a 10-12-12, ads) 

Of the 13 battleground states identified … Bush won the election through the Electoral College.

Romney win-best data.
Chambers, Examiner journalist, 10-1-12
(Dean, “New CNN/ORC poll less skewed for Barack Obama than the previous one”, http://www.examiner.com/article/new-cnn-orc-poll-far-less-skewed-for-barack-obama-than-the-previous-one, DOA: 10-3-12, ldg)

The new CNN/ORC poll of the presidential race released … today shows Romney leading by 6.0 percent.

Romney win-Dems can’t sustain 2008 turnout
Flynn, former Reason Foundation government affairs specialist, 10-2-12
(Mike, “Hail Mary: Losing The Election, Obama Needs A Debate Knock-Out”, http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Government/2012/10/02/hail-mary-losing-the-election-obama-needs-a-debate-knock-out, DOA: 10-3-12, ldg)

This week, virtually every media organization has rushed forward their … of the November elections? Obama loses. 

Romney win-fundamentals advantage and Obama’s lead is soft.
Neon Tommy 9-16-12
(ADN publishes Neon Tommy, constantly refreshing the site with the very best in Annenberg journalism. ADN draws not only from its own robust stable of reporters and editors, but also brings forward the very best in multi-platform journalism produced by the various reporting, investigative reporting, collaborative reporting projects, research centers and institutes that have put USC Annenberg on the front lines of modern American journalism. “Why Romney Will Win The Election”, http://www.neontommy.com/news/2012/09/why-romney-will-win-election, DOA: 9-19-12, ldg)

In the beginning of this election season, Obama had … swing states except Nevada, Pennsylvania and Michigan.

Elections Obama Good – Florida Link Uniqueness

Public debates boosts Romney credibility double of Obama’s
Felshenthal, Reuters, 10-5
(Mark, “Obama Touts Jobs Report As He Seeks To Boost Campaign”, 10-05-2012, da: 10-05-2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/05/us-usa-campaign-idUSBRE88N13D20121005, lmm)

In the Reuters/Ipsos poll, more than nine out … about Obama after watching the two candidates go head-to-head.  

After debate Romney lead in Florida
Rasmussen 10-5
(“Election 2012: Florida President” 10-5-12  http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections/election_2012/election_2012_presidential_election/florida/election_2012_florida_president accessed: 10-5-12 mlb)

 Mitt Romney now has swung back … Sunshine State in surveys since February. 

Florida key
Witt, Examiner, 9-15
(Ryan, “Mitt Romney's few remaining paths to Electoral College victory”, http://www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-s-few-remaining-path-to-electoral-college-victory, DOA: 9-19-12, ldg)

From here, the road gets much tougher for Romney. … to make up for Florida’s 29 electoral votes. 

Elections Obama Good – Uniqueness Overwhelms

Obama win guaranteed-QE3
STI 9-16-12
(Saving to invest is a financial blog featured extensively on sites like Wall Street Journal, CNBC and seeking alpha, “Bernanke’s QE3 Just Won Obama The Election”, http://www.savingtoinvest.com/2012/09/bernankes-qe3-just-won-obama-the-election.html, DOA: 9-19-12, ldg)

The Federal Reserve announced a new round of … the edge when it comes to getting re-elected. 

Elections Obama Good – Nuclear Popular

Nuclear power is popular in the US even after Fukushima – assumes NIMBY args
Kessides, World Bank Development Research Group, 12
(Ioannis N., "The future of the nuclear industry reconsidered: Risks, uncertainties, and continued promise," Energy Policy, available online June 13, 2012, Science Direct, accessed 8-7-12, mtf)

An almost flawless record of global … concerns about safety (NEI, 2011a).

Opponents are disorganized- nuclear industry empirically controls the messaging battle
Squassoni, CSIS Senior Fellow, 12
(Sharon, Director and Senior Fellow, Proliferation Prevention Program at Center for Strategic and International Studies, former senior assoc. at Nuclear Nonproliferation Program at Carnegie, former Congressional adviser as senior specialist in weapons of mass destruction at the Congressional Research Service, “Nuclear Power in the Global Energy Portfolio” in the report: The Future of Nuclear Power in the United States, Federation of American Scientists, February 2012, http://www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, mtf)

Concerns about contamination of the …   poll conducted about a week after Fukushima.18

Elections Obama Good – Winners Win

Winners win- plan key to consolidate Obama’s momentum
Creamer, political organizer and strategist for four decades, 12
(Robert, he and his firm, Democracy Partners, work with many of the country’s most significant issue campaigns, one of the major architects and organizers of the successful campaign to defeat the privatization of Social Security, he has been a consultant to the campaigns to end the war in Iraq, pass health care, pass Wall Street reform, he has also worked on hundreds of electoral campaigns at the local, state and national level, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment," 1-2-12, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html)

Strength and victory are enormous political … - that's the time to chase them.

Elections Obama Good – A2: Debt/Econ Scenario

Decline doesn’t cause war
Miller, University of Ottawa Professor of Administration, 10
(Morris, Interdisciplinary Science Review, v 25 n4 2000 p ingenta connect, d/a 9-26-11,zml)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring …form of violence to abort another).

Elections Obama Good – A2: Israel Strikes

No one gets drawn in
Feldman, Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies director, 2012
(Shai, “The Israeli debate on attacking Iran is over”, 8-20, http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/20/the_israeli_debate_on_attacking_iran_is_over, DOA: 9-3-12, ldg)

Similarly, the warnings that an attack on … would be attacked, was never clear.

Romney won’t strike-history proves it is all rhetoric
Smith, Foundation for Defense of Democracies fellow, 2012
(Lee, “Why Romney Won’t Strike Iran”, 8-22, http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/109873/why-romney-wont-strike-iran, DOA 9-3-12, ldg)

Romney’s internal conversation with himself … president would “respect” Israel’s decision. 

Romeny and Obama are the same on Iran
Hounshell, Foreign Policy managing editor, 2012
(Blake, “Romney on Iran is just like Obama”, 7-31, http://articles.cnn.com/2012-07-31/opinion/opinion_hounshell-romney-israel_1_romney-aide-mitt-romney-president-romney/2, DOA: 9-3-12, ldg)

Was the former Massachusetts governor signaling a … president of the United States, I don't bluff." 

Elections Obama Good – A2: Russia Relations

No risk in relations tear – Putin likes Romney and will cooperate inevitably
Englund, Washington Post Russian Correspondent, 12
(Will, Pulitzer Prize winner, September 18, 2012, “Vladi¬mir Putin says of Mitt Romney: At least he’s direct”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/romney-at-least-hes-direct-says-putin/2012/09/17/3452a0b8-ff5b-11e1-8adc-499661afe377_story.html, 9/18/12, atl)

MOSCOW — Soviet leaders used to prefer … the sort of continuity that Putin values.

Reset is a myth – alt causes overwhelm relations
Suchý, head of the Department of International Relations and European Studies at Masaryk University, 12
(Petr, “U.S.-Russia Relations after Putin’s Return: The Need for a Hard Reset,” 9-5-12, Center for European Policy Analysis, da 9-19-12, http://www.cepa.org/ced/view.aspx?record_id=357, mee)

Yes, Putin is back in the Kremlin. But there is no … perception of the United States and the assurances it provides.

Elections Obama Good - A2: CCP Collapse

China’s political system has been predicted on the brink of collapse since 1989
Bell, Huffington Post, 12
(Daniel A., Author, 'China's New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society', July 9, Why China Won't Collapse (Soon), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-a-bell/chinese-government-legitimacy_b_1658006.html, d/a 9-11-12, RJF)

Or so we are told. Such predictions about the collapse of … legitimate part of the Chinese political apparatus.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Heidegger K 2AC

Policy Good

Concrete ethical action and values are necessary and good—this precedes ontology and theory, is a necessary condition of subjectivity, and is key to destroy the ideology of genocide.
Arnett, Duquesne University Communication Professor, 2003
(Ronald C., "The Responsive 'I': Levinas's Derivative Argument," Argumentation and Advocacy 40.1, pg. 39-43, cab)

Emmanuel Levinas, considered the premier voice of … of philosophy, but first philosophy" (Levinas, Totality and Infinity 304). 

Perm Card

Perm do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alt

Institutions the best way to implement change – information exposure alone is not sufficient
Power, European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production, 10
(Kate, “Dispelling the Myths about consumption behavior,” Knowledge Collaboration and Learning for Sustainable Innovation ERSCP-EMSU conference, Delft, The Netherlands, October 25-29, 2010, 9/15/12, atl)

Dispelling the myths about consumption behaviour …institutions and shaping social norms.

Case Outweighs

External events—like natural catastrophes—that threaten our existence also threaten the being-ness of Dasein
Svenaeus, Södertörn University Department of Philosophy Centre for Studies in Practical Knowledge, 10
(Fredrik, 24 November 2010, "Illness as unhomelike being-in-the-world: Heidegger and the phenomenology of medicine," Med Health Care and Philos (2011) 14:333–343, 9/15/12, atl)

If we adhere to this interpretation of the concept … radical and dreadful otherness.

Alt Fails

Investigations of the meaning of Being are inherently contradictory—there is no ahistorical point for their critique to begin from and there is no such thing as the meaning of Being.
Garrard, Bath Spa University English Lecturer, 10
(Greg, [NOTE: Bath Spa University is a real liberal arts university in Bath, England] "Heidegger Nazism Ecocriticism," Interdisiplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 17.2, pg. 259-261, cab)

As numerous later commentators have pointed out, Heidegger seems … Seinsfrage, is a contradiction inspired by a mistake. 

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
States CP 2AC

Perm do both

Perm Solvency

Perm solves – creates interactive federalism, ideal for energy policy AND has 5 advantages
Kay, Senior Extension Associate, CaRDI, Cornell University, 12
(David, Senior Extension Associate with the Community and Regional Development Institute (CaRDI) in the Department of Development Sociology, Master of Science, Cornell University, “Energy Federalism: Who Decides?” June 2012, http://devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/cals/devsoc/outreach/cardi/publications/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfileandPageID=1069208, accessed 8-14-12, ara)

Equally briefly, dual federalism (“layer cake” federalism) …, is best suited to deal with these energy issues. 

Shields politics – state delegation makes the plan invisible
Sharpe, Law Professor, University of Illinois, 11
(Jamelle C., Associate Professor of Law and Richard W. and Marie L. Corman Scholar at the University of Illinois College of Law, J.D. from Yale Law School, “Legislating Preemption,” October 2011, l/n, accessed 8-14-12, ara)

From a purely political perspective, legislators … another branch of government. n76

Perm solves solvency deficits – cooperation has the best chance of success in energy
Davies, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah associate professor of law, 10
(Lincoln L. “ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND THE ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT DISCONNECT.” Idaho Law Review. Volume 46. 2010. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1591306. Accesed: 8/14/2012. ADC)

 The irony is that while energy and environmental law derive …and mandates of one field into the other.24 

Federal Inevitable - A2: Federalism

Federal control of energy is inevitable – commerce clause and national security make it federal ground
Stein, Associate Professor, Tulane University School of Law, 12
(Amy L, “The Tipping Point Of Federalism,” 7-3-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2098176, Connecticut Law Review, accessed 8-17-12, ara)

The siting of infrastructure in this country … of the need to pool resources to protect national security. 

Turn - Strike-down

Causes court strike-down – broad federal presumption exists for nuclear issues
Eggen, Widener University School of Law professor, 6
(Jean Macchiaroli, Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law, “ARTICLE: The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine,” Alabama Law Review, Spring 2006, 57 Ala. L. Rev. 725, lexis, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

A. The Doctrinal Context The preemption doctrine is derived … comment, remove all means of judicial recourse for those injured by illegal conduct.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: CO2 Fertilization

CO2 increases have an overall negative effect on yields – overestimated gains and losses due to O3
Long et al., University of Illinois Department of Plant Biology, 5
(Stephen P, University of Illinois Department of Crop Science and Institute for Genomic Biology; Elizabeth A Ainsworth, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Photosynthesis Research Unit; Andrew D.B Leakey; and Patrick B Morgan, "Global food insecurity. Treatment of major food crops with elevated carbon dioxide or ozone under large-scale fully open-air conditions suggests recent models may have overestimated future yields," Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci., 360(1463), November 29, 2005, http://dx.crossref.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2005.1749, accessed 9-15-12, mtf)

In the absence of any physiological effect of elevated [CO2], … projected by Wang & Mauzerall (2004) are included.

Negative impacts of CO2 concentration outweigh positive effects of fertilization
Moreno-Cruz and Smulders, PhDs in Economics, 10
(Juan B., Department of Economics, University of Calgary; and Sjak, Department of Economics professor at Tilburg University, "Revisiting the Economics of Climate Change: The Role of Geoengineering," April 1, 2010, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=morenocruz, accessed 9-14-12, mtf)

Damages caused by increases in temperature … (but unnecessarily strict) condition to ensure this result.

A2: Ice Age

No ice age coming – anthropogenic warming is a bigger threat
Feulner and Rahmstorf, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 10
(Georg and Stefan, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, "On the effect of a new grand minimum of solar activity on the future climate on Earth," GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37, March 10, 2010, http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/Publications/Journals/feulner_rahmstorf_2010.pdf, accessed 9-15-12, mtf)

3. Results and Conclusions
[14] Results for the evolution of the global mean … typically lasted for only several decades or a century at most.

Global warming will produce a catastrophic ice age because of harsher winters
Connor, Science Editor The Independent, 2006
(Steve, “Global warming may lead to colder winters in Britain”, 6-30, lexis, ldg)

Paradoxically, a warmer world could lead … the University of East Anglia in Norwich, said. 

Warming now means we won’t be able to warm in the future-that kills everyone.
Parker, contributor to Future Pundit, 2009
(Randall, “Global Warming Won't Prevent Ice Age”, 12-29, http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/006825.html, ldg)

Writing in Technology Review Duke … for 50 years from now. 2000 years is out of the question. 

SMRs Key

SMR deployment prevents CO2 increases and warming – all alternatives are of insufficient scope.
Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11
(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy & Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs&catid=116:content0411&Itemid=375, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture When discussing … of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Prolif Solves War

Expert consensus indicates prolif isn’t stabilizing – increases interstate tensions and leads to miscalc and nuclear war, causing extinction
O'Sullivan, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs reporter, 11
(Mathew, the Washington Report is published by the American Educational Trust a non-profit foundation by retired U.S. foreign service officers, "Nuclear Arms Experts Discuss the New World of Proliferation," The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 30. 8, November 2011, ProQuest, accessed 9-1-12, mtf)

The Washington, DC-based New America Foundation (NAF) hosted … miscalculation than by intention, Cirincione concluded.

A2: No Nuclear Renaissance

The international nuclear renaissance is underway and the US is falling behind – SMR development key to US nuclear tech leadership
Rogers, Duke Energy Chairman, 12
(James E., Chairman, President, and CEO of Duke Energy, former deputy general counsel for litigation and enforcement for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, "“The Nuclear Renaissance” Opportunity: Lost, Or Found?," Stanford Energy Journal, Spring 2012, http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/The_Nuclear_Renaissance_by_Jim_Rogers, accessed 9-6-12, mtf)

Twenty-three years ago, I became a CEO because of a … support this, I believe, is the best way to do it.

A2: Prolif is Slow

And, domino theory is true—empirics prove
Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12
(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

Further proliferation.  Nuclear proliferation poses … reason to fear the spread of nuclear weapons.

Prolif is quick- tech access
CFR, 12
(Council on Foreign Relations, "The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime," July 5, 2012, http://www.cfr.org/proliferation/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

Nuclear weapons proliferation, whether by … technologies seems destined to grow.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm do the plan and all non-mutually exclusive parts of the alt

We can use security discourse for progressive aims.
Huysmans, Open University Politics Lecturer, March 1999
(Jef, “Language And The Mobilisation Of Security Expectations. The Normative Dilemma Of Speaking And Writing Security,” www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w18/huysmans.pdf, DOA: 8-15-11, ldg)

There is no solution for the normative dilemma in the social … oppression as a good that should be secured.42 

Securitization is inevitable.
Loader et al., All Souls College criminology professor, 2007
(Ian, Civilizing Security, pg 258-9, ldg)

The way ahead, in our view, and the focus of our closing …inevitable exists in some form or other. 

Security is a pre-req to the alt – gives value to our existence
Booth, Wales International Politics professor, 2005
(Ken, Critical Security Studies and World Politics, pg 22, ldg)

The best starting point for conceptualizing security … by which the human species can reinvent itself beyond the merely biological.

Alt leads to interventionism-turns the K
McCormack, PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster, 2010
(Tara, Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 127-129, ldg)

The following section will briefly raise some questions … by critical and emancipatory theoretical approaches.

Violence is caused by human nature-we need a system to manage it.
Gat, Former Tel Aviv University political science chair, 2009
(Azar, “So Why Do People Fight? Evolutionary Theory and the Causes of War”, European Journal of International Realtions, volume 15, issue 4, December, SAGE, DOA: 8-11-11, ldg)

This article’s contribution is two-pronged: it argues that IR theory … or even severed under altered conditions, 

Focus on discourse fails-material factors outweigh
Hyde Price, Birmingham German studies professor, 2001
(Adrian, Europe’s New Security Challenges, pg 29, ldg)

Engrained policy makers.
Guzzini, European University Institute political science PhD, 1998
(Stefano, Realism in international relations and international political economy, pg 212, ldg)

Therefore, in a third step this … always necessarily in the spirit of realism.  

Securitization thus focuses almost exclusively … on a sea of floating signifiers.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Consumption K – Sustainable

Scarcity and environmental degradation are self-correcting-but maintaining the profit motive is key
Desrochers, Toronto geography professor, 2010
(Pierre, “The environmental responsibility of business is to increase its profits (by creating value within the bounds of private property rights)”, Industrial and Corporate Change. Feb2010, Vol. 19 Issue 1, ebsco, ldg)

Resources are limited, while human needs …process will now be examined in more detail. 

Resource scarcity is self-correcting
Haynes, BYU economics professor, 2008
(Beth, “Finite Resources vs. Infinite Resourcefulness”, 8-19, http://wealthisnottheproblem.blogspot.com/2008/08/finite-resources-vs-infinite.html, DOA: 1-13-12, ldg)

It’s common sense. Save today in order to have some available … and they have consistently been proven wrong.

Consumption K - Growth Inevitable/Transition Wars

Growth is inevitable – any attempt at transition is impossible and leads to global war
Barnhizer, Cleveland State University’s Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Emeritus Professor, 06
(David R, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government.” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review. 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, 10/4/12, atl)

We face a combination of ecological, social, and economic … before the pattern once again intensifies.

Consumption K - Globalization Good

Financial globalization key to growth and reducing poverty-their arguments are hyperbole.
Mishkin, Columbia Banking and Financial Institutions professor, 2009
(Frederic, “Why We Shouldn't Turn Our Backs on Financial Globalization”, IMF Staff Papers (2009) 56, 139–170, ldg)

To understand the possible benefits of financial … make the financial system more efficient.

Consumption K – A2: Environment Impact

Impact is wrong-environment has improved in the last 40 yrs.
Goklany, Assistant Director for Science and Technology Policy, 2007
(Indur, “IS A RICHER-BUT-WARMER WORLD BETTER THAN POORER-BUT-COOLER WORLDS?”, http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2006/02/14/Goklany_160.pdf, DOA: 8-17-12, ldg)

One of the conundrums facing the world, which…future impacts of climate change (Goklany, 2007a). 

No race to the bottom
Trebilcock, Toronto law and economics professor, 2005
(Michael, “Critiquing the Critics of Economic Globalization”, http://www.jilir.org/docs/vol1no1-2/JILIR%201(1-2)%20Trebilcock-Critiquing%20the%20Critics%20of%20Economic%20Globalization.pdf, DOA: 8-17-12, ldg) 

Evidence suggests that fears of an … are incapable of meeting high environmental standards. 

No environment impact-ecosystems aren’t that connected.
Ridder, Tasmania Environmental Studies PhD, 2008
(Ben, “Questioning the ecosystem services argument for biodiversity conservation” Biodiversity and conservation, 17.4, proquest, ldg)

Advocates of the conservation of biodiversity …to justify the conservation of biodiversity. 

Consumption K – A2: Discourse Key

Discourse is worthless—other structures trump
Tuathail, geography professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1996
(Gearoid, “The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power”, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct, ldg)

While theoretical debates at academic … always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm Solvency

Plan won’t be co-opted by capital – elites don’t control policymaking.
Ralph, Leeds international politics professor, 2000
(Jason, American democracy promotion: impulses, strategies and impacts, pg 197, ldg) 

American policy undoubtedly advocates a … words, is the result of a continuous political process.

A2: Environment Impact

Cap solves the environment-resources and shifts attitudes to conservation.
Adler, Case Western law professor, 2008
(Jonathan, “Green Bridge to Nowhere”, The New Atlantis, Fall, http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/green-bridge-to-nowhere, ldg)

The first item on his agenda is the replacement …than any plausibly democratic alternative. 

Scarcity and environmental degradation are self-correcting-but maintaining the profit motive is key
Desrochers, Toronto geography professor, 2010
(Pierre, “The environmental responsibility of business is to increase its profits (by creating value within the bounds of private property rights)”, Industrial & Corporate Change. Feb2010, Vol. 19 Issue 1, ebsco, ldg)

Resources are limited, while human needs and … out of formerly wasted industrial residuals. 14 This process will now be examined in more detail. 

Alt Fails

Critics of cap are wrong- lack of a viable alternative
Carden, Rhodes College economics professor, 2004
(Art, "Mistaken Identity,", The Mises Institute Monthly, vol. 24, no. 6, June, www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=497&sortorder=articledate, ldg)

It is always the fashion among many intellectuals to … works. And we can take that to the bank. 

Only the rich have the luxury to withdraw –this strategy fuels cap
Hinman, Sydney Stop the War Coalition founder, 1996
(Pip, “Utopia revisited?”, 23 October 1996, http://www.greenleft.org.au/1996/251/13206, ldg)

Trainer hopes that these projects will set an … of a capitalist expansionist project. 

A2: Cap Unethical

Capitalism is premised on humans being ends in themselves-key to value to life
Tracinski, Intellectual Activist editor, 2008
(Robert, “The Moral and the Practical”, http://www.moraldefense.com/Philosophy/Essays/The_Moral_and_the_Practical.htm, DOA: 9-12-11, ldg)

Stated in more fundamental terms, capitalism is … ever-increasing wealth and prosperity.

Technology Turn

Can’t abandon growth, past the limits of growth-only way to avert extinction is through technological progress
AtKisson, former executive editor of In Context: A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture, 2003
(Alan, “Sustainability is Dead— Long Live Sustainability”, 3-20, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, ldg)

At precisely the moment when … technological path, and we can never stop. 

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency - Procurement Good

Procurement solves – drives initial markets and sends key signal to private investors
TendersInfo, 9
("United States : Measures to Deploy New Renewables and Low-Carbon Energy Technologies," 10-1-09, lexis, accessed 8-17-12, mtf)

Creating dependable markets and driving …of the clean-energy transformation.

Solvency - A2: Natural Gas

Cheap natural gas won’t block SMR commercialization
Marston, Marston Consulting Principal, 12
(Dr. Theodore U. Marston, Marston Consulting is a nuclear power consulting firm, Theodore possesses over 35 years of international experience in the assessment and management of risk for industrial facilities, including nuclear and conventional power plants, refineries, chemical plants, railroads, and defense facilities, Board of Manager at Idaho National Laboratory, former DOE NERAC Generation IV Oversight Committee 2001-2002, "Status of Small Modular Light Water Reactors in the US," section The Nuclear Decarbonization Option: Profiles of Selected Advanced Reactor Technologies, Clean Air Task Force Report, March 2012, p. 9-10, http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Nuclear_Decarbonization_Option.pdf, accessed 9-28-12, mtf)

The primary economic challenge to the …  be as high as 10% or about 10 GWe of deployment.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Procurement Not T

2. Counter-interp – Procurement for energy is a financial incentive
Bjornstad et al., Joint Institute for Energy and Environment, 97
(David J.; Ronald C. Cummings, Georgia State University; Christine L. Dümmer, Hull, Dümmer and Garland, Attorneys at Law; Donald W. Jones; Milton Russell; Gabriel Valdez, GSU, "Risk Reduction and the Privatization Option: First Principles," 9-22-97, http://isse.utk.edu/pdf/jieepubs/privatfull.pdf, accessed 8-1-12, mtf)

II.3 Incentives   The term incentives also is given … to obtain the best possible price.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Ozone science is unreliable-depletion is a natural occurrence.
Nature 2007
(“Chemists poke holes in ozone theory”, 9-26, http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070924/full/449382a.html, ldg)

Long-lived chloride compounds from anthropogenic … has been pulled out of a bridge.” 

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Attempts to control speech betrays political for moralism-precludes informed discussions about terms.
Brown, political science professor UC Berkeley, 2001
(Wendy, “Politics Out of History” pg 35, ldg)

“Speech codes kill critique,” Henry Louis … contingent effect of historically specific social powers. 

Discourse is worthless—other structures trump
Tuathail, geography professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1996
(Gearoid, “The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power”, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct, ldg)

While theoretical debates at … the patterned mess that is  human history.

Turn-the refusal to turn dominant language against itself is politically paralyzing-precludes critical interrogation
Butler, rhetoric professor UC Berkeley, 1997
(Judith, “Excitable Speech”, pg 162, ldg)

Such dogmatism appears as well in the effort to …he terms that we keep in question. 

Suppressing language does not suppress concepts – other words will develop that mirror these abuses
Bewes, Associate Professor of English at Brown, 1997
(Timothy, “Cynicism and postmodernity”, pg 48, ldg)

In this light, to begin to use …the same catachrestic abuses. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Natural gas spurs shift from coal and increase US exports
ESI-Africa, 9-18
("New coal data reveals an industry in flux," 9-18-12, http://www.esi-africa.com/node/15381, accessed 9-22-12, mtf)

The search for new coal markets has become a matter of urgency for producers across
AND
region are left to reduce output, or leave their mines idling indefinitely.

Natural gas prices and overregulation causing US shift from coal
Loris, Heritage Economic Studies fellow, 12
(Nicolas D. Loris is Herbert and Joyce Morgan Fellow in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation, "War on Coal: A House Bill to Stop the Regulatory Assault," Heritage Foundation, 9-19-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/09/war-on-coal-a-house-bill-to-stop-the-regulatory-assault, accessed 9-22-12, mtf)

Coal’s share of electricity generation in the United States has been shrinking, partly as
AND
protected from being held accountable by those who are harmed by their policies.

US coal exports and Asia demand skyrocketing – China coal plants inevitable
Brown, AP writer, 9-21
(Matthew, "Asian energy boom threatens Montana ranches," 9-21-12, http://www.knoe.com/story/19607161/asian-energy-boom-threatens-montana-ranches, accessed 9-22-12, mtf)

The big mining companies first came knocking on Ellen Pfister's door in the 1970s,
AND
it out and do something with it because they see a dollar there."

Surplus tanks prices AND low China demand disproves thesis
Reuters, 8-30
("Euro Coal-Weak on market in surplus," 8-30-12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/30/markets-coal-physical-idUSL6E8JUE6120120830, accessed 9-22-12, mtf)

For the remainder of the year and 2013, BarCap said that it expected a
AND
able to increase production and U.S. volumes becoming more available."

Coal not competitive even without regs
Fahey, AP, 12
(Jonathan, Associated Press, “US coal use falling fast: Utilities Switch to Gas,” The News Star, 6-16-12, http://www.thenewsstar.com/article/20120617/BUSINESS/206150311, 6-17-12, ara)

Now coal is being beaten at its own game. Natural gas has become a
AND
survive long term because of the economic harm he says they will inflict.

Non unique – coal industry in decline – bankruptcies, mine closings, EPA regulations
Elmquist, Bloomberg staff writer, 12
(Sonja. “Big Coal Faces Steel Slowdown Amid Shale-Gas Pain: Commodities.” 8-29. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-28/big-coal-faces-steel-slowdown-amid-shale-gas-pain-commodities.html. Accessed: 9/19/2012. ADC)

 That strategy isn’t working out as planned. Prices for metallurgical coal, which
AND
an expectation met coal was going to hold up better,” he said. 

Natural gas and environmental regs crowd out coal- pref reasons that power company officials provide
Lydersen, journalism professor at Columbia, 12
(Kari, “Is natural gas killing coal?,” 4-17-12, Midwest Energy News, da 9-23-12, http://www.midwestenergynews.com/2012/04/17/is-natural-gas-killing-coal/, mee)

As an increasing number of older coal-fired power plants are shutting down,
AND
they are not expected to be profitable under current and forecasted market conditions.” 

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm do the plan and all non-mutually exlcusive parts of the alt

Combining multiple strategies is the best approach to overcoming the contingency of identity and political commitments which fractures coalitions to solve oppression.
Roithmayr, Illinois law professor, 2001
(Daria, “ARTICLE: Left (Over) Rights”, 5 LTC 407, lexis, ldg)

This essay has proposed that rights talk … advance our vision of social change. 

Ontology focus is paralyzing – having good enough knowledge is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil, EUI IR professor, 2008
(Friedrich, The Puzzles of Politics, pg 200-203, ldg)

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger … on optimal strategies – is somewhat heroic.

Ontology cedes politics to the right
Wolin, Professor of Humanities at Rice, 1990
(Richard, “The Politics of Being”, pg 117, ldg)

Moreover, as Harries indicates, Heidegger's theory … logic of politics as an independent sphere of human action. 

Extinction outweighs the K
Wapner, professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, 2003
(Paul, “Leftist Criticism of "Nature" Environmental Protection in a Postmodern Age,” Dissent Winter 2003 http://www.dissentmagazine. org/menutest/archives/2003/ wi03/wapner.html, ldg)

All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-… fundamental moral commitment.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate … arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

“Nuclear renaissance” is inevitable, but SMRs regain US nuclear leadership and solve prolif

Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11

(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-30-12, mtf)

For years, proponents of nuclear power … over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

Renewed US nuclear leadership critical to enhance international nonproliferation efforts

Domenici and Miller, Co-chairs of BPC Nuclear Initiative, 12

(Pete and Warren, Senator, BPC senior fellow, and Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, “Maintaining U.S.  Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets: A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s  Nuclear Initiative,” July 2012, Bipartisan Policy Center, pages 17-19, da 8-18-12, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, mee)

Strategic Goal: Continued strong U.S…commercial and advisory role to play.

Squo nuclear power means quick breakout – asymmetric development of arsenals creates imbalances that undermine deterrent relationships

Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center executive director, 9

(Henry, serves on the U.S. congressional Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism, "Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd," Hoover Institution of Stanford University Policy Review, No. 155, 6-1-09, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders … of this, however, is inevitable.

Stable nonproliferation regime is key – international insecurities ensure prolif will cascade and escalate into war

Heisbourg, Geneva Centre for Security Policy Chairman, 12

(François, Chairman of the Council of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy and of the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Nuclear Nonproliferation: Moving Beyond Pretense," edited by Henry Sokolski, Ch. 1: How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?, July 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/userfiles/file/oving%20Beyond%20Pretense%20web%20version.pdf#page=182, accessed 9-5-12, mtf)

“New” lessons from a revisited past and … the coming decades.  Some markers to that end will be laid in our concluding section.

Prolif leads to irrational decision making and escalatory war

Horowitz, University of Pennsylvania Political Science Associate Professor, 9

(Michael, PhD from Harvard, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53:2, April 2009, Pages 7-10, da 9-6-12, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Horowitz_The_Spread_of_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf, mee)

Learning as states gain experience with nuclear … power, and the preferences of the adopter.

Even rational leaders will lose control of the escalation ladder – ensures accidental launches

Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12

(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

The proliferation optimist position… less-resolved opponents to back down. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – no alt causes

Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12

(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three … spectrum about what can and should be done.

Failure to solve warming causes extinction – geological history proves

Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10

(Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Unless we act, the next century could …s sound, they're actually conservative.

Ocean acidification destroys marine biodiversity and leads to extinction

Romm, MIT Physics PhD, 10

(Joe, Climate Progress editor, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy during the Clinton Administration, PhD in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Nature Geoscience study: Oceans are acidifying 10 times faster today than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred," 2-18-10, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/02/18/205525/ocean-acidification-study-mass-extinction-of-marine-life-nature-geoscience/?mobile=nc#more-19529, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Marine life face some of the worst impacts.  We now … to start slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now.

Sea level rise causes extinction – even small rises matter

Sato, Daily Galaxy contributing editor, 8

Rebecca, Contributing Editor at DailyGalaxy.com, former Head Writer at Freedom FastTrack “Can Changes in Sea Level Cause Periods of Mass Extinction?—A Galaxy Exclusive,” 6-19-08, http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/06/changes-in-sea.html, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

For years scientists have been trying to find explanations …we are likely to induce.  We, as a society, are not.”

Other nations will model US investment – it’s a bellwether of nuclear tech

Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9

(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

This paper describes the current status and future plans for … springboard for action in other parts of the world.

Large-scale nuclear power transition solves warming – assumes resource and time restraints

Knapp et al., University of Zagreb professor, 10

(Vladimir Knapp, Dubravko Pevec, and Mario Matijević, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, University of Zagreb in Croatia, "The potential of fission nuclear power in resolving global climate change under the constraints of nuclear fuel resources and once-through fuel cycles," Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 11, November 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-22-12, mtf)

In this study, we have investigated the …strategies and for public acceptance of nuclear energy.

Global commercialization key to check developing countries’ emissions

Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12

(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Increasing concerns related to energy … features, proliferation resistance, and reduced financial risk.

Only the aff solves – alternative sources are of insufficient scope

Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11

(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture When … diversification and expansion of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

No risk of link turns – complete nuclear power chain significantly reduces CO2 emissions

Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9

(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

2.3. Global climate change  In 1990 a major … avoids the environmental effects of fossil fuel pollutants.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan: The United States federal government should reduce Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing restrictions and increase loan guarantees for thorium-fueled high temperature gas-cooled small modular nuclear reactors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Federal loan guarantees cause market expansion and capital investment – plus reducing licensing restrictions is key

Institute for 21st Century Energy, 11

(Mission of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for 21st Century Energy is to unify policymakers, regulators, business leaders, and the American public behind a common sense energy strategy to help keep America secure, prosperous, and clean, "Commit to and Expand Nuclear Energy Use," 2011 is copyright date, http://www.energyxxi.org/commit-and-expand-nuclear-energy-use, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

Nuclear power is currently an emissions-free source of 20% of … too low and does not reflect today’s market costs.

Nuclear loan guarantees drive innovation and cost efficiency and evaluations prevent future Solyndras

Fertel, Nuclear Energy Institute President, 11

(Marvin, also CEO of NEI, "Innovative, Low-Risk Financing Vital," 9-19-11, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/solyndra-bad-bet-or-tip-of-the.php#2071277, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

We must not allow the experience of … reliable electricity to power our economy.

Current restrictions make SMR development impossible – plan’s necessary

Rysavy et al., KandL Gates LLP partner, 9

(Charles F., partner with the law firm of KandL Gates LLP, has practiced law for more than 20 years, and has over 15 years of legal experience with the nuclear industry; Stephen K. Rhyne, partner, has practiced law for more than 30 years, and has been involved with the nuclear industry for over 5 years; and Roger P. Shaw, scientist with the law firm of KandL Gates LLP, has over 30 years of experience with the nuclear industry, and is the former Director of Radiation Protection for the Three Mile Island and Oyster

Creek Nuclear Plants, "Small Modular Reactors," Special Committee on Nuclear Power, American Bar Association Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, December 2009, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=3andved=0CDIQFjACandurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsmr.inl.gov%2FDocument.ashx%3Fpath%3DDOCS%252FReading%2BRoom%252FSMR-Dec_2009.pdfandei=V39vUK7yILOA2AXE9YDABwandusg=AFQjCNEGswSbnbJ1Fn7NDuT1KcF7qko_fA, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

Most SMRs are not merely scaled down versions of …containment/reactor system will be placed underground.

Thorium reactors are prolif and meltdown resistant – commercial SMR utilization key

Fulp, Certified Professional Geologist, 11

(Mickey, M.Sc. Geology from the University of New Mexico, "The Future of Thorium as Nuclear Fuel," 6-29-11, http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2011/06/29/the-future-of-thorium-as-nuclear-fuel, accessed 9-6-12, mtf)

According to the USGS, world resources of thorium are … power is in small modular reactors designed for remote locations.

HTGRs are ready for commercialization and solve meltdowns, siting, and prolif

Haynes, General Atomics Energy Development Vice President, 6

(Mark, Vice President for Energy Development and Washington Operations at General Atomics, "U.S. Nonproliferation Strategy: Policies And Technical Capabilities," Hearing Before The Subcommittee On Oversight And Investigations Of The Committee On International Relations House Of Representatives One Hundred Ninth Congress Second Session, July 20, 2006, http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa28785.000/hfa28785_0f.htm, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

HTGRs have progressed beyond paper studies … concepts except the High Temperature Gas Reactor.

SMRs reduce startup costs and enhance competitiveness with natural gas

Rosner and Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, 11

(Robert and Stephen, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies at the University of Chicago; Contributor: Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc. "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.," Technical Paper, Revision 1, November 2011, https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf, accessed 9-21-12, mtf)

4.2 WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL AND RISK PREMIUM ANALYSIS

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the current work, the … investment requirements are comparable – SMRs could potentially “fit the bill.”

SMRs solve investment, startup hurdles and competition

Schlesinger, EnergyBiz writer, 12

(Richard, "NUCLEAR aims small," EnergyBiz is an energy market intelligence resource, Sept./Oct. 2012, http://www.energybiz.com/magazine/article/281595/nuclear-aims-small, accessed 9-21-12, mtf)

The enormous up-front capital investment and the … SMRs look extremely attractive from an economic, safety and environmental perspective. As the DOE moves forward in helping at least two designs move through the long approval process, it remains to be seen whether the promise they offe

Thorium is key – plutonium and uranium produced are unusable for weapons

Donohue, CSIS Project on Nuclear Issues research intern, 12

(Nathan, "Thorium and its Value in Nonproliferation," Center for Strategic and International Studies, 8-17-12, http://csis.org/blog/thorium-and-its-value-nonproliferation, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) recently featured … advanced designs such as Molten Salt Reactor and Accelerator Driven System.

Tournament: JMU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Reps Key

Reps 1st is bad – reps only matter because of their pragmatic effect on policy
Dewsbury, Bristol University geographical studies professor, 2003
(John-David, Environment and Planning A 2003, volume 35, pages 1907-1932 -- http://www.sages.unimelb.edu.au/news/mhgr/dewsbury.pdf, ldg)

That someone includes us -- the social scientists, the researchers… understanding at all -- that is critically flawed.    

Perm Solvency

And the permutation’s pragmatic struggle for animal rights is the only feasible option – the alt devolves into paradigm wars
Favre, MSU law professor, 2004
(David, “Integrating Animal Interests Into Our Legal System”, 10 Animal L. 87, lexis, ldg)

This division stems from divergent visions and … within the legal system if they remain legal property. 12 

We must combine animal rights with political action – failure to do so replicates the problems being criticized
Phelps, Fund for animals spiritual outreach director, 2005
(Norm, “Trying to Walk Before We Can Crawl”, January, http://www.satyamag.com/jan05/phelps.html, DOA: 10-24-11, ldg)

Unfortunately, what is elegant in theory can …, well known throughout the animal rights movement and beyond.)

Reformism is key to prevent aggressive backlash from elites that short circuit the alt entirely.
Lifton and Falk, Professor of Psychology at CUNY and professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University, 1982
(Robert and Richmond, “Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case against Nuclearism”, pg 264-265, ldg)

This great struggle for global transformation encompasses … those of perseverance and commitment.

Alt Answers

Alt doesn’t solve—and if it does its worse for non-humans
Machan, Auburn philosophy professor, 2004
(Tibor, Putting Humans First: Why We Are Nature’s Favorite, pg 11-13, ldg)

Now one can dispute Hospers, but only by averting one's … politically incorrect the animals may be toward one another. 

Their ethics collapses down to the lowest common denominator – causes genocide and turns the K
Polacheck et al., Nutter, McClennan and Fish associate, 1995
(Lori, “The Case against rights for animals”, http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1382andcontext=ealr, DOA: 12-16-11, ldg)

In the end, however, it is the aggregate of these characteristics …human being and the Colorado beetle. 26

Even if they win we just cause human extinction it still outweighs and turns their impact—human moral evolution will inevitably lead to an end to speciesism—If humans survive, we can ensure that animals and the earth survive for billions of years. But human extinction now means inevitable natural events will cause non-human life extinction much sooner
Matheny, John Hopkins Public Health PhD candidate, 2007
(J.G., “Ought we worry about human extinction?”, 12-6, http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm, DOA; 10-14-11, ldg)

Moral philosophers have not written much … kingdom’s best long-term hope for survival. 

Alt fails —they are locked in the same subject/object dualisms and hierarchies that they critique.
DeLuca, Georgia University Communication Studies Professor, 05
(Kevin Michael, "Thinking with Heidegger: Rethinking Environmental Theory and Practice," Ethics and the Environment 10.1, pg. 72, cab)

Now certainly this base anthropocentrism has come … intact. The active subject humanity threatens the object earth. 

A2: Root Cause

No root cause-no monocasual explanation.
Martin, Wollongong University science, tech and society professor, 1990
(Brian, “Uprooting War”, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/90uw/uw13.html, DOA: 11-4-11, ldg)

In this chapter and in the six preceding chapters … strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them.

A2: Consequentialism

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate … it undermines political effectiveness.

Word Turn

“Anthropocentrism” denotes a human focus and marginalizes other species
Horta, Philosophy Professor at University of Santiago de Compostela, 9
Oscar, “What is Speciesism,” Abstract, 29 July, 2009 http://majidmajid.webng.com/what%20is%20speciesism.pdf, d/a 3-4-12, zml)

In spite of the considerable literature nowadays … anthropocentrism as a speciesist view.

A2: Epistemology

Epistemology doesn’t impact truth
Houghton, Central Florida political science professor, 2008
(David, “Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference?”, International Politics Vol. 45 pg. 115-128, proquest, ldg)

Certainly, postpositivist epistemologies ‘license’ …world have to come from somewhere. 

A2: VTL

It is impossible to judge when life of someone else has value because the value to life is subjective – we must always avoid letting others die
Patterson, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003
(Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics 2003; 16; 1, Sage Journals, ldg)

Appeals to a thoroughgoing quality assessment of …further determination of meaningful value.13 

A2: Nuclear Survival

Best studies show that even a small scale nuclear war results in extinction
Robock, professor of climatology at Rutgers University, 9
(Alan, Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers and associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction, "Nuclear winter," The Encyclopedia of Earth, 1-6-09, http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_winter, accessed 9-9-11, mtf)

Introduction  Nuclear winter is a term that describes the …nt will prevent the possibility of a nuclear environmental catastrophe.

Tournament: JMU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
SMRs solve inevitable global water wars
Palley, London School of Economics, 11
(Reese, “The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World”, p. 168-71, 9/24/12, atl)

The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by … local rock and have water gush forth.”

Goes nuclear
NASCA, 04
National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation, “Water shortage.It’s just around the corner”, http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html, 2/13/12, atl

Water is one of the prime essentials for life … which there will be no obvious answer.

Tournament: JMU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention One: Leadership

“Nuclear renaissance” is inevitable, but SMRs regain US nuclear leadership
Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11
(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-30-12, mtf)

For years, proponents of nuclear power expansion … concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed. 

US nuclear leadership declining as China is surging – failure to act redefines world nuclear industry and collapses hegemony
Cullinane, Institute of World Politics, 11
(Scott, graduate student at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., Staff Member at the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and contributor to the Journal of Energy Security, "America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, September 2011 Issue, 9-28-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandcatid=118:contentandItemid=376, accessed 9-28-12, mtf)

America: dominant no longer  History has recorded … potentially redefine the commercial nuclear energy trade.

Innovation is the lynchpin of power- solves all alt causes, takes out all resiliency args
Beckley, Harvard Belfer Center International Security research fellow, 12
(Michael, research fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, he will become an assistant professor of political science at Tufts University in the fall of 2012, "China's Century?" International Security, Winter 11/12, l/n, accessed 2-9-12, mss)

The ability to innovate, defined as the creation of … flexibility, responsiveness and credibility." n82

Major challenges to heg- innovation key to overcome all of them
Martino, Foreign Policy Research Institute senior fellow, 7
(Rocco, “A Strategy for Success: Innovation Will Renew American Leadership,” Orbis, 2007, Volume 51, Issue 2, HW Wilson, ldg)

Much of the foreign policy discussion in the United States … to include a partnership of industry, government, and people. 

Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction-multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US power smoothes the transition and is empirically correlated to perpetual great-power peace
Barnett, Naval War College Warfare Analysis and Research Department professor, 2011
(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads”, 3-7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of … deeply embedded in the geometry to come.

U.S. hegemonic decline causes global great-power war, collapses trade and spreads economic nationalism and protectionism
Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 2011
(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in … will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove heg solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient globalization sustainable---it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war
Owen, UVA politics professor, 2011
(John, “Don’t Discount Hegemony”, 2-11, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

We would still need to explain how this … and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Every credible measure of study shows violence is down because of everything consistent with the aff---heg, democracy, liberal trade---it’s only a question of sustaining current dynamics and preventing shocks to the system
Pinker, Harvard psychology professor, 2011
(Steven, “Violence Vanquished”, 9-24, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html, DOA; 10-9-11, ldg)

Believe it or not, the world of the past was much …s revolutions coincided with the electronic global village. 

Focus on strategic deterrence and democracy are key to adverting crisis escalation—reject the infinite number of root causes that debilitate action
Moore, UVA law professor, 2004
(John, “Beyond the Democratic Peace: Solving the War Puzzle”, 44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Winter, lexis, ldg)

If major interstate war is predominantly a product … of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

The rise of the rest is inevitable, but absolute US power makes the transition safe---the alt is transition wars
Walton, Reading IR lecturer, 2007
(Dale, “geopolitics and the great powers in the twenty-first century”, http://books.google.com/books?id=AQLTD1R-47ACandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepageandq=andf=false 

Although international political conditions surely … the probability of a great power war. 

No risk of their heg bad turns---US engagement and reintervention are inevitable---it’s only a question of making it effective---the plan prevents failed engagement that triggers their turns
Kagan, Brooking senior foreign policy fellow, 2011
(Robert, "The Price of Power" Weekly Standard, 1-24, www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3, DOA: 10-11-11, ldg)

In theory, the United States could refrain from … American power has built and defended. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention Two: Solvency

Federal loan guarantees cause market expansion and capital investment – plus reducing licensing restrictions is key
Institute for 21st Century Energy, 11
(Mission of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for 21st Century Energy is to unify policymakers, regulators, business leaders, and the American public behind a common sense energy strategy to help keep America secure, prosperous, and clean, "Commit to and Expand Nuclear Energy Use," 2011 is copyright date, http://www.energyxxi.org/commit-and-expand-nuclear-energy-use, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

Nuclear power is currently an emissions-free source of … cap is now too low and does not reflect today’s market costs.

Nuclear loan guarantees drive innovation and cost efficiency and evaluations prevent future Solyndras
Fertel, Nuclear Energy Institute President, 11
(Marvin, also CEO of NEI, "Innovative, Low-Risk Financing Vital," 9-19-11, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/solyndra-bad-bet-or-tip-of-the.php#2071277, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

We must not allow the experience of one loan … affordable, reliable electricity to power our economy.

Current restrictions make SMR development impossible – plan’s necessary
Rysavy et al., KandL Gates LLP partner, 9
(Charles F., partner with the law firm of KandL Gates LLP, has practiced law for more than 20 years, and has over 15 years of legal experience with the nuclear industry; Stephen K. Rhyne, partner, has practiced law for more than 30 years, and has been involved with the nuclear industry for over 5 years; and Roger P. Shaw, scientist with the law firm of KandL Gates LLP, has over 30 years of experience with the nuclear industry, and is the former Director of Radiation Protection for the Three Mile Island and Oyster
Creek Nuclear Plants, "Small Modular Reactors," Special Committee on Nuclear Power, American Bar Association Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources, December 2009, https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=3andved=0CDIQFjACandurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsmr.inl.gov%2FDocument.ashx%3Fpath%3DDOCS%252FReading%2BRoom%252FSMR-Dec_2009.pdfandei=V39vUK7yILOA2AXE9YDABwandusg=AFQjCNEGswSbnbJ1Fn7NDuT1KcF7qko_fA, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

Most SMRs are not merely scaled down versions of … containment/reactor system will be placed underground.

Thorium reactors are prolif and meltdown resistant – commercial SMR utilization key
Fulp, Certified Professional Geologist, 11
(Mickey, M.Sc. Geology from the University of New Mexico, "The Future of Thorium as Nuclear Fuel," 6-29-11, http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2011/06/29/the-future-of-thorium-as-nuclear-fuel, accessed 9-6-12, mtf)

According to the USGS, world resources of thorium are as … electrical power is in small modular reactors designed for remote locations.

HTGRs are ready for commercialization and solve meltdowns, siting, and prolif
Haynes, General Atomics Energy Development Vice President, 6
(Mark, Vice President for Energy Development and Washington Operations at General Atomics, "U.S. Nonproliferation Strategy: Policies And Technical Capabilities," Hearing Before The Subcommittee On Oversight And Investigations Of The Committee On International Relations House Of Representatives One Hundred Ninth Congress Second Session, July 20, 2006, http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa28785.000/hfa28785_0f.htm, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

HTGRs have progressed beyond paper studies … temperatures that exceed all reactor concepts except the High Temperature Gas Reactor.

SMRs solve investment, startup hurdles and competition
Schlesinger, EnergyBiz writer, 12
(Richard, "NUCLEAR aims small," EnergyBiz is an energy market intelligence resource, Sept./Oct. 2012, http://www.energybiz.com/magazine/article/281595/nuclear-aims-small, accessed 9-21-12, mtf)

The enormous up-front capital investment … remains to be seen whether the promise they offe

Thorium is key – plutonium and uranium produced are unusable for weapons
Donohue, CSIS Project on Nuclear Issues research intern, 12
(Nathan, "Thorium and its Value in Nonproliferation," Center for Strategic and International Studies, 8-17-12, http://csis.org/blog/thorium-and-its-value-nonproliferation, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) recently featured … designs such as Molten Salt Reactor and Accelerator Driven System.

SMR’s are safe and will be ready by 2015
Hise, Popular Mechanics staff writer, 09
(Phaedra. “Mini Reactors Show Promise for Clean Nuclear Power's Future.” 12-18. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/nuclear/4273386. Accessed: 10/02/2012. ADC)

 Higher fuel prices and increased carbon emissions have …. the minireactors could start to go on line in 2015. 

Barely any waste
Tularak, Office of Atoms for Peace, 11
(Thitidej; and Supervisor Dr. Totju Totev Argonne National Laboratory USA, "IAEA Fellowship Work Report," This report is generated as a summary of all the works and studies at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) as part of IAEA Fellowship Program (THA-10014) from May 31, 2011 – June 30, 2011, http://ansn.oaep.go.th/files/report5_3.pdf, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Reduced spent fuels and waste management obligation: Nuclear … spent fuels or even have no spent fuel pool.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Rutgers RS | Judge: Samantha Godbey
A2: Reps Key

Reps 1st is bad – reps only matter because of their pragmatic effect on policy
Dewsbury, Bristol University geographical studies professor, 2003
(John-David, Environment and Planning A 2003, volume 35, pages 1907-1932 -- http://www.sages.unimelb.edu.au/news/mhgr/dewsbury.pdf, ldg)

That someone includes us -- the social scientists, the researchers, … at all -- that is critically flawed.    

Consequentialism

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the … it undermines political effectiveness.

A2: Discourse Key

Discourse focus destroys agency – assuming a set reaction to certain speech codes hijacks political resistance and turns the alt
Brown, Berkeley political science professor, 2001
(Wendy, Politics Out of History, pg 35-6, ldg)

"Speech codes kill critique," Henry Louis Gates remarked … words and names. Don't mourn, moralize.

Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict
Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995
(Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality…, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

Discourse is worthless—other structures trump
Tuathail, geography professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1996
(Gearoid, “The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power”, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct, ldg)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  … to the patterned mess that is  human history.

A2: Root Cause

No root cause-no monocasual explanation.
Martin, Wollongong University science, tech and society professor, 1990
(Brian, “Uprooting War”, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/90uw/uw13.html, DOA: 11-4-11, ldg)

In this chapter and in the six preceding chapters I have examined …strategies for grassroots movements to uproot them.

Perm Solvency

It’s necessary to learn the language and the real-world functions of the state in order to transform it
Lutz, Prof PolSci U of Huston, 2k
(Donald, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 46) atw

The surprising fact is not that politicians tend to ransack … of political theory or not trying at all.

Multiple strategies are best
Roithmayr, Illinois law professor, 2001
(Daria, “ARTICLE: Left (Over) Rights”, 5 LTC 407, lexis, ldg)

This essay has proposed that rights talk … advance our vision of social change.  

Black/White Binary Turn

Current notions of looking at color and sexuality exclude the possibility of Asian Kweerness. The focus on the color line works to police the racial and sexual mobility of the yellow body without realizes how one’s geographical location changes its effects. Even if Quare theory’s claim to an intersectional approach is true it always boils down to the black experience. We must move past the black/white binary that underpins Quare theory to a new level that directs attention to nationality and national belonging.
Sapinoso, Women’s Studies @ UM College Park, 9
Joyleen Valero, “From “Quare” to “Kweer”: Towards a Queer Asian American Critique”, pg(s) 9-11, soap

It’s not that I disagree with the argument Ferguson … within a U.S. context of queer identifications.

Placing black-white racial relations first undermines effective anti-racist movements – turns solvency.
Hutchinson, Prof of Law, Washington College of Law, 4
(Darren Lenard, , American U, Aug 2004 (“Critical Race Theory: History, Evolution, and New Frontiers,” American University Law Review, LN, soap)

A third area of critical race innovation involves … political forces in the battle for racial justice.

This outweighs and turns the K- the black-white binary prevents coalitions and severely limits our understanding of racism
Perea, University of Florida law professor, 1997
Juan, California Law Review, "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race," 85 Calif. L. Rev. 1213, l/n, accessed 2-21-10, mss

My argument is not that this history should not be an important focus …nly if everyone can participate in it on equal terms.

A2: State Bad

Role-playing the state in context of debate is good –it’s the only way to assess state action and acquire the knowledge to challenge it
Ryan Galloway, University of Georgia Debate Coach, February 21, 2001
Debate as a Dialectic, p. http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0588.html

Second, dialectics are more persuasive than … say "We've found cold fusion! Viva le Revolution."  

There is no such thing as self-hood and identity without the state—all our significant qualities are relational and defined by culture and community.  Non-participation in the institutions of the state is alienation from self and the Other—only continued engagement can create the ethical community necessary for self-making and genuine freedom
Taylor, Oxford Social and Political Theory Professor, 1975
(Charles, Hegel, Cambridge UP, pg. 380-386) cab

These ideas only appear mysterious because of the powerful hold … (which means also the Absolute's self-identity). 

*1AR*

Paralysis Turn

The term "paralysis" is ableist
Gent, 2011
(Pamela J., Phd in Special Education from Kent University, " Service-Learning and the Culture of Ableism" in Problematizing Service-Learning: Critical Reflections for Development and Action by Trae Stewart and Nicole Webster, p. 233) RKB

A very fundamental way to combat … in any way similar to their own lived reality.

This must be a voting issue – Ableist Speech strengthens oppression and destroys the purposes of public debate – the impacts outweigh
Wheelchair Dancer, 4-28-08
("On Making Argument: Disability and Language "
http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html, accessed 10-13-12) RKB

If you are feeling a little bit of resistance, here, … motivated us to speak out in the first place.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Their epistemology claims are wrong—our authors are capable of making non-racist assumptions—they link to all of their knowledge production claims and re-entrench Orientalism.
Teitelbaum, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle East and African Studies senior fellow, 2006
(Joshua, “Students, Teachers, and Edward Said: Taking Stock of Orientalism”, March, http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/2493, DOA: 8-14-11, ldg)

The critics did not deny that Western culture and … fearful of developing an opinion of their own. S

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of …And it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Objectification and calculation opens politics to otherness
Williams, senior lecturer international politics University of Wales, 2005
(Michael, “The realist tradition and the limits of international relations”, pg 165-167)

Yet it is my claim that the willful Realist tradition … alternatives and counter-practices. 

Managerialism is good – we need to have a technological approach in order to prevent extinction
Heaberlin, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Head of the Nuclear Safety and Technology Applications Product Line, 03
(Scott, A Case for Nuclear-Generated Electricity, Battelle Press (September 2003) p. 31-40, 10/4/12, atl)

Well, then let's not do that, huh? Well, no… to make a better life for everyone.

Tech thought is inevitable
Kateb, Princeton politics professor, 97
(George, “Technology and the Rest of Culture”, Ohio State Univ Pr (Txt) (June 2001), 10/4/12, atl)

But the question arises as to where …. be cut loose from the highest human aspiration.

Concrete ethical action and values are necessary and good—this precedes ontology and theory, is a necessary condition of subjectivity, and is key to destroy the ideology of genocide.
Arnett, Duquesne University Communication Professor, 2003
(Ronald C., "The Responsive 'I': Levinas's Derivative Argument," Argumentation and Advocacy 40.1, pg. 39-43, cab)

Emmanuel Levinas, considered the premier voice … philosophy" (Levinas, Totality and Infinity 304). 

External events—like natural catastrophes—that threaten our existence also threaten the being-ness of Dasein
Svenaeus, Södertörn University Department of Philosophy Centre for Studies in Practical Knowledge, 10
(Fredrik, 24 November 2010, "Illness as unhomelike being-in-the-world: Heidegger and the phenomenology of medicine," Med Health Care and Philos (2011) 14:333–343, 9/15/12, atl)

If we adhere to this interpretation of the … radical and dreadful otherness.

Instrumental rationality whereby we value ourselves above the objects we encounter is the only way to meaningfully assign value to the natural world and gives us reason not to selfishly destroy it
Kyung-Sig, Seoul National University Philosophy Professor, 03
(Hwang, "10.1 Apology for Environmental Anthropocentrism" http://www.eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm, 9/15/12, atl)

Galileo's astronomy forced us to convert a literal to a … part and parcel of a sophisticated anthropocentrism.

Investigations of the meaning of Being are inherently contradictory—there is no ahistorical point for their critique to begin from and there is no such thing as the meaning of Being.
Garrard, Bath Spa University English Lecturer, 10
(Greg, NOTE: Bath Spa University is a real liberal arts university in Bath, England "Heidegger Nazism Ecocriticism," Interdisiplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 17.2, pg. 259-261, cab)

As numerous later commentators have pointed out, …, is a contradiction inspired by a mistake. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Most recent economic analyses project growth in renewable energy
Bossong, SUN DAY Campaign executive director, 2012
(Kenneth, “IEA sees renewable energy growth accelerating over next 5 years”, 7-5, http://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/pressreleases/2012/july/name,28200,en.html, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Renewable power generation is expected to … benchmark for both public and private decision makers.” 

Soft power is counterproductive- results in resentment and blowback
Gray, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies, 11
(Colin S, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England, and Founder of the National Institute for Public Policy, “Hard Power And Soft Power: The Utility Of Military Force as An Instrument Of Policy In The 21st Century”, April, Accessed 9-21-11, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1059) NJR

7. Soft power lends itself too easily to … some instances replace military force.

Doesn’t solve- soft power is hard to use
Kroenig, Professor of Government, et al. 10
(Matthew, at Georgetown University, and Melissa McAdam and  Steven Weber professors at UC Berkeley, November, “Taking Soft Power Seriously”, Accessed 9-21-11 http://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_Taking_Soft_Power_Seriously.pdf) NJR

Foreign policy actors have many reasons to …  against the use of military force, for example.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Nietschze K

We control uniqueness – meaning isn’t doomed, it’s just transient – we should stop suffering when we can
Smolkin. University of Houston--Clear Lake. School of Human Sciences and Humanities, 1989
(Mitchell, Understanding Pain, pg 75-9, ldg)

For Camus, the absurdity of the human condition consists … again and send them forth to die in a happy city.”76

Acting to help others generates meaning
May, Clemson philosophy professor, 2005
(Todd, “To change the world, to celebrate life”, Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31.5, project muse, ldg)

What are we to make of these references? We can, to be … our politics, we can be worthy of it.

Suffering is not inevitable-exception not the rule
Knapp, JD from Kansas, 2009
(Alex, “Is Suffering the Universal Human Condition?”, 2-5, http://www.hereticalideas.com/2009/02/is-suffering-the-universal-human-condition/, ldg)

 From the basic Buddhist tenet that life is suffering to …, and that we are glad that we exist. 

Global extinction risks require a revision of the politics of compassion – survival is still paramount.  New risks dictate embracing our ethic despite their impacts
Winchester, Spelman college philosophy professor, 1994
(James, Nietzsche's aesthetic turn: reading Nietzsche after Heidegger, Deleuze, and Derrida, 158- 160, ldg)

As uninformed as it is to assume that there is an easy … technological age has pressed upon us.

Discussing death impacts in a policy context through academic institutions like debate is necessary for human survival.
Beres, Purdue I-law professor, 2003
(Louis, “Anarchy and international law on an endangered planet”, 6-5, Journal and Courier, lexis, ldg)

For us, other rude awakenings are unavoidable, some of … survival alternatives may yet be discovered. 

We have to minimize suffering
Edelglass, Marlboro College philosophy professor, 2006
(William, “Levinas On Suffering And Compassion” Sophia, 45.2, October, JSTOR, ldg)

Because suffering is a pure passivity, lived as … the tyranny of a pain that overwhelms subjectivity.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: "The" Word PIC

Discourse is worthless—other structures trump
Tuathail, geography professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1996
(Gearoid, “The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power”, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct, ldg)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  … be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Suppressing language does not suppress concepts – other words will develop that mirror these abuses
Bewes, Associate Professor of English at Brown, 1997
(Timothy, “Cynicism and postmodernity”, pg 48, ldg)

In this light, to begin to use again terms and …comprise exactly the same catachrestic abuses. 

Turn-the refusal to turn dominant language against itself is politically paralyzing-precludes critical interrogation
Butler, rhetoric professor UC Berkeley, 1997
(Judith, “Excitable Speech”, pg 162, ldg)

Such dogmatism appears as well in the effort to circumscribe … the risk of living he terms that we keep in question. 

Borders are key to solving ethnic conflict
Downes, Duke political science professor, 2006
(Alexander, “More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Civil Wars”, SAIS Review 26.1 (2006) 49-61, project muse, ldg)

Recently, however, scholars have begun to … a single-state solution, partition is the preferred solution. 

A2: "USFG" Word PIC

Reps 1st is bad – reps only matter because of their pragmatic effect on policy
Dewsbury, Bristol University geographical studies professor, 2003
(John-David, Environment and Planning A 2003, volume 35, pages 1907-1932 http://www.sages.unimelb.edu.au/news/mhgr/dewsbury.pdf, ldg)

That someone includes us  the social scientists, the … understanding at all  that is critically flawed.    

Implementation must precede discourse – it’s the most effective way to challenge power, prevent conflict
Taft-Kaufman, Professor of Speech at CMU, 1995
(Jill, “Other Ways”; Southern Communication Journal; Spring; Vol. 60, No. 3, ebsco, ldg)

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality… institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

Representations don’t come first – reality structures existence.
Wendt, IR professor Ohio State University, 2000
(Alexander, “On the Via Media: a response to the critics”, Review of International Studies, 26, Cambridge journals, ldg)

Having been a classmate of hers in graduate school I am not … in the positivism wars than is often thought.

Discourse is worthless—other structures trump
Tuathail, geography professor Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1996
(Gearoid, “The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power”, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct, ldg)

While theoretical debates at academic … always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC MR | Judge:
2AC

1) Descriptions of aliens have changed in proportion with advances in technology—this is proof positive the phenomena is psychological and not real
Millis, Space and Astronomy Expert for About.com, 12
(John, “Have Aliens Walked Among Us?,” accessed 10-2-12, http://space.about.com/od/frequentlyaskedquestions/a/AlienVisitors.htm) 

However, it is interesting to note the evolution … the odds seem heavily stacked against it.

3) Long term space voyages are functionally impossible—propulsion issues, lack of gravity and supplies, and there’s no way to even get near the speed of light
Deem, molecular biologist, 06
(Rich, “UFO's and Extraterrestrial Aliens: Why Earth Has Never Been Visited,” accessed 10-2-12, http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/ufo.html) 

Obviously, our current rocket technology is …, and it does not seem possible to do so.

4) Extra-terrestrial civilizations don’t exist—Fermi’s Paradox proves
Deem, molecular biologist, 06
(Rich, “UFO's and Extraterrestrial Aliens: Why Earth Has Never Been Visited,” accessed 10-2-12, http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/ufo.html) 

Enrico Fermi, a prominent nuclear physicist of the … more likely that they do not exist.

1AR

Their author says that the book is written on his own perceptions- judge gets to decide whether or not they agree with his perceptions. Means that if you as the judge think aliens aren’t real, you don’t evaluate this arg
Branton, 9
(The Dulce Book, Introduction, da 10-6-12, http://www.ivantic.net/Dejvid%20Ajk%20i%20zavere/Dulce_Book_-_Area_51_Underground.pdf, mee)

Throughout this volume I have nevertheless … accumulated data, just as I have done. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Financial incentives are DOE based loans, loan guarantees, purchase agreements, price supports
Waxman, US Solicitor General, 98
(Seth P., Solicitor General Counsel of Record; Frank W. Hunger, Assistant Attorney General; David M. Cohen and Mark A. Melnick Attorneys, Department of Justice, "Harbert/Lummus Agrifuels Projects, Et Al., Petitioners V. United States Of America," Brief For The United States In Opposition, October 1998, footnote 2, p. 6, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf, accessed 8-1-12, mtf)

2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, …prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate(s).”  Pet. App. 111-113

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC - Bobertz K

Goal is to encourage better lawmaking—not always blame scapegoating. Perm solves better than the Neg’s interpretation of the alt.
Bobertz, 96
(Brad, University of Nebraska College of Law, "Limits of the 'Scapegoating' Thesis," Letter to Robert James McKown, September 24, http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~jonathan/debate/ceda-l/archive/CEDA-L-Sep-1996/msg00382.html)
“I'm writing to clarify some of the ideas in my article, "Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory," published in vol. 73, no. 4 of the Texas Law Review (Mar. 1995).”

     To sum up, I did not write my "scapegoating" … exactly the opposite of what I  intended

Broader philosophical questions should be cast aside in the face of true consequences – pragmatism is the best way to approach environmental conservation
Norton, Georgia Tech Professor of Philosophy, 96
(Nryan, Environmental Pragmatism, Iowa State University, Light and Katz, 9/15/12, atl)

In our search for an environmental ethic we will … of information and knowledge for future inquirers.

Climate change is different – scientific consensus and existential risk
Floyd, University of Warwick British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, 12
 (Rita, January 20, 2012, “Climate Change, Environmental Security Studies and the Morality of Climate Security”, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/01/20/climate-change-environmental-security-studies-and-the-morality-of-climate-security/, 9/1/12, atl)

In popular and political debate … security has gained so much in prominence.

Only way to achieve true change is through policy relevance.
Gunnng, deputy director of the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence at the University of Wales 2007
(Jeroen, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition Volume 42 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)

The notion of emancipation also crystallizes … uncritically universalist without betraying its 'critical' commitment.

1AR - Bobertz K - A2: VTL

It is impossible to judge when life of someone else has value because the value to life is subjective – we must always avoid letting others die
Patterson, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003
(Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics 2003; 16; 1, Sage Journals, ldg)

Appeals to a thoroughgoing quality assessment of life’s worth … determination of meaningful value.13 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the … it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Social Ecology K

Perm solves – Deep ecology can include different spheres and rejection of the political guarantees right cooption
Plumwood, was an Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University, 10
(Val, “Deep Ecology, Deep Pockets, Deep Problems: A feminist Ecosocialist Perspective”, Beneath the Surface: Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Deep Ecology, pg. 59+, 8/20/12, atl)

Naess’s work opens up some of the deeper questions … can take up are strongly incompatible with others. 

Perm solves – Bookchin thinks that a wide variety of political strategies need to be tried simultaneously
Bookchin, founder of the social ecology movement, 91
(Murray, “Defending the Earth: a dialogue between Murray Bookchin and Dave Foreman”, South End Press @ Boston, Ed. 1, Pg. 39-40, 9/15/12, atl)

We were pretty clear from the beginning, however, that we were not the radical environmental movement. We only saw ourselves as one slice of the radical environmental movement. I know I have no absolute, total, and complete answer to the worldwide ecological crisis we are in. My path is not the right path; it's the path that works for me. I think there are dozens and dozens of other approaches and ideas that we will need in order to solve the crisis we're in right now. We need that kind of diversity within our movement. In Earth First!, we have tended to specialize in what we're good at: wilderness preservation and endangered species. That doesn't mean the other issues aren't important; it just means that we mostly talk about what we know most about. We work on what moves us most particularly. It doesn't mean that we’re the whole operation, or that we’re covering all the bases. We need all the approaches and angles.

Deep ecology relies on a failed medieval model AND its failure to provide materiality makes social movements impossible – turns the alt and replicates elitism
Alexander, Counterfire Book Review Editor, 10
(Dominic, December 8, 2010, “Paths to Sustainability: the case of Deep Ecology”, http://www.counterfire.org/index.php/theory/37-theory/8550-paths-to-sustainability-the-case-of-deep-ecology, 8/19/12, atl)

We cannot solve the ecological problems of … new moral elite of ecological saints.

Ecological intervention is inevitable – encompassing humanity as a mere part of the collective erases intra species difference and creates mass paralysis
Bookchin, founder of the social ecology movement, 87
(Murray, American libertarian socialist author, orator, and philosopher. A pioneer in the ecology movement “Social Ecology versus Deep Ecology: A Challenge for the Ecology Movement”, http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bookchin/socecovdeepeco.html, 8/19/12, atl)

The seeming ideological tolerance that … and rationality into a deadening abstraction.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
UQN - Prices Low Now

Rare earth prices are plummeting now – not enough demand. (Also 2011 should have caused close down)
Global Times (China), 9-21-12
(“Rare-earth prices slump due to poor demand”, Accessed 9-22-12, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/734460.shtml) NJR

Prices of some rare-earth materials … analyst with baiinfo.com, told the Global Times.

Prices are plummeting after the REE bubble burst
Reuters 9-19-12
(“Analysis: Rare earth prices to erode on fresh supply, China”, Accessed 9-22-12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/19/us-rareearths-outlook-idUSBRE88I0O020120919) NJR

Prices of rare earth elements, which tumbled after a … at $1.00 per kg, down from $20.50/kg currently.

A2: Supply Shortages/China Monopoly

Japan Supply solves
ProEdge Wire, 9-19-12
(“The Sino-Japanese Dispute over the Senkaku Islands Highlights the Beginning of the end of China’s Rare Earths Monopoly”, Accessed 9-22-12, http://proedgewire.com/rare-earth-intel/the-sino-japanese-dispute-over-the-senkaku-islands-highlights-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-chinas-rare-earths-monopoly/) NJR

As for Japan itself, a new underwater rare …would be akin to shooting itself in the foot this time.

US Ramping up domestic production
NYT, 7-5-12
(“U.S. Rare Earths Comments on Reported Chinese Heavy Rare Earths Stockpile Strategy”, Accessed 9-22-12, http://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_release.asp?docTag=201207050930BIZWIRE_USPRX____BW5514&feedID=600&press_symbol=16888085) NJR

“This news, as we ready our 2012 Drill Program, is another … of Total Rare Earth (TRE) ranging as high as 26%.

New Japanese discoveries destroy China’s monopoly
HSN 2011
(Homeland Security News Wire, “Japanese discovery could undermine China's rare earth dominance”, 7-7, http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/japanese-discovery-could-undermine-chinas-rare-earth-dominance, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

A new discovery by Japanese researchers … mine the ocean floor around Papua New Guinea.

A2: Thorium Link

Thorium is the waste product of REE’s not an REE
Rhodes, professor of physical chemistry, 11
(Chris, 3-22, “Rare Earth Elements and Thorium Power”, Accessed 9-22-12, http://scitizen.com/future-energies/rare-earth-elements-and-thorium-power-_a-14-3643.html ) NJR

Thorium is present in the ores of rare … crude oil which is now also above $100/barrel.

A2: Perception Link

Perception empirically denied
Smith, Commodity specialist, 4-7-12
(Jason, “Rare Earths Soar As Washington Considers Stockpiling (MCP, AVL, LYSCF, REMX, REE)” Accessed 9-22-12, http://www.tickerspy.com/newswire/?p=4290) NJR 

Rare earths stocks are surging once again today, … is Rare Element Resources (REE) with a surge of 12%.

A2: China War Impact

China won’t restrict supply for geopolitical reasons and it won’t hurt the military if they do
Levin, New America Foundation fellow, 2010
(Steve, “Is China's rare earth power play really such a big deal?”, 10-21, http://oilandglory.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/10/21/is_chinas_rare_earth_power_play_really_such_a_big_deal, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

The supply of so-called strategic rare earth … needed to make such devices work.

China would never get into a war over rare earths
Philippens, King’s College War Studies MA, 2011
(Henry, “Fueling China's Maritime Modernization: The Need to Guarantee Energy Security”, Journal of Energy Security, 11-14, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=332:fueling-chinas-maritime-modernization-the-need-to-guarantee-energy-security&catid=121:contentenergysecurity1111&Itemid=386, DOA: 10-2-12, ldg)

Concerns about supply stability, cost and … try to protect and assume control over its SLOC.

Tournament: West Point | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Simulation/apocalyptic reps good
Demerritt, King’s College London Department of Geography, 06
(David, "The Construction of Global warming and the Politics of Science",www.unc.edu/courses/2006spring/geog/203/001/demerritt.pdf, 10/6/12, atl)

Still, blindness does have its benefits, even …they sometimes receive from their critics.

Apocalyptic imagery is ethically sound and try or die for preventing extinction – foretelling doom really does prevent it from occurring
Foster, editor of the Monthly Review, 1998
(John Bellamy, The scale of our ecological crisis Monthly Review, April, 1998, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n11_v49/ai_20931195/?tag=content;col, ldg)

Having said this, however, Gould goes on to suggest that … our fate with that of the planet.

Tournament: West Point | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Nuclear threat making and US leadership in nonproliferation mechanisms are critical prereqs
Huntley, Simons Centre for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Research Program Director, 07
(Wade, “Nuclear Nonproliferation Time for New Thinking?” http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/2/2/pages179229/p179229-37.php, 9/12/12, atl)

Despite its rejection of these premises, the Bush … not be a bad measure of “responsibility.”

Collapse of friend/enemy multiplies the size and scope of genocidal wars.
Reinhard, UCLA Professor of Jewish Studies, 04
(Kenneth, UCLA Center for Jewish Studies, “Towards a Political Theology of the Neighbor,” http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf , 9/12/12, atl)

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl … because they would be identifiable” (PF 83).

Ethnocentrism is inevitable. People are genetically destined to identify and discriminate based on racial categories.
Rushton, University of Western Ontario Psychology professor, 2005
(J. Philippe, “Ethnic nationalism, evolutionary psychology and Genetic Similarity Theory”, Nations and Nationalism 11 (4), 2005, 489–507, ebsco, ldg)

The pull of genetic similarity does not stop at family … identification for individuals today. Genetic Similarity Theory helps to explain why.

Discussion of technical nuclear strategy is inevitable - their attempts to silence nuclear discourse doesn't solve the problem, it just makes it invisible - this prevents critical response
Chaloupka, Colorado State University Professor of Political Science, 92
(William, “Knowing Nukes: The Politics and Culture of the Atom”, Univ Of Minnesota Press; 1 edition (June 3, 1992), p. 9-10, 10/4/12, atl)

Both Derrida’s insight and Schwenger’s anecdote … an ‘‘unspeakable discourse’’ and into a textual or literary context.

Threats are real and we should act on them – they exist independent of fear
Knudsen, Sodertom political science professor, 2001
(Olav, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing Securitization”, Security Dialogue 2001 32: 355, SAGE, ldg)

Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying … democratic procedures for dealing with them. 

Threat construction does not cause war.
Sullivan, PhD in political science Harvard University, 2003
(Andrew, “Idiocy of the week Sheryl Crow, brain-dead peacenik in sequins.”, 1-15-2003, Salon.com, http://dir.salon.com/story/opinion/sullivan/2003/01/15/crow/index.html, ldg)

One is also required to ask: If war is "not the answer," … retributions are gonna be harsh, man. Way harsh. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No risk of their heg bad turns---US engagement and reintervention are inevitable---it’s only a question of making it effective---the plan prevents failed engagement that triggers their turns
Kagan, Brooking senior foreign policy fellow, 2011
(Robert, "The Price of Power" Weekly Standard, 1-24, www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3, DOA: 10-11-11, ldg)

In theory, the United States could refrain from … system that American power has built and defended. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Role playing as public actors shatters apathy and political alienation which is critical to check inequality and exploitation
Mitchell, communications professor at Pittsburgh University, 2000
(Gordon, “SIMULATED PUBLIC ARGUMENT AS A PEDAGOGICAL PLAY ON WORLDS.”, Argumentation and Advocacy 36.3 (Wntr 2000): p134, OneFile, ldg)

When we assume the posture of the other in …carry significant emancipatory potential. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Ecofeminism K

We don’t have to affirm femininity to save the environment
Mayer, University of Michigan JD, 94
(Elizabeth, “The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered”, Honors Research Project 2 May 1994, 8/20/12, atl)

The second objection also attacks the claim that the … echoed in the body of ecofeminist literature

Ecology and gender are not interrelated and the alt’s methodology reentrenches patriarchy
Mayer, University of Michigan JD, 94
(Elizabeth, “The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered”, Honors Research Project 2 May 1994, 8/20/12, atl)

The first objection is leveled at ecofeminism's … for the now-more-civilized-than-ever civilization.

Ecofeminism’s utopianist methodology is exclusive and deals a death blow to potential political strategies
Sargisson, University of Nottingham Associate Professor of Politics, 01
(Lucy, February 5, 2001, “What’s wrong with Ecofeminism?”, Environmental Politics; Spring2001, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p52, 13p, 9/2/12, atl)

(3) Utopianism has a dark side: utopians … create a space within political thought for the exploration of alternative means of expression. 

Broader philosophical questions should be cast aside in the face of true consequences – pragmatism is the best way to approach environmental conservation
Norton, Georgia Tech Professor of Philosophy, 96
(Nryan, Environmental Pragmatism, Iowa State University, Light and Katz, 9/15/12, atl)

In our search for an environmental ethic we …information and knowledge for future inquirers.

Reps 1st is bad – reps only matter because of their pragmatic effect on policy
Dewsbury, Bristol University geographical studies professor, 2003
(John-David, Environment and Planning A 2003, volume 35, pages 1907-1932 -- http://www.sages.unimelb.edu.au/news/mhgr/dewsbury.pdf, ldg)

That someone includes us -- the social scientists, … understanding at all -- that is critically flawed.    

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
PTCs for nuclear power fail – barriers to monetization and limited ability to aid construction
Gale et al., Latham and Watkins Finance Department Chair, 9
(Kelley M. Gale, serves as global Co-Chair for the firm‘s Climate Change and Cleantech Practice Groups, thirty years of experience in the development, regulation, and financing of alternative energy projects and capital intensive infrastructure projects; co-authors Sony Ben-Moshe, Jason J. Crowell, Breton A. Peace, Brett P. Rosenblatt, and Kelly D. Thomason are attorneys in the Project Finance Practice Group in the San Diego office of Latham and Watkins LLP, "Financing The Nuclear Renaissance: The Benefits And Potential Pitfalls Of Federal and State Government Subsidies And The Future Of Nuclear Power In California," Energy Law Journal, Volume 30, Issue 2, 2009, ProQuest Central, accessed 8-14-12, mtf)

Tax credits have been used in combination with accelerated … instrumental in financing the "nuclear renaissance."

No spillover -- IFRs too costly and take too long
Makhijani, PhD in engineering, 2001
(Arjun, “Letters to the Editor” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May 2001 vol. 57 no. 3 4-5, ebsco, ldg)

As for IFRs, the 1996 National Academy of Sciences … seriously proposes to transmute all the uranium in spent fuel.

International consensus proves they’re not competitive and power generation will be small
PR Newswire 2010
(“Report: Unsuccessful 'Fast Breeder' Is No Solution for Long-Term Reactor Waste Disposal Issues” 2-17, PR Newswire, International Panel on Fissile Materials, lexis, ldg)

Hopes that the "fast breeder"- a plutonium-fueled … and their contribution to overall electricity generation will be modest at best."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
US nuclear leadership declining as China is surging – failure to act redefines world nuclear industry and collapses hegemony
Cullinane, Institute of World Politics, 11
(Scott, graduate student at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C., Staff Member at the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and contributor to the Journal of Energy Security, "America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, September 2011 Issue, 9-28-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandcatid=118:contentandItemid=376, accessed 9-28-12, mtf)

America: dominant no longer  History has recorded … potentially redefine the commercial nuclear energy trade.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Obama winning now but it could swing
Heilpern, Vanity Fair, 10-1-12
(John, “Silver Streak”, http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/11/nate-silver-mitt-romney-has-one-in-three-chance, DOA: 10-3-12, ldg)

But, to serious business! Who is he forecasting as the … the re-election of President Obama. 

SMRs are unpopular -- post-Fukushima concerns.
Baker, American Security Project, 2012
(Matthew, “Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?”, 6-22, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/, DOA: 10-3-12, ldg)

Thirdly, some supporters of SMR technology … needs the public needs to be on board.

Plan causes NIMBY backlash
McGraw, Competitive Enterprise Institute, 2012
(Brian, “Keystone and the troubling growth of NIMBYism”, 4-19, http://dailycaller.com/2012/04/19/keystone-and-the-troubling-growth-of-nimbyism/, DOA: 9-2-12, ldg)

Keystone is also symbolic of the troubling … to a death by a thousand cuts to the U.S. economy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Substantially
Random House, 2009
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, "Substantially," http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/substantially, mss

sub⋅stan⋅tial  suhb-stan-shuhl
–adjective

1.  of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of money.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Links to politics – XOs are unpopular AND takes out solvency – Congress will force rollback
Savage, NY Times, 12
(Charlie, “Shift on Executive Power Lets Obama Bypass Rivals,” 4-22-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/23/us/politics/shift-on-executive-powers-let-obama-bypass-congress.html?pagewanted=alland_moc.semityn.www#h, accessed 9-19-12, ara)

The focus, said Dan Pfeiffer, the White House … to push back against his “power grabs.” 

Non-unique – Obama increasing his power now
Savage, NY Times, 12
(Charlie, “Shift on Executive Power Lets Obama Bypass Rivals,” 4-22-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/23/us/politics/shift-on-executive-powers-let-obama-bypass-congress.html?pagewanted=alland_moc.semityn.www#h, accessed 9-19-12, ara)

One Saturday last fall, President Obama interrupted a … members of the domestic policy council to brainstorm. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Coattails determine Senate elections
Jackson, AP writer, 9-28
(Henry C, Associated Press, "Coattails a factor in some Senate and House races," 9-28-12, http://www.kswt.com/story/19662692/coattails-a-factor-in-some-senate-and-house-races, accessed 10-13-12, mtf)

If Rep. Connie Mack scores an upset over … is distaste for Romney," Schumer said last week.

Population density and small state strategy ensure large GOP majority
Chait, New Yorker Columnist, 10/12
(Jonathan, October 12, 2012, “How the 2012 Election Is Stacked for the GOP”, http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/10/how-the-2012-election-is-stacked-for-the-gop.html, 10/12/12, atl)

The primary reason for this is that the House … government — rests on Barack Obama’s shoulders.

Energy not a key issue
Platts 2012
(“Energy issues unlikely to be major factor in 2012 election: analyst”, 5-3, http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/6263865, DOA: 9-4-12, ldg)

Voters in the key swing states in …crude oil, coal and natural gas.

Opponents are disorganized- nuclear industry empirically controls the messaging battle
Squassoni, CSIS Senior Fellow, 12
(Sharon, Director and Senior Fellow, Proliferation Prevention Program at Center for Strategic and International Studies, former senior assoc. at Nuclear Nonproliferation Program at Carnegie, former Congressional adviser as senior specialist in weapons of mass destruction at the Congressional Research Service, “Nuclear Power in the Global Energy Portfolio” in the report: The Future of Nuclear Power in the United States, Federation of American Scientists, February 2012, http://www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, mtf)

Concerns about contamination of the … Research Center   poll conducted about a week after Fukushima.18

The public loves reactors
Whitman, CASEnergy Co-Chair, 12
(Christine Todd, Former EPA Administrator and New Jersey Governor, "Nuclear Power Garners Bipartisan Support," 8-13-12, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php#2237728, accessed 9-30-12, mtf)

The energy policy that I’ve seen garner …that leaders on both sides of the aisle can support.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Otherness not the root cause of war
Volf, Yale theology professor, 2002
(Miroslav, “Living with the "Other", Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Vol. 39, questia, ldg)

Though “otherness”–cultural, ethnic, religious, … testimony to how much “otherness” matters.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, political science professor Indiana University, 2002
(Jeffrey, “Ends, Means, and Politics, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2002, ldg)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of … undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs the K
Wapner, professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, 2003
(Paul, “Leftist Criticism of "Nature" Environmental Protection in a Postmodern Age,” Dissent Winter 2003 http://www.dissentmagazine. org/menutest/archives/2003/ wi03/wapner.html, ldg)

All attempts to listen to nature are social … compromise their fundamental moral commitment.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Certainty is key – crucial for investment
Trembath, Breakthrough Energy and Climate Program policy associate, 11
(Alex, Policy associate in the Energy and Climate Program at Breakthrough. He is the lead or co-author of several Breakthrough publications, Policy Fellow in AEL’s New Energy Leaders Project, “Nuclear Power and the Future of Post-Partisan Energy Policy,” Americans for Energy Leadership, 2-4-11, http://leadenergy.org/2011/02/the-nuclear-option-in-a-post-partisan-approach-on-energy/, accessed 10-5-12, mtf)

If there is one field of the energy sector for which … of our economy to benefit from his political leadership.

Predictability key to energy investments
Sussman, ADR Practitioner, Fordham University, 11
(Edna, full-time arbitrator and mediator and the Distinguished ADR Practitioner in Residence, Fordham University School of Law, specializing in international and domestic business disputes, “A Multilateral Energy Sector Investment Treaty: Is it Time For a Call For Adoption by All Nations?” 1-12-11, http://www.sussmanadr.com/docs/Energy%20Charter%20Treaty%20%20SIL%201-2011%20as%20published_new.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

The predictability of regulation and … protection all the more important.168 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
For questions/cites email:

mark.febrizio@gmail.com

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: Lynda Mercer
Plan Text

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Contention One: Warming

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – no alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three years … spectrum about what can and should be done.

Sea level rise causes extinction – even small rises matter
Sato, Daily Galaxy contributing editor, 8
Rebecca, Contributing Editor at DailyGalaxy.com, former Head Writer at Freedom FastTrack “Can Changes in Sea Level Cause Periods of Mass Extinction?—A Galaxy Exclusive,” 6-19-08, http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/06/changes-in-sea.html, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

For years scientists have been trying to find explanations …we are likely to induce.  We, as a society, are not.”

Warming causes triggers societal collapse and exacerbates ecological and social inequalities
Scheffran et al., Institute of Geography climate change professor, 11
(Jürgen Scheffran, professor in climate change and security at the Institute of Geography and at KlimaCampus of Hamburg University in Germany, research scientist in the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament and International Security at University of Illinois of Urbana-Champaign, PhD in Physics at Marburg University; and Antonella Battaglini, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, "Climate and conflicts: the security risks of global warming," Regional Environmental Change, suppl. Supplement 11, March 2011, ProQuest, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Climate stress, security risks and conflict constellations
From climate stress to societal impacts  Since … regional governance structures (WBGU 2007).

Other nations will model US investment – it’s a bellwether of nuclear tech
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

This paper describes the current status and future plans for …in other parts of the world.

Large-scale nuclear power transition solves warming – assumes resource and time restraints
Knapp et al., University of Zagreb professor, 10
(Vladimir Knapp, Dubravko Pevec, and Mario Matijević, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, University of Zagreb in Croatia, "The potential of fission nuclear power in resolving global climate change under the constraints of nuclear fuel resources and once-through fuel cycles," Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 11, November 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-22-12, mtf)

In this study, we have investigated the … and for public acceptance of nuclear energy.

Only the aff solves – alternative sources are of insufficient scope
Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11
(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture When … of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

Prioritizing global warming is a prerequisite to solving inequality, racism, war, poverty and social justice
Glick, National Coordinator of the Independent Progressive Politics Network, 04
(Ted, January 13, 2004, “Global warming: not just another issue” http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Jan04/Glick0113.htm, 9/15/12, atl)

I've been in and around the environmental … for democracy, peace and justice in November.

Our unique framing of warming with the economy creates fear that is successful at mobilizing
Kysar, Professor at Yale Law School, 07
(Douglas A., “Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility”, Harvard Law Review, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1033044, 9/15/12, atl)

The task of “creating new truths in the polity” is an … of wider action can resume” (p. 212).

Science based public policy advocacy is the only way to motivate effective responses to energy crisis
Throgmorton, University of Iowa Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, 89
(James, January 1, 1989, “Synthesizing Politics, Rationality, and Advocacy: Energy Policy Analysis for Minority Groups”, Policy Studies Review, 8 (Winter 1989), pp. 300-321, 9/28/12, atl)

Primers suggest that good analysts should … purpose of the case about to be described.

Science DOES work and its predictions ARE verified – experts are experts because their theories ARE TRUE
Tallis, one of the top living polymaths in the world, 95
(Raymond, British philosopher, secular humanist, poet, novelist, cultural critic and retired medical doctor, doctor at the University of Oxford, was Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester and a consultant physician in Health Care of the Elderly in Salford, “Newton's Sleep: The Two Cultures and the Two Kingdoms”, Palgrave Macmillan; New Ed edition (18 Sep 1995), 9/14/12, atl)

The aim of Harre’s ‘microsociology of scientists’ … unlike anything else in human life."

Simulation key to motivate responses to climate risks
Marks et al, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED), Columbia University, 07
(Sabine, “Communication and mental processes: experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information” Global Environmental Change, 17 (2007), pp. 47–58, 9/15/12, atl)

Based on the observation that experiential and analytic …of individual and group decision-making. 

Contention Two: Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary
Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10
(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in the way of building …2011 budget request to triple the loan volume. 

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of advantages that … significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s
Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10
(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/are-small-reactors-the-next-big-thing-in-nuclear.html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting …initiative through industry working groups. 

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility
Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11
(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the … debt quality for nuclear power plants.

We have the workforce and infrastructure
Spencer et al, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies research fellow, 11
(Jack. “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?” Heritage Foundation. 2-02. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors. Accessed: 9/7/2012. ADC)

Domestic Production. Although the … capabilities—all in the United States. 

Tournament: App State | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention Three: Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary
Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10
(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in the way of … budget request to triple the loan volume. 

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of advantages that … characterized by significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s
Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10
(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/are-small-reactors-the-next-big-thing-in-nuclear.html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting … initiative through industry working groups. 

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility
Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11
(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the current … quality for nuclear power plants.

We have the workforce and infrastructure
Spencer et al, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies research fellow, 11
(Jack. “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?” Heritage Foundation. 2-02. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors. Accessed: 9/7/2012. ADC)

Domestic Production. Although the … capabilities—all in the United States. 

Tournament: App State | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Tournament: App State | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention Two: Proliferation

Nuclear power will expand globally, even in Japan and Germany. BUT they will be large reactors built outside the US.  
Talbot, Dundee Securities senior mining analyst, 8-14-12
(David, “Who Will Fill the 24 Million Pound Uranium Supply Gap?: David Talbot”, http://www.businessinsider.com/who-will-fill-the-24-million-pound-uranium-supply-gap-david-talbot-2012-8, DOA: 11-5-12, ldg)

The Energy Report: In your last interview, "The …growth in nuclear power. 

This will result in breakout proliferation-asymmetries undermine deterrence and ensure nuclear war-safeguards are key.
 (Fast/breakout, checks US influence, miscalc risk (small difference/opaqueness)
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 09
(Henry, June 1, 2009, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534, 10/3/12, atl)

Finally, several new nuclear weapons … ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

US construction is key to solve-SMR’s would out compete other models and a strong domestic industry ensures maintenance of the global gold standard.
Miller, Bipartisan Policy Co-Chair for the Nuclear Initiative, 12
(Dr. Warren F. “Pete” e-, Former DOE Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, Senator Pete Domenici, July 2012, “Challenges and Opportunities Facing Nuclear Energy in the United States”, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, 8/14/12, atl)

Several other countries, by contrast, have …development, and deployment (RDandD) programs.

The plan causes other suppliers to model US practices-ensures no proliferation.
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 11
(Henry, “The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?”, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, 10/9/12, atl)

A Japanese decision to resist temptation and adopt … it has reluctantly in the past.

Other countries follow the US lead-ensures they’ll pick SMR’s and implement safety measures
Lieberman, American Physical Society senior government relations specialist, 11
(Jodi, November 15, 2011 “Nonproliferation, Congress, and Nuclear Trade: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” http://csis.org/files/publication/111116_nonproliferation_congress_and_nucleartrade.pdf)

 U.S. Nonproliferation Influence  While 123 agreements … summit will be  held in South Korea in 2012.

Proliferation causes nuclear war-crisis escalation, aggression, saving face, delegation and launch on warning guarantee it.
Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12
(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

The proliferation optimist position, … less-resolved opponents to back down. 

Status quo nuclear power will be based off Chinese designs-guarantees accidents and meltdowns
Tu, Carnegie Energy and Climate Program senior associate, 12
(Kevin Jianjun. “China’s Nuclear Crossroads.” 3-11. http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads. Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety …energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.   

Nuclear accidents wreck biodiversity
Mousseau, USC biology professor, 2011
(TA, “Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents”, Biological Conservation Volume 144, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 2787–2798, Science Direct, ldg)

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear … distances in species when they are rare. 

Extinction
Daily et al, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Stanford, 7
(11-19, Gretchen, Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment Director, Center for Conservation Biology Director, Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources Chair, The Natural Capital Project, “ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems,” http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/FireForestEcology/ForestEconomics/Economics-Daily97.pdf) atw

In addition to the production of goods, ecosystem … human beings trying to colonize the moon.

Tournament: USC | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Contention One is Proliferation

Nuclear power is increasing globally – demand ensures it’ll be large reactors
Banks et al, Foreign Policy Energy Security Initiative nonresident fellow, 12-16
(John P. “Nuclear Power in Developing Countries? Let's Talk about It.” 12-16. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/12/16-nuclear-energy-banks-massy. Accessed: 1/1/2013. ADC)

 While the developed world gets cold feet on nuclear … of others are seriously considering nuclear power, but commitments are pending. 

This will result in breakout proliferation-asymmetries undermine deterrence and ensure nuclear war-safeguards are key.
 (Fast/breakout, checks US influence, miscalc risk (small difference/opaqueness)
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 09
(Henry, June 1, 2009, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534, 10/3/12, atl)

Finally, several new nuclear weapons … of this, however, is inevitable.

US construction is key to solve-SMR’s would out compete other models and a strong domestic industry ensures maintenance of the global gold standard.
Miller, Bipartisan Policy Co-Chair for the Nuclear Initiative, 12
(Dr. Warren F. “Pete” e-, Former DOE Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, Senator Pete Domenici, July 2012, “Challenges and Opportunities Facing Nuclear Energy in the United States”, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, 8/14/12, atl)

Several other countries, by contrast, have … development, and deployment (RDandD) programs.

The plan causes other suppliers to model US practices-ensures no proliferation.
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 11
(Henry, “The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?”, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, 10/9/12, atl)

A Japanese decision to resist temptation and … has reluctantly in the past.

Other countries follow the US lead-ensures they’ll pick SMR’s and implement safety measures
Lieberman, American Physical Society senior government relations specialist, 11
(Jodi, November 15, 2011 “Nonproliferation, Congress, and Nuclear Trade: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” http://csis.org/files/publication/111116_nonproliferation_congress_and_nucleartrade.pdf)

 U.S. Nonproliferation Influence  While 123 … summit will be  held in South Korea in 2012.

Proliferation causes nuclear war-crisis escalation, aggression, saving face, delegation and launch on warning guarantee it.
Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12
(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

The proliferation optimist position… less-resolved opponents to back down. 

Status quo nuclear power will be based off Chinese designs-guarantees accidents and meltdowns
Tu, Carnegie Energy and Climate Program senior associate, 12
(Kevin Jianjun. “China’s Nuclear Crossroads.” 3-11. http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads. Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 It’s first important to acknowledge that … energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.   

Nuclear accidents wreck biodiversity
Mousseau, USC biology professor, 2011
(TA, “Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents”, Biological Conservation Volume 144, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 2787–2798, Science Direct, ldg)

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power … in species when they are rare. 

Extinction
Daily et al, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Stanford, 7
(11-19, Gretchen, Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment Director, Center for Conservation Biology Director, Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources Chair, The Natural Capital Project, “ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems,” http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/FireForestEcology/ForestEconomics/Economics-Daily97.pdf) atw

In addition to the production of goods, …beings trying to colonize the moon.

Contention Two is Warming

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – no alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three years … about what can and should be done.

Failure to solve warming causes extinction – geological history proves
Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10
(Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Unless we act, the next century could see … sound, they're actually conservative. 

Ocean acidification destroys marine biodiversity and leads to extinction
Romm, MIT Physics PhD, 10
(Joe, Climate Progress editor, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy during the Clinton Administration, PhD in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Nature Geoscience study: Oceans are acidifying 10 times faster today than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred," 2-18-10, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/02/18/205525/ocean-acidification-study-mass-extinction-of-marine-life-nature-geoscience/?mobile=nc#more-19529, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Marine life face some of the worst impacts.  We … carbon dioxide emissions is now.

Sea level rise causes extinction – even small rises matter
Sato, Daily Galaxy contributing editor, 8
Rebecca, Contributing Editor at DailyGalaxy.com, former Head Writer at Freedom FastTrack “Can Changes in Sea Level Cause Periods of Mass Extinction?—A Galaxy Exclusive,” 6-19-08, http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/06/changes-in-sea.html, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

For years scientists have been trying to … induce.  We, as a society, are not.”

Other nations will model US investment – it’s a bellwether of nuclear tech
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

This paper describes the current status and … other parts of the world.

Large-scale nuclear power transition solves warming – assumes resource and time restraints
Knapp et al., University of Zagreb professor, 10
(Vladimir Knapp, Dubravko Pevec, and Mario Matijević, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, University of Zagreb in Croatia, "The potential of fission nuclear power in resolving global climate change under the constraints of nuclear fuel resources and once-through fuel cycles," Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 11, November 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-22-12, mtf)

In this study, we have investigated the …strategies and for public acceptance of nuclear energy.

Global commercialization key to check developing countries’ emissions
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Increasing concerns related to energy … resistance, and reduced financial risk. 

Only the aff solves – alternative sources are of insufficient scope
Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11
(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture …expansion of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

No risk of link turns – complete nuclear power chain significantly reduces CO2 emissions
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

2.3. Global climate change  In 1990 a major … the environmental effects of fossil fuel pollutants.

Contention Three is Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary
Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10
(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in the … budget request to triple the loan volume. 

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of advantages that … characterized by significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s
Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10
(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/are-small-reactors-the-next-big-thing-in-nuclear.html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting SMRs … initiative through industry working groups. 

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility
Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11
(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the current … for nuclear power plants.

We have the workforce and infrastructure
Spencer et al, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies research fellow, 11
(Jack. “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?” Heritage Foundation. 2-02. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors. Accessed: 9/7/2012. ADC)

Domestic Production. Although the nuclear i… capabilities—all in the United States. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Contention One is Proliferation

Nuclear power is increasing globally – demand ensures it’ll be large reactors
Banks et al, Foreign Policy Energy Security Initiative nonresident fellow, 12-16
(John P. “Nuclear Power in Developing Countries? Let's Talk about It.” 12-16. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/12/16-nuclear-energy-banks-massy. Accessed: 1/1/2013. ADC)

 While the developed world gets cold feet …power, but commitments are pending. 

This will result in breakout proliferation-asymmetries undermine deterrence and ensure nuclear war-safeguards are key
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 09
(Henry, June 1, 2009, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534, 10/3/12, atl)

Finally, several new nuclear … want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

US construction is key to solve-SMR’s would out compete other models and a strong domestic industry ensures maintenance of the global gold standard.
Miller, Bipartisan Policy Co-Chair for the Nuclear Initiative, 12
(Dr. Warren F. “Pete” e-, Former DOE Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, Senator Pete Domenici, July 2012, “Challenges and Opportunities Facing Nuclear Energy in the United States”, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, 8/14/12, atl)

Several other countries, by … and deployment (RDandD) programs.

The plan causes other suppliers to model US practices-ensures no proliferation.
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 11
(Henry, “The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?”, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, 10/9/12, atl)

A Japanese decision to resist temptation and … reluctantly in the past.

Other countries follow the US lead-ensures they’ll pick SMR’s and implement safety measures
Lieberman, American Physical Society senior government relations specialist, 11
(Jodi, November 15, 2011 “Nonproliferation, Congress, and Nuclear Trade: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” http://csis.org/files/publication/111116_nonproliferation_congress_and_nucleartrade.pdf)

 U.S. Nonproliferation Influence  While 123 agreements … will be  held in South Korea in 2012.

High risk of Asian prolif- US industry key to solve
Ferguson, Federation of American Scientists President, 10
(Charles, May 4, 2010, “Controlling Asia's Nuclear Power Tigers”, http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/04/asia-nuclear-power-markets-economy-national-security_2.html, 9/3/12, atl)

Asia's nuclear power tigers are …proliferation-prone methods are not permitted. 

Proliferation causes nuclear war-crisis escalation, aggression, saving face, delegation and launch on warning guarantee it.
Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12
(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

The proliferation optimist position, … opponents to back down. 

Status quo nuclear power will be based off Chinese designs-guarantees accidents and meltdowns
Tu, Carnegie Energy and Climate Program senior associate, 12
(Kevin Jianjun. “China’s Nuclear Crossroads.” 3-11. http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads. Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety … that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.   

Nuclear accidents wreck biodiversity
Mousseau, USC biology professor, 2011
(TA, “Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents”, Biological Conservation Volume 144, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 2787–2798, Science Direct, ldg)

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear … in species when they are rare. 

Extinction
Daily et al, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Stanford, 7
(11-19, Gretchen, Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment Director, Center for Conservation Biology Director, Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources Chair, The Natural Capital Project, “ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems,” http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/FireForestEcology/ForestEconomics/Economics-Daily97.pdf) atw

In addition to the production of goods, ecosystem …beings trying to colonize the moon.

Contention Two is Warming

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – no alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I … what can and should be done.

Failure to solve warming causes extinction – geological history proves
Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10
(Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Unless we act, the next century could see …sound, they're actually conservative. 

Ocean acidification destroys marine biodiversity and leads to extinction
Romm, MIT Physics PhD, 10
(Joe, Climate Progress editor, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy during the Clinton Administration, PhD in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Nature Geoscience study: Oceans are acidifying 10 times faster today than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred," 2-18-10, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/02/18/205525/ocean-acidification-study-mass-extinction-of-marine-life-nature-geoscience/?mobile=nc#more-19529, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Marine life face some of the worst impacts.  … slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now.

Sea level rise causes extinction – even small rises matter
Sato, Daily Galaxy contributing editor, 8
Rebecca, Contributing Editor at DailyGalaxy.com, former Head Writer at Freedom FastTrack “Can Changes in Sea Level Cause Periods of Mass Extinction?—A Galaxy Exclusive,” 6-19-08, http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/06/changes-in-sea.html, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

For years scientists have been trying to find … to induce.  We, as a society, are not.”

Other nations will model US investment – it’s a bellwether of nuclear tech
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

This paper describes the current status and … in other parts of the world.

Large-scale nuclear power transition solves warming – assumes resource and time restraints
Knapp et al., University of Zagreb professor, 10
(Vladimir Knapp, Dubravko Pevec, and Mario Matijević, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, University of Zagreb in Croatia, "The potential of fission nuclear power in resolving global climate change under the constraints of nuclear fuel resources and once-through fuel cycles," Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 11, November 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-22-12, mtf)

In this study, we have investigated the … and for public acceptance of nuclear energy.

Global commercialization key to check developing countries’ emissions
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Increasing concerns related to …resistance, and reduced financial risk. 

Only the aff solves – alternative sources are of insufficient scope
Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11
(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture When discussing … of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

No risk of link turns – complete nuclear power chain significantly reduces CO2 emissions
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

2.3. Global climate change  In 1990 a major …environmental effects of fossil fuel pollutants.

Contention Three is Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary
Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10
(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in the way of … request to triple the loan volume. 

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of … by significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s
Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10
(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/are-small-reactors-the-next-big-thing-in-nuclear.html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting … initiative through industry working groups. 

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility
Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11
(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the current …for nuclear power plants.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Nuclear provides cheap electricity
Tverberg, Oil Drum editor, 2012
(Gail, “The Modern World of Nuclear Generated Electricity”, 8-16, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/The-Modern-World-of-Nuclear-Generated-Electricity.html, DOA: 11-7-12, ldg)

Nuclear Electric Plants that are “Paid for” Generate Electricity Very Cheaply Nuclear power
AND
, especially for commercial users (since they usually get the best rates).

Way cheaper then coal and renewables
Cojuangco, former congressman, 2012
(Mark, “Is electricity generated from nuclear energy going to be cheaper?”, 5-31,http://kuryentenukleyar.com/advantages/2-2/, DOA: 11-7-12, ldg)

Is electricity generated from nuclear energy going to be cheaper? Yes, much cheaper
AND
your current electric bill by about 4x for wind or 7x for solar.

Electricity prices increasing now
Fahey, Associated Press, 2012
(Jonathan, “Electricity Prices Rise Despite Cheaper Costs For Utility Companies”, 7-11,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/11/electric-prices-rise-despite-cheap-production_n_1665946.html, DOA: 11-7-12, ldg)    

A plunge in the price of natural gas has made it cheaper for utilities to
AND
For the full year, electricity prices are expected to rise 2 percent.  

Electricity set to rise
EIA 11-6-12
(Energy Information Administration, “U.S. Electricity Consumption”, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/electricity.cfm, DOA: 11-7-12, ldg)

EIA expects the…cents per kilowatthour.

Electricity increasing now
Kevin, Sunrun Agreement Transfer Team member, 9-4-12
(“Moodys Predicts Inflection Point in Reaction to Rising Electric Rates”, http://www.sunrunhome.com/blog/moodys-predicts-inflection-point-in-reaction-to-rising-electric-rates/, DOA: 11-7-12, ldg)

According to several recent studies by Moody’s Investment Service, utility rates are rising steadily
AND
household income, consumers will become increasingly intolerant of absorbing electric rate increases.

Manufacturing not key to the economy
Porter, NY Times, 12
(Eduardo, "The Promise Of Today's Factory Jobs," New York Times, April 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/business/economy/the-promise-of-todays-factory-jobs.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, d/a 10-11-12, ZML)

Things have not looked this promising for manufacturing jobs in a long while. Rising
AND
conquer world markets and pay for the jobs of the rest of us.

History disproves causality between crisis and war
Ferguson, Harvard University Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History, 2006
(Niall, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College at Oxford, Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, “The War of the World”, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3652352/The-war-of-the-world.html, DOA: 10-22-12, ads) 

Nor can economic crises explain all the violent upheavals of the century. As noted
AND
period of extraordinary global economic integration with relatively high growth and low inflation.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm do both

Solving for developing countries solves for the K- that’s the warrant o their link ev

We have to combine a political focus with sound scientific advocacy-it is the only way to solve environmental crisis
Throgmorton, University of Iowa Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, 89
(James, January 1, 1989, “Synthesizing Politics, Rationality, and Advocacy: Energy Policy Analysis for Minority Groups”, Policy Studies Review, 8 (Winter 1989), pp. 300-321, 9/28/12, atl)

Primers suggest that good analysts should apply objective, scientific methods to policy problems,
AND
them. That is the purpose of the case about to be described.

Epistemological debate is irrelevant - concrete action is inevitable - they fail to create useful knowledge
Friedrichs, Oxford politics lecturer, 2009
(Jorg, “From positivist pretense to pragmatic practice: Varieties of pragmatic methodology in IR scholarship. International Studies Review 11(3): 645–648, ldg)

As Friedrich Nietzsche (1887 1994:1; cf. Wilson 2002)
AND
device for the generation of useful knowledge are two sides of the same coin

Epistemology arguments are wrong-structures pre-exist and are knowable
Fluck, Aberystwyth International Poltiics PhD, 2010
(Matthew, “Truth, Values and the Value of Truth in Critical International Relations Theory”, Millennium Journal of International Studies, 39.2, SAGE, ldg)

Critical Realists arrive at their understanding of truth by inverting the post-positivist attitude
AND
. 44 It therefore remains possible to pursue the truth about social reality.

Science is the best method through which we can know the world – community re-testing ensures science is self-correcting, accurate and unbiased
Wolfs, University of Rochester Department of Physics and Astronomy, 01
(Frank, “Introduction to the Scientific Method”, http://teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu/phy_labs/appendixe/appendixe.html, 9/14/12, atl) 

The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time,
AND
other aspects of scientific practice may be found in the references listed below.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm do both

Military use of nuclear fails- too expensive, has to be backed up, less convenient
Lovins, RMI founder, 12
(Armory B., Rocky Mountain Institute, “Lovins addresses New Nuclear Power for DOD (QandA 3 of 3),” 5-10-12, da 9-15-12, http://dodenergy.blogspot.com/2010/05/lovins-addresses-new-nuclear-power-for_12.html, mee)

Question 3: Are there any points in particular you'd like to call out re
AND
find a cost-insensitive customer for technologies already rejected by the marketplace. 

DOD implementation fails- cost overruns, delays, lack of accountability
Carper, Senator, 12
(Thomas R. D-DE, “Department of Defense Inspector General Details Problem with New Billion Dollar Accounting Systems;  Schedule Slippages and Cost-Overruns Continue;  Sen. Thomas R. Carper (D-DE) News Release,” 7-14-12, Congressional Documents and Publications, accessed l/n 9-15-12, mee)

Today, Sen. Tom Carper (D-Del.), Chairman of the Subcommittee
AND
and prevent and detect fraud, waste and abuse, among other needs. 

Tournament: Towson | Round: Octos | Opponent: WestConn AB | Judge:
Only evaluate arguments based off the plan text-any alternatives are self-serving and regressive which makes 2AC predictability and offense impossible-evaluate the consequences of the AFF and alternative because it is the only holistic way to evaluate prior questions.

Perm do the plan and embrace endless antagonism

Inclusion of pragmatic, reformist coalitions is the only way to make radical critiques of white supremacy politically effective---the alt alone fails and generates backlash
Winant, UC Santa Barbara sociology professor, 1997
(Howard, “Behind Blue Eyes: Contemporary White Racial Politics”, http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/winant/whitness.html, DOA: 10-13-11, ldg)

Although the differences and indeed … know how American you are" (Thompson 1995, 429). 

Their pessimistic view of racial gains becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy that turns the kritik
Thernstrom, Harvard University Winthrop Research Professor of History, 98
(Steven, “Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go” http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/03/spring-affirmativeaction-thernstrom, 10/18/12, atl)

Black progress over the past half-century … that further progress surely demands.

Optimism opens up a path of best resistance and is apiori—only then can we resolve issues of difference and you should at least defer to leaving open the option of negativity  
Moten, Duke University English and African American Studies Professor, 07  
(Fred, "black optimism/black operation", Chicago -- working text for "Black Op", PMLA, Volume 123, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 1743–1747 (5)

My field is black studies. In that field, I’m trying to hoe the … the condition of possibility of politics.

Exploitation DA
Their strategy objectifies black women- that turns the k- empirically manifests in brutal exploitation
Williams, 97
(Maxine, “Black Woman’s Manifesto,” 1997, Third World Women’s Alliance, da 12-21-12, http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/wlm/blkmanif/, mee)

The myth that is being perpetrated in … as she can afford, I have no way of knowing.)

Coalitions DA
A) Their movement fails- identity politics increase tensions and destroy coalitions that are key to an intersectional strategy   
Crenshaw, 91
(Kimberle, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6, July 1991, pages 1241-1242, accessed JSTOR 12-14-12, mee)

The embrace of identity politics, … women of color to a location that resists telling.

B) Identity politics turn the kritik and means they can’t solve- instead of destroying the systems of oppression, they recreate them under another name
Crenshaw, 91
(Kimberle, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6, July 1991, accessed JSTOR 12-14-12, mee)

With respect to the rape of Black women, race … critiques of racist and sexist representation marginalize women of color.

No social death – rank, revolution, and Africanisms
Brown, Harvard African American Studies Professor, ‘9
(Vincent, African Studies Professor, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery” 12-09  http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.114.5.1231 The Historical Review  Vol. 114. No. 5 pp.1231-1249 accessed: 1-5-13 mlb)

 THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR … becoming ‘African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity.” 4 

Tournament: Towson | Round: 7 | Opponent: Bard DT | Judge:
Perm do the plan and all nme parts of the alt

Claims of nuclear colonialism represent Western romanticism about the “ecological Indian”
Krech, Brown University Anthropology and Environmental Studies Professor, 00
(Shepard, “The Ecological Indian: Myth and History” W. W. Norton and Company (September 2000), pg. 214, 10/17/12, atl)

Uranium mining simultaneously affected … that they and their accusers have seldom met.

Ecological Indian views rooted in essentialism which destroys both sovereignty and cultural practice
Ishiyama, Rutgers University Geography Professor, 01
Noriko, “Changing Notions Of Environmental Justice In The Decision To Host A Nuclear Fuel Storage Facility On The Skull Valley Goshute Reservation”, Presented at Waste Management 2001 Symposia Session 51: Equity and Environmental Justice, 10/17/12, atl)

Cultural essentialism as it informs assertions by some … dynamic cultural practice in the long-term.

Perm do the plan then the alt

No waste dumping
Anderson, Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from the University of Idaho, 12
(Corby, served from 2010 to 2011 as a committee member for the National Academy of Sciences study on uranium mining in Virginia. Anderson has more than 33 years of academic and applied global industrial experience in mining, metallurgical, energy, chemical, environmental, and materials engineering, September 9, 2012, “What the uranium mining study said and did not say,” http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/commentary/2012/sep/09/tdcomm03-what-the-uranium-mining-study-said-and-di-ar-2187800/, 10/17/12, atl)

Much of the concern about uranium … contaminated water from escaping the site.

Perm do the plan and only use reactors that don’t use uranium

They assume a universal indigenous identity and re-entrench native structural poverty
Hebert, Associated Press, 06
(Joseph, June 27, 2006, “Store nuclear waste on reservation? Tribe split”, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13458867/ns/us_news/t/store-nuclear-waste-reservation-tribe-split/#fullstory, 10/14/12, atl)

SKULL VALLEY, Utah  — Leon Bear, a stocky …strong supporter of the waste dump.

Rejection of nuclear power causes coal fill in—hundred times worse than nuclear power
Monbiot, visiting Environmental Policy professorship at Oxford, 11
 (George, George Monbiot is the author of the bestselling books The Age of Consent: A Manifesto for a New World Order and Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain, as well as the investigative travel books Poisoned Arrows, Amazon Watershed and No Man's Land. His latests books are Heat: how to stop the planet burning and Bring on the Apocalypse?, May 21, 2011, “Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/21/pro-nuclear-japan-fukushima, 10/14/12, atl)

But the energy source to which most economies … has converted me to the cause of nuclear power.

Uranium mining is safe
Conaway, MSNBC MaddowBlog writer, 11
(Laura, Maddow Blog, December 20, 2011, “Uranium mining is good for you”, http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2011/12/20/9585087-uranium-mining-is-good-for-you?lite-http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2011/12/20/9585087-uranium-mining-is-good-for-you?lite, 10/13/12, atl)

A company called Virginia Uranium has … and the company’s project manager.

Must participate in state dialogue to break down colonial practices towards Natives
McLaren and Kincheloe, UCLA Graduate School of Education prof, Canada Research Chair at McGill University, 7
(Peter, Ph.D in Curriculum and Educational Theory, and Joe L., McGill University prof, 3 graduate degrees from University of Tennessee, founder of The Paulo and Nita Freire International Project for Critical Pedagogy, “Critical Pedagogy: Where Are We Now?,” 2007, accessed google books 2-24-13, mee)

Andre Lorde’s essay, The Masters Tools …between competing moral visions.

Native epistemology has to operate within the language of the empire in order to be effective
Pulitano, Fulbright scholar, 3
(Elvira, prof in the Ethnic Studies Department at Cal Poly, Ph.D. in English with specialization in Native American studies, “Toward a Native American Critical Theory,” 2003, mee)

In the specific case of Native …of being explored.

Engaging policy key to resist Settlerism
Dei, Professor and Chair, Department of Sociology and Equity Studies at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 2
(George J. Sefa, “Rethinking The Role Of Indigenous Knowledges In The Academy,” 2002, NALL, da 2-24-13, http://www.nall.ca/res/58GeorgeDei.pdf, mee)

The maintenance of cultural autonomy has…testimonies as evidence in the courts.

They’re K can’t guarantee success- means it gets co-opted
Dei, Professor and Chair, Department of Sociology and Equity Studies at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 2
(George J. Sefa, “Rethinking The Role Of Indigenous Knowledges In The Academy,” 2002, NALL, da 2-24-13, http://www.nall.ca/res/58GeorgeDei.pdf, mee)

On the whole, I believe Indigenous scholars … and material embodiment (Miller, 1989, 1997; Dei, 1999c).

Anti-hierarchical environmentalism fails—it destroys the intrinsic value of all beings and relies on self-contradictory notions of value.
Storey, Fordham University Teaching Fellow, 11
(David, "Nature, nihilism, and life in Heidegger and Nietzsche: Naturalistic metaphysical foundations for environmental ethics," Ph.D. Dissertation, ProQuest, pg. 374-376, cab)

But I think there is another kind of value implied … an adequate goal for humanity.”837 

We have to combine a political focus with sound scientific advocacy-it is the only way to solve environmental crisis
Throgmorton, University of Iowa Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, 89
(James, January 1, 1989, “Synthesizing Politics, Rationality, and Advocacy: Energy Policy Analysis for Minority Groups”, Policy Studies Review, 8 (Winter 1989), pp. 300-321, 9/28/12, atl)

Primers suggest that good analysts should … purpose of the case about to be described.

State based support for environmental policy is critical --- only they have the power and legitimacy.
Eckersley et al., Melbourne political science professor, 2005
(Robyn, The State and the Global Ecological Crisis, pg x-xiii, ldg)

Against the background of these …and conceptual analyses.

The endpoint of biopower is not the creation of bare-life but the fostering and production of forms-of-life. Biopower seeks to optimize the individual and produce “extra-life.”
Ojakangas 05 (Mika, Impossible Dialogue on Biopower, Foucault Studies, Doctorate in Social Science)

Moreover, life as the object and the subject of … optimizing potentialities of life, by fostering and generating “forms of life”.50

Epistemological debate is irrelevant - concrete action is inevitable - they fail to create useful knowledge
Friedrichs, Oxford politics lecturer, 2009
(Jorg, “From positivist pretense to pragmatic practice: Varieties of pragmatic methodology in IR scholarship. International Studies Review 11(3): 645–648, ldg)

As Friedrich Nietzsche (1887 1994:1; cf. Wilson 2002) … knowledge are two sides of the same coin

The state is inevitable - therefore we have an ethical obligation to constantly improve it
Simmons, Department of History and Political Science, 99
William Paul, Bethany College,. “The Third: Levinas’ Theoretical Move From An-archical Ethics to the Realm of Justice and Politics.” Philosophy and Social Criticism. Vol. 25 no. 6. P. 96-98., 10/29/10, atl

Since ‘it is impossible to escape … contrary of what it wants to secure.

Queer theory identifies with an ideal asexual being that reproduces exclusion
Green, assistant professor of sociology at the University of Toronto, 02
(Adam Isaiah, Gay but Not Queer: Toward a Post-Queer Study of Sexuality, Theory and Society, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Aug., 2002), pp. 521-545, 9/1/11, atl)

Yet, despite its laudable ambition and … socialization - i.e., the "social" - in shaping the "sexual.

Tournament: Towson | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Contention One is Proliferation

Nuclear power is increasing globally – demand ensures it’ll be large reactors
Banks et al, Foreign Policy Energy Security Initiative nonresident fellow, 12-16
(John P. “Nuclear Power in Developing Countries? Let's Talk about It.” 12-16. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/12/16-nuclear-energy-banks-massy. Accessed: 1/1/2013. ADC)

 While the developed world gets cold feet on … considering nuclear power, but commitments are pending. 

This will result in breakout proliferation-asymmetries undermine deterrence and ensure nuclear war-safeguards are key
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 09
(Henry, June 1, 2009, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534, 10/3/12, atl)

Finally, several new nuclear weapons …want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

US construction is key to solve-SMR’s would out compete other models and a strong domestic industry ensures maintenance of the global gold standard.
Miller, Bipartisan Policy Co-Chair for the Nuclear Initiative, 12
(Dr. Warren F. “Pete” e-, Former DOE Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, Senator Pete Domenici, July 2012, “Challenges and Opportunities Facing Nuclear Energy in the United States”, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, 8/14/12, atl)

Several other countries, by contrast, … development, and deployment (RDandD) programs.

The plan causes other suppliers to model US practices-ensures no proliferation.
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 11
(Henry, “The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?”, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, 10/9/12, atl)

A Japanese decision to resist temptation and adopt … in time, as it has reluctantly in the past.

Other countries follow the US lead-ensures they’ll pick SMR’s and implement safety measures
Lieberman, American Physical Society senior government relations specialist, 11
(Jodi, November 15, 2011 “Nonproliferation, Congress, and Nuclear Trade: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” http://csis.org/files/publication/111116_nonproliferation_congress_and_nucleartrade.pdf)

 U.S. Nonproliferation Influence  While 123 agreements … summit will be  held in South Korea in 2012.

High risk of Asian prolif- US industry key to solve
Ferguson, Federation of American Scientists President, 10
(Charles, May 4, 2010, “Controlling Asia's Nuclear Power Tigers”, http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/04/asia-nuclear-power-markets-economy-national-security_2.html, 9/3/12, atl)

Asia's nuclear power tigers are becoming more … proliferation-prone methods are not permitted. 

Proliferation causes nuclear war-crisis escalation, aggression, saving face, delegation and launch on warning guarantee it.
Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12
(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

The proliferation optimist position, while … less-resolved opponents to back down. 

Status quo nuclear power will be based off Chinese designs-guarantees accidents and meltdowns
Tu, Carnegie Energy and Climate Program senior associate, 12
(Kevin Jianjun. “China’s Nuclear Crossroads.” 3-11. http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads. Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety …that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.   

Nuclear accidents wreck biodiversity
Mousseau, USC biology professor, 2011
(TA, “Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents”, Biological Conservation Volume 144, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 2787–2798, Science Direct, ldg)

The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power … in species when they are rare. 

Extinction
Daily et al, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Stanford, 7
(11-19, Gretchen, Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment Director, Center for Conservation Biology Director, Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources Chair, The Natural Capital Project, “ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems,” http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/FireForestEcology/ForestEconomics/Economics-Daily97.pdf) atw

In addition to the production of goods, …, human beings trying to colonize the moon.

Contention Two is Warming

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – no alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three … about what can and should be done.

Failure to solve warming causes extinction – geological history proves
Bushnell, NASA Langley Research Center chief scientist, 10
(Dennis M. has a MS in mechanical engineering, won the Lawrence A. Sperry Award, AIAA Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award, the AIAA Dryden Lectureship, and is the recipient of many NASA Medals for outstanding Scientific Achievement and Leadership, "Conquering Climate Change," The Futurist 44. 3, May/Jun 2010, ProQuest, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Unless we act, the next century could … forecasts sound, they're actually conservative. 

Ocean acidification destroys marine biodiversity and leads to extinction
Romm, MIT Physics PhD, 10
(Joe, Climate Progress editor, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy during the Clinton Administration, PhD in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Nature Geoscience study: Oceans are acidifying 10 times faster today than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred," 2-18-10, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/02/18/205525/ocean-acidification-study-mass-extinction-of-marine-life-nature-geoscience/?mobile=nc#more-19529, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

Marine life face some of the worst impacts.  We now …slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now.

Sea level rise causes extinction – even small rises matter
Sato, Daily Galaxy contributing editor, 8
Rebecca, Contributing Editor at DailyGalaxy.com, former Head Writer at Freedom FastTrack “Can Changes in Sea Level Cause Periods of Mass Extinction?—A Galaxy Exclusive,” 6-19-08, http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2008/06/changes-in-sea.html, accessed 10-3-12, mtf)

For years scientists have been trying to find … of sea level rise that we are likely to induce.  We, as a society, are not.”

Other nations will model US investment – it’s a bellwether of nuclear tech
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

This paper describes the current status and future … other parts of the world.

Large-scale nuclear power transition solves warming – assumes resource and time restraints
Knapp et al., University of Zagreb professor, 10
(Vladimir Knapp, Dubravko Pevec, and Mario Matijević, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, University of Zagreb in Croatia, "The potential of fission nuclear power in resolving global climate change under the constraints of nuclear fuel resources and once-through fuel cycles," Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 11, November 2010, Science Direct, accessed 8-22-12, mtf)

In this study, we have investigated the potential …strategies and for public acceptance of nuclear energy.

Global commercialization key to check developing countries’ emissions
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Increasing concerns related to energy supply s… proliferation resistance, and reduced financial risk. 

Only the aff solves – alternative sources are of insufficient scope
Loudermilk, Institute for National Strategic Studies research associate, 11
(Micah J., Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," IAGS Journal of Energy Security, May 2011 Issue, 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture When … and expansion of the nation’s nuclear energy portfolio.

No risk of link turns – complete nuclear power chain significantly reduces CO2 emissions
Adamantiades et al., ICG Aeolian Energy, 9
(A. Adamantiades, ICG Properties is a real estate development firm; and I. Kessides, The World Bank, "Nuclear power for sustainable development: Current status and future prospects," Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Science Direct, accessed 8-5-12, mtf)

2.3. Global climate change  In 1990 a major … environmental effects of fossil fuel pollutants.

Contention Three is Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary
Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10
(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in the … request to triple the loan volume. 

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages
Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12
(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of advantages that … characterized by significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s
Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10
(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/are-small-reactors-the-next-big-thing-in-nuclear.html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting…initiative through industry working groups. 

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility
Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11
(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the current … quality for nuclear power plants.

We have the workforce and infrastructure
Spencer et al, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies research fellow, 11
(Jack. “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?” Heritage Foundation. 2-02. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors. Accessed: 9/7/2012. ADC)

Domestic Production. Although the … capabilities—all in the United States. 

Tournament: Towson | Round: Octos | Opponent: WestConn AB | Judge: Halpin, Miller, Schatz
1AC

Plan

The United States federal government should expand loan guarantees for small modular liquid fluoride thorium reactors in the United States.

Advantage

Newest and most rigorous studies conclude warming is anthropogenic – assumes alt causes
Muller, University of California-Berkeley physics professor, 12
(Richard A., former MacArthur Foundation fellow, "The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic," 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?pagewanted=all, accessed 8-10-12, mtf)

Call me a converted skeptic. Three … spectrum about what can and should be done.

Causes extinction
Tickell, Climate researcher 2008
(Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Gaurdian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8-11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ commentisfree/2008/aug/11/ climatechange, ldg)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, …towards a similar hothouse Earth.

SMRs are the only source that can resolve the magnitude of warming.  
Palley, London School of Economics, 11
(Reese Palley, The London School of Economics,  2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 186-90, 10/8/12, atl)

The central investigation of this book has … advancements, could be obsolete before it ever joins the grid.

The plan results in global SMR exports—massively reduces emissions.
Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11
(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the … and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Transition now is critical to allow for adaptation
Romm, Fellow at American Progress and editor of Climate Progress, 12
(Joe, March 1, 2012, “Bombshell: You Can’t Slow Projected Warming With Gas, You Need ‘Rapid and Massive Deployment’ of Zero-Carbon Power”, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/03/01/428764/ddrop-in-warming-requires-rapid-massive-deployment039-of-zero-carbon-power-not-gas/?mobile=nc, 6/17/12, atl)

The climate fight is about the post-2040 … either — “you basically don’t get any real effect.”

Prioritizing global warming is a prerequisite to solving inequality, racism, war, poverty and social justice
Glick, National Coordinator of the Independent Progressive Politics Network, 04
(Ted, January 13, 2004, “Global warming: not just another issue” http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Jan04/Glick0113.htm, 9/15/12, atl)

I've been in and around the environmental …democracy, peace and justice in November.

Don’t make the perfect enemy of the good—rejection of nuclear power causes a rush to fossil fuels
Lynch, Oxford University’s School of Geography and the Environment Visiting Research Associate, 11
(Mark, Appointed advisor on climate change to the President of the Maldives, Longlisted for the Samuel Johnson Award for Non-Fiction, and short-listed for the Guardian First Book Award, April 10, 2011, “Why nuclear power is still a good choice”, http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/apr/10/opinion/la-oe-lynas-nukes-20110410, 10/21/12, atl)

What a strange turn of events. Instead of ….n scare stories from the past.

Specifically, rejection causes a flight to coal power
Moore, co-founder of Greenpeace, 04
(Patrick, chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd, “Going Nuclear”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html, 1/13/13, atl)

In the early 1970s when I helped found …support a move in that direction.

Continued reliance on coal kills 13,000 people every year and spreads hazardous pollution
Zelman, Huffington Post, 11
(Joanna, The Huffington Post, "Power Plant Air Pollution Kills 13,000 People Per Year, Coal-Fired Are Most Hazardous: ALA Report", 3/15, www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/14/power-plant-air-pollution-coal-kills_n_833385.html, 1/13/13, atl)

The American Lung Association (ALA) ….totaled over $185 billion per year.

Coal power represents a deliberate form of eco-racism
Wilson, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Doctoral Student, Dept. of Economics, 12
(Adrian e-, Jacqui Patterson, NAACP Katie Fink, NAACP Kimberly Wasserman, LVEJO Amanda Starbuck and Annie Sartor, Rainforest Action Network Judy Hatcher John Fleming, NAACP, Indigenous Environmental Network, Little Village Environmental Justice Organization, “Coal Blooded Putting Profits Before People”, http://naacp.3cdn.net/5b9898474035b7c5b3_t4bm6iv20.pdf, 1/13/13, atl)

Communities of color have been forced to … still proved to be more significant.”3

Solvency

Nuclear loan guarantees drive innovation and cost efficiency
Fertel, Nuclear Energy Institute CEO, 11
(Marvin, September 19, 2011, “Innovative, Low-Risk Financing Vital”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/solyndra-bad-bet-or-tip-of-the.php, 9/16/12, atl)

We must not allow the experience of one loan … electricity to power our economy.

Nuclear industries are able and willing – small modular reactors solve every safety issue while drastically reducing costs and construction risks
Martin, Pike Research editorial director, 12
(Richard, award winning science journalist, Wired contributor, May 2012, “Superfuel: Thorium, The Green Energy Source for the Future”, Palgrave MacMillan, pg. 70-79, 9/6/12, atl)

So, if you were going to design and build a … virtues of fast breeders without the volatility. 

Simulation key to motivate responses to climate risks
Marks et al, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED), Columbia University, 07
(Sabine, “Communication and mental processes: experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information” Global Environmental Change, 17 (2007), pp. 47–58, 9/15/12, atl)

Based on the observation that experiential … of individual and group decision-making. 

Deliberative policymaking through debate is the crucial internal link to solving warming through public policy
Isham, Middlebury College Economics Associate Professor 10
(Jon, “The Promise of Deliberative Democracy”, http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775, 9/23/12, atl)
Language modified

Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere …out deliberative polls in their decision-making process.

Specifically true for nuclear power—policy debates are critical to galvanize support for climate policies
Bennett et al, Third Way Vice President for Public Affairs, 07
(Matt e-, Rob Keast, Senior policy advisor, John Dyson, Third Way Trustee, “Another Inconvenient Truth: Solving Global Warming and Energy Security Requires Nuclear Power”, http://www.thirdway.org/data/product/file/84/Third_Way_Nuclear_Memo.pdf , 10/21/12, atl)

However, few in the environmental community … from environmental advocates to seal the deal.

Academic debate over energy policy in the face of environmental destruction is critical to shape the direction of change and create a public consciousness shift---action now is key
Crist, Virgina Tech Departmetn of Science and Technology professor, 2004
(Eileen, “Against the social construction of nature and wilderness”, Environmental Ethics 26.1 http://www.sts.vt.edu/faculty/crist/againstsocialconstruction.pdf, DOA: 11-8-12, ldg) 

Yet, constructivist analyses of "nature" favor …pressingly calling us to change it.

Rationality is good and argumentation should start from empirical and political problem-solving-any alt fails and devolves into devastating relativism
Rowland, Kansas communication professor, 1995
(Robert, “In Defense of Rational Argument: A Pragmatic Justification of Argumentation Theory and Response to the Postmodern Critique” Philosophy and Rhetoric, 28.4, ebsco, ldg)

The first step in developing a justifiable … excesses of a purely instrumental reason.

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad, meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-T- Substantial
-Prolif Reps K
-Arafura PIC (out of REM mines)
-REM DA

2NR:
-Prolif Reps K

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-T- Must be new tech
-Heidegger
-Anthro
-XO CP
-Politics- immigration

2NR:
Heidegger

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-T- Loan Guarantees not topical
-Security K
-Heg/Leadership Bad DA
-Renewables CP
-Electricity Prices

2NR:
Heg Bad DA

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-Nuclear Colonialism/Queer Natives K

2NR:
K

1AC:
Plant Text- The United States federal government should expand loan guarantees for small modular liquid fluoride thorium reactors in the United States.
Warming Advantage

1NC:
-Stopicality- substantial is not in plan text violation
-Post-empts Bad
-Black Framework
-Wilderson K

2NR:
Everything, but mostly Wilderson

AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-SMR SPEC
-Cap K
-States CP
-Immigration Ptix

2NR:
Ptix

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-Enviro Justice K
-Oil DA
-Immigration ptix

2NR:
K

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-Environmental Securitization K
-Cap K
-Russia Oil da

2NR:
Environment K

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
-Heidegger
-Free market CP
-immigration ptix

2NR:
Heidegger

1AC:
Plan text: The United States federal government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors in the United States.

Advantages:
-Prolif – prolif bad (specific Asia scenario), meltdowns kill biodiversity
-Warming – warming bad, ocean acidification, sea level rises

1NC:
DOD first mover CP
Immigration ptix, econ impact
India leadership da
Energy Production K
case

2NC:
K

1NR:
case

2NR:
K