Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
See attachments for speech docs.

Round 2 - neg v. Kentucky GS

1nc: Production K, T border policy, Courts CP, elections DA, case.
2nr: Elections DA, case.

Round 3 - neg v. Louisville VW

1nc: framework
2nr: framework

Round 5 - neg v. Cornell LW

1nc: Elections DA, grid DA, consult Natives CP, wind PIC, case.
2nr: wind PIC, case.

Round 8 - neg v. Harvard NZ

1nc: Elections DA, incentives spec, wind PIC, consult Natives CP, case.
2nr: Elections DA, case.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Georgia DF | Judge: Arnett

michigan ap – kentucky rr round 1

1nc

The resolution indicates affs should advocate topical government change

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Specific, limited resolutions ensure mutual ground which is key to sustainable controversy without sacrificing creativity or openness

Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Deliberation requires a predetermined subject—they over-determine the rez more than us by assuming debates are the ultimate arbiter of its value as opposed to a means to facilitate clash

Adolf G. Gundersen, Associate Professor of Political Science, Texas A%26M, 2000
POLITICAL THEORY AND PARTISAN POLITICS, 2000, p. 104-5. (DRGNS/E625)

Indirect political engagement is perhaps the single most important element of the strategy I am
AND
limiting partisanship and stimulating deliberation are to an important extent the same question.

Competition through fair play is a dialogical process that encourages argumentative testing and mutual recognition of personhood

Rawls 58 – a leading figure in moral and political philosophy (John, Justice as Fairness, Philosophical Review, April, JSTOR)

Similarly, the acceptance of the duty of fair play by participants in a common
AND
the principles of justice and the acknowledgment of the duty of fair play. 

Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Galloway 7 – professor of communications at Samford University (Ryan, "Dinner And Conversation At The Argumentative Table: Reconceptualizing Debate As An Argumentative Dialogue", Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Game spaces like debate are distinct from other forms of education and public speaking.  There has to be a balance of ground or else one side claims the moral high ground and creates a de facto monologue

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Policy debates require positions that upset ideologies—side switching as a model for deliberation is valuable because it’s distinct from pure discussion

Gutmann and Thompson 1996 – *president of Penn, former professor at Princeton,  Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Political Philosophy at Harvard (Amy and Dennis, "Democracy and disagreement", p. 1)

OF THE CHALLENGES that
AND
means for deciding what means are morally required to pursue our common ends.

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

Deliberation is the best alternative to activism because it requires continual testing that bolsters advocacy and inclusion—refusal of side switching leads to group polarization and isolation

Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy %26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young 

Nonetheless, the deliberativist conception of reasonableness differs from the activist’s in at least one crucial respect. On the deliberativist view, a necessary condition for reasonableness is the willingness not only to offer justifications for one’s own views and actions, but also to listen to criticisms, objections, and the justificatory reasons that can be given in favor of alternative proposals.
In light of this further stipulation, we may say that, on the deliberative
AND

of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.

Their critiques of debate miss the mark—defending a topic that involves the state for the sake of deliberation is distinct from accepting it, and limiting out some arguments for the sake of that deliberation is a more productive discourse that solves the aff better

Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy %26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young 

These two serious activist challenges may be summarized as follows. First, the activist
AND
are distorting in important ways and that further discourse cannot remedy these distortions.

Ideology is only shaken by agonistic spaces with arguments subject to testing and reconsideration on both sides—this is key to make competition productive

Roberts-Miller 2003 – associate professor of rhetoric at the University of Texas (Patricia, JAC 22.2, "Fighting Without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric", http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol22.3/miller-fighting.pdf)

Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism
Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Limits are key to activate agency with agonism—it’s not a constraint on perspective but a way to channel difference toward effective contest

Glover 2010 – professor of political science at U Conn (Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, 36, "Games without Frontiers?: Democratic Engagement, Agonistic Pluralism, and the Question of Exclusion")

Recent democratic theory has devoted significant attention to the question of how to revitalize citizen
AND
while retaining the recognition that democratic discourse must operate with limits and frontiers.

2nc

Duffy is wrong

Koehle 10
Joe Koehle, Phd candidate in communications at Kansas, former West Georgia debater
http://mccfblog.org/actr/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Koehle_Paper_ACTR-editedPDF.pdf.

Much like criticism of the sophists has persisted throughout time; criticism of switch side
AND
capable of making sound decisions (Mitchell, "Pedagogical Possibilities", 41).  

Moral purism about institutional approaches dooms the aff—hierarchy should be deployed tactically for greater overall gains

Grossberg, 92 ~Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture", page 388-389 liam ~

ÓThe demand for moral and ideological purity often results in the rejection of any
AND
reasonably democratic structures of institutionalization, even if they are impure and compromised.  

Refusal of the state empowers its worst aspects.  You don’t have to be a technocrat but you should be anti-anti-state

Barbrook, 97 – professor at the Hypermedia Research Centre at the University of Westminster (Richard, http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9706/msg00034.html)

I thought that this position is clear from my remarks about the ultra-left
AND
can be a fun artistic pose. However, human suffering is not. 

Radical pessimism is self-negating—values can only be incorporated if privileged individuals who recognize the harm of society have some role in a dialogic process—this proves they have no role of the negative in their framework

Bell and Bansal 1988 – first tenured African-American Professor of Law at Harvard Law School, one of the originators of critical race theory, Visiting Professor at New York University School of Law, former Dean of the University of Oregon School of Law (Derrick Bell and Preeta Bansal, Yale Law Journal, 97.8, "Symposium: The Republican Civic Tradition")

In so asking, Michelman demonstrates that he, like generations of black Americans,
AND
that our humanity will not always be subordinated because we are not white. 

The argument that our framework is systemically bias is a self-serving assertion to sidestep clash—all of their reasons not to defend the topic can be appropriated by actors with opposite goals

Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy %26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young 

My call for a more detailed articulation of the second activist challenge may be met
AND
, activism entails a politics based upon interestbased power struggles amongst adversarial factions.

Talisse is a critique of Young—deliberation is better than activism

Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy %26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two male figures in an article by Iris Young 

Accordingly, Young’s dialectic between the deliberativist and the activist is of crucial import to
AND
elements of the deliberative democrat’s position that are insufficiently theorized in Young’s presentation.

Authenticity tests shut down debate—turns case and proves they turn dialogue into lecture

Subotnik 1998 – professor of law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center (7 Cornell J. L. %26 Pub. Pol’y 681)

Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND

to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Personalization doesn’t solve their offense—the absence of rules doesn’t change power relations, it just hegemonic actors re-appropriate the same logic to insulate themselves from criticism.  Their approach is like trying to cure heart malfunction by eliminating hearts

Tonn 2005 – Professor of Communications at the University of Maryland (Fall, Mari Boor, Rhetoric %26 Public Affairs, 8.3, "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public")

This widespread recognition that access to public deliberative processes and the ballot is a baseline
AND
therapeutic conversation and dialogue jeopardizes the very pulse and lifeblood of democracy itself.

The ballot makes debate a goal-oriented conversation—local experience has to be directed toward a topical stance or else it lapses into incontestability and the tyranny of structurelessness which becomes ineffective and stagnant

Tonn 2005 – Professor of Communications at the University of Maryland (Fall, Mari Boor, Rhetoric %26 Public Affairs, 8.3, "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public")

In certain ways, Schudson’s initial reluctance to dismiss public conversation echoes my own early
AND
, conflicts, and inequities as personal failures subject to personal amelioration."19 

1nr

Restrictions pertain to the content of energy production, not its modalities.  The plan merely enables different place and timing of production – that’s distinct

Martin Borowski (Faculty at Birmingham Law School, Vice-President of the British Section of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy) 2003 "Religious Freedom as a Fundamental Human Right, a Rawlsian Perspective" in Pluralism and Law, Conference Proceedings" p. 58

Where it is a question of the diminution of the content of basic liberties,
AND
serve as an adequate reconstruction of the constitutional protection afforded to religious freedom.

Precisely defining terms is pedagogically valuable—T debates provide portable skills needed to settle all major questions

Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp61-63

I. THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINING TERMS
The definition of terms—the advocate’s supported interpretation of the meaning of the words
AND
the definition of "terrorism" creates significant problems in our foreign policy.

Side switching does not equate to speaking from nowhere or divesting yourself of social background—our argument is that if your only exposure to the topic is finding ways to critique or avoid it, then you become solely capable of preaching to the choir.  Debate is unique because it gives opportunities to tactically inhabit other perspectives without enlisting in those causes for the sake of skill development and mutual testing

Haskell 1990 – history professor at Rice University (May, Thomas, History and Theory, 29.2, "Objectivity is Not Neutrality: Rhetoric vs. Practice in Peter Novick’s That Noble Dream", p. 129-157)

Detachment functions in this manner not by draining us of passion, but by helping
AND
, or editorially splitting the difference between them, irrespective of their perceived merits

Deliberation must be externally constrained by a topic to generative effective reasoning—devil’s advocate norms check group polarization and cognitive bias

Mercier and Landemore 2011 – *Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U Penn, Poli Sci prof @ Yale (Hugo and Hélène, Political Psychology, "Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation", http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications)

Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
AND
(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, %26 Ragan, 1986).

Debate is distinct from public speaking—defending something for competitive purposes generates reasoned convictions which turns their impact

Galloway, 7 –professor of communications at Samford University (Ryan, "Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table: Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue", Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

Falsely Comparing Debate with Public Speaking
The argument that debaters should not argue in favor of ¶ ideas that they do
AND
from a neutral ¶ position so that they may be freely chosen subsequently. 

The Fermi nuclear reactor accident was a net plus — nobody died, no radiation was released and it ultimately lead to safer reactor designs of the future. No technology is risk-free, nuclear energy is safer than coal or fossil fuels and continuously improves in response to accidents but overall has an exemplary safety record — their 1ac scare-tactics misunderstand improvements in reactor design since Fermi — their flawed analysis is a reason to vote negative

WNA ’12 September, World Nuclear Association "Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors" http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html

It should be emphasised that a commercial-type power reactor simply cannot under any
AND
in 1979 which will have significant implications, at least for older plants.

Tournament: KYRR | Round: 3 | Opponent: KY GS | Judge: 

’Restrictions’ must be have the primary purpose of directly and immediately affect energy production

CJ Veeraswami (Former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, India) 1966 "T.M. Kannappa Mudaliar And Ors. vs The State Of Madras" Majority opinion, http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/838831/-http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/838831/
The collection of a toll or a tax for the use of a road or
AND
Das, J., in Automobile Transport Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan 

Exon-Florio reviews are explicitly REGULATIONS not RESTRICTIONS intended to merely MONITOR and SUPERVISE high profile transactions involving the ownership of companies – production related energy activities are excluded

CJ Voss (Attorney at Stoel Rives LLP) September 24, 2012 "Energy Law Alert: CFIUS Intervenes in Chinese-Owned Wind Project" http://www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=9813
Brief History of CFIUS

President Ford created CFIUS by Executive Order 11858 in 1975, in response to an
AND
involving acquirers based in the E.U. or other G20 nations. 

That’s a voter:

A) Limits – there are an infinite number of indirect limitations on company’s ability to produce energy – simply measuring its end effect explodes the literature base.  Raises entry barriers for debate and destroy competitive equity.

B) Precision - Broadly defining ’restriction’ is bad – obliterates subtleties in meaning, undermines all legal and policy analysis under the topic

Eric Heinze (Senior Lecturer in Law, University of London, Queen Mary. He has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the French and German governments. He teaches Legal Theory, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Public International Law. JD Harvard) 2003 "The Logic of Liberal Rights A study in the formal analysis of legal discourse" http://mey.homelinux.org/companions/Eric%20Heinze/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20%28839%29/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20-%20Eric%20Heinze.pdf
Variety of ’restrictions’
The term ’restriction’, defined so broadly, embraces any number of familiar concepts
AND
of a formal model, for which any distinctions among them are irrelevant.

Tournament: KYRR | Round: 3 | Opponent: KY GS | Judge: 

Obama will win but it will be close

Blumenthal, 10/1/12 - senior polling editor of the Huffington Post and the founding editor of Pollster.com (Mark, New 2012 Polls Show Little Change In State Of Race, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/2012-polls-obama-romney_n_1928472.html?utm_hp_ref=elections-2012)

WASHINGTON — With attention turning to the first of three upcoming national debates, new
AND
to move Romney ahead, it could make for a much closer race.

The plan makes China a pivotal election issue – China bashing gave the GOP the advantage in the midterms

Yingzi, 10 (Tan, "US likely to give nod to CNOOC deal, despite opposition" 10/14, China Daily,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-10/14/content_11409139.htm-http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2010-10/14/content_11409139.htm

Several proposed Chinese investment projects in the US have encountered political obstacles this year. Some Congress members blamed China for the high US unemployment rate and regard the emerging economy’s global expansion as a national security threat.
China has appeared as a "scapegoat" for the wobbly US economy in the fierce campaign for November’s midterm elections. At least 29 candidates have aired advertisements blaming their opponents for being too sympathetic to China, the New York Times reported on Saturday.
Strong political opposition to the CNOOC deal is likely, given the recent congressional objections to Anshan Iron and Steel Group’s investment in a small US steel company, said Scissors from the Heritage Foundation.

Romney will ignite China trade wars

Mike Shedlock, 7-31-2012; registered investment advisor representative for SitkaPacific Capital Management, "Is global trade about to collapse? Where are oil prices headed? A chat with Mish Shedlock by James Stafford" http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-07-31/global-trade-about-collapse-where-are-oil-prices-headed-chat-mish-shedlock

Oilprice.com: In regards to presidential elections, how do you think energy
AND
will collapse if Romney wins and he follows through on his campaign promises.

Crushes Russia relations

The Christian Science Monitor, 10-26-11, p. http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/putin-and-russian-empire-can-us-russian-relations-survive?page=0,1-http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/putin-and-russian-empire-can-us-russian-relations-survive?page=0,1

Russia’s foreign policy community is watching with growing nervousness as leading Republicans in the US
AND
House, things will go very badly for the US-Russian relationship."

Extinction

Collins %26 Rojansky, 10 – * U.S. Ambassador to the Russian Federation from 1997 to 2001, AND deputy director of the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Carnegie Endowment (8/18/10, James F. Collins, Matthew Rojansky, Foreign Policy, "Why Russia Matters," http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view%26id=41409, JMP)

A year and a half after Barack Obama hit the "reset" button with
AND
to maintain relations with Russia. And good relations would be even better.

Tournament: KYRR | Round: 3 | Opponent: KY GS | Judge: 

The United States Supreme Court should rule crude oil and natural gas production from Exon-Florio reviews unenforceable by federal agencies.

Courts have authority to rule over energy production

Brenda Bowers April 2011 "Future Of American Energy Production At Stake In US Supreme Court – Big Government" http://brendabowers.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/%C2%BB-future-of-american-energy-production-at-stake-in-us-supreme-court-big-government/
We all know how important energy is in our lives, just as commercial energy
AND
make policy in perhaps the single most critical policy area for American prosperity.

This solves and competes – it doesn’t ’reduce’ a legal restriction – it just makes it unenforceable

William Treanor (associate professor of law at Fordham University) and Gene Sperling (Deputy assistant to the president for economic policy University of Minnesota) 1993 "Prospective overruling and the revival of Unconstitutional statutes" JSTOR
Unlike the Supreme Court, several state courts have explicitly addressed the revival issue.
AND
a statute did not revive does not offer a convincing rationale for nonrevival. 

Not specifying your agent is a voting issue:

1. Ground – we lose agent counterplans politics links and case turns

2. Aff conditionality —-they can shift their advocacy destroying competitive equity and negative strategic thinking.

3. Topicality – the plan is not a definite course of action because it’s unclear who implements it – resolved means "to make a firm decision" – that’s American Heritage. Vote neg on jurisdiction.

4. No Solvency – Vote on presumption because there is no actor USFG —- the plan can’t get done

Tournament: KYRR | Round: 3 | Opponent: KY GS | Judge: 

1nc solvency

Plan doesn’t solve – Carroll says you have to redefine "national security" in the review process – arbitrarily waiving the requirement for part of one sector doesn’t change CFIUS policy or foreign perception of American FDI protectionism

Massive alt cause – CFIUS wind energy suit

Shierman, 9/20/12 (Eric, "Fed foreign investment review committee abusing its power?" Oregon Catalyst, http://oregoncatalyst.com/19321-fed-foreign-investment-review-committee-abusing-power.html-http://oregoncatalyst.com/19321-fed-foreign-investment-review-committee-abusing-power.html)

A terribly counterproductive and arbitrarily political ruling of the Obama administration to shut down the
AND
, using the nationality of the investors as a mere jurisdictional fig leaf.

Arbitrarily excluding oil and gas is worse – sends a signal of inconsistency in CFIUS review that chills foreign investment

MICHAELS ’11 (Jon D.; Acting Professor – UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," 97 Va. L. Rev. 801, l/n)

In addition, by insulating the crucial work of CFIUS from the President, there
AND
lawyers who deal regularly with CFIUS and can counsel their clients accordingly. 320

Few transactions are blocked, negotiations check, referral is voluntary, and the president could always block anyway

MICHAELS ’11 (Jon D.; Acting Professor – UCLA School of Law, "The (Willingly) Fettered Executive: Presidential Spinoffs in National Security Domains and Beyond," 97 Va. L. Rev. 801, l/n)

CFIUS’s responsibilities today are substantially the same as they were under Exon-Florio.
AND
a-vis courtroom verdicts in the vast majority of criminal matters. 116

1nc protectionism

No protectionist escalation

Ikenson, 12 ~March 5th, Daniel, Daniel Ikenson-http://www.cato.org/people/daniel-ikenson is director of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute,
http://www.cato.org/publications/free-trade-bulletin/trade-policy-priority-one-averting-uschina-trade-war-http://www.cato.org/publications/free-trade-bulletin/trade-policy-priority-one-averting-uschina-trade-war~~ 

An emerging narrative in 2012 is that a proliferation of protectionist, treaty-violating
AND
that suggests that the kerfuffle is containable and the recent trend reversible.1

No net increase in protectionism

Robert Plummer, 9-17-2012; BBC News, "Protectionism: Is it on the way back?" http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18104024-http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18104024

It seems that free-trade and protectionist tendencies are fairly evenly balanced among the
AND
America, are similarly blowing hot and cold in the same trade debate.

Alt causes outweigh

Zappone, 12 ~January, Chris, Sydney Morning Herald, ’Murky protectionism’ on the rise - but no trade war, http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/murky-protectionism-on-the-rise—but-no-trade-war-20120110-1pt3t.html-http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/murky-protectionism-on-the-rise~-~-but-no-trade-war-20120110-1pt3t.html~~
At the outset of the global financial crisis, the world’s leaders pledged to resist
AND
fellow Joshua Meltzer. "But I don’t think we’re on that track."

Trade does not solve war—there’s no correlation between trade and peace

MARTIN, MAYER, AND THOENIG 2008 (Phillipe, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research; Thierry MAYER, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, Mathias THOENIG, University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics, The Review of Economic Studies 75)

Does globalization pacify international relations? The "liberal" view in political science argues
AND
, even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.

1nc china coop

No China war

Ross, 9 – professor of political science at Boston College (Robert, The National Interest, "Myth", 9/1,
http://nationalinterest.org/greatdebate/dragons/myth-3819)

Despite impressive Chinese advances, in maritime East Asia the United States retains military superiority
AND
to engage the rise of China without undermining U.S. security.

No South China Seas conflict

Pradt 12 – PhD candidate at the Freie Universität of Berlin (Tilman, "ASIA’S NEW GREAT GAME? THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA," Political Reflection, Vol. 3, No. 1)

First, the US has not a real interest in permanently (and substantially)
AND
withdrawal will avoid fu-ture naval confrontations among the two Asian heavyweights.

Chinese FDI is increasing

Laura Tyson 8-2-2012; a former chair of the US President’s Council of Economic Advisers, is a professor at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley. The Benefits of Chinese FDI http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-benefits-of-chinese-fdi-by-laura-tyson-http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-benefits-of-chinese-fdi-by-laura-tyson

So far, China’s FDI outflows have been concentrated in developing countries and a handful
AND
, and competition for Chinese investment has intensified as states’ budgets have contracted.

Energy coop impossible

Lieberthal and Herberg 6; Kenneth, Distinguished Fellow and Director for China at The William Davidson institute, and research associate of the China Center at the University of Michigan,  and Mikkal, Director of the asian Energy security program at The national bureau of asian research, China’s Search for Energy Security: Implications for U.S. Policy*, http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol17no1.pdf-http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol17no1.pdf

The United States and China seem to hold fundamentally different views of global energy markets
AND
and Washington regarding the other’s intentions on key energy security and supply questions.

FDI decisions not key

Lieberthal and Herberg 6; Kenneth, Distinguished Fellow and Director for China at The William Davidson institute, and research associate of the China Center at the University of Michigan,  and Mikkal, Director of the asian Energy security program at The national bureau of asian research, China’s Search for Energy Security: Implications for U.S. Policy*, http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol17no1.pdf-http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol17no1.pdf

Second, distrust of energy markets is aggravated by the perception that these markets are
AND
a much closer look at how China’s global energy strategy is actually developed.

Chinese growth fails

Lieberthal and Herberg 6; Kenneth, Distinguished Fellow and Director for China at The William Davidson institute, and research associate of the China Center at the University of Michigan,  and Mikkal, Director of the asian Energy security program at The national bureau of asian research, China’s Search for Energy Security: Implications for U.S. Policy*, http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol17no1.pdf-http://www.nbr.org/publications/nbranalysis/pdf/vol17no1.pdf

China’s energy policies and institutions accentuate demand growth and aggravate energy supply and infrastructure shortages
AND
security, not just the "low politics" of domestic economic policy.

US demand is crucial to oil exporter revenue – transition to domestic energy would devastate petrostates

Gregory D. Miller, April 2010; assistant professor of political science at the University of Oklahoma, "The Security Costs of Energy Independence" Center for Strategic and International Studies The Washington Quarterly • 33:2 pp. 107119 http://csis.org/files/publication/twq10aprilmiller.pdf

The United States should not maintain its dependence on oil simply to prevent economic instability
AND
, even those that do not sell much oil to the United States.

iran page

Squo solves

Downs, China fellow at Brookings, 7-19-12 (Erica S. Downs is a fellow at the John L. Thorton China Center at The Brookings Institution, "Getting China to Turn on Iran," July 19, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-china-turn-iran-7215-http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/getting-china-turn-iran-7215)

Despite Beijing’s implication that China would continue to import oil from Iran at 2011 levels
AND
disclosed publicly), causing the plunge in China’s crude oil imports from Iran.

China not key to sanctions regime

John A. Tures, 5-24-2012; Professor at LaGrange College Surprise%21 Sanctions Are Working on Iran, Myanmar, and Other Rogue States http://news.yahoo.com/surprise-sanctions-working-iran-myanmar-other-rogue-states-215400167.html

After months of defiance, Iran seems to be knuckling under the new round of
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-free, so long as the Israelis don’t get jumpy and attack. 

Japan, India, and Pakistan trading are all alt causes

Hadaf Zubi 7-2-2012; manager at Liquid Capital Corp., North America’s most geographically diverse commercial finance firm; writer for OilPrice.com, "Are US Sanctions Against Iran Working?" http://www.cnbc.com/id/48048870/Are_US_Sanctions_Against_Iran_Working

Iran’s main success in thwarting attempts to curb its oil sales has been the provision
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Iran has also entered into negotiations with Pakistan to barter wheat for oil. 

Can’t sway China

Reuters 11-10-2011; China says sanctions no "fundamental" answer on Iranhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/10/us-china-iran-nuclear-idUSTRE7A920V20111110

(Reuters) - China’s Foreign Ministry said on Thursday that sanctions cannot "fundamentally
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who hope to win Beijing’s backing for tougher United Nations sanctions on Iran.

No Israel strikes

David Blair 8-23-2012; David Blair is the Chief Foreign Correspondent of the Daily Telegraph.Four reasons why Israel probably won’t attack Iran http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/100177697/four-reasons-why-israel-probably-wont-attack-iran/-http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/davidblair/100177697/four-reasons-why-israel-probably-wont-attack-iran/

So was I wrong? Well, I’m going to stick my neck out and
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would be the height of folly. I don’t believe it will happen.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The aff isn't topical—procurement is a non-financial incentive
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
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import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

Voter for limits—including government purchase creates an entirely separate topic making us accountable for every non-market application of every energy type in any setting.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Fiscal cliff will dominate the lame duck and barely pass now
Bruce Krasting (writer or Business Insider) 10/1, 2012 “The BEST Case Scenario For The Fiscal Cliff Is Still Ugly” http://www.businessinsider.com/war-headlines-after-the-november-election-will-prevent-cutbacks-in-military-spending-2012-10

Absent some earth shaking event between now and November, Obama is going to win
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in those months that will influence the budget compromises? Talk of War.

Plan drains capital and causes an immediate fight
Szondy, ‘12
David, freelance writer -- Gizmag, 2-16, “Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?” http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/

The problem is that nuclear energy is the proverbial political hot potato - even in
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has caused many governments to take an almost schizophrenic stance regarding the atom.

Sustaining polcap is key
Andrew Sprung (he is the CEO of Sprung PR and hold a PhD from the University of Rochestor) 9/21, 2012 “Ezra Klein's unconvincing theory that Obama misunderstands (or misrepresents) "change," http://xpostfactoid.blogspot.com/2012/09/ezra-kleins-unconvincing-theory-that.html)

In my view, Klein is viewing this question too narrowly. Obama is well
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, or control health-care choices that women should make for themselves.

Impact is global econ collapse
Harold Mandel (writer for the Examiner) 9/27, 2012 “Fitch says fiscal cliff could set off global recession (Video)” http://www.examiner.com/article/fitch-says-fiscal-cliff-could-set-off-global-recession

The ratings agency stated, "The U.S. fiscal cliff represents the
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fiscal cliff is confronted and avoided this could be bad news for everyone.

Extinction
Tilford 2008 – PhD in history from George Washington University, served for 32 years as a military officer and analyst with the Air Force and Army (Earl, “Critical mass: economic leadership or dictatorship”, Cedartown Standard, lexis)

Could it happen again? Bourgeois democracy requires a vibrant capitalist system. Without it
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world affairs move; the world could devolve to that point very quickly. 

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Counterplan: the 50 state governments and relevant sub-federal actors should increase production cost incentives for electricity from small modular reactors in the United States.

Solves commercialization and spills over
Rosner, 11 - Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009 (Robert, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.” November, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf)

Production Cost Incentive: A production cost incentive is a performance-based incentive.
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payment to offset a portion of production costs or a production tax credit.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The Department of Defense should obtain, through alternative financing, electricity from space solar power for military bases in the United States.

Counterplan leads to rapid commercial development
NSSO 7 (National Security Space Office, Report to the Director, “Space-Based Solar Power As an Opportunity for Strategic Security; Phase 0 Architecture Feasibility Study” October 10, 2007, http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/final-sbsp-interim-assessment-release-01.pdf)
 
FINDING:The SBSP Study Group found that industry has stated that the #1
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prizes or signaling its willingness to become the anchor customer for the product.    

Solves supply vulnerability
NSSO, 7 (National Security Space Office, Report to the Director, “Space-Based Solar Power As an Opportunity for Strategic Security; Phase 0 Architecture Feasibility Study” October 10, 2007, http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/final-sbsp-interim-assessment-release-01.pdf)
 
For the DoD specifically, beamed energy from space in quantities greater than 5 MWe
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due to energy scarcity by providing access to a strategically security energy supply. 

*2NC*

*spacecol*

SSP is the only technology that generates enough capital for space colonization
Globus, Senior Research Associate for Human Factors Research and Technology at San Jose State University at NASA Ames Research Center, former visiting research associate at the Molecular Engineering Laboratory in the chemistry department of the University of California at Santa Cruz, co-recipient of the 1997 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology for Theoretical Work, member of the governing board of education for the Space Colonization Training Center (SCTC), Member of the board of directors of the National Space Society, Chairman of the National Space Society Space Settlement Advocacy Committee, Honorary Foreign Member (Scientist) of the Romanian The Educational Society for Physics, Informatics, Chemistry and Mathematics in Biology, Member of the program committee of the NASA/DoD Evolvable Hardware Conference EH-2005, Member of the program committee for the 2002 and 2004 NASA Ames Research Center RoboSphere Workshops, Member of the program committee for the 2004 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware, Co-chair of the\ Fifth and Sixth Foresight Conferences on Molecular Nanotechnology, and Chairman of the NAS workshop on computational molecular nanotechnology, and Yager, 2K2 (Al and Bryan, July 10, Space settlements: A Design Study, page @ http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/Table_of_Contents1.html)

An important goal for the design for space colonization is that it be commercially productive
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not promise to generate the income necessary to sustain a growing space community.

Space colonization is impossible --- humans can’t adjust
Theunis Piersma 10, professor of animal ecology at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and senior research scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research in Den Burg,  “Why space is the impossible frontier,” NewScientist, 11-16-10, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827860.100-why-space-is-the-impossible-frontier.html

Hawking, Obama and other proponents of long-term space travel are making a
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our minds and bodies are connected to Earth as by an umbilical cord.

*2nc solvency block*

NSSO – solves the entire aff

Everything is offense—no defense of including SMRs, any case offense or defense

Military procurement jumpstarts the civilian market for SPS
The Space Review 7, (Taylor Dinerman, “Solar power satellites and space radar” http://integrator.hanscom.af.mil/2007/July/07262007/07262007-16.htm, July 16, 2007)  CCH

The first steps in such a program would be to begin work on an experiment
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no reason why this cannot be made into a win-win outcome.

Cost estimates are based on old studies when solar components were much more expensive
Nansen 2000 - President Solar Space Industries, (Ralph, Statement to the United States Congress Subcommittee on Space Science “The Technical Feasibility of Space Solar Power” Before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics, United States House of Representatives Committee on Science September 7, 2000, http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=2571)  CCH

The situation is much different now than it was in 1980 when the earlier studies
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weight and cost will significantly reduce satellite cost and weight from earlier estimates.

There are no technological barriers and the first demonstration would occur in 4 years
Ashworth, 08 - Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society (Stephen, The Space Review, “In defense of the knights”, 6/23, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1153/1)

Usually, Day’s articles are among the best-written and most informative space commentary on the market. But this time he appears to have made a number of unjustified assertions.
He writes: “Space activists, who are motivated by the desire to personally
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” is completely contradicted by the actual contents of the NSSO study report.

The technology exists and a federal commitment will substantially drive down costs
The Engineer, 5 (“Solar Power From Space: Sun Seekers” 03-11-05, LN)  DCM

This will require a significant reduction in launch costs. But the increase in
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do that and SPS could be one of the major ones.'

This answers assembly
Schwab, 05 – director of the Homeplanet Defense Institute (Martin, Homeplanet Defense: Strategic Thought for a World in Crisis, chapter 4)

There are three key additional factors to keep in mind when considering the economic viability
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one would need to be of the highest priority in SSP mission planning.  

Launch costs would go down immediately.
Eades ‘07 - (Jeremy, “US military proposes space-based solar power station”,  Futurismic Blog, 10/17, http://futurismic.com/2007/10/17/us-military-proposes-space-based-solar-power-station/)

A few weeks ago, Tobias posted about the US military and eco-technology.  In it, he jokingly suggested an eco-DARPA.  As it turns out, the military seems headed in that direction, specifically with a space-based solar power station that would beam energy down to the surface.
The idea is that the Pentagon has decided that energy independence is now a national
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military act as the early adopter is that prices should begin to decrease almost

Uncertainty and staffing offset any cost advantages
Wald, ‘11
Matthew L., NYT, 2-12, “Administration to Push for Small ‘Modular’ Reactors,”http:www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/science/earth/13nuke.html?pagewanted=alland_moc.semityn.www

Advocates say the modules can be built inexpensively and with good quality control in a
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amount of energy. And the cost to build small reactors is uncertain.

There's a reason we don’t use SMRs—reject their authors
Szondy, ‘12
David, Gizmag, 2-16, “Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?” http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/

As impressive as many of these reactors sound, most of them are still in
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or security standards need to be altered? What about regulations regarding earthquakes?

*sps links*

SPS has bipartisan support
Moore 2k (Taylor, “Renewed Interest in Space Solar Power”, EPRI Journal, Spring, academic onefile) DH

As a result of bipartisan support from Congress and the Clinton administration, additional funding
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such as near-Earth and main-belt asteroids," says Mankins.

Congress supports the counterplan
Morring, 7 (Frank, Aviation Week and Space Technology “Space Solar Power: Climate, Economy, National Security Drive Another Look At SSP; Experts see warming, economic concerns and energy security as reasons to build SSP” August 20, 2007, Proquest Search)
Mankins = head of NASA SSP study

Another factor that might build support in Congress and the Executive Branch is the effect
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U.S. It's an ongoing challenge," Mankins says.

No cost arg—only buys electricity for net less money
NASA, 2007 (NASA, “Space Based Solar Power as an Opportunity for Strategic Security” Phase 0 Architecture Feasibility Study, October 10, 2007)

When all indirect and support costs are included, it is estimated that the DoD
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50 megawatts continuous at an estimated price of $1 per kilowatt hour.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Squo solves—NRC is conducting SMR assessments with industry participation, but letting that demanding review process finish first is crucial to solvency
Heft, ‘11
Gordon, Black and Veatch, “Small Modular Reactors Make Headway In Many Countries: Design Certification Starts Soon,” Issue No. 1, http://solutions.bv.com/small-modular-reactors-make-headway-in-many-countries/

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), those nuclear power plants that have the capability of
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doubt that SMR designs will be moving forward quickly in the upcoming years.

Domestic SMR construction is inevitable without the plan, but accelerating it during the review process leads to catastrophic accidents
Wang, 12
Ucilia, Forbes, 1-20, “Feds To Finance Small Nuclear Reactor Designs,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2012/01/20/feds-to-finance-small-nuclear-reactor-designs/

The U.S. Department of Energy on Friday announced a plan to support
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that nuclear power should remain an important part of the country’s energy mix.

Extinction
Lendman, ‘11
Stephen, Research Associate -- Center for Research on Globalization, 3-13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan

For years, Helen Caldicott warned it's coming. In her 1978 book, "
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or face extinction. No one listened. The Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.

Transparent public engagement in this process is key to manage concerns and prevent visceral public backlash – turns case
Guy, 12
Megan, investment professional at Angeleno Group, a growth equity investment firm focused on next generation energy and natural resources companies, holds an MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business and a Masters of Science from Stanford’s Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford Energy Journal, Spring, “NEW STRATEGIES FOR PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT,” http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Public_Engagement_by_Megan_Guy

To shift public sentiment in its favor, proponents of nuclear energy must work against
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strategies for public engagement, this renaissance may end before it truly begins.

Rushing SMR licensing increases liability cases—turns viability and supercharges the safety link
Feinstein, ‘11
Dianne, US Senator, “AN EXAMINATION OF THE SAFETY AND ECONOMICS OF LIGHT WATER SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: HEARING before a SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, SPECIAL HEARING, JULY 14, 2011--WASHINGTON DC,” http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg72251/html/CHRG-112shrg72251.htm

The Fukushima crisis also demonstrated the potential danger of storing spent fuel in pools on
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they must offset the loss of economies of scale with economies of manufacturing.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Not on forward operating bases – command PATCOM, EU Com and Centcom – 1ac evidence not specific to domestic military bases
The status quo solves – substantial new upgrades, backup generators and microgrid adoption
Aimone, 9/12/12 - Director Business Enterprise Integration Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) (Michael, Congressional Testimony, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Aimone.pdf)

DoD’s facility energy strategy is also focused heavily on grid security in the name of
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and maintain mission-critical loads if and when the grid goes down.
DoD’s Installation Energy Test Bed, run out of the Department’s Installations and Environment office, is funding ten demonstrations of microgrid and storage technologies to evaluate the benefits and risks of alternative approaches and configurations. The Test Bed is working with multiple vendors so as to allow DoD to capture the benefits of competition. Demonstrations are underway at Twentynine Palms, CA (General Electric’s advanced microgrid system); Fort Bliss, TX (Lockheed Martin); Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, NJ (United Technologies); Fort Sill, OK (Eaton); and several other installations.   

Can't solve grid—too many operational burdens
Parthemore and Rogers, ‘10
Christine, Fellow, Will, Bacevich Fellow, Center for New American Security, “Nuclear Reactors on Military Bases May Be Risky,” Center for a New American Security, 5-20, http://www.cnas.org/node/4502

Many serious complications must be weighed as well. Military base personnel often do not
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any adjudication of what types of reactors are most suitable for these purposes.

Aff Doesn’t solve grid vulnerability
Baker, 6-22-12
Matthew, American Security Project, “Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?” http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/

The speakers at the DESC briefing suggested a surge is needed in SMR production to
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that the negative impacts of nuclear technology are more costly than its benefits.

Cyberattacks won’t occur on sensitive targets
Martin C. LIBICKI 2009 (Senior Policy Analyst – RAND Corporation, “Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG877.pdf)

Some targets may be too risky or messy to be good targets. The risky
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zones may even provide a path for both sides to de-escalate. 

Hegemony is unnecessary and doesn’t solve anything
Preble 10 - director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, taught history at St. Cloud State University and Temple University, was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy, Ph.D. in history from Temple University (Christopher, 8/13, “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?”) http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/) 

Most in Washington still embraces the notion that America is, and forever will be
AND
strategy the military is designed to implement, must come from other quarters.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The need to expand production rests on an object-oriented view of nature that leads to extinction
Dahm and Bannas 2011 (Daniel, Stephen, http://poldev.revues.org/835) 

The biosphere and geosphere exist in close dynamic interdependency. Their relational structure is gaining
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to one concerned first and foremost with the production of energy and materials.

Our alternative prioritizes consideration of historical interests over unsustainable promises offered by messianic energy promises
Byrne and Toly 6 (john, Noah, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse” Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, And Society in Conflict. Eds John Byrne, Noah Toly, and Leigh Glover. Pgs 1-32. Transaction Publishers. )

From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
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considers the discursive continuities between the premises of conventional and sustainable energy futures.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The fifty state governments should substantially increase Energy Efficiency Resource Standard programs and should institute utility profit decoupling policies modeled off of California regulations.

Fifty state EERS policy solves efficiency across the board
Glatt and Schwentker 2010 – * Technology Delivery Team Member, Office of Industrial Technologies Program, DOE, Research Associate at BCS Incorporated (July, Sandy and Beth, DOE, “State Energy Efficiency Resource Standards Analysis”, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/states/pdfs/eers_web_final.pdf, WEA)

The effect of state energy policies in supporting energy efficiency in the residential, commercial
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Portfolio Standard (EEPS), as they are also known, currently exists. 

The combination of both planks solves sustainable efficiency
Gies 2010 – energy/environment writer for NYT and the Trust for Public Land (9/1, Erica, NYT, Special Report: Energy, “Doing More While Using Less Power”, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/02/business/global/02iht-rensave.html?_r=1andsq=17%20percentandst=cseandscp=3andpagewanted=all, WEA)

But some market incentives are misaligned. “Major energy providers make more money out
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incentives or are about to do so — mostly in association with decoupling.

Consumption reductions solve better
Kushler et al 2012 – PhD, former Supervisor of Evaluation at the Michigan Public Service Commission, PhD, coordinates ACEEE's overall research efforts and leads the Agricultural Program, adjunct associate professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke University and Senior Engineering Project Manager at the N.C. Alternative Energy Corp., *Climate and Energy research fellow at The Breakthrough Institute  (September, Martin Kushler, R. Neal Elliott, Rachel Young, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, White Paper, “Saving Money and Reducing Risk: How Energy Efficiency Enhances the Benefits of the Natural Gas Boom”, http://www.aceee.org/files/pdf/white-paper/saving-money-reducing-risk.pdf, WEA)

The recent boom in shale gas production and the subsequent decrease in the price of
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bills, reduce pollution, and extend the available supply of natural gas.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No solvency- gas productivity and reserve size over-estimated--- insider knowledge proves and investment will collapse
Urbina, 11 -- NY Times staff (Ian, "Insiders Sound an Alarm Amid a Natural Gas Rush," NY Times, 6-25-11, www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/us/26gas.html?pagewanted=all)

Natural gas companies have been placing enormous bets on the wells they are drilling,
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had recouped their estimated costs by the time they were seven years old.

No econ impact
Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
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times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Competitiveness resilient—even with a recession and developing world
Scott 09 Mark Scott  2009 (http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2009/gb20090519_222765.htm - Competitiveness: The U.S. and Europe Are Tops - Mark Scott is a reporter in BusinessWeek's London bureau)

The global financial crisis seemingly shifted economic power away from hard-hit Western countries
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be the world's biggest economic engine and top destination for foreign direct investment. 

Restrictions irrelevant- prices too low to incentivize drilling
Harder, 12 -- National Journal energy correspondent
(Amy, "The Price Isn't Right," National Journal Daily AM, 1-31-12, General OneFile)

For the United States to really capitalize on all the natural gas President Obama is
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producers are shutting wells because of the very low price of natural gas."

Imports will keep prices low
Womack, 9 (Jason, “New LNG Imports Could Further Slam US Natural-Gas Prices,” Dow Jones News Service, 3/5, factiva

HOUSTON (Dow Jones)--Natural-gas prices, which have plunged since last
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Waterborne Energy Inc., a Houston-based firm that tracks LNG shipments.

Price swings inevitable
Baker Institute, ‘8 (Baker Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Baker Institute Policy Report, January 2008, “Natural Gas in North America: Markets and Security,” http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/30064519/study-lift-u-s-drilling-restrictions-avoid-international-lng-cartel)//CC

The changing supply picture for North America has created a tighter, and hence more
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which will tend to exert upward pressure on U.S. prices.

Gas not key
Brad Plumer (The Washington Post, Former associate editor at The New Republic) May 2012 “ Will cheap shale gas revive U.S. manufacturing? Not so fast” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/will-cheap-natural-gas-revive-us-manufacturing/2012/05/21/gIQAOORZfU_blog.html

That last claim comes via a recent report from PricewaterhouseCoopers. But over at the
AND
, thanks to cheap natural gas, would have a similarly marginal impact.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Russian influence over the EU is stabilizing – and key to solve organized crime, prolif and terrorism
Rykhtik, 12 – Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod , Russia. (Mikhail, Responding to a Resurgent Russia, ed: Aggarwal and Govella, p. 28)

Russia sees the European Union as one of its key political and economic partners and
AND
in Russia. But the new elements of Medvedev’s initiatives prompt some optimism.

Increasing transnational crime risks democratic and economic collapse and WMD use
Dobriansky, 1 - Under Secretary for Global Affairs at the State Department (Paula, “The Explosive Growth of Globalized Crime,” http://www.iwar.org.uk/ecoespionage/resources/transnational-crime/gj01.htm

Certain types of international crime -- terrorism, human trafficking, drug trafficking, and
AND
to the stability of democratic institutions and free market economies around the world.

EU dominance is vital to Russian gas exports – key to the Russian economy and perceived as a life or death national interest
Weitz, 11 - senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor (Richard, “Can We Manage a Declining Russia?” November,  http://www.aei.org/files/2011/12/08/-can-we-manage-a-declining-russia_152701899417.pdf)

Europe is an unavoidable partner. The European market consumes 90% of Russia's total
AND
economy or target new markets any better than it has in the past. 

Willful disregard for core interests turns Russia into a hostile challenger
Allison and Blackwill, 11 – * director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School AND  Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, “Russia and U.S. National Interests Why Should Americans Care?”, Task Force on Russia and U.S. National Interests Report, October, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Russia-and-US-NI_final-web.pdf)

Americans often tend to focus on either Russia’s strengths or its weaknesses without seeking an
AND
strong to challenge American global leadership without the support of other major powers.

Causes global war
Weitz, 11 - senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor (Richard, “Can We Manage a Declining Russia?” November,  http://www.aei.org/files/2011/12/08/-can-we-manage-a-declining-russia_152701899417.pdf)

Conversely, a Russia relatively weaker to the United States would have less capability to
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to reverse their feared decline in ways that helped precipitate disastrous global wars.

Turns case  – Russian obstructionism turns everything
Allison and Blackwill, 10/30/11 – * director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School AND  Henry A. Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations (Graham and Robert, “10 reasons why Russia still matters,” Politico, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/67178.html

That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
Tehran to joining China in preventing U.N. Security Council resolutions.
So next time you hear a policymaker dismissing Russia with rhetoric about “who cares?” ask them to identify nations that matter more to U.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

No impact to Iran lashout -
Simon and Takeyh 2006 (Steven Simon and Ray Takeyh, Senior fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations, CSM, “Cautious Iran Tehran may want to 'wipe Israel off the map,' but it won't do it with nukes.”)

The answer to such questions requires a better understanding of the nature of the Iranian
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find themselves in a confrontation that would indeed threaten their hold on power.

Iran prolif isn’t a threat – they don’t want the bomb and if they get it they won’t use it
Pinker, 11 Steven, professor of psychology at Harvard University, The Better Angels of our Nature Why Violence Has Declined, ISBN: 067002295, for online access email alexanderdpappas@gmail.com and I will forward you the full book 

If current pundits are to be believed, then as you are reading these words
AND
were repeatedly proven wrong, could lead to adventures with even greater costs. 

Sanctions fail
Hadaf Zubi 7-2-2012; manager at Liquid Capital Corp., North America’s most geographically diverse commercial finance firm; writer for OilPrice.com, “Are US Sanctions Against Iran Working?” http://www.cnbc.com/id/48048870/Are_US_Sanctions_Against_Iran_Working

Iran’s main success in thwarting attempts to curb its oil sales has been the provision
AND
Iran has also entered into negotiations with Pakistan to barter wheat for oil. 

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1nc leadership
The competitiveness thesis is empirically false
Morris, 12 – Deputy Director of the Climate and Energy Economics Project at Brookings (Adele, CLEAN ENERGY: REVISITING THE CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY, 6/4, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/04%20clean%20energy%20morris%20nivola%20schultze/04_clean_energy_morris_nivola_schultze.pdf)

Let us first consider the supposed imperative of matching the Chinese, Germans or others
AND
subsidies to exporting firms won’t improve the long run growth of ¶ exports. 

The plan increases leverage to negotiate 123 agreements
Domenici and Miller, 12 September,” Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Market” Senator Pete V. Domenici Former U.S. Senator and Bipartisan Policy Center Senior Fellow  ENERGY PROJECT STAFF  Lourdes Long  Senior Policy Analyst  Warren F. “Pete” Miller, Ph.D.  Former Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Nuclear%20Report.PDF
COMPETITIVE COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR EXPORTS As an active participant in commercial markets, the United States
AND
issues of vital  interest to our long-term energy and national security.

The US wants no enrichment and reprocessing pledges in upcoming 123 agreements but will only push for binding restrictions with stronger nuclear leadership
Mark Hibbs 12, SENIOR ASSOCIATE, NUCLEAR POLICY PROGRAM, Carnegie Endowment, "Negotiating Nuclear Cooperation Agreements," NUCLEAR ENERGY BRIEF, AUGUST 7, 2012 http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z-http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z
*ENR = uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing 

The United States is currently negotiating bilateral agreements for peaceful nuclear cooperation under Section 123
AND
the reality that U.S. leverage on nuclear trade is declining.

The impact is ROK alliance
Seongho Sheen 11, associate professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University, Nuclear Sovereignty versus Nuclear Security: Renewing the ROK-U.S. Atomic Energy Agreement, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 2, June 2011, 273–288, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/8/nuclear%20korea%20sheen/08_nuclear_korea_sheen

The most important challenge for Washington and Seoul is to prevent the issue from becoming
AND
” nuclear option until the complete resolution of North Korea’s nuclear issue. 40

Key to deter North Korea and maintain regional stability
Kurt M. Campbell 11 Assistant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs "U.S. Policy Toward North Korea" March 1 Testimony Before SFRC

The primary strategic objective for U.S. engagement in the Asia-Pacific
AND
initiatives to increase collaboration in the peninsular, regional, and global contexts. 

Causes great power war and arms racing
Dibb 6, Emeritus Prof of IR @ Australian National University, Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), August 15, 2006 Tuesday, As one nuclear flashpoint reaches a lull, another simmers away, Pg. 11, Lexis

NOW that the building blocks for achieving a cessation in hostilities in the crisis involving
AND
and Eminent Persons at the ASEAN Regional Forum in South Korea in June.

Strong alliance ties prevent extinction
Snyder et al 10 – director of the Center for U.S.-Korea Policy and senior associate of Washington programs in the International Relations program of The Asia Foundation (Charles L. Pitchard and John H. Tilleli Jr. “US Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula” ww.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Korean_PeninsulaTFR64.pdf)

Strong alliance coordination with South Korea has ensured peninsu¬lar stability for more than five decades
AND
for regional stability and provides a framework for promoting East Asian security cooperation.

Tournament: Ky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No energy crunch
George Wuerthner 3-29-2012; received his undergraduate degree in botany and wildlife biology from the University of Montana, and obtained a graduate degree in Science Communication from the University of  California, “The Real Problem is Not Too Little Oil, But Too Much: The Myth of Peak Oil” by GEORGE WUERTHNER http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/03/29/the-myth-of-peak-oil/

While no one realistically believes it’s possible to get every last drop of oil from
AND
reserve estimates are a minimum, not the maximum amount of oil available.

Resource wars won’t escalate to great power conflict
Dombrowski 4 – associate professor, US Naval War College's Strategic Research Department (Peter, Naval War College Review, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_1_57/ai_113755359/print)

Unfortunately, Klare barely pauses to consider the possibility that diplomatic, economic, and
AND
, although perhaps not for a resource as fundamental and elemental as water.
Turn—CO2 key to ag, water tables, and biodiversity—outweighs their impact
Carter 11, Robert, PhD, Adjuct Research Fellow, James Cook University, Craig Idso, PhD, Chairman at the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Fred Singer, PhD, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, Susan Crockford, evolutionary biologist with a specialty in skeletal taxonomy , paleozoology and vertebrate evolution, Joseph D’Aleo, 30 years of experience in professional meteorology, former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College, Indur Goklany, independent scholar, author, and co-editor of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Sherwood Idso, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Research Physicist with the US Department of Agriculture, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Botany, and Microbiology at Arizona State University, Bachelor of Physics, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy, all from the University of Minnesota, Madhav Khandekar, former research scientist from Environment Canada and is an expert reviewer for the IPCC 2007 Climate Change Panel, Anthony Lupo, Department Chair and Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Missouri, Willie Soon, astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Mitch Taylor (Canada) “Climate Change Reconsidered 2011 Interim Report,” September, Science and Environmental Policy Project, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Published by The Heartland Institute 

 Several years ago, Waggoner (1995) rhetorically asked: How much land
AND
increase agricultural output without the taking of new land and water from nature.

No extinction
McShane 8 — Owen, chairman of the policy panel of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition and director of the Centre for Resource Management Studies, April 4, 2008 (Cites Roy Spencer, principal research scientist for U of Alabama in Huntsville and recipient of NASA's Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, “Climate change confirmed but global warming is cancelled”, The National Business Review (New Zealand), Lexis)

Atmospheric scientists generally agree that as carbon dioxide levels increase there is a law of
AND
dramatic to say the least. The responses will be fun to watch.

There is absolutely no chance the aff solves warming
Squassoni, ‘8
Sharon, Senior Associate, Nonproliferation Program -- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3-12, “The Realities of Nuclear Expansion” Congressional Testimony: House Select Committee for Energy Independence and Global Warming, Washington, DC 

In 2004, Princeton scientists Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow published a “wedge analysis
AND
created by an increase in worldwide demand; and an aging labor force.

Physically impossible
Smith and Makhijani 6 *Brice Smith is an assistant professor of physics at the State University of New York, Cortland, and the author of Insurmountable Risks: The Dangers of Using Nuclear Power to Combat Global Climate Change (2006). Arjun Makhijani is president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research in Takoma Park, Maryland, and the principal author of Nuclear Power Deception: U.S. Nuclear Mythology From Electricity “Too Cheap to Meter” to ‘‘Inherently Safe” Reactors (1999) http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/bhattacharya/102H/nuclear1.pdf, “Nuclear is not the Way”  2006

The most important consideration is how many nuclear plants would be needed to significantly reduce
AND
come online somewhere in the world every six days between 2010 and 2050.

Too late to solve warming
Solomon et al ‘10 Susan Solomon et. Al, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ph.D. in Climotology University of California, Berkeley, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Chairman of the IPCC, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland, John S. Daniel, research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Ph.D. in physics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Todd J. Sanford, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Daniel M. Murphy, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland Reto Knutti, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zurich and Pierre Friedlingstein, Chair, Mathematical Modelling of Climate Systems, member of the Science Steering Committee of the Analysis Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) programme of IGBP and of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) (Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America, "Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases", October 26, 2010 Vol 107.43: 18354-18359)

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases increased over the
AND
that time has dropped to about one-third of the peak value.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A - the negative has an expectation that the plan will mean something specific

B - their literature requires that sacrifice be a purely symbolic gesture -- thus, their sacrifice could stand in for anything -- there is nothing which is not already in the moment of sacrificing

Botey '9 Marianna, The Infection, Vol. 5 " Toward a critique of sacrificial reason: Necropolitics and radical aesthetics in Mexico" June

http://www.des-bordes.net/0.5/en/la%20infeccion/mariana_botey.html

The critical task of upsetting, unraveling and unfastening the neutralization of the power of death as a cultural-social device of control and political engineering, separates these forms of aesthetic practice from the realm of sublimatory codes through which capitalism used art as a toolbox to expropriate and expand over (colonize) the psychic territories attributed to “the savage, barbarian, infantile, primitive and demented.” A deconstruction of the protocols of colonial warfare and colonial narratives emerges by making evident a concealed sacrificial trace implied in modern capitalism. Moreover, the trace is activated and manifests as a political phenomenon that unfolds in the violent and brutal reality of (ex)colonial territories. Thus, we could argue that a post-colonial set of problems underlines the artistic procedure making reason unstable, displacing its centrality as an organizing axiom, and doing so by bringing into play other categories such as death, expenditure, and the concealed pulsations of the libidinal economy: that is, explicitly, by underpinning the inscription of sacrifice as central to a mapping of the human. The reading that interests us would emphasize the allegorical character of this inscription—the inscription of Sacrifice as the very notion from which to operate the chain of discursive displacement in which death, ritual, politics, metaphysics and aesthetics sediment a different logic: another economy, non-economy, a general economy. The critical task marks the extent to which the notion of sacrifice suffers an intrinsic indetermination in its multiple manifestations, working simultaneously as: theoretical operative (device-dispositif), historical structure, concept-metaphor, ideological device, symbolic economy, archeological evidence, juridical foundation of the state, the “secret” grammar of power and, also, a counter-image (hieroglyph) for a project of total revolt (i.e. the dismantling of the order of representation-domination). These examples come exclusively from the realm of art and its discourse (although all of them have heterogeneous correlates in the sphere of politics and the archive of history). Perhaps because the character —at once concealed and folded— of the problem of sacrifice as the repressed representative operating within instrumental reason has displaced its clear formulation (enunciation) as precisely a form of articulation that manifests mostly as (a) program(s) for a kind of radical aesthetics. The theoretical speculations of Bataille about the sacrificial order of the Aztecs; the analogous conceptualization Artaud proposed in the Theater of Cruelty—which was also propelled by an imagination of the mythic and ritual dimensions of indigenous culture; the initiatic pedagogy rehearsed by Jodorowsky in his Panic Theater and his early psycho-magical experiments with cinema; or the gestures of sexual transgression, perverted play and poetic violence that crisscross the multiple lexical and formal experiments of Gurrola, participate in a discontinuous and intermittent movement that approaches this other non-economy or sacrificial economy.⁽⁵⁾http://www.des-bordes.net/0.5/en/la%20infeccion/mariana_botey.html#_ftn4(%%) The contemporary practice of Margolles emerges in the multiple planes of circulation of these estranged and un-folded (doubled) figures, a diagram of a field of forces that forms and limits the contemporary: a cartography for a de-sublimated modernity, recounting an orgy of violent representations, while at the same time dismantling them, and searching for a space that overflows into (or is expended as) pure manifestation.

C - vote negative -- their plan is a meaningless fig-leaf for their discussion of sacrifice that has zero relation to either production incentives or production restrictions -- makes the aff impossible to debate

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The logic of sacrifice and the aesthetic of excess in the 1ac credits the symoblic order with tremendous powers -- this sacrifice ultimately re-trenches into another form of exchange; sacrifice in exchange for the end of rationalist, production-logic -- we should reject this blackmail as an intolerable sacrifice against which we can imagine a cessation of production-logic through affective sharing that allows us to avoid the trap of libidinal liberation.  They do not have a reason why expenditure and sacrifice are necessary to sharing

Verwoert '12 -- Access Date, Jan Verwoert is an art critic based in Berlin. He is a contributing editor to Frieze magazine and also writes regularly about contemporary art for such art magazines as Afterall, Metropolis M. Teaches at the MA Fine Arts department at the Piet Zwart Institute Rotterdam. http://www.artandeducation.net/announcement/jan-verwoert-last-lecture/

Beyond voicing this distaste for the merely strategical, the critique in the previous couple of talks concentrated increasingly on the fact that any symbolic order (the art world in particular) is always also a sacrificial economy. So the inscription into the symbolic therefore seems to imply, demand and retroactively justify a sacrifice (e.g. your life for your career). But this is intolerable. So perhaps the strongest reason for the critique of a false belief in the symbolic order is the impulse to reject the imposed need for an intolerable sacrifice. The dream of exiting the symbolic order altogether, however, seems an impossible fantasy, as, in the arts, we arrive as arrivistes in the field of the other—facing expectations, desiring the recognition of our desires and materially depending on it. Still, suspended on the threshold of the symbolic, on the rim of this regimented field, in a material zone where non-sense makes too much sense, the question remains whether we cannot discover something moving—motions, things, creatures, ideas that will not be sacrificed but will stay alive and wiggling, moving in their erratic motion: motives that move things, souls and thoughts, like locomotives—always un poco loco—throughout the history of art and philosophy. To delineate and develop some such locomotives in order to open up a counter-discourse to the sacrifical logic of the symbolic order—on its threshold—was the desire that first led us to look at motives related to the production of the effect/affect of art. Discussing the motivations for production, the attempt was to try and replace the vocabulary of the strategical paradigm—the lingo of declared intentions and the cocksure construction of references—with more shaky terms like inspiration, vocation and dedication: terms that, precisely because of their existential dimension, exist on the threshold of the unverifiable, and therefore always remain riddled by Iron Maiden’s tormenting question “How can I be sure that what I saw last night was real and not just fantasy?” (Orpheus tried to check and he blew it.) In pursuit of the notion of dedication, the question of care as the ulimate existential motivation (Why do we do what we do? ‘Cos we care.) was raised, exposing its ambivalent position on the threshold of the symbolic: always drawn into a symbolic economy of tit for tat, care still remains unconditional and therefore excessive, empowered by the need of the other, and, precisely because of this, always deprived of a safe symbolic mandate, since the nature of the other remains fundamentally indeterminable. For who would know what anyone really needed? On this limit of acknowledging the missing mandate, the locomotif of a creature appeared in the history of painting: the lion that walked into St. Jerome’s study one day, thorn in paw. Jerome, being a translator, no certified cat-doctor, unprepared and without symbolic mandate, plucked the thorn anyway, intiating a social mode of conviviality with the wild cat without a contract, economy or grand narrative to symbolically validate it. The only reason for this being possible was perhaps that his study (as Antonello da Messina and Vincenzo Catena depict it) was a semi-public space, open to the occurence of such events. Animals then continued to linger on the threshold of the symbolic, as creatures that wiggle, that embody the motion of emotion and the effect of affect on the soul, as witnesses to this effect in ways that are not entirely reducable to symbolic signification. This final talk will try to substantiate this intuition further by looking at the locomotif of Orpheus and the animals which continued through the centuries to manifest intuitions about the affective effect of art and the kind of creaturely social bond it may initiate. As the muse Kaliope’s child, the figure of Orpheus may aso bring us back to the question of inspiration as (demonic) amusement in the society of the muses (the museum as pan-demonium). In defiance of the sacrifice of affect to the symbolic, another motif which emerged was that of a particular face: the appeal of a face that generates emotions as material events, a face that cannot be consecrated to the symbolic laws of social value: the shitface, the profane face, neither good nor bad but in touch with—and sharing—the devine through touching the soul, profanely. As a practice, profanation, the sharing of the material share in the ritual of veneration (the holy body, the host, that which becomes edible) may then finally emerge as the model for a mode of art and thinking that could allow us to move along the threshold to the symbolic, sharing materially instead of sacrificing symbolically what is divine and secret. To further exemplify this intuition of sharing through profanation, two more locomotifs will be invoked: the Sicillian custom of eating Santa Lucia’s eyes and the incredible pleasure of looking at Alina Szapocznikow’s mouths.

The valorization of sacrifice as a sacred act opposed to the commodification of Enlightenment rationality is not a neutral political act -- rather it is both complicit with and sanitizes the historical legacy of primordial revenge-fantasies enacted through public acts of capital punishment such as executions and lynchings. The 1ac grants the state an alibi to manufacture consent for gratuitous bloodshet -- even if this disrupts the ennui of rationality it is a brutally savage form of politics that colorblindly reinforces white supremacy

Lacquer wk Thomas, "Festival of Punishment" London Review of Books

http://www.lrb.co.uk/v22/n19/thomas-laqueur/festival-of-punishment

One has to infer the arguments put by the other side, or look elsewhere (to Louis Masur’s 1989 Rites of Execution, for example). There we will find those who have been less sanguine about human progress and the efficacy of social reform, those who think that punishment ought to reflect a divine and intuitively obvious moral order. Human depravity, on this view, makes it necessary for civil government to assume the power of divine authority. Liberty, inalienable individual rights, procedural correctness and hopes for reformation or redemption have to be balanced against obligation, against the needs of a righteous community, and against the feeling that, social contract or no social contract, for civil government to be legitimate it has somehow to be congruent with God’s governance. In other words, a government here on earth can cast out and kill certain of its citizens under certain circumstances because God in heaven has ordained that this should be so. Capital punishment is the expression of both divine and communal outrage at those who have excluded themselves from full humanity through their acts. Although this view was not articulated in defences of the death penalty after the early 19th century, capital punishment retains something of its primordial sacrificial logic. Killing an offender is felt to make the world safer, more as it should be, for the good people, even if no connection is made, or claimed, at the level of social policy between the act and its putative effects. Seen in this way, as a ritual reassertion of a communal moral order, the death penalty has little to do with ideas of punishment in the rationalist Enlightenment or progressive theological traditions. This clash of world views, which has informed the American debate since colonial times, resounds still in books like McFeely’s. The poignant stories he tells, of three men who committed terrible crimes, of their defenders, their victims and of the criminal justice system, are embedded in a twisted past and in very different visions of how a new world is to be made. One of the many strengths of his elegant, humane and subtle book is to show how the claims and counterclaims that are so often made like points in a college debate – a ‘pro’ parry met by an ‘anti’ retort – are freighted with the burdens of history and the ironies of modernity. In the United States no burden is heavier than that of race. McFeely became involved with the question of the death penalty not because of any expertise in criminology – he had none – but because he had written a biography of Frederick Douglass and a book about the 67 descendants of a slave who had been brought to the tiny barrier island of Sapelo in 1802, where they still live today. Stephen Bright, the indefatigable and brilliant lead counsel of the Southern Center for Human Rights, wanted to make use of McFeely’s expertise in African American history. Specifically, Bright asked him to testify in support of two claims which he was making in a motion for a new trial. Bright’s client is – the case is not yet resolved – Carzell Moore, a black man convicted, along with an accomplice, of the rape and murder of a 23-year-old white convenience store clerk. He is awaiting execution. Bright planned to argue, first, that under the terms of the 14th Amendment a black man is not ‘equally protected’ in a Georgia courtroom which, like all the others in the state, displays the Confederate battle flag. And second, that there is an intimate connection between that flag and the bitter history of lynching which underscores the death sentence of any black man in the United States, particularly in the South. In some abstract sense, the flag might represent a proud tradition of states’ rights and benign local tradition, as its defenders in South Carolina have recently claimed. But in fact, as McFeely testified, the Georgia story is unambiguous. On 6 February 1956, its Governor vowed that no Negro child would ever attend school with a white one; three days later, the legislature voted to replace the Confederate horizontal bars that had graced the state flag since 1879 with the ‘stars and bars’: the blue and white cross of St Andrew on an in-your-face field of bright red. Its Civil War service done, this banner had rallied the Ku Klux Klan as it helped re-establish white power in the South during a half-century reign of terror. When, in 1993, the then Georgia Governor asked the legislature to remove this none to0 subtle exhibition of ‘pride in the enslavement of many of our ancestors’ he was jeered at, and finally withdrew his proposal after some months of hopeless advocacy. There have been 460 lynchings in Georgia since the late 19th century; 411 were of blacks. And, as Bright went on to argue in court, the surge in judicial executions after lynching declined in the 1930s could plausibly be interpreted as the swift removal of a black man by trial, which before had been effected by mob. The cries of ‘burn ‘em’ heard as a murder suspect is booked today echo the cries of those festive crowds that attended the hangings, immolations and castrations of earlier years. The prosecutor who opposed Bright’s motion for retrial responded – correctly, in a narrow sense – that this was all quite irrelevant. These facts had no particularly bearing on Carzell Moore; no one was proposing that he be lynched. (I also think that the three white men – die-hard segregationists all – who testified at Bright’s behest that they had celebrated the execution of Moore’s accomplice would have ‘rejoiced’ just as exuberantly at the execution of a white man. The festivities at the notorious serial killer Ted Bundy’s execution were replete with tailgate beer parties and baseball caps emblazoned with the hindquarters of a pig, as if today’s Floridans had read historians’ descriptions of pre-modern carnivalesque inversion.) That said, capital punishment in the United States subsists – inescapably – in a miasma of race. The Honorable John H. Land in 1977 presided over the trial of a black man called William Brooks, whose case McFeely follows. Land is the son of a prominent local dignitary who had seen to the lynching of an adolescent boy 65 years earlier. The barefoot ‘little black nigger’ in question had, miraculously, escaped a murder conviction in the accidental shooting of a white boy. T.Z. Cotton – the white press and courts of his day never managed to get his name right – was kidnapped from the same Muscogee County Courthouse where Brooks was tried, taken to the edge of town and, begging for his life, pumped full of bullets. Brewster Land, Judge Land’s father, was acquitted; none of those who witnessed the abduction and murder would come forward. Forty-four years later, in 1956, a prominent black physician and civil rights leader in the same Georgia town was murdered in the course of a political confrontation: an all-white grand jury refused to indict the white man who shot him – self-defence. Even if, as is clearly the case, the murder trial of Brooks was not a lynching, the distinction is lost on many. The power of the white establishment to maintain the social order through the death of black men is all too evident.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Specific, limited resolutions ensure mutual ground which is key to sustainable controversy without sacrificing creativity or openness

Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND **David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of opinion or a conflict of interest before there can be a debate. If everyone is in agreement on a tact or value or policy, there is no need for debate: the matter can be settled by unanimous consent. Thus, for example, it would be pointless to attempt to debate "Resolved: That two plus two equals four," because there is simply no controversy about this statement. (Controversy is an essential prerequisite of debate. Where there is no clash of ideas, proposals, interests, or expressed positions on issues, there is no debate. In addition, debate cannot produce effective decisions without clear identification of a question or questions to be answered. For example, general argument may occur about the broad topic of illegal immigration. How many illegal immigrants are in the United States? What is the impact of illegal immigration and immigrants on our economy? What is their impact on our communities? Do they commit crimes? Do they take jobs from American workers? Do they pay taxes? Do they require social services? Is it a problem that some do not speak English? Is it the responsibility of employers to discourage illegal immigration by not hiring undocumented workers? Should they have the opportunity- to gain citizenship? Docs illegal immigration pose a security threat to our country? Do illegal immigrants do work that American workers are unwilling to do? Are their rights as workers and as human beings at risk due to their status? Are they abused by employers, law enforcement, housing, and businesses? I low are their families impacted by their status? What is the moral and philosophical obligation of a nation state to maintain its borders? Should we build a wall on the Mexican border, establish a national identification can!, or enforce existing laws against employers? Should we invite immigrants to become U.S. citizens? Surely you can think of many more concerns to be addressed by a conversation about the topic area of illegal immigration. Participation in this "debate" is likely to be emotional and intense. However, it is not likely to be productive or useful without focus on a particular question and identification of a line demarcating sides in the controversy. To be discussed and resolved effectively, controversies must be stated clearly. Vague understanding results in unfocused deliberation and poor decisions, frustration, and emotional distress, as evidenced by the failure of the United States Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.

Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised youths might observe, "Public schools are doing a terrible job! They are overcrowded, and many teachers are poorly qualified in their subject areas. Even the best teachers can do little more than struggle to maintain order in their classrooms." That same concerned citizen, facing a complex range of issues, might arrive at an unhelpful decision, such as "We ought to do something about this" or. worse. "It's too complicated a problem to deal with." Groups of concerned citizens worried about the state of public education could join together to express their frustrations, anger, disillusionment, and emotions regarding the schools, but without a focus for their discussions, they could easily agree about the sorry state of education without finding points of clarity or potential solutions. A gripe session would follow. But if a precise question is posed—such as "What can be done to improve public education?"—then a more profitable area of discussion is opened up simply by placing a focus on the search for a concrete solution step. One or more judgments can be phrased in the form of debate propositions, motions for parliamentary debate, or bills for legislative assemblies. The statements "Resolved: That the federal government should implement a program of charter schools in at-risk communities" and "Resolved: That the state of Florida should adopt a school voucher program" more clearly identify specific ways of dealing with educational problems in a manageable form, suitable for debate. They provide specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.

To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing limits on the decision to be made, the basis for argument should be clearly defined. If we merely talk about "homelessness" or "abortion" or "crime'* or "global warming" we are likely to have an interesting discussion but not to establish profitable basis for argument. For example, the statement "Resolved: That the pen is mightier than the sword" is debatable, yet fails to provide much basis for clear argumentation. If we take this statement to mean that the written word is more effective than physical force for some purposes, we can identify a problem area: the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.

Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem. It is still too broad, too loosely worded to promote well-organized argument. What sort of writing are we concerned with—poems, novels, government documents, website development, advertising, or what? What does "effectiveness" mean in this context? What kind of physical force is being compared—fists, dueling swords, bazookas, nuclear weapons, or what? A more specific question might be. "Would a mutual defense treaty or a visit by our fleet be more effective in assuring Liurania of our support in a certain crisis?" The basis for argument could be phrased in a debate proposition such as "Resolved: That the United States should enter into a mutual defense treatv with Laurania." Negative advocates might oppose this proposition by arguing that fleet maneuvers would be a better solution. This is not to say that debates should completely avoid creative interpretation of the controversy by advocates, or that good debates cannot occur over competing interpretations of the controversy; in fact, these sorts of debates may be very engaging. The point is that debate is best facilitated by the guidance provided by focus on a particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Competition through fair play is a dialogical process that encourages argumentative testing and mutual recognition of personhood

Rawls 58 – a leading figure in moral and political philosophy (John, Justice as Fairness, Philosophical Review, April, JSTOR)

Similarly, the acceptance of the duty of fair play by participants in a common practice is a reflection in each person of the recognition of the aspirations and interests of the others to be realized by their joint activity. Failing a special explanation, their acceptance of it is a necessary part of the criterion for their recognizing one another as persons with similar interests and capacities, as the conception of their relations in the general position supposes them to be. Otherwise they would show no recognition of one another as persons with similar capacities and interests, and indeed, in some cases perhaps hypothetical, they would not recognize one another as persons at all, but as complicated objects involved in a complicated activity. To recognize another as a person one must respond to him and act towards him in certain ways; and these ways are intimately connected with the various prima facie duties. Acknowledging these duties in some degree, and so having the elements of morality, is not a matter of choice, or of intuiting moral qualities, or a matter of the expression of feelings or attitudes (the three interpretations between which philosophical opinion frequently oscillates); it is simply the possession of one of the forms of conduct in which the recognition of others as persons is manifested. These remarks are unhappily obscure. Their main purpose here, however, is to forestall, together with the remarks in Section 4, the misinterpretation that, on the view presented, the acceptance of justice and the acknowledgment of the duty of fair play depends in every day life solely on there being a de facto balance of forces between the parties. It would indeed be foolish to underestimate the importance of such a balance in securing justice; but it is not the only basis thereof. The recognition of one another as persons with similar interests and capacities engaged in a common practice must, failing a special explanation, show itself in the acceptance of the principles of justice and the acknowledgment of the duty of fair play.

Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role

Galloway 7 – professor of communications at Samford University (Ryan, “Dinner And Conversation At The Argumentative Table: Reconceptualizing Debate As An Argumentative Dialogue”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)

Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively fair opportunity to voice their position. Anything that fails to allow participants to have their position articulated denies one side of the argumentative table a fair hearing. The affirmative side is set by the topic and fairness requirements. While affirmative teams have recently resisted affirming the topic, in fact, the topic selection process is rigorous, taking the relative ground of each topic as its central point of departure.¶ Setting the affirmative reciprocally sets the negative. The negative crafts approaches to the topic consistent with affirmative demands. The negative crafts disadvantages, counter-plans, and critical arguments premised on the arguments that the topic allows for the affirmative team. According to fairness norms, each side sits at a relatively balanced argumentative table.¶ When one side takes more than its share, competitive equity suffers. However, it also undermines the respect due to the other involved in the dialogue. When one side excludes the other, it fundamentally denies the personhood of the other participant (Ehninger, 1970, p. 110). A pedagogy of debate as dialogue takes this respect as a fundamental component. A desire to be fair is a fundamental condition of a dialogue that takes the form of a demand for equality of voice. Far from being a banal request for links to a disadvantage, fairness is a demand for respect, a demand to be heard, a demand that a voice backed by literally months upon months of preparation, research, and critical thinking not be silenced.¶ Affirmative cases that suspend basic fairness norms operate to exclude particular negative strategies. Unprepared, one side comes to the argumentative table unable to meaningfully participate in a dialogue. They are unable to “understand what ‘went on…’” and are left to the whims of time and power (Farrell, 1985, p. 114). Hugh Duncan furthers this line of reasoning:¶ Opponents not only tolerate but honor and respect each other because in doing so they enhance their own chances of thinking better and reaching sound decisions. Opposition is necessary because it sharpens thought in action. We assume that argument, discussion, and talk, among free an informed people who subordinate decisions of any kind, because it is only through such discussion that we reach agreement which binds us to a common cause…If we are to be equal…relationships among equals must find expression in many formal and informal institutions (Duncan, 1993, p. 196-197).¶ Debate compensates for the exigencies of the world by offering a framework that maintains equality for the sake of the conversation (Farrell, 1985, p. 114).¶ For example, an affirmative case on the 2007-2008 college topic might defend neither state nor international action in the Middle East, and yet claim to be germane to the topic in some way. The case essentially denies the arguments that state action is oppressive or that actions in the international arena are philosophically or pragmatically suspect. Instead of allowing for the dialogue to be modified by the interchange of the affirmative case and the negative response, the affirmative subverts any meaningful role to the negative team, preventing them from offering effective “counter-word” and undermining the value of a meaningful exchange of speech acts. Germaneness and other substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Fairness is key to fun—and that’s a good thing

Marc Prensky, 2001. Internationally acclaimed speaker, writer, consultant, and designer in the critical areas of education and learning, Founder, CEO and Creative Director of games2train.com, former vice president at the global financial firm Bankers Trust, BA from Oberlin College, an MBA from Harvard Business School with distinction and master's degrees from Middlebury and Yale. “Fun, Play and Games: What Makes Games Engaging,”Digital Game-Based Learning, www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky%20-%20Digital%20Game-Based%20Learning-Ch5.pdf.

So fun — in the sense of enjoyment and pleasure — puts us in a relaxed, receptive frame of mind for learning. Play, in addition to providing pleasure, increases our involvement, which also helps us learn.   Both “fun” and “play” however, have the disadvantage of being somewhat abstract, unstructured, and hard-to-define concepts. But there exists a more formal and structured way to harness (and unleash) all the power of fun and play in the learning process — the powerful institution of games. Before we look specifically at how we can combine games with learning, let us examine games themselves in some detail.  Like fun and play, game is a word of many meanings and implications. How can we define a game? Is there any useful distinction between fun, play and games? What makes games engaging? How do we design them?  Games are a subset of both play and fun. In programming jargon they are a “child”, inheriting all the characteristics of the “parents.” They therefore carry both the good and the bad of both terms. Games, as we will see, also have some special qualities, which make them particularly appropriate and well suited for learning.   So what is a game?  Like play, game, has a wide variety of meanings, some positive, some negative. On the negative side there is mocking and jesting, illegal and shady activity such as a con game, as well as the “fun and games” that we saw earlier. As noted, these can be sources of resistance to Digital Game-Based Learning — “we are not playing games here.” But much of that is semantic. What we are interested in here are the meanings that revolve around the definition of games involving rules, contest, rivalry and struggle.    What Makes a Game a Game? Six Structural Factors  The Encyclopedia Britannica provides the following diagram of the relation between play and games: 35 PLAY  spontaneous play    organized play (GAMES)         noncompetitive games   competitive games (CONTESTS) intellectual contests   physical contests (SPORTS)   Our goal here is to understand why games engage us, drawing us in often in spite of ourselves.  This powerful force stems first from the fact that they are a form of fun and play, and second from what I call the six key structural elements of games:  1. Rules 2. Goals and Objectives 3. Outcomes and Feedback 4. Conflict/Competition/Challenge/Opposition  5. Interaction, and 6. Representation or Story.   There are thousands, perhaps millions of different games, but all contain most, if not all, these powerful factors. Those that don’t contain all the factors are still classified as games by many, but can also belong to other subclasses described below. In addition to these structural factors, there are also important design elements that add to engagement and distinguish a really good game from a poor or mediocre one. Let us discuss these six factors in detail and show how and why they lead to such strong engagement. Rules are what differentiate games from other kinds of play. Probably the most basic definition of a game is that it is organized play, that is to say rule-based. If you don’t have rules you have free play, not a game. Why are rules so important to games? Rules impose limits – they force us to take specific paths to reach goals and ensure that all players take the same paths. They put us inside the game world, by letting us know what is in and out of bounds. What spoils a game is not so much the cheater, who accepts the rules but doesn’t play by them (we can deal with him or her) but the nihilist, who denies them altogether. Rules make things both fair and exciting. When the Australians “bent” the rules of the America’s Cup and built a huge boat in 1988, and the Americans found a way to compete with a catamaran, it was still a race — but no longer the same game.

Game spaces like debate are distinct from other forms of education and public speaking.  There has to be a balance of ground or else one side claims the moral high ground and creates a de facto monologue

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues to be debated, educational goals, game goals, roles, rules, time frames etc. In this way, debate games differ from textbooks and everyday classroom instruction as debate scenarios allow teachers and students to actively imagine, interact and communicate within a domain-specific game space. However, instead of mystifying debate games as a “magic circle” (Huizinga, 1950), I will try to overcome the epistemological dichotomy between “gaming” and “teaching” that tends to dominate discussions of educational games. In short, educational gaming is a form of teaching. As mentioned, education and games represent two different semiotic domains that both embody the three faces of knowledge: assertions, modes of representation and social forms of organisation (Gee, 2003; Barth, 2002; cf. chapter 2). In order to understand the interplay between these different domains and their interrelated knowledge forms, I will draw attention to a central assumption in Bakhtin’s dialogical philosophy. According to Bakhtin, all forms of communication and culture are subject to centripetal and centrifugal forces (Bakhtin, 1981). A centripetal force is the drive to impose one version of the truth, while a centrifugal force involves a range of possible truths and interpretations. This means that any form of expression involves a duality of centripetal and centrifugal forces: “Every concrete utterance of a speaking subject serves as a point where centrifugal as well as centripetal forces are brought to bear” (Bakhtin, 1981: 272). If we take teaching as an example, it is always affected by centripetal and centrifugal forces in the on-going negotiation of “truths” between teachers and students. In the words of Bakhtin: “Truth is not born nor is it to be found inside the head of an individual person, it is born between people collectively searching for truth, in the process of their dialogic interaction” (Bakhtin, 1984a: 110). Similarly, the dialogical space of debate games also embodies centrifugal and centripetal forces. Thus, the election scenario of The Power Game involves centripetal elements that are mainly determined by the rules and outcomes of the game, i.e. the election is based on a limited time frame and a fixed voting procedure. Similarly, the open-ended goals, roles and resources represent centrifugal elements and create virtually endless possibilities for researching, preparing, presenting, debating and evaluating a variety of key political issues. Consequently, the actual process of enacting a game scenario involves a complex negotiation between these centrifugal/centripetal forces that are inextricably linked with the teachers and students’ game activities. In this way, the enactment of The Power Game is a form of teaching that combines different pedagogical practices (i.e. group work, web quests, student presentations) and learning resources (i.e. websites, handouts, spoken language) within the interpretive frame of the election scenario. Obviously, tensions may arise if there is too much divergence between educational goals and game goals. This means that game facilitation requires a balance between focusing too narrowly on the rules or “facts” of a game (centripetal orientation) and a focusing too broadly on the contingent possibilities and interpretations of the game scenario (centrifugal orientation). For Bakhtin, the duality of centripetal/centrifugal forces often manifests itself as a dynamic between “monological” and “dialogical” forms of discourse. Bakhtin illustrates this point with the monological discourse of the Socrates/Plato dialogues in which the teacher never learns anything new from the students, despite Socrates’ ideological claims to the contrary (Bakhtin, 1984a). Thus, discourse becomes monologised when “someone who knows and possesses the truth instructs someone who is ignorant of it and in error”, where “a thought is either affirmed or repudiated” by the authority of the teacher (Bakhtin, 1984a: 81). In contrast to this, dialogical pedagogy fosters inclusive learning environments that are able to expand upon students’ existing knowledge and collaborative construction of “truths” (Dysthe, 1996). At this point, I should clarify that Bakhtin’s term “dialogic” is both a descriptive term (all utterances are per definition dialogic as they address other utterances as parts of a chain of communication) and a normative term as dialogue is an ideal to be worked for against the forces of “monologism” (Lillis, 2003: 197-8). In this project, I am mainly interested in describing the dialogical space of debate games. At the same time, I agree with Wegerif that “one of the goals of education, perhaps the most important goal, should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Scenario simulation lets students test decisions and strategies without the real stakes of having to implement them—this process is more transformative than the content of the 1ac

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity” raises a critique of humans as purely rational agents that navigate instrumentally through meansends- schemes (Joas, 1996: 133f). This critique is particularly important when trying to understand how games are enacted and validated within the realm of educational institutions that by definition are inscribed in the great modernistic narrative of “progress” where nation states, teachers and parents expect students to acquire specific skills and competencies (Popkewitz, 1998; cf. chapter 3). However, as Dewey argues, the actual doings of educational gaming cannot be reduced to rational means-ends schemes. Instead, the situated interaction between teachers, students, and learning resources are played out as contingent re-distributions of means, ends and ends in view, which often make classroom contexts seem “messy” from an outsider’s perspective (Barab and Squire, 2004). 4.2.3. Dramatic rehearsal The two preceding sections discussed how Dewey views play as an imaginative activity of educational value, and how his assumptions on creativity and playful actions represent a critique of rational means-end schemes. For now, I will turn to Dewey’s concept of dramatic rehearsal, which assumes that social actors deliberate by projecting and choosing between various scenarios for future action. Dewey uses the concept dramatic rehearsal several times in his work but presents the most extensive elaboration in Human Nature and Conduct: Deliberation is a dramatic rehearsal (in imagination) of various competing possible lines of action… It is an experiment in finding out what the various lines of possible action are really like (...) Thought runs ahead and foresees outcomes, and thereby avoids having to await the instruction of actual failure and disaster. An act overtly tried out is irrevocable, its consequences cannot be blotted out. An act tried out in imagination is not final or fatal. It is retrievable (Dewey, 1922: 132-3). This excerpt illustrates how Dewey views the process of decision making (deliberation) through the lens of an imaginative drama metaphor. Thus, decisions are made through the imaginative projection of outcomes, where the “possible competing lines of action” are resolved through a thought experiment. Moreover, Dewey’s compelling use of the drama metaphor also implies that decisions cannot be reduced to utilitarian, rational or mechanical exercises, but that they have emotional, creative and personal qualities as well. Interestingly, there are relatively few discussions within the vast research literature on Dewey of his concept of dramatic rehearsal. A notable exception is the phenomenologist Alfred Schütz, who praises Dewey’s concept as a “fortunate image” for understanding everyday rationality (Schütz, 1943: 140). Other attempts are primarily related to overall discussions on moral or ethical deliberation (Caspary, 1991, 2000, 2006; Fesmire, 1995, 2003; Rönssön, 2003; McVea, 2006). As Fesmire points out, dramatic rehearsal is intended to describe an important phase of deliberation that does not characterise the whole process of making moral decisions, which includes “duties and contractual obligations, short and long-term consequences, traits of character to be affected, and rights” (Fesmire, 2003: 70). Instead, dramatic rehearsal should be seen as the process of “crystallizing possibilities and transforming them into directive hypotheses” (Fesmire, 2003: 70). Thus, deliberation can in no way guarantee that the response of a “thought experiment” will be successful. But what it can do is make the process of choosing more intelligent than would be the case with “blind” trial-and-error (Biesta, 2006: 8). The notion of dramatic rehearsal provides a valuable perspective for understanding educational gaming as a simultaneously real and imagined inquiry into domain-specific scenarios. Dewey defines dramatic rehearsal as the capacity to stage and evaluate “acts”, which implies an “irrevocable” difference between acts that are “tried out in imagination” and acts that are “overtly tried out” with real-life consequences (Dewey, 1922: 132-3). This description shares obvious similarities with games as they require participants to inquire into and resolve scenario-specific problems (cf. chapter 2). On the other hand, there is also a striking difference between moral deliberation and educational game activities in terms of the actual consequences that follow particular actions. Thus, when it comes to educational games, acts are both imagined and tried out, but without all the real-life consequences of the practices, knowledge forms and outcomes that are being simulated in the game world. Simply put, there is a difference in realism between the dramatic rehearsals of everyday life and in games, which only “play at” or simulate the stakes and risks that characterise the “serious” nature of moral deliberation, i.e. a real-life politician trying to win a parliamentary election experiences more personal and emotional risk than students trying to win the election scenario of The Power Game. At the same time, the lack of real-life consequences in educational games makes it possible to design a relatively safe learning environment, where teachers can stage particular game scenarios to be enacted and validated for educational purposes. In this sense, educational games are able to provide a safe but meaningful way of letting teachers and students make mistakes (e.g. by giving a poor political presentation) and dramatically rehearse particular “competing possible lines of action” that are relevant to particular educational goals (Dewey, 1922: 132). Seen from this pragmatist perspective, the educational value of games is not so much a question of learning facts or giving the “right” answers, but more a question of exploring the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.

skills unique to our model like constructing 1ACs, simulating policies, and researching positions we disagree with grounds decisions in dialogical, argumentative heuristics instead of decisionistic formulas or speculation.  Takes out aff solvency and impacts

Mitchell 2010 – associate professor and director of graduate studies in the Department of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh (Gordon, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 13.1, “SWITCH-SIDE DEBATING MEETS DEMAND-DRIVEN RHETORIC OF SCIENCE”)

The watchwords for the intelligence community’s debating initiative— collaboration, critical thinking, collective awareness—resonate with key terms anchoring the study of deliberative democracy. In a major new text, John Gastil defines deliberation as a process whereby people “carefully examine a problem and arrive at a well-reasoned solution aft er a period of inclusive, respectful consideration of diverse points of view.”40 Gastil and his colleagues in organizations such as the Kettering Foundation and the National Coalition for Dialogue and Deliberation are pursuing a research program that foregrounds the democratic telos of deliberative processes. Work in this area features a blend of concrete interventions and studies of citizen empowerment.41 Notably, a key theme in much of this literature concerns the relationship between deliberation and debate, with the latter term often loaded with pejorative baggage and working as a negative foil to highlight the positive qualities of deliberation.42 “Most political discussions, however, are debates. Stories in the media turn politics into a never-ending series of contests. People get swept into taking sides; their energy goes into figuring out who or what they’re for or against,” says Kettering president David Mathews and coauthor Noelle McAfee. “Deliberation is different. It is neither a partisan argument where opposing sides try to win nor a casual conversation conducted with polite civility. Public deliberation is a means by which citizens make tough choices about basic purposes and directions for their communities and their country. It is a way of reasoning and talking together.”43 Mathews and McAfee’s distrust of the debate process is almost paradigmatic amongst theorists and practitioners of Kettering-style deliberative democracy. One conceptual mechanism for reinforcing this debate-deliberation opposition is characterization of debate as a process inimical to deliberative aims, with debaters adopting dogmatic and fixed positions that frustrate the deliberative objective of “choice work.” In this register, Emily Robertson   observes, “unlike deliberators, debaters are typically not open to the possibility of being shown wrong. . . . Debaters are not trying to find the best solution by keeping an open mind about the opponent’s point of view.”44 Similarly, founding documents from the University of Houston–Downtown’s Center for Public Deliberation state, “Public deliberation is about choice work, which is different from a dialogue or a debate. In dialogue, people oft en look to relate to each other, to understand each other, and to talk about more informal issues. In debate, there are generally two positions and people are generally looking to ‘win’ their side.”45 Debate, cast here as the theoretical scapegoat, provides a convenient, low-water benchmark for explaining how other forms of deliberative interaction better promote cooperative “choice work.” The Kettering-inspired framework receives support from perversions of the debate process such as vapid presidential debates and verbal pyrotechnics found on Crossfire-style television shows.46 In contrast, the intelligence community’s debating initiative stands as a nettlesome anomaly for these theoretical frameworks, with debate serving, rather than frustrating, the ends of deliberation. The presence of such an anomaly would seem to point to the wisdom of fashioning a theoretical orientation that frames the debate-deliberation connection in contingent, rather than static terms, with the relationship between the categories shift ing along with the various contexts in which they manifest in practice.47 Such an approach gestures toward the importance of rhetorically informed critical work on multiple levels. First, the contingency of situated practice invites analysis geared to assess, in particular cases, the extent to which debate practices enable and/ or constrain deliberative objectives. Regarding the intelligence community’s debating initiative, such an analytical perspective highlights, for example, the tight connection between the deliberative goals established by intelligence officials and the cultural technology manifest in the bridge project’s online debating applications such as Hot Grinds. An additional dimension of nuance emerging from this avenue of analysis pertains to the precise nature of the deliberative goals set by bridge. Program descriptions notably eschew Kettering-style references to democratic citizen empowerment, yet feature deliberation prominently as a key ingredient of strong intelligence tradecraft . Th is caveat is especially salient to consider when it comes to the second category of rhetorically informed critical work invited by the contingent aspect of specific debate initiatives. To grasp this   layer it is useful to appreciate how the name of the bridge project constitutes an invitation for those outside the intelligence community to participate in the analytic outreach eff ort. According to Doney, bridge “provides an environment for Analytic Outreach—a place where IC analysts can reach out to expertise elsewhere in federal, state, and local government, in academia, and industry. New communities of interest can form quickly in bridge through the ‘web of trust’ access control model—access to minds outside the intelligence community creates an analytic force multiplier.”48 This presents a moment of choice for academic scholars in a position to respond to Doney’s invitation; it is an opportunity to convert scholarly expertise into an “analytic force multiplier.” In reflexively pondering this invitation, it may be valuable for scholars to read Greene and Hicks’s proposition that switch-side debating should be viewed as a cultural technology in light of Langdon Winner’s maxim that “technological artifacts have politics.”49 In the case of bridge, politics are informed by the history of intelligence community policies and practices. Commenter Th omas Lord puts this point in high relief in a post off ered in response to a news story on the topic: “Why should this thing (‘bridge’) be? . . . Th e intelligence community on the one hand sometimes provides useful information to the military or to the civilian branches and on the other hand it is a dangerous, out of control, relic that by all external appearances is not the slightest bit reformed, other than superficially, from such excesses as became exposed in the cointelpro and mkultra hearings of the 1970s.”50 A debate scholar need not agree with Lord’s full-throated criticism of the intelligence community (he goes on to observe that it bears an alarming resemblance to organized crime) to understand that participation in the community’s Analytic Outreach program may serve the ends of deliberation, but not necessarily democracy, or even a defensible politics. Demand-driven rhetoric of science necessarily raises questions about what’s driving the demand, questions that scholars with relevant expertise would do well to ponder carefully before embracing invitations to contribute their argumentative expertise to deliberative projects. By the same token, it would be prudent to bear in mind that the technological determinism about switch-side debate endorsed by Greene and Hicks may tend to flatten reflexive assessments regarding the wisdom of supporting a given debate initiative—as the next section illustrates, manifest differences among initiatives warrant context-sensitive judgments regarding the normative political dimensions featured in each case.    Public Debates in the EPA Policy Process  The preceding analysis of U.S. intelligence community debating initiatives highlighted how analysts are challenged to navigate discursively the heteroglossia of vast amounts of diff erent kinds of data flowing through intelligence streams. Public policy planners are tested in like manner when they attempt to stitch together institutional arguments from various and sundry inputs ranging from expert testimony, to historical precedent, to public comment. Just as intelligence managers find that algorithmic, formal methods of analysis often don’t work when it comes to the task of interpreting and synthesizing copious amounts of disparate data, public-policy planners encounter similar challenges.    In fact, the argumentative turn in public-policy planning elaborates an approach to public-policy analysis that foregrounds deliberative interchange and critical thinking as alternatives to “decisionism,” the formulaic application of “objective” decision algorithms to the public policy process. Stating the matter plainly, Majone suggests, “whether in written or oral form, argument is central in all stages of the policy process.” Accordingly, he notes, “we miss a great deal if we try to understand policy-making solely in terms of power, influence, and bargaining, to the exclusion of debate and argument.”51 One can see similar rationales driving Goodwin and Davis’s EPA debating project, where debaters are invited to conduct on-site public debates covering resolutions craft ed to reflect key points of stasis in the EPA decision-making process. For example, in the 2008 Water Wars debates held at EPA headquarters in Washington, D.C., resolutions were crafted to focus attention on the topic of water pollution, with one resolution focusing on downstream states’ authority to control upstream states’ discharges and sources of pollutants, and a second resolution exploring the policy merits of bottled water and toilet paper taxes as revenue sources to fund water infrastructure projects. In the first debate on interstate river pollution, the team of Seth Gannon and Seungwon Chung from Wake Forest University argued in favor of downstream state control, with the Michigan State University team of Carly Wunderlich and Garrett Abelkop providing opposition. In the second debate on taxation policy, Kevin Kallmyer and Matthew Struth from University of Mary Washington defended taxes on bottled water and toilet paper, while their opponents from Howard University, Dominique Scott and Jarred McKee, argued against this proposal. Reflecting on the project, Goodwin noted how the intercollegiate Switch-Side Debating Meets Demand-Driven Rhetoric of Science 107 debaters’ ability to act as “honest brokers” in the policy arguments contributed positively to internal EPA deliberation on both issues.52 Davis observed that since the invited debaters “didn’t have a dog in the fight,” they were able to give voice to previously buried arguments that some EPA subject matter experts felt reticent to elucidate because of their institutional affiliations.53 Such findings are consistent with the views of policy analysts advocating the argumentative turn in policy planning. As Majone claims, “Dialectical confrontation between generalists and experts often succeeds in bringing out unstated assumptions, conflicting interpretations of the facts, and the risks posed by new projects.”54 Frank Fischer goes even further in this context, explicitly appropriating rhetorical scholar Charles Willard’s concept of argumentative “epistemics” to flesh out his vision for policy studies: Uncovering the epistemic dynamics of public controversies would allow for a more enlightened understanding of what is at stake in a particular dispute, making possible a sophisticated evaluation of the various viewpoints and merits of different policy options. In so doing, the differing, oft en tacitly held contextual perspectives and values could be juxtaposed; the viewpoints and demands of experts, special interest groups, and the wider public could be directly compared; and the dynamics among the participants could be scrutizined. This would by no means sideline or even exclude scientific assessment; it would only situate it within the framework of a more comprehensive evaluation.55 As Davis notes, institutional constraints present within the EPA communicative milieu can complicate eff orts to provide a full airing of all relevant arguments pertaining to a given regulatory issue. Thus, intercollegiate debaters can play key roles in retrieving and amplifying positions that might otherwise remain sedimented in the policy process. The dynamics entailed in this symbiotic relationship are underscored by deliberative planner John Forester, who observes, “If planners and public administrators are to make democratic political debate and argument possible, they will need strategically located allies to avoid being fully thwarted by the characteristic self-protecting behaviors of the planning organizations and bureaucracies within which they work.”56 Here, an institution’s need for “strategically located allies” to support deliberative practice constitutes the demand for rhetorically informed expertise, setting up what can be considered a demand-driven rhetoric of science. As an instance of rhetoric of science scholarship, this type of “switch-side public 108 Rhetoric and Public Affairs debate” differs both from insular contest tournament debating, where the main focus is on the pedagogical benefit for student participants, and first-generation rhetoric of science scholarship, where critics concentrated on unmasking the rhetoricity of scientific artifacts circulating in what many perceived to be purely technical spheres of knowledge production.58 As a form of demand-driven rhetoric of science, switch-side debating connects directly with the communication field’s performative tradition of argumentative engagement in public controversy—a different route of theoretical grounding than rhetorical criticism’s tendency to locate its foundations in the English field’s tradition of literary criticism and textual analysis.59 Given this genealogy, it is not surprising to learn how Davis’s response to the EPA’s institutional need for rhetorical expertise took the form of a public debate proposal, shaped by Davis’s dual background as a practitioner and historian of intercollegiate debate. Davis competed as an undergraduate policy debater for Howard University in the 1970s, and then went on to enjoy substantial success as coach of the Howard team in the new millennium. In an essay reviewing the broad sweep of debating history, Davis notes, “Academic debate began at least 2,400 years ago when the scholar Protagoras of Abdera (481–411 bc), known as the father of debate, conducted debates among his students in Athens.”60 As John Poulakos points out, “older” Sophists such as Protagoras taught Greek students the value of dissoi logoi, or pulling apart complex questions by debating two sides of an issue.61 The few surviving fragments of Protagoras’s work suggest that his notion of dissoi logoi stood for the principle that “two accounts logoi are present about every ‘thing,’ opposed to each other,” and further, that humans could “measure” the relative soundness of knowledge claims by engaging in give-and-take where parties would make the “weaker argument stronger” to activate the generative aspect of rhetorical practice, a key element of the Sophistical tradition.62 Following in Protagoras’s wake, Isocrates would complement this centrifugal push with the pull of synerchesthe, a centripetal exercise of “coming together” deliberatively to listen, respond, and form common social bonds.63 Isocrates incorporated Protagorean dissoi logoi into synerchesthe, a broader concept that he used flexibly to express interlocking senses of (1) inquiry, as in groups convening to search for answers to common questions through discussion;64 (2) deliberation, with interlocutors gathering in a political setting to deliberate about proposed courses of action;65 and (3) alliance formation, a form of collective action typical at festivals,66 or in the exchange of pledges that deepen social ties.67 Switch-Side Debating Meets Demand-Driven Rhetoric of Science 109 Returning once again to the Kettering-informed sharp distinction between debate and deliberation, one sees in Isocratic synerchesthe, as well as in the EPA debating initiative, a fusion of debate with deliberative functions. Echoing a theme raised in this essay’s earlier discussion of intelligence tradecraft , such a fusion troubles categorical attempts to classify debate and deliberation as fundamentally opposed activities. Th e significance of such a finding is amplified by the frequency of attempts in the deliberative democracy literature to insist on the theoretical bifurcation of debate and deliberation as an article of theoretical faith. Tandem analysis of the EPA and intelligence community debating initiatives also brings to light dimensions of contrast at the third level of Isocratic synerchesthe, alliance formation. Th e intelligence community’s Analytic Outreach initiative invites largely one-way communication flowing from outside experts into the black box of classified intelligence analysis. On the contrary, the EPA debating program gestures toward a more expansive project of deliberative alliance building. In this vein, Howard University’s participation in the 2008 EPA Water Wars debates can be seen as the harbinger of a trend by historically black colleges and universities (hbcus) to catalyze their debate programs in a strategy that evinces Davis’s dual-focus vision. On the one hand, Davis aims to recuperate Wiley College’s tradition of competitive excellence in intercollegiate debate, depicted so powerfully in the feature film The Great Debaters, by starting a wave of new debate programs housed in hbcus across the nation.68 On the other hand, Davis sees potential for these new programs to complement their competitive debate programming with participation in the EPA’s public debating initiative. Th is dual-focus vision recalls Douglas Ehninger’s and Wayne Brockriede’s vision of “total” debate programs that blend switch-side intercollegiate tournament debating with forms of public debate designed to contribute to wider communities beyond the tournament setting.69 Whereas the political telos animating Davis’s dual-focus vision certainly embraces background assumptions that Greene and Hicks would find disconcerting—notions of liberal political agency, the idea of debate using “words as weapons”70—there is little doubt that the project of pursuing environmental protection by tapping the creative energy of hbcu-leveraged dissoi logoi differs significantly from the intelligence community’s eff ort to improve its tradecraft through online digital debate programming. Such diff erence is especially evident in light of the EPA’s commitment to extend debates to public realms, with the attendant possible benefits unpacked by Jane Munksgaard and Damien Pfister: 110 Rhetoric and Public Affairs Having a public debater argue against their convictions, or confess their indecision on a subject and subsequent embrace of argument as a way to seek clarity, could shake up the prevailing view of debate as a war of words. Public uptake of the possibility of switch-sides debate may help lessen the polarization of issues inherent in prevailing debate formats because students are no longer seen as wedded to their arguments. This could transform public debate from a tussle between advocates, with each public debater trying to convince the audience in a Manichean struggle about the truth of their side, to a more inviting exchange focused on the content of the other’s argumentation and the process of deliberative exchange.71 Reflection on the EPA debating initiative reveals a striking convergence among (1) the expressed need for dissoi logoi by government agency officials wrestling with the challenges of inverted rhetorical situations, (2) theoretical claims by scholars regarding the centrality of argumentation in the public policy process, and (3) the practical wherewithal of intercollegiate debaters to tailor public switch-side debating performances in specific ways requested by agency collaborators. These points of convergence both underscore previously articulated theoretical assertions regarding the relationship of debate to deliberation, as well as deepen understanding of the political role of deliberation in institutional decision making. But they also suggest how decisions by rhetorical scholars about whether to contribute switch-side debating acumen to meet demand-driven rhetoric of science initiatives ought to involve careful reflection. Such an approach mirrors the way policy planning in the “argumentative turn” is designed to respond to the weaknesses of formal, decisionistic paradigms of policy planning with situated, contingent judgments informed by reflective deliberation. Conclusion Dilip Gaonkar’s criticism of first-generation rhetoric of science scholarship rests on a key claim regarding what he sees as the inherent “thinness” of the ancient Greek rhetorical lexicon.72 That lexicon, by virtue of the fact that it was invented primarily to teach rhetorical performance, is ill equipped in his view to support the kind of nuanced discriminations required for eff ective interpretation and critique of rhetorical texts. Although Gaonkar isolates rhetoric of science as a main target of this critique, his choice of subject matter Switch-Side Debating Meets Demand-Driven Rhetoric of Science 111 positions him to toggle back and forth between specific engagement with rhetoric of science scholarship and discussion of broader themes touching on the metatheoretical controversy over rhetoric’s proper scope as a field of inquiry (the so-called big vs. little rhetoric dispute).73 Gaonkar’s familiar refrain in both contexts is a warning about the dangers of “universalizing” or “globalizing” rhetorical inquiry, especially in attempts that “stretch” the classical Greek rhetorical vocabulary into a hermeneutic metadiscourse, one pressed into service as a master key for interpretation of any and all types of communicative artifacts. In other words, Gaonkar warns against the dangers of rhetoricians pursuing what might be called supply-side epistemology, rhetoric’s project of pushing for greater disciplinary relevance by attempting to extend its reach into far-flung areas of inquiry such as the hard sciences. Yet this essay highlights how rhetorical scholarship’s relevance can be credibly established by outsiders, who seek access to the creative energy flowing from the classical Greek rhetorical lexicon in its native mode, that is, as a tool of invention designed to spur and hone rhetorical performance. Analysis of the intelligence community and EPA debating initiatives shows how this is the case, with government agencies calling for assistance to animate rhetorical processes such as dissoi logoi (debating different sides) and synerchesthe (the performative task of coming together deliberately for the purpose of joint inquiry, collective choice-making, and renewal of communicative bonds).74 Th is demand-driven epistemology is diff erent in kind from the globalization project so roundly criticized by Gaonkar. Rather than rhetoric venturing out from its own academic home to proselytize about its epistemological universality for all knowers, instead here we have actors not formally trained in the rhetorical tradition articulating how their own deliberative objectives call for incorporation of rhetorical practice and even recruitment of “strategically located allies”75 to assist in the process. Since the productivist content in the classical Greek vocabulary serves as a critical resource for joint collaboration in this regard, demand-driven rhetoric of science turns Gaonkar’s original critique on its head. In fairness to Gaonkar, it should be stipulated that his 1993 intervention challenged the way rhetoric of science had been done to date, not the universe of ways rhetoric of science might be done in the future. And to his partial credit, Gaonkar did acknowledge the promise of a performance-oriented rhetoric of science, especially one informed by classical thinkers other than Aristotle.76 In his Ph.D. dissertation on “Aspects of Sophistic Pedagogy,” Gaonkar documents how the ancient sophists were “the greatest champions” 112 Rhetoric and Public Affairs of “socially useful” science,77 and also how the sophists essentially practiced the art of rhetoric in a translational, performative register: Th e sophists could not blithely go about their business of making science useful, while science itself stood still due to lack of communal support and recognition. Besides, sophistic pedagogy was becoming increasingly dependent on the findings of contemporary speculation in philosophy and science. Take for instance, the eminently practical art of rhetoric. As taught by the best of the sophists, it was not simply a handbook of recipes which anyone could mechanically employ to his advantage. On the contrary, the strength and vitality of sophistic rhetoric came from their ability to incorporate the relevant information obtained from the on-going research in other fields.78 Of course, deep trans-historical diff erences make uncritical appropriation of classical Greek rhetoric for contemporary use a fool’s errand. But to gauge from Robert Hariman’s recent reflections on the enduring salience of Isocrates, “timely, suitable, and eloquent appropriations” can help us postmoderns “forge a new political language” suitable for addressing the complex raft of intertwined problems facing global society. Such retrospection is long overdue, says Hariman, as “the history, literature, philosophy, oratory, art, and political thought of Greece and Rome have never been more accessible or less appreciated.”79 Th is essay has explored ways that some of the most venerable elements of the ancient Greek rhetorical tradition—those dealing with  and deliberation—can be retrieved and adapted to answer calls in the contemporary milieu for cultural technologies capable of dealing with one of our time’s most daunting challenges. This challenge involves finding meaning in inverted rhetorical situations characterized by an endemic surplus of heterogeneous content.

Argument by definition requires limits—the existence of clash in this round doesn’t mean there’s an appropriate frame of reference.  This proves ground is key—not because we’d have nothing to say, but because setting the agenda makes us negate descriptive facts or moral truisms instead of collectively reason

Rowland 1987 – professor of communication at the University of Kansas (Robert, Philosophy and Rhetoric, 20.3, “On defining argument”, p. 155-6, EBSCO)

The final two characteristics identified by Brockriede--a willingness to risk confrontation and a shared frame of reference--also are not necessary attributes of argument. People often support their claims with reasons and evidence although they don't share a frame of reference or risk confrontation. When the Soviet and United States ambassadors to the United Nations engage in debate, they support their claims, but there is no risk of self and no shared frame of reference. Thus, characteristics (5) and (6) are not essential to the definition of argument. Rather, they are essential to the successful resolution of argument. Without a shared frame of reference and a willingness to risk the self, there is little chance of rationally resolving a dispute.

Conclusion                                                                                                    

The functional approach to the study of argumentation is valuable because it provides a clear definition of the scope of argumentation. It recognizes that while all argument is rhetorical, not all rhetoric is argument. One danger associated with some recent work on argument is that the term argument itself becomes so broad that it loses all meaning. If argument is defined to include all disagreement, all comparison of construct systems, and all instances in which an individual believes that he or she is arguing then essentially all communication is argument.

A more useful definitional move is to treat argument as the symbolic form(s) we use to solve problems rationally. This implies that argument is the method of reason. Such a definition sets the limits of argumentation and defines the form of argument in relation to the function of arguing. Moreover, so to define argument recognizes the role of evaluation in the study of argument. Merely to describe an argument or set of arguments leaves their human significance out of consideration. Once the arguments of a speech, essay, or other verbal interaction have been described with accuracy, the next point of critical interest is naturally the arguments' relative quality as efforts to induce closure. The value of examining arguments is undercut if description becomes the only aim of criticism of argumentation. A socially satisfying definition of argument and a useful theory of argumentation must provide at least trained theorists with grounds for distinguishing between weak and strong arguments, as the functional definition does.

Some will perhaps object that the functional definition of argument for which I have contended restricts a student of argumentation to study of propositional discourse. This is true in the sense that my definition identifies reason-giving as a fundamental characteristic of argument, and reason-giving is propositional. On the other hand, an issue that needs clarification in theory of argument, as I have shown, is whether "argumentation" and "rhetoric" are to be considered synonymous. If so, the concept of "argument" becomes unnecessary; the concept of "rhetoric" is sufficient. My contention is that arguments occur in rhetoric and need to be recognized, described, and evaluated in light of their unique functional and formal features. Arguments cannot be understood by applying the same kinds of analysis as we would apply if, say, rhythm were our point of interest. Arguments are formally and functionally different from rhythmic patterns, situational constraints, levels of vocabulary, and the like-all features of rhetoric. If argument is taken to be the means by which humans rationally solve problems-or try to, arguments can be identified , described, and evaluated critically as part of the broader enterprise of identifying, describing, and evaluating rhetoric. Across centuries, people have believed there is such a process as trying to arrive at preferred conclusions by rational means, rather than by non-rational means. That process, I have argued, entails distinctive verbal forms appropriate to the function of the process. It is at least useful to give such purposeful forms and function a name. Traditionally and contemporaneously "argument" is philosophically and etymologically the appropriate name.

Precisely defining terms is pedagogically valuable—T debates provide portable skills needed to settle all major questions

Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND **David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp61-63

I. THE IMPORTANCE OF DEFINING TERMS

The definition of terms—the advocate's supported interpretation of the meaning of the words in a proposition—is an essential part of debate. In some instances the opposing advocates will agree right away on the definition of terms, and the debate will move on to other issues. In other cases the locus of the debate may be the definition of a key term or terms, and definitions become the "voting issue" that decides the debate. In all debates, however, a shared understanding of the interpretation of the proposition is necessary to guide argumentation and decision making.

Many intercollegiate debate propositions call for the "federal government" to adopt a certain policy. Often the term is self-evident in the context of the proposition, and no definition is necessary. In debates on the 2001-2002 CEDA proposition. "Resolved: That the United States Federal Government should substantially increase federal control throughout Indian Country in one or more of the following areas: child welfare, criminal justice, employment, environmental protection, gaming, resource management, taxation," the affirmative merely designated the appropriate federal agency (for example. The bureau of Indian Affairs or the Environmental Protection Agency) to cam' out its policy, and the debate moved on to other issues. However, sometimes other terms in the proposition (for instance, Indian Country) become critical issues of the debate. Not infrequently the negative will raise the issue of topicality and argue that the affirmative's plan is not the best definition, or interpretation, of the proposition. In debates on propositions of value, the clash over definitions or criteria may be crucial to the outcome.

In debates outside the educational setting, the same situation prevails. In some debates the definition of terms is easy and obvious—they need only be stated "for the record." and the debate proceeds to other issues. In other debates however, the definition may be all-important. For instance physicians, clerics, and ethicists conduct long, hard-fought debates on the critical issue of when life begins: At conception? When the fetus becomes capable of surviving outside the womb? When the brain begins to function? Or at the moment of birth?

Exactly the opposite problem arose, and continues, in debates over the use of organ transplants. Does death occur when breathing slops? When the heart stops? Or when the brain ceases to function? Some states have debated this Issue and adopted new definitions of death; in other states the debate continues. Similarly, environmentalists seeking protection from development for valued resources debate the definition of wetlands in public hearings; owners of sports franchises work to redefine players' salaries to fit within predetermined salary caps; and customers considering new product purchases study competing definitions of value. In February 2004, President Bush called upon the Congress to "promptly pass and send to the states for ratification, an amendment to our Constitution defining and protecting marriage as a union of a man and a woman as husband and wife." This advocacy by the president was an attempt to define "marriage" in such a way as to limit it to heterosexual couples. A public debate about the meaning of marriage, and its alternative, "civil union," ensued. Definitional debates have political, moral, and personal implications. What is poverty? Obesity? Adulthood? In 2007, the meaning of the term "surge" in reference to the United States military' action in Iraq was hotly contested. Was this an expansion of the war or simply provision of necessary resources to achieve existing objectives? The 2007 immigration reform offered the opportunity for illegal immigrants working in this country to achieve citizenship through a cumbersome and expensive process. The reform legislation failed in part because it was termed "amnesty" by its opponents. Likewise, the definition of "terrorism" creates significant problems in our foreign policy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Round 2:  Wake HQ Vs. Michigan AP, with Paul Johnathan as the Judge.

1NC Positions:
Neolib K
T- Incentives
Politics DA- Hagel
CP: The 50 state governments and relevant sub-federal actors should provide loan guarantees and subsides for residential solar installations.
COUNTERPLAN: The fifty state governments should substantially increase Energy Efficiency Resource Standard programs and implement efficiency measures modeled off the Better Buildings Initiative.

1NC On Case Args:
Econ:
Economic collapse is the only way to prevent extinction from climate change

Environmental tipping points are real—de-dev is the only way out

Transition leads to sustainable localized communities

Economic decline solves great power war

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war 

The economy is resilient

Literally every economic indicator is positive – long term trends are outstanding

Heg is inevitable

No impact

Warming: 

Doesn’t lower emissions 

Warming’s irreversible 

No extinction – empirically denied 

International climate leadership is impossible

Historical climate occilation proves its natural 

International solutions impossible – U.S. partisanship and fundamental disagreements

2NC Extended Args:
K – Framework
K- Proper

New 2NC Impacts or Args:

1NR Args:
warmingddev
econadv

2NR Strat:
Neolib K

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

K

Financialization of energy production is a neoliberal tool to subvert communal agency—fuels inequality and unsustainable practices

Hildyard et al 2012 – *founder and Director of The Corner House, a U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, co-editor of The Ecologist, **co-founder of the Durban Group for Climate Justice (February, Nicholas Hildyard, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton, The Corner House, “Energy Security For What?  For Whom?”, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf, WEA)

The neoliberal market-driven…of conflict and insecurity.

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations

Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy”, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1, WEA)

As Marilyn Waring… theoretical lenses.

Vote neg to eschew neoliberal frameworks—they’re unsustainable and insulate decisionmaking from deliberation and alternative assumptions needed to solve

Adaman and Madra2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, **PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, “Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology”, http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf, WEA)

The reduction … addressing long-term concerns.

T

Financial incentives are committed public funds directly tied to production

Webb, 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)

In this paper, "… are not incentives.

That makes the plan a nonfinancial incentive

Shapiro, associate – Energy, Environment and Public Utilities Practice Group @ Cozen O'Connor, publisher – Green Building Law Blog, 2011

(Shari, “Code Green: Is 'Greening' the Building Code the Best Approach to Create a Sustainable Built Environment?” Planning and Environmental Law 63:6, p. 3-12)

The explosion of state … expedited permitting processes.

DA

Hagel getting confirmed now

Aaron Blake (writer for the Washington Post) January 15, 2013 “Hagel's path to confirmation clears, but hearings loom” ProQuest¶

Sen. Charles Schumer's (D-N.Y.) decision to supportChuckHagel's…his confirmation hearings.

Costs pc and Obama will push

Restuccia3/21/12 (Andrew Restuccia Reporter at Politico, “Obama: 'We will not walk away' from clean-energy agenda,” http:~/~/thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/217393-com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/217393-obama-we-will-not-walk-away-from-clean-energy)

“You’d think that … Obama’s campaign donors.

PC key

Michael Falcone (writer for ABC News) 1/7, 2013 “Cabinet Shakeup: No Such Thing As A ‘Slam Dunk’ (The Note)” http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/01/cabinet-shakeup-no-such-thing-as-a-slam-dunk-the-note/

But as ABC Chief … Dems will hate this.” http:~/~/politi.co/co/VFMgc7

Hagel is key to soft landing on a litany of critical military transitions—the impact is global conflict

Jessie Daniels(Truman National Security Project Fellow, worked in the US Senate) 1/7, 2013 “Chuck Hagel Nomination: A Look At the Security Threats He Will Face” http://www.policymic.com/articles/21946/chuck-hagel-would-be-a-defense-secretary-for-the-21st-century

As President Obama … challenges upon arrival.

CP

The 50 state governments and relevant sub-federal actors should provide loan guarantees and subsides for residential solar installations.

It’s legitimate and politics is a net benefit

Harvard Law Review 6 – the author isn’t named but the qualifications are: John M. Olin Fellow in Law, Economics, and Business at Harvard Law School (April, 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1855, “State Collective Action”, lexis)

Consider now the … insurance programs.

Anything they can do we can do better

Rabe, 2 – Senior Fellow, Governance Studies at the Brookings Institute (Barry, “Statehouse and Greenhouse: The States Are Taking the Lead on Climate Change” spring http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2002/spring_energy_rabe.aspx)

American states … neglected in Washington.

CP

COUNTERPLAN: The fifty state governments should substantially increase Energy Efficiency Resource Standard programs and implement efficiency measures modeled off the Better Buildings Initiative.

Fifty state EERS policy solves efficiency across the board

Glatt and Schwentker 2010 – *Technology Delivery Team Member, Office of Industrial Technologies Program, DOE, **Research Associate at BCS Incorporated (July, Sandy and Beth, DOE, “State Energy Efficiency Resource Standards Analysis”, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/states/pdfs/eers_web_final.pdf, WEA)

The effect of state… currently exists.

Solves buildings

Waltner 2011 – MS and BS in Civil Engineering, Energy Efficiency Advocate at NRDC (2/3, Meg, NRDC, “One Way to Win the Future: Improve Commercial Building Efficiency”, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/mwaltner/one_way_to_win_the_future_impr.html, WEA)

Today in his …while saving money and energy.

Econ

Economic collapse is the only way to prevent extinction from climate change

Cohen 2010 –columnist for the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas and Energy Bulletin (2/2, Dave, Peak Watch, “Economic Growth and Climate Change – No Way Out?”)

*note: Tim Garrett – associate professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Utah; Vaclav Smil – Distinguished Professor in the Faculty of Environment at the University of Manitoba

Historical data … we really are.

Environmental tipping points are real—de-dev is the only way out

McPherson 2010 – professor emeritus of natural resources and the environment at the University of Arizona, where he taught and conducted research for 20 years. His scholarly efforts have produced nine books and well over 100 articles, and have focused for many years on conservation of biological diversity (12/1, Guy, “The road to nowhere”, http:~/~/transitionvoice.com/2010/12/the-road-to-nowhere/http://transitionvoice.com/2010/12/the-road-to-nowhere/)

When I wrote … individuals is at stake.

Transition leads to sustainable localized communities

Lewis 2000 – PhD, University of Colorado at Boulder (Chris H, “The Paradox of Global Development and the Necessary Collapse of Global Industrial Civilization” http://www.cross-x.com/archives/LewisParadox.pdf)

With the collapse… and ruin.

Economic decline solves great power war

Bennett and Stam 2003 – *Professor of Political Science at the Pennsylvania State University, **Associate Professor in the Government Department at Dartmouth (D. Scott and Allan, University of Michigan Press, “The Behavioral Origins of War”, Chapter 5, http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098446-ch5.pdf, WEA)

Consistent with … rather dramatically so.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war … make war thinkable.

The economy is resilient

Washington Times 2008 – chief political correspondent for The Washington Times (7/28, Donald Lambro, The Washington Times, "Always darkest before dawn", lexis, WEA)

The doom-and-gloomers… long-term prospects.

Literally every economic indicator is positive – long term trends are outstanding

Minerd, 1/25/13 - Chief Investment Officer and a Managing Partner of Guggenheim Partners, LLC, a privately held global financial services firm with more than $160 billion in assets under supervision(Scott, Seeking Alpha (an investment site), “ The U.S. Economy Is Reaching Escape Velocity” http:~/~/seekingalpha.com/article/1134471-the-u-s-economy-is-reaching-escape-velocity?source=google_com/article/1134471-the-u-s-economy-is-reaching-escape-velocity?source=google_news

The U.S. economy is … is already underway.

Heg is inevitable

Maher 11 – Richard Maher, Ph.D. in Political Science from Brown University, Winter 2011, “The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World,” Orbis, Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 53-68

The United States … labor market flexibility.

No impact

Goldstein 2011, Professor IR at American University Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor emeritus of international relations at American University, “Thing Again: War,” Sept/Oct 2011,

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full

Nor do shifts… World War I.

Warming

Doesn’t lower emissions

Sharman et al 11 – Principal of Incoteco (Denmark) ApS, an energy consulting and brokering company, and cofounder of DimWatt.eu, a webbased campaign for energy security (Hugh, “Renewable Energy Vision or Mirage?,” http://www.adamsmith.org/blog/energy-environment/renewable-energy-vision-or-mirage)

Wind and solar… near future.¶

Warming’s irreversible

Solomon et al ‘10Susan Solomon et. Al, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ph.D. in Climotology University of California, Berkeley, Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Chairman of the IPCC, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland, John S. Daniel, research scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Ph.D. in physics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Todd J. Sanford, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Daniel M. Murphy, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder Gian-Kasper Plattner, Deputy Head, Director of Science, Technical Support Unit Working Group I, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Affiliated Scientist, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland RetoKnutti, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, EidgenössicheTechnischeHochschule Zurich and Pierre Friedlingstein, Chair, Mathematical Modelling of Climate Systems, member of the Science Steering Committee of the Analysis Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) programme of IGBP and of the Global Carbon Project (GCP) of the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) (Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America, "Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases", October 26, 2010 Vol 107.43: 18354-18359)

Carbon dioxide, methane, … of the peak value.

No extinction – empirically denied

Carter 11–  Robert, PhD, Adjuct Research Fellow, James Cook University, Craig Idso, PhD, Chairman at the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Fred Singer, PhD, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, Susan Crockford, evolutionary biologist with a specialty in skeletal taxonomy , paleozoology and vertebrate evolution, Joseph D’Aleo, 30 years of experience in professional meteorology, former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College, IndurGoklany, independent scholar, author, and co-editor of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Sherwood Idso, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Research Physicist with the US Department of Agriculture, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Botany, and Microbiology at Arizona State University, Bachelor of Physics, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy, all from the University of Minnesota, MadhavKhandekar, former research scientist from Environment Canada and is an expert reviewer for the IPCC 2007 Climate Change Panel, Anthony Lupo, Department Chair and Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Missouri, Willie Soon, astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Mitch Taylor (Canada) (March 8^th, “Survivingurl:file:///C:/Users/Marc/Desktop/Surviving(%%) the Unpreceented Climate Change of the IPCC” http:~/~/www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html(%%)) Jacome

On the other hand, … fluctuations in climate.

International climate leadership is impossible

Cohen and Miller 12—Steven Cohen is executive director of Columbia University’s Earth Institute, USA and professor in the practice of public affairs at the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Alison Miller is a senior program manager at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, USA. Miller received a master’s of public administration in environmental science and policy at Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, January/ February 2012, “Climate change 2011: A status report on US policy,” SAGE Journals, RBatra)

Throughout 2011, the … policy-making venues.

Historical climate occilation proves its natural

Carter 2-8–  Robert, PhD, Adjuct Research Fellow, James Cook University, Craig Idso, PhD, Chairman at the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Fred Singer, PhD, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, Susan Crockford, evolutionary biologist with a specialty in skeletal taxonomy , paleozoology and vertebrate evolution, Joseph D’Aleo, 30 years of experience in professional meteorology, former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College, IndurGoklany, independent scholar, author, and co-editor of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Sherwood Idso, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Research Physicist with the US Department of Agriculture, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Botany, and Microbiology at Arizona State University, Bachelor of Physics, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy, all from the University of Minnesota, MadhavKhandekar, former research scientist from Environment Canada and is an expert reviewer for the IPCC 2007 Climate Change Panel, Anthony Lupo, Department Chair and Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Missouri, Willie Soon, astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Mitch Taylor (Canada) (February 2012, “Eight Centuries of Climate Change in Northeast Spain” http:~/~/www.nipccreport.org/articles/2012/feb/8feb2012a3.html(%%)) Jacome

According to Morellonet al… of explaining it all.

International solutions impossible – U.S. partisanship and fundamental disagreements

Cohen and Miller 12—Steven Cohen is executive director of Columbia University’s Earth Institute, USA and professor in the practice of public affairs at the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Alison Miller is a senior program manager at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, USA. Miller received a master’s of public administration in environmental science and policy at Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, January/ February 2012, “Climate change 2011: A status report on US policy,” SAGE Journals, RBatra)

International discussions … as well as advances in technology.

2nc framework

1. They isolate policy from politics, that’s Madra—condensing advocacy to a 4 second plan means you can’t assess who debated better—plan focus trains you not to defend the process by which you make conclusions, which turns their offense

Gunder et al, Aukland University senior planning lecturer, 2009

(Michael, Planning in Ten Words or Less: A Lacanian Entanglement with Spatial Planning pgs 111-2)

The hegemonic network, … a zero-sum game¶

Key to deliberation—the alt is a process of investigation which solves better—coming to a debate tournament demanding political action is absurd and displaces agency—our arg is that the framework for analysis is itself a political choice

Adaman and Madra2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, **PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, “Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology”, http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf, WEA)

States as agents… economization of the ecology.

Their vocational training model means skills are force multipliers for inequality—prior ethical responsibility is key for educators

Giroux, cultural studies prof, 5—Global Television Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, selected as the Barstow Visiting Scholar for 2003 at Saginaw Valley State University, named as Distinguished Scholar at multiple institutions, Ph.D. (Henry, Fast Capitalism, 1.2 2005, “Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism,” RBatra)

In opposition to these…in public life (Couldry 2004).

2nc at: perm

The perm is bad:

Glover et al 2006 – *Policy Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, **Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton in Chicago programs, selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013, ***2007 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (Leigh Glover, Noah Toly, John Byrne, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, in “Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict”, p. 1-32, http://www.ceep.udel.edu/energy/publications/2006_es_energy_as_a_social_project.pdf, WEA)

When measured in …energy-society relations awaits.

2nc overview

Drives inequality—their ethical frame for managing conflict is unethical

Hintjens 7 Helen Hintjens is Lecturer in the Centre for Development Studies, University of Wales, “MDF Understanding Development Better,” http://udb.global-connections.nl/sites/udb.global-connections.nl/files/file/2923317.051%20-%20Position%20Paper%20Helen%20Hintjens.pdf

From Johan Galtung, …natural nor inevitable”, p. 301 (Prontzos).

Reduce large problems to the smallest visible component is a bad algorithm

Scheer 7 – Member of the German Parliament, President of the European Association for Renewable Energy EUROSOLAR, Chairman of the World Council for Renewable Energy WCRE

(Hermann, Energy Autonomy: The economic, social, and technological case for renewable energy pg 20, dml)

One of … from nuclear energy.

bagwati

We control uniqueness—it’s an inevitable outcome of the way we conduct globalization

Pogge 2011 – PhD, Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University (12/7, Thomas, Financial Task Force, “Endless Poverty Is A Human Rights Failure”, http://www.financialtaskforce.org/2011/12/07/endless-poverty-is-a-human-rights-failure/, WEA)

Contrary to much official rhetoric, … quality of governance.

The books are cooked

Hassoun 2011 – PhD, assistant professor in philosophy and international relations at Carnegie Mellon University (1/13, Nicole, Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Philosophy, “Free Trade, Poverty, and Inequality”, http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1354andcontext=philosophy, WEA)

In 2005, the World Bank …money on food.¶ 51

owen

The Human Security Report Owen is citing concludes neg- prefer the people who actually analyzed the statistical data

A- Heg causes more conflict than it solves- historical data proves

Human Security Report ’10 ( Embargoed until 2 December 2010, 11:00am EST Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report 2009/2010: The Causes of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

As with other … have it by definition.

Wars increasing—disproves their theory—and neolib doesn’t solve it

Hadley, History Today editor, 2011

(Kathryn, “Alarming increase in wars”, 7-12, http://www.historytoday.com/blog/2011/07/alarming-increase-wars, DOA: 7-4-12, ldg)

New research by… engage in warfare.

mead

Economic predictions fail—take it from this guy

Mead 2010 – Kissinger senior fellow for U.S. foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, teaches American foreign policy at Yale (5/24, Walter Russell, The American Interest, "The top ten lessons of the global economic meltdown", http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2010/05/24/the-top-ten-lessons-of-the-global-economic-meltdown/, WEA)

5.  Nobody really understands …most people by surprise.

solar links

Their approach treats electricity as a commodity in need of proper allocation—this mindset perpetuates inequality—only a prior critical approach can solve

Mun and Byrne 2003 – Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware (Yu-Mi and John, “Rethinking reform in the electricity sector: Power liberalisation or energy transformation?”, in “Electricity Reform: Social and Environmental Challenges”, ed: NjeriWamukonya)

Starting from …globalisationadvocate).

Solar power is a Trojan horse for corporatization of tech—they can’t control the consumerist deployment toward unsustainable ends

Glover et al 2006 – *Policy Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, **Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton in Chicago programs, selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013, ***2007 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (Leigh Glover, Noah Toly, John Byrne, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, in “Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict”, p. 1-32, http://www.ceep.udel.edu/energy/publications/2006_es_energy_as_a_social_project.pdf, WEA)

The Sustainable Energy … modernization project.¶ 20

Add on

Desalination is too costly and politically contentious – conservation’s better

Sammon '07.Richard, senior associate editor with Kiplinger Letter."Water Scarcity Will Change How We LiveandWork" June 27. http://www.ecoearth.info/shared/reader/print.aspx?linkid=78703

Desalination can help, … SETS Systems.

Warming

DeDev

No chance that tech solves warming

Martenson, PhD Economist, 9 Dr. Chris Martenson is an independent economist and author of a popular website, ChrisMartenson.com. Chris earned a PhD in neurotoxicology from Duke University, and an MBA from Cornell University. A fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Chris's work has appeared on PBS and been cited by the Washington Post. He is a contributor to SeekingAlpha.com and FinancialSense.com, and former VP of Pfizer and SAIC “Copenhagen and Economic Growth - You Can't Have Both,” Dec 24 http://www.energybulletin.net/node/51229

I want to point out … things very differently.

Inevitable

CO2 increases are inevitable because of human exhalations

Lovelock ‘9, Consultant of NASA, former president of the Marine Biological Association, and Honorary Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (James, The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning: Enjoy it While You Can, 74-75)

It is surprising … larger and more deadly.

It’s too late—deal with it

Dickinson 9 (Pete, Global warming: Is it too late?, 26 August 2009, http://www.socialistalternative.org/news/article19.php?id=1142, AMiles) Note – paper cited is by Susan Solomon - atmospheric chemist working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Gian-Kasper Plattnerb- Group, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UCLA - RetoKnuttic - Institute for Atmopsheric and Climate Science, PhD

New research is … loss to the oceans.

Triggers their impacts

ANI 10 3-2010, citing Charles H. Greene, Cornell professor of Earth and atmospheric science http:~/~/news.oneindia.in/2010/03/20/html

According to … dangerous climate change," said Green.

No Impact

Adaptation Solves oceans

Carter 11, Robert, PhD, Adjuct Research Fellow, James Cook University, Craig Idso, PhD, Chairman at the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Fred Singer, PhD, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, Susan Crockford, evolutionary biologist with a specialty in skeletal taxonomy , paleozoology and vertebrate evolution, Joseph D’Aleo, 30 years of experience in professional meteorology, former college professor of Meteorology at Lyndon State College, IndurGoklany, independent scholar, author, and co-editor of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Sherwood Idso, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Research Physicist with the US Department of Agriculture, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Botany, and Microbiology at Arizona State University, Bachelor of Physics, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy, all from the University of Minnesota, MadhavKhandekar, former research scientist from Environment Canada and is an expert reviewer for the IPCC 2007 Climate Change Panel, Anthony Lupo, Department Chair and Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Missouri, Willie Soon, astrophysicist at the Solar and Stellar Physics Division of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Mitch Taylor (Canada) “Climate Change Reconsidered 2011 Interim Report,” September, Science and Environmental Policy Project, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Published by The Heartland Institute

 In further … high CO2 ocean.‖

Don’t Solve

Solar’s too expensive even if we give away the panels

Zehner 12

Green illusions,

Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar at the University of California, Berkeley. His recent publications include public science pieces in Christian Science Monitor, The American Scholar, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, The Humanist, The Futurist, and Women’s Studies Quarterly. He has appeared on PBS, BBC, CNN, MSNBC, and regularly guest lectures at universities. Zehner’s research and projects have been covered by The Sunday Times, USA Today, WIRED, The Washington Post, Business Week and numerous other media outlets. He also serves on the editorial board of Critical Environmentalism.

Zehner primarily researches the social, political and economic conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes. His work also incorporates symbolic roles that energy technologies play within political and environmental movements. His other research interests include consumerism, urban policy, environmental governance, international human rights, and forgeries.

Zehner attended Kettering University (BS -Engineering) and The University of Amsterdam (MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies). His research was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.

Free Panels, Anyone… without a peep.

Econ

A2 Royal

And, diversionary war theory is false

Boehmer 2007 – political science professor at the University of Texas (Charles, Politics and Policy, 35:4, “The Effects of Economic Crisis, Domestic Discord, and State Efficacy on the Decision to Initiate Interstate Conflict”, WEA)

This article examines t… in the same year.3

A2 Pazner

Trade doesn’t solve war

Goldstone 2007 (P.R., PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science and a member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a non-resident research fellow at the Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown University, AlterNet, September 25, http://www.alternet.org/audits/62848/?page=entire)

Many hope … buy and sell.

real estate link

The plan is Reagonomics – the last experiment with REITs created massive overbuilding until the bubble burst – this turns the entire aff

Weber, Urban Planning and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2002

(Rachel, “Extracting Value from the City: Neoliberalism and Urban Redevelopment,” http://jft-newspaper.aub.edu.lb/reserve/data/soan238-cn-3/week-3_weber_extracting_value.pdf)

Since the 1970s, … beyond territorialism: speed” (Douglas 1999:146).

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville | Judge: 

A. Interpretation—the aff should defend topical action based on the resolution

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical action

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference

Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

B. Vote neg—

1. Preparation and clash—changing the question post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

2. Educational testing—debate is a unique game space that’s distinct from public speaking OR policymaking—the purpose of topicality is to create a balance of ground—the alternative is de facto monologue

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Policy simulation is good because it’s a game—unlocks freedom to strategically experiment—empirically more effective than airing out your personal perspective

Eijkman 12
The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. ~electronic resource~ http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf-http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal

Policy simulations stimulate Creativity
Participation in policy games has proved to be a highly effective way of developing new
AND
set of meanings and beliefs to guide the policy process in the desired direction

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

This card is really long and makes a bunch of arguments, so bear with me—

Their K of democratic deliberation rests on the assumptions they criticize—for instance, the case for structural antagonism or the impossibility of consensus presupposes that rational argument is possible.  Our framework energizes the arena for interdependent reasoning—we do this by defending consensus is possible, but fallible.  This means using the resolution to affirm the debate-to-be-had that is this topic—the point is not to settle which way of debating is objectively best, but to use provisional rules for reciprocal clash—that process of dialogism uniquely activates critical thinking and reflexivity

Knops 2007 – DPhil, Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, UK (March, Andrew, Journal of Political Philosophy, 15.1, "Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe’s Theory of Democracy", Wiley Online)

THE arguments advanced in Chantal Mouffe’s The Democratic Paradox represent a sustained attack on deliberative
AND
show how Mouffe’s model may be seen as coherent within a deliberative framework.
I. MOUFFE’S RELIANCE ON CONSENSUS
The first point to make about Mouffe’s argument in The Democratic Paradox is that it
AND
through rational argument. This is precisely what she criticises deliberative theorists for.
Of course, the content of the model for which Mouffe seeks rational acceptance is
AND
be left as merely the interplay of differences within this domain of power.
Firstly, Mouffe argues that there should be common adherence to – consensus on –
AND
to some form of rational argument akin to that deployed by deliberative theorists.
Although less clear, it is also apparent that Mouffe requires all participants in her
AND
right to defend them, and fall short of ’annihilation’ or violence.
However, Mouffe adds a further qualification to the ’free-play’ of differences
AND
reaching collective decisions through a procedure for rational discussion that deliberative theorists support.
An insistence on the need to distinguish and combat relations of subordination is necessary for
AND
in other words, on any aspect of the subject matter of politics.
From all this we can conclude that Mouffe’s alternative is firstly grounded in a universal
AND
are not to reproduce the relations of subordination that Mouffe wishes to combat.
So it would seem that Mouffe’s own agonistic alternative to deliberative democracy, designed to
AND
deliberative democracy that she has criticised. I will explore the second option.
II. REHABILITATION OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
Mouffe’s objection to deliberative democracy is that it is founded on a notion of rational
AND
be extended to deal with Mouffe’s second line of criticism from linguistic deconstruction.
A. Wittgenstein
Mouffe explicitly identifies two sources on whose interpretation of Wittgenstein she draws in criticising deliberative democracy. They are Hannah Pitkin, in her work Wittgenstein and Justice, and James Tully.4 To do justice to Mouffe’s argument, I will stick to the version of Wittgenstein advanced by these two commentators.
In arguing against the possibility of rational consensus, Mouffe uses three key Wittgenstinian concepts
AND
reconcile such notions with the possibility of a rational consensus reached through deliberation.
As Pitkin explains, Wittgenstein’s version of language suggests that we learn terms through practice
AND
, of course, involve them making mistakes, which are then corrected.
Because words are developed 

~finished at the top of the 2nc~

through repeated use in this way, they rarely have settled meanings. By applying
AND
case of applying a clear-cut rule to a definite situation.8
Because words develop through practices and their use in particular situations, and in many
AND
only discover these by investigating particular practices of use in specific cases.11
However, Wittgenstein concedes that there must be some kind of regularity to our use
AND
or all of us. Cavell sums this up well when he says:
We learn and teach words in certain contexts, and then we are expected,
AND
– all the whirl of organism Wittgenstein calls ’forms of life’.12
These forms of life are not so much constituted by, but constitute, language. They serve as its ’ground’. Therefore, although the process of explaining a term, and of reasoning in language, may continue up to a point, it will always come to an end and have to confront simple agreement in activity, ways of going on, or forms of life.
Mouffe sees this account as ruling out the possibility of rational consensus. Following Tully
AND
it to be far too varied and idiosyncratic for such an account.14
Yet I would like to argue that Wittgenstein’s theory as characterised above does not rule
AND
hence to arrive as closely as possible to the notion of an absolute.
The process that Habermas calls ’practical discourse’18 and the process that Wittgenstein calls ’
AND
repairs the assumption that we do use these words in similar ways.22
But this dialogical sharing of reasons is nothing more than Wittgenstein’s concept of explanation and
AND
can in itself be seen as the process of development of language use.
Before moving on, we should note an important feature of this process: any
AND
understanding developed through reason, though partial, fallible and grounded in practice.
Deliberative democracy, then, is compatible with a Wittgensteinian theory of language, which
AND
deliberation against the second, deconstructionist, set of arguments that Mouffe musters.
B. Deconstruction
Mouffe also uses Derrida’s notions of differance and the ’constitutive other’25 to argue that any form of consensus must always be partial and biased against a group that it excludes, while necessarily unstable as it contains the traces of this power. This precludes the very idea of a consensus that is neutral because it is reached on rational grounds.26
However, using our enhanced understanding of deliberation we can see how such an argument
AND
, and allowing for collective agreement and collective action to change oppressive practices.
Another way of characterising this process is to see it as the activity of questioning
AND
-for-tat’ exchange in which ex-oppressors become the oppressed.
The fallibilistic and partial nature of deliberation or explanation also secures it against Mouffe’s use
AND
, nor does it rule out the possibility of rational consensus through deliberation.
Finally amongst Mouffe’s deconstructionist arguments against deliberation we have her use of Lacan. She deploy’s Lacan’s notion of the ’master signifier’29– a set of unquestioned assumptions that form the frame for any discourse – to illustrate that all discourses must be conditioned by authority. This gives her yet another reason why the idea of neutral rational consensus, free from power, is conceptually flawed (DP, pp. 137–8).
The defeasibility of deliberation, and its privileging of questions, again serves to turn
AND
such an ideal their critical projects founder, just as much as deliberation’s.
III. CONCLUSION
Mouffe believes in a consensus that distinguishes and opposes oppressive uses of power, seeing
AND
are in fact mutually dependent aspects of a solution to the same problem.

personal narrative

This argument is the link—the injunction to perform paints a target on radical subjectivities – it also assumes there IS a public space hospitable to unspoken identities which is what we criticize – independent voter

Vila ’5, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, 2005 ~Pablo, "Border Ethnographies," Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p. xxviii-xxxiii~

At the same time, some of the problems related to the intertwining of the
AND
still couldn’t make those connections for basic reasons of personal and academic survival. 

Therefore if on the one hand most of the contributors to this collection were surely
AND
deviant subject positions" from which it is not possible to do so . 

. . yet? And this difference between subject positions is not fixed but is
AND
positions (deviant or not) and can intertwine them with their ethnographies.

Authenticity tests shut down debate—turns case and proves they turn dialogue into lecture

Subotnik 1998 – professor of law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center (7 Cornell J. L. %26 Pub. Pol’y 681)

Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND
- but that the minority scholar himself or herself hurts and hurts badly.
An important problem that concerns the very definition of the scholarly enterprise now comes into
AND
precarious connection as a part of our lives is... ultimately obliterating." n74
"Precarious." "Obliterating." These words will clearly invite responses only from fools
AND
themselves from their pain in order to gain perspective on their condition. n77
 ~*696~  Last, as we have seen, it precludes the possibility of open and structured conversation with others. n78
 ~*697~  It is because of this conversation-stopping effect of what
AND
material, but to subject that experience to the same level of scrutiny.
If through the foregoing rhetorical strategies CRATs succeeded in limiting academic debate, why do
AND
public to the right and ensures that anything CRT offers is reflexively rejected.
In the absence of scholarly work by white males in the area of race,
AND
to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

at: topical version write out black labor

Knowledge from personal experience reifies privilege by assuming someone can have epistemic entitlement to see reality better than us

Parrish ’11 Jesse, student commenter on Victor Reppert’s blog Dangerous Idea, devoted to exploring biases in argumentation, August http://dangerousidea.blogspot.com/2011/08/sltf.html

I think that whenever we are looking to calibrate the effect of evidence on probability
AND
special privileges - epistemic entitlements, if you prefer - over knowledgeable peers.

Side switching does not equate to speaking from nowhere or divesting yourself of social background—our argument is that if your only exposure to the topic is finding ways to critique or avoid it, then you become solely capable of preaching to the choir.  Debate is unique because it gives opportunities to tactically inhabit other perspectives without enlisting in those causes for the sake of skill development and mutual testing

Haskell 1990 – history professor at Rice University (May, Thomas, History and Theory, 29.2, "Objectivity is Not Neutrality: Rhetoric vs. Practice in Peter Novick’s That Noble Dream", p. 129-157)

Detachment functions in this manner not by draining us of passion, but by helping
AND
, or editorially splitting the difference between them, irrespective of their perceived merits

at: deliberation impossible

Independently, breaking a NEW K AFF destroys engagement.  Even if we can debate them on an undisclosed topical aff or a previously run critical aff, the combination is impossible and proves they value strategy over community.

The alternative is open source

Torvalds and Diamond ’1
~Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); "Why Open Source Makes Sense"; Educause Review; November/December; p. 71-2 nick~ 

It’s the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open
AND
by a peer-review process that has no, er, peer.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville | Judge: 

Condo Good

says multiple tests are key to optimal knowledge with rigorous criteria—the fact that there’s no threshold for sufficiently performing or arguing against that performance proves their more interested in exhibitionism than radical change

Sholock 12 – Chatham University
(Adale, "Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty", Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml)

However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance
AND
he doesn’t know to the epistemic uncertainties of knowing that he doesn’t know.
I admit that The Color of Fear has sometimes made me feel a depressing lack
AND
Victor extends the offer, "from here I can work with you."
David and Victor’s breakthrough indicates that effective coalition across racial and other power inequities might
AND
epistemic uncertainty as an indication of effectiveness rather than failure within coalitional politics.
Perhaps more than self-reflexivity or racial sedition, epistemic uncertainty is a methodology
AND
(Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).

AT: Inequality

First, Multiple measures prove a trend towards equality—-this isn’t to say that everything is OK or that the status of Rubbertown is problematic but that falsifiable claims matter for assessing impacts AND that engagement can be effective

Currie 8
http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/-http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/
Duncan Currie is managing editor of THE AMERICAN.    Speechwriter and Policy Advisor in U.S. Senate Washington D.C. Metro Area | Government Administration Current: Speechwriter and Policy Advisor, Office of Senator John Cornyn at United States Senate Past: Editorial Director at The George W. Bush Institute, Deputy Managing Editor at National Review, Managing Editor at The American Enterprise Institu... Education: Harvard University

Measuring racial progress is all about perspective. Since Appomattox, the struggle for racial
AND
, about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women."

Second, voting neg solves better – progress is possible but it requires a strategy – our offense turns the case

Clark, professor of law – Catholic University, ’95
(Leroy D., 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

I must now address the thesis that there has been no evolutionary progress for blacks
AND
of progress,’ short-lived victories that slide into irrelevance." n51
Progress toward reducing racial discrimination and subordination has never been "automatic," if that
AND
occurred in the international arena, and were not exclusively under American control.
With these qualifications, and a long view of history, blacks and their white allies achieved two profound and qualitatively different leaps forward toward the goal of equality: the end of slavery, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Moreover, despite open and, lately, covert resistance, black progress has never been shoved back, in a qualitative sense, to the powerlessness and abuse of periods preceding these leaps forward. n52

Visibility Overview/ AT: Self Image

their aff functions to make debate NECESSARY as an institution to fight racism, as per their framework—the best way to performatively challenge racism in debate might be the worst way to fight racism overall—they trade off with autonomous communities outside of conceptual regulation which are key to make changes without relying on the thing they criticize as a condition for existence

Hershock, East-West Center, 1999 ~"Changing the way society changes", Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 6, 154; http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/6/hershock991.html~~ 

The trouble is that, like other technologies biased toward control, the more successful
AND
depletion of our resources for meaningfully improvised and liberating intimacy with all things.

AT: Cant Shed ouir Identities

Our K isn’t about shedding your identity and neither is framework—it’s about the role you choose for your advocacy—even if you can’t shed your identity, you can choose not to make that the foundation of resistance.

They link harder—by their logic, the fact that the 1AC didn’t mention ableist privilege or nonveteran privilege or ageist privilege enacts a discursive violence against them — this cannot be a contest to see who can acknowledge MORE marginalized groups and the search for a discursive starting point in race is violent. Treat this as an independent disad to voting aff and a total solvency take-out

Their claim that they cannot be political without discussing their identities is NOT TRUE — the political actions of groups like Anonymous and the ethical hacker movement include people of color and rely on anonymity — they represent a potential alternative political model — we are not suggesting that this is a universal model, merely that it is a possible one
Halpin ’12 Harry, "The Politics of Anonymous: Ontological Politics without Identity" Nov/Dec
http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-philosophy-of-anonymous

You cannot arrest an idea. The last tweet of Topiary, before his arrest
AND
cybernetics is possible: they do not forgive and they do not forget.

Our praxis is not in the business of providing alternatives — it is the responsibility of the 1ac to justify itself methodology FIRST — however, we can look to Anonymous as an example of achieving power via opacity
Halpin ’12 Harry, "The Politics of Anonymous: Ontological Politics without Identity" Nov/Dec
http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-philosophy-of-anonymous

In these chat channels, ideas for actions and news are spread, as is
AND
of the ’hivemind’ is not a mere epiphenomenon; it constitutes Anonymous.

Condo Good

says multiple tests are key to optimal knowledge with rigorous criteria—the fact that there’s no threshold for sufficiently performing or arguing against that performance proves their more interested in exhibitionism than radical change

Sholock 12 – Chatham University
(Adale, "Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty", Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml)

However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance
AND
he doesn’t know to the epistemic uncertainties of knowing that he doesn’t know.
I admit that The Color of Fear has sometimes made me feel a depressing lack
AND
Victor extends the offer, "from here I can work with you."
David and Victor’s breakthrough indicates that effective coalition across racial and other power inequities might
AND
epistemic uncertainty as an indication of effectiveness rather than failure within coalitional politics.
Perhaps more than self-reflexivity or racial sedition, epistemic uncertainty is a methodology
AND
(Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).

AT: Inequality

First, Multiple measures prove a trend towards equality—-this isn’t to say that everything is OK or that the status of Rubbertown is problematic but that falsifiable claims matter for assessing impacts AND that engagement can be effective

Currie 8
http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/-http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/
Duncan Currie is managing editor of THE AMERICAN.    Speechwriter and Policy Advisor in U.S. Senate Washington D.C. Metro Area | Government Administration Current: Speechwriter and Policy Advisor, Office of Senator John Cornyn at United States Senate Past: Editorial Director at The George W. Bush Institute, Deputy Managing Editor at National Review, Managing Editor at The American Enterprise Institu... Education: Harvard University

Measuring racial progress is all about perspective. Since Appomattox, the struggle for racial
AND
, about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women."

Second, voting neg solves better – progress is possible but it requires a strategy – our offense turns the case

Clark, professor of law – Catholic University, ’95
(Leroy D., 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

I must now address the thesis that there has been no evolutionary progress for blacks
AND
of progress,’ short-lived victories that slide into irrelevance." n51
Progress toward reducing racial discrimination and subordination has never been "automatic," if that
AND
occurred in the international arena, and were not exclusively under American control.
With these qualifications, and a long view of history, blacks and their white allies achieved two profound and qualitatively different leaps forward toward the goal of equality: the end of slavery, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Moreover, despite open and, lately, covert resistance, black progress has never been shoved back, in a qualitative sense, to the powerlessness and abuse of periods preceding these leaps forward. n52

Visibility Overview/ AT: Self Image

their aff functions to make debate NECESSARY as an institution to fight racism, as per their framework—the best way to performatively challenge racism in debate might be the worst way to fight racism overall—they trade off with autonomous communities outside of conceptual regulation which are key to make changes without relying on the thing they criticize as a condition for existence

Hershock, East-West Center, 1999 ~"Changing the way society changes", Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 6, 154; http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/6/hershock991.html~~ 

The trouble is that, like other technologies biased toward control, the more successful
AND
depletion of our resources for meaningfully improvised and liberating intimacy with all things.

AT: Cant Shed ouir Identities

Our K isn’t about shedding your identity and neither is framework—it’s about the role you choose for your advocacy—even if you can’t shed your identity, you can choose not to make that the foundation of resistance.

They link harder—by their logic, the fact that the 1AC didn’t mention ableist privilege or nonveteran privilege or ageist privilege enacts a discursive violence against them — this cannot be a contest to see who can acknowledge MORE marginalized groups and the search for a discursive starting point in race is violent. Treat this as an independent disad to voting aff and a total solvency take-out

Their claim that they cannot be political without discussing their identities is NOT TRUE — the political actions of groups like Anonymous and the ethical hacker movement include people of color and rely on anonymity — they represent a potential alternative political model — we are not suggesting that this is a universal model, merely that it is a possible one
Halpin ’12 Harry, "The Politics of Anonymous: Ontological Politics without Identity" Nov/Dec
http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-philosophy-of-anonymous

You cannot arrest an idea. The last tweet of Topiary, before his arrest
AND
cybernetics is possible: they do not forgive and they do not forget.

Our praxis is not in the business of providing alternatives — it is the responsibility of the 1ac to justify itself methodology FIRST — however, we can look to Anonymous as an example of achieving power via opacity
Halpin ’12 Harry, "The Politics of Anonymous: Ontological Politics without Identity" Nov/Dec
http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-philosophy-of-anonymous

In these chat channels, ideas for actions and news are spread, as is
AND
of the ’hivemind’ is not a mere epiphenomenon; it constitutes Anonymous.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville | Judge: 

The battle for the public sphere is over—we lost.  Conservatives and Liberals are now two sides of the same coin, and any movement that actually promises radical change will be destroyed as soon as it becomes visible.  An invisible movement has the most subversive potential—rejecting politics is the only political act

The Invisible Committee, 7 ~an anonymous group of French professors, phd candidates, and intellectuals, in the book "The Coming Insurrection" published by Semiotext(e) (attributed to the Tarnac Nine by the French police), http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf~~

Whatever angle you look at it from, there’s no escape from the present.
AND
we can see and not avoid the conclusions to be drawn from it.

The 1ac presents a rhetorical device known as an agony tale, where they highlight marginalization in real, specific instances to elicit affective response.  This unwittingly reinforces worldviews that render mundane prejudice and privilege invisible.  Vote neg to universalize the praxis of the 1ac absent the particular tale

Fan, ’97 ~Copyright (c) 1997 The Columbia Law Review Columbia Law Review May, 1997 97 Colum. L. Rev. 1202 LENGTH: 17247 words SYMPOSIUM: TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW: UNSCRAMBLING THE SIGNALS, UNBUNDLING THE LAW: NOTE: IMMIGRATION LAW AND THE PROMISE OF CRITICAL RACE THEORY: OPENING THE ACADEMY TO THE VOICES OF ALIENS AND IMMIGRANTS NAME: Stephen Shie-Wei Fan~

While the narratives of all critical race theorists bear the same purpose of bringing to
AND
to go beyond merely engendering a passive sense of identification from sympathetic listeners.

To make micropolitics visible is to coopt it by giving resistance an object – this understanding allows resistance to be framed, to be declared a failure and prevents the immanence of imperceptible politics from coalescing around mundane practices of existence

Tsianos et al. 8 Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. "Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century" Pluto Press

In this sense imperceptible politics does not necessarily differ from or oppose other prevalent forms
AND
this void into everyday politics that becomes the vital force for imperceptible politics.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1nc immigration politics
Immigration passing now – now key
I-Hsien Sherwood (writer for the Latino Post) 3/21, 2013 “Immigration Reform 2013 News: Delays Could Hinder Reform Bill, So Speed is Necessary” http://www.latinospost.com/articles/14995/20130321/immigration-reform-2013-news-delays-hinder-bill-speed-necessary.htm

Lately, proponents of immigration reform have been optimistic about the progress of bipartisan bills
AND
.¶ Whether Congress can maintain momentum on the issue remains to be seen.

Plan ignites a highly controversial federalism debate
Kay, 12 - Cornell Community and Regional Development Institute (CaRDI) (David, “Energy Federalism: Who Decides?” July, cardi.cornell.edu/cals/devsoc/outreach/cardi/programs/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfileandPageID=1071714

Questions about energy production and consumption are acquiring renewed urgency in the 21 st Century
AND
of debate about energy federalism are being cinched into an increasingly dense tangle.

Top of the Agenda and PC key
Shifter 12/27 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?” 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3186

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
AND
some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

Reform is a shot in the arm for China—skilled visas
Williams 11/9 Carol is an LA Times international affairs writer. “Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform,” 2012, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Key to China relations and growth
Koehn and Yin, ‘2
Peter H. Koehn and Xiao-Huang Yin, “The expanding roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China relations: transnational networks and trans-Pacific interactions”, M.E. Sharpe, pg. 16, 2002

Among the various social forces that could re-shape U.S.-China
AND
profoundly shaped and will continue to influence U.S.-China relations.

Extinction
China Daily, 8 (Rikki N. Massand and Gazelle Emami, “U.S.-China relations at the world's fingertips,” 4-20-2008, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-04/20/content_6629700.htm, JMP)

To frame the importance of this discussion and the topics that must be met, Siegal used the analogy of “the U.S. and China having their hands around each other’s necks and we’re both going over the waterfall.” After that comment a man in the audience then suggested that in that case both countries would have to look to the other for help and teamwork would be the only way to survive.
That theme resonated from coast to coast. At the University of California-Berkeley
AND
the imperative for Americans is to learn to get along with the Chinese.
 “We must -- we don't have a choice. The crises that threaten the human race, like weapons of mass destruction in the hands of terrorist groups, global warming, none of the issues will get resolved unless we work with China, Brazil, India and of course Europe and other countries. Really the central axis that holds the whole thing together is the U.S. and China," Rittenberg said.
1nc t regulations

The aff decreases regulations but not restrictions—restrictions are direct prohibitions on production
Sinha 6
Supreme Court of India Union Of India and Ors vs M/S. Asian
AND
No. 17558 of 2006  S.B. SINHA, J :  
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/

We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others AIR 1979 SC 1459 stated the law thus:
"It appears that a distinction between regulation and restriction or prohibition has always been
AND
the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

The aff removes a regulation not a restriction
Pursley and Wiseman 11 1AC Author (Garrick, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law, and Hannah, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law, “Local Energy”, Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877)

Our suggestion, then, is that the federal government should first establish some minimum
AND
to anti-renewables interests and stifle the adoption of distributed renewables. 314
Voter for limits—expansive readings confound research predictability and undermine our ability to engage in meaningful energy debates
Eric Heinze (Senior Lecturer in Law, University of London, Queen Mary. He has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the French and German governments. He teaches Legal Theory, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Public International Law. JD Harvard) 2003 “The Logic of Liberal Rights A study in the formal analysis of legal discourse” http://mey.homelinux.org/companions/Eric%20Heinze/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20%28839%29/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20-%20Eric%20Heinze.pdf

Variety of ‘restrictions’
The term ‘restriction’, defined so broadly, embraces any number of familiar concepts
AND
of a formal model, for which any distinctions among them are irrelevant.

And, neg ground—questionable restrictions affs are terminally skewed because no counterplans and few DAs apply—that’s the core of our prep.
1nc grid da
Grid upgrades now, but pacing is key
POWERGRID International, 12/17/12 – from the editors based on an interview with Andre Begosso, managing director in the Accenture management consulting practice and is focused on the resources operating group. He has more than seventeen years of experience in the utility and energy industries and advises clients in the alternative energy, power generation and oil and gas sectors (“2013 trends for the power industry” December, http://www.elp.com/blogs/eye-on-the-grid/2012/12/2013-trends-for-the-power-industry.html)

In the absence of some major advance in energy storage, Andre said, he
AND
electric grids available — yet it still failed, and people wonder why.

Decentralized solar causes overproduction and trades off with grid stability
Jansson and Michelfelder, 8 - *Associate Professor at Rowan University in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering  AND assistant professor of finance at Rutgers University's School of Business (Peter and Richard, “Integrating Renewables into the U.S. Grid: Is It Sustainable?,” The Electricity Journal, July, science direct)

From utility economic and practical engineering perspectives, we have reached an impasse. Electric
AND
on existing utility infrastructure will mount unless wise public policy direction is provided.

Overloads the entire grid
Rutgers News 8 (“Sustainable Energy Must Be Integrated Into Existing Power Grid, Says Rutgers–Camden Finance Scholar,” 11/18, http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2008/11/sustainable-energy-m-20081118/)

CAMDEN -- Engineers and entrepreneurs are rushing to explore alternative sources of efficient and renewable
AND
of disruptions in the coordination of the flow of electricity,” says Michelfelder.

Blackouts cause nuclear meltdowns
Cappiello ‘11 (Dina, reporter for the AP March 29, 2011 “AP IMPACT: Long Blackouts Pose Risk to US Reactors” The Post and Courier http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2011/mar/29/ap-impact-long-blackouts-pose-risk-us-reactors/?print)

Long before the nuclear emergency in Japan, U.S. regulators knew that
AND
a one-two punch: first the earthquake, then the tsunami.

Extinction
Lendman ‘11 (Stephen, Research Associate of the Center for Research on Globalization, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” http://www.opednews.com/articles/Nuclear-Meltdown-in-Japan-by-Stephen-Lendman-110313-843.html)

Fukushima Daiichi "nuclear power plant in Okuma, Japan, appears to have caused
AND
seem mild by comparison. Potentially, millions of lives will be jeopardized.

And, local solar jacks up customer electricity prices
Burr, 12 – editor in chief of Public Utilities Fortnightly (Michael, “Rooftop Tsunami; Utilities sound the alarm as PV nears grid parity” PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, July, lexis)

From the utility's point of view, a growing wave of rooftop PV projects is
AND
by 40 to 50 percent by 2020, which we know isn't sustainable."

This causes a depression
Entine, 9 – adjunct fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (Jon, “U.S. and Climate Change--Rescue of the Planet Postponed?”, 2/24,  http://aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29333/pub_detail.asp)

The correlation between economic growth and energy costs is high and negative; when energy costs go up, productivity takes a nosedive. In these extraordinary times, arguably the top priority must be to ensure that a secular financial downturn doesn't turn into a worldwide structural depression. If that happens, both the economy and the environment will be losers.

Nuclear war
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
1nc expropriation cp
The United States Federal Government should expropriate solar power production from the private domain and assert direct oversight control over both the solar power production sector and its market competitors for the purpose of local solar, placing the industry under direct management by independent boards of unionized industrial workers, collectively and democratically accountable to the majority of workers in the industry.
It’s competitive—they decrease restrictions on solar production—we maximize them to infinity and say state expropriation good

Solves better
The Militant '1 "Nationalize the energy companies!" Vol.65/No.3 1/22/01 http://www.themilitant.com/2001/6503/650302.html

The labor movement needs to respond to the power shortages, rate hikes, and
AND
movement for a campaign of mobilizations calling for the nationalization of this industry. 

Energy disenfranchisement is inevitable under their mechanism
Liatos '6 Deborah, reporting for The Militant "Socialist candidates in N.Y.: Nationalize energy industry!" 8/7/06 Vol.70/No. 29 http://www.themilitant.com/2006/7029/702902.html

WOODSIDE, Queens, July 23—“The cause of this blackout is not mainly
AND
works program to rebuild the deteriorating infrastructure and create thousands of needed jobs.
1nc k

The 1ac endorses a model of energy policy that perpetuates the neoliberal appropriation of technology and public resources
Harvey '5 David, David Harvey is the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. "A Brief History of Neoliberalism" http://messhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/A-Brief-History-of-Neoliberalism.pdf

Neoliberals are particularly assiduous in seeking the privatization of assets. The absence of clear
AND
the masses would be restricted in favour of the freedoms of the few.

Decentralization is a tactic to diffuse power and vilify institutions—clean energy policy under this guise empowers corporate forces
MacNeil '12 Robert, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the PhD degree in Political Science School of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Robert MacNeil, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 "Neoliberal Climate Policy in the United States: From Market Fetishism to the Developmental State" http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/en/bitstream/handle/10393/23587/Macneil_Robert_2012_thesis.pdf?sequence=1

On the pull side, the project looks at four particularly prominent selectivities used by
AND
literature, as well as understand its dialectical relationship with the policy process. 

Solar technology is a Trojan horse—don’t be fooled by their promises of social equity
Glover et al 2006 – *Policy Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton in Chicago programs, selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013, *2007 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (Leigh Glover, Noah Toly, John Byrne, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, in “Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict”, p. 1-32, http://www.ceep.udel.edu/energy/publications/2006_es_energy_as_a_social_project.pdf, WEA)

The Sustainable Energy Quest¶ The problems of the conventional energy order have led some
AND
a way that would seamlessly¶ tie it to the modernization project.¶ 20

Their complexity arguments are a management strategy to divest us of authority for any collective action
Dean '10 Jodi, Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, "Complexity as capture--neoliberalism and the loop of drive" http://www.academia.edu/859473/Complexity_as_capture_neoliberalism_and_the_loop_of_drive

Given the convergence between finance and critical theory around the notion of complexity, it's
AND
politics, to displace matters of will and action onto questions of knowledge.

Our alternative is a regulated paradigm shift for decision-making framework that recognizes a material foundation for autonomy as a prerequisite to democratic communication.
Briscoe '12 Felicia, Professor of Education at UTSA, "Anarchist, Neoliberal, and Democratic Decision-Making: Deepening the Joy in Learning and Teaching" Education Studies, Vol. 48, Issue 1
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00131946.2011.637257#preview

A More Equal Distribution of Resources Emma Goldman describes anarchism as “an order that
AND
, there is little autonomy; without autonomy, authentic communication becomes impossible.
ADV 2 

Solar power doesn’t solve the environment
Zycher 11 – visiting scholar at AEI (Benjamin, April 20, 2011, “The Folly of Renewable Electricity,” AEI,  http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/the-folly-of-renewable-electricity/)

A cleaner environment is worth it, you say? Not so fast. As
AND
engineering study of the effects of renewables requirements found for Colorado and Texas.

This means they have to win total mindset shift—good luck with that
Barnhizer, 6 (David, Prof of Law, Cleveland State U, ‘Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream”,’ Geo Int’l Envtl L Rev, pg. l/n) 

Devotees of sustainability pin their hopes on an awakening by an enlightened populace that will
AND
to the dictates of the powerful systems that govern our lives and culture.

Utilities will block distributed generation
Vandenbergh and Rossi, 12 - * Professor of Law, Co-Director, Energy, Environment and Land Use Law Program, and Director, Climate Change Research Network, Vanderbilt University Law School AND  Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School (Michael and Jim, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 1527, “Good for You, Bad for Us: The Financial Disincentive for Net Demand Reduction” lexis) NDR = Net Demand Reduction

Similar issues arise regarding generation of electricity at the household level. Penetration of renewables
AND
the power generated at these plants is drawn from coal-fired generators.
ADV 1
Consequentalism is good and inevitable – every credible measure proves
Greene 2010 – Joshua, Associate Professor of Social science in the D epartment of Psychology at Harvard University (The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul published in Moral Psychology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, accessed: www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf)
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don't really explain what's distinctive about the philosophy in question. 

Global poverty declining faster than ever—best new metrics
McVeigh 3/16/2013 – chief reporter for the Observer (Tracy, Guardian, “World poverty is shrinking rapidly, new index reveals”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/mar/17/aid-trade-reduce-acute-poverty)

Some of the poorest people in the world are becoming significantly less poor, according to a groundbreaking academic study which has taken a new approach to measuring deprivation. The report, by Oxford University's poverty and human development initiative, predicts that countries among the most impoverished in the world could see acute poverty eradicated within 20 years if they continue at present rates.
It identifies "star performer" nations such as Rwanda, Nepal and Bangladesh as places where deprivation could disappear within the lifetime of present generations. Close on their heels with reductions in poverty levels were Ghana, Tanzania, Cambodia and Bolivia.
The study comes after the UN's latest development report published last week which stated that
AND
conditions and prospects of so many people changed so dramatically and so fast."
The brighter global picture is the result of international and national aid and development projects
AND
without taking into account other factors – health, education and living standards.
The study of the world's poorest one billion people uses a new measure, the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which was just updated in the 2013 UN report. It includes ten indicators to calculate poverty – nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling and attendance, cooking fuel, water, sanitation, electricity assets and a covered floor.
The initiative hopes insights from the MPI will incentivise international donors and governments to help the poorest by allowing the results to be measured. The academics believe old methods of looking at income levels – such as those living on $1.25 a day or less – ignores other deprivations in, for example, nutrition, health and sanitation.
The system was developed in 2010 by the institute's director, Dr Sabina Alkire, and Dr Maria Emma Santos. Dr Alkire said: "As poor people worldwide have said, poverty is more than money – it is ill health, it is food insecurity, it is not having work, or experiencing violence and humiliation, or not having health care, electricity, or good housing.
War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
 He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
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problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

Forecasting impact scenarios based on energy trajectories is key to effective energy policy
Paul P. Craig 2, Professor of Engineering Emeritus at the University of California, Davis, What Can History Teach Us? A Retrospective Examination of Long-Term Energy Forecasts for the United States, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 2002. 27:83–118

The applicable measure of success here is the degree to which the forecast can prompt
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long time constants and find it useful to forecast over decades (18).¶ 

Predictions and scenario building are valuable for decision-making, even if they’re not perfect
Garrett 12
Banning, In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies, director of the Asia Program and Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council.
http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies

 “Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing
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respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss. 

Complexity theory is a vacuous concept – fails to establish a coherent epistemology
NB: CT = complexity theory
Morrisson 2010 (Keith, “Complexity Theory, School Leadership and Management: Questions for Theory and Practice” Educational Management Administration and Leadership 38(3) 374–393)
This positive view of CT here is not without its critics, and some questions
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or disciplinary  field; it clearly supports the ‘fertility’ criterion of a the 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Filter the aff through the likely utility reaction—they have HUGE informational power and thoroughly control the private choice to use certain energy types—they would SQUASH the plan
Vandenbergh and Rossi, 12 - * Professor of Law, Co-Director, Energy, Environment and Land Use Law Program, and Director, Climate Change Research Network, Vanderbilt University Law School AND  Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School (Michael and Jim, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 1527, “Good for You, Bad for Us: The Financial Disincentive for Net Demand Reduction” lexis)

The incentives of retail electric distribution utilities are essential because these utilities are critical gatekeepers
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All of this can occur with little transparency to regulators and the public.
Despite the gatekeeping role of electric distribution utilities and the importance of reducing household energy
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should not be surprising that large-scale demand reduction is not occurring.
The AFF is a condition on when homeowners can enter into an agreement with her neighbor
Pashman 63 Morris is a justice on the New Jersey Supreme Court. “ISIDORE FELDMAN, PLAINTIFF AND THIRD-PARTY PLAINTIFF, v. URBAN COMMERCIAL, INC., AND OTHERS, DEFENDANT,” 78 N.J. Super. 520; 189 A.2d 467; 1963 N.J. Super. Lexis
HN3A title insurance policy "is subject to the same rules of construction as are
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against the person or persons seeking to enforce them." (Emphasis added)

Complexity
Complexity theory confuses explanation with prescription – hopelessly fails
Morrisson 2010 (Keith, “Complexity Theory, School Leadership and Management: Questions for Theory and Practice” Educational Management Administration and Leadership 38(3) 374–393)
The view of CT adopted here has been used prospectively, to prescribe actions and
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derivatives of CT to prescribe behaviour (Fitzgerald and van Eijnatten, 2002).

Rampant invocations of complexity are utterly erroneous – zero empirical basis  
Gallagher 2012 (Michael J. Gallagher, Captain in the US Marine Corps, Fellow in the Junior Officer Strategic Intelligence Program, and Ph.D. student in international relations at Georgetown University; Dr. Joshua A. Geltzer, law clerk to Chief Judge Alex Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, graduated in 2011 from Yale Law School, where he served as editor in chief of the Yale Law Journal, received his Ph.D. in War Studies from King’s College, London, where he studied on a Marshall Scholarship; Dr. Sebastian L. v. Gorka, Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, and also teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, Spring 2012, “The Complexity Trap,” http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf)
We live in a world of unprecedented complexity, or so we are told.
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obsession with complexity results in a dangerous denial of the need to strategize.

The demand for total neg consistency is horseshit
Sholock 12 – Chatham University
(Adale, “Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty”, Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml)

However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance
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he doesn't know to the epistemic uncertainties of knowing that he doesn't know.
I admit that The Color of Fear has sometimes made me feel a depressing lack
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Victor extends the offer, “from here I can work with you.”
David and Victor's breakthrough indicates that effective coalition across racial and other power inequities might
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epistemic uncertainty as an indication of effectiveness rather than failure within coalitional politics.
Perhaps more than self-reflexivity or racial sedition, epistemic uncertainty is a methodology
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(Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).

The counterplan is an insurrectionary proposal to seize energy profits—oil proves it’s a viable strategy—we are a gateway to Any aff solvency to if we kick the CP you vote neg on presumption
Hill '6 Monica, Freedom Socialist, Voices of Revolutionary Feminism "Save the planet, end the rip-offs: Nationalize the Energy Industry"
http://www.socialism.com/drupal-6.8/?q=node/645

Profiteering by Big Oil might just be the thing that pushes U.S.
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, in many places, steps are already being taken in this direction.

Only the threat of expropriation from the counterplan can signal the resolve necessary to restore class stability
Harvey '5 David, David Harvey is the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. "A Brief History of Neoliberalism" http://messhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/A-Brief-History-of-Neoliberalism.pdf

The two economic engines that have powered the world through the global recession that set
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which they can, at least for a time, survive quite well.

The Norwegian model for energy development offers an implementation strategy for the counterplan
Conason '10 Joe, editor in chief of NationalMemo.com "For Big Oil, the N-word is “nationalize”" on Salon.com 5/28
http://www.salon.com/2010/05/28/nationalize/

Nearly every day brings fresh evidence of the malfeasance,  corruption and recklessness that led
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revenues — just like in Venezuela, Brazil and, yes, Norway. 

Their evidence is cognitively biased against the successes of government and understates the abject failure of the private sector
Smith '8 Yves, principal of Aurora Advisors, Inc., a management consulting firm. "Why is "nationalization" a dirty word in America?" Naked Capitalism, 12/9
http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2008/12/why-is-nationalization-dirty-word-in_08.html#ixIAOUMB6VvMczLI.99

One of the most pervasive findings in social science, although it is seldom codified this way, is how suggestible people are. Numerous studies in behavioral economics have found that the same underlying bet elicits very different take-up rates when framed as a wager versus as insurance. Even worse, humans are susceptible to obviously exogenous influence.
One oft-repeated test that yields consistent results is to ask a group in
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an arbitrary figure, lead to markedly higher average estimates on the form.
The question du jour is why does the US have such a phobia regarding nationalization. Per the lead-in, I suspect it has a great deal more to do with social conditioning than a case-by-case assessment of possible gains and losses.
While the initial (correct) reflex is that undue government interference in a well-functioning private sector is not a good idea, the industries in question (financial services and automobiles) have top players that are now abject failures on taxpayer life support. These companies have been exempted from market discipline (aka bankruptcy) thanks to state intervention.
The very fact that they operated with minimal government oversight, drove themselves to the verge of bankruptcy, and managed to make themselves so essential that they cannot be permitted to collapse says they cannot be left in their former hands (incumbent management is either colossal incompetent, amazingly corrupt and scheming, or both).
But unlike the UK, and Sweden during its early 1990s crisis (widely touted
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far more damage and has gotten much bigger handouts and no unpleasant questions).
I saw a simpleminded but compelling explanation for this phenomenon: Europeans consume more government
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job, the citizenry is willing to deploy tax dollars to these ends.
That is a long-winded way of saying that government inefficiency and incompetence is
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rescues but hope to avoid the demands that should properly go with them.

Expropriation is mutually exclusive with ANY authority for permissible use -- neither incentives nor lifting restrictions are compatible
WiseGeek '13 -- Access Date, "In Law, What is Expropriation?" http://www.wisegeek.com/in-law-what-is-expropriation.htm

Expropriation involves taking or depriving a property owner of his or her legal rights to
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theories, expropriation was to occur without paying property owners for confiscated land. 

If they win that the counterplan is not competitive, treat it as a thought experiment to resist the ideological inevitability of neoliberalism -- this type of insurrectionary thought is sufficient to resist the logic of the 1AC, this means you would kick the counterplan for us and vote negative on our impacts outweigh and case turns
Harvey '5 David, David Harvey is the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. "A Brief History of Neoliberalism" http://messhall.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/A-Brief-History-of-Neoliberalism.pdf

There is a tendency to take up the issue of alternatives as if it is
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and thereby to deepen collective understandings and define more adequate lines of action.

This comes before any alt or perm args—plan focus rigs debate against investigating assumptions—their model trains you not to defend the process by which you make conclusions, which distorts policy analysis
Gunder et al, Aukland University senior planning lecturer, 2009
(Michael, Planning in Ten Words or Less: A Lacanian Entanglement with Spatial Planning pgs 111-2)

The hegemonic network, or bloc, initially shapes the debates and draws on¶
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achieving their stakeholders' specific interests (Gunder and¶ Hillier 2007a, 469).
The current “post-democratic” milieu facilitates the above through avoidance¶ of
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resulting in a zero-sum game¶ (Blair and Kumar 1997).

Nah
Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Marxist author, 2003
http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/3/v3n2_b34.html

This mimetic theory of the social, like all forms of mimesis, is founded
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primacy of the social division of labor in the organization of postmodern capitalism.
“Identity politics” is founded upon the assumption that the only authentic mode of
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experience and legitimacy disappears the moment one transgresses the boundaries of one’s experience.
As its popularity shows, “identity politics” is a highly useful theory of
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buyers of labor power. Power is determined in the relations of production.
“Identity politics” obscures exploitation and therefore diverts social struggle away from a revolutionary
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movement as a whole (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1970, 42).
Solidarity, in the work of Marx and Engels, is thus founded upon a
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all of which advocate an “identity politics” founded upon “difference”).

2nc at: perm

We have a link to the aff—the presumption that they increase democratic deliberation by expanding a form of consumption is the hallmark of neoliberal promises
Mun and Byrne 2003 – Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware (Yu-Mi and John, “Rethinking reform in the electricity sector: Power liberalisation or energy transformation?”, in “Electricity Reform: Social and Environmental Challenges”, ed: Njeri Wamukonya)

4.1 Commodity policy or policy commons¶ Experience with power liberalisation suggests that
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transform the policy agenda? We first examine¶ the question of process.

The perm is bad:
Glover et al 2006 – *Policy Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton in Chicago programs, selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013, *2007 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (Leigh Glover, Noah Toly, John Byrne, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, in “Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict”, p. 1-32, http://www.ceep.udel.edu/energy/publications/2006_es_energy_as_a_social_project.pdf, WEA)

When measured in social and political-economic terms, the current energy¶ discourse
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.¶ The challenge of a social inquiry into energy-society relations awaits.

Masking—reconstructing neolib to be sustainable magnifies the damage
De Angelis, East London political economy professor, 2009
(Massimo, “The tragedy of the capitalist commons”, December, http://turbulence.org.uk/turbulence-5/capitalist-commons/, DOA: 7-2-12, ldg)

This platform of management of the global commons is based on one key assumption:
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on subjects who depend on capitalist markets for the reproduction of their livelihoods.

complexity

Decentralizing decision-making onto local actors is a suppression of class politics -- their epistemic critique is a neoliberal smokescreen to reject accountability intrinsic to economic planning
Dean '10 Jodi, Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, "Complexity as capture--neoliberalism and the loop of drive" http://www.academia.edu/859473/Complexity_as_capture_neoliberalism_and_the_loop_of_drive

Given the convergence between finance and critical theory around the notion of complexity, it's
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directly of the relevant changes and of theresources immediately available to meet them.´
His argument against central economic planning, then, is that it is impossible because knowledge cannot be totalized. Total knowledge, complete knowledge, is unobtainable. Foucault specifies the idea that limits on knowledge are limits on government as the economic rationality of liberalism. Liberalism extends the problem of economic knowledge into a more fundamental incompatibility between ³the non-totalizable multiplicity of economicsubjects of interest and the totalizing unity of the juridical sovereign.´
Insisting that the totality of economic processes cannot be known, liberal economics renders a
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do not know, and you do not know because you cannot know.´
Just as the impossibility of complete knowledge served as a wedge against sovereign power, so does the inability to know emerge as an attempt to block or suppress politics, to displace matters of will and action onto questions of knowledge.

The notion that complexity prevents effective predictions lies at the heart of contemporary neoliberalism -- their refusal to take responsibility for the unintended consequence of their affirmative shows precisely the intersection of critical theory with despotic financialism
Dean '10 Jodi, Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, "Complexity as capture--neoliberalism and the loop of drive" http://www.academia.edu/859473/Complexity_as_capture_neoliberalism_and_the_loop_of_drive

Complexity We are regularly told that financial instruments like collateralized debt obligations andcredit default swaps
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, in the enjoyment that accrues through adding, repeating, and circulating.

The 1AC is a privatization of the planning process of energy production via laissez-faire decentralization -- that is par excellence the idea of neoliberalism at work. Their aversion to central planning is part and partial of an ideological preference for "de-centralized" or, more accurately market-based solutions
MacNeil '12 Robert, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the PhD degree in Political Science School of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © Robert MacNeil, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 "Neoliberal Climate Policy in the United States: From Market Fetishism to the Developmental State" http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/en/bitstream/handle/10393/23587/Macneil_Robert_2012_thesis.pdf?sequence=1

A second and related preoccupation in the literature focuses on increased efforts to privatize and
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to use ‘market mechanisms’ to achieve environmental goals (2010: 24). 

Their movements are the mouthpiece of corporate sponsors
WADE '13 -- Access Date, http://www.localpower.org/

WADE is a non-profit research and advocacy organization that was established in June
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as combined heat and power, CHP) and decentralized renewable energy technologies.

Jevons
Zehner 12
Green illusions,
Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar at the University
AND
media outlets. He also serves on the editorial board of Critical Environmentalism.
Zehner primarily researches the social, political and economic conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes. His work also incorporates symbolic roles that energy technologies play within political and environmental movements. His other research interests include consumerism, urban policy, environmental governance, international human rights, and forgeries.
Zehner attended Kettering University (BS -Engineering) and The University of Amsterdam (MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies). His research was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.

The Rebound Effect Phantom The nineteenth century brought us a collection of ghoulish and chilling
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to move from a consumption-based economy to one grounded in sufficiency.

The idea of local empowerment—ignores structural causes of income inequality, etc—just a promise of affluence
Byrne et al 9
(John, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, the Center is a leading institution for interdisciplinary graduate education, research, and advocacy in energy and environmental policy, Member of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1992, 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with the Panel's authors and review editors, http://bst.sagepub.com/content/29/2/81.full.pdf+html)
Contesting the imagery is difficult. Big Wind resisters cite noise, bird mortality,
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climate change continually because of the core properties of the modern institutional design.

Their logic is infinitely regressive—prioritizing individual position means distinct viewpoints are incommensurable, so debate devolves into endless identity categories at the expense of actionable research to change social relations
Moore and Miller 99 Rob, Cambridge, Johan, University of Cape Town, “The Discourse of Voice and the Problem of Knowledge and Identity in the Sociology of Education,” British Journal of Sociology of Education 20 (2) p. 199-200

The pedagogic device (Bernstein, 1990) of voice discourse promotes a methodology in
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can be challenged by anyone choosing to assert an alternative perspective or standpoint. 

root cause

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations
Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy”, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1, WEA)

As Marilyn Waring noted twenty years ago, under this system, when there is
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the real money goes and what ¶ happens with the boom goes bust.
The current version of capitalist ideology, which absorbs energy scholars (and ¶ even
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continue to infect energy studies¶ despite the work of critical energy scholars.
Spreading capitalism thus becomes the solution for poverty associated with ¶ inequalities caused by oppression
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of our lives as the air we breathe (York and Clark 2006).
In contrast to the modernization thesis, environmental justice scholars, among ¶ other critical
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communities, human bodies, and the natural ¶ world itself”(43).
Today, neoliberal mythology has severely hindered the development of a wider ¶ environmental justice
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“externalizing ¶ the internalities.” This is an ecological and social imperative.
Understanding the nature of the current system, Daniel Yergin’s worse-than-nothing
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environmental conscience to the new breed of green marketers” (McKibben 2010).
Energy and social inequality, the challenges of our generation
The social and ecological costs of our energy regime today are clear, though the
AND
¶ and threaten terrifying disruptions in decades to come” (Sandalow 2009).
These realities only partially illustrate energy’s extensive contribution to what K. ¶ William Kapp
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(142-43), undermining the natural and social conditions of production.
As indicated previously, with energy demand expected only to increase as the ¶ economy
AND
Solomon, et al. 2009; Cullen ¶ 2010; Foster 2011).
This is a new juncture in humanity’s relation to the rest of nature. However
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the ¶ environment possible, and energy injustice inevitable in the current system:
“Environmental deterioration will continue so long as there is a class system, since
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, and waste disposal, documenting energy ¶ injustice through various theoretical lenses. 

Theoretical starting points are key—if their plan emerged from bad methodological process you shouldn’t endorse it
Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy”, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1, WEA)

Problems associated with our energy regime are especially dramatic and represent ¶ one of the
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and develop real energy alternatives, with ecology and equality as the criteria.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc t increase
“Increase” means a net increase
Rogers 5 (Judge – New York, et al., Petitioners v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent, NSR Manufacturers Roundtable, et al., Intervenors, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, Lexis)

48  Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as
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car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.
Violation – the aff lifts a restriction on eligibility – that creates a transfer of existing ITC’s to raise capital
Voter issue for limits and ground – increase is key to ALL Da ground – spending politics and core energy DA’s – limits expanding beyond a definitional increase makes all affs topical and kills clash

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc t solar energy 

Solar energy isn’t topical—much broader than solar power and destroys limits
Sklar, ‘7  founder and president of The Stella Group, Ltd., in Washington, DC, is the Chair of the Steering Committee of the Sustainable Energy Coalition and serves on the Boards of Directors of the Sustainable Buildings Industry Council, the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, and the Renewable Energy Policy Project. The Stella Group, Ltd., a strategic marketing and policy firm for clean distributed energy users and companies using renewable energy (Scott Sklar, 23 October 2007, “What’s the Difference Between Solar Energy and Solar Power?” http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2007/10/whats-the-difference-between-solar-energy-and-solar-power-50358)//CC

Lee, this is a question I get often, and believe it is worth
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moon) are not solar, but we included these technologies as well.
Voter for limits and grounds – allowing solar energy makes EVERY energy type topical -  hydropower and biomass – kills education and core ground specific to solar power 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc immigration politics

Immigration deal now—avoiding costly disputes is key to effective Obama pressure
I-Hsien Sherwood (writer for the Latino Post) 3/21, 2013 “Immigration Reform 2013 News: Delays Could Hinder Reform Bill, So Speed is Necessary” http://www.latinospost.com/articles/14995/20130321/immigration-reform-2013-news-delays-hinder-bill-speed-necessary.htm

Lately, proponents of immigration reform have been optimistic about the progress of bipartisan bills
AND
.¶ Whether Congress can maintain momentum on the issue remains to be seen.

The aff is political suicide
The Huffington Post March 18, 2013 “Hiding Renewables Inside the "All of the Above" Energy Strategy Won't Work” Lexis

"Given that the DoE's main energy efficiency and renewable energy research office (EERE
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, but without strong and constant Presidential leadership, rapid change is unlikely.

Top priority—PC stewardship key
Shifter 12/27 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?” 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3186

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
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some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

Reform is a shot in the arm for India and China—skilled labor visas
Williams 11/9 Carol is an LA Times international affairs writer. “Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform,” 2012, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
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see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Key to China relations and growth
Koehn and Yin, ‘2
Peter H. Koehn and Xiao-Huang Yin, “The expanding roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China relations: transnational networks and trans-Pacific interactions”, M.E. Sharpe, pg. 16, 2002

Among the various social forces that could re-shape U.S.-China
AND
profoundly shaped and will continue to influence U.S.-China relations.

Extinction
China Daily, 8 (Rikki N. Massand and Gazelle Emami, “U.S.-China relations at the world's fingertips,” 4-20-2008, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2008-04/20/content_6629700.htm, JMP)

To frame the importance of this discussion and the topics that must be met, Siegal used the analogy of “the U.S. and China
the central axis that holds the whole thing together is the U.S. and China," Rittenberg said

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc t tax credit
- the plan is a fiscal incentive, not a financial incentive
Rudolph and Rudolph 1 Lloyd I. Rudolph is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Chicago, AND Susanne Hoeber Rudolph is professor of political science at the University of Chicago, "Iconisation of Chandrababu: Sharing Sovereignty in India’s Federal Market Economy" Economic and Political Weekly May 5, 2001 http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/federmarketeconomy.pdf
34 Financial incentives are “defined as those where the government is directly involved in
AND
by non-financial means” Venkatesan and Varma 1998:45.
Voting issue---Broad definitions could include 40 different mechanisms---destroys limits and makes it impossible to be negative
Moran, 86 - non-resident fellow at the Center for Global Development and holds the Marcus Wallenberg Chair at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p. 29 - googlebooks)
Guisinger finds that if “incentives” are broadly defined to include tariffs and trade
AND
foreign investment—let alone to determine the effectiveness of individual government instruments.

They destroy core negative ground--- fiscal incentives take away spending and budget tradeoff disads, the best politics links and core counterplans

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc k

Financialization of energy production is a neoliberal tool to subvert communal agency—fuels inequality and unsustainable practices
Hildyard et al 2012 – *founder and Director of The Corner House, a U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, co-editor of The Ecologist, co-founder of the Durban Group for Climate Justice (February, Nicholas Hildyard, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton, The Corner House, “Energy Security For What?  For Whom?”, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf, WEA)

The neoliberal market-driven approach to energy policy in Europe and¶ North America
AND
whilst at the¶ same time creating new sources of conflict and insecurity.

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations
Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy”, https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1, WEA)

As Marilyn Waring noted twenty years ago, under this system, when there is
AND
, and waste disposal, documenting energy ¶ injustice through various theoretical lenses. 

Vote neg to eschew neoliberal frameworks—they’re unsustainable and insulate decisionmaking from deliberation and alternative assumptions needed to solve
Adaman and Madra 2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, “Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology”, http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf, WEA)

The reduction of ecological valuation through a market mechanism (or various techniques) to
AND
the extraction crisis will be¶ capable of addressing long-term concerns. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc grid da template

Grid upgrades now, but pacing is key
POWERGRID International, 12/17/12 – from the editors based on an interview with Andre Begosso, managing director in the Accenture management consulting practice and is focused on the resources operating group. He has more than seventeen years of experience in the utility and energy industries and advises clients in the alternative energy, power generation and oil and gas sectors (“2013 trends for the power industry” December, http://www.elp.com/blogs/eye-on-the-grid/2012/12/2013-trends-for-the-power-industry.html)

In the absence of some major advance in energy storage, Andre said, he
AND
electric grids available — yet it still failed, and people wonder why.

Rapid solar development overwhelms the rate of transmission upgrades and collapses the grid—sequencing key
Martin, 9 (Christopher, Bloomberg, “Wind Promises Blackouts as Obama Strains Grid With Renewables” 8/7, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=washingtonstoryandsid=arbHcz0ryM_E)

President Barack Obama’s push for wind and solar energy to wean the U.S
AND
Services Inc., the largest U.S. builder of power lines.

Overloads the entire grid
Rutgers News 8 (“Sustainable Energy Must Be Integrated Into Existing Power Grid, Says Rutgers–Camden Finance Scholar,” 11/18, http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2008/11/sustainable-energy-m-20081118/)

CAMDEN -- Engineers and entrepreneurs are rushing to explore alternative sources of efficient and renewable
AND
of disruptions in the coordination of the flow of electricity,” says Michelfelder.

Blackouts cause nuclear meltdowns
Cappiello ‘11 (Dina, reporter for the AP March 29, 2011 “AP IMPACT: Long Blackouts Pose Risk to US Reactors” The Post and Courier http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2011/mar/29/ap-impact-long-blackouts-pose-risk-us-reactors/?print)

Long before the nuclear emergency in Japan, U.S. regulators knew that
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a one-two punch: first the earthquake, then the tsunami.

Extinction
Lendman ‘11 (Stephen, Research Associate of the Center for Research on Globalization, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” http://www.opednews.com/articles/Nuclear-Meltdown-in-Japan-by-Stephen-Lendman-110313-843.html)

Fukushima Daiichi "nuclear power plant in Okuma, Japan, appears to have caused
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seem mild by comparison. Potentially, millions of lives will be jeopardized.

Solar over-reliance drives up electricity prices
Bedzak, 12 - president of Management Information Services Inc (Rocger, PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, “Not-So-Green Superhighway; Unforeseen consequences of dedicated renewable energy transmission” February, lexis) LCOE = levelized cost of electricity

Deriving accurate, comparable LCOE estimates for RE is difficult, and it might not
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of the RE system and the cost of the backup power system. n17

This causes a depression
Entine, 9 – adjunct fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (Jon, “U.S. and Climate Change--Rescue of the Planet Postponed?”, 2/24,  http://aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29333/pub_detail.asp)

The correlation between economic growth and energy costs is high and negative; when energy costs go up, productivity takes a nosedive. In these extraordinary times, arguably the top priority must be to ensure that a secular financial downturn doesn't turn into a worldwide structural depression. If that happens, both the economy and the environment will be losers.

Nuclear war
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nc nrdc cp

The United States federal government should eliminate energy tax credits and subsidies.  The Environmental Protection Agency should set technology-neutral performance standards requiring a state-specific, scalable reduction in carbon emissions from existing power plants in the United States, based on recommendations from the Natural Resources Defense Council.  

The CP substantially decreases CO2 emissions, air pollution and boosts the economy by driving a mix of investments in energy efficiency and renewables
NRDC, 12 – Natural Resources Defense Council Issue Brief (“Using the Clean Air Act to Sharply Reduce Carbon Pollution from Existing Power Plants, Creating Clean Energy Jobs, Improving Americans’ Health, and Curbing Climate Change” December, http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/files/pollution-standards-IB.pdf)

This administration can create jobs, grow the economy, and curb climate change by
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plant retrofits or new construction, reducing the overall cost of the regulations.

The plan and perm rigs the market in favor of the plan’s tech over better alternatives.  The CP alone solves by forcing market competition and innovation over new clean energy tech – this creates a more predictable investment climate
Kachan, 12 - A former managing director of the Cleantech Group, Dallas Kachan is now managing partner of Kachan and Co., a cleantech research and advisory firm (“Rethinking the role of government in cleantech” 5/16, http://www.kachan.com/content/rethinking-role-government-cleantech

Up with mandates and standards
Rather than funding and administering subsidies to help the clean and green tech 

for their investments—one of the most important prerequisites to get venture capital, limited partners and other institutional investors to write large checks.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge: 

Solar’s too expensive even if we give away the panels
Zehner 12
Green illusions,
Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar at the University
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media outlets. He also serves on the editorial board of Critical Environmentalism.
Zehner primarily researches the social, political and economic conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes. His work also incorporates symbolic roles that energy technologies play within political and environmental movements. His other research interests include consumerism, urban policy, environmental governance, international human rights, and forgeries.
Zehner attended Kettering University (BS -Engineering) and The University of Amsterdam (MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies). His research was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.

Free Panels, Anyone? Among the ceos and chief scientists in the solar industry
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the Department of Energy quietly slid into its annual statistics without a peep.

Plan speed up warming
Zycher 11 – visiting scholar at AEI (Benjamin, April 20, 2011, “The Folly of Renewable Electricity,” AEI,  http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/the-folly-of-renewable-electricity/)

A cleaner environment is worth it, you say? Not so fast. As
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engineering study of the effects of renewables requirements found for Colorado and Texas.

No extinction—reject 1% hyperbole
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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economic growth and well‐being may be at risk (Stern 2006).
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.

Warming tipping points inevitable – too late
NPR 9 (1/26, Global Warming Is Irreversible, Study Says, All Things Considered, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99888903)

Climate change is essentially irreversible, according to a sobering new scientific study. As
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this long-term effect in terms of sea level rise and drought. 

International community won’t act – means warming becomes inevitable
Mckibben 10 – Foreign Policy writer, author, environmentalist, and activist. In 1988, he wrote The End of Nature, the first book for a common audience about global warming.  (Bill, 11-22, “Sipping Margaritas While the Climate Burns” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/22/sipping_margaritas_while_the_climate_burns?page=0,1) Jacome 

In fact, I suspect it will be mostly holding pattern and very little landing
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or at least not able to devote resources to changing our climate course.
It is possible -- indeed it has been possible from the start -- that this
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to its source is that it won't be coming from "public funds." 

Domestic problems undercut both Chinese and U.S. action
Hale, 11 - PhD Candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a Visiting Fellow at LSE Global Governance, London School of Economics (Thomas, “A Climate Coalition of the Willing,” Washington Quarterly, Winter,http://www.twq.com/11winter/docs/11winter_Hale.pdf

Intergovernmental efforts to limit the gases that cause climate change have all but failed. After the unsuccessful 2010 Copenhagen summit, and with little progress at the 2010 Cancun meeting, it is hard to see how major emitters will agree any time soon on mutual emissions reductions that are sufficiently ambitious to prevent a substantial (greater than two degree Celsius) increase in average global temperatures.
It is not hard to see why. No deal excluding the United States and
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successor to the Kyoto Protocol, at least not in the near future.

ADV 2

The US isn’t an energy model and Germany has been doing this for years with no impact
Stefes, 11 - associate professor of political science at the University of Colorado
(Christoph New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/09/20/why-isnt-the-us-a-leader-in-green-technology/us-should-emulate-germanys-renewable-energy-model?pagewanted=all)

For now, the United States is a good example of how not to get
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sources, governments need to provide some reassurance to investors in green technology.
In contrast to the U.S., Germany has for two decades relied on
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percent because of these tariffs, and customers have had no major objections.

No impact to Eurozone collapse – actually this card points out the complete and utter idiocy of their impact
BMI, 12 October, Business Monitor International, Would The Eurozone’s Collapse Lead To War?, http://www.riskwatchdog.com/2012/10/17/would-the-eurozone%E2%80%99s-collapse-lead-to-war/
Since the worsening of the eurozone crisis, various European officials, including German Chancellor
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in its member states, but would still require a major political gamble.

No Europe war
Massie 12 (Allan Massie is a Scottish writer who has published nearly 30 books
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flesh-creep-but-armageddon-isnt-really-nigh/)

Then we had our expert Finance blogger Thomas Pascoe in similar thank-God-
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away from a complete reordering of the Continent” is Fat Boy stuff.

No Eurozone collapse – the cost of it is too high
Pravda News, 1/9/13 “Price for eurozone to collapse too high”http:english.pravda.ru/business/finance/09-01-2013/123410-eurozone-0/ 

The Eurozone will not fall apart, because the price of getting out of the
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the auspices of the European Central Bank. The last two items would require

Eurozone breakup inevitable and tanks the economy
Kavoussi 11-28 – a business reporter at The Huffington Post,. She has written for The Boston Globe, The New York Observer, and The San Antonio Express-News., she is a recent graduate of Harvard University, where she studied international economic history and the history of economic thought (Bonnie, “Eurozone Crisis Threatens Global Economy” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/28/eurozone-crisis_n_1116977.html) Jacome 

As a breakup of the eurozone -- a once seemingly impossible scenario -- becomes increasingly likely, economists are starting to sketch out what a post-euro world would look like. Many are warning that if political leaders don't change course, a breakup of the eurozone would plunge the United States and the rest of the world into a slowdown and possibly another recession.
"If Europe turns out badly, it's much more likely we'll go into recession," said Michael Spence, a Nobel Prize-winning economist at the New York University Stern School of Business. "If you take a big chunk like Europe and turn it down, it would probably bring everybody else down, including us."
If the eurozone dissolves, the European banking system would likely collapse, economists said, plunging the continent into recession, which would keep European consumers from buying. Decreased demand from the continent, which represents about 20 percent of the global economy, would hurt both the United States and emerging countries, who depend on European banks not just for demand, but also for funding.
The risk of a eurozone breakup has increased dramatically over the past couple of weeks, as countries have faced increasing difficulty selling their debt. Interest rates on sovereign bonds issued by eurozone countries have spiked. The interest rate on 10-year Italian sovereign bonds rose to 7.28 percent Monday, nearly hitting a Nov. 9 euro-era high that was only eased afterward by limited bond purchases by the European Central Bank.
The interest rate on 10-year Spanish sovereign bonds rose to 6.58 percent Monday, near the euro-era high reached on Nov. 17. Interest rates on the 10-year bonds of more fiscally sound countries, such as France and Belgium, spiked to 3.58 percent and 5.59 percent respectively on Monday, as the contagion of higher borrowing costs spread to across the eurozone, regardless of their economic fundamentals.
If European leaders don't agree to take bold economic measures for more fiscal integration -- including allowing the European Central Bank to become the lender of last resort -- the eurozone could start to unravel, said Simon Tilford, chief economist of the Center for European Reform in London.
The eurozone's future could be decided next week when leaders meet for a summit on
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default and leave the eurozone, leading to its collapse, he said.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
2nc

impact

The perception of collapsing grid reliability kills hegemony and causes terrorism
Lewis, 8  - senior fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute (Marlo, Statement before the House Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, 7/25, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2008_hr/062508lewis.pdf)

In the meantime, U.S. electricity demand is growing, and coal
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country may experience chronic energy crises characterized by repeated power failures and blackouts.
From a national security standpoint, this poses two main risks. One is that
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tottering on the edge, why not give it a few helpful shoves?

Higher prices drives manufacturing overseas – this also means zero net emissions reductions
Lea, 12 – director of Global Vision and Non-Executive Director and Economic Adviser to Arbuthnot Banking Group She is the author of many papers on economic matters and writes regularly for the press. Ruth was Director of the Centre for Policy Studies from 2004-2007. She was also Head of the Policy Unit at the Institute of Directors (IoD) between 1995 and 2003, before which she was the Economics Editor at ITN, Chief Economist at Mitsubishi Bank and Chief UK Economist at Lehman Brothers (Ruth, “Electricity Costs: The folly of windpower” January, http://www.civitas.org.uk/economy/electricitycosts2012.pdf

These extra costs damage competitiveness and undermine viability, especially high energy users. They risk driving industry to migrate overseas, along with their CO2 emissions, thus having zero net impact on global emissions totals. Indeed such migration could increase global CO2 emissions if the recipient country is less energy efficient than the UK. Suffice to say the supply of competitively-priced, secure and reliable sources of electricity is vital to modern industry.   

uniqueness

And, utilities are reacting to growing demand by pursuing centralization and utility-ownership
Clean Energy Experts, 11 (6/11, “Utility Integrated Solar Grew 100% in 2010” https://www.cleanenergyexperts.com/2011/06/20/utility-integrated-solar-power-grew-100-in-2010/)

Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA) has released its latest report which showed that
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or owning large amounts of solar generation resources such as concentrated solar power.

Local ownership crushes utility profits – utility ownership is essential to more widespread renewables installation and investing in grid upgrades to allow more distributed generation
Outka, 10 - Visiting Scholar in Energy and Land Use Law, Florida State University College of Law; faculty member, Florida State University's Institute for Energy Systems, Economics, and Sustainability (IESES) (Uma, 37 Ecology L.Q. 1041, “Siting Renewable Energy: Land Use and Regulatory Context” lexis)

A second consideration that implicates siting is who can own a rooftop solar system.
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generation business models," including utility shared or sole ownership of DG. n251

Utility ownership is superior – expertise, lower prices, safety and reliability
Dworkin, 9 - Director and Professor of Law Institute for Energy and Environment Vermont Law School (Michael, “Distributed Photovoltaic Generation for Regulated Utilities” February, http://www.solarelectricpower.org/media/84622/sepa%20pv%20dg.pdf)

The entire US enjoys low electricity costs relative to the grid reliability and availability provided
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the lowest cost (both in hardware and process) to assure grid reliability

 is not affected by PV systems.¶ Finally, standard distribution design is for
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that it is not and will begin adding power to the grid unexpectedly.

link

Increasing solar penetration causes grid instability – independently jacks up manufacturing costs – turns their competitiveness args
St. John, 9 – reporter and analyst for Greentech Media covering the green technology space, with a particular focus on smart grid, smart buildings, energy efficiency, demand response, energy storage, green IT, renewable energy and technology to integrate distributed, intermittent green energy into the grid (Jeff, “Will Solar Crash the Smart Grid?” Green Tech Media, 11/2,
http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-great-solar-smart-grid-challenge)

The proliferation of solar panels will effectively transform commercial districts and neighborhoods into small, localized power plants. While that will allow utilities to cut back on coal, the unpredictable, varying nature of solar power will force grid operators to dispatch or throttle power rapidly. Solar-balancing smart grid systems now confined to pilot projects will need to become common features pretty soon.
"That future is coming, and it's coming a lot faster than I think many people are aware of," said Chris Baker, CIO of utility San Diego Gas and Electric. (Execs from SDGandE and other utilities will speak on this and other topics at Greentech Media's The Networked Grid conference in San Francisco on Nov. 4.)
SDGandE has about 6,600 customers with solar rooftops, he said. While that's growing by about 60 customers a month, it still only represents about 50 megawatts of generation, or about 1 percent of the utility's 5,000-megawatt total load. The utility can't monitor or control it, but there isn't enough of it to matter that much, he said — yet (see Having Solar Energy System Trouble? Don't Call Your Utilities).
But what happens when 20 percent or more of the homes in a neighborhood go solar and a cloud passes overhead? That changes a neighborhood of solar power producers to utility power customers in a matter of minutes – and grids built to deliver power one way at constant voltages and frequencies have trouble accommodating that two-way, intermittent flow.
Too much solar power, and local grid voltage could rise, causing potential problems for motors, lights and other equipment. Too little, and voltage can sag. That may only flicker light bulbs at home, but it can lead to million-dollar work stoppages for customers like semiconductor manufacturers and server farms that need clean power at a near-to-constant voltage and frequency.

Transmission investments are increasing now
Reuters, 2/7/13 (“U.S. power industry to invest $85 bln annually in electric grid”
http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/02/06/utilities-eei-idINL1N0B6I7C20130206)

U.S. investor-owned utilities will invest about $85 billion annually this year and next to keep the power grid reliable and integrate new natural gas plants while cleaning up older coal units, the president of the industry's trade group told Reuters on Wednesday.
"Our industry is the most capital-intensive industry in the United States and projects to spend an average of about $85 billion a year on capital expenditures through 2014," said Tom Kuhn, president of the Edison Electric Institute.
He told Reuters those investment levels are about double what they were 10 years ago.
Of the $85 billion, Kuhn said power companies would spend about $50 billion on new generation and upgrades, $25 billion on distribution to consumers and $10 billion on transmission between power plants and distribution networks
.
Storage requires a smart grid to be completed first to be used effectively – they’re still putting the cart before the horse
Wang, 12 – Technology Manager for Energy and Environmental Resources Group (W. Maria, “Chapter 5: Prospects for Renewable Energy: Meeting the Challenges of Integration with Storage” Smart Grid Integrating Renewable, Distributed and Efficient Energy, Science Direct)

As the fastest growing renewable energy sources worldwide, solar PV and wind power are
AND
energy management, (e.g., frequency regulation or capacity firming).
The optimal technologies for addressing renewable energy integration will be application-specific and will
AND
to determine whether certain storage applications should address the supply or demand side.

Transmission upgrades and backup power supplies will be charged to consumers
Bedzak, 12 - president of Management Information Services Inc (Rocger, PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, “Not-So-Green Superhighway; Unforeseen consequences of dedicated renewable energy transmission” February, lexis)

Coincident with the construction of the transmission and RE plants must be the addition of backup power supplies, n4 firm demand-response capacity, or both. If those resource additions are delayed, then the RE power generated might have difficulty accessing markets, because large quantities of widely varying electric power from wind and solar facilities might exceed the ability of existing power grids to accommodate.
The costs of backup power resources, as well as the new transmission capacity,
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RE sites can make greater use of transmission capacity and reduce cost penalties.
In principle, once the approximate number of miles of required new transmission is estimated, the total cost can be projected by multiplying by the average cost per mile. Unfortunately, transmission costs per mile vary greatly (see Figure 2). Most of the new RE transmission will be through rural or semi-rural areas, but as transmission lines approach major load centers costs will escalate rapidly.

Backup power costs significantly increase prices and their cost evidence doesn’t factor this in – it only looks at generation costs
Bedzak, 12 - president of Management Information Services Inc (Rocger, PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, “Not-So-Green Superhighway; Unforeseen consequences of dedicated renewable energy transmission” February, lexis) LCOE = levelized cost of electricity

Deriving accurate, comparable LCOE estimates for RE is difficult, and it might not
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of the RE system and the cost of the backup power system. n17

at: weather forecasting

Forecasting fails and the effort costs money
Lesser, 12 - President of Continental Economics, Inc., an economic and litigation consulting firm. Dr. Lesser has almost 30 years of experience in the energy industry working for electric utilities, state government agencies, and as an independent economic consultant. He testified before utility commissions in many U.S. states, before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), before international regulators in Latin America and the Caribbean; in commercial litigation cases; and before state legislative committees on regulatory and policy matters affecting the electric and natural gas industries (Jonathan, “WIND INTERMITTENCY AND THE PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT: A HIGH COST SUBSIDY FOR LOW VALUE POWER” October, http://www.continentalecon.com/publications/cebp/Lesser_PTC_Report_Final_October-2012.pdf)

C. INACCURATE FORECASTS OFWIND GENERATION, SYSTEM RELIABILITY, AND COST
To ensure the lights stay on, power system planners’ ability to predict the amount
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accurately, wind does not impose higher reliability costs than conventional generating resources.
Notably, however, forecast and operational data in areas including ERCOT, as well as in European countries, 33 do not support such forecast accuracy claims. In addition, wind’s volatility can be significant. For example, on October 28, 2011, wind generation decreased in MISO by 2,700 MW in just two hours. In ERCOT, on December 30, 2011, wind generation decreased 2,079 MW in one hour and over 6,100 MW between 6AM and 4PM that day. 34
Moreover, even substantially reducing the capacity factor for wind generation, as done in
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distortion because the reported error understates the magnitude of the forecasting challenge.” 35
In ERCOT, for example, the Texas Reliability Entity measures the difference between the
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Only QSEs met the standard. This is not an isolated case.” 37
Furthermore, the demonstrated inaccuracy of short-term forecasts of wind generation increases the overall cost of meeting electric demand as system planners must reimburse other generators who had been scheduled to operate, 

but were not needed because actual wind generation was greater than forecast, or had not been scheduled, but were required to operate because actual wind generation was less than forecast. Although generators can be penalized for erroneous forecasts, most of the resulting system costs are socialized across all users.

iron oxide

Supply not key—it’s pointlessly expensive
Lundin 13 *Barbara L. Vergetis Lundin is the Editor of FierceMarkets' Energy Group, encompassing FierceEnergy and FierceSmartGrid January 9th Visions of hydrogen economy fading in the distance, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/visions-hydrogen-economy-fading-distance/2013-01-09

Visions of a hydrogen economy are no closer now than they were decades ago,
AND
or just .56 percent of global merchant hydrogen demand across all industries.

No scale-up—tons of tech hurdles and incumbent alternatives
Pallares 12 *Cesar O., Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología The Barriers for a Hydrogen Economy, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2060304, May 15th

The first step for hydrogen for being an energy paradigm is to actually have the
AND
high to be competitive. (Valero Matas and Romay Coca, 2011).

2nc solves emissions

The CP’s performance standard substantially reduces carbon emissions and boosts a mix of investments in energy efficiency and renewables
Lashof, 12 – director of the climate and clean air program at the Natural Resources Defense Council (Daniel, “Closing the Power Plant Carbon Pollution Loophole: Smart Ways the Clean Air Act Can Clean Up America’s Biggest Climate Polluters” December, http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/files/pollution-standards-report.pdf)

NRDC has conducted an analysis of how CO2 pollution standards for existing fossil fuel–
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needs to avoid billions of dollars of stranded investment in obsolete power plants. 

The CP is the best of all worlds – it achieves emissions reductions through a mix of consumer electricity efficiency, generation efficiency, co-firing, and new renewables – the mix reduces emissions more than any one technology can achieve on its own
Lashof, 12 – director of the climate and clean air program at the Natural Resources Defense Council (Daniel, “Closing the Power Plant Carbon Pollution Loophole: Smart Ways the Clean Air Act Can Clean Up America’s Biggest Climate Polluters” December, http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/files/pollution-standards-report.pdf)

The most important existing fleet characteristics and emission control opportunities are these:
n The mix of fossil fuel–fired steam generators and natural gas combined-cycle plants differs from state to state, varying from almost entirely coal to almost entirely natural gas.
n Compared with other categories of industrial sources, the power plant fleet is operated to a unique extent as an integrated system on a state or regional basis, with interdependent management decisions on when to operate, build, upgrade, and retire individual units.
n Depending on their type and starting point, existing generating units can reduce their own CO2 emission rates by improving generation efficiency (improving heat rates) or by switching to or co-firing with lower-emitting fuels (e.g., natural gas or biomass).
n Covered units within a state or group of states can reduce their average emission rates through additional tools, including dispatch shifts (e.g., running lower-emitting plants more and higher-emitting plants less).
n Covered units can reduce their emissions by increasing generation from renewable and other non-emitting plants.
n Covered units can reduce their emissions by increasing end-use electrical energy efficiency.
These system-wide compliance options can allow more substantial emission reductions—at lower overall cost—than the restricted set of measures that individual units can take on their own.

2nc perm do both

The CP incentivizes competition between renewables – it limits overall price increases because it doesn’t favor one over the other
Apt, 9  *Distinguished Service Professor of Engineering and Public Policy and Associate Research Professor, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University (Jay, Congressional Testimony, Hearing on The American Clean Energy Security Act of 2009, 4/23, http://carboncontrolnews.com/hearing_docs/ccn04232009_apt.pdf

I commend you for searching for ways to reach the goals of reducing greenhouse gas
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the century: reducing air emissions and the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
I have two recommendations that I hope you will consider:
Focus on reducing carbon dioxide rather than singling out renewables as the answer. There are significant savings from letting all technologies compete in satisfying the goals of lowering greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy security, and improving sustainability, ensuring that energy prices are not so high that they derail the economy. 

The permutation destroys efficiency incentives
Borenstein, 12 - Severin Borenstein is E. T. Grether Professor of Business Economics and Public Policy, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California. He is a Co-Director of the Energy Institute at Haas, and Director of the University of California Energy Institute (“The Private and Public Economics of Renewable Electricity Generation” Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 26, Number 1—Winter 2012—Pages 67–92 http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.26.1.67)

First, subsidizing green power for reducing pollution (relative to some counterfactual) is
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United States has raised the cost of regulation by at least 6 percent.

That’s key to the entire success of the CP
Roberts, 12 – staff writer for Grist (David, Grist, “Obama can tackle climate in his second term, and he doesn’t need Congress to do it” 12/4,  http://grist.org/climate-energy/obama-can-tackle-carbon-and-doesnt-need-congress/)

The fact that energy efficiency counts as compliance is crucial to the economics of NRDC’s proposal. If avoided carbon counts toward reducing average fleet emissions, then every utility, in every state and region, has access to inexpensive compliance measures. Efficiency is ubiquitous and in almost every case cheaper than new power sources. This is something utilities are already catching on to, as evidenced by the surge in efficiency investments over the last few years:
Remember: Efficiency saves ratepayers money. According to modeling of the NRDC proposal done by ICF International, by complying through efficiency measures, utilities could achieve the proposed carbon standards while slightly reducing power bills. And every dollar not spent on power is a dollar of annual economic stimulus.

solves climate leadership

The CP is the best internal link to climate leadership – it sends a more powerful signal than the aff and gets other countries on board for emissions reductions
Chipman, 12 (Kim, “U.S. Could Cut Power Plant Pollution 26%, NRDC Says” Business Week, 12/4, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-12-04/u-dot-s-dot-could-cut-power-plant-pollution-26-percent-nrdc-says)

President Barack Obama could cut greenhouse-gas emissions from U.S. power
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S. can reduce emissions and be on track for an international agreement.”

AT: Regulations increase prices

The CP involves a range of flexible enforcement mechanisms that allows utilities to achieve emissions reductions at very low cost – the aff arguments assume inflexible regulation
Lashof, 12 – director of the climate and clean air program at the Natural Resources Defense Council (Daniel, “Closing the Power Plant Carbon Pollution Loophole: Smart Ways the Clean Air Act Can Clean Up America’s Biggest Climate Polluters” December, http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/files/pollution-standards-report.pdf)

Third, the recommended program gives each source several ways to comply.
n A source may comply by meeting the emission rate standard on its own.
n A set of sources may comply by averaging their emission rates. For example, a coal plant may average with a gas plant, such that their total emissions divided by their combined electricity output meets the applicable state standard.
n A source may comply by acquiring qualifying credits derived from low- or zero-emitting electricity generation. For example, an NGCC plant would earn credits reflecting the difference between the required state fleet average standard and its emissions per megawatt-hour. A wind plant would earn larger per-MWh credits, reflecting the difference between the state standard and its zero-emission rate.
n Finally, a source may comply by acquiring qualifying energy efficiency credits, reflecting incremental reductions in power demand (sometimes called “negawatt-hours”), which earn credits at the same rate as other zero-emission sources listed above.
The EPA emission guideline document would need to specify the rules and protocols for these compliance options. Because the compliance responsibility remains with the sources in the regulated category, and because all of the eligible compliance measures reduce or avoid emissions from covered sources in that category, these compliance options are fully compatible with the definition of a standard of performance. 39
The recommended program structure allows, but does not require, states to reach agreements to allow sources in more than one state to average their emissions, or to use compliance credits generated in another state.
Building these types of emission reduction options into the emission guideline for compliance serves several important functions:
n It expands the range of compliance techniques available to each covered unit.
n It provides an incentive for early action because measures that reduce emission rates any time after the end of the baseline period automatically count toward compliance.
n It taps the most economically efficient means of reducing emissions, including energy efficiency and non-fossil supply options.
n It reduces the overall system cost of achieving any specified percentage improvement in sources’ emission rates, thus allowing achievement of the greatest possible pollution reduction within any given cost constraints.
n It equalizes the marginal cost of emission reductions for owners and operators of different types of plants within a state and eliminates the need for different standards for different types of power plants, given the ability to use emissions averaging and/or emission reduction credits, rather than meeting the standard on site.
Whether a standard of performance set at a particular level is achievable at a reasonable
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the impact on the integrated system of electric generating units within a state.

Economic savings from this approach are substantially greater than the costs and it won’t increase electricity prices
Lashof, 12 – director of the climate and clean air program at the Natural Resources Defense Council (Daniel, “Closing the Power Plant Carbon Pollution Loophole: Smart Ways the Clean Air Act Can Clean Up America’s Biggest Climate Polluters” December, http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/files/pollution-standards-report.pdf)

NRDC’s recommended CO2 performance standards will achieve considerable emission reductions through 2020 with manageable costs
AND
capacity, and an increased market share for lower-emitting generation sources.
The value of societal benefits could reach $60 billion in 2020, as much
AND
, asthma attacks, hospital visits, respiratory symptoms, and lost workdays.
The recommended approach will lower wholesale electricity costs. NRDC’s analysis indicates that, under the recommended approach, wholesale power prices would be 4 percent lower than under the Reference Case in 2020. Meanwhile, energy efficiency improvements in households and businesses would reduce electricity consumption, lowering electricity bills and emissions at the same time.

The energy efficiency portion of the CP will net lower electricity prices
NRDC, 12 – Natural Resources Defense Council Issue Brief (“Using the Clean Air Act to Sharply Reduce Carbon Pollution from Existing Power Plants, Creating Clean Energy Jobs, Improving Americans’ Health, and Curbing Climate Change” December, http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution-standards/files/pollution-standards-IB.pdf)

The results from the model show that the proposed approach would begin to modernize and
AND
state or federal policies to expedite an increase in market share for renewables).
Investments in energy efficiency and demand response are the lowest cost compliance pathway—much
AND
compliance would be low—netting out at $4 billion in 2020.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU MS | Judge:
1nr

AT: Legally only thing you can do 

The plan includes both solar electric and solar thermal – means things like solar water heaters are topical
Mission Mountain Green, no date  - a renewable energy company that sells solar panels (http://mmgrn.com/3901.html)

Save an additional 30% on the cost of a solar system As of October 3, 2008 the Federal Solar Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for homeowners and businesses has been extended through the end of 2016 via the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Residential and Commercial system owners can take a 30% tax credit for both Solar Electric and Solar Thermal Systems.
As of February 13, 2009 and the signing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act by President Barack Obama, the $2,000 cap on qualified solar water heating property has been removed providing a full 30% credit. This means that both Residential and Commercial customers can take 30% of the system cost as a credit with no cap on both Solar Electric and Solar Thermal systems on solar systems placed in service after January 1, 2009.
Plan says “solar energy” – that includes a lot of nontopical things like heat and energy efficiency through passive solar
Roberts, 12 – David “What’s the Best Solar Technology for Your Home, Community, Business or Farm?”
Read more at http://cleantechnica.com/2012/03/01/what-is-solar-energy-types-solar-energy-technology/#FLqh5F6DYli9t7Oe.99)

What is solar energy? What are the differences in different types of energy technology in existence today?
Solar energy, quite simply, is energy that comes from the sun. (Simple.) But there are now many types of solar energy technology focused on making use of that energy and turning it into usable electricity or heat (or both).
The scale of energy generation ranges from the home water heater to serving 100,000+ homes. Below is an outline of the many solar energy forms, starting with hybrid solar power, since it is the least understood and publicized.
Hybrid Solar Energy
By definition, “hybrid energy” includes combinations of clean energy sources such as
AND
cogeneration” customers are industries or institutions where significant hot water is needed.
Another hybrid solar energy company is SunScience, whose Energy Management System integrates both a
AND
concept” was achieved at a formal “harvest” event late January.
Photovoltaic (PV) panels. This is what most people think of to lower their electricity bills
Traditional photovoltaic panels
or supply clean power to communities. Examples of large solar PV companies are Sunpower
AND
panels are required for utility-scale projects, mostly in remote locations.
Thin-Film Photovoltaic. Once touted as the next generation of PV because of
AND
in the world, in terms of market share, is First Solar.
Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV). In a broad sense, this newer form of electricity
AND
challenges for CPV only increase. Some successful companies include Amonix and Semprius.
Solar thermal energy. Most thermal energy news is about Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Concentrated (thermal) Solar Power
because of the billions of dollars involved and the tens of thousands of homes served
AND
) and here’s a video from the Dept of Energy on the technology:
Medium to lower temperature forms of thermal energy creation—well under 1000 degrees—
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are available locally through your telephone book or thru the Solar Energy Society.
Active versus Passive Solar Energy. “Active” solar energy includes installing electrical or mechanical devices such as solar panels or thermal energy set-ups to create electricity, heat water, or heat space, as described above. These can be added to a home or building after it is already built, but are best when incorporated into new construction.
“Passive” solar involves recognizing the sun’s radiation properties to either increase the natural
AND
facing. Here’s a good explanation of active and passive solar energy usage.

And the solar energy tax credit includes eligibility for heating and cooling, not just power
HubPages, 2013 – a tax advice website (“Federal Solar Energy Investment Tax Credits for 2012, 2013” http://creditguide.hubpages.com/hub/Federal-Solar-Energy-Investment-Tax-Credits

Federal Solar Energy Investment Tax Credits
The solar energy tax credit began in 1978 and allowed you to claim a tax credit for solar energy purchases. It remained at the 15 percent credit until 1986 when it was reduced to 12 percent and was again reduced to 10 percent in 1988.
In 2005 the energy policy act was put in to place and allowed for a 30 percent tax credit of up to $2,000.00. This act was set to expire as of December 31, 2008 but received an 8 year extension. The $2,000.00 cap will also be lifted on solar purchases after December 31, 2008. So it may be a good time to consider using solar energy in your home.
AMT and Solar Energy Credits
Effective December 31st, 2008 alternative minimum tax (AMT) filers will be able to also apply for the solar investment tax credit as well. This credit was not previously available to AMT filers.
Qualifying Solar Equipment
To qualify for the solar energy investment tax credit you must use solar energy to generate electricity, heat, cool, or to provide light inside of a structure. Solar pool heating equipment does not qualify for this credit.

more

Precision controls solvency and research quality
Resnick 1 Evan Resnick, Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring 2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, “Defining Engagement” 

In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
AND
"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.

Precision outweighs on energy topics
Gene Whitney (Section Research Manager at the Congressional Research Service), Carl E. Behrens (Specialist in Energy Policy at the CRS) and Carol Glover (Information Research Specialist at the CRS) November 2010 “U.S. Fossil Fuel Resources:
Terminology, Reporting, and Summary” http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.viewandFileStore_id=04212e22-c1b3-41f2-b0ba-0da5eaead952

Terminology A search for energy statistics in the literature quickly reveals a large number of
AND
in terms of their likelihood of being developed and their stage of development.

Precision key to education
Petress, Professor Emeritus of Communication at the University of Maine at Presque Isle, 9/22/2006
(Ken, “The value of precise language usage,” Reading Improvement, Highbeam Research)

Precision in language usage can be thought of as an ego boosting activity, a
AND
, we stand a better chance of being understood when we are precise.  

ADV 2 

Finishing BMI
BMI, 12 October, Business Monitor International, Would The Eurozone’s Collapse Lead To War?, http://www.riskwatchdog.com/2012/10/17/would-the-eurozone%E2%80%99s-collapse-lead-to-war/
Since the worsening of the eurozone crisis, various European officials, including German Chancellor
AND
in its member states, but would still require a major political gamble.

No Europe war
Massie 12 (Allan Massie is a Scottish writer who has published nearly 30 books
AND
flesh-creep-but-armageddon-isnt-really-nigh/)

Then we had our expert Finance blogger Thomas Pascoe in similar thank-God-
AND
away from a complete reordering of the Continent” is Fat Boy stuff.

No Eurozone collapse – the cost of it is too high
Pravda News, 1/9/13 “Price for eurozone to collapse too high”http:english.pravda.ru/business/finance/09-01-2013/123410-eurozone-0/
The Eurozone will not fall apart, because the price of getting out of the
AND
the auspices of the European Central Bank. The last two items would require

Eurozone breakup inevitable and tanks the economy
Kavoussi 11-28 – a business reporter at The Huffington Post,. She has written for The Boston Globe, The New York Observer, and The San Antonio Express-News., she is a recent graduate of Harvard University, where she studied international economic history and the history of economic thought (Bonnie, “Eurozone Crisis Threatens Global Economy” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/28/eurozone-crisis_n_1116977.html) Jacome 

As a breakup of the eurozone -- a once seemingly impossible scenario -- becomes increasingly likely, economists are starting to sketch out what a post-euro world would look like. Many are warning that if political leaders don't change course, a breakup of the eurozone would plunge the United States and the rest of the world into a slowdown and possibly another recession.
"If Europe turns out badly, it's much more likely we'll go into recession," said Michael Spence, a Nobel Prize-winning economist at the New York University Stern School of Business. "If you take a big chunk like Europe and turn it down, it would probably bring everybody else down, including us."
If the eurozone dissolves, the European banking system would likely collapse, economists said, plunging the continent into recession, which would keep European consumers from buying. Decreased demand from the continent, which represents about 20 percent of the global economy, would hurt both the United States and emerging countries, who depend on European banks not just for demand, but also for funding.
The risk of a eurozone breakup has increased dramatically over the past couple of weeks, as countries have faced increasing difficulty selling their debt. Interest rates on sovereign bonds issued by eurozone countries have spiked. The interest rate on 10-year Italian sovereign bonds rose to 7.28 percent Monday, nearly hitting a Nov. 9 euro-era high that was only eased afterward by limited bond purchases by the European Central Bank.
The interest rate on 10-year Spanish sovereign bonds rose to 6.58 percent Monday, near the euro-era high reached on Nov. 17. Interest rates on the 10-year bonds of more fiscally sound countries, such as France and Belgium, spiked to 3.58 percent and 5.59 percent respectively on Monday, as the contagion of higher borrowing costs spread to across the eurozone, regardless of their economic fundamentals.
If European leaders don't agree to take bold economic measures for more fiscal integration -- including allowing the European Central Bank to become the lender of last resort -- the eurozone could start to unravel, said Simon Tilford, chief economist of the Center for European Reform in London.
The eurozone's future could be decided next week when leaders meet for a summit on
AND
default and leave the eurozone, leading to its collapse, he said.

No chance of EU collapse
Brooks 10 (Kathleen, Research Director – Forex.com, “Will the Euro Survive Europe’s Latest Sovereign Debt Crisis?”, Reuters, 11-19, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate-uk/2010/11/19/will-the-euro-survive-europe%E2%80 %99s-latest-sovereign-debt-crisis/)

While the fund may be able to cope with the claims of Ireland and Greece
AND
it could emerge from this crisis as the strongest of the major economies.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: UNT KP | Judge: Gordon, Baker, Atchison

1nc

1nc framework

A. Interpretation—the aff should defend federal action based on the resolution

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical action

Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference

Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

B. Vote neg—

1. Preparation and clash—changing the question post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

2. Dialogue—game spaces like debate require balanced ground to prevent one side from create de facto monologue—prerequisite to mutual education

Hanghoj 2008 – PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark (Thorkild, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Deliberation is the best alternative to activism because it requires continual testing that bolsters advocacy and inclusion—refusal of side switching leads to group polarization and isolation

Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy %26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young 

Nonetheless, the deliberativist conception of reasonableness differs from the activist’s in at least one crucial respect. On the deliberativist view, a necessary condition for reasonableness is the willingness not only to offer justifications for one’s own views and actions, but also to listen to criticisms, objections, and the justificatory reasons that can be given in favor of alternative proposals.
In light of this further stipulation, we may say that, on the deliberative
AND
new considerations offered by one’s fellow deliberators. Hence Gutmann and Thompson write:
Citizens who owe one another justifications for the laws that they seek to impose must
AND
possibility of their revision or even rejection.16 (2000: 172)
That Young’s activist is not reasonable in this sense is clear from the ways in
AND
other citizens in support of the cause to which he is tenaciously committed.
The activist implicitly holds that there could be no reasoned objection to his views concerning
AND
reasoning with those who disagree, and hence no need to be reasonable.
According to the deliberativist, this is the respect in which the activist is unreasonable
AND
as presented by Young’s activist, is an unreasonable model of political engagement.
The dialogical conception of reasonableness adopted by the deliberativist also provides a response to the
AND
, he is engaged in the kind of adversarial politics the deliberativist rejects.
The argument thus far might appear to turn exclusively upon different conceptions of what reasonableness
AND
deliberativist’s demand for discussion can only obstruct justice; it is therefore irrational.
It may seem that we have reached an impasse. However, there is a
AND
be a self-selected and sympathetic group of like-minded activists.
Group polarization is a well-documented phenomenon that has ’been found all over
AND
of any individual member before the series of deliberations began’ (ibid.).17
The fact of group polarization is relevant to our discussion because the activist has proposed
AND
of justice. Insofar as the activist denies this, he is unreasonable.

The impact outweighs—key to respond to all major global challenges

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

1nc ispec

Next of is ISPEC—this is external to framework—even if they don’t affirm federal action, they should have to SPECIFY how they actualize wind energy as a resistance mechanism—affirming wind is just a vague gesture of encouragement

Marbek Resource Consultants, 6 (Report prepared for the  Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment "NATIONAL EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR) WORKSHOP," 9/27, http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/epr_wkshp_rpt_1376_e.pdf

The suggestion was made, and supported by others, that the word "incentives" for producers be replaced with the word "encourage", since the term "incentive" usually implies a particular mechanism (~%231). 

Incentive design matters—prior question to discussing energy

Webb, 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993)
 Hein Online)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
accountability apply to differing degrees depending upon the type of incentive under consideration.
By limiting the definition of financial incentives to initiatives where public funds are either disbursed
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Vote neg—too late to clarify:

1. Aff condo—makes them a moving target that reframes their advocacy based on the nature of 1nc ground.

2. The devil’s in the details—their 1ac backfires without precise attention to mechanism design

Ilex Associates, 96 – Consultants to the British Department of Trade and Industry ("A REVIEW OF OVERSEAS FINANCING MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES FOR COMMERCIAL RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS", http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15101.pdf-http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15101.pdf)

Ilex Associates has conducted a comprehensive world study of incentive and financing mechanisms for supporting
AND
technology. No single incentive mechanism is appropriate to all types of technology.

3. Intention is a bad focus for ethics—consequences trump ideals, which means all our arguments about tactics are key

Isaac 2002 – political science professor at Indiana University (Jeffrey, Dissent, Spring, "Ends, means, and politics", http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601, WEA)

What is striking about much of the political discussion on the left today is its failure to engage this earlier tradition of argument. The left, particularly the campus left—by which I mean "progressive" faculty and student groups, often centered around labor solidarity organizations and campus Green affiliates—has become moralistic rather than politically serious. Some of its moralizing—about Chiapas, Palestine, and Iraq—continues the third worldism that plagued the New Left in its waning years. Some of it—about globalization and sweatshops— is new and in some ways promising (see my "Thinking About the Antisweatshop Movement," Dissent, Fall 2001). But what characterizes much campus left discourse is a substitution of moral rhetoric about evil policies or institutions for a sober consideration of what might improve or replace them, how the improvement might be achieved, and what the likely costs, as well as the benefits, are of any reasonable strategy. One consequence of this tendency is a failure to worry about methods of securing political support through democratic means or to recognize the distinctive value of democracy itself. It is not that conspiratorial or antidemocratic means are promoted. On the contrary, the means employed tend to be preeminently democratic—petitions, demonstrations, marches, boycotts, corporate campaigns, vigorous public criticism. And it is not that political democracy is derided. Projects such as the Green Party engage with electoral politics, locally and nationally, in order to win public office and achieve political objectives. But what is absent is a sober reckoning with the preoccupations and opinions of the vast majority of Americans, who are not drawn to vocal denunciations of the International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization and who do not believe that the discourse of "anti-imperialism" speaks to their lives. Equally absent is critical thinking about why citizens of liberal democratic states—including most workers and the poor—value liberal democracy and subscribe to what Jürgen Habermas has called "constitutional patriotism": a patriotic identification with the democratic state because of the civil, political, and social rights it defends. Vicarious identifications with Subcommandante Marcos or starving Iraqi children allow left activists to express a genuine solidarity with the oppressed elsewhere that is surely legitimate in a globalizing age. But these symbolic avowals are not an effective way of contending for political influence or power in the society in which these activists live. The ease with which the campus left responded to September 11 by rehearsing an all too-familiar narrative of American militarism and imperialism is not simply disturbing. It is a sign of this left’s alienation from the society in which it operates (the worst examples of this are statements of the Student Peace Action Coalition Network, which declare that "the United States Government is the world’s greatest terror organization," and suggest that "homicidal psychopaths of the United States Government" engineered the World Trade Center attacks as a pretext for imperialist aggression. See http://www.gospan.org). Many left activists seem more able to identify with (idealized versions of) Iraqi or Afghan civilians than with American citizens, whether these are the people who perished in the Twin Towers or the rest of us who legitimately fear that we might be next. This is not because of any "disloyalty." Charges like that lack intellectual or political merit. It is because of a debilitating moralism; because it is easier to denounce wrong than to take real responsibility for correcting it, easier to locate and to oppose a remote evil than to address a proximate difficulty. The campus left  says what it thinks. But it exhibits little interest in how and why so many Americans think differently. The "peace" demonstrations organized across the country within a few days of the September 11 attacks—in which local Green Party activists often played a crucial role—were, whatever else they were, a sign of their organizers’ lack of judgment and common sense. Although they often expressed genuine horror about the terrorism, they focused their energy not on the legitimate fear and outrage of American citizens but rather on the evils of the American government and its widely supported response to the terror. Hardly anyone was paying attention, but they alienated anyone who was. This was utterly predictable. And that is my point. The predictable consequences did not matter. What mattered was simply the expression of righteous indignation about what is wrong with the United States, as if September 11 hadn’t really happened. Whatever one thinks about America’s deficiencies, it must be acknowledged that a political praxis preoccupation with this is foolish and self-defeating. The other, more serious consequence of this moralizing tendency is the failure to think seriously about global politics. The campus left is rightly interested in the ills of global capitalism. But politically it seems limited to two options: expressions of "solidarity" with certain oppressed groups—Palestinians but not Syrians, Afghan civilians (though not those who welcome liberation from the Taliban), but not Bosnians or Kosovars or Rwandans—and automatic opposition to American foreign policy in the name of anti-imperialism. The economic discourse of the campus left is a universalist discourse of human needs and workers rights; but it is accompanied by a refusal to think in political terms about the realities of states, international institutions, violence, and power. This refusal is linked to a peculiar strain of pacifism, according to which any use of military force by the United States is viewed as aggression or militarism. case in point is a petition circulated on the campus of Indiana University within days of September 11. Drafted by the Bloomington Peace Coalition, it opposed what was then an imminent war in Afghanistan against al-Qaeda, and called for peace. It declared: "Retaliation will not lead to healing; rather it will harm innocent people and further the cycle of violence. Rather than engage in military aggression, those in authority should apprehend and charge those individuals believed to be directly responsible for the attacks and try them in a court of law in accordance with due process of international law." This declaration was hardly unique. Similar statements were issued on college campuses across the country, by local student or faculty coalitions, the national Campus Greens, 9- 11peace.org, and the National Youth and Student Peace Coalition. As Global Exchange declared in its antiwar statement of September 11: "vengeance offers no relief. . . retaliation can never guarantee healing. . . and to meet violence with violence breeds more rage and more senseless deaths. Only love leads to peace with justice, while hate takes us toward war and injustice." On this view military action of any kind is figured as "aggression" or "vengeance"; harm to innocents, whether substantial or marginal, intended or unintended, is absolutely proscribed; legality is treated as having its own force, independent of any means of enforcement; and, most revealingly, "healing" is treated as the principal goal of any legitimate response. None of these points withstands serious scrutiny. A military response to terrorist aggression is not in any obvious sense an act of aggression, unless any military response—or at least any U.S. military response—is simply defined as aggression. While any justifiable military response should certainly be governed by just-war principles, the criterion of absolute harm avoidance would rule out the possibility of any military response. It is virtually impossible either to "apprehend" and prosecute terrorists or to put an end to terrorist networks without the use of military force, for the "criminals" in question are not law-abiding citizens but mass murderers, and there are no police to "arrest" them. And, finally, while "healing" is surely a legitimate moral goal, it is not clear that it is a political goal. Justice, however, most assuredly is a political goal. The most notable thing about the Bloomington statement is its avoidance of political justice. Like many antiwar texts, it calls for "social justice abroad." It supports redistributing wealth. But criminal and retributive justice, protection against terrorist violence, or the political enforcement of the minimal conditions of global civility—these are unmentioned. They are unmentioned because to broach them is to enter a terrain that the campus left is unwilling to enter—the terrain of violence, a realm of complex choices and dirty hands. This aversion to violence is understandable and in some ways laudable. America’s use of violence has caused much harm in the world, from Southeast Asia to Central and Latin America to Africa. The so-called "Vietnam Syndrome" was the product of a real learning experience that should not be forgotten. In addition, the destructive capacities of modern warfare— which jeopardize the civilian/combatant distinction, and introduce the possibility of enormous ecological devastation—make war under any circumstances something to be feared. No civilized person should approach the topic of war with anything other than great trepidation. And yet the left’s reflexive hostility toward violence in the international domain is strange. It is inconsistent with avowals of "materialism" and evocations of "struggle," especially on the part of those many who are not pacifists; it is in tension with a commitment to human emancipation (is there no cause for which it is justifiable to fight?); and it is oblivious to the tradition of left thinking about ends and means. To compare the debates within the left about the two world wars or the Spanish Civil War with the predictable "anti-militarism" of today’s campus left is to compare a discourse that was serious about political power with a discourse that is not. This unpragmatic approach has become a hallmark of post–cold war left commentary, from the Gulf War protests of 1991, to the denunciation of the 1999 U.S.-led NATO intervention in Kosovo, to the current post–September 11 antiwar movement. In each case protesters have raised serious questions about U.S. policy and its likely consequences, but in a strikingly ineffective way. They sound a few key themes: the broader context of grievances that supposedly explains why Saddam Hussein, or Slobodan Milosevic, or Osama bin Laden have done what they have done; the hypocrisy of official U.S. rhetoric, which denounces terrorism even though the U.S. government has often supported terrorism; the harm that will come to ordinary Iraqi or Serbian or Afghan citizens as a result of intervention; and the cycle of violence that is likely to ensue. These are important issues. But they typically are raised by left critics not to promote real debate about practical alternatives, but to avoid such a debate or to trump it. As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It is assumed that U.S. military intervention is an act of "aggression," but no consideration is given to the aggression to which intervention is a response. The status quo ante in Afghanistan is not, as peace activists would have it, peace, but rather terrorist violence abetted by a regime—the Taliban—that rose to power through brutality and repression. This requires us to ask a question that most "peace" activists would prefer not to ask: What should be done to respond to the violence of a Saddam Hussein, or a Milosevic, or a Taliban regime? What means are likely to stop violence and bring criminals to justice? Calls for diplomacy and international law are well intended and important; they implicate a decent and civilized ethic of global order. But they are also vague and empty, because they are not accompanied by any account of how diplomacy or international law can work effectively to address the problem at hand. The campus left offers no such account. To do so would require it to contemplate tragic choices in which moral goodness is of limited utility. Here what matters is not purity of intention but the intelligent exercise of power. Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It is the core of politics. Power is the ability to effect outcomes in the world. Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power. To accomplish anything in the political world, one must attend to the means that are necessary to bring it about. And to develop such means is to develop, and to exercise, power. To say this is not to say that power is beyond morality. It is to say that power is not reducible to morality. As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah Arendt have taught, an unyielding concern with moral goodness undercuts political responsibility. The concern may be morally laudable, reflecting a kind of personal integrity, but it suffers from three fatal flaws: (1) It fails to see that the purity of one’s intention does not ensure the achievement of what one intends. Abjuring violence or refusing to make common cause with morally  compromised parties may seem like the right thing; but if such tactics entail impotence, then it is hard to view them as serving any moral good beyond the clean conscience of their supporters; (2) it fails to see that in a world of real violence and injustice, moral purity is not simply a form of powerlessness; it is often a form of complicity in injustice. This is why, from the standpoint of politics—as opposed to religion—pacifism is always a potentially immoral stand. In categorically repudiating violence, it refuses in principle to oppose certain violent injustices with any effect; and (3) it fails to see that politics is as much about unintended consequences as it is about intentions; it is the effects of action, rather than the motives of action, that is most significant. Just as the alignment with "good" may engender impotence, it is often the pursuit of "good" that generates evil. This is the lesson of communism in the twentieth century: it is not enough that one’s goals be sincere or idealistic; it is equally important, always, to ask about the effects of pursuing these goals and to judge these effects in pragmatic and historically contextualized ways. Moral absolutism inhibits this judgment. It alienates those who are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

1nc Occular

We advocate the 1AC minus their visual presentation of the video.

The 1AC is structured around vision – by playing this video they make the 1AC an experience that is necessarily visual – people who cannot see are structurally incapable of fully experiencing the full force of the 1AC because they are incapable of participating in the act of the 1AC. This turns the case – vision based politics is a distinctly western way of understanding language

Sampson 1996 (Edward, CSUN, "Establishing Embodiment in Psychology" Theory %26 Psychology 1996 Vol. 6 (4): 601-624. Special issue: The body and psychology
It is apparent from my preceding remarks that I distinguish between the object-body
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-body: to be seen, observed and manipulated from the outside.

1nc kritik

The 1AC is a one-dimensional epistemology of oppression — an insistence on the self-evident perspectivism of oppressed peoples by focusing attention on the uniqueness and irrefutability of their personal experience participates in a mythos of implicit solidarity where all oppressed peoples are thought to assume the same interests — this orientation romanticizes complicity with totalitarian violence

Gur-ze-ev, 98 - Senior Lecturer Philosophy of Education at Haifa, (Ilan, "Toward a nonrepressive critical pedagogy," Educational Theory, Fall 48, http://haifa.academia.edu/IlanGurZeev/Papers/117665/Toward_a_Nonreperssive_Critical_Pedagogy-http://haifa.academia.edu/IlanGurZeev/Papers/117665/Toward_a_Nonreperssive_Critical_Pedagogy)

The postmodern and the multicultural discourses that influenced Giroux took a one-dimensional attitude
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new "love" relations which allow to speak the silenced"voice".

The prioritization of indigenous epistemology provides a colonialism as an excuse for every local injustice, weirdly interpreting any indigenous practice — including violent and exclusionary traditions — as "emancipatory" resistance to colonial encroachment — this reliance on indigenous identity for the production of self-evident visions of reality culminates in Fascist authoritarianism

Sarkar ’93 Tanika, feminist activist and Professor of Modern History at the Centre for Historical Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India "Rhetoric against Age of Consent Resisting Colonial Reason and Death of a Child-Wife" Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 28, No. 36 (Sep. 4, 1993), pp. 1869-1878

A few words are necessary to explain why, in the present juncture of cultural
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power and domination even when they critiqued western knowledge and challenged colonial power.

Ours is not a critique of their goal but rather of their methodological framing of Western systems of knowledge as a root cause for indigenous violence. Our challenge to their description is our alternative. Before establishing the desirability of their speech act, we must first understand how they act upon the edifices of Power which they claim to change. Our politicization of THOUGHT ITSELF is necessary to a truly liberatory politics of conceptual mobility

Deleuze ’87 Gilles, famous philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, (two translations used) The Opera Quarterly 21.4 (2005) 716-724 AND Dialogues II, European Perspectives, with Claire Parnet, freelance journalist, translated by Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam, 2002 pgs.61-62
How does one "act" on something, and what is the act or
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and, since Plato, renders the one the twin of the other.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 8 | Opponent: UNT KP | Judge: Gordon, Baker, Atchison

2nc

cards

No link to rules or predictability bad—our argument isn’t rules-based in the sense they identify, it’s a set of contestable guidelines for evaluating competitions.  Rejecting the topic because rules are oppressive doesn’t solve and only a standard like the resolution is limited enough to enable preparation and testing but has enough internal complexity to solve their impact

Armstrong 2K – Paul B. Armstrong, Professor of English and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Winter 2000, "The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory," New Literary History, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 211-223
*aleatory = depending on luck, i.e. the throw of a die

Such a play-space also opposes the notion that the only alternative to the
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combination of constraint and possibility, limitation and unpredictability, discipline and spontaneity. 

Their K of democratic deliberation rests on the assumptions they criticize—for instance, the case for structural antagonism or the impossibility of consensus presupposes that rational argument is possible.  Our framework energizes the arena for interdependent reasoning—we do this by defending consensus is possible, but fallible.  This means using the resolution to affirm the debate-to-be-had that is this topic—the point is not to settle which way of debating is objectively best, but to use provisional rules for reciprocal clash—that process of dialogism uniquely activates critical thinking and reflexivity

Knops 2007 – DPhil, Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, UK (March, Andrew, Journal of Political Philosophy, 15.1, "Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe’s Theory of Democracy", Wiley Online)

I. MOUFFE’S RELIANCE ON CONSENSUS
The first point to make about Mouffe’s argument in The Democratic Paradox is that it
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through rational argument. This is precisely what she criticises deliberative theorists for.
Of course, the content of the model for which Mouffe seeks rational acceptance is
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be left as merely the interplay of differences within this domain of power.
Firstly, Mouffe argues that there should be common adherence to – consensus on –
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to some form of rational argument akin to that deployed by deliberative theorists.
Although less clear, it is also apparent that Mouffe requires all participants in her
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right to defend them, and fall short of ’annihilation’ or violence.
However, Mouffe adds a further qualification to the ’free-play’ of differences
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reaching collective decisions through a procedure for rational discussion that deliberative theorists support.
An insistence on the need to distinguish and combat relations of subordination is necessary for
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in other words, on any aspect of the subject matter of politics.
From all this we can conclude that Mouffe’s alternative is firstly grounded in a universal
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are not to reproduce the relations of subordination that Mouffe wishes to combat.
So it would seem that Mouffe’s own agonistic alternative to deliberative democracy, designed to
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deliberative democracy that she has criticised. I will explore the second option.
II. REHABILITATION OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
Mouffe’s objection to deliberative democracy is that it is founded on a notion of rational
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be extended to deal with Mouffe’s second line of criticism from linguistic deconstruction.
A. Wittgenstein
Mouffe explicitly identifies two sources on whose interpretation of Wittgenstein she draws in criticising deliberative democracy. They are Hannah Pitkin, in her work Wittgenstein and Justice, and James Tully.4 To do justice to Mouffe’s argument, I will stick to the version of Wittgenstein advanced by these two commentators.
In arguing against the possibility of rational consensus, Mouffe uses three key Wittgenstinian concepts
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reconcile such notions with the possibility of a rational consensus reached through deliberation.
As Pitkin explains, Wittgenstein’s version of language suggests that we learn terms through practice
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, of course, involve them making mistakes, which are then corrected.
Because words are developed through repeated use in this way, they rarely have settled
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case of applying a clear-cut rule to a definite situation.8
Because words develop through practices and their use in particular situations, and in many
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only discover these by investigating particular practices of use in specific cases.11
However, Wittgenstein concedes that there must be some kind of regularity to our use
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or all of us. Cavell sums this up well when he says:
We learn and teach words in certain contexts, and then we are expected,
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– all the whirl of organism Wittgenstein calls ’forms of life’.12
These forms of life are not so much constituted by, but constitute, language. They serve as its ’ground’. Therefore, although the process of explaining a term, and of reasoning in language, may continue up to a point, it will always come to an end and have to confront simple agreement in activity, ways of going on, or forms of life.
Mouffe sees this account as ruling out the possibility of rational consensus. Following Tully
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it to be far too varied and idiosyncratic for such an account.14
Yet I would like to argue that Wittgenstein’s theory as characterised above does not rule
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hence to arrive as closely as possible to the notion of an absolute.
The process that Habermas calls ’practical discourse’18 and the process that Wittgenstein calls ’
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repairs the assumption that we do use these words in similar ways.22
But this dialogical sharing of reasons is nothing more than Wittgenstein’s concept of explanation and
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can in itself be seen as the process of development of language use.
Before moving on, we should note an important feature of this process: any
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understanding developed through reason, though partial, fallible and grounded in practice.
Deliberative democracy, then, is compatible with a Wittgensteinian theory of language, which
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deliberation against the second, deconstructionist, set of arguments that Mouffe musters.
B. Deconstruction

Agonistic games require provisional rules like topicality—opposing the structures that enable clash is a reactive gesture hostile to struggle and competition

Acampora 2002 – philosophy professor at Hunter College of the City University of New York (Fall, Christa Davis, International Studies in Philosophy, 34.3, "Of Dangerous Games and Dastardly Deeds", http://christaacampora.com/uploads/news/id18/Dangerous%20Games.pdf)

The agonistic game is organized around the test of a specific quality the persons involved
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able to compete. His study of slavish morality illuminates well that concern.
II. Dastardly Deeds
The so-called "Good Eris," described in "Homer’s Contest," supposedly
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between creative and destructive forms of contest and modes of competing within them.
Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals, a Streitschrift—a polemic, a writing
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for Nietzsche, robs a being of its activity, of its life.
In the second essay of the Genealogy, Nietzsche identifies the notion of conscience,
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one with whom to struggle except himself, the man of bad conscience:
impatiently lacerated, persecuted, gnawed at, assaulted, and maltreated himself; this
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, joy, and terribleness had reached hitherto (GM II:16).
Bad conscience functions in slavish morality as a means of self-flagellation, as
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light, its salvation, its ultimate victory (GM III:28).
Slavish morality, particularly in the form of Pauline Christianity, redirects the competitive drive
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contest, the ethos of the agon is transformed in slavish morality. xiv
III. Dangerous Games
Moralities effect contests in two ways: 1) they articulate a structure through which
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that comes with what Nietzsche describes as "becoming what one is." xvi
This, Nietzsche suggests, is what makes life worth living—it is what permits us to realize a certain human freedom to be active participants in shaping our own lives. xvii
Agonists, in the sense that Nietzsche has in mind, do not strive to
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any meaning at all—the rules of the contest or game. Xviii

~MARKED HERE~

What makes this contest dangerous?xix
To be engaged in the process of overcoming, as Nietzsche describes it, is
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origin of ostracism as the mechanism for preserving the openness of contest. xx
Nietzsche claims agonistic institutions contribute to the health of individuals and the culture in which
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but as the freedom of engagement in the process of creating ourselves. xxi
IV. A Nietzschean ethos of agonism
In a recent essay, Dana R. Villa examines the general thrust of arguments
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consensus’ but are contested every day in a dizzying array of venues. xxiii
Villa would commend them for this reminder, but he claims that "recent formulations of an agonistic politics ~…~ have tended to celebrate conflict, and individual and group expression, a bit too unselectively". xxiv
He argues that "Nietzsche-inspired" agonists would do better to look to
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"merely fighting"; so conceived, "politics is simply conflict". xxv
Placing the expression of energies of the individual, multiplicities of selves, or groups
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conception of agon and sketch the outlines of a productive ethos of agonism.
Some competitions bring with them entitlements and rewards that are reserved for the sole winner
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the competitors are pitted against each other in an environment hostile to cooperation.
We can also imagine competitions that are not zero-sum games, in which
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is agon, which in its original use meant "gathering together." xxvi
Practicing an agonistic model of competition could provide results of shared satisfaction and might enable us to transform competitions for fame and status that inform so much of our lives into competitions for meeting cooperatively and provisionally defined standards of aesthetic and intellectual excellence. xxvii
If we can revive the sense of agon as a gathering together that vivifies the
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excellence than by comparison with some rigid and externally-imposed rule. xxviii
Agonism is not the only productive way of relating to each other, and we
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, and norms that mark out the arenas in which such recreations occur.
At his best, I think Nietzsche envisions a similar form for the agonistic life
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not only beyond good and evil but also beyond the cowardly and barbarous. 

ispec

The devil is in the details—outweighs whiney marginal aff offense

Choong 7 (William, The Straits Times (Singapore), "Just hot air?," 2/4, lexis

In Cebu, leaders from the grouping called for intensified energy conservation programmes, the
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for a 20 per cent cut in greenhouse gas emissions over 13 years.

History supports a presumption ballot – incentive policy has failed thanks to detail aversion regarding incentive structure

Esty 1 - Professor of Environmental Law and Policy, Yale School of Forestry %26 Environmental Studies and Yale Law School. (Daniel, "NEXT GENERATION ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: A RESPONSE TO RICHARD STEWART," 29 Cap. U.L. Rev. 183, lexis

Professor Stewart’s discussion of economic incentive systems again provides an excellent survey of the various
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191~ a function of their established expertise within the existing system. n47

Not specifying means evaluating desirability is IMPOSSIBLE and a moot point

Azurin 8 ~Rene B., Business World, "Strategic Perspective: Renewable Energy Barriers," February 7th, Lexis~

Chatting at the just-concluded Energy Summit with the very charming Dr. Nandita
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that such power must be dispatched as soon as it is made available.

1nr

creative legalism

You should be a strategic legalist because it’s more effective and increases activist CREATIVITY – this card is sorta long

Smith 2012 (Andrea, "The Moral Limits of the Law:  Settler Colonialism and the  Anti-Violence Movement" settler colonial studies 2, 2 (2012) Special Issue: Karangatia: Calling Out Gender and Sexuality in Settler Societies)

Aside from Derrick Bell, because racial and gender justice legal advocates are so invested
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we might need to creatively rethink what legal reforms would actually increase safety.

condo

Conditionality forces the embrace of epistemic uncertainty – uncertainty creates unique benefits

Sholock 12 – Chatham University
(Adale, "Methodology of the Privileged: White Anti-racist Feminism, Systematic Ignorance, and Epistemic Uncertainty", Hypatia Volume 27, Issue 4, pages 701–714, November 2012, dml)

However, something profound happens in The Color of Fear that troubles the epistemological arrogance
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he doesn’t know to the epistemic uncertainties of knowing that he doesn’t know.
I admit that The Color of Fear has sometimes made me feel a depressing lack
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Victor extends the offer, "from here I can work with you."
David and Victor’s breakthrough indicates that effective coalition across racial and other power inequities might
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epistemic uncertainty as an indication of effectiveness rather than failure within coalitional politics.
Perhaps more than self-reflexivity or racial sedition, epistemic uncertainty is a methodology
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(Collins 1986; Narayan 1989; Anzaldúa, 1987; Sandoval 2000).

We aren’t a view from  nowhere – situated impartial knowledge is neither objective nor disinterested – they are the flip side of the same coin by claiming to have unique access to knowledge

DISCH ’93 (Lisa J.; Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, "More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt," Political Theory 21:4, November)
What Hannah Arendt called "my old fashioned storytelling"7 is at once the
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facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15

k

The aff creates an artificial separation between indigenous knowledge and western knowledge – this is a flawed epistemological strategy because it both ignores the historical connections between western and indigenous people and also incorrectly characterizes both knowledge systems

Agrawal 1995 (Arun, "Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge" Development and Change Vol. 26 (1995), 413-439.)
A number of inconsistencies and problems mark the assertions from the neoindigenistas.  Their case
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, appeared  timeless, at least until ruptured by "culture contact" ’