Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

It feels like we’ve been here before.

2005. 2009. 1998. 1979.

This topic was selected not to spur innovation, but as a comforting exercise in repetition. Policy debate returns to the same clichéd set of technocratic arguments about energy. Arguments recycle with only minor changes and no impact on policymakers.

It’s probably time to step back and look not for neurotic repetition, but a DIAGNOSIS of larger patterns in the energy resolution’s eternal return. We want to initiate a debate ABOUT the energy debate. Let’s start in 79, the first NDT energy resolution. Instead of just being echoes, let’s actually run it back.

The federal government incentivized a transition to solar under Carter. There were solar panels on the roof of the White House and federal incentives ready to go. Upon his election, Reagan RUDELY tore OFF the panels and tore UP the incentives

Madrigal 11

Powering the Dream

Alexis Madrigal is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where he oversees the Technology channel. He's the author of Powering the Dream: The History and Promise of Green Technology.

THE LONE ENVIRONMENTALIST Hayes was a remarkable and incredibly unusual choice. At thirty-

AND

home to a greater or lesser degree goes uncounted in the official statistics.

Reagan obliterated the debate and implementation of solar energy in America by slashing government support

Graetz 2011

Michael J., Isidor and Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law and Columbia Alumni Professor of Tax Law at Columbia University, “The End of Energy” the MIT Press, Cambridge

Overall, the sharp rise in the prices of oil and natural gas in the

AND

prices once again spiked during the fi rst decade of the new millennium.

Reversing federal incentives like the Solar Bank symbolically and materially derailed the incipient solar transition

Schere 8/16/10

http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/jimmy-carter-solar-panels/http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/jimmy-carter-solar-panels/

Jeremy Shere is an award-winning writer, editor and producer with more than a decade of experience in radio, TV, and print. He produces many of the Checkup and Did You Know segments for Sound Medicine. Jeremy has a Ph.D. from Indiana University and teaches writing at the Ernie Pyle School of Journalism at Indiana University.

White House Solar Panels In the late spring of 1979, Carter did in fact

AND

in 1986, Reagan had the solar panels removed and put into storage.

We thus advocate the following counterfactual plan:

The United States federal government should increase financial incentives for solar power through full funding of the Solar Bank.

Reagan’s rollback caused public DISENGAGEMENT from the politics of energy. The political was ceded to business interests and a neutral technocratic elite

Sovacool 9

Rejecting renewables: The socio-technical impediments to renewable electricity in the United States Benjamin K. SovacoolCorresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author Energy Governance Program, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2009, Pages 4500–4513

Intermittent political support for renewable energy systems did more than just hurt government programs.

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made it difficult for companies wishing to build and operate renewable power plants.

Reagan didn’t just shut down tech – he shut down DEBATE. Revisiting this rupture is best way to revitalize energy debate as a choice instead of top down technocratic dictates

Nader et al 10

She has been a Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley since 1960.[1] (She was the first woman to receive a tenure-track position in the department.) She received a BA in Latin American Studies from Wells College in Aurora, NY in 1952. She received her Ph.D. in Anthropology from Radcliffe College (the women’s counterpart which joined Harvard in 1999) in 1961 under the mentorship of Clyde Kluckhohn.[1] Her education included fieldwork in a Zapotec village in Oaxaca, Mexico, which nurtured her interest in law as it exists in various societies. This interest that began with her family, which stressed the importance of law and justice.

http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=_5LlYBjZ7gwCandoi=fndandpg=PA12anddq=carter+reagan+solar+panels+energy+path+pointandots=VOsXRki4rrandsig=ErnN3DlyzhZ1dBtkCQXPOW_WHyI#v=onepageandq=dismantledandf=false

The end result was a report titled Energy Choices in Dewuvnirie Society, dedicated to

AND

above all to understand that energy policy is more than a technological problem.

The technocratic energy consensus created by Reagan disavowed the antagonism necessary for politics – this ensures dissent is met with uncontrolled violence and error replication

Erik Swyngedouw, Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, 2011 Political Geography 30, 370-380 "Interrogating post-democratization: Reclaiming egalitarian political spaces"

Post-democracy as consensus politics, however, inaugurates neither the disappearance of serial

AND

the repressed. And it is this that we shall turn to next.

Analysis of the Reagan-based collapse key to expose energy technology as CONTINGENT set of CHOICES, instead of an inevitable PROGRESSION

Sovacool 9

Rejecting renewables: The socio-technical impediments to renewable electricity in the United States Benjamin K. SovacoolCorresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author Energy Governance Program, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2009, Pages 4500–4513

The Reagan Administration's reduction of federal subsidies for renewable power in the 1980s caused a

AND

” and “marginalized” – cannot be answered prior to its adoption.

Blind deference to the paradigm of technological determinism leads to extinction and nihilism

Schmidt and Marratto 8 (The End of Ethics in a Technological Society Lawrence E. Schmidt Professor of Philosophy Director of Hendrix Journeys Program, Scott Marratto Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan Tech Pg. 171-173)

The deeper ethical problem is, however, that the risk society makes the globe

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doom is to be given greater heed than the prophecy of bliss."86

Status quo energy policies are grounded in SIMULATED ENERGY SCENARIO PLANNING. This mode of forecasting expresses POLITICS not SCIENCE – it expresses a set of HISTORICALLY CONTINGENT social CHOICES, NOT accurate models

Labban 12

Preempting Possibility: Critical Assessment of the IEA's World Energy Outlook 2010

(e-mail: labban@rci.rutgers.edu) is visiting assistant professor of Geography at Rutgers University, Lucy Stone Hall, 54 Joyce Kilmer Ave, Piscataway, NJ 08854. His research interests include critical theory, political economy, development, energy, petroleum, geopolitics, international law, and finance. He is the author of Space, Oil and Capital (Routledge, 2008).

THINKING THE (NOT) UNTHINKABLE: FORECASTING AS DESIRING

Growing uncertainty about energy markets following the crises of the 1970s boosted long-term

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the moment that scenarios produce possibilities they negate the very notion of possibility.

Reviving the 70s is key to REPOLITICIZE energy – in a shift away from technological determinism. POLITICIZATION must be analytically DISTINGUISHED from technical engineering of micro policy adjustments

Laird 3

Constructing the Future: Advocating Energy Technologies in the Cold War

Author(s): Frank N. LairdReviewed work(s):Source: Technology and Culture, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 2003), pp. 27-49Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of TechnologyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25148053 Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BA, Middlebury College Profile Associate Professor of Technology and Public Policy and Director, MA Degree in International Studies, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver; Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health (1985-1987); National Science Foundation research grants (1991-1992, 1998-2000, 2006-2008); Consultant, Center for Nanotechnology and Society, Arizona State University (2005-2008); Public Policy Committee, American Solar Energy Society (1999-2008), chair of committee (2002-2004); Board of Directors, American Solar Energy Society (2002-2004); Review Panel, Ethics and Values in Science Program, National Science Foundation (1993-1996); Contributing Editor, "Science, Technology and Human Values" (1993-1996); Faculty Affiliate, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado (2001-present); Academic Advisory Board and Senior Faculty Associate, Center for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University (1998-2003); American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Political Science Association, American Solar Energy Society, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Research and Expertise Energy policy, especially with respect to renewable energy; environmental policy, especially with respect to climate change; science and technology policy; democracy and science policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

Technology advocates often link their technologies of choice to political and social aspirations for the

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Mistaken or not, their beliefs gave meaning to their actions and discourses.

The quest for specialized knowledge in ENERGY has already CEDED the political to technocratic logic. Only the intellectual position of an INTERDISCIPLINARY BRICOLEUR can escape this STATIC SCIENTISM.

Counterfactual analysis of energy path choices exposes contingency and overcomes passivity that leads to EXTINCTION. LIMITS and DISCIPLINARY SPECIALIZATION are poison to the participatory realization of contingency

Nader 4

The Harder Path--Shifting Gears Laura. Nader From: Anthropological Quarterly Volume 77, Number 4, Fall 2004 pp. 771-791 | 10.1353/anq.2004.0060

She has been a Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley since 1960.[1] (She was the first woman to receive a tenure-track position in the department.) She received a BA in Latin American Studies from Wells College in Aurora, NY in 1952. She received her Ph.D. in Anthropology from Radcliffe College (the women’s counterpart which joined Harvard in 1999) in 1961 under the mentorship of Clyde Kluckhohn.[1] Her education included fieldwork in a Zapotec village in Oaxaca, Mexico, which nurtured her interest in law as it exists in various societies. This interest that began with her family, which stressed the importance of law and justice.

Introduction

This essay deals with old science practices and the development of innovative practices that are

AND

55 miles on the gallon physically destroyed, thereby adumbrating the real Luddites.

We have to CHANGE THE FRAME to create a democratic DEBATE on solar policy. The Reagan rollback demonstrates that policy manipulation that doesn’t contest the frame fails. These artificial constraints strip debate of its educational potential – removing those limits allows a debate that’s both balanced and democratic. We must START the counterfactual debate EVEN IF the plan is a bad idea

Laird 1

Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values

Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BA, Middlebury College Profile Associate Professor of Technology and Public Policy and Director, MA Degree in International Studies, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver; Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health (1985-1987); National Science Foundation research grants (1991-1992, 1998-2000, 2006-2008); Consultant, Center for Nanotechnology and Society, Arizona State University (2005-2008); Public Policy Committee, American Solar Energy Society (1999-2008), chair of committee (2002-2004); Board of Directors, American Solar Energy Society (2002-2004); Review Panel, Ethics and Values in Science Program, National Science Foundation (1993-1996); Contributing Editor, "Science, Technology and Human Values" (1993-1996); Faculty Affiliate, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado (2001-present); Academic Advisory Board and Senior Faculty Associate, Center for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University (1998-2003); American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Political Science Association, American Solar Energy Society, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Research and Expertise Energy policy, especially with respect to renewable energy; environmental policy, especially with respect to climate change; science and technology policy; democracy and science policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

I During much of its history, energy policy has been highly exclusionary,. comprising

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-technological power requires increasingly democratic and intelligent policies for rhc future. /

A counterfactual history disrupts progressivism and averts EXTINCTION – precisely because it is impossible

Jones 9/7/9

http://magicalnihilism.com/2009/09/07/the-positive-energy-of-counterfactuals-a-rejected-essay-for-howies/

Up until 2007 I worked for Nokia Design, looking after the user-experience for Nokia Nseries, based out of the UK. The potential of mobile and ubiquitous technology is still a huge fascination for me. Through teaching and competition/theory work, I am exploring how digital design is permeating and affecting the environment. I was one of the co-founders and lead designer of Dopplr.com, a service for intelligent travel, and now I’m one of the principals at BERG, a design and invention company.

I was asked to write something for Howies‘ Autumn catalogue on the theme of

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Where’s our vision of a bright green future? There’s the thunder again.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

  CLAIMS ABOUT “SHOULD” ARE OVERDETERMINED. IT INDICATES A NEED FOR POLICY ACTION IN PROPOSITION. WE MEET THAT.

Trapp and Hanson ‘5 Robert Trapp is a Professor of Rhetoric at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, U.S.A. Christine Hanson is the Press Assistant for United States Senator Bill Nelson (Democrat of Florida) and is a lecturer at George Washington University, “Debating Comparative Propositions of Policy,” Volume 5, Issue 4 June 2005 - IDEA: International Debate Education ... http://www.idebate.org/magazine/files/Magazine436a366e4843f.pdf

Merely by convention, some teachers and writers have insisted that the word “should” is a necessary and a sufficient indicator of a policy proposition. This convention, however, is arbitrary and does not mirror ordinary language usage. The term “should” is one of many terms that can signal a logical requirement for a plan of action.

  ERROR REPLICATION – dividing past counterfactual from the present crushes decisionmaking

Johnson and Sherman ‘90 Marcia K. Johnson is a Sterling Professor of Psychology at Yale University. Steven J. Sherman is Chancellor's Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington. “Constructing and Reconstructing the Past and the Future in the Present,” in E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino (Eds) HANDBOOK OF MOTIVATION AND COGNITATION, p. 510

Counterfactuals are thus important in determining affective reactions to actual events and to judgments of

AND

wishes, likewise affects these feelings and judgments, as we have seen.

Limits cause lock-in – Historical analysis of solar energy policy must be able to CHALLENGE existing frameworks of policy formation and their presentist orientation – only direct contestation of existing frames avoids depoliticization

Laird 1

Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values

Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts

AND

policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

IMPORTANCE OF THE CASE The broad importance of energy to all aspects of life in

AND

citizens be able to challenge the institutionalized ideas that underlie the status quo.

Rigged debates – The framework constraints of 70s energy policy disguised the normative commitments of path choices.  The artificial FRAMEWORK constraints empirically worked to RIG DEBATES

Laird 1

Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values

Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts

AND

policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

J U.S. energy policy makers held remarkably consistent normative and technical ideas

AND

suggested a deeper critique of existing energy, social, and political systems.

COUNTERFACTUALS ARE INEVITABLE AND INCREASE NEG GROUND – policy, economics and the law requires counterfactuals and there’s historical and empirical data on our aff

Scott ’95 David K. Scott is a Professor of Communication Studies at Northeastern State University. “Debating Historical Propositions,” http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED383004

Based on the temporal frame of these hypothetical resolutions, affirmative and negatives burdens change

AND

one and is not a matter of formal logic (Murphy, 1969).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Recognizing contradictory ideas in the context of technological determinism improves communication and discussion to break down technoscience

Rosales 2009

Janna Metcalfe, thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department and Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto, “WHEN THE “TWILIGHT OF JUSTICE” MEETS THE “DAWN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY”: A CRITIQUE OF TRANSHUMANISM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPERATIVE IN THE LIGHT OF GEORGE GRANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY,” https://exams.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/17824/6/Rosales_Janna_M_200906_PhD_thesis.pdf

For those who cannot give up that transcendental framework, the contradiction between the good

AND

table as a way to lift us out of an exclusively technoscientific mindset.

Ontology is a DESTRUCTIVE HISTORICAL FICTION – any GATEWAY claims are just TRICKS based on how we SHELVE BOOKS

Shirky 5

Clay Shirky, teacher of NYU's graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, 03/15/05

http:~/~/www.itconversations.com/shows/html

 I hold a joint appointment at NYU, as an Associate Arts Professor at the Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP) and as a Distinguished Writer in Residence in the Journalism Department. I am also a Fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society, and was the Edward R. Murrow Visiting Lecturer at Harvard's Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy in 2010.

There are many ways to organize data: labels, lists, categories, taxonomies

AND

interested in creativity, the LC ontology destroys value rather than creating it.

As we have learned from the Web, when data is decoupled from physical presence

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advance, we are freed from needing to make it explicit at all.

This talk begins by exploring the rise of ontological classification. In the period after the invention of the printing press but before the invention of the search engine, intellectual production was vested in books, objects that were numerous but opaque. When you have more than a few hundred books, categorization becomes a forced move, even if the categories are somewhat arbitrary, because without categories, you can no longer locate individual books.

Their alternative dooms us to extinction – only pragmatic political action can solve and allow the space for metaphysical investigation

Ronald E. Santoni, Phil. Prof @ Denison, 1985, Nuclear War, ed. Fox and Groarke, p. 156-7

To be sure, Fox sees the need for our undergoing “certain fundamental changes

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wll ultimate violence be removed as the final arbiter of our planet’s fate.

The enframing argument is terrible – it flattens and equates all energy forms, as well as genocide

Garrard 10

    Interdiscip Stud Lit Environ (2010) doi: 10.1093/isle/isq029 First published online: May 11, 2010 Staff Profile For Dr Greg Garrard Reader in English Literature. School of Humanities and Cultural Industries. PhD University of Liverpool, BA(Hons) UW Swansea, MA UW Swansea. Personal Statement:

Even if there were an epoch of technological enframing, Heidegger's interest would lie in

AND

and what is not is freely available elsewhere without the surplus metaphysical baggage.

Heidegger’s approach is vacuous – the problems of Being he delineates are just grammatical confusion or contradictory – Eco-criticism can ditch this entirely

Garrard 10

    Interdiscip Stud Lit Environ (2010) doi: 10.1093/isle/isq029 First published online: May 11, 2010 Staff Profile For Dr Greg Garrard Reader in English Literature. School of Humanities and Cultural Industries. PhD University of Liverpool, BA(Hons) UW Swansea, MA UW Swansea. Personal Statement:

My research addresses the relationship of nature and culture, predominantly in literature but also

AND

of Being and the Seinsfrage, is a contradiction inspired by a mistake.

The alt doesn’t spillover

Yar, lecturer, School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research – University of Kent, 2K

(Majid, Arendt's Heideggerianism: Contours of a `Postmetaphysical' Political Theory?, Cultural Values, Volume 4, Issue 1)

Similarly, we must consider the consequences that this 'ontological substitution' for the essence of

AND

, divesting politics of any other practical and normative ends in the process.

Cyborgs are a DA to the alt

Garrard 4

Ecocriticism, Dr Greg Garrard Reader in English Literature. School of Humanities and Cultural Industries. PhD University of Liverpool, BA(Hons) UW Swansea, MA UW Swansea.

The cyborg will be a key figure in a poetics of responsibility because its irreverence

AND

and material purity that was outlined in the Introduction. Some of the most

Embrace tech even if it’s flawed - Nuclear war is only way back to the garden

HARAWAY 91

Donna Haraway, professor and former chair of the History of org/wiki/History_of_Consciousness||title="History of Consciousness" Program at the University of California, Santa org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz||title="University of California, Santa Cruz", 1991

http:~/~/www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Haraway/html

An origin story in the 'Western', humanist sense depends on the myth of original

AND

unfaithful to their origins. Their fathers, after all, are inessential.

Technological progressivism necessitates a form of “technological somnambulism” whereby the benefits of engineering paper over ontological considerations

Rosales 2009

Janna Metcalfe, thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department and Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto, “WHEN THE “TWILIGHT OF JUSTICE” MEETS THE “DAWN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY”: A CRITIQUE OF TRANSHUMANISM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPERATIVE IN THE LIGHT OF GEORGE GRANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY,” https://exams.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/17824/6/Rosales_Janna_M_200906_PhD_thesis.pdf

How to think about technology and ethics The study of technology and ethics has only

AND

about the moral and ethical dilemmas posed by the transformative power of technology.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
President key for problem framing
Laird 1
Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values
Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts
AND
policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

INSTITUTIONS AND PROBLEM FRAMES Problem frames, and the ideas that constitute them, operate
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crucial actors for undertaking new policy initiatives linked to new ideas about policy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

AT: Reagan Good

This form of SCENARIO PLANNING creates a prophetic futures market in violence that creates a globalized system of pre-emptive violence

Bratton 4

http:~/~/jordancrandall.com/underfire/pdf

Benjamin H. Bratton is Associate Professor of Visual Arts at the University of California, San Diego and Director of The Center for Design and Geopolitics think-tank at Calit2, The California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology. He is an American sociologist, architectural and design theorist, known for a mix of philosophical and aesthetic research, organizational planning and strategy, and for his writing on the cultural implications of computing and globalization1234567.

Something that Ana wrote – about the Battlefield 1942 game, and the way in

AND

the name of its own competing prophecies: the persistent militarization of teleology.

Early 80s Reagan was really unpopular – external factors like the economy improved his image not political capital

Klein 3/19 (Ezra, Columnist for the Washington Post/Bloomberg, policy analyst for MSNBC, 3/19/2012, "The Unpersuaded: Who listens to a President?" www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/03/19/120319fa_fact_klein?currentPage=com/reporting/2012/03/19/120319fa_fact_klein?currentPage=all)

If speeches don’t make a difference, what does? Another look at the Presidencies

AND

you’re not getting anything done and you look like you’re not even trying.

More government spending was key to the Reagan-era economy

Krugman 12

Paul, Nobel Prize in Economics, you know what his quals are, “States of Depression,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/05/opinion/krugman-states-of-depression.html?_r=0

One way to dramatize just how severe our de facto austerity has been is to

AND

an obstructionist G.O.P., has ever managed to be.

  Reagan’s abandonment spurred Middle East wars

Scheer 12

Energy Autonomy

Hermann Scheer (April 29, 1944 – October 14, 2010) was a

AND

source of the rise of renewable energies in Germany during the following years.

Governments already have more work to do coping with the consequences of energy-determined

AND

proxy); the Gulf War of 1991 became the second great oil war.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

ASPEC
 (A) The Aff doesn’t specify the branch that implements the plan – USFG means 3 branches.

Babylon.com, ‘7 (http:~/~/www.babylon.com/definition/United_States_federal_government/English)http://www.babylon.com/definition/United_States_federal_government/English)(% style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %)
 This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, see
 AND
 federal government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial.
 And, the agent of action test – The Aff has to specify in their plan text what is necessary for the plan to take effect.  Not specifying the branch doesn’t meet since the “USFG” isn’t an agent and there wouldn’t be a political channel to implement the plan.
 Chicago Manual of Style, ‘3
 (http:~/~/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/html(% style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %), accessed 10/16/07)

The government of the United States is not a single official entity. Nor is
 AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.
 (B) This is a voter 

1.      CP Ground – Specifying in the plan is key to Agent CP competition and agent comparison is crucial to policy education.
 Stoddard, ‘97 (Professor of law at New York University, 72 New York University Law Review 967)

Many of my colleagues seeking social justice have deliberately avoided  legislatures in recent decades,
 AND
 may, in the end, be as  important as what it says.
 2. Aff conditionality – Not specifying in the plan allows the Aff to shift the entire meaning of the plan and undermines 1NC decision-making.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

AT: Objectivism

Energy paths can’t be explained by pure economic self-interest

Laird 1

Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values

Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts

AND

policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

In light of the conferences, technical and popular publications, the creation of new

AND

Solar technologies could have been, but were not, included among them.

Another standard reason given to explain the failure of solar energy to develop in these

AND

on their homes, or of industrial markets in transportation or manufacturing.2

But this explanation fails to account for two historical realities. First, at least

AND

advocates succeeded in politically constructing it as the technology of the future.3

As discussed in Chapter 1, in the 1940s energy specialists had generally equated nuclear

AND

technology expanded into the popular media dramatically with almost entirely positive assessments.6

The rapid development and expansion of policies for nuclear technology, with its many technical

AND

made it difficult for solar energy advocates to find an institutional champion Within government

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State | Judge:
Recognizing contradictory ideas in the context of technological determinism improves communication and discussion to break down technoscience
Rosales 2009
Janna Metcalfe, thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department and Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto, “WHEN THE “TWILIGHT OF JUSTICE” MEETS THE “DAWN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY”: A CRITIQUE OF TRANSHUMANISM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPERATIVE IN THE LIGHT OF GEORGE GRANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY,” https://exams.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/17824/6/Rosales_Janna_M_200906_PhD_thesis.pdf
For those who cannot give up that transcendental framework, the contradiction between the good
AND
table as a way to lift us out of an exclusively technoscientific mindset. 

The stability of the aff actualizes the alternative’s disruption – insisting on permanent excess means there’s nothing to ground instability against
Fortuna, PhD candidate in political philosophy and IR – UC Santa Barbara, ‘9
(John, “Loss and Sacrifice in the Thought of Georges Bataille (And their Political Implications),” http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p317285_index.html) 

While it is certainly the case that Bataille’s position does require some sort of re
AND
stability, that are associated not with the  sacred but rather the profane. 

The alt fails – unconditional embrace of sacrifice reifies death as the new order beyond sacrifice
Arnould, lecturer – Johns Hopkins U, ‘96
(Elisabeth, The Impossible Sacrifice of Poetry: Bataille and the Nancian Critique of Sacrifice,” Diacritics 26.2) 

Sacrifice is unquestionably the most prominent model in Bataille's thinking of finitude. But it
AND
," then we must also call it "unsacrificeable" Nancy 30.

Political engagement is key – utopian visions crushed solar and just resulted in nihilist apocalypse mongering
Madrigal 11
Powering the Dream
Alexis Madrigal is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where he oversees the Technology channel. He's the author of Powering the Dream: The History and Promise of Green Technology.

But what if there is a global problem that requires nearly all the worlds citizens
AND
solar hot water-heated showers and a few odd pieces of architecture.

Bataille doesn’t apply to extinction
Itzkowitz, professor of philosophy – Marietta College, ‘99
(Kenneth, “To witness spectacles of pain: The hypermorality of Georges Bataille,” College Literature, Winter) 

Yet in our lives there are also limits. It is unlikely that Bataille would
AND
we are most vulnerable to them, enacting them anyway, albeit inattentively.

Perm – vote aff for no reason. 

Energy’s not infinite and it matters that use it carefully
Allan Stoekl, 2007, Professor of French and Comparative Literature – Penn State University, “Excess and Depletion: Bataille’s Surprisingly Ethical Model of Expenditure” in Reading Bataille Now edited by Shannon Winnubst, p. 254-8

To think about the use-value of Bataille, we must first think about
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real human slaves. (Who or what else would do the work?)

Life is more than one big explosive moment
Jean-Luc Nancy, 1991, French Philosopher, “The Unsacrificable” Yale French Studies 79

But if sovereignty is nothing, if the “obscure God” is only the
AND
and that finally the truth of existence is that it cannot be sacrificed.

Prefer our impacts – Bataille’s historical notion of sacrifice as fundamental is a lie
Paul Mann, 1999, author of The Theory-Death of the Avant-Garde, “The Exquisite Corpse of Georges Bataille” in Masocriticism, p. 67-9

I would like at one and the same time to affirm this model and to
AND
theory itself as death. Of theory-death. A double fatality.

Pure expenditure’s impossible – their theory’s circular
Boldt-Irons, 1995 Leslie Anne, On Bataille: Critical Essays

Arkady Plotnitsky takes as his point of departure Bataille's notion of expenditure when he asks
AND
sovereign operations which he describes always involve more than mere waste or expenditure.

 
Our examination of the interplay of historical events and resistance to suffering is fundamental to celebrating life – refusal denies our being-in-the-world and creates misery
May, 2005
Todd prof @ Clemson. “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy and Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 no,s 5–6 pp. 517–531
To change the world and to celebrate life. This, as the theologian Harvey
AND
who would be more than willing to take your world up for you.  

Altruism is evolutionary, not social
Martin A. Nowak 11, Professor of Biology and of Mathematics at Harvard University and Director of Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, SuperCooperators, googlebooks

Scientists from a wide range of disciplines have attempted for more than a century to
AND
language and complex social behaviors. Cooperation is the master architect of evolution.

Cells are inherently cooperative – models prove that scales up to all organisms
Martin A. Nowak 11, Professor of Biology and of Mathematics at Harvard University and Director of Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, SuperCooperators, googlebooks

Over the past decades I have voyaged through distant and diverse areas of science to
AND
but culturally, leaping from the mind of one biologist to infect another.

Prefer our impact turns – affirmation is in the eye of the beholder, so you can’t say one type is worse than another
James Porter. Associate Professor of Classical Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Michigan, “Nietzsche and the seduction of metaphysics,” 11/27/2K

Suppose that power resides solely in the feeling of power, that, as Nietzsche
AND
and effective is Nietzsche’s critique? How coherent is his view of power?

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber  | Judge:
  Determine scenario planning’s future GENEALOGICALLY – scenario planning in energy was a CONTINGENT not RATIONAL determination
Mason 6
Arthur Mason Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Canada and School of Justice and Social Inquiry, Arizona State University, USA ticle: Images of the energy future Author: Mason, Arthur Journal: Environmental research letters ISSN: 1748-9326 Date: 10/2006 Volume: 1 Issue: 1 Page: 014002 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014002

In this article I argue that such images of the energy future and the role
AND
which these meanings refer when elements of them refer to the energy future.

We have more than enough REMs for over 100 years
Parthemore ’11 Christine, Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, “Elements of Security: Mitigating the Risks of U.S. Dependence on Critical Minerals,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Minerals_Parthemore_1.pdf
Central to this narrative is a conundrum for policymakers. Reserve estimates show that global
AND
can alter geopolitical calculations, especially when single countries control most world supplies. 

Domestic production and recycling solves
Coppel 11 – Research assistant @ American Security Project Emily Coppel (Graduate student in the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University), “Rare Earth Metals and U.S. National Security,” ASP Briefing, February 1, 2011, pg. http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Rare-Earth-Metals-and-US-Security-FINAL.pdf
With shortages likely sometime in the next two to three years, the U.
AND
as well as enough to satisfy future growth in demand. Pg. 4

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A Politics of contingency is key to successfully actualize Nietzsche’s philosophy
Newman 2000
Saul, Postdoctoral Fellow at Macquarie University, Doctorate in Political Science from the University of New South Wales, "Anarchism and the Politics of Ressentiment," Theory and Event, 4:3
Rather than having an external enemy -- like the State -- in opposition to which
AND
. It would be, in other words, an anarchism without ressentiment.

Our examination of the interplay of historical events and resistance to suffering is fundamental to celebrating life – refusal denies our being-in-the-world and creates misery
May, 2005
Todd prof @ Clemson. “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy and Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 no,s 5–6 pp. 517–531
To change the world and to celebrate life. This, as the theologian Harvey
AND
who would be more than willing to take your world up for you.  

Their own ethics demands an evaluation of bodily harm
Nussbaum 94
Martha Nussbaum (born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher with a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy and ethics.
Nussbaum is currently Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University
AND
the rank of university professor.Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality,  By Richard

 We now turn to the heart of the matter, the role of "
AND
hero, if only socialism does not inspire him with weakness.5"  

We control uniqueness – meaning isn’t doomed, it’s just transient – we should stop suffering when we can
Mitchell Smolkin, doctor who specializes in depression, Understanding Pain, 1989 p75-79
For Camus, the absurdity of the human condition consists in the incongruity between what
AND
rats again and send them forth to die in a happy city.”76

Altruism is evolutionary, not social
Martin A. Nowak 11, Professor of Biology and of Mathematics at Harvard University and Director of Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, SuperCooperators, googlebooks

Scientists from a
AND
language and complex social behaviors. Cooperation is the master architect of evolution.

 
 
Energy counterfactuals key to contest technological Darwinism and progressivism
Madrigal 11
Powering the Dream
Alexis Madrigal is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where he oversees the Technology channel. He's the author of Powering the Dream: The History and Promise of Green Technology.
fAs my research continued. 1 found the s.x imllion wmumms
AND
. What happened? What might have been? Let's find out. /

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas State KM | Judge: Andrew Baker

Framework

  CLAIMS ABOUT “SHOULD” ARE OVERDETERMINED. IT INDICATES A NEED FOR POLICY ACTION IN PROPOSITION. WE MEET THAT.

Trapp and Hanson ‘5 Robert Trapp is a Professor of Rhetoric at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, U.S.A. Christine Hanson is the Press Assistant for United States Senator Bill Nelson (Democrat of Florida) and is a lecturer at George Washington University, “Debating Comparative Propositions of Policy,” Volume 5, Issue 4 June 2005 - IDEA: International Debate Education ... http://www.idebate.org/magazine/files/Magazine436a366e4843f.pdf

Merely by convention, … for a plan of action.

  ERROR REPLICATION – dividing past counterfactual from the present crushes decisionmaking

Johnson and Sherman ‘90 Marcia K. Johnson is a Sterling Professor of Psychology at Yale University. Steven J. Sherman is Chancellor's Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington. “Constructing and Reconstructing the Past and the Future in the Present,” in E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino (Eds) HANDBOOK OF MOTIVATION AND COGNITATION, p. 510

Counterfactuals are thus important …and judgments, as we have seen.

Limits cause lock-in – Historical analysis of solar energy policy must be able to CHALLENGE existing frameworks of policy formation and their presentist orientation – only direct contestation of existing frames avoids depoliticization

Laird 1

Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values

Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BA, Middlebury College Profile Associate Professor of Technology and Public Policy and Director, MA Degree in International Studies, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver; Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health (1985-1987); National Science Foundation research grants (1991-1992, 1998-2000, 2006-2008); Consultant, Center for Nanotechnology and Society, Arizona State University (2005-2008); Public Policy Committee, American Solar Energy Society (1999-2008), chair of committee (2002-2004); Board of Directors, American Solar Energy Society (2002-2004); Review Panel, Ethics and Values in Science Program, National Science Foundation (1993-1996); Contributing Editor, "Science, Technology and Human Values" (1993-1996); Faculty Affiliate, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado (2001-present); Academic Advisory Board and Senior Faculty Associate, Center for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University (1998-2003); American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Political Science Association, American Solar Energy Society, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Research and Expertise Energy policy, especially with respect to renewable energy; environmental policy, especially with respect to climate change; science and technology policy; democracy and science policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

IMPORTANCE OF THE CASE The broad … ideas that underlie the status quo.

Rigged debates – The framework constraints of 70s energy policy disguised the normative commitments of path choices.  The artificial FRAMEWORK constraints empirically worked to RIG DEBATES

Laird 1

Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values

Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BA, Middlebury College Profile Associate Professor of Technology and Public Policy and Director, MA Degree in International Studies, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver; Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health (1985-1987); National Science Foundation research grants (1991-1992, 1998-2000, 2006-2008); Consultant, Center for Nanotechnology and Society, Arizona State University (2005-2008); Public Policy Committee, American Solar Energy Society (1999-2008), chair of committee (2002-2004); Board of Directors, American Solar Energy Society (2002-2004); Review Panel, Ethics and Values in Science Program, National Science Foundation (1993-1996); Contributing Editor, "Science, Technology and Human Values" (1993-1996); Faculty Affiliate, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado (2001-present); Academic Advisory Board and Senior Faculty Associate, Center for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University (1998-2003); American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Political Science Association, American Solar Energy Society, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Research and Expertise Energy policy, especially with respect to renewable energy; environmental policy, especially with respect to climate change; science and technology policy; democracy and science policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

J U.S. energy policy makers held remarkably … energy, social, and political systems.

COUNTERFACTUALS ARE INEVITABLE AND INCREASE NEG GROUND – policy, economics and the law requires counterfactuals and there’s historical and empirical data on our aff

Scott ’95 David K. Scott is a Professor of Communication Studies at Northeastern State University. “Debating Historical Propositions,” http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED383004

Based on the temporal frame of … matter of formal logic (Murphy, 1969).

Case

Aliens

1. If extra-terrestrials do exist, they are either not benevolent or not nearby

Matheny, 07 (Jason G., Special Advisor – Center for Biosecurity, “Ought We Worry About Human Extinction?”, 12-6, http:~/~/jgmatheny.org/htm)

The same can be said of sentient … caused by entropy (Bostrom, 2003).

2. Destruction of the universe is inevitable – it’s rapid expansion is unsustainable

Overbye, 02 (Dennis, New York Times, “The Universe Might Last Forever, Astronomers Say, but Life Might Not” January 1, http:~/~/krauss.faculty.asu.edu/01ENDrev.html)

Now, however, even Dr. Dyson admits that all bets are off… There's no long-term future."

3. No impact – there are an infinite number of universes. The destruction of one is not significant.

Chaikin, 2002 (Andrew, Editor of Space and Science, Space.com, “Are there other universes?” February 5, http:~/~/www.space.com/scienceastronomy/generalscience/5mysteries_universes_020205-1.html)

The irresistible, mind-boggling fantasy … universe "fine-tuned" for our Choi-Vale Aff

4. If humans are about to engage in practices that have the potential to destroy the universe, aliens will intervene

Tough, 86 (Allen, Ph.D. University of Toronto, “What Role Will Extraterrestrials Play In Humanity's Future?” http://www.ieti.org/articles/1986.htm)

In this section we will discuss instant protection, which is often an early-stage type of help. If a human toddler is about to run on to a busy street or fall into a campfire, we … unless they are about to eliminate all human life and culture."

5. Avoiding nuclear war is crucial for a transition to a Type I civilization

Kaku, 04 (Michio, Prof. Theoretical Physics @ City College New York, “Parallel Universes”, p. 360-361)

Our grandchildren, however, … the transition to a type I civilization is a smooth one.

6. That’s key to rip the worm-hole and avoid the big freeze

Kaku 04 (Michio, Prof. Theoretical Physics @ City College New York, Discover, “How to Survive the End of the Universe”, 12-3, http://discovermagazine.com/2004/dec/survive-end-of-universe)

To journey safely from this … of time to develop and test an escape plan.

7. As policymakers, we must prioritize the fate of humanity – any risk of nuclear war shatters the frame of existence and should be rejected as a decision rule

Schell 82, (Jonathan ,journalist, FATE OF THE EARTH, 1982, p. 184.)

The death of our species … take the world on our shoulders.

Time Travel

1. Turn – Time travel means we can go back in time and warn people about super-weapons including the risk of time travel which solves every other spark scenario and means we can give super future technology to people that helps them solves resource scarcity and prevent nuclear war

2. Time Travel Bad Impacts Are Conceptually Incoherent – If time travel is theoretically possible but destroys the universe someone in the future would have tried to travel back and destroyed the space-time of the universe of which we are a part – the fact that the universe exists in its present state proves no one has traveled in time now or in the future which means your impact won’t and can’t happen

3. Time travel won’t destroy space time – if its possible it would preclude causality violations

New Scientist in ‘05

(Mark Buchanan, “No paradox for time travelers”, June 18, http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7535andfeedId=online-news_rss20)

THE laws of physics seem to … even if they are able to go back in time.

4. Turn – Time travel defeats terrorism – anyone who opposes time travel hates freedom

USA TODAY in ‘02

(Kevin Maney, “Perhaps time travel could solve our terrorism problems”, September 18, L/N0

As President Bush threatens Iraq … with the way the universe works.

5. Time travel is impossible

The Scotsman in ‘98

(Jim Gilchrist, “IT'S OFFICIAL. Scientists have concluded that time can move in only one direction – forward”, December 3, L/N)

So that's it then. Say goodbye to that …, but not in the larger world," pronounced one of the violators.

6. More evidence – time travel ain’t happening

The Independent (London) in ‘98

(Charles Arthur, “Science: No more back to the future; To the dismay of science fiction fans, physicists have proved time only moves forwards”, November 27, L/N)

But earlier this month 100 …, but not in the larger world."

Particles

Particle Accleration won’t cause a vacuum or reverse the universe

Webb in ‘02

(Stephen, Physicist at Open University of London, “If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens... Where Is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to Fermi's Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life”, p. 129-130)

The unlikely litany of ….. We have to look elsewhere for a resolution of the paradox.

Cosmic Collisions prove – your argument is moronic

New Scientist, 99

 (8-28, “A Black Hole Ate my Planet”, http://www.kressworks.com/Science/A_black_hole_ate_my_planet.htm)

But don't heave a sigh of relief …. "We are very grateful for cosmic rays," says Jaffe.

Only idiotic psychologists think that this is true. Physicists – actual scientists who specialize in this field – think it’s stupid.

New York Times, 98

(Malcolm W. Browne, “Wondering How the World Will End? Some Mordant Thoughts from Physics”, July 14, L/N)

Among the outlandish doomsday scenarios dreamed up … our universe survives.

AI

AI planning can check evil – a friendly top goal structures all subsequent cognitive development

Nick Bostrum, Director, Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University 2003

http:~/~/www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/htm

If a superintelligence starts … such an explicit motivational architecture.

AI will fix errors in programming themselves through top level goals

Singularity Institute, 2001 http:~/~/www.singinst.org/CFAI/challenge.html#html#assumptions

With a Friendship acquisition … about the reasons for their decisions.

Nano

We don’t object to technology but rather the framing of it as necessary and inevitable – this determinism disavows ethics for the sake of “sweet new tech” and culminates in arms races, dehumanization and eugenics

Rosales 2009

Janna Metcalfe, thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department and Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto, “WHEN THE “TWILIGHT OF JUSTICE” MEETS THE “DAWN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY”: A CRITIQUE OF TRANSHUMANISM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPERATIVE IN THE LIGHT OF GEORGE GRANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY,” https://exams.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/17824/6/Rosales_Janna_M_200906_PhD_thesis.pdf

My thesis posits that there is a bias … that has become complacent about eugenic practices.

No Gray Goo – safeguards solve and waste heat means expansion would be slow and we could develop counter-measures

Webb in ‘02

(Stephen, Physicist at Open University of London, “If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens... Where Is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to Fermi's Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life”, p. 127)

The young boy in Woody Allen's Annie Hall becomes … such a difficult problem to overcome: it is simply one more risk that an advanced technological species will have to live with.

at: humans evil

Altruism is evolutionary, not social

Martin A. Nowak 11, Professor of Biology and of Mathematics at Harvard University and Director of Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, SuperCooperators, googlebooks

Scientists from a wide range …. Cooperation is the master architect of evolution.

at: word pic (1:20)

Discursive rejection is the worst possible option – it paralyzes critique and allows elites to fill in the vacuum of meaning – turns the impact

Schram, professor of social theory and policy – Bryn Mawr College, ‘95

(Sanford F, Words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, pg. 20-26 “The sounds of silence…what isolated instances of renaming can accomplish”)

The sounds of silence are … reinforce existing prejudices.

The perm solves better – categorical rejection paralyzes movements – you should embrace contingency that allows for discursive redeployment

Schram, professor of social theory and policy – Bryn Mawr College, 2K

(Sanford F, After Welfare p. 160-164)

What then is the alternative … their families in the future in real terms.

Language is fluid – claiming exclusive meaning for any word cements its meaning, makes the impact more likely

KIDNER 2K, David W, Nature and Psyche: Radical Environmentalism and the Politics of Subjectivity, pg 26-27

In the absence of a … scenarios that do exceed such industrialized views of nature.

Tournament: Wake | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

We don’t object to technology but rather the framing of it as necessary and inevitable – this determinism disavows ethics for the sake of “sweet new tech” and culminates in arms races, dehumanization and eugenics

Rosales 2009

Janna Metcalfe, thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department and Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto, “WHEN THE “TWILIGHT OF JUSTICE” MEETS THE “DAWN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY”: A CRITIQUE OF TRANSHUMANISM AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPERATIVE IN THE LIGHT OF GEORGE GRANT’S MORAL PHILOSOPHY,” https://exams.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/17824/6/Rosales_Janna_M_200906_PhD_thesis.pdf

My thesis posits that there is a bias among many Western, and specifically North

AND

human relationships resulting from a society that has become complacent about eugenic practices.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The resolution is not just a statement of policy.  The resolution is an artifact – a relic.  The resolution embodies an approach to memory.  The resolution is a memory, and the politics of memory are always present.

The connection between the politics of memory and a teleology of progress is uniquely present in NUCLEAR PRODUCTION - the vast timescale of half-life risks erases any relationship to the past beneath the ontological anxiety of future potentiality
Engler 4
LANDSCAPE REVIEW VOLUME 9(2) PAGES 45-58
Mira Engler, Associate Professor of
Lanrucape Architecture at Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011,
United States of America.
Email: miraengl@iastate.edu

This type of model adequately describes the relations between disposal and containment only on the condition that we are speaking ….  "future" that must fall under administrative control exceeds the cumulative historical record from which inductive support may be drawn. Ontological anxiety on the one hand, staggering hubris on the other.

The federal government embodied this teleological memory through the WIPP.  The WIPP NUCLEAR FUNERAL is a foundational example of the memorial because it CLOSED OFF POLITICS by fixing the nuclear site with temporal and spatial LIMITS.  By CIRCUMSCRIBING MEANING, nuclear production is reduced to a HEADSTONE
Van Wyck 4
Peter C. van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently an associate professor and Graduate Program Director of the Media Studies program at Concordia University. Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat pg. 20-22

In any case, this is part of the contemporary backdrop against which the WIPP is taking place. The particular story of the WIPP …. of "reasonable period of time") for the apparent structural instability of the repository rooms, is the millions of dollars that will be saved by not selecting a different site.

When nuclear history is ACKNOWLEDGED, it is only through this process of MONUMENTALIZATION. The federal government CLOSES OFF our nuclear past, employing the monument as a bracket.  The past is reduced to a DEPOLITICIZED archive.
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat

The Question of the Monument MUCH OF the work of signing the waste has been directed toward the future, toward an event as …. both of these questions are very difficult, are mutually implicated, and indeed are hard to maintain as distinct questions at all.

The resolution is a MEMORIAL – a bracket that DELINEATES the meaning of the nuclear.  It marks a buried object.  We have to excavate the hidden spaces of buried meaning to reactivate political contestation. The secrets of nuclear signification exceed the formal LIMITS of their utterance
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat pg. 23-27

Nonetheless, the desert I am interested in is a desert filled ^vith spatial and temporal depth. It is an ecological and ontological space. A trick}7 place, …. on the surface, always contains within it another sort of secret (the significant part of its story left untold). A secret of a different order, and one disclosed by very different means.

The problematic of NUCLEAR MEMORIALIZATION is an entry point to the problematization of ecological risk.  The political inertia engendered by historical memorialization threatens extinction
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat pg. xi-xiv

Yet the problem is this: contemporary ecological threats can come to make ecological thought itself look like a particularly …. goes.7 Yet one might wonder if it is possible that the angel is pointing the wrong way.

The nuclear monument doesn’t just BRACKET history.  It’s a monument to PANCULTURAL and FIXED MEANING. The federal government used nuclear disposal to ANCHOR meaning PERMANENTLY – nuclear REGULATIONS are used to FORESTALL this debate over MONUMENTAL SEMIOTICS
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat pg. 45-74

Some of the works carried out on behalf of the DOE were indeed remarkable, fascinating, and far-reaching. I will mention four texts by …. grief, and no mourning; where meaning will transpire without us; and where there will simply be an installation that must be read correctly.

The spatial monumentalism of the nuclear site constructs a barrier between nature and culture. The desire for a utopian natural retreat into the wild silences debate over the nuclear past.  Images of pristine WILDERNESS renders this space OFFLIMITS for debate.  
Engler 4
LANDSCAPE REVIEW VOLUME 9(2) PAGES 45-58
Mira Engler, Associate Professor of
Lanrucape Architecture at Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011,
United States of America.
Email: miraengl@iastate.edu

POST-NUCLEAR WILDERNESS (OR GARDENS OF ASHES AND POISON) "Post-nuclear wilderness", a term coined by John Beardsley in his ….  territories with new meanings and envision a post-nuclear landscape that bridges the gap between our technological capabilities of destruction, and our ability to harness those same forces creatively.

Our willingness to erase the nuclear memory depends on this logic of NATURALIZATION – responsibility for the nuclear is pushed off onto a sense of historic INEVITABILITY
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat pg. 11-13

Nature and Not
We could ask how different is the technical accident from, for example, an earthquake, or flood, or hurricane. This is …. operating envelope, but ignores how chaotic, nonlinear interactions are in fact the norm.29

Holden and I advocate excavation of the resolutional memory of increased nuclear power production through a politics of the countermonument.

The 1AC asks how construct public spaces of memory. We must escape the confines of monumental history--the rigid relationship to the past—such as right wing censure or liberal-humanist appropriation. The solution is not anti-monumentalism which elides the past and makes examination impossible.
Luciano 2004 (Dana, Georgetown English Professor and Max’s Thesis advisor, Arizona Quarterly, Autumn, proquest)
The antebellum inclination to monumentalism developed, as Russ Castronovo has demonstrated, as a way to address the need …, repudiating the past's power to dictate the terms of the present.4 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Permutation – we advocate the 1AC’s countermonumental reading of the resolution and a denial of the judge’s ability to act as a subject – our historical account that embraces nuance and debate can be combined with the public narrative of fixed memory
Ira Berlin, Distinguished University Professor in the Department of History at the University of Maryland College Park, Mar., 2004 “American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice” The Journal of American History, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 1251-1268 Published by: Organization of American Historians, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3660347
True enough, but such a formulation speaks against the …—can have a past that is both memorable and, at last, past.

Their refusal to reinvent “blackness” as referent causes political stasis. We need a new relation to blackness – permutation is the best option
Moten ‘8 (Fred, Helen L. Bevington Prof. of Modern Poetry @ Duke U., “Black Op,” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association of America, pp. 1745)
*Paleonymic is the deconstruction term for creating new words for old terms
All this—which was always so essentially and authentically clear in its wrought, inventive, righteous obscurity—now often suffers being revealed and reviled in critique that advances by way of what is … in and the possibility of escape from.

We must include ecological concerns in this praxis – absent solidarity with all life there is no possibility for transformation
Darder 10
Antonia, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, “Preface” in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. xvi-xvii
Moreover, to contend effectively with issues of racism, sexism, homophobia, … life—one that might help to release us from the bondage of our inhumanities. 

The perm is best – embrace an inclusive reading of black subjectivity – their exclusivity undercuts their solvency
Moten ‘8 (Fred, Helen L. Bevington Prof. of Modern Poetry @ Duke U., “Black Op” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association of America, pp. 1746-1747)

Finally, one might plan to continue to believe that there is such a thing as blackness and that blackness has an essence given in striated, ensemblic, authentic experience (however much a certain natural bend is amplified by the force of every kind of event, however productive such …. Cause and need converge in the bent school or marginal church in which we gather together to be in the name of being otherwise.

Counter-monuments to slavery embrace the tragic, while monuments fix time through an historical progressive narrative
Renée Ater, associate professor of American art at the University of Maryland and author of the forthcoming Remaking Race and History: The Sculpture of Meta Warrick Fuller, Spring 2010, “Slavery and Its Memory in Public Monuments” Vol. 24, No. 1, Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Smithsonian American Art Museum http://www.jstor.org.proxy.library.georgetown.edu/stable/10.1086/652738
One such memorial is the Middle Passage Monument, conceived in …  early‐twentieth‐century ideas of racial uplift, including the rhetoric of progress.

The K relies on a repressive understanding of power by which those with privilege can only oppress others – this demobilizes the potential for authority to be used in creative ways to create conditions for resisting domination.
Giroux, chair Global Network Television @ McMaster, 2005 Henry A. Border Crossings. 2nd Edition. p. 131-133
HG: Two issues. I would reiterate that knowledge is produced rather than received. That raises a very interesting question about the notion of authority. You can ….  occupied subject positions where that hasn't been possible before.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 4 | Opponent: Samford | Judge: Garner
Discursive rejection is the worst possible option – it paralyzes critique and allows elites to fill in the vacuum of meaning – turns the impact
Schram, professor of social theory and policy – Bryn Mawr College, ‘95
(Sanford F, Words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty, pg. 20-26 “The sounds of silence…what isolated instances of renaming can accomplish”)

The sounds of silence are several in poverty research. Whereas many welfare policy analysts
AND
renaming risks reducing the discussants to only those who help reinforce existing prejudices.

The perm solves better – categorical rejection paralyzes movements – you should embrace contingency that allows for discursive redeployment
Schram, professor of social theory and policy – Bryn Mawr College, 2K
(Sanford F, After Welfare p. 160-164) 

What then is the alternative ethic implied in the concern to compen-
sate
AND
ability to provide for their families in the future in real
terms.

Language is fluid – claiming exclusive meaning for any word cements its meaning, makes the impact more likely
KIDNER 2K, David W, Nature and Psyche: Radical Environmentalism and the Politics of Subjectivity, pg 26-27

In the absence of a language that is sufficiently resonant with the natural world,
AND
keep alive those ecological scenarios that do exceed such industrialized views of nature.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gonzaga | Judge: Walters
Counterfactuals serve as a DIAGNOSTIC of contingency – predictions of different events miss the point entirely
Mokyr 1
http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Tetlock3.PDF King Kong and Cold Fusion: Counterfactual analysis and the History of Technology Joel Mokyr Departments of Economics and History Northwestern University Revised Jan. 2001 This is a draft. Not to be cited. Comments welcome. This paper is part of my forthcoming Neither Chance nor Necessity: Evolutionary Models and Economic History (Princeton University Press, 200?), presented at the Conference on Counterfactual History, Columbus Ohio, Feb. 4-6, 2000 devoted to the Unmaking of the West.
To fully comprehend the ex ante indeterminacy of technological history we need to face three
AND
, but as a pedagogical tool to understand the world as it is.

Counterfactual history turns limits – the point is overcoming disciplinary boundaries
Fuller 10
http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:UK_fr4Z6bTsJ:scholar.google.com/+counterfactual+fuller+science+energyandhl=enandas_sdt=0,9
Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
http://csid.unt.edu/files/HOI%20Chapters/Chapter_4_HOI.doc.
The Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Žižek (2006) recently published a book
AND
in history, philosophy and sociology (Collins 1998: ch. 12).

Counterfactuals are the necessary COMPLEMENT to scenario prediction – only doing BOTH enables flexibility over lock-in and mimesis
Booth et al 9
Futures Volume 41, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 87–95 Futures Methodologies
Charles Bootha, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author,   Michael Rowlinsonb,   Peter Clarkb,   Agnes Delahayeb,   Stephen Procterc   a University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom   b Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom   c University of Newcastle, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
In this paper we have argued that counterfactuals and scenarios can be seen as modal
AND
27 to lose our ontological innocence, once and for all.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The resolution is not just a statement of policy.  The resolution is an artifact – a relic.  The resolution embodies an approach to memory.  The resolution is a memory, and the politics of memory are always present.

The connection between the politics of memory and a teleology of progress is uniquely present in NUCLEAR PRODUCTION - the vast timescale of half-life risks erases any relationship to the past beneath the ontological anxiety of future potentiality
Engler 4
LANDSCAPE REVIEW VOLUME 9(2) PAGES 45-58 Mira Engler, Associate Professor of Lanrucape Architecture at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America. Email: miraengl@iastate.edu

This type of model adequately describes the relations between disposal and containment only on the
AND
. Ontological anxiety on the one hand, staggering hubris on the other.

The federal government embodied this teleological memory through the WIPP.  This NUCLEAR BURIAL – the WIPP NUCLEAR FUNERAL is a foundational example of the memorial because it CLOSED OFF POLITICS by fixing the nuclear site with temporal and spatial LIMITS.  By CIRCUMSCRIBING MEANING, nuclear production is reduced to a HEADSTONE
Van Wyck 4
Peter C. van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently an associate professor and Graduate Program Director of the Media Studies program at Concordia University. Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat, pg. 20-22

In any case, this is part of the contemporary backdrop against which the WIPP
AND
millions of dollars that will be saved by not selecting a different site.

When nuclear history is ACKNOWLEDGED, it is only through this process of MONUMENTALIZATION. The federal government CLOSES OFF our nuclear past, employing the monument as a bracket.  The past is reduced to a DEPOLITICIZED archive.
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat, 

The Question of the Monument MUCH OF the work of signing the waste has been
AND
implicated, and indeed are hard to maintain as distinct questions at all.

The resolution is a MEMORIAL – a bracket that DELINEATES the meaning of the nuclear.  It marks a buried object.  We have to excavate the hidden spaces of buried meaning to reactivate political contestation. The secrets of nuclear signification exceed the formal LIMITS of their utterance
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste. Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat, pg. 23-27

Nonetheless, the desert I am interested in is a desert filled ^vith spatial
AND
secret of a different order, and one disclosed by very different means.

The problematic of NUCLEAR MEMORIALIZATION is an entry point to the problematization of ecological risk.  The political inertia engendered by historical memorialization threatens extinction
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat, pg. xi-xiv

Yet the problem is this: contemporary ecological threats can come to make ecological thought
AND
wonder if it is possible that the angel is pointing the wrong way.

The nuclear monument doesn’t just BRACKET history.  It’s a monument to PANCULTURAL and FIXED MEANING. The federal government used nuclear disposal to ANCHOR meaning PERMANENTLY – nuclear REGULATIONS are used to FORESTALL this debate over MONUMENTAL SEMIOTICS
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat, pg. 45-74

Some of the works carried out on behalf of the DOE were indeed remarkable,
AND
and where there will simply be an installation that must be read correctly.

The spatial monumentalism of the nuclear site constructs a barrier between nature and culture. The desire for a utopian natural retreat into the wild silences debate over the nuclear past.  Images of pristine WILDERNESS renders this space OFFLIMITS for debate.  
Engler 4
LANDSCAPE REVIEW VOLUME 9(2) PAGES 45-58
Mira Engler, Associate Professor of
Lanrucape Architecture at Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011,
United States of America.
Email: miraengl@iastate.edu

POST-NUCLEAR WILDERNESS (OR GARDENS OF ASHES AND POISON) "Post-
AND
capabilities of destruction, and our ability to harness those same forces creatively.

Our willingness to erase the nuclear memory depends on this logic of NATURALIZATION – responsibility for the nuclear is pushed off onto a sense of historic INEVITABILITY
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat, pg. 11-13

Nature and Not We could ask how different is the technical accident from, for
AND
but ignores how chaotic, nonlinear interactions are in fact the norm.29

Holden and I advocate excavation of the resolutional memory of increased nuclear power production through a politics of the countermonument.

The 1AC asks how construct public spaces of memory. We must escape the confines of monumental history--the rigid relationship to the past—such as right wing censure or liberal-humanist appropriation. The solution is not anti-monumentalism which elides the past and makes examination impossible.
Luciano 2004 (Dana, Georgetown English Professor and Max’s Thesis advisor, Arizona Quarterly, Autumn, proquest)
The antebellum inclination to monumentalism developed, as Russ Castronovo has demonstrated, as a
AND
, repudiating the past's power to dictate the terms of the present.4 

OUR counter-monumental approach refuses the RESOLUTION of right-wing redemption OR liberal sentimentality. We embrace polyvocal relationships to history that reshape our present and open alternative futures
Luciano 04
(Dana, Georgetown English Professor and Max’s Thesis advisor, Arizona Quarterly, Autumn, proquest)
 In its most severe form, however, this refusal to give space to
AND
subsuming dissent to the demand for reverence and unity emphasized in monumental history. 

Tournament: D7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty AB | Judge: Mabrey
Stable and limited meaning is phenomonologically impossible in this instance - The Nuclear itself is intrinsically liminal and shifting
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste. Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat
It comes from outer space, the ground, and … to the midnight of civilization; the metronome of threat.

C. Our affirmative is a pre-requisite to meaningful nuclear debate – There’s no possibility of it without acknowledging the epistemological limit condition – current debates are stymied by the irreducible gap between the signifier and the signified
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste.
Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat

The Nuclear What does all this mean? It … couple of levels. But beyond this, I think it tends to be a bit of a fog. And rightly so.

And, their appeals to the neutral rhetoric of fairness and limits traffics in the violence of the nuclear regime which necessarily constrains knowledge
Manoff 1984 (Karl, Managing Editor of Harpers in a speech given to physicians for social Responsibility, "the media: nuclear secrecy vs democracy" bulletin of atomic scientists, googlebooks)
Writers such as Kurihara continued to … social action and political participation.

Tournament: d7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty AB | Judge: Mabrey
Assigning an overarching narrative explanation of ecological catastrophe produces an affectless frenzy of activity – this maintains the status quo –a
Van Wyck 4
van Wyck is a doctoral candidate at McGill University and is currently working on a project concerning the problems of ecological threat, psychoanalytic conceptions of subjectivity, and the burial of nuclear waste. Signs Of Danger: Waste, Trauma, and Nuclear Threat
In the first instance, the threat provokes … urgency and uniqueness of ecological threat.55

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Stanford GS | Judge:
1AC

It feels like we’ve been here before.  

2005. 2009. 1998. 1979.  

This topic was selected not to spur innovation, but as a comforting exercise in repetition.  Policy debate returns to the same clichéd set of technocratic arguments about energy.  Arguments recycle with only minor changes and no impact on policymakers.

It’s probably time to step back and look not for neurotic repetition, but a DIAGNOSIS of larger patterns in the energy resolution’s eternal return.  We want to initiate a debate ABOUT the energy debate.  Let’s start in 79, the first energy resolution.  Instead of just being echoes, let’s actually run it back.

The federal government incentivized a transition to solar under Carter.  There were solar panels on the roof of the White House and federal incentives ready to go.  Upon his election, Reagan RUDELY tore OFF the panels and tore UP the incentives
Madrigal 11
Powering the Dream
Alexis Madrigal is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where he oversees the Technology channel. He's the author of Powering the Dream: The History and Promise of Green Technology.

THE LONE ENVIRONMENTALIST Hayes…goes uncounted in the official statistics. 

Reagan obliterated the debate and implementation of solar energy in America by slashing government support
Graetz 2011
Michael J., Isidor and Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law and Columbia Alumni Professor of Tax Law at Columbia University, “The End of Energy” the MIT Press, Cambridge
Overall, the sharp rise in the… first decade of the new millennium.

We thus advocate the following counterfactual plan:

The United States federal government should increase its financial incentives for decentralized solar power in the United States. 

Reagan’s rollback caused public DISENGAGEMENT from the politics of energy.  The political was ceded to business interests and a neutral technocratic elite
Sovacool 9
Rejecting renewables: The socio-technical impediments to renewable electricity in the United States Benjamin K. SovacoolCorresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author Energy Governance Program, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2009, Pages 4500–4513

Intermittent political support for… and operate renewable power plants.

Reagan didn’t just shut down tech – he shut down DEBATE.  Revisiting this rupture is best way to revitalize energy debate as a choice instead of top down technocratic dictates
Nader et al 10
She has been a Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley since 1960.1 (She was the first woman to receive a tenure-track position in the department.) She received a BA in Latin American Studies from Wells College in Aurora, NY in 1952. She received her Ph.D. in Anthropology from Radcliffe College (the women’s counterpart which joined Harvard in 1999) in 1961 under the mentorship of Clyde Kluckhohn.1 Her education included fieldwork in a Zapotec village in Oaxaca, Mexico, which nurtured her interest in law as it exists in various societies. This interest that began with her family, which stressed the importance of law and justice.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=enandlr=andid=_5LlYBjZ7gwCandoi=fndandpg=PA12anddq=carter+reagan+solar+panels+energy+path+pointandots=VOsXRki4rrandsig=ErnN3DlyzhZ1dBtkCQXPOW_WHyI#v=onepageandq=dismantledandf=false

The end result was a report titled… than a technological problem.

Analysis of the Reagan-based collapse key to expose energy technology as CONTINGENT set of CHOICES, instead of an inevitable PROGRESSION
Sovacool 9
Rejecting renewables: The socio-technical impediments to renewable electricity in the United States Benjamin K. SovacoolCorresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author Energy Governance Program, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore Energy Policy Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2009, Pages 4500–4513

The Reagan Administration's reduction of federal…cannot be answered prior to its adoption.

Blind deference to the paradigm of technological determinism leads to extinction and nihilism
Schmidt and Marratto 8 (The End of Ethics in a Technological Society Lawrence E. Schmidt Professor of Philosophy Director of Hendrix Journeys Program, Scott Marratto Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Michigan Tech Pg. 171-173)

The deeper ethical problem is, however…than the prophecy of bliss."86

Status quo energy policies are grounded in SIMULATED ENERGY SCENARIO PLANNING.  This mode of forecasting expresses POLITICS not SCIENCE – it expresses a set of HISTORICALLY CONTINGENT social CHOICES, NOT accurate models
Labban 12
Preempting Possibility: Critical Assessment of the IEA's World Energy Outlook 2010
(e-mail: labban@rci.rutgers.edu) is visiting assistant professor of Geography at Rutgers University, Lucy Stone Hall, 54 Joyce Kilmer Ave, Piscataway, NJ 08854. His research interests include critical theory, political economy, development, energy, petroleum, geopolitics, international law, and finance. He is the author of Space, Oil and Capital (Routledge, 2008).

THINKING THE (NOT) UNTHINKABLE: FORECASTING AS DESIRING

Growing uncertainty about energy… the very notion of possibility.

Reviving the 70s is key to REPOLITICIZE energy – in a shift away from technological determinism.  POLITICIZATION must be analytically DISTINGUISHED from technical engineering of micro policy adjustments
Laird 3
Constructing the Future: Advocating Energy Technologies in the Cold War
Author(s): Frank N. LairdReviewed work(s):Source: Technology and Culture, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 2003), pp. 27-49Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of TechnologyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25148053 Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BA, Middlebury College Profile Associate Professor of Technology and Public Policy and Director, MA Degree in International Studies, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver; Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health (1985-1987); National Science Foundation research grants (1991-1992, 1998-2000, 2006-2008); Consultant, Center for Nanotechnology and Society, Arizona State University (2005-2008); Public Policy Committee, American Solar Energy Society (1999-2008), chair of committee (2002-2004); Board of Directors, American Solar Energy Society (2002-2004); Review Panel, Ethics and Values in Science Program, National Science Foundation (1993-1996); Contributing Editor, "Science, Technology and Human Values" (1993-1996); Faculty Affiliate, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado (2001-present); Academic Advisory Board and Senior Faculty Associate, Center for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University (1998-2003); American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Political Science Association, American Solar Energy Society, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Research and Expertise Energy policy, especially with respect to renewable energy; environmental policy, especially with respect to climate change; science and technology policy; democracy and science policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

Technology advocates often link their technologies…meaning to their actions and discourses.

The quest for specialized knowledge in ENERGY has already CEDED the political to technocratic logic.  Only the intellectual position of an INTERDISCIPLINARY BRICOLEUR can escape this STATIC SCIENTISM.  

Counterfactual analysis of energy path choices exposes contingency and overcomes passivity that leads to EXTINCTION.  LIMITS and DISCIPLINARY SPECIALIZATION are poison to the participatory realization of contingency
Nader 4
The Harder Path--Shifting Gears Laura. Nader From: Anthropological Quarterly Volume 77, Number 4, Fall 2004 pp. 771-791 | 10.1353/anq.2004.0060
She has been a Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley since 1960.1 (She was the first woman to receive a tenure-track position in the department.) She received a BA in Latin American Studies from Wells College in Aurora, NY in 1952. She received her Ph.D. in Anthropology from Radcliffe College (the women’s counterpart which joined Harvard in 1999) in 1961 under the mentorship of Clyde Kluckhohn.1 Her education included fieldwork in a Zapotec village in Oaxaca, Mexico, which nurtured her interest in law as it exists in various societies. This interest that began with her family, which stressed the importance of law and justice.

Introduction
This essay deals with old science practices…, thereby adumbrating the real Luddites.

The technocratic energy consensus created by Reagan disavowed the antagonism necessary for politics – this ensures dissent is met with uncontrolled violence and error replication
Erik Swyngedouw, Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, 2011 Political Geography 30, 370-380 "Interrogating post-democratization: Reclaiming egalitarian political spaces"

Post-democracy as consensus politics… that we shall turn to next.

We have to CHANGE THE FRAME to create a democratic DEBATE on solar policy.  The Reagan rollback demonstrates that policy manipulation that doesn’t contest the frame fails.  These artificial constraints strip debate of its educational potential – removing those limits allows a debate that’s both balanced and democratic.  We must START the counterfactual debate EVEN IF the plan is a bad idea
Laird 1
Solar Energy, technology policy and institutional values
Frank Laird Associate Professor and Director, MA in International Studies Education PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology BA, Middlebury College Profile Associate Professor of Technology and Public Policy and Director, MA Degree in International Studies, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver; Interdisciplinary Programs in Health, Harvard School of Public Health (1985-1987); National Science Foundation research grants (1991-1992, 1998-2000, 2006-2008); Consultant, Center for Nanotechnology and Society, Arizona State University (2005-2008); Public Policy Committee, American Solar Energy Society (1999-2008), chair of committee (2002-2004); Board of Directors, American Solar Energy Society (2002-2004); Review Panel, Ethics and Values in Science Program, National Science Foundation (1993-1996); Contributing Editor, "Science, Technology and Human Values" (1993-1996); Faculty Affiliate, Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Colorado (2001-present); Academic Advisory Board and Senior Faculty Associate, Center for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University (1998-2003); American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Political Science Association, American Solar Energy Society, Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Research and Expertise Energy policy, especially with respect to renewable energy; environmental policy, especially with respect to climate change; science and technology policy; democracy and science policy. Programs, Centers and Institutes Center for Sustainable Development and International Peace

I During much of its history,… requires increasingly democratic and intelligent policies for rhc future. /

A counterfactual history disrupts progressivism and averts EXTINCTION – precisely because it is impossible
Jones 9/7/9
http://magicalnihilism.com/2009/09/07/the-positive-energy-of-counterfactuals-a-rejected-essay-for-howies/
Up until 2007 I worked for Nokia Design, looking after the user-experience for Nokia Nseries, based out of the UK. The potential of mobile and ubiquitous technology is still a huge fascination for me. Through teaching and competition/theory work, I am exploring how digital design is permeating and affecting the environment. I was one of the co-founders and lead designer of Dopplr.com, a service for intelligent travel, and now I’m one of the principals at BERG, a design and invention company.

I was asked to write something for Howies… green future? There’s the thunder again.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Stanford GS | Judge:
Counterinterpretation: The affirmative should defend the resolution as a counterfactual statement.

CLAIMS ABOUT “SHOULD” ARE OVERDETERMINED. IT INDICATES A NEED FOR POLICY ACTION IN PROPOSITION. WE MEET THAT.
Trapp and Hanson ‘5 Robert Trapp is a Professor of Rhetoric at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, U.S.A. Christine Hanson is the Press Assistant for United States Senator Bill Nelson (Democrat of Florida) and is a lecturer at George Washington University, “Debating Comparative Propositions of Policy,” Volume 5, Issue 4 June 2005 - IDEA: International Debate Education ... http://www.idebate.org/magazine/files/Magazine436a366e4843f.pdf
Merely by convention, some… a plan of action.

Counterfactual history turns limits – the point is overcoming disciplinary boundaries
Fuller 10
http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:UK_fr4Z6bTsJ:scholar.google.com/+counterfactual+fuller+science+energyandhl=enandas_sdt=0,9
Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
http://csid.unt.edu/files/HOI%20Chapters/Chapter_4_HOI.doc.
The Slovenian philosopher and cultural… philosophy and sociology (Collins 1998: ch. 12).

Counterfactuals are the necessary COMPLEMENT to scenario prediction – only doing BOTH enables flexibility over lock-in and mimesis
Booth et al 9
Futures Volume 41, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 87–95 Futures Methodologies
Charles Bootha, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding author,   Michael Rowlinsonb,   Peter Clarkb,   Agnes Delahayeb,   Stephen Procterc   a University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom   b Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom   c University of Newcastle, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
In this paper we have argued… innocence, once and for all.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Stanford GS | Judge:
2AC AT: FIRST PRIORITY
Permutation do both – we can recognize both that the USfg should have never taken the land and the reversal of federal energy incentives as problems without explicitly endorsing the way history went down – our entire argument is about the need to reverse those decisions – no time paradox competition – the U.S. exists now – we need to deal with it as such but it’s a question of historical grounding – there’s an infinite chain bad events that go back thousands of years that may have influence the present – intervening in one moment does not deny that we shouldn’t have intervened elsewhere given a specific set of prior conditions

Contingency is good in the context of Native-West relations – alternative pre-supposes society can imagine an alternative history – we need the affirmative to break open static conceptions of history because energy policy analysis is most salient in the squo

Alternative allows for unbridled control by corporations – the government is necessary to ensure environmental regulations
Wood 94
Mary Christina Wood, Oregon Law Professor, 1994, “Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty” Utah Law Review, lexis
A barrage of recent development

AND

in by the Self-Determination era.

Tech determinism turns racism – notion of West as technologically progressivist produced the motivation and justification for Manifest Destiny – historically tech hierarchies sustained cultural ones

Injecting contingency into politics is necessary to resisting colonialism – the narrative of a coherent nation is used to suppress and psychologically confine colonized peoples
Pease 1997
Donald, Avalon Foundation Professor of English at Dartmouth College, “National Narratives, Postnational Narration,” Modern Fiction Studies 43.1 (1997) 1-23
Postcolonial and Postnational Narration As we have

AND

the "peoples" structured in national narrativity.

Progress is possible – manifest destiny has, even if not disappeared, gotten less violent and destructive – Churchill would have let the frontier war’s which probably end in extinction for Indigenous peoples

Can’t solve counterfactualism – they’re rigorous thought experiments not sweeping ethical injunctions
Fuller 8
Department of Sociology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom Isis, 2008, 99:576–584 ©2008 by The History of Science Society. All rights reserved. 0021-1753/2008/9903-0008$10.00
AT FIRST GLANCE, most historians do

AND

and nineteenth-century political discussions. 

The K relies on a repressive understanding of power by which those with privilege can only oppress others – this demobilizes the potential for authority to be used in creative ways to create conditions for resisting domination.
Giroux, chair Global Network Television @ McMaster, 2005 Henry A. Border Crossings. 2nd Edition. p. 131-133
HG: Two issues. I would reiterate that knowledge

AND

that hasn't been possible before.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Stanford GS | Judge: 

Structural antagonism destroys progressivism and re-entrenches racism—we can acknowledge every problem with the status quo, but adopt a pragmatic orientation towards solutions
Clark, professor of law – Catholic University, ‘95
(Leroy D., 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

A Final Word
Despite Professor Bell's prophecy of doom, I believe

AND

dream" us toward a better place.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1AC Round 3

Science fiction writers construct an imaginary future; historians attempt to reconstruct the past. Ultimately, both are seeking to understand the present

Thus we present a future history of energy – our narrator, living in the second People’s Republic of China, recounts the failure of the United States to respond to the crisis presented by global Climate Change during the 21st century and its devastating effect on the planet. Our historian recounts when policymakers concluded that: The United States federal government should substantially reduce restrictions on crude oil production in the United States. 

Naomi Oreskes, Professor of History and Science Studies at the University of California, San Diego, and Adjunct Professor of Geo- sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Erik M. Conway, historian of science and technology based in Pasadena, California, 2013, The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future, Dædalus, 142 (1) Winter 2013

In the prehistory of "civilization," many societies rose and fell, but few
AND
these people knew, yet how little they acted upon what they knew.
For more than one hundred years, physical scientists in the Western world had known
AND
, it was often said that "the solution to pollution is dilution."
Things began to change as planetary sinks approached saturation. Some effects occurred because of
AND
growing rice in paddy fields and producing cattle as a primary protein source.
In the 1970s, scientists began to recognize that human activities were changing the physical
AND
and begin a transition to a non-carbon-based energy system.
Historians view 1988 as the start of the Penumbral Period. In that year,
AND
. Others tried but failed to force the United States into international cooperation.
By the end of the millennium, denial had spread widely. In the United
AND
effect, though, because these countries produced few greenhouse gas emissions.)5
By the early 2000s, dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system was under way
AND
impact on the cryosphere, and the increasing acidification of the world ocean.
The year 2009 is viewed as the "last best chance" the Western world
AND
the president of the United States felt unable to move his nation forward.
Meanwhile, climate change was intensifying. In 2010, record-breaking summer heat
AND
fires, crop failure, and the deaths of livestock and companion animals.
The loss of pet cats and dogs garnered particular attention among wealthy Westerners, but what was anomalous in 2021 soon became the new normal. Even then, political, business, and religious leaders refused to accept that the primary cause was the burning of fossil fuels. A shadow of ignorance and denial had fallen over people who considered themselves children of the Enlightenment. For this reason, we now know this era as the Period of the Penumbra.
It is clear that in the early twenty-first century, immediate steps should have been taken to begin the Great Energy Transition. Staggeringly, the opposite occurred. At the very time that the urgent need for an energy transition became palpable, world production of greenhouse gases increased. This fact is so hard to understand that it calls for a closer look at what we know about this crucial juncture.
In the early Penumbral Period, scientists were accused of being "alarmist" in
AND
to attend conferences to share and analyze the results of their research.10
Though ridiculed when first introduced, the Sea Level Rise Denial Bill would become the
AND
which permitted the government to limit speech deemed to represent an imminent threat.
Had scientists exaggerated the threat, inadvertently undermining the evidence that would later vindicate them
AND
sea level rise, and Arctic ice loss, among other parameters.13
It is difficult to understand why humans did not respond appropriately in the early Penumbral
AND
scholars have pointed to the roots of Western natural science in religious institutions.
In an almost childlike attempt to demarcate their practices from those of older explanatory traditions
AND
"unproven" because they did not adhere to this standard of demonstration.
Historians have long argued about why this standard was accepted, given that it had
AND
standard for accepting claims of any kind, even those involving imminent threats.
Western scientists built an intellectual culture based on the premise that it was worse to
AND
history, and the costs that ensued were indeed nearly "all costs."
By 2012, more than 365 billion tons of carbon had been emitted into the
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enigma were two of the world’s richest: the United States and Canada.
A key turning point was 2005, when the U.S. Energy Policy
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By 2035, total gas production had exceeded 250 Tcf per annum.19
In the late twentieth century, Canada was considered an advanced nation with a high level of environmental sensitivity.
This changed around the year 2000, when Canada’s government began to push for development
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but its actual emissions increased more than 30 percent during this period.21
The massive increase in shale gas led to a collapse in the price of natural
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the lock that fossil fuel companies had on energy production and use.23
How did these wealthy nations–rich in the resources that would have enabled an
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their constituents that promoting shale gas was an environmentally and ethically sound approach.
This line of reasoning, however, neglected three crucial factors. First, fugitive
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crossed it. The bridge to the future became a bridge to nowhere.
The net result? Fossil fuel production escalated, greenhouse gas emissions increased, and
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the corresponding temperature rise reached 4 degrees, rapid changes began to ensue.
By 2040, heat waves and droughts were the norm. Control measures such as
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to 15 centimeters around the globe, and coastal populations were mainly intact.
Then, in the Northern Hemisphere summer of 2041, unprecedented heat waves scorched the
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of eligible citizens from its southernmost regions to Scandinavia and the United Kingdom.
While governments were straining to maintain order and provide for their people, leaders in
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and began preparing blueprints for the International Climate Cooling Engineering Project (iccep).
As a first step, iccep launched the International Aerosol Injection Climate Engineering Project (IaICEP, pronounced ay-yi-sep) in 2042.27 IaICEP had widespread support from wealthy nations anxious to preserve some semblance of order, poor nations desperate to see the world do something to address their plight, and frantic low-lying Pacific Island nations at risk of being submerged by rising sea levels.
IaICEP began to inject submicrometersize sulfate particles into the stratosphere at a rate of approximately
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across India, IaICEP’s most aggressive promoter now called for its immediate cessation.
IaICEP was halted in 2047, but a fatal chain of events had already been
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rebound effect pushed the mean global temperature increase to nearly 5 degrees Celsius.
Whether it was caused by this sudden additional heating or would have happened anyway is
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additional 6 degrees Celsius over the 5 degree rise that had already occurred.
The ultimate blow for Western civilization came in a development that, like so many
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the sheet on the Antarctic mainland, sea level began to rise rapidly.
Social disruption hampered scientific data-gathering, but some dedicated individuals–realizing the
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ensued, adding another two meters to mean global sea level rise.31
Analysts had predicted that a five-meter sea level rise would dislocate 10 percent
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to estimate that 60 to 70 percent of species were driven to extinction.
There is no need to rehearse the details of the human tragedy that occurred;
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human populations of Australia and Africa, of course, were wiped out.
To the historian studying this tragic period of human history, the most astounding fact
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the grip of two inhibiting ideologies: namely, positivism and market fundamentalism.
Twentieth-century scientists saw themselves as the descendants of an empirical tradition often referred
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crucial economic and technological policies that drove the continued use of fossil fuels.
A key attribute of the period was that power did not reside in the hands
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it calmly and clearly), the world would take steps to avert disaster.

The politics of climate denialism is ethically bankrupt – it allows those who are least affected to engage in the most dangerous decisions
Brown 2008
Donald A., Associate Professor, Environmental Ethics, Science, and Law, Penn State University, "The Ethical Duty to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty," http://rockblogs.psu.edu/climate/2008/05/the-ethical-duty-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-the-face-of-scientific-uncertainty.html?p=35
A common point of attack of the skeptics is the climate change models that are
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not use scientific uncertainty as justification for non-action on climate change.

Affirmation of our story is critical—our dystopian future-historical approach is critical to prevent the sublimination inherent in other approaches
Murphy 1990
Patrick D., recognized academic in the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment, professor of English and teaches in the Graduate Program in Literature and Criticism at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Founding editor of ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, "Reducing the Dystopian Distance: Pseudo-Documentary Framing in Near-Future Fiction," Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Mar., 1990), pp. 25-40
Two novels that strongly reflect just such a concern are Whitley Strieber and James Kunctka’s
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also both share a concern for the third major topic: ecological devastation. 

That enables agency—the status quo results in the collapse of all political action—only a reinvigoration of science fiction stories can create new paradigms and possibilities
Jonathan McCalmont, Author, 10/3/2012, Cowardice, Laziness and Irony: How Science Fiction Lost the Future, ruthlessculture.com/2012/10/03/cowardice-laziness-and-irony-how-science-fiction-lost-the-future/
While many of these books are excellent examples of their styles of writing, I cannot help but yearn for books that plunge us into the world rather than aid our flight from it. The thing that unites humanity is not the trappings of popular culture, but the realities of a world that needs to be both confronted and understood if it is ever to change.
It is now almost a cliché to say that we are living in a science fictional world but it is genuinely astonishing to think about how much science fiction writers have got right over the years:
Every morning, I sit at my desk and fire up a Twitter client that
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social and psychological changes heralded by such a radically different types of community.
Having grown afraid of the political repercussions of putting soldiers in harm’s way, American
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a fantastical backdrop similar to that of Vernor Vinge’s Zones of Thought series.
I used the examples of Doctorow and Banks as both are writers whose careers have
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genre seize this historic opportunity and rediscover its heritage of engagement and prediction.
Part of what makes this moment so special is the fact that we have seen cracks appear in the façade of neoliberalism. Francis Fukuyama once wrote of the end of history having been achieved but the economic, social and political turbulence engulfing the world make it clear that history is very much alive and kicking.
The challenge facing contemporary science fiction is to widen the cracks and to peer through
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possible future that is currently deemed unthinkable.  As Mark fisher puts it:
    The long dark night of the end of history has to be grasped as
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a situation in which nothing can happen, suddenly anything is possible again.
My greatest source of optimism for the future of science fiction lays in the fact
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to cling to their old lifestyles as the world fell apart around them.
In The Day of the Triffids (1951) Wyndham describes middle-class people
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inhuman monsters that must be destroyed lest their difference taint the entire planet.
Looking back on Wyndham’s work, it is easy to laugh at the astonishing narrow
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period of intense social unrest, a period very similar to our own.
We are living through a period of instability.  As government and businesses teeter on
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has the term ’cosy catastrophe’ seemed more fitting than it does today.
Just as Joe Haldeman once used science fictional tropes to process the experience of returning
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, science fiction can provide humanity with its first draft of future history.

Action on energy policy requires a disruption of traditional deliberatory politics and attention to the performative elements of advocacy – this trumps the technocratic fantasy of purely rational consensus
Kulynych 97
Jessica J. Kulynych is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. She is currently engaged in a book-length study applying the insights of postmodern and feminist theorizing to the problem of understanding contemporary political action. Performing Politics: Foucault, Habermas, and Postmodern Participation Author(s): Jessica J. Kulynych Source: Polity, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Winter, 1997), pp. 315-346
Reconsidering Traditional Participation Understanding participation as performative resistance also provides a theoretical grounding for rethinking
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contemporary political action and the possibilities for an actually diverse and participatory democracy.

Refusal to incorporate questions of pedagogy and question the hegemony of anti-ecological dynamics leads to environmental destruction and authoritarian violence
Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, "Preface" in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. xiv-xvi)
True to this dictum, Kahn unambiguously demands that the survival of the planet (
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denigrated our cultural ways and attempted to disable our life-sustaining capacities.

Climate denialism is part and parcel of the politics of disimagination that stifles democratic potential – we must open up debate as a space for new pedagogies not the repressive training of modern politics
Giroux 27.2.2013
Henry A., Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department, "The Politics of Disimagination and the Pathologies of Power," http://truth-out.org/news/item/14814-the-politics-of-disimagination-and-the-pathologies-of-power
The Rise of the "Disimagination Machine"
Borrowing from Georges Didi-Huberman’s use of the term, "disimagination machine,"
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dialogue: put simply, to become critically informed citizens of the world.
Examples of the "disimagination machine" abound. A few will suffice. For
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scientific evidence, research and rationality as either ’academic’ or irreligious.~24~
The rise of the Tea Party and the renewal of the culture wars have resulted
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take a loyalty oath in order to receive a graduation diploma.~26~
The "disimagination machine" is more powerful than ever as conservative think tanks provide
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testing in the service of creating a neoliberal, dumbed-down workforce.
As John Atcheson has pointed out, we are "witnessing an epochal shift in
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the social, critical education, the public good, and democracy itself.
Toward a Radical Imagination
Against the politics of disimagination, progressives, workers, educators, young people and
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such a project in their manifesto on the radical imagination. They write:
This Manifesto looks forward to the creation of a new political Left formation that can
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without action is impotent, but action without knowledge is blind.~29~
Matters of justice, equality, and political participation are foundational to any functioning democracy
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and exclusion as part of a broader effort to create a radical democracy.
There is a need to invent modes of pedagogy that release the imagination, connect
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asserted, dialogue made meaningful and critical thought embraced as a noble ideal.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC Framework

Counter-interpretation: the resolution is a story – the 1AC is a topical future history – our meta-framing subsumes but doesn’t contradict their definitions

Resolved is to reduce by mental analysis,
Random House 11 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolve)

Limits is a bad standard – presumes an objective way to organize evolving, intersubjective meaning – ambiguity is better
De Cock 1 (Christian De Cock, Professor of Organizational behaviour, change management, creative problem solving, 2001, "Of Philip K. Dick, reflexivity and shifting realities Organizing (writing) in our post-industrial society" in the book "Science Fiction and Organization")    
If SF becomes annexed to the academic world it will buy into its own death
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some hell to break loose’ (McCloskey, 1994, p. 166).

This is offense for us – their framework is repressive tolerance – a tactical move that fosters global violence. Our refusal is key.
Kahn 10 (Richard Kahn, Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research at the University of North Dakota, Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, %26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement, 2010, pp. 132-134)
Herbert Marcuse wrote an important essay, "Repressive Tolerance" (1965), in
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society by the weak to the violence and falsity produced by the strong.
Many have criticized Marcuse for advocating violence against the system in order to quash the
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tolerance must, by any means necessary, be met with social intolerance.
Yet, Marcuse also recognized a wide-range of tactics, such as marching
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(such as the environmental movement) across the whole spectrum of society.

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Criticism of oil politics is compatible with critiques of capitalism
Szeman 10
Imre Szeman, Canada Research Chair in Cultural Studies and Professor of English, Film Studies and Sociology at the University of Alberta, November 6th, 2010 "Oil and the Left: An interview with Imre Szeman" Andony Melathopoulos with Brian Worley, Platypus Review 29
AM: You have identified … energy production as well?

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Petroleum obsession has integrated into and degraded personhood and ends in extinction – reject it
Stephanie LeMenager is associate professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she served as director of the American Cultures and Global Contexts Center from 2007 to 2010, Spring/Summer 2011 “Petro-Melancholia: The BP Blowout and the Arts of Grief” Qui Parle: Critical Humanities and Social Sciences  Volume 19, Number 2,
In Barack Obama's June … thinking through human survival.

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The United States federal government should substantially reduce restrictions on natural gas production in the United States.

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Warming is real and anthropogenic–best climate data and models
Mueller 12
(The New York Times, Richard A. Mueller, July 28, 2012, “The Conversion of a Climate Change Skeptic” Richard A. Muller, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=1andpagewanted=all)
CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate
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the shape of the observed temperature rise and the known greenhouse gas increase.

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Resolved is to reduce by mental analysis,
Random House 11 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolve)

 
Limits is a bad standard – presumes an objective way to organize evolving, intersubjective meaning – ambiguity is better
De Cock 1 (Christian De Cock, Professor of Organizational behaviour, change management, creative problem solving, 2001, “Of Philip K. Dick, reflexivity and shifting realities Organizing (writing) in our post-industrial society” in the book “Science Fiction and Organization”)    
If SF becomes annexed to the academic world it will buy into its own death
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some hell to break loose’ (McCloskey, 1994, p. 166).

Their move is not benign – the rhetoric of limits creates a necessarily exclusionary and authoritarian politics
Kulynych 97 (Kulynych, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, 1997 Jessica, “Performing Politics," Polity, Winter, v.XXX, n.2, p. 315-325)
II. Disciplining Habermas Political scientists have traditionally understood political participation as an activity that
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problem is convincingly thematized is not just a matter of utilizing correct procedure.

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The biosphere’s being pushed to the brink now – we need a mindset shift away from dominant eco-paradigms to solve
ROCKSTRÖM 2012
Johan, executive director of the Stockholm Environment Institute, head of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Professor in Environmental Science at Stockholm University, vice-chair of the science advisory board of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact research (PIK), chairs the visioning process on global environmental change of ICSU, the International Council for Science, FOKUS magazine’s ‘Swedish Person of the Year’ 2009, momentum, Winter, 2012, http://environment.umn.edu/momentum/issue/4.1w12/rockstrom.html,
Why do we need to think about protecting Earth’s systems from catastrophic failure? The
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while providing us with good chances of prosperity even on a crowded planet.

 
 
 
This public/private distinction flawed – the state will act as a private individual and terrible
Zizek 7
http://www.lacan.com/zizecology1.htm
The first step is to admit that the solution is not to limit the market
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Rupert Murdoch the greatest environmentalist mobilizing hundreds of millions through his media empire.

The historical nature of sovereign power proves neo-malthusianism degenerates into ecocide and genocide.  only an ethic of autonomy solves
Smith 8
Suspended Animation: Radical Ecology, Sovereign Powers, and Saving the (Natural) World Mick Smith. Journal for the Study of Radicalism. East Lansing: 2008. Vol. 2, Iss. 1; pg. 1, 25 pgs Associate Professor and Queen's National Scholar, queens university, ontario Ph.D. (Humanism and Anti-humanism in Environmental Values), University of Stirling, UK (1993); M.A. (Modern European Thought), Thames Polytechnic, UK (1988); M.Phil (The Ecology of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus in Soils and Plant Litters), North Staffordshire Polytechnic, UK (1988); B.Sc. Hons. (Ecology), University of York, UK (1982).
Agamben, whose philosophical trajectory has often been associated with the radical left in Italy
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To save really means to set something free into its own essence."23 

  Technology in the abstract can’t save the environment because it gets reinvested into production – we must restructure societal values
York et al. 3
Richard, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon, Eugene A. Rosa is Professor of Sociology, the Edward R. Meyer Professor of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy, an Affiliated Professor of Environmental Science, and an Affiliated Professor of Fine Arts at Washington State University. Thomas Dietz is Professor of Sociology and Crop and Soil Science and Director of the Environmental Science and Policy Program at Michigan State University. “Footprints on the Earth: The Environmental Consequences of Modernity”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 68, No. 2 (Apr., 2003), pp. 279-300
THE TREADMILL OF PRODUCTION AND THE SECOND CONTRADICTION OF CAPITALISM. For Schnaiberg and Gould
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on a restructuring of societies away from economic expansion and toward ecological sustainability.

 
Yes going past planetary boundaries means extinction – and yes our science is solid
ASU news citing Nature 2009
https://asunews.asu.edu/20090923_planetaryboundaries
Humans are overstepping environmentally safe ‘Planetary Boundaries' Human activities have already pushed the earth
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driving us to unsustainable levels that are producing real risks to our survival."

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biofear discourse is grounded in a sense of vulnerability that turns the advantage – alt is key to solve
Kittelsen, 9 – Researcher for the Security programme @ the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (Sonja, “Conceptualizing Biorisk: Dread Risk and the Threat of Bioterrorism in Europe,” Security Dialogue vol. 40, no. 1, February)
The dread that the prospect of bioterrorism elicits thus not only compounds the distinction between
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and perpetuation, as well as with the constitution of ‘security’ itself.