| 02/26/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
We have all our cites on opensource below. We started round reports at USC. Feel free to email us at rgalerstein@gmail.com or willcaplan@gmail.com if you need any more information. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan DH | Judge: Sink 3-26 (Justin, Correspondent, "After Taking Hit in the Polls, Obama Pivots Back to Immigration Reform," The Hill, 2013, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290249-after-taking-hit-in-the-polls-obama-pivots-back-to-immigration) The White House hopes to bolster President Obama~’s political standing by shifting attention from the
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bad blood among the House GOP that direct presidential involvement drives away support." Korte, 12 (Gregory, "Politics stands in the way of nuclear plant~’s future", USA Today, April 27, http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-13/usec-centrifuges-loan-guarantees/54560118/1) Three dozen 43-foot-tall centrifuges swirl quietly in a cavernous building in
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,000. The average job at USEC pays %2477,316. Dann 3-27 (Carrie, Political Reporter – NBC News, "Obama optimistic on immigration legislation," ~[~[http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/27/17490075-obama-optimistic-on-immigration-legislation?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/27/17490075-obama-optimistic-on-immigration-legislation?lite~~]~]) As a bipartisan group of senators chips away at the remaining obstacles to an immigration
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— among this group of Democratic and Republican senators to get this done." McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
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going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs. That deters and solves the impact to cyberattacksSaydjari 8 (O. Sami, Cyber Defense Agency, LLC, "Structuring for Strategic Cyber Defense: A Cyber Manhattan Project Blueprint", 2008 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, http://www.acsac.org/2008/program /keynotes/saydjari.pdf)
As a step toward a security research plan that includes such capabilities, we should
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infrastructures. Currently, adversaries can attack critical systems without investing substantial resources. Nuclear war.
Lawson 9 (Sean, Assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation, May 13^^th^^ 2009, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477) Introduction At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over
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hacker mercenaries. How will deterrence play out in this kind of scenario? Energy security militarizes energy – justifies intervention and causes serial policy failureCiuta 10 — Lecturer in International Relations and Director of the Centre of European Politics, School of Slavonic and East European Studies @ University College London, UK (Felix, 2010, "Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security?" Security Dialogue 41(123), Sage) Even casual observers will be familiar with the argument that energy is a security issue
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, 2005: 952; Christophe Paillard in Luft %26 Paillard, 2007).
Enframing of national security is a pre-requisite to macropolitical violence
Burke 7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant~’s moral demand for the eventual abolition
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to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?
Altenative – reject the affirmative~’s security discourse – only resistance can generate genuine political thought
Neoclous 8 – Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 ~~~[Critique of Security, 185-6~~~]
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND - it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."~’
Sydney Morning Herald 3/27/13 ("Shale gas lures global manufacturers to US industrial revival," http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/shale-gas-lures-global-manufacturers-to-us-industrial-revival-20130327-2gsyu.html~~~~%23ixzz2Oqvbip1A) When Wolfgang Eder and his team started looking around for a site for a new
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to invest in new plants and expand existing facilities in the United States. Cooper 9 (Mark, SENIOR FELLOW FOR ECONOMIC ANALYSIS INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT VERMONT LAW SCHOOL, "THE ECONOMICS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS: RENAISSANCE OR RELAPSE?," http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/Cooper%20Report%20on%20Nuclear%20Economics%20FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf) Within the past year, estimates of the cost of nuclear power from a new
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immensely to the cost of electricity and the cost of reducing carbon emissions. Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America~’s Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html) Building petrochemical plants could suddenly become attractive in the United States. Manufacturers will "
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seems like a win, win, win, win situation to me. Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3–6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187) What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
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may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. The United States Federal Government should develop, fund and operate a multinational reprocessing plant outside of the United States.A MNA fuel bank system prevents the theft of nuclear material and proliferation —- the plan undermines the leverage necessary to establish a bank.Rizer 2011 (Arthur – prosecutor with the United States Department of Justice, Criminal Division, an Adjunct Professor of Law at Georgetown University~’s Law Center, The National Security Threat of Energy Dependence: A Call for a Nuclear Renaissance, Harvard National Security Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)
The simplest way to mitigate the proliferation implications of increased nuclear power is simply to
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, thus, increasing the practical enforceability of non-proliferation agreements. n274 Squassoni, 2/19/2013 (Sharon – director and senior fellow with the Proliferation Prevention Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, U.S.-South Korean Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, p. ~[~[http://csis.org/publication/us-south-korean-peaceful-nuclear-cooperation-agreement-http://csis.org/publication/us-south-korean-peaceful-nuclear-cooperation-agreement~~]~])
There is one area that has been the focus of disagreement between U.S
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into force only upon China~’s meeting certain requirements, which took thirteen years. von Hippel, March 2010 (Frank – professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University and co-chair of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, South Korean Reprocessing: An Unnecessary Threat to the Nonproliferation Regime, Arms Control Today, p. ~[~[http://www.armscontrol.org/print/4118-http://www.armscontrol.org/print/4118~~]~])
If the U.S. government and nonproliferation community accept South Korea~’s need to
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originally launched out of interest in acquiring at least a nuclear weapons option. Cirincione 2000 (Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project – CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
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, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945. Makhijani 1 (Arjun, PhD in Engineering, President –Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Letters to the Editor" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 57(3), p. 4-5) As for IFRs, the 1996 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study cited
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current transmutation scheme seriously proposes to transmute all the uranium in spent fuel. Folbre 12 (Nancy, Professor of Economics – University of Massachusetts, Amherst, "The Nurture of Nuclear Power," New York Times, 3-26, ~[~[http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/the-nurture-of-nuclear-power/-http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/the-nurture-of-nuclear-power/~~]~])
Remember the brouhaha about %24563 million in Obama administration loan guarantees to Solyndra,
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additions to power generation capacity in the United States between 2010 and 2035. Green, 10 – national nuclear campaigner for Friends of the Earth and a member of the EnergyScience Coalition, PhD in nuclear engineering (Justin, February. , "NUCLEAR WEAPONS, NUCLEAR POWER %26 INTEGRAL FAST REACTORS," ~[~[http://foe.org.au/sites/default/files/IFR-FoEA-web-Feb2010.pdf-http://foe.org.au/sites/default/files/IFR-FoEA-web-Feb2010.pdf~~]~])
Integral fast reactors (IFRs) are reactors proposed to be fuelled with a metallic
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paper. For it only gets ugly in moving from blueprint to backyard." Fahring, 11 – J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law, law clerk at the Texas Eleventh Court of Appeals interested in energy law, environmental law, and tax law (T.L., "NOTE: Nuclear Uncertainty: A Look at the Uncertainties of a U.S. Nuclear Renaissance." Texas Environmental Law Journal, 41 Tex. Envtl. L.J. 279, Lexis.)
But this initial success does not necessarily ensure that new nuclear construction will take place
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new multibillion-dollar nuclear power plants is likely to be obtained. n268 Pearce, 12 – an award-winning author and journalist based in London. He has reported on environment, science, and development issues from sixty-seven countries over the past twenty years (Fred, 8/1. "Are fast-breeder reactors a nuclear power panacea?" http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-08-01/are-fast-breeder-reactors-nuclear-power-panacea) John Sauven, director of Greenpeace UK, and Paul Dorfman, British nuclear policy
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costly failures researches yet another much-hyped but still theoretical new technology." IFR~’s fail and S-PRISM is no exception – they~’re not economicalDaryan, 12 – Engineer, expertise: Energy, Sustainablity, Computer Aided Engineering, Renewables technology (Daryan Energy Blog, 4/29. "For nuclear energy supporters hope springs eternal – The Fast Reactor delusion." http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/for-nuclear-energy-supporters-hope-springs-eternal-the-fast-reactor-delusion/) If there~’s one thing the nuclear energy supporters aren~’t short of its eternal optimism.
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Fast Reactors below…and it still comes out as being more expensive%21 Hymans 12 (Jacques, Associate Professor of International Relations – USC, North Korea~’s Lessons for (Not) Building an Atomic Bomb, Foreign Affairs, 4-16, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137408/jacques-e-c-hymans/north-koreas-lessons-for-not-building-an-atomic-bomb?page=show)
Washington~’s miscalculation is not just a product of the difficulties of seeing inside the Hermit
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, as a struggling proliferator, North Korea has a lot of company. Prolif will be limited and slowYusuf 9 (Moeed, Fellow and Ph.D. Candidate in the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range
Future – Boston University, "Predicting Proliferation: The History of the Future of Nuclear Weapons", Brookings Policy Paper 11, January, http://www.brookings.edu/~~~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_nuclear_proliferation_ yusuf/01_nuclear_proliferation_yusuf.pdf)
It is a paradox that few aspects of international security have been as closely scrutinized
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chain reaction will break out than was the case during the Cold War. Weiss 9 (Leonard, Affiliated Scholar – Stanford University~’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, "Reliable Energy Supply and Nonproliferation," Nonproliferation Review, 16(2), July, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/npr_16-2_weiss.pdf)
Part of the problem is that its value as a nonproliferation tool was at its
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security for all does not have the power it may once have had. Lovins 9 (Amory B., Chair and Chief Scientist – Rocky Mountain Institute, "~’New~’ Nuclear Reactors: Same Old Story," Nuclear Monitor 690, 6-26, http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/lovinsonifretc.pdf)
As this becomes evident, other kinds of reactors are being proposed instead—novel
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fabricate it into bomb cores—hardly a path to a safer world. Berg 3/20 — BBC News, Jerusalem (Raffie, 2013, "Iran crisis: Would Israel launch an attack?" http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=27274:iran-crisis-would-israel-launch-an-attack%26catid=4:iran-general%26Itemid=26) The position of the United States is critical to any Israeli decision to attack Iran
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so what we really need to do now is calm the situation down." Mueller and Stewart 12 ~~~[John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center
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. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~~~]
It seems increasingly likely that the official and popular reaction to the terrorist attacks of
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far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin. Jakobsen 12 (Jo, Contributor @ Popular Social Science, "The Return of the Nuclear Bomb, Part III/III," http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2012/12/14/the-return-of-the-nuclear-bomb-part-iiiiii/) This is especially so given the gradual technical improvements to the warheads as well as
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The more common becomes the latter, the more relevant becomes the former. No acidification—negligible pH change and animal responseNIPCC 10 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, multi-national scientific coalition comprised of leading climate scientists, "Speculations beyond the Scope of Reality," http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2010/may/05may2010a1.html, AM)
In the introductory material to their paper on potential effects of predicted near-future
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it may have reared its ugly head over the past 300 million years%21 Dulvy et al in ~’3
(Nicholas, (School of Marine Science and Tech. @ U. Newcastle), Yvonne Sadovy, (Dept. Ecology and Biodiversity @ U. Hong Kong), and John D. Reynolds, (Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation @ School of Bio. Sci. @ U. East Anglia), Fish and Fisheries, "Extinction vulnerability in marine populations", 4:1, Blackwell-Synergy) Marine fish populations are more variable and resilient than terrestrial populations Great natural variability in
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population fluctuations when there are few adults (Pauly et al. 2002). Plan Doesn~’t solve warmingGreen 9 (Dr. Jim, Senior Vice President for Resource Development – United Way of the Greater Triangle, "Nuclear Weapons and ~’Fourth Generation~’ Reactors," Friends of the Earth Australia, July, http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw) ~’Integral fast reactors~’ and other ~’fourth generation~’ nuclear power concepts have been gaining attention,
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at the expense of coal) would reduce Australia~’s emissions by just 4%. Long timeframe and adaptation solvesRobert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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economic growth and well‐being may be at risk (Stern 2006).
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses. No warming and not anthropogenicFerrara 12 — Director of Entitlement and Budget Policy for the Heartland Institute, Senior Advisor for Entitlement Reform and Budget Policy at the National Tax Limitation Foundation, General Counsel for the American Civil Rights Union, and Senior Fellow at the National Center for Policy Analysis, served in the White House Office of Policy Development, graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School (Peter, 5/31/2012, "Sorry Global Warming Alarmists, The Earth Is Cooling," http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2012/05/31/sorry-global-warming-alarmists-the-earth-is-cooling/) Climate change itself is already in the process of definitively rebutting climate alarmists who think
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experience, he will probably know before the UN and its politicized IPCC. Socolow and Glaser, 9 – Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University and Assistant Professor at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University (Robert H. and Alexander, Fall. "Balancing risks: nuclear energy %26 climate change." Dædalus Volume 138, Issue 4, pp. 31-44. MIT Press Journals.)
In this paper we consider a nuclear future where 1,500 GW of base
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, nuclear power is not on the list of solutions to climate change. Salehyan 7 (Idean, Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas, "The New Myth About Climate Change", Foreign Policy, Summer, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922) First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
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global warming causes conflict, we should not be witnessing this downward trend.
Furthermore, if famine and drought led to the crisis in Darfur, why have
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there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters. ====Coal use inevitable ====
Lacey 12
~~~[Stephen, Reporter for Climate Progress, 12/19/12, ~[~[http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/19/1358991/coal-could-surpass-oil-as-worlds-top-energy-source-by-2017/-http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/19/1358991/coal-could-surpass-oil-as-worlds-top-energy-source-by-2017/~~]~]~~~] By 2017, the world will increase its coal consumption by more than 1.
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-thinking of policies can set us on a path toward manageable warming. Silverman 9 (Jerry Mary, Ph.D. in International Relations and Project Specialist – Ford Foundatoin, "Sturdy Dominoes", The National Interest, 11-19, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=22512) Many advocates of continuing or racheting up our presence in Afghanistan are cut from the
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, and victims of violence changed, the level of violence eventually declined. Robichaud 7 (Carl, Program Officer – The Century Foundation, "Buying Time in Afghanistan", World Policy Journal, 11-8, http://www.tcf.org/publications/internationalaffairs/RobichaudWPJ.pdf) Afghanistan is increasingly seen as Iraq in slow motion. It is not. The
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" in Afghanistan, but many of their constituents believe they already have. MS 11 ("A Kargil-type attack by China is out of question: India," Maritime Security: Asia, 11-3, http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/south-china-sea-2/a-kargil-type-attack-by-china-is-out-of-question-india/)
Summarily ruling out the possibility of China engineering a ~’Kargil-type~’ misadventure along
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law and an international commission which will decide what is to be done." Baragona 3/22 — VOA writer, citing environmental security expert David Michel at the Stimson Center, a Washington research group (Steve, 2013, "Expert Says Cooperation Can Resolve Global Water Scarcities," http://www.voanews.com/content/experts-says-cooperation-can-resolve-global-water-scarcities/1626813.html) But the waters that feed them know no boundaries. The Indus River basin spans
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Michel says he sees a future with fewer water wars and more handshakes. Biswas 11 – PhD in Engineering, professor and president, Third World Centre for Water Management, distinguished visiting professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore (2011, Asit, "Cooperation or conflict in transboundary water management: case study of South Asia," Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 56(4) 2011, Special issue: Water Crisis: From Conflict to Cooperation, http://www.thirdworldcentre.org/hsjsouthasia.pdf) The regional vision formulation can be approached under three scenarios: pessimistic, optimistic and
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of the many tertiary causes, but never the primary or secondary reason. India and Pakistan peaceful nowGrare 13 — Director and Senior Associate South Asia Program @ Carnegie Endowment for Peace (Frederic, 1/30/2013, "Is Pakistan~’s Behavior Changing?" https://www.carnegieendowment.org/2013/03/01/stalin-puzzle/flpg) Islamabad has been trying to send signals over the last few months indicating that it
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comprehensive shift. That remains, however, purely speculative at this stage. Giorgio et al 10 (Maia Juel, Tina Søndergaard Madsen, Jakob Wigersma, Mark Westh, "Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: An Assessment of Deterrence and Stability in the Indian – Pakistan Conflict," Global Studies, Autumn, http://dspace.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/6041/1/Project%20GS-BA%2c%20Autumn%202010.pdf)
To what extent has nuclear deterrence enhanced stability in the India-Pakistan conflict?
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deterrence has thus been successful in creating stability on a higher structural level. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan DH | Judge: Sink 3-26 (Justin, Correspondent, "After Taking Hit in the Polls, Obama Pivots Back to Immigration Reform," The Hill, 2013, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290249-after-taking-hit-in-the-polls-obama-pivots-back-to-immigration) The White House hopes to bolster President Obama’s political standing by shifting attention from the
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bad blood among the House GOP that direct presidential involvement drives away support." Korte, 12 (Gregory, "Politics stands in the way of nuclear plant’s future", USA Today, April 27, http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-13/usec-centrifuges-loan-guarantees/54560118/1) Three dozen 43-foot-tall centrifuges swirl quietly in a cavernous building in
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,000. The average job at USEC pays %2477,316. Dann 3-27 (Carrie, Political Reporter – NBC News, "Obama optimistic on immigration legislation," http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/27/17490075-obama-optimistic-on-immigration-legislation?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/27/17490075-obama-optimistic-on-immigration-legislation?lite) As a bipartisan group of senators chips away at the remaining obstacles to an immigration
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— among this group of Democratic and Republican senators to get this done." McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
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going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs. That deters and solves the impact to cyberattacksSaydjari 8 (O. Sami, Cyber Defense Agency, LLC, "Structuring for Strategic Cyber Defense: A Cyber Manhattan Project Blueprint", 2008 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, http://www.acsac.org/2008/program /keynotes/saydjari.pdf)
As a step toward a security research plan that includes such capabilities, we should
AND
infrastructures. Currently, adversaries can attack critical systems without investing substantial resources. Nuclear war.
Lawson 9 (Sean, Assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation, May 13th 2009, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477) Introduction At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over
AND
hacker mercenaries. How will deterrence play out in this kind of scenario? |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: Energy security militarizes energy – justifies intervention and causes serial policy failureCiuta 10 — Lecturer in International Relations and Director of the Centre of European Politics, School of Slavonic and East European Studies @ University College London, UK (Felix, 2010, "Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security?" Security Dialogue 41(123), Sage) Even casual observers will be familiar with the argument that energy is a security issue
AND
, 2005: 952; Christophe Paillard in Luft %26 Paillard, 2007).
Enframing of national security is a pre-requisite to macropolitical violence
Burke 7 (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant’s moral demand for the eventual abolition
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?
Altenative – reject the affirmative’s security discourse – only resistance can generate genuine political thought
Neoclous 8 – Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 ~[Critique of Security, 185-6~]
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND - it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’
|
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: Sydney Morning Herald 3/27/13 ("Shale gas lures global manufacturers to US industrial revival," http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/shale-gas-lures-global-manufacturers-to-us-industrial-revival-20130327-2gsyu.html~~%23ixzz2Oqvbip1A) When Wolfgang Eder and his team started looking around for a site for a new
AND
to invest in new plants and expand existing facilities in the United States. Cooper 9 (Mark, SENIOR FELLOW FOR ECONOMIC ANALYSIS INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT VERMONT LAW SCHOOL, "THE ECONOMICS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS: RENAISSANCE OR RELAPSE?," http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/Cooper%20Report%20on%20Nuclear%20Economics%20FINAL%5B1%5D.pdf) Within the past year, estimates of the cost of nuclear power from a new
AND
immensely to the cost of electricity and the cost of reducing carbon emissions. Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America’s Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html) Building petrochemical plants could suddenly become attractive in the United States. Manufacturers will "
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seems like a win, win, win, win situation to me. Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3–6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187) What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
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may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: The United States Federal Government should develop, fund and operate a multinational reprocessing plant outside of the United States.A MNA fuel bank system prevents the theft of nuclear material and proliferation —- the plan undermines the leverage necessary to establish a bank.Rizer 2011 (Arthur – prosecutor with the United States Department of Justice, Criminal Division, an Adjunct Professor of Law at Georgetown University’s Law Center, The National Security Threat of Energy Dependence: A Call for a Nuclear Renaissance, Harvard National Security Journal, p. Lexis-Nexis)
The simplest way to mitigate the proliferation implications of increased nuclear power is simply to
AND
, thus, increasing the practical enforceability of non-proliferation agreements. n274 |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan DH | Judge: Squassoni, 2/19/2013 (Sharon – director and senior fellow with the Proliferation Prevention Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, U.S.-South Korean Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, p. http://csis.org/publication/us-south-korean-peaceful-nuclear-cooperation-agreement-http://csis.org/publication/us-south-korean-peaceful-nuclear-cooperation-agreement)
There is one area that has been the focus of disagreement between U.S
AND
into force only upon China’s meeting certain requirements, which took thirteen years. von Hippel, March 2010 (Frank – professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University and co-chair of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, South Korean Reprocessing: An Unnecessary Threat to the Nonproliferation Regime, Arms Control Today, p. http://www.armscontrol.org/print/4118-http://www.armscontrol.org/print/4118)
If the U.S. government and nonproliferation community accept South Korea’s need to
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originally launched out of interest in acquiring at least a nuclear weapons option. Cirincione 2000 (Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project – CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: Makhijani 1 (Arjun, PhD in Engineering, President –Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Letters to the Editor" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, May, 57(3), p. 4-5) As for IFRs, the 1996 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study cited
AND
current transmutation scheme seriously proposes to transmute all the uranium in spent fuel. Folbre 12 (Nancy, Professor of Economics – University of Massachusetts, Amherst, "The Nurture of Nuclear Power," New York Times, 3-26, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/the-nurture-of-nuclear-power/-http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/the-nurture-of-nuclear-power/)
Remember the brouhaha about %24563 million in Obama administration loan guarantees to Solyndra,
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additions to power generation capacity in the United States between 2010 and 2035. Green, 10 – national nuclear campaigner for Friends of the Earth and a member of the EnergyScience Coalition, PhD in nuclear engineering (Justin, February. , "NUCLEAR WEAPONS, NUCLEAR POWER %26 INTEGRAL FAST REACTORS," http://foe.org.au/sites/default/files/IFR-FoEA-web-Feb2010.pdf-http://foe.org.au/sites/default/files/IFR-FoEA-web-Feb2010.pdf)
Integral fast reactors (IFRs) are reactors proposed to be fuelled with a metallic
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paper. For it only gets ugly in moving from blueprint to backyard." Fahring, 11 – J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law, law clerk at the Texas Eleventh Court of Appeals interested in energy law, environmental law, and tax law (T.L., "NOTE: Nuclear Uncertainty: A Look at the Uncertainties of a U.S. Nuclear Renaissance." Texas Environmental Law Journal, 41 Tex. Envtl. L.J. 279, Lexis.)
But this initial success does not necessarily ensure that new nuclear construction will take place
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new multibillion-dollar nuclear power plants is likely to be obtained. n268 Pearce, 12 – an award-winning author and journalist based in London. He has reported on environment, science, and development issues from sixty-seven countries over the past twenty years (Fred, 8/1. "Are fast-breeder reactors a nuclear power panacea?" http://www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-08-01/are-fast-breeder-reactors-nuclear-power-panacea) John Sauven, director of Greenpeace UK, and Paul Dorfman, British nuclear policy
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costly failures researches yet another much-hyped but still theoretical new technology." IFR’s fail and S-PRISM is no exception – they’re not economicalDaryan, 12 – Engineer, expertise: Energy, Sustainablity, Computer Aided Engineering, Renewables technology (Daryan Energy Blog, 4/29. "For nuclear energy supporters hope springs eternal – The Fast Reactor delusion." http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/for-nuclear-energy-supporters-hope-springs-eternal-the-fast-reactor-delusion/) If there’s one thing the nuclear energy supporters aren’t short of its eternal optimism.
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Fast Reactors below…and it still comes out as being more expensive%21 Hymans 12 (Jacques, Associate Professor of International Relations – USC, North Korea’s Lessons for (Not) Building an Atomic Bomb, Foreign Affairs, 4-16, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137408/jacques-e-c-hymans/north-koreas-lessons-for-not-building-an-atomic-bomb?page=show)
Washington’s miscalculation is not just a product of the difficulties of seeing inside the Hermit
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, as a struggling proliferator, North Korea has a lot of company. Prolif will be limited and slowYusuf 9 (Moeed, Fellow and Ph.D. Candidate in the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range
Future – Boston University, "Predicting Proliferation: The History of the Future of Nuclear Weapons", Brookings Policy Paper 11, January, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_nuclear_proliferation_ yusuf/01_nuclear_proliferation_yusuf.pdf)
It is a paradox that few aspects of international security have been as closely scrutinized
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chain reaction will break out than was the case during the Cold War. Weiss 9 (Leonard, Affiliated Scholar – Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, "Reliable Energy Supply and Nonproliferation," Nonproliferation Review, 16(2), July, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/npr_16-2_weiss.pdf)
Part of the problem is that its value as a nonproliferation tool was at its
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security for all does not have the power it may once have had. Lovins 9 (Amory B., Chair and Chief Scientist – Rocky Mountain Institute, "’New’ Nuclear Reactors: Same Old Story," Nuclear Monitor 690, 6-26, http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/lovinsonifretc.pdf)
As this becomes evident, other kinds of reactors are being proposed instead—novel
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fabricate it into bomb cores—hardly a path to a safer world. Berg 3/20 — BBC News, Jerusalem (Raffie, 2013, "Iran crisis: Would Israel launch an attack?" http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=27274:iran-crisis-would-israel-launch-an-attack%26catid=4:iran-general%26Itemid=26) The position of the United States is critical to any Israeli decision to attack Iran
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so what we really need to do now is calm the situation down." Mueller and Stewart 12 ~[John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center
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. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~]
It seems increasingly likely that the official and popular reaction to the terrorist attacks of
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far, the talent pool appears, to put mildly, very thin. Jakobsen 12 (Jo, Contributor @ Popular Social Science, "The Return of the Nuclear Bomb, Part III/III," http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2012/12/14/the-return-of-the-nuclear-bomb-part-iiiiii/) This is especially so given the gradual technical improvements to the warheads as well as
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The more common becomes the latter, the more relevant becomes the former. No acidification—negligible pH change and animal responseNIPCC 10 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, multi-national scientific coalition comprised of leading climate scientists, "Speculations beyond the Scope of Reality," http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2010/may/05may2010a1.html, AM)
In the introductory material to their paper on potential effects of predicted near-future
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it may have reared its ugly head over the past 300 million years%21 Dulvy et al in ’3
(Nicholas, (School of Marine Science and Tech. @ U. Newcastle), Yvonne Sadovy, (Dept. Ecology and Biodiversity @ U. Hong Kong), and John D. Reynolds, (Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation @ School of Bio. Sci. @ U. East Anglia), Fish and Fisheries, "Extinction vulnerability in marine populations", 4:1, Blackwell-Synergy) Marine fish populations are more variable and resilient than terrestrial populations Great natural variability in
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population fluctuations when there are few adults (Pauly et al. 2002). Plan Doesn’t solve warmingGreen 9 (Dr. Jim, Senior Vice President for Resource Development – United Way of the Greater Triangle, "Nuclear Weapons and ’Fourth Generation’ Reactors," Friends of the Earth Australia, July, http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw) ’Integral fast reactors’ and other ’fourth generation’ nuclear power concepts have been gaining attention,
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at the expense of coal) would reduce Australia’s emissions by just 4%. Long timeframe and adaptation solvesRobert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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economic growth and well‐being may be at risk (Stern 2006).
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses. No warming and not anthropogenicFerrara 12 — Director of Entitlement and Budget Policy for the Heartland Institute, Senior Advisor for Entitlement Reform and Budget Policy at the National Tax Limitation Foundation, General Counsel for the American Civil Rights Union, and Senior Fellow at the National Center for Policy Analysis, served in the White House Office of Policy Development, graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School (Peter, 5/31/2012, "Sorry Global Warming Alarmists, The Earth Is Cooling," http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2012/05/31/sorry-global-warming-alarmists-the-earth-is-cooling/) Climate change itself is already in the process of definitively rebutting climate alarmists who think
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experience, he will probably know before the UN and its politicized IPCC. Socolow and Glaser, 9 – Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University and Assistant Professor at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University (Robert H. and Alexander, Fall. "Balancing risks: nuclear energy %26 climate change." Dædalus Volume 138, Issue 4, pp. 31-44. MIT Press Journals.)
In this paper we consider a nuclear future where 1,500 GW of base
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, nuclear power is not on the list of solutions to climate change. Salehyan 7 (Idean, Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas, "The New Myth About Climate Change", Foreign Policy, Summer, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922) First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
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global warming causes conflict, we should not be witnessing this downward trend.
Furthermore, if famine and drought led to the crisis in Darfur, why have
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there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters. ====Coal use inevitable ====
Lacey 12
~[Stephen, Reporter for Climate Progress, 12/19/12, org/climate/2012/12/19/1358991/coal-could-surpass-oil-as-worlds-top-energy-source-by-2017/~] By 2017, the world will increase its coal consumption by more than 1.
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-thinking of policies can set us on a path toward manageable warming. Silverman 9 (Jerry Mary, Ph.D. in International Relations and Project Specialist – Ford Foundatoin, "Sturdy Dominoes", The National Interest, 11-19, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=22512) Many advocates of continuing or racheting up our presence in Afghanistan are cut from the
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, and victims of violence changed, the level of violence eventually declined. Robichaud 7 (Carl, Program Officer – The Century Foundation, "Buying Time in Afghanistan", World Policy Journal, 11-8, http://www.tcf.org/publications/internationalaffairs/RobichaudWPJ.pdf) Afghanistan is increasingly seen as Iraq in slow motion. It is not. The
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" in Afghanistan, but many of their constituents believe they already have. MS 11 ("A Kargil-type attack by China is out of question: India," Maritime Security: Asia, 11-3, http://maritimesecurity.asia/free-2/south-china-sea-2/a-kargil-type-attack-by-china-is-out-of-question-india/)
Summarily ruling out the possibility of China engineering a ’Kargil-type’ misadventure along
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law and an international commission which will decide what is to be done." Baragona 3/22 — VOA writer, citing environmental security expert David Michel at the Stimson Center, a Washington research group (Steve, 2013, "Expert Says Cooperation Can Resolve Global Water Scarcities," http://www.voanews.com/content/experts-says-cooperation-can-resolve-global-water-scarcities/1626813.html) But the waters that feed them know no boundaries. The Indus River basin spans
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Michel says he sees a future with fewer water wars and more handshakes. Biswas 11 – PhD in Engineering, professor and president, Third World Centre for Water Management, distinguished visiting professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore (2011, Asit, "Cooperation or conflict in transboundary water management: case study of South Asia," Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 56(4) 2011, Special issue: Water Crisis: From Conflict to Cooperation, http://www.thirdworldcentre.org/hsjsouthasia.pdf) The regional vision formulation can be approached under three scenarios: pessimistic, optimistic and
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of the many tertiary causes, but never the primary or secondary reason. India and Pakistan peaceful nowGrare 13 — Director and Senior Associate South Asia Program @ Carnegie Endowment for Peace (Frederic, 1/30/2013, "Is Pakistan’s Behavior Changing?" https://www.carnegieendowment.org/2013/03/01/stalin-puzzle/flpg) Islamabad has been trying to send signals over the last few months indicating that it
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comprehensive shift. That remains, however, purely speculative at this stage. Giorgio et al 10 (Maia Juel, Tina Søndergaard Madsen, Jakob Wigersma, Mark Westh, "Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: An Assessment of Deterrence and Stability in the Indian – Pakistan Conflict," Global Studies, Autumn, http://dspace.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/6041/1/Project%20GS-BA%2c%20Autumn%202010.pdf)
To what extent has nuclear deterrence enhanced stability in the India-Pakistan conflict?
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deterrence has thus been successful in creating stability on a higher structural level. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: 1AC CX set this up – they said the reason IFR solves nuke leadership is reprocessing – that strengthens the nuclear taboo and prolif—The perm sends mixed signals which overshadows any fuel supply deal.Lyman, 7/19/2006 (Edwin – Senior Staff Scientist at the Global Security Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership: Will It Advance Nonproliferation or Undermine It, p. http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/microsoft-word-inmm2006paper719.pdf)
But in its zeal to create the dangerous and false notion that there are effective
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grand bargain" at the heart of GNEP is a failure in practice. Szabo, Fall 2010 (Aaron – J.D. George Washington University Law School, Financial Analyst for the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Reprocessing: The Future of Nuclear Waste, 29 Temp. J. Sci. Tech. %26 Envtl. L. 231, p. Lexis-Nexis)
~[*253~] Another significant factor preventing the United States from building a reprocessing plant
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as alleged attempts by other non-weapon states to build reprocessing plants. McCombie, June 2007 (Charles – Arius Association, GNEP and other Multinational Option for Spent Fuel Management, p. http://www.arius-world.org/pages/pdf_2006_7/02_INMM_Tucson_June_2007.pdf)
However, there is no current shortage of supply of front end services; in
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fissile materials such plutonium, should advanced reactor cycles make an early breakthrough. Other countries say yes to multinational fuel processing —- that solves vast dispersal of waste and reprocessing.Rislove, Winter 2007 (Daniel – J.D. University of Wisconsin Law School, Note and Comment: Global Warming v. Non-Proliferation: The Time Has Come for Nations to Reassert Their Right to Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy, 24 Wis. Int’l L.J. 1069, p. Lexis-Nexis)
Establishment of multinational fuel processing programs modeled after the European experiment would be a step
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nuclear waste produced, and reduce the threat of nuclear weapons proliferation. n200 McCombie and Isaacs 2010 (Charles and Thomas, The Key Role of the Back-End in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Multinational Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, p. 10)
Multinational interim storage facilities and repositories. As already emphasized, new nuclear nations will
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repository would be far outweighed by the prices charged for the reprocessing service. Kazakhstan will say yes to a multinational reprocessing and storage facility.Weitz, 1/25/2012 (Richard – the director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis and a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Bank: Achieving Benefits at Acceptable Risk, Second Line of Defense, p. http://www.sldinfo.com/kazakhstan%E2%80%99s-nuclear-bank-achieving-benefits-at-acceptable-risk/)
The government of Kazakhstan had offered to establish an international nuclear fuel bank on its
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provides the authorities with incentives to run the fuel bank efficiently and effectively. The CP solves proliferation —- it internationalizes the fuel cycle and prevents weaponization.New Scientist, 1/10/2009 (Is it time for an international nuclear fuel bank, p. EBSCO Host)
HOW do you manage a global boom in nuclear power while discouraging weapons proliferation?
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," Javier Solana, EU high representative, said in Brussels in December. Multinational fuel processing prevents diversion and theft of nuclear material.Szabo, Fall 2010 (Aaron – J.D. George Washington University Law School, Financial Analyst for the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Reprocessing: The Future of Nuclear Waste, 29 Temp. J. Sci. Tech. %26 Envtl. L. 231, p. Lexis-Nexis)
i) Multinational Using international agreements n132 through the GNEP, the United States could
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, such as ships being rerouted to other countries or terrorist organizations. n144 McCombie and Isaacs 2010 (Charles and Thomas, The Key Role of the Back-End in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Multinational Approaches to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, p. 13-14)
Effectively integrating a successful approach to spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste management
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so would simultaneously reduce proliferation, regional instability, and waste management concerns. Union of Concerned Scientists, 3/21/2011 (Reprocessing and Nuclear Terrorism, p. http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/reprocessing-and-nuclear.html)
Reprocessing would increase the risk of nuclear terrorism From the perspective of terrorists seeking a
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25 years of operation, and is enough for some thirty nuclear weapons. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: Lovins, 10 – Chair and Chief Scientist of Rocky Mountain Institute (Amory B, 10/25. "Nuclear Socialism." Weekly Standard, VOL. 16, NO. 06. http://html?page=1) With such juicy incentives, why won’t private investors finance reactors? In 2005-
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Global nuclear output fell for the past three years, capacity for two. No global adoption – waste and costsBiello, 12 – Scientific American’s associate editor for environment and energy (David, 3/21. "Can Fast Reactors Speedily Solve Plutonium Problems?" https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fast-reactors-to-consume-plutonium-and-nuclear-waste)
That additional level of transmutation might prove too costly, both in terms of getting
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you want to get rid of milk, don’t feed it to cows." Fahring, 11 – J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law, law clerk at the Texas Eleventh Court of Appeals interested in energy law, environmental law, and tax law (T.L., "NOTE: Nuclear Uncertainty: A Look at the Uncertainties of a U.S. Nuclear Renaissance." Texas Environmental Law Journal, 41 Tex. Envtl. L.J. 279, Lexis.)
The rising projected costs of nuclear construction in the United States may also be related
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U.S. nuclear construction represents a technical uncertainty to developers. n166-http://www.lexisnexis.com.go.libproxy.wfubmc.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true%26rand=1347308966718%26returnToKey=20_T15488658602%26parent=docview%26target=results_DocumentContent%26tokenKey=rsh-20.346870.9370703187 ANS 5 (American Nuclear Society, "Fast Reactor Technology: A Path to Long-Term Energy Sustainability." November, http://www.ans.org/pi/ps/docs/ps74.pdf)
Reaping the full benefits of fast reactor technology will take a decade or more for
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of building a fast reactor demonstration unit with onsite reprocessing of spent fuel. Retief, 10 – Product Manager, Bentley Systems, Incorporated (Hilmar, December. "Knowledge Management: Solving the Nuclear Industry’s Brain Drain: How to Capture and Manage Your Company’s Institutional Knowledge for Immediate Action." A Bentley White Paper. http://ftp2.bentley.com/dist/collateral/docs/assetwise/wp_knowledge-management_hilmar-retief.pdf) As the nuclear renaissance takes shape, many organizations in this industry face a shortage
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exceed the time frame available until substantial retirement of the existing workforce begins." Lovins 9 (Amory B., Chair and Chief Scientist – Rocky Mountain Institute, "’New’ Nuclear Reactors: Same Old Story," Nuclear Monitor 690, 6-26, http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/lovinsonifretc.pdf)
Little has changed. As Dr. Tom Cochran of NRDC notes, fast reactor
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countervailing disadvantages and costs that advocates assume away, contrary to all experience. Todhunter 12 ~[Colin, Global Research, Nuclear Power: The Energy of Protest. The Future could be Renewable September 14, 2012 http://www.globalresearch.ca/nuclear-power-the-energy-of-protest-the-future-could-be-renewable/?utm_source=rss%26utm_medium=rss%26utm_campaign=nuclear-power-the-energy-of-protest-the-future-could-be-renewable~~]
Proliferation concerns aside, the role that the powerful pro-nuclear lobby plays in
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can’t pay for itself and can’t get private insurance against terror or error. Farley 11, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky, (Robert, "Over the Horizon: Iran and the Nuclear Paradox," 11-16, com/articles/10679/over-the-horizon-iran-and-the-nuclear-paradox)
But states and policymakers habitually overestimate the impact of nuclear weapons. This happens among
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, exaggerated alarmism will substitute for a realistic appraisal of the policy landscape. Potter 8 William C. Potter is Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar Professor of Nonproliferation Studies and Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, Summer 2008, Divining Nuclear Intentions, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v033/33.1.potter.pdf
Hymans is keenly aware of the deficiency of past proliferation projections, which he attributes
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regime prevented any of the leaders who desired nuclear weapons from pursuing them. Third – waste management – it shows that US has poor technology making the US an international standard for failed nuclear power – that’s Moniz.Cleary 12 (Richard Cleary, American Enterprise Institute Research Assistant, 8/13/12, Richard Cleary: Persuading Countries to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making, npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1192%26tid=30)
The cases above offer a common lesson: The U.S., though constrained
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.S. efforts at persuading countries to forgo nuclear fuel-making. Lewis 12 (Jeffrey Lewis, director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation, 8/1/12, It’s Not as Easy as 1-2-3, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/01/it_s_not_as_easy_as_1_2_3?page=full)
Creating market incentives to discourage the spread of enrichment and reprocessing seems like a reasonable
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developing states might try to copy them rather than simply become their customers. Cleary 12 (Richard Cleary, American Enterprise Institute Research Assistant, 8/13/12, Richard Cleary: Persuading Countries to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making, npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1192%26tid=30)
The examples above show the limitations of both demand and supply side efforts. Supply
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, have not materialized and therefore seem to have had little tangible influence. The US can’t influence nuclear trade – key governments don’t support nonprolif regulations and other countries fill inKerr et al, 11 – Analyst in Nonproliferation, Congressional Research Service (Paul K, with Mark Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, and Mary Beth Nikitin, Specialist in Nonproliferation, 8/10. "Nuclear Energy Cooperation with Foreign Countries: Issues for Congress." CRS Report for Congress. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/171374.pdf)
The ability of the United States to influence regulations for international nuclear commerce have arguably
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widely believed to have sought a nuclear cooperation agreement with the United States. There’s only a risk they increase prolif, not solve it – prefer our evidence, it includes both qualitative and quantitative analysisFuhrmann, 9 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of South Carolina (Matthew, Summer. "Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation." International Security Vol. 34, No. 1. MIT Press Journals.)
This article examines the relationship between peaceful nuclear cooperation and nuclear weapons proliferation. Speciacally
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is consistently salient in explaining both nuclear weapons program onset and weapons acquisition. Extend the proliferation turn – IFRs make every aspect of making nuclear weapons easier. They provide the supply, infrastructure, and expertise – that’s Lovins.First – their evidence assumes hypothetical blueprints of IFRs – their own author concludes neg and says actual implementation spurs proliferationGreen 9 (Dr. Jim, Senior Vice President for Resource Development – United Way of the Greater Triangle, "Nuclear Weapons and ’Fourth Generation’ Reactors," Friends of the Earth Australia, July, http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw)
In short, IFRs could produce lots of greenhouse-friendly energy and while they’re
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− operate it on a special cycle to produce good quality weapons material." We control uniqueness – probability for prolif is low because of lack of access to weapons material. They remove the main obstacle to proliferationThränert 9 (Oliver, Head of the Security Policy Research Group – German Institute of International Security Affairs, "The New Appeal of Nuclear Energy and the Dangers of Proliferation," Center for Security Studies, No. 57, July, http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CSS-Analyses-57.pdf)
Indeed, it is indisputable that nuclear energy programs entail proliferation dangers. As long
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is already underway, but no comprehensive solutions are on the horizon yet. Stanford’s argument is simple – IFRs produce a type of plutonium that has a different chemical purity and cannot be used to build weapons – we have three arguments:Green 9 (Dr. Jim, Senior Vice President for Resource Development – United Way of the Greater Triangle, "Nuclear Weapons and ’Fourth Generation’ Reactors," Friends of the Earth Australia, July, http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw)
As with conventional reactors, IFRs can be used to produce weapon grade plutonium in
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sort of techniques as extracting it from spent fuel from light water reactors." Third – their evidence assumes the normal operating cycle. The most likely scenario is that proliferators would manipulate the cycle to produce fissile material AND could develop new designs that make prolif inevitableGreen, 10 – national nuclear campaigner for Friends of the Earth and a member of the EnergyScience Coalition, PhD in nuclear engineering (Jim, February. , "NUCLEAR WEAPONS, NUCLEAR POWER %26 INTEGRAL FAST REACTORS," http://foe.org.au/sites/default/files/IFR-FoEA-web-Feb2010.pdf-http://foe.org.au/sites/default/files/IFR-FoEA-web-Feb2010.pdf)
The main problem is that the claims made about the proliferation resistance of IFRs are
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reactors, which could potentially be used to produce fissile material for weapons. Green 9 (Dr. Jim, Senior Vice President for Resource Development – United Way of the Greater Triangle, "Nuclear Weapons and ’Fourth Generation’ Reactors," Friends of the Earth Australia, July, http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw)
IFR advocates propose using them to draw down global stockpiles of fissile material, whether
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they are more likely to use them to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. Elhusseini 3/20 — political and media councilor at the Embassy of Palestine in Turkey, Associate Fellow-Researcher at the Institute for Middle East Studies-Canada (Fadi, 2013, "Is Israel going to attack Iran?" http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/148220/is-israel-going-to-attack-iran.html) An accurate prognosis of the likely future course of events must rely on analyzing the
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helped increase Israeli confidence in its ability to absorb this method of retaliation. Walt 12 (Stephen, Belfer Professor of International Affairs – Harvard University, "What Terrorist Threat?," Foreign Policy, 8-13, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/13/what_terrorist_threat)
Remember how the London Olympics were supposedly left vulnerable to terrorists after the security firm
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-flung foreign interventions designed to "root out" those nasty jihadis. No nuclear terror – operation, cohesion and coordinationMueller and Stewart 12 ~[John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center
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. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~]
In the eleven years since the September 11 attacks, no terrorist has been able
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eventually have committed some serious, if small-scale, damage.16 Even if there is an attack – it would be small scale and disorganizedMueller and Stewart 12 ~[John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center
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. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~]
Calculating the Costs of the Counterterrorism Delusion Delusion is a quality that is difficult to
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they would not change the fatality risk for the American population very much. Mueller and Stewart 12 ~[John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center
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. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan~]
In fact, it is unclear whether al-Qaida central, now holed up
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the seven returned home and helped to dissuade those in the next contingent. The norm against nuclear use is a NORM, not a taboo AND luck is just as much of an explanation for non-usePotter 10 (William, Institute Professor and Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "In Search of the Nuclear Taboo: Past, Present, and Future",
Proliferation Papers, No. 31, Winter, www.ifri.org/IFRI_pp31potter.pdf) In contrast, T. V. Paul, an exponent of "prudential realism
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by no means assured due to the presence of a nuclear taboo.10 Potter 10 (William, Institute Professor and Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "In Search of the Nuclear Taboo: Past, Present, and Future",
Proliferation Papers, No. 31, Winter, www.ifri.org/IFRI_pp31potter.pdf) This differential impact is recognized by Tannenwald, who argues that although any use of
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circumstances might conceivably lead to new initiatives to strengthen the norm against use. —global prolif
—complacency
—changes in global balance of power
—tech advances
Jakobsen 12 (Jo, Contributor @ Popular Social Science, "The Return of the Nuclear Bomb, Part III/III," http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2012/12/14/the-return-of-the-nuclear-bomb-part-iiiiii/) In the present article I have dealt with a few of these. Firstly,
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and may well contribute significantly to hastening the end of the nuclear taboo. Potter 10 (William, Institute Professor and Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "In Search of the Nuclear Taboo: Past, Present, and Future",
Proliferation Papers, No. 31, Winter, www.ifri.org/IFRI_pp31potter.pdf) An alternative approach to building a more potent norm (or taboo) against nuclear
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U.S. posture would have on other nuclear weapons possessors.54 Holland 8 ~[Tom Holland, "Reliance on coal spells more disasters," The South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), February 6, 2008~] To put those numbers into perspective, the mainland has 11 working nuclear reactors and
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altitude of the Himalayan glaciers, which are melting rapidly as a result. Schuttenhelm 11 ~[Rolf Schuttenhelm, Science writer specialised in Earth %26 Life Sciences, ’Asian Brown Cloud’ Activates Pre-Monsoon Cyclones which now Threaten Megacities of Mumbai and Karachi, Huffington Post, 7/11/11~] When you have warm air up high and cooler temperatures on the ground, you
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to global GHG-induced climate change, but to local aerosol pollution. Quals – and SQEconomist 11 ~["Unquenchable thirst", Nov 19th 2011, The Economist~] The greatest threat of all would be from any change to the monsoon, which
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this year’s was about normal) the consequences for farmers could be dire. Economist 11 ~["Unquenchable thirst", Nov 19th 2011, The Economist~] Compared with much of South Asia, Kashmir, a disputed territory in northern India
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the issue of water and this time war will be a nuclear one." Daly 12 ~["Pakistan And India To Go To War Over Water?", John C.K. Daly, head analyst of OilPrice.com, Eurasian foreign affairs and defense policy expert for The Jamestown Foundation, 4/14/12~] A peaceful and stable Pakistan is integral to western efforts to pacify Afghanistan, but
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twin Indian hydroelectric projects, as they will further diminish the Indus’ flow. Economist 11 ~["Unquenchable thirst", Nov 19th 2011, The Economist~] More rows between India and Pakistan are certain. India may keep on dismissing them
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divert the Tsangpo/Brahmaputra to farmers in its central and eastern regions. Negligible effect and not conclusiveUNEP 8 ~[United Nations Environmental Programme Press Release, "Wide Spread and Complex Climatic Changes Outlined in New UNEP Project Atmospheric Brown Cloud Report", Cities Across Asia Get Dimmer: Impacts on Glaciers, Agriculture and the Monsoon Get Clearer, Beijing/Nairobi, 13 November 2008~] Impacts on Agriculture¶ Impacts of ABCs on food production and farmers’ livelihoods may be
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the atmosphere¶ Reduced levels of photosynthesis and thus crop production due to ’dimming’ ESF 9 — European Science Foundation, Professor Marja Makarow, Chief Executive, ESF, Professor Reinhart Ceulemans, Chair, LESC, Mr. Lars Horn, Chair, Marine Board-ESF(8/2009, "Impacts of Ocean Acidification," http://www.ocean-acidification.net/OAdocs/ESF_SPB37_OceanAcidification.pdf) Based on the presently-available data, little is known about the responses of
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term incubations, often exposed to abrupt and extreme changes in carbonate chemistry. A) Not cost-competitive and can’t produce enough hydrogenAhearne et al, 12 – adjunct scholar for Resources for the Future and an adjunct professor of engineering at Duke University (John F, February. Federation of American Scientists. "The Future of Nuclear Power in the United States." http://www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf) In response to mitigating climate change, many countries will find that nuclear power is neither the least-cost nor the quickest approach to reducing carbon dioxide emissions.1 Until nuclear energy is able to produce hydrogen or process heat, or until transportation sectors are electrified, nuclear energy’s potential contribution to reducing carbon dioxide emissions will be somewhat limited. Madsen and Dutzik, 9 – Policy Analyst at Frontier Group and senior policy analyst with Frontier Group (Travis and Tony, November. With Bernadette Del Chiaro and Rob Sargent of the Environment America Research %26 Policy Center. "Generating Failure: How Building Nuclear Power Plants Would Set America Back in the Race Against Global Warming." http://www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/Generating-Failure—-Environment-America—-Web_0.pdf)
Building 100 new nuclear reactors would happen too slowly to reduce global warming pollution in
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late to successfully meet our goals for limiting the severity of global warming. Cochran 9 (Thomas, Senior Scientist, Nuclear Program, Natural Resources Defense Council, "Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Hearing; To receive testimony on nuclear energy development; Testimony by Thomas Cochran, Senior Scientist, Nuclear Program, Natural Resources Defense Council" March 18, 2009, Congressional Documents and Publications)
B. Spent Fuel Reprocessing. The federal government should not encourage or support commercial
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decarbonization than the host of cheaper alternatives we have available to us today. Goklany 11 — PhD, author and researcher associated with IPCC, expert reviewer and U.S. delegate to that organization (Dr. Indur M., 12/11, "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming," http://goklany.org/library/Reason%20CC%20and%20Development%202011.pdf) So how much of a difference in impact would consideration of both economic development and
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2100 in a number of the more affluent sub-Saharan countries. 47 Hsu 10 (Jeremy, Live Science Staff, July 19, pg. http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html-http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html)
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don’t view climate change
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crop yields, so we’re essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain." Warming will be slow, there’s no impact, and adaptation solvesWilliam Yeatman 9, Energy Policy Analyst at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, February 3, 2009, "Global Warming 101: Science," online: http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/03/global-warming-101-science/-http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/03/global-warming-101-science/
A "planetary emergency—a crisis that threatens the survival of our civilization and the habitability of the Earth"—that is how former Vice President Al Gore describes global warming. Most environmental groups preach the same message. So do many journalists. So do some scientists.
In fact, at the 2008 annual meeting of Nobel Prize winners in Lindau, Germany, half the laureates on the climate change panel disputed the so-called consensus on global warming.
You have probably heard the dire warnings many times. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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up deadly hurricanes. It could even plunge Europe into an ice age.
Science does not support these and other scary predictions, which Gore and his allies
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, humanity will be much better off in 2100 than it is today.
The following is a summary of key points:
Average Annual Heat-Related Mortality: People will not drop like flies from heat waves in a warming world. Heat-related mortality will continue to decline as the world warms.
Far more people die each year from excess cold than from excess heat.
Global warming will not make air pollution worse.
Global warming will not lead to malaria epidemics in Northern Hemisphere countries.
Contrary to Gore, no "strong, new scientific consensus is emerging" that global warming is making hurricanes stronger.
Global Death %26 Death Rates Due to Extreme Events, 1900-2004: Since the 1920s, death rates related to extreme weather declined by more than 98 percent globally. The impression conveyed by An Inconvenient Truth—that global warming is making the world a more dangerous place—is false.
Gore’s warning that global warming could shut down the Atlantic branch of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC) and plunge Europe into an ice age is science fiction.
Gore’s warning that sea levels could rise by 20 feet is science fiction. Sea level rise in the 21 st century is likely to be measured in inches, not in feet.
The world warmed at a rate of 0.17°C per decade since 1978, according to the temperature record compiled by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since most climate models predict that warming will occur at a constant—that is, non-accelerating—rate, it is reasonable to expect that global warming in the 21 st century will be close to the low end of the IPCC’s forecast range, of 1.4°C to 5.8°C.
The actual warming rate may be only half the 0.17°C per decade rate implied in the IPCC temperature record, because the IPCC has not adequately filtered out the warming biases from local factors like urbanization and improper management of monitoring equipment.
A warming near the low end of the IPCC range would produce both benefits—longer growing seasons, more rainfall, fewer cold deaths—and harms—more heat waves, more drought, some acceleration of sea level rise—but nothing resembling catastrophe.
Even in the IPCC high-end warming forecasts, human welfare would improve dramatically over the next 100 years. In the IPCC fossil-fuel-intensive development scenario, per capita GDP in developing countries increases from %24875 per year in 1990 to %2443,000 per year in 2100—even after taking into account an additional 110 years of global warming. Even in the IPCC worst-case scenario, global warming is not the civilization-ending catastrophe Al Gore purports it to be. Stafford 3/11 — interviewing Anthony Watts, 25-year broadcast meteorology veteran (James, 2013, "Climate Change without Catastrophe: Interview with Anthony Watts," http://oilprice.com/Interviews/Climate-Change-without-Catastrophe-Interview-with-Anthony-Watts.html) Anthony Watts: The premise of the issue for proponents can be summed up very
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up when you look at the observed data compared to the early predictions. Boslough 13 — PhD, Caltech-trained experimental and computational physicist, Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (Mark, 1/6/2013, "Global Warming: Scholarship vs. Pseudoscholarship," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-boslough/global-warming-scholarshi_b_2422438.html) What is not settled is the degree of climate change. In the peer-
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scholarly") that gives longer odds for civilization than for a shuttle launch. Fowler 12 — adjunct professor of engineering at George Mason University, retired systems engineer, doctorate is in systems and control theory from George Washington University (Thomas B., 9/1/2012, "THE GLOBAL WARMING CONUNDRUM," Modern Age, EBSCO) Longer-Term Findings Perhaps the best way to put the current global warming controversy
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peaks persist, only to be followed by some type of ice age. Singer 11 (S. Fred, Robert M. and Craig, PhD physics – Princeton University and professor of environmental science – UVA, consultant – NASA, GAO, DOE, NASA, Carter, PhD paleontology – University of Cambridge, adjunct research professor – Marine Geophysical Laboratory @ James Cook University, and Idso, PhD Geography – ASU, "Climate Change Reconsidered," 2011 Interim Report of the Nongovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
Research from locations around the world reveal a significant period of elevated air temperatures that
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of the data employed by Mann et al. (1998, 1999). Idso and Idso 11 (Craig D., Founder and Chairman of the Board – Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, and Sherwood B., President – Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, "Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future Pursuing the Prudent Path," February, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/-http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/ prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf) As presently constituted, earth’s atmosphere contains just slightly less than 400 ppm of the
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go to be able to meet the much greater challenge to which they aspire Warming not anthropogenic and if it is it’s inevitableBell 3/19 — professor and endowed professor at the University of Houston, founded and direct the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (Larry, 2013, "The Feverish Hunt For Evidence Of A Man-Made Global Warming Crisis," http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2013/03/19/the-feverish-hunt-for-evidence-of-a-man-made-global-warming-crisis/2/) The IPCC stated in its last 2007 Summary for Policymaker’s Report that "Most of
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real climate crisis will arrive when our planet’s warm Ice Age vacation ends. Fowler 12 — adjunct professor of engineering at George Mason University, retired systems engineer, doctorate is in systems and control theory from George Washington University (Thomas B., 9/1/2012, "THE GLOBAL WARMING CONUNDRUM," Modern Age, EBSCO) What percent of recent warming can reasonably be attributed to human activity? The answer
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may be decades before we have enough empirical data for an accurate estimate. CO2 is not the one cause for climate change – solar radiation and ocean interactions are ignoredPatterson 11 ~[Norman Paterson is a Professional Engineer and Consulting Geophysicist with 60 years’ experience in Mineral and Environmental Geophysics. He obtained his Ph. D in Geophysics at the University of Toronto in 1955, and was elected Fellow, Royal Society of Canada in 1977. "Global Warming: A Critique of the Anthropogenic Model and its Consequences", Geoscience Canada - Volume 38, Number 1, March 2011, Chetan~]
WHAT CAUSES WARMING? It is likely that the cyclical warming and cooling of the
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comprehensive critique of the greenhouse gas theory is provided by Hutton (2009). Idso and Idso 11 ~[Craig D., founder and chairman of the board of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, B.S. in Geography from Arizona State University, his M.S. in Agronomy from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, and his Ph.D. in Geography from Arizona State University, former Director of Environmental Science at Peabody Energy, faculty researcher in the Office of Climatology at Arizona State University; and Sherwood, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, former Research Physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology at ASU, M.S from UMinnesota, receipt of the Arthur S. Flemming Award, "Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future," 1-31-11, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf-http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf~]
Ljungqvist also notes that "decadal mean temperatures in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere
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evidence to place any confidence at all in what the climate models suggest. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: | Judge: O’Rourke 12 (Ronald, Specialist in Naval Affairs, "Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress," 8-9-12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL32665.pdf) In February 2006, the Navy presented to Congress a goal of achieving and maintaining
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all funded through the Shipbuilding and Conversion, Navy (SCN) account. Holmes 3/13 — defense analyst for The Diplomat and a professor of strategy at the U.S. Naval War College (James S., 2013, "Surface Combat Fleets: Obsolete?" http://thediplomat.com/the-naval-diplomat/2013/03/13/surface-combat-fleets-obsolete/) What does the more distant future of surface warfare hold? Suppose antiship missiles come
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in wartime, even if armed with carrier killers, is worth pondering. Condo’s good - Neg flex – can’t use kritiks and counterplans and test the aff from different angles
2. Information processing – multiple choices make for more tactile and harder debate – fosters 2ac tech skills
3. Real-world – policy-makers aren’t forced to stick to their opinions if they realize a flaw
~[4. Research – sides have to learn a broader variety of issues instead of relying on generics
5. Checks new affs – neg needs to be able to test multiple options on the fly~]
Counter-interpretation – we get ~[INSERT~] – it’s a logical fixed limit that mitigates their offense Not a voter –
~[If going for~] just a reason to stick us with the CP – solves 1AR allocation
~[If not going for~] just a reason conditional worlds should be banned – solves 1AR allocation AT: Strat Skew
No reason we skewed you any more than disads, T, or impact turns would – our advocacies aren’t contradictory AT: In-depth education
2NR checks – still gain education but are forced to think about time allocation too – eventually will come down to the best option AT: Neg Bias
Aff has first and last speech, gets to pick the focus of the debate, and can go for a single dropped arg in the 2ar – this topic proves there is no predictable neg ground AT C/I – Dispo
Arbitrary and not real-world – forces us into random rules to stick us with advocacies, let’s the aff frame the debate Breakout causes nuclear war – Cirincione evidence indicates that it causes arms control agreements to crumble and results in use of nuclear weaponsCimbala, 10 - Prof. of Political Science @ Penn State, (Stephen, Nuclear Weapons and Cooperative Security in the 21st Century, p. 117-8) Failure to contain proliferation in Pyongyang could spread nuclear fever throughout Asia. Japan and
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forestall attack as offensive preparations for attack, thus triggering a mistaken preemption. East Asian reprocessing makes Asian instability and arms race more probable.von Hippel, 1/3/2011 (Frank – professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University and co-chair of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, Plutonium, Proliferation and Radioactive-Waste Politics in East Asia, Nonproliferation Education Center, p. http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=44)
Depending upon how negotiations between the United States and South Korea, France and China
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for a proliferation chain reaction that could make the region much more dangerous. Hayes 10 Peter Hayes, *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND, Michael Hamel-Green, Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http:www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf
But the catastrophe within the region would not be the only outcome. New research
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threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community. And turns terror – increases unrestrained nuke access – causes acquire bombAnd turns asia scenario – no nuke war unless reprocessing – also would spillover – raise tensions and trigger indo pak and indo china warsSynder, 3/27/2013 (Scott – Senior Fellow for Korea Studies and Director of the Program on U.S.-Korea Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, South Korea’s Nuclear Debate and the Credibility of U.S. Extended Deterrence, p. http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2013/03/27/south-koreas-nuclear-debate-and-the-credibility-of-u-s-extended-deterrence/)
Through all of these activities, the United States has sought to simultaneously signal deterrence
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a path of negotiations accompanied by concrete actions in the direction of denuclearization. Davis 9 (Dr. Jacqueline K., Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, et al., "Updating U.S. Deterrence Concepts and Operational Planning", February, http://www.ifpa.org/pdf/Updating_US_Deterrence_Concepts.pdf)
Moreover, as suggested above, as more nations seek or attain nuclear status,
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escalatory exchange that ultimately draws the United States into a regional nuclear conflict. Schneider, 8 – Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Ph.D in history at the University of Southern California and JD from George Washington University, former senior officer in the DoD in positions relating to arms control and nuclear weapons policy (Mark, July. "The Future of the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent." Comparative Strategy 27.4, Ebsco.) Today, the United States, the world’s only superpower with global responsibilities, is
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sales from North Korea, which have been reported in the press.8 Washington Post, 7/2/2001 (Nuclear Reprocessing Sets Off Alarms Again, p. http://www.nukewatch.org/media/more_media/07-00-01/nrsoaa.html)
"We’re not sure what mischief the new administration is up to here, and
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Washington think tank specializing in strategies to halt the spread of nuclear weapons. Sagan, 4/18/2011 (Scott – Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science at Stanford University, co-chair of the Global Nuclear Future Initiative, The International Security Implications of U.S. Domestic Nuclear Power Decisions, p. http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120621005012/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/sagan_brc_paper_final.pdf)
A similar phenomenon occurs when policy makers and scholars underestimate the international effect of the
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U.S. does not reprocess spend fuel for commercial purposes. 21 Harrell, 8/15/2011 (Eben – research associate at the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Bury Our Nuclear Waste – Before It Buries Us, Time, p. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2086917,00.html)
The Blue Ribbon Commission doesn’t reach a conclusion on whether the U.S.
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that the process is not necessary for the future of the nuclear industry. von Hippel, 9/18/2009 (Frank – professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University and co-chair of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Reprocessing nuclear fuel a dangerous option, The Cap Times, p. http://host.madison.com/news/opinion/column/guest/frank-von-hippel-reprocessing-nuclear-fuel-a-dangerous-option/article_0bd69b4a-a3d2-11de-bfd5-001cc4c03286.html)
Since that time, the U.S. government’s argument that "we don’t
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we can build more permanent facilities. Reprocessing would be a panic solution. Nature, 7/9/2009 (Adieu to nuclear recycling, p. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460152b.html)
This week, US President Barack Obama has been grabbing headlines with his efforts to revitalize the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty — a US/Russian agreement to reduce the nuclear arsenals of both nations.
Such efforts will be applauded worldwide, but another decision by the Obama administration deserves
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steps towards building an international consensus on reducing the threat from nuclear weapons. Hibbs, 8/7/2012 (Mark – senior associate at the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Negotiating Nuclear Cooperation Agreements, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z)
The United States should show nonproliferation leadership by generally discouraging countries without enrichment and reprocessing
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the United States, whether initiated by the White House or by Congress. Weiner, 12/4/2012 (Sarah – research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues, Don’t Blame ENR, p. http://csis.org/blog/dont-blame-enr)
The opponents of ENR have advanced two lines of argument to address this supply-
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other exporter’s technology – technology that is perhaps inferior but more readily available. Lewis, 8/1/2012 (Jeffrey – director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation, It’s Not as Easy as 1-2-3, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/01/it_s_not_as_easy_as_1_2_3)
Creating market incentives to discourage the spread of enrichment and reprocessing seems like a reasonable
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an opportunity to write into many agreements a new, stronger nonproliferation standard. Smith 13 (Matt Smith, CNN, "U.S. lawmaker questions North Korean leader’s ’stability’," 3-17-13,
http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/17/us/north-korea/index.html-http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/17/us/north-korea/index.html) (CNN) — A top U.S. congressman expressed concern about the
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your nuclear weapons and then we’ll talk, is going to get nowhere." |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge:
1NC Off Immigration DA
T- US
T- Restrictions
T- Solar Power
Security K (Same as NDR Rd 2 1NC Security K)
Electricity Prices DA (Same as NDT Rd 2 1NC Electricity Prices DA)
Japan CP
Case |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Solar power is direct conversion
SES 12 (Scientific Energy Solutions, "Solar Power," http://www.scientificnrg.com/solar-photovoltaic/)
What is solar (photovoltaic) power?
Solar power is defined as the conversion of the sun’s light directly into electricity. Solar photovoltaic cells (PV) convert sunlight into electricity by way of the photoelectric effect. When a photon of light hits the silicon on your solar panel, electrical energy is released in the form of an electron. These electrons are then manipulated to result in electrical energy.
OTEC is indirect and relies on water temperature differences
NOAA 11 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion," July 12, 2011, http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/programs/otec.html)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a marine renewable energy technology that uses
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such as water air conditioning and aquaculture. For more information visit Resources.
Voting issue -
A) Ground – all disads are based on solar conversion and not thermal heating
B) Limits - They explode the topic—their definition allows any type of energy
UCS 09 (Union of Concerned Scientists, "How Solar Energy Works," Dec. 16, 2009, http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-solar-energy-works.html)
Solar energy—power from the sun—is a vast and inexhaustible resource.
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energy can be used to directly generate heat, lighting, and electricity. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: A. Interpretation - "Restrictions" are direct governmental limitations on asset creation —- excludes regulations that do not prohibit production, such as environmental regulations.
Restrictions mean direct governmental limitation
Viterbo 12 (Annamaria, Assistant Professor in International Law – University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law – Bocconi University and Jean Monnet Fellow – European University Institute, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States’ Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166) In order to distinguish an exchange restriction from a trade measure, the Fund chose
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imposed directly on the use of currency in itself, for all purposes.
"On" means in contact with and links "restrictions" only to energy production
Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12) The Standard Dictionary defines the word "on" as follows: "In or
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are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable. Violation —- Aff reduces regulations that affect the economics of production, but not production itself. Voting issue —- - Limits —- restriction by effect explodes the topic: any law that changes relative economics could increase production —- they make thousands of new unpredictable cases topical and force the Neg to research outside of core energy policy —- makes preparation impossible
2. Ground —- energy-specific restriction good is core ground —- they steal links to politics, biz con, prices, regulation CPs and other generics —- crushes fairness
|
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Interpretation – Aff must incentivize alternative energy solely within the boundaries of the United States "In" means within AHD 6 (American Heritage Dictionary, "In", http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/in) in (ĭn) Pronunciation Key-http://dictionary.reference.com/help/ahd4/pronkey.html
prep.
Within the limits, bounds, or area of: was hit in the face; born in the spring; a chair in the garden.
From the outside to a point within; into: threw the letter in the wastebasket.
Having the activity, occupation, or function of: a life in politics; the officer in command.
During the act or process of: tripped in racing for the bus.
With the arrangement or order of: fabric that fell in luxuriant folds; arranged to purchase the car in equal payments.
After the style or form of: a poem in iambic pentameter.
By means of: paid in cash.
Made with or through the medium of: a statue in bronze; a note written in German. "United States" is a defined land mass AHD 6 (American Heritage Dictionary, "United States", http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/united%20states) A country of central and northwest North America with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific
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New York the largest city. Population: 299,000,000. Violation – the plan has no geographical restriction. Companies could get the incentive to develop OTEC in oceans outside the U.S. or elsewhere Voting issue – - Limits – they allow incentives anywhere in the world – allowing unique cases like Chinese renewables or space energy mining – exploding the topic
2. Ground – best DAs assume U.S. energy policy, like oil, politics, economy, etc. Core ground is key to fairness 3. Precision – our interpretation is based on international consensus and decades of legal interpretation
NOAA 8 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "U.S. Maritime Zones / Boundaries", http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/csdl/mbound.htm) The United States, pursuant to international treaties and customary law, has established maritime
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to the seaward boundary of the coastal states of the U.S. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: The government of Japan should substantially increase financial support targeted toward Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion.
CX proves – just need one otec location to solve
Japan has OTEC expertise - solves
Vicki L. Bruch, Energy Policy and Planning Department Sandia National Laboratories, April 1994, AN ASSESSMENTOF RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT LEADERSHIP IN OCEAN ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES, http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/10154003-z9rVWD/native/10154003.PDF Like the United Kingdom, Japan has performed many studies on ocean energy technologies.
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around the world.7 Approximately 1,200 buoys have been sold. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Long timeframe and adaptation solves
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.
Warming is irreversible
ANI 10 ("IPCC has underestimated climate-change impacts, say scientists", 3-20, One India, http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/20/ipcchas-underestimated-climate-change-impacts-sayscientis.html)
According to Charles H. Greene, Cornell professor of Earth and atmospheric science,
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is unlikely to mitigate the risks of dangerous climate change," said Green.
No warming and not anthropogenic
Ferrara 12 — Director of Entitlement and Budget Policy for the Heartland Institute, Senior Advisor for Entitlement Reform and Budget Policy at the National Tax Limitation Foundation, General Counsel for the American Civil Rights Union, and Senior Fellow at the National Center for Policy Analysis, served in the White House Office of Policy Development, graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School (Peter, 5/31/2012, "Sorry Global Warming Alarmists, The Earth Is Cooling," http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2012/05/31/sorry-global-warming-alarmists-the-earth-is-cooling/) Climate change itself is already in the process of definitively rebutting climate alarmists who think
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experience, he will probably know before the UN and its politicized IPCC.
No impact—negligible pH change and animal response
NIPCC 10 (Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, multi-national scientific coalition comprised of leading climate scientists, "Speculations beyond the Scope of Reality," http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2010/may/05may2010a1.html, AM)
In the introductory material to their paper on potential effects of predicted near-future
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it may have reared its ugly head over the past 300 million years%21 |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: No water wars – empirics are on our side
Allouche 11 (Jeremy Allouche 11 is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. "The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade" Food PolicyVolume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Pages S3-S8 Accessed via: Science Direct Sciverse) The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
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Barnett and Adger, 2007~ and ~Kevane and Gray, 2008~).
No resource wars – prefer statistical evidence
Pinker 11 (Steven, Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology – Harvard University, "The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined," Google Books)
Once again it seems to me that the appropriate response is "maybe, but
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wars are far from inevitable, even in a climate-changed world.
New tech and adaption solve food shortages
Michaels 11 Patrick Michaels is senior fellow in environmental studies at the CATO Institute. " Global Warming and Global Food Security," June 30, CATO, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/global-warming-global-food-security
While doing my dissertation I learned a few things about world crops. Serial adoption
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to 2010. And per capita grain production is rising, not falling.
No disease extinction
Posner 4 (Richard, Judge – US Court of Appeals, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, p. 22-24) Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
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lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.
—Population growth declining, will stop growing Wattenberg 4 (Ben, FEWER: HOW THE NEW DEMOGRAPHY OF DEPOPUALTION WILL SHAPE OUR FUTURE, 2004, p. 151) The "global warming" debate has probably been the most publicized environmental issue of recent times. Of no small matter is the fact that the total global population of 11.5 billion was the base number used in the original global warming calculations that prompted such world concern. But now we know something different. Human population is not exploding. According to the UN, global population will grow at a much lower rate than expected, then sink
No China war
Shor 12 (Francis, Professor of History – Wayne State, "Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?", Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 11(1), pp. 157-167)
While the United States no longer dominates the global economy as it did during the
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of the U.S. governing elite’s ideological commitment to national security.
No Russia war
Graham 7 (Thomas Graham, senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007, 2007, "Russia in Global Affairs" The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/20/1129.html)
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that "
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while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia. —Adaptation solves – markets and institutions will self-correct Kahl 2 (Colin Kahl, Phd, former debater, INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Fall 2002, p. 257) Neo-classical arguments related to resource scarcity have substantial merit. After centuries of
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(e.g., oil and other minerals) than renewable ones.
—Earth can sustain at least 20 billion Allan 5 (David, professor, University of Michigan, POPULATION GROWTH AND WORLD HISTORY, January 21, 2005, http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html Joel Cohen’s-http://web.wwnorton.com/blurbs/fall95/003862.htm recent book on human carrying capacity summarizes the continuing lack of scientific consensus
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humans, however, lie in the range 10 -20 billion people. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Zero chance of investment
Friedman 6, Becca: staff writer for Harvard Political Review Online
~"An Alternative Source Heats Up," http://hprsite.squarespace.com/an-alternative-source-heats-up/~~ According to Terry Penney, the Technology Manager at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
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of OTEC, it seems unlikely that federal support for OTEC is forthcoming.
Too expensive and takes a minimum of 5 years to even begin to solve
Vega, 10 – Ph.D., National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawai’ (Luis A, May. "Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update." http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf) The major challenge continues to be the requirement to finance relatively high capital investments that
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required to complete the deployment with a second year set aside for commissioning. OTEC is impossible –
Numerous technical problems exist Lai 7 (Cheng I., Researcher – Sci-Tech Policy Review, "The Feasibility Study on the Development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Power Generation in Taiwan", 12-3, http://thinktank.stpi.org.tw/eip/index/techdoc_content.jsp?doc_id=1196693976600%26ver_id=4%26nl=E) Since D’Arsonval, a French physicist, first came up with the concept of power
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in the field to advance the development of OTEC power generation in Taiwan.
Large-scale OTEC fails McKenna 8 (Phil, "Plumbing the Oceans Could Bring Limitless Clean Energy", New Scientist, 11-19, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026836.000-plumbing-the-oceans-could-bring-limitless-clean-energy.html?page=2) Still, both teams will have to work out issues such as how to connect
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a matter of design, it’s a matter of getting the economics right."
OTEC can’t be deployed in the U.S. Texas CPA 8 (Comptroller of Public Accounts, "Ocean Power", The Energy Report – Chapter 20, May, http://www.cpa.state.tx.us/specialrpt/energy/pdf/20-OceanPower.pdf) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Finally, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is the
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cold water is brought to the surface by a deeply submerged intake pipe. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Solves OTEC: 2NC
Japan has a demonstration model – and specific expertise
Eurocean 01 (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), http://www.eurocean.org/np4/124.html)
After G.Claude several other projects have been studied mainly in France (OTEC
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operation will certainly be an important milestone in the development of OTEC industry.
Funding key to development – Japan solves
Sherer 8 (Kyle, "Energy Island: unlocking the potential of the ocean as a renewable power source,"
http://www.gizmag.com/energy-island-otec/8714/) But while OTEC has captured the imagination of scientists, it has not had nearly
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and ocean current research, %2450 million per year for five years.
Japan can solve OTEC
Friedman 6 Becca, The Harvard Political Review is a student-run organization at Harvard College but also an aff author, "Examining the future of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: An Alternative Source Heats Up" Febuary 26th http://hprsite.squarespace.com/an-alternative-source-heats-up/ In fact, as the U.S. government is dragging its feet,
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of Energy has worked with Japanese experts to select 16 potential OTEC sites.
China
China won’t overtake us
Beckley 12
~Michael Beckley, research fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, "China’s Century?", Winter 2012~ An alternative, though less prevalent, perspective rejects both of these assumptions.3
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point was low. China is rising, but it is not catching up International Fiat Good – 2NC — Education – it teaches foreign policy.
Dauenhauer 96 (Bernard P., Professor of Philosophy – University of Georgia, Citizenship in a Fragile World, p. 195)
In the past, the citizen’s sphere of action and responsibility has been bounded by
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a good person has thus been substantially narrowed, if not completely closed. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: 2NC No Investment
OTEC is expensive and inefficient – lack of use in the past 50 years proves it sucks.
Science Clarified 7
~"Science and Technology: Energy Alternatives," http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Energy-Alternatives/index.html-http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Energy-Alternatives/index.html~~ In theory, an OTEC system could continuously generate upward of 160 million watts of
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fully developed, although the concept has been researched for over fifty years.
On-site crew maintainance and a lack of profits means OTEC wouldn’t be adopted.
Science Clarified 7
~"Science and Technology: Energy Alternatives," http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Energy-Alternatives/index.html-http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/Energy-Alternatives/index.html~~ A drawback to OTEC systems is the cost of building and operating them. Because all maintenance must be done on-site, a crew must be housed wherever the equipment is located. Crew headquarters and maintenance facilities are built right into the unit’s structure, making it much like a small city at sea. The cost of feeding, housing, and paying a crew can offset the profit a utility company may derive from building an OTEC system.
Can’t solve – too many challenges
Basalla, 12 (John, 6/11. http://2ndgreenrevolution.com/2012/06/11/industry-spotlight-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-companies/) There are without a doubt some serious challenges that must be overcome before OTEC can
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such this is where most of the OTEC work is currently being done.
Can’t solve – no one will invest and there’s no feasible sites
EERE, no date cited but no earlier than 1999 (US Department of Energy Efficiency %26 Renewable Energy , "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion." http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/ocean_thermal_energy_conv.html) OTEC power plants require substantial capital investment upfront. OTEC researchers believe private sector firms
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-ocean water is close enough to shore to make OTEC plants feasible. Too goddamn expensive
Rocheleau 8 (Richard E., Director – Hawaii Natural Energy Institute at the University of Hawaii, "Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and the Coast Guard", CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-19, Lexis) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Net power production has been demonstrated from OTEC but questions remain about the efficiency of the process, cost, demonstrated lifetime, and design efficiency. In addition, there is limited potential for the mainland US without some form of chemical energy transfer which today is too expensive. At the gigawatt scale, this technology uses enormous amounts of deep sea and surface sea water which may have significant long term environmental impacts.
Their Cards
More quall’d –
Vega, 10 – Ph.D., National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Hawai’ (Luis A, May. "Economics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): An Update." http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Economics-2010.pdf)
Meyer et al, 11 – Chief Technologist, Lockheed Martin Corporation (Laurie, with Dennis Cooper and Robert Varley. "Are We There Yet? A Developer’s Roadmap to OTEC Commercialization." http://hinmrec.hnei.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/OTEC-Road-to-Commercialization-September-2011-_-LM.pdf)
JD, not quall’d
Griset 2010(Todd, J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, advises utilities going before state and federal regulating agencies, "Harnessing the Ocean’s Power: Opportunities in Renewable Ocean Energy Resources", Ocean and Coastal Law Journal, Vol. 16:2) Whether renewable ocean energy development will occur in U.S. waters on a
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promoting regulatory certainty would do much to promote their cost-effective development.
Your card is an attorney and says it’s necessary, not sufficient
Elefant 2002(Carolyn, Principle Attorney at LOCE, November 19, " Proposed Strategies for Addressing Regulatory Uncertainty in Ocean Energy Development in the United States ", http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=79-http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=79) The foregoing events suggest that presently, there is sufficient confidence in the functionality of
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costs. Such unpredictability may also deter future private investors from funding projects.
Navy people – and they conclude not feasible
McCallister and McLaughlin 2012(Captain Michael, Senior Engineer with Sound and Sea Technology, Commander Steve, Critical Infrastructure Programs Manager at Sound and Sea Technology, January, "Renewable Energy from the Ocean", U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 138, Issue 1, EBSCO) The well-known OTEC operating principles date to the original concept proposed by Jacques
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of OTEC, with the goal of reducing technical risks associated with commercialization.
Ferris = Forbes staff writer
Ferris 2012(David, Forbes Staff, March 31, "Market for Deep Ocean Energy Heats Up", http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2012/03/31/market-for-deep-ocean-energy-starts-to-heat-up/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2012/03/31/market-for-deep-ocean-energy-starts-to-heat-up/) Scientists have entertained the idea of OTEC since the 19th Century and Lockheed Martin created
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industry. Meanwhile, creating electricity on remote islands is expensive as ever.
2NC OTEC Impossible
Material failure and energy transportation Barry 8 (Christopher D., P.E., Co-Chair – Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Ad Hoc Panel on Ocean Renewable Energy, "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and CO2 Sequestration", 7-1, http://www.renewable energyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/07/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-and-co2-sequestration-52762) There are many practical issues as well. Again, with ammonia as the example
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is generally far from energy markets, so the energy is "stranded."
Lack of sites DOE 8 (Department of Energy, "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion", Energy Savers, 12-30, http://www.energysavers.gov/renewable_energy/ocean/index.cfm/mytopic=50010) Environmental and Economic Challenges In general, careful site selection is the key to keeping
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-ocean water is close enough to shore to make OTEC plants feasible.
Even if they’re right – utilities companies believe our arguments – this independently tanks solvency because no one will purchase OTEC energy Binger 4 (Dr. Al, Visiting Professor – Saga University and Director – University of the West Indies Centre for Environment and Development, "Potential and Future Prospects for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) In Small Islands Developing States (SIDS)", http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/energy/20040428105917_OTEC_UN.pdf) Reliability of System While there is great interest at the policy level and among the
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plant on commercial scale, operating under conditions similar those in their country.
Throw out Aff evidence – its written by biased zealots Bender 1 (Eric, Editor – Technology Review and Former Executive Editor – PC World Magazine, "Oceans of Power", Technology Review, 8-13, http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/12527/) Yet dreams of the grazing plantships still linger, although viewed with skepticism by many
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says, while the truth "tends to lurk somewhere between the extremes."
1NC Environment / Bio-D
No bio-d impact – the environment is super resilient
Kareiva et al 12 – Chief Scientist and Vice President, The Nature Conservancy (Peter, Michelle Marvier —professor and department chair of Environment Studies and Sciences at Santa Clara University, Robert Lalasz — director of science communications for The Nature Conservancy, Winter, "Conservation in the Anthropocene," http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/conservation-in-the-anthropocene/) 2. As conservation became a global enterprise in the 1970s and 1980s, the
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at least not in the last thousand years, and arguably even longer.
Water
Cooperation, not conflict
IPS 13 — Inter Press Service News Agency (1/30/2013, "UNESCO-IHE Rector Predicts Water Cooperation, not Conflict," http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/01/unesco-ihe-rector-predicts-water-cooperation-not-conflict/) UNITED NATIONS, Jan 30 2013 (IPS) - "Many are saying that
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and water, with the very nature of water being a renewable resource."
2NC Peak Oil – No Wars
— No resource wars over oil
Victor 7 (David G., Professor of Law – Stanford Law School and Director – Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, "What Resource Wars?", The National Interest, 11-12, http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=16020) RISING ENERGY prices and mounting concerns about environmental depletion have animated fears that the world
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the weak link isn’t a dearth in resources but a dearth in governance.
AT Food / Famine Wars
— Food wars are a myth – there’s zero empirical evidence
Salehyan 7 (Idean, Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas, "The New Myth About Climate Change", Foreign Policy, Summer, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922) First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
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global warming causes conflict, we should not be witnessing this downward trend.
Furthermore, if famine and drought led to the crisis in Darfur, why have
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there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters.
O-pop No overpopulation – most recent scientific conclusions
Wise 13 ~Jeff Wise contributing editor at Popular Mechanics and Future Tense, a collaboration among Arizona State University, the New America Foundation, and Slate. "About That Overpopulation Problem", January 9th, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/01/world_population_may_actually_start_declining_not_exploding.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2013/01/world_population_may_actually_start_declining_not_exploding.html, Chetan~ A somewhat more arcane milestone, meanwhile, generated no media coverage at all:
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more than half the world’s population is reproducing at below the replacement rate.
2NC No XTC
Experts agree
Hsu 10 (Jeremy, Live Science Staff, July 19, pg. http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html-http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html)
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don’t view climate change
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crop yields, so we’re essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain."
2NC Not Anthropogenic
Warming not anthropogenic and if it is it’s inevitable
Bell 3/19 — professor and endowed professor at the University of Houston, founded and direct the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (Larry, 2013, "The Feverish Hunt For Evidence Of A Man-Made Global Warming Crisis," http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2013/03/19/the-feverish-hunt-for-evidence-of-a-man-made-global-warming-crisis/2/) The IPCC stated in its last 2007 Summary for Policymaker’s Report that "Most of
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real climate crisis will arrive when our planet’s warm Ice Age vacation ends.
AT Ocean Acidification
No threshold for ocean acidification
ESF 9 — European Science Foundation, Professor Marja Makarow, Chief Executive, ESF, Professor Reinhart Ceulemans, Chair, LESC, Mr. Lars Horn, Chair, Marine Board-ESF(8/2009, "Impacts of Ocean Acidification," http://www.ocean-acidification.net/OAdocs/ESF_SPB37_OceanAcidification.pdf) Based on the presently-available data, little is known about the responses of
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term incubations, often exposed to abrupt and extreme changes in carbonate chemistry. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Econ Impact Overview Nuclear war destroys ocean ecosystems
Harte 84
Professor of Energy and Resources at UC Berkeley 84 ~John, "The Cold and the Dark: The World After Nuclear War", p. 112-113~ The effect of a period of prolonged darkness on aquatic organisms has been estimated by
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use to human beings, at least in the first few postwar years. Econ decline causes countries to backtrack on global warming commitments
Biello 08 (David, Editor for the Scientific American. "Is a Global Recession Good for the Environment?" http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=is–a–global–recession–good–for–the–08–11–132)
Times are tough when a millionaire oil man can’t get a wind farm built.
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no friend of the environment. Brother, can you spare a turbine?
Econ decline turns resource wars and the WTO
Judis 11 (8/8, *John B. Judis is a senior editor of The New Republic and a Visiting Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Liberals’ Strange Retreat on Government Spending," http://www.tnr.com/article/john–judis/93287/obama–administration–economy–recession?page=0,1-http://www.tnr.com/article/john-judis/93287/obama-administration-economy-recession?page=0,1)
The first consideration has to do with the sheer gravity of the situation. What
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ruckus that Tea Party and Republican opposition could create over the next year.
Econ decline tanks investment in energy production – turns case
Birol 9 (Faith, Chief Economist @ International Energy Agency, "THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS ON ENERGY INVESTMENT," http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Birol_Energy_Investment.pdf)
Energy investment worldwide is plunging in the face of a tougher financing environment, weakening
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efficient models, unless they are able to secure financial support from governments.
Prices Low Now
US electricity prices are low and stable now – incentivizing industrial re-shoring
Lundin 3/12/13 (Barbara, Analyst @ FierceEnergy, "U.S. electric prices driving data centers," http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/us-electric-prices-driving-data-centers/2013-03-21) Lower and more stable electricity prices caused by the booming U.S. shale
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vice president, 451 Research, and co-author of the report.
US electricity prices low now – sparking re-shoring away from Europe
Wolpe 3/18/13 (Toby, Tech Analyst @ ZDNet, "Cheap US energy sparks datacentre rethink," http://www.zdnet.com/cheap-us-energy-sparks-datacentre-rethink-7000012761/) Low energy costs are making the US a more attractive location for new datacentres than
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lower cost of US electricity could slow the adoption of greener datacentre technologies.
US electricity prices low now - we enjoy comparative advantages over our industrial competitors
PR Newswire 3/18/13 ("451 Research Report - Will Energy Prices Power U.S. Datacenter Growth at Europe’s Expense and Short-Circuit Energy Efficiency?," http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/451-research-report—-will-energy-prices-power-us-datacenter-growth-at-europes-expense-and-short-circuit-energy-efficiency-198758421.html) NEW YORK, March 18, 2013 /PRNewswire/ — Low and stable electricity
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decade, while they have held mostly flat in the U.S.
Electricity prices low now - low gas prices and weak utilities margins prove
Reuters 3/14/13 ("Ameren to sell merchant generation business to Dynegy," http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/03/14/us-ameren-dynegy-idINBRE92D0JM20130314) Earnings and cash flow at Ameren’s merchant businesses have fallen over the past three years
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2012, up from 25 percent in 2011, according to federal data. Link Second – displacement – plan is pushes the prices to the consumer through construction
Bryce 12 (Robert, Senior Fellow @ Center for Energy Policy and the Environment – Manhattan Institute, "The High Cost of Renewable Energy Mandates," http://www.manhattan–institute.org/html/eper_10.htm-http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/eper_10.htm) There is growing evidence that the costs may be too high—that the price
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renewable energy will harm "the states’ efforts to achieve greenhouse gas reductions." OTEC increases electricity prices
Elefant 02 (Carolyn, Principle Attorney at LOCE, November 19, " Proposed Strategies for Addressing Regulatory Uncertainty in Ocean Energy Development in the United States ", http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=79) The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, established in 1974, is one of
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%240.05 - %240.07 for subsidized wind systems.
China Econ High
China econ strong
Rapoza 3/19 — contributor at Forbes, cites former Morgan Stanley Asia guru and Yale Senior Fellow Stephen Roach (Kenneth, 2013, "Stephen Roach Says China To Rebound This Year - Report," http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2013/03/19/stephen-roach-says-china-to-rebound-this-year-report/) Roach is more bullish on Chinese GDP this year than outgoing Premier Wen Jiabao.
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20 are China plays, including multinationals with growing markets in the country.
Decline makes US-China conflict inevitable
Mead 04 (Senior Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations Walter Russell, Foreign Policy, lexis)
Similarly, in the last 60 years, as foreigners have acquired a greater value
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inevitable" U.S.-Chinese conflict is less likely to occur.
Consumer Spending
Consumer spending is the backbone of US growth
Lazzaro 8/6/12 (Joseph, International Business Times, "Globalization: The Economic Structural Changes Continue," http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/370786/20120806/globalization–jobs–unemployment–income–corporations–trade–rate.htm)
At the outset of the 2007–2009 U.S. recession, few
AND
and Jane Smith were driving much of global GDP growth, as well. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: OTEC = Ocean Energy OTEC is defined as ocean energy
REW 12 (Renewable Energy World, "Ocean Energy," http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/ocean-energy)
Ocean Energy¶ The ocean can produce two types of energy: thermal energy from
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small portion of the heat trapped in the ocean could power the world. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HN | Judge: Sagoff ’8 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy @ School of Public Policy @ U. Maryland, Environmental Values, "On the Economic Value of Ecosystem Services", 17:2, 239-257, EBSCO) What about the economic value of biodiversity? Biodiversity represents natureʼs greatest largess
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or two, and an immense amount of biodiversity is yours for nothing. Sagoff ’97 (Mark, Senior Research Scholar @ Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs @ U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N) Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
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sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless. A middle east war will not escalate a. their evidence assumes old circumstances
KELLEY 2002 (Jack, national security writer for the Post-Gazette and The Blade of Toledo Pittsburgh Post Gazette, April 7)
During the Cold War, there was reason to suppose an Arab-Israeli war
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would harm Arabs more than the loss of their oil would harm us. b. no superpower would risk
FERGUSON 2006 (Niall, Professor of History at Harvard University, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford, LA Times, July 24)
Could today’s quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah over Lebanon produce World War III? That’s
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, at any rate, is clearly the assumption being made in Washington. c. empirically proven
Kevin Drum September 9 2007 The Washington Monthly, "The Chaos Hawks"
Needless to say, this is nonsense. Israel has fought war after war in the Middle East. Result: no regional conflagration. Iran and Iraq fought one of the bloodiest wars of the second half the 20th century. Result: no regional conflagration. The Soviets fought in Afghanistan and then withdrew. No regional conflagration. The U.S. fought the Gulf War and then left. No regional conflagration. Algeria fought an internal civil war for a decade. No regional conflagration. Hegemonic decline causes multiple hotspots for conflict – Kagan indicates countries like Russia/Georgia, India/Pakistan, the Middle East and Asia would all start fighting to be the hegemon escalating to global nuclear conflictDisrupts oil
Wallace, staff writer for Time International, 2002 (Charles P., The Old Empty Feeling: Terror attacks and war in Iraq could make resorts look like ghost towns, oil prices rise, and the world economy tremble., Academic OneFile)
The terrorists are hitting "soft targets"—holiday resorts in Bali and Mombasa—
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says former Federal Reserve governor Laurence Meyer. "Nobody will be spared." The resulting disruption would lead to the marketing of oil shale —- that solves the entitlement crisis
Cetron and Davies 7 – *president of Forecasting International Ltd. and reader in Social History at the University of Hertfordshire (Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, "Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts," The Futurist, 9/1/07, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9GDlR6inIhIJ:www.docstoc.com/docs/37338044/The-Worst-Case-Scenario-An-Alternative-View+%22There+is+another+possibility+as+well,+and+from+the+viewpoint+of+the+United+States+it+is+extremely+interesting%22%26cd=1%26hl=en%26ct=clnk%26gl=us~
There is another possibility as well, and from the viewpoint of the United States
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economic and fiscal flexibility it cannot hope to gain from any other source. Mandlebaum 2005 (Michael – Professor in the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, The Case for Goliath, p. 184-186)
The huge bill for entitlements as the twenty-first century proceeds will compel either
AND
of concern and attention than the government’s financial obligations to its own citizens. Middle East war distracts and moderates terrorists- prevents current and future terrorism
Cetron and Davies 7 – *president of Forecasting International Ltd. and reader in Social History at the University of Hertfordshire (Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies, "Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts," The Futurist, 9/1/07, http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/5523341-1.html)
Terrorism, quelling the threat. Terrorism is fundamentally a separate issue from the U
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West to demonstrate good will toward Islam and reduce the appeal of jihad. Extinction
Sid-Ahmed, 04 - political analyst (Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, "Extinction%21" August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers. Chechen conflict is on the brink of escalation—foreign militants are making it a hub of international terrorism and threatening Russian collapse
McLean, research intern at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C., 05 ~Robert, "Chechen Jihad", http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=6420~~
The connection between international terrorism and the "movement for independence" in Chechnya is
AND
and Afghanistan and those that survive will bring their skills back to Chechnya.
Middle East war ensures stability in Chechnya
Cetron, et al, 07 ~Marvin, president of Forecasting International Ltd. in Virginia, "Worst-case scenario: the Middle East: current trends indicate that a Middle Eastern war might last for decades. Here is an overview of the most critical potential impacts", http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/5523341-1.html~~
Russia clearly benefits from a Middle Eastern war. In any such scenario, Europe
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terrorist attention away from local goals. Russia can only welcome this development. Impact is nuclear war, terrorism, environmental destruction, and prolif
DAVID 99 (Steven, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb)
Should Russia succumb to internal war, the consequences for the United States and Europe
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this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war. Middle east instability and war will force a political shift to renewable and nuclear development
Marvin Cetron (President of Forecasting International) and Owen Daniels (Former Senior Editor of Omni Magazine) 2007 "Worst-Case Scenario: the Middle East," The Futurist
That leaves the matter of oil. The Middle East produces nearly 31 percent of
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not be available immediately, and it will replace all the energy now coming LACINA 06 John T. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Graduate Fellow at the Stanford U Dept of Political Science. Associate Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO. Junior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment
~Bethany Lacina, "Explaining the Severity of Civil Wars," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 50, No. 2, 276-289 (2006)~
I explore civil conflict severity here with a new data set of battle fatalities (
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group controlling the capital and have the economic potential to be viable states. Pavkovic 07 - Associate Professor of Politics at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
(Aleksandar, with Peter Radan. Creating new states: theory and practice of secession. Google books. http://books.google.com/books?id=-IjHbPvp1W0C%26printsec=frontcover%26source=gbs_v2_summary_r%26cad=0~~%23v=onepage%26q=%26f=false) At this stage it is useful to distinguish theories which attempt to explain and/
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offer both theoretical explanations of and important insights in the processes of secession. Weinstein 8 (Jeremy, Professor of Political Science – Stanford University, "Is Ethnic Conflict Inevitable? Parting Ways Over Nationalism and Separatism", Foreign Affairs, July / August, http://cddrl.stanford.edu/publications/is_ ethnic_conflict_inevitable_parting_ways_over_nationalism_and_separatism/) The recent formation of an "independent" Kosovo, which has not yet been
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act to prevent a proliferation of new states from entering the international system. Fox 2 (Jonathan, Professor of Political Studies – Bar Ilan University, British Journal of Political Sicence, 32(3)) The intensity of all types of ethnic conflict did rise just after the end of
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Communist dictatorships and the end of the superpower rivalry in the international arena. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
A. Interpretation – debate is a game that requires the aff to defend USFG action on energy policy –
—’resolved’ means to enact a policy by law.
Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition) Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".
—"United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. B. Violation – they claim to win for reasons other than the desirability of that action C. Reasons to prefer: - Predictability – debate games open up dialogue which fosters information processing – they open up infinite frameworks making the game impossible
Haghoj 8 – PhD, affiliated with Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, asst prof @ the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol (Thorkild, 2008, "PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming," PhD dissertation @ Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, University of Southern Denmark, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
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dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61).
2. Ground – the resolution exists to create balanced difficulty, creating a topic that is supposed to be moral and controversial – games requires acceptance of rules whose purpose is to forbid the easiest means to a goal – this makes the game meaningful
Hurka 6 – philosopher who serves as the Jackman Distinguished Chair in Philosophical Studies at the University of Toronto (Thomas, 2006, "Games and the Good," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 80, http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~~thurka/docs/pass_games.pdf) I take this admiration to rest on the judgement that excellence in games is good
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good to the details of his analysis more explicitly than he ever does.
3. Education – debate as a competitive political game is the best framework to solve dogmatism and human brutality
Carter 8 – prof @ The Colorado College, research support from the Rockefeller Foundation and the staff of the Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio, Italy, the Institute of Governmental Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Benezet Foundation at The Colorado College (Lief H, 2008, "LAW AND POLITICS AS PLAY," Chicago-Kent Law Review, 83(3), http://www.cklawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/vol83no3/Carter.pdf) Vico asked his audience at the University of Naples in 1708 to debate two competing
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Play thereby helps humans become Shaw’s "race that can under-stand."
4. Decision-making – debate gaming through dramatic rehearsal strengthens decision-making – only maintained by a confined educational space
Haghoj 8 – PhD, affiliated with Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, asst prof @ the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol (Thorkild, 2008, "PLAYFUL KNOWLEDGE: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming," PhD dissertation @ Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, University of Southern Denmark, http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)
Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity"
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the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.
Decisionmaking is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals
Shulman 9, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, (Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
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, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Saudi production is stable now – no devastating cuts
Mahdi 13
~Wael, Bloomberg, Saudi Arabia Stabilizes Oil Output as OPEC Maintain Cap, 2/7/13, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-07/saudi-arabia-stabilizes-oil-output-as-opec-maintain-cap.html~~ Saudi Arabia kept production near 9 million barrels for a second month, according to
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decades, according to data the government submitted to Joint Organization Data Initiatives.
Saudi Arabia has hit a floor now, but the plan results in further cuts
Jakob 13
~Oliver, Managing Director at Petromatrix ,Swiss-based independent research group specialized in the oil markets, January 2013,Is Saudi Arabia cutting output in answer to increased US production?, http://www.cmegroup.com/education/files/petromatrix-saudi-output-oil-boom-2013-01-25.pdf~~ We think that it has mainly to do with the increased US crude oil production
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production is likely to bring that challenge back to front stage in 2013.
Any further production cuts destroys Saudi Arabia’s geopolitical influence and internal stability
Cala 13
~Andres, Energy Tribune, Saudi Arabia’s New Oil Balancing Act, 1/31/13, http://www.energytribune.com/72109/saudi-arabias-new-oil-balancing-act~~ Saudi Arabia is facing a tough oil balancing act in 2013 and the remainder of
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market would serve to intensify and accelerate this effect," Eurasia Group said.
Causes Saudi –Iran conflict
Indyk 11 (Martin, Vice president and director of the Brookings Institution’s foreign policy program and convener of the U.S.-Islamic World Forum, "Amid the Arab Spring, Obama’s dilemma over Saudi Arabia", April 7, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/amid-the-arab-spring-obamas-dilemma-over-saudi-arabia/2011/04/07/AFhILDxC_story.html)
And the Saudi system is fragile. Power is concentrated in the hands of the
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. It could spell the end of Pax Americana in the Middle East.
Goes Nuclear
London 10 (Herbert, President Emeritus of Hudson Institute and Professor Emeritus of New York University, ""The Coming Crisis in the Middle East", June, http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details%26id=7101%26pubType=HI_Opeds-http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_details%26id=7101%26pubType=HI_Opeds The gathering storm in the Middle East is gaining momentum. War clouds are on
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and the prospect of a second holocaust could lead to a nuclear exchange. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Using energy as a means of gaining security militarizes energy – justifies intervention and causes serial policy failure
Ciuta 10 — Lecturer in International Relations and Director of the Centre of European Politics, School of Slavonic and East European Studies @ University College London, UK (Felix, 2010, "Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security?" Security Dialogue 41(123), Sage)
Even casual observers will be familiar with the argument that energy is a security issue
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, 2005: 952; Christophe Paillard in Luft %26 Paillard, 2007).
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell 3 Frederick—cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books, From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pages 185-186
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities
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give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
Alternative – reject the affirmative’s apocalyptic framing of the environment – this fosters a better means to action – the rest of the 1AC is not offense
Foust et al. 8 ~Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, et al., with William O. Murphy, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and Chelsea Stow, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 2008, "Global Warming and Apocalyptic Rhetoric: A Critical Frame Analysis of US Popular and Elite Press Coverage from 1997-2007," Paper Submitted to the Environmental Communication Division of the National Communication Association Convention in San Diego, November 20th, Available Online at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p260125_index.html, Accessed 03-18-2009, p. 24-25~
In conclusion, we hope to inspire more scholarship in the spirit of Moser and
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common ground needed to build a political will for dealing with climate change. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Text: We should criticize the qualitative restrictions which constrain the transition to control and ownership over energy production
Solves the aff – avoids totalizing conceptions democracy which turns the case, and makes it impossible to solve
Little 10 (Adrian, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Theory at the University of Melbourne, Political Studies, Vol 58, "Democratic Melancholy: On the Sacrosanct Place of Democracy in Radical Democratic Theory," p. 983-985) The failure to critique democracy in anglophone radical democratic politics reflects both the hegemony of
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to meet the lofty objectives that are set for it in complex societies. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
You don’t solve — can’t change mindsets
Caffrey 10 (Kristina, JD @ University of New Mexico School of Law, 50 Nat. Resources J. 721, lexis) All of this information suggests that renewable energy use at a residential scale faces impediments
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faces national opposition, individual or neighborhood action faces individual and neighborhood resistance.
You can’t overcome the bias in favor of centralized energy
Farrell 11 (John, directs the Energy Self-Reliant States and Communities program at the Institute for Local Self-Reliance, "Democratizing the Electricity System – A Vision for the 21st Century Grid," http://www.ilsr.org/energy/publications/democratizing-electricity-system-vision-21st-century-grid/) While technology advances and costs drop, the major obstacle confronting distributed generation is a¶ century of rules and institutional structures predicated on the outdated assumption that power plants will¶ continually grow in size and electricity will continue to be transmitted over ever-longer distances. From¶ federal energy incentives to rules issued by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to state¶ interconnection rules, there is a systemic bias toward centralized power and one-way grid systems. Most states lack effective net metering laws - undermines transition
Savage 12 (Andrew, on the executive management team at AllEarth Renewables as the company’s director of communications and public affairs, "Making Projects Happen with Group Net Metering Policies," http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2012/08/dissolving-traditional-energy-boundaries-with-group-net-metering) Almost every state in the country has net metering laws on the books.¶ But
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which limit their effectiveness — and the amount of net-metered solar. Consequences first
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), "Ends, Means, and Politics", Spring, Proquest) As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Solves VTL
Dworkin 77 (Ronald, Professor of Law and Philosophy – New York University, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 274-275) Utilitarian arguments of policy, however, would seem secure from that objection. They
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or his views more or less worthy of respect, than any other.
Their analysis of neoliberalism is reductive – it over-simplifies complex social processes and negates possibilities for political transformation.
Barnett 5 (Clive, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Open University, Geoforum 36, "The consolations of ’neoliberalism,’" p. 9-10, Ebsco) The blind-spot in theories of neoliberalism—whether neo-Marxist and Foucauldian
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the polyvalent discourse of ’’democracy’’ (see Barnett and Low, 2004).
Neoliberalism is inevitable
Hudson 99 ~Mark, Progressive Librarian, Fall, "Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller"~ Neoliberal ideas are as old as capitalism itself, but in recent decades they have
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the adverse consequences of that hegemony for our politics, economy and culture.
Neoliberalism isn’t the root cause of environmental destruction
Bakker 9 (Karen, Prof of Geography @ Univ. of British Columbia, "Commentary," Environment and Planning, http://www.envplan.com/epa/editorials/a4277.pdf) With this sort of example as inspiration, one hopes that scholars of neoliberal¶
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might identify do indeed arise from a particular strategy identified as¶ neoliberal.
Environment is resilient
Easterbrook 95 (Gregg, Distinguished Fellow – Fullbright Foundation, A Moment on Earth, p. 25)
In the aftermath of events such as Love Canal or the Exxon Valdez oil spill
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are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.
Neoliberalism solves the environment
Christmann and Taylor ’1 American businessman and the head of a privately held multinationalcompany, Professor Christmann specializes in research of the globaleconomy (Petra and Glen, Globalization and the environment:Determinants of firm self-regulation in China. Journal ofInternational business studies, 32(3), 439-458, ABI/INFORM)http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=277452~~ In contrast, globalization proponents contend that lower barriers to trade and foreign investment encourage
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as pollution havens (Hoffman, 1999; Rugman and Verbeke, 1998). Globalization solves democracy
Chen 2K Jim, Professor of Law University of Minnesota Law School, November/December, 2000
Fordham International Law Journal, PAX MERCATORIA: GLOBALIZATION AS A SECOND CHANCE AT "PEACE FOR OUR TIME, 24 Fordham Int’l L.J. 217, Lexis Globalization advances democracy not only by raising overall wealth, but also by improving the
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resulting power vacuum in order to help police the morals of globalized society. Neoliberalism isn’t the root cause of economic inequality
Norfield 12 (Tony, PhD Candidate in Economics @ SOAS - Univ. of London, "’The most detailed account available’ – more praise for ’The Failure of Capitalist Production’," http://plutopress.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/the-most-detailed-account-available-more-praise-for-the-failure-of-capitalist-production/) Writing on the Economics of Imperialism blog, Tony Norfield praises Andrew Kliman’s The Failure
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with the Reagan (US) and Thatcher (UK) political regimes. Collapsing neoliberalism results in increased corporate power
Phillipe Legrain, special adviser to the WTO director general Mike Moore, 2000, The WTO: Boon or Bane for the Developing World, p. http://www.focusweb.org/publications/2000/The%20WTOThe%20WTO-Boon%20or%20Bane%20for%20the%20Developing%20World.htm
A convincing case for the WTO’s abolition must show two things. First, that
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poorest South Koreans today are much richer than their counterparts 30 years ago.
Neolib solves war
Doug Bandow, Cato Institute, 05
~"Spreading Capitalism is Good for Peace," http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5193~~ In a world that seems constantly aflame, one naturally asks: What causes peace
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out that peace is good business. And capitalism is good for peace.
Neolib’s key to solve poverty and authoritarianism
Bandow 1 (Doug, Senior Fellow @ Cato, "Globalization Serves the World’s Poor," April 25th, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4310-http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4310) Despite the worst efforts of violent protestors in Quebec, leaders of countries throughout the
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predominate. In most ways for most people, globalization is a positive. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: The plan cannot be detached from its discursive underpinnings
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are interrogated at the level both of their theoretical conceptualisation and their practice
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a claustrophic structure of political and ethical possibility that systematically wards off critique. Your warming rhetoric crowds out more pressing environmental movements
Crist ’7 – Ass. Prof. Sci %26 Tech in Society @ VT (Eileen, Telos 141, Winter, Beyond the Climate Crisis) The diminishment of life’s richness began with the exodus of hunters and gatherers from Africa
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ongoing, and climate-change-independent wounding of life on Earth.
Framing warming in terms of extinction is net worse for mobilizing action
Feinberg and Willer 11 (Matthew, Psychology Department – UC Berkley, and Rob, Sociology Department – UC Berkley, "Apocalypse Soon? Dire Messages Reduce Belief in Global Warming by Contradicting Just-World Beliefs," 1-12, Journal of Psychological Science) Although scientific evidence attests to the existence and severity of global warming, high percentages
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both levels of skepticism and participants’ willingness to curb their daily carbon emissions. Representations of ecological crisis label them as exceptions to the norm creating solutions that make the status quo worse – their actions only sanitize exploitation.
Hwang 99 ( Ph. D. candidate in political science at the University of Connecticut. "Ecological panopticism; the problematization of the ecological crisis")
Second, the declaration suggests that we are now faced with a crisis that we
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water, and 7 pounds of hazardous waste (Kaliner 1997, 17).
And it reinforces structural violence
Gourevitch 10 (Alex, PhD from Columbia University, teaches at Harvard University, Public Culture 22:3, Fall, "Environmentalism — Long Live the Politics of Fear," p. 418-424) Ironically, security is an unstable foundation for the very institutions—the separation of
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hardly the basis for a moral rejuvenation of an unequal and unjust society. Crisis discourse causes political apathy and environmental agnosticism—-turns case
Foust et al. 8 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department
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Convention in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23
Elements of an apocalyptic frame could be said to exist in most of the articles
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necessarily because they are taking collective and personal steps to resolve the issue.
The emergency frame of the 1AC turns the whole case – reinforces technical solutions and turns their democratic approach
Martin %26 Hodder 9 (Brian Martin is a Professor of Social Sciences at the University of Wollongong Australia. Patrick Hodder is a Tutor and PhD candidate at the Bega Education Centre of the University of Wollongong. "Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing"; Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, pp. 53-60)
The climate debate is no longer just between climate scientists and sceptics, but encompasses
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food and energy resources, and making the transition away from polluting industries. The alt’s reframing solves all of their motivation offense – we can reconstitute our relationship to the environment through ethical and local justifications
Deudney 99 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AT JOHNS HOPKINS, 1999 "ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY A CRITIQUE," CONTESTED GROUNDS, ED. DEUDNEY %26 MATTHEW, P. EBOOK
Fortunately, environmental awareness need not depend upon co-opted national security thinking.
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and fresh way to conceptualize environmental protection as the practice of national security. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Their explanation is flawed – a focus on neoliberalism detracts from attention to complex details.
Larner 3 (Wendy, Professor of Human Geography and Sociology, Research Director for the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, volume 21, "Neoliberalism?" p. 509-510) At the most general level, neoliberalism appears to have usurped globalisation as the explanatory
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may be both intellectually and politically useful to disrupt current understandings of neoliberalism. — The Aff is moral evasion – consequentialism is best Nielson 9 (Kai, Professor of Philosophy – University of Calgary, Ethics: The Big Questions, Ed. Sterba, p. 189-190) In so treating the fat man not just to further the public good but
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act in this morally evasive way but this does not make it right. — Extreme examples don’t apply – utility promotes equality and maximum good Harsanyi 82 (John, Professor of Economics – University of California, Berkeley, Utilitarianism and Beyond, Ed. Sen and Williams, p. 26-27) Some further notes on this suggestion will be in place here. First, it
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, as we shall see, this is an illegitimate form of argument. — Their examples assume short-run value – but utility ensures long-run compassion and respect for life Ratner 84 (Leonard, Professor of Law – University of Southern California, Hofstra Law Journal, Spring, p. 751-752) The survival costs of clearly "asocial" behavior exceed the survival value of fulfillments
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for needless suffering of living creatures contributes to long-run human survival. — Utilitarianism doesn’t justify evil Ratner 84 (Leonard, Professor of Law – University of Southern California, Hofstra Law Journal, Spring, p. 753-754) Some nonutilitarians derive the possibility of a monstrous utilitarian result from the premise that the
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facilitate long-run human survival, is not socially perceived as monstrous. Growth is sustainable and solves resource depletion
Emerson 10 (Patrick, Associate Professor of Economics – Oregon State University, "Economic Growth: The Planet’s Poor Need Sustainable Expansion," Oregon Live, 8-7, http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/08/economic_growth_the_planets_po.html)
Does economic growth represent the biggest threat to the planet, or its salvation?
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, because our wealth causes us to place increased value on the environment. Neoliberalism checks war through interdependence and democracy
Griswold 06 director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute ~Daniel T. Griswold, , 2006 CATO Institute, Peace on earth? Try free trade among men, http://www.freetrade.org/node/282-http://www.freetrade.org/node/282)~~ First, trade and globalization have reinforced the trend toward democracy, and democracies don’t
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acquire them peacefully by trading away what they can produce best at home. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Policymaking – discursive analysis is a pre-requisite to policy implementation
Sending 4 — Research Fellow @ Norweigan Inst. of Int’l Affairs (Ole in Global Institutions %26 Development eds. Morten Boas and Desmond McNeil p. 58-59) Granted that the objectification and definition of a given phenomenon is open to a variety
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Douglas 1986; March and Olsen 1989: Scott and Meyer. 1994). |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Off
Cyberterror 1NC
Immigration will pass, but status quo is goldilocks—Obama’s behind-the-scene PC is key
Sink 3-26 (Justin, Correspondent, “After Taking Hit in the Polls, Obama Pivots Back to Immigration Reform,” The Hill, 2013, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290249-after-taking-hit-in-the-polls-obama-pivots-back-to-immigration) The White House hopes to bolster President Obama’s ….the House GOP that direct presidential involvement drives away support.” This is really unpopular – costs PC
Kozubek 11 (Jim Kozubek. Synaptic Dynamics, Inc, 11/4/2011,"Airborne Wind Energy Industry Struggles To Fly", idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/11/airborne-wind-energy-industry-struggles-to-take-off.php) “It is important to the overall U.S. airborne wind … and ARPA-E’s loan programs are under investigation by the department’s inspector general. Immigration reform generates an effective base of IT experts.
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms that are … that's going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
That deters and solves the impact to cyberattacks
Saydjari 8 (O. Sami, Cyber Defense Agency, LLC, “Structuring for Strategic Cyber Defense: A Cyber Manhattan Project Blueprint”, 2008 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, http://www.acsac.org/2008/program /keynotes/saydjari.pdf)
As a step toward a security research plan that includes such capabilities, we …infrastructures. Currently, adversaries can attack critical systems without investing substantial resources. Nuclear war.
Lawson 9 (Sean, Assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation, May 13th 2009, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477) Introduction At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over the threat of cyber war,1 network …armies of hacker mercenaries. How will deterrence play out in this kind of scenario? FI – Not Procurement – 1NC
Interpretation – “financial incentives” are funding for investors to develop a project – that excludes nonfinancial incentives like procurement
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)
Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate … infrastructure facilities.
Violation – procurements are purchases that don’t motivate action – they just buy a technology that already exists
Nelson 93 (Edward W., Chairman – Payment Subcommittee in OPTN/UNOS Ethics Committee, “Financial Incentives for Organ Donation,” Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, 6-30, http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/resources/bioethics.asp?index=4)
Definition of Financial Incentives A definition of … transformed into 'vendors."
Prefer our interpretation –
A. Limits – they allow any aff that makes some technology more economically viable. Procurement can be applied to every technology and every industry – that explodes neg burden.
B. Neg ground – procurement moves the debate away from “how to motivate action” to just “doing the action” – this guts negative arguments about solvency, DA links, and CP competition based off private sector inducement. No New Affs – 1NC
Interpretation --- no new Affs at the NDT --- it’s a voting issue: - Limits --- creates an infinite research burden, the topic is potentially huge, its better to refine and improve debates about existing arguments
2. Education --- there’s little fact-checking until after the tournament, creates perverse incentives to distort the literature to get a strategic advantage
1NC Energy Security
Energy security militarizes energy – justifies intervention and causes serial policy failure
Ciuta 10 -- Lecturer in International Relations and Director of the Centre of European Politics, School of Slavonic and East European Studies @ University College London, UK (Felix, 2010, "Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security?" Security Dialogue 41(123), Sage)
Even casual observers will be familiar with the argument that energy is a … of energy (Campbell, 2005: 952; Christophe Paillard in Luft and Paillard, 2007).
Enframing of security makes macro-political violence inevitable
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE) This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to generate … violence? Will our thought?
Reject the affirmative’s security discourse – this untimely intervention is the only chance for a counter-discourse
Calkivik 10 – PhD in Poli Sci @ Univ Minnesota (Emine Asli, 10/2010, "DISMANTLING SECURITY," PhD dissertation submitted to Univ Minnesota for Raymond Duvall, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/99479/1/Calkivik_umn_0130E_11576.pdf) It is this self-evidence of security even for critical approaches and the antinomy stemming from dissident voices reproducing the language of …goes against the times that are saturated by the infinite passion to secure and works toward taking apart the architecture of security. 1NC – Econ
Electricity prices are declining
Burtraw 8/21/12 (one of the nation’s foremost experts on environmental regulation in the electricity sector “Falling Emissions and Falling Prices: Expectations for the Domestic Natural Gas Boom” http://common–resources.org/2012/falling–emissions–and–falling–prices–expectations–for–the–domestic–natural–gas–boom/) Moreover, the boom in domestic natural gas production could have … new gas supply projections in 2020. Residential customers also stand to save big, with estimates of $25.8 Billion (real $2009) in savings projected for 2020.
Plan spikes prices
Bryce 11 (Robert, Senior Fellow @ Manhattan Institute, "The High Cost of Wind Energy as a Carbon–Dioxide Reduction Method," http://www.manhattan–institute.org/html/ib_11.htm)
The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), an industry group, maintains that …the likely reduction in carbon dioxide emissions would amount to just 2 percent of the expected global total.
Low electricity prices spurs manufacturing "reshoring" and sparks US economic growth via consumer spending and investment
Perry 12 (Mark, Prof of Economics @ Univ. of Michigan, "America's Energy Jackpot: Industrial Natural Gas Prices Fall to the Lowest Level in Recent History," http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/07/americas–energy–jackpot–industrial.html) Building petrochemical plants could suddenly become attractive in … of lower CO2 emissions as natural gas replaces coal for electricity generation. Sure seems like a win, win, win, win situation to me.
Econ decline risks extinction
Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3–6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187) What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great …result may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. Helium
Helium supply’s on the brink now---no excess global capacity
Nelson 12 (Walter Nelson – Director, Helium Sourcing and Supply Chain Air Products and Chemicals, Inc, 7/20/12, Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing, Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis )
There have been planned and unplanned maintenance … plants are running back at full output will the global supply begin to fully stabilize.
Plan uses massive amounts of helium
Cahoon 11 (Troy, US air force Captain, Air Force Institute of Technology, Presented to the Faculty Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering, “AIRBORNE WIND ENERGY: IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN FOR THE U.S. AIR FORCE,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a539255.pdf)
Another challenge is that the balloon … rate can be kept down to about 6% per year.11
Helium shortages destroy U.S. leadership in basic scientific discovery
Ong 12 (Phuan Ong – the Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics Director, Princeton Center for Complex Materials Department of Physics Princeton University, 7/20/12, Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing, Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis )
The 2 main reasons why liquid helium is vital for research are: 1) …to the U.S. national interest.
Science leadership’s key to the sustainability and perceived legitimacy of U.S. hegemony---it blunts resentment of the power gap and solves multiple existential threats
Coletta 9 (Damon Coletta – Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy, September 2009, “Science, Technology, and the Quest for International Influence,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
Less appreciated is how scientific progress facilitates … to U.S. leadership among nations. DOD
Budgets are tight – right now biofuels are winning
Peterka, 13 – EandE reporter (Amanda, 1/22. “Airlines piggyback on DOD's test flights, push for expanded production.” http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/2013/01/22/archive/5?terms=biofuels) The military also depends on Congress for funding … The commercial aviation industry also needs to get off the ground, he said. The aff causes a tradeoff within fuel budgets
Eoyang 12 – National Security Director @ Third Way (Mieke Eoyang, Julie Zelnick (Policy Advisor for National Security @ Third Way), and Ryan Fitzpatrick (Senior Policy Advisor for the Third Way Clean Energy Program), “Fuel Costs Squeeze Defense Budget,” Third Way Digest, May 2012, pg. 1) In 2011, Congress passed the Budget Control Act, which … operations, combined.3
Kills biofuels
Erwin, 12 - Editor of National Defense Magazine (Sandra I, 7/26. “, ‘Policy Uncertainty’ Could Choke Development of Military Biofuels.” National Defense. http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=844) To outsiders, the NDAA debate is just one more partisan battle in … innovation, inside and outside the Defense Department, is critical to our national security.” Military biofuels will focus on algae
Wolan 11 (Christopher, writer for Forbes, “Can Algae Get Countries to Kick Foreign Oil?” http://blogs.forbes.com/christianwolan/2011/03/09/can-algae-biofuel-get-america-to-kick-its-foreign-oil-addiction/) Last year, the Department of Agriculture awarded $24 million in … that will move the industry closer to realizing the full potential of this technology.”
Algae production results in nutrient recycling of sewage and waste – solves phosphorus fertilizer
Hodge 08 (Nick, The Green Chip Review, October, “Investing in Algae Biofuel”,
http://www.greenchipstocks.com/report/investing-in-algae-biofuel/109) It is possible to use human sewage and wastewater … that feed the nation - all while extracting C02 from the air.
Extinction – collapse of agriculture
Osava 07 (Mario, correspondant for Inter Press Service, “Farming faces phosphate shortfall,” 10/15, http://www.energybulletin.net/node/35851) RIO DE JANEIRO - Scarcity of phosphate, an … Oswaldo Siqueira, professor of soil microbiology at the Federal University of Lavras, told a bio-energy conference held Sep. 26 in Sao Paulo.
1NC – EIS
Text – The United States Federal Government should initiate an environmental impact assessment regarding the consequences of airborne wind energy from kite systems for energy production on Naval ships and adopt such a measure if, and only if, it meets compliance requirements under the National Environmental Policy Act. We’ll clarify. -- Competes –
Tests “resolved”
AHD 6 (American Heritage Dictionary, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved)
Resolve TRANSITIVE VERB:1. To make a firm decision about. 2. To cause (a person) to reach a decision. See synonyms at decide. 3. To decide or express by formal vote.
And “should”
AHD 92 (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) (4ed, 1992); Pg. 1612
Should—1. Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note. – Counterplans that test the resolution are key to predictable ground -- Net-beneficial –
Environmental Impact Assessments solve the aff and avoid environmental consequences
Gilpin 2k (Dr. Alan, Commissioner of Inquiry for Environment and Planning with the New South Wales Government, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Cutting Edge for the Twenty-first Century, p. 14-15) Life cycle EIA is a procedure for evaluating the … fuels, lubricants, detergents, cables, fast food, fertilizers, energy production, and major infrastructure developments.
EIA provide open public debate about the environment, providing a key global mechanism
Andrews 6 (Richard N.L, Thomas Willis Lambeth Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina, “Learning From History: US Environmental Politics, Policies, and the Common Good,” Environment Volume 48, Number 9, November 2006) Most fundamentally, U.S. consumption of energy and material resources continued … environmental era, to environmental policy and to governance more generally.
This prevents planetary extinction from eco-collapse
Andrews 6 (Richard N.L, Thomas Willis Lambeth Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina, “Learning From History: US Environmental Politics, Policies, and the Common Good,” Environment Volume 48, Number 9, November 2006) In 2005 the United Nation commissioned Millennium ecosystem …prominent influence, and its policies are essential to any solution. Variable Subsidy 1NC
The United States Navy should establish purchase agreements for wind energy from kite systems for energy production on its ships that is variable based on changes in performance, price, and cost. The incentives should be terminated if the technology fails to reach the price and performance benchmarks. We’ll clarify.
The CP solves the case --- it promotes innovation, cost reduction, and commercialization.
Jenkins et. al, April 2012 (Jesse – Director of Energy and Climate Policy at the Breakthrough Institute, and Mark Muro – Senior Fellow at the Metropolitan Policy Program in the Brookings Institution, Ted Nordhaus – cofounder of the Breakthrough Institute, Michael Shellenberger – cofounder of the Breakthrough Institute, Letha Tawney – Senior Associate at the World Resources Institute, and Alex Trembath – Policy Associate at the Breakthrough Institute, Beyond Boom and Bust: Putting Clean Tech on a Path to Subsidy Independence, p. 38-39)
In particular, many of today’s clean tech deployment subsidies and … tech segments on track to full subsidy independence. Navy
Solvency – 1NC
Plan only effects one barrier – lack of investment and engineering challenges means high-altitude wind is 20 years away
Levitan 12 (Dave, Freelance Journalist, “High-Altitude Wind Energy: Huge Potential – And Hurdles,” Environment 360, 9-24, http://e360.yale.edu/feature/high_altitude_wind_energy_huge_potential_and_hurdles/2576/)
The wind turbines that increasingly dot the landscape …are still far out of reach. 1NC Senkaku
No East China Sea conflict
Rudd 3/14 -- Former Prime Minister and Former Foreign Minister, Member, Australian Parliament, interview with Jonathan Tepperman (Kevin, 2013, "The Situation in North Korea and the Future of U.S.-China Relations," http://www.cfr.org/australasia-and-the-pacific/situation-north-korea-future-us-china-relations/p30230) What ultimately drives this is a -- is a conflicting … without actually losing face on the national mistakes in the public discourse both about Japan and with Japan.
1NC Middle East War
Middle East war doesn’t escalate
Maloney 7 (Suzanne, Senior Fellow – Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Steve Cook, Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, and Ray Takeyh, Fellow – Council for Foreign Relations, “Why the Iraq War Won’t Engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune, 6-28, http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/maloney20070629.htm)
Long before the Bush administration began selling "the surge" in Iraq … civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.
Won’t go nuclear
Dyer 2 (Gwynne, Ph.D. in War Studies – University of London and Board of Governors – Canada’s Royal Military College, The Coming War, Queen’s Quarterly, December, Lexis) All of this indicates an extremely dangerous … like sausages. But the good news is: we are out of the business.
2NC US/Japan Relations – Resilient
No impact – relations are resilient
China Daily 7 (“PM Amends Diplomatic Policies,” 10-26, Lexis)
Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda's diplomatic …China-Japan relationship was plunged into the "worst period in history" since the normalization of bilateral ties.
Alliance resilient – its unbreakable
Burns 11 (William J., “William J. Burns Deputy Secretary Speaks on the Enduring Value of the U.S.-Japan Alliance,” Targeted News Service, 10-27, Lexis)
It is important to put the significance of our alliance in a global context. Today the world and the United States stand at a pivot point. As Secretary Clinton has said, the Asia-Pacific region is now a key driver of global politics, and greater U.S. commitment here is essential. After World War II, America built a strong and lasting …or a series of military bases. 1NC Naval Power
Naval force readiness high – new ship acquisitions solve
O'Rourke 12 (Ronald, Specialist in Naval Affairs, “Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress,” 8-9-12, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL32665.pdf) In February 2006, the Navy presented to Congress … Conversion, Navy (SCN) account.
Navy irrelevant
Holmes 3/13 -- defense analyst for The Diplomat and a professor of strategy at the U.S. Naval War College (James S., 2013, "Surface Combat Fleets: Obsolete?" http://thediplomat.com/the-naval-diplomat/2013/03/13/surface-combat-fleets-obsolete/) What does the more distant future of surface warfare hold? Suppose … wartime, even if armed with carrier killers, is worth pondering.
1NC SCS
SCS tensions inevitable but no escalation
Meidan 12 -- analyst at Eurasia Group; research includes China's energy and environmental policies, policymaking, Chinese elite politics, and diplomacy; MA in political sciences and East Asian studies from the French Institute of Oriental Languages and Cultures (Michal, 8/7, "Guest post: Why tensions will persist, but not escalate, in the South China Sea," http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/08/07/guest-post-why-tensions-will-persist-but-not-escalate-in-the-south-china-sea/#axzz2GsDDT62R) These tensions are likely to persist. And Beijing …deepwater plays elsewhere, as its attempted takeover of Nexen demonstrates.
Heg – 1NC
No disruptions
Alic, former tech and science consultant – Office of Technology Assessment, adjunt professor – Johns Hopkins SAIS, ‘12
(John, “Defense Department Energy Innovation: Three Cases,” in Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities, March) Over 80 percent of the petroleum purchased and … been based on borders¶ nominally open to trade.
No impact to cutoff and don’t offer benefits
Bartis and Bibber 11 -- senior policy researchers at the RAND Corporation (James T. and Lawrence Van, "Alternative Fuels for Military Applications," http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG969.pdf) Defense Department goals for alternative … to the Defense Department and its contractors. Shipping
Shipping D
Asian shipyards outcompete US shipyards now – no coming back
Loyd 10 (Linda, “Aker Philadelphia Shipyard, in a work drought, is counting on a marine-highways system,” 7-18-10, http://articles.philly.com/2010-07-18/business/24968596_1_aker-philadelphia-shipyard-shipbuilding-industry-shipyard-workers) Since World War II, commercial U.S. shipbuilding has dwindled, … shut its yard in Avondale, La., by 2013 because of less military work. 1NC Trade / Protectionism
Trade inevitable – globalization.
BRAINARD 08 Vice President and Director for Global Economy and Development
Lael, Senate Committee on Finance, “America’s Trade Agenda: Examining the Trade Enforcment Act of 2007,” Senate testimony, 5/22/2008, brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0522_trade_brainard.aspx We are experiencing a period of breathtaking global integration that … the world’s middle class consumers will reside in what are today considered emerging markets.
Doesn’t solve conflict
Gelpi and Greico 05, Associate Professor and Professor of Political Science, Duke University
(Christopher, Joseph, “Democracy, Interdependence, and the Sources of the Liberal Peace”, Journal of Peace Research) As we have already emphasized, increasing … 0.33% regardless of the challenger’s level of trade dependence.
2NC Trade – Resilient
-- Trade is resilient – no collapse
Perroni and Whally 96 (Carlo, University of Warwick and John, University of Western Ontario, American Economic Review, 86(2), May, p. 60) Furthermore, trade performance in the … continued to function.
Free trade is resilient
Chicago Tribune, 8 – 9 – 08 (“After Doha”, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/chi-0809edit2aug09,0,7859688.story) Even people involved daily in ongoing international …percent in 2006 and 5.5 percent last year.)
No risk of collapse – trade is and will remain free
Newsweek, 12 – 8 – 08 (Barrett Sheridan, “Why Barriers Don't Matter; It sounds like economic heresy, but many experts say more free trade won't ease the global crisis”, L/N) A clear majority of global leaders, pundits … on projects with a bigger bang-to-buck ratio.
Warming
Warming is irreversible
ANI 10 (“IPCC has underestimated climate-change impacts, say scientists”, 3-20, One India, http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/20/ipcchas-underestimated-climate-change-impacts-sayscientis.html)
According to Charles H. Greene, Cornell professor … the risks of dangerous climate change," said Green.
Long timeframe and adaptation solves
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf The heart of the debate about climate change comes from …long‐range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses. |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Case
1NC Trade / Protectionism
Trade inevitable – globalization.
BRAINARD 08 Vice President and Director for Global Economy and Development
Lael, Senate Committee on Finance, “America’s Trade Agenda: Examining the Trade Enforcment Act of 2007,” Senate testimony, 5/22/2008, brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0522_trade_brainard.aspx We are experiencing a period of breathtaking global integration …. And by 2030, 83 percent of the world’s middle class consumers will reside in what are today considered emerging markets.
Doesn’t solve conflict
Gelpi and Greico 05, Associate Professor and Professor of Political Science, Duke University
(Christopher, Joseph, “Democracy, Interdependence, and the Sources of the Liberal Peace”, Journal of Peace Research) As we have already emphasized, increasing levels … constant at 0.33% regardless of the challenger’s level of trade dependence.
2NC Trade – Resilient
-- Trade is resilient – no collapse
Perroni and Whally 96 (Carlo, University of Warwick and John, University of Western Ontario, American Economic Review, 86(2), May, p. 60) Furthermore, trade performance in the period since the … procedure has continued to function.
Free trade is resilient
Chicago Tribune, 8 – 9 – 08 (“After Doha”, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/chi-0809edit2aug09,0,7859688.story) Even people involved daily in ongoing … percent in 2006 and 5.5 percent last year.)
No risk of collapse – trade is and will remain free
Newsweek, 12 – 8 – 08 (Barrett Sheridan, “Why Barriers Don't Matter; It sounds like economic heresy, but many experts say more free trade won't ease the global crisis”, L/N) A clear majority of global leaders, pundits and economists … off spending its political capital on projects with a bigger bang-to-buck ratio.
2NC Trade – No War
Trade wars don't escalate
Bearce in ‘3
(David, Associate Prof. Pol. Sci. @ U. Pittsburgh, International Studies Quarterly, “Grasping the Commercial Institutional Peace”, 47:3, Blackwell-Synergy) Even as we accept that such trade dispute settlement … highly contentious territorial disagreements.
Consensus of IR scholars supports us
Haftel in ‘4
(Yoram, Instructor and PhD in Pol. Sci. @ Ohio State. International Studies Quarterly, “From the Outside Looking In: The Effect of Trading Blocs on Trade Disputes in the GATT/WTO”, 48:1, Blackwell-Synergy) These findings have several theoretical implications as well. First, as … and military conflicts (Mansfield and Pollins, 2001:852).
Interdependence doesn’t lead to peace
Friedman and Friedman ’96 (George Friedman, founder and chairman of Stratfor, and Meredith Friedman, The Future of War, 1996, p. 7-9 The argument that interdependence gives rise to … and military strategies were tried.
-- Studies prove
Barbieri 96 (Katherine, Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas, Journal of Peace Research, February, p. 42-43) This study provides little empirical support … benefits and costs require a more rigorous investigation.
Trade wars won’t occur
Ziemba ‘9 (The Re-Emergence of Global Protectionism: A Newer Version of Smoot-Hawley?
Rachel Ziemba | Mar 4, 2009 However, the probability of these measures … thus prevent trade wars.
-- Trade conflicts won’t escalate
Nye 96 (Joseph, Dean of the Kennedy School of Government – Harvard University, Washington Quarterly, Winter) The low likelihood of direct great power …very unlikely to escalate to military conflicts. 2NC Trade – Alt’ Causes
Alt caus – ag subsidies
Oxfam International 8/31/2006
(“US Must Reform Agricultural Subsidy Program,” http://www.oxfam.org/en/news/pressreleases2006/pr060901_wto_cotton_subsidies) Brazil's decision today to begin moves toward trade-related … US farm programs are vulnerable to challenge. 2NC War Turns Trade
-- War collapses trade – no reverse link
Layne 98 (Christopher, Visiting Associate Professor of International Relations and Military Strategy – Naval Postgraduate School, Consultant – RAND Corporation, “Rethinking American Grand Strategy: Hegemony or Balance of Power in the Twenty-First Century”, World Policy Journal, 15(2), Infotrac) These arguments notwithstanding, international … during the hegemonies of Victorian Britain and postwar America. 2NC No XTC
Adaptation solves catastrophic impacts to warming
Goklany 11 -- PhD, author and researcher associated with IPCC, expert reviewer and U.S. delegate to that organization (Dr. Indur M., 12/11, "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming," http://goklany.org/library/Reason%20CC%20and%20Development%202011.pdf) So how much of a difference in impact would … eliminated before 2100 in a number of the more affluent sub-Saharan countries. 47
Experts agree
Hsu 10 (Jeremy, Live Science Staff, July 19, pg. http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html)
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, … essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain."
Warming will be slow, there’s no impact, and adaptation solves
William Yeatman 9, Energy Policy Analyst at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, February 3, 2009, “Global Warming 101: Science,” online: http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/03/global-warming-101-science/
A “planetary emergency—a crisis that … catastrophe Al Gore purports it to be.
No impact to warming – not a hack
Stafford 3/11 -- interviewing Anthony Watts, 25-year broadcast meteorology veteran (James, 2013, "Climate Change without Catastrophe: Interview with Anthony Watts," http://oilprice.com/Interviews/Climate-Change-without-Catastrophe-Interview-with-Anthony-Watts.html) Anthony Watts: The premise of the issue for …observed data compared to the early predictions.
No consensus on catastrophic climate change – it’s unlikely
Boslough 13 -- PhD, Caltech-trained experimental and computational physicist, Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (Mark, 1/6/2013, "Global Warming: Scholarship vs. Pseudoscholarship," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-boslough/global-warming-scholarshi_b_2422438.html) What is not settled is the degree of …longer odds for civilization than for a shuttle launch.
Past temperatures disprove human loss
Fowler 12 -- adjunct professor of engineering at George Mason University, retired systems engineer, doctorate is in systems and control theory from George Washington University (Thomas B., 9/1/2012, "THE GLOBAL WARMING CONUNDRUM," Modern Age, EBSCO) Longer-Term Findings Perhaps the best way to … relatively short time these peaks persist, only to be followed by some type of ice age.
Previous temperature spikes disprove the impact
Singer 11 (S. Fred, Robert M. and Craig, PhD physics – Princeton University and professor of environmental science – UVA, consultant – NASA, GAO, DOE, NASA, Carter, PhD paleontology – University of Cambridge, adjunct research professor – Marine Geophysical Laboratory @ James Cook University, and Idso, PhD Geography – ASU, “Climate Change Reconsidered,” 2011 Interim Report of the Nongovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
Research from locations around the world … employed by Mann et al. (1998, 1999).
No impact to warming
Idso and Idso 11 (Craig D., Founder and Chairman of the Board – Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, and Sherwood B., President – Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, “Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future Pursuing the Prudent Path,” February, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/ prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf) As presently constituted, earth’s …will have to go to be able to meet the much greater challenge to which they aspire 1NC Not Happening / Anthropogenic
No warming and not anthropogenic
Ferrara 12 -- Director of Entitlement and Budget Policy for the Heartland Institute, Senior Advisor for Entitlement Reform and Budget Policy at the National Tax Limitation Foundation, General Counsel for the American Civil Rights Union, and Senior Fellow at the National Center for Policy Analysis, served in the White House Office of Policy Development, graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School (Peter, 5/31/2012, "Sorry Global Warming Alarmists, The Earth Is Cooling," http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2012/05/31/sorry-global-warming-alarmists-the-earth-is-cooling/) Climate change itself is already in the process of … impossible to know now. But based on experience, he will probably know before the UN and its politicized IPCC.
2NC Not Anthropogenic
Warming not anthropogenic and if it is it’s inevitable
Bell 3/19 -- professor and endowed professor at the University of Houston, founded and direct the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (Larry, 2013, "The Feverish Hunt For Evidence Of A Man-Made Global Warming Crisis," http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2013/03/19/the-feverish-hunt-for-evidence-of-a-man-made-global-warming-crisis/2/) The IPCC stated in its last 2007 Summary for … will arrive when our planet’s warm Ice Age vacation ends.
We can’t definitively say C02 is responsible
Fowler 12 -- adjunct professor of engineering at George Mason University, retired systems engineer, doctorate is in systems and control theory from George Washington University (Thomas B., 9/1/2012, "THE GLOBAL WARMING CONUNDRUM," Modern Age, EBSCO) What percent of recent warming can reasonably … we have enough empirical data for an accurate estimate.
CO2 is not the one cause for climate change – solar radiation and ocean interactions are ignored
Patterson 11 Norman Paterson is a Professional Engineer and Consulting Geophysicist with 60 years’ experience in Mineral and Environmental Geophysics. He obtained his Ph. D in Geophysics at the University of Toronto in 1955, and was elected Fellow, Royal Society of Canada in 1977. “Global Warming: A Critique of the Anthropogenic Model and its Consequences”, Geoscience Canada - Volume 38, Number 1, March 2011, Chetan
WHAT CAUSES WARMING? It is likely that the cyclical … greenhouse gas theory is provided by Hutton (2009).
Warming not anthropogenic – most recent studies supports
Idso and Idso 11 Craig D., founder and chairman of the board of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, B.S. in Geography from Arizona State University, his M.S. in Agronomy from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln, and his Ph.D. in Geography from Arizona State University, former Director of Environmental Science at Peabody Energy, faculty researcher in the Office of Climatology at Arizona State University; and Sherwood, President of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, former Research Physicist with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Geology, Geography, and Botany and Microbiology at ASU, M.S from UMinnesota, receipt of the Arthur S. Flemming Award, "Carbon Dioxide and Earth’s Future," 1-31-11, http://www.co2science.org/education/reports/prudentpath/prudentpath.pdf
Ljungqvist also notes that “decadal mean … at all in what the climate models suggest. K
2NC Overview
K outweighs the case
-- Magnitude -- logic of security created the most destructive features of the international system -- war, oppression, and ecological destruction are all inevitable when particular decisions become necessities. Try or die -- voting aff makes their impacts inevitable.
-- Turns case --
-- Independent impact --
-- Alt' solves case -- rejecting dominant political discourse challenges the root cause of violent identity construction, undermining the solar reason for war. It's a prerequisite to better policy-making and a matter of sequencing -- good theory now causes better action later.
AT Framework – Short
-- Counter interpretation – aff must defend their discourse. The judge is an academic challengning the values and assumptions of the 1AC.
-- Our form of education outweighs – we are educators not policy-makers – we all take government classes to learn about the policy-making process – individuals must be able to point out the weak spot in dominant narratives.
-- Cost-benefit analysis – aff gets strategic gains from reading hyperbolic impact scenarios -- cost is that they should have to defend the desirability of how their represent those impacts.
-- Coherence – only incorporation of representations can make sense of political reality
Jourde 6 – Ph.D., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, M.A., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, B.Sc., Political Science, Université de Montréal (Cedric, 2006, “1995 Hegemony or Empire?: The redefinition of US Power under George W Bush,” Ed. David and Grondin p. 182-3)
Relations between states are, at least in part, constructed …one will adopt in order to deal with this 'other'.
-- Kritik proper is offense – means their interpretation excludes vital discussions that implicate how the plan is enacted – at worst we turn case
AT Threats Real - It’s impossible to assign an identity to their threats because their statements are vitriolic and exciting – aggression cannot be evaluated outside of our understanding of the international system that causes us to be competitors – that’s Burke.
2. The aff can’t solve this –these underlying tensions will manifest as future reasons for conflict or the US will start these conflicts because of same nationalist reasons.
3. Dehumanization outweighs securitization of threats
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony “What security makes possible,” Working Paper 2007 p.11-12)
Even if threats are credible and existential, I … individual nor international security exist’: Prefer our disjunctive scenarios to their short-term conjunctive scenarios.
Yudkowsky 6 – Research Fellow and Director @ Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence (Eliezer, 8/31/. Palo Alto, CA. “Cognitive biases potentially affecting judgment of global risks,” Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, eds. Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic, singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf) The conjunction fallacy similarly applies to …, disjunctions make for an awkward and unpoetic-sounding prophecy.
Don’t multiply probability times magnitude – methodological black-mail that causes error replication
Hagmann and Cavelty 12 -- *senior researcher at the Center for Security Studies, lecturer at the Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Zürich, holds a Doctorate and an MA in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva AND lecturer for security studies and a senior researcher in the field of risk and resilience at the Center for Security Studies, PhD, studied International Relations, History, and International Law at the University of Zurich (Jonas and Myriam Dunn, 2/15/2012, "National risk registers: Security scientism and the propagation of permanent insecurity," Security Dialogue 43(1), Sage) Risk registers’ adoption of conventional risk-assessment … origins also poses limits to the reflexivity with which risks are approached.
2NC Alt Solvency
The alternative reject's the affirmative's security discourse – think of the alternative as a broader process rather thean a finished product – our untimely rejection in the face of impending threats overturn what it means to be relevant – only a rupture of the political imaginary can challenge the confinement of the present to security – refusing to take part in security politics is our only hope for a counter-discourse – tha's Calkivik
Only resistance to security logic can generate genuine political thought
Neocleous 8 – Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 Critique of Security, 185-6
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the … handing it to the state; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."' AT Perm – Do Both - Cross-apply framework – the aff must prove there’s value in incorporating their discourse and epistemology. Testing competitiveness with the plan is nonsensical because our kritik is about their scholarship.
2. Theory – permutations must include 1AC representations, they’re the majority of the opening speech. Severance makes the aff a moving target and being neg becomes impossible. The aff isn’t selected in a vacuum, they had infinite prep to select advantages they had defenses of.
3. The plan cannot be detached from its discursive underpinnings
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4)
These frameworks are interrogated at the …systematically wards off critique. 4. Multiple perms are a VI – no risk option for the aff that demands lots of block time and are impossible to generate offense against, sandbags explanation to the 1AR screwing the neg, ci – they get 1 permutation.
Embedded in their 1ac discourse –
Baylor – AWE
Liberal security --
Griswold -- fellow at Cato -- cites declining war and just assumes that is due to trade, not other factors like o-pop -- also proves UQ and that we don't need a Navy in the first place
Brooks -- just says Trade binds nations -- doesn't assume those that get excluded -- also an undergrad journalist
Liberal method of building security causes mass biopolitical violence
Dillon and Reid 9 -- Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of LancasterAND lecturer in International Relations at King’s College, visiting professor in International Relations at the University of Lapland (Michael and Julian, "The Liberal Way of War: Killing to Make Life Live," p.31-33) Deciding on what elements and expression of the human both serve and …of securitization and fear.
Warming apocalypse --
Ward -- asks "could warming cause XTC" -- that can't be discounted, not that it's a certainty -- you act like it is
Apocalyptic warming rhetoric disables effective approaches to warming – we control uniqueness
Barrett and Gilles 12 -- *nonprofit director and consultant for over a decade, her writing has appeared in newspapers, magazines, and blogs nationwide AND consulted for numerous political campaigns, advocacy organizations, and global NGOs, and has been profiled in the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, the Boston Globe, and Fast Company (Mel and Metthew Barrett, 4/23/12, "How Apocalyptic Thinking Prevents Us from Taking Political Action," http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/how-apocalyptic-thinking-prevents-us-from-taking-political-action/255758/) To understand why fewer people believe in climate … brace for it, but to avert it.
Naval dominance --
Burke -- an intern at National Security project -- says only increased presence can deter China and the rest of Asia
Eaglan -- former Naval officer and director at Heritage -- says the only reason we haven't had world wars was Navy's -- only reason trade has remained
Your threats are psychological paranoia and cause irrational policy and intervention
Fettweis 10 (Christopher J., Professor of Political Science at Tulane, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival 52.2, Informaworld) For the architects of US foreign policy, … strategy, then perhaps the whole experience will not have been in vain.
Also says both world wars were solved by our Navy -- yea right, rmr Navy?
Lists a million different conflicts that COULD happen without Navy -- that threat perception causes intervention
Yellow Peril --
NcCurry -- a staff writer -- says we're the only thing preventing China from attaching Taiwan
Emmot says a bunch of barriers to nuclear war
Also says escalates in the short-term which means you can't solve and it's just a question of how we represent the situation
Threats of Chinese escalation justify US intervention which prevents peaceful resolution
Chen 12 -- Senior Professor, Law School, Xiamen University, People’s Republic of China; Chairman, Chinese Society of International Economic Law, 1993–2011; International Arbitrator, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) under the Washington Convention, since 1993 (An, 2012, "On the Source, Essence of “Yellow Peril” Doctrine and Its Latest Hegemony “Variant” – the “China Threat” Doctrine: From the Perspective of Historical Mainstream of Sino-Foreign Economic Interactions and Their Inherent Jurisprudential Principles," http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/docserver/22119000/13/1/22119000_013_01_S01_text.pdf?expires=1359819574andid=idandaccname=guestandchecksum=F52EBADF2C41BB3C4ABD9774E2A182EA) These questions have been quarreled for … used to endanger interests of America in Asia-Pacific region. 2
US interference messes with territorial resolutions – turns the advantage
Storey 3/20 -- PhD, Senior Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), Singapore (Ian, 2013, "Slipping Away? A South China Sea Code of Conduct Eludes Diplomatic Efforts," http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Bulletin_Storey_Slipping_Away.pdf) Fifth, the growing competition between the … with each individual claimant.
Alliance --
White -- says not supporting Tokyo would signal us abandoning the alliance -- a slightly better Navy doesn't affect that
Our understandings of Japan are rooted in our understandings of WWII-era Japan – that prevents true co-operation
Teramoto 01 (Fukimo Teramoto, Masters in Communication, Culture, and Technology at Georgetown University, pg 5-7, Japan in an American Mirror: A Critical Study of American Perceptions of Japan)
The analysis of psychology of national trauma … attempt of the Enola Gay.
Kawashima -- gives a laundry list of scenarios that could happen |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Solves Navy
Solves navy fuel problems, its cost competitive
Biron 12
Carey, Inter Press Service, “Funding Restored for U.S. Military Biofuels Programme”, 12/19/12, http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/12/funding-restored-for-u-s-military-biofuels-programme/’ Since 2009, much of the military’s biofuels vision has been … largest such experiment ever undertaken. (The navy also considers nuclear power to be an alternative fuel.) 2NC – Econ Impact Overview
Impact outweighs and turns the case –
A. Magnitude – US collapse goes global and draws in every major country – treaties increase the probability of draw in and guarantees escalation.
B. Timeframe – decline causes lash out and outward pressure to secure economic gains – that’s Auslin.
Econ Outweighs – Probability
Probability –– conflict now is highly likely given other economic stressors
Mootry 9 (Primus, B.A. Northern Illinois University “Americans likely to face more difficult times” – The Herald Bulletin, http://www.theheraldbulletin.com/columns/local_story_282184703.html?keyword=secondarystory)
These are difficult times. The direct and indirect … tensions around the world, a mere spark could lead to global conflagration.This evidence has been gender paraphrased.
Econ Collapse = War
Decline cause miscalculation and conflict – prefer statistically significant evidence
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213–215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may … debate and deserves more attention.
Turns Military
Manufacturing strength is key to military power
Ettlinger and Gordon 11 (Michael and Kate, the Vice President for Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress, former director of the Economic Analysis and Research Network of the Economic Policy Institute and Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress. Most recently, Kate was the co–director of the national Apollo Alliance, where she still serves as senior policy advisor. Former senior associate at the Center on Wisconsin Strategy, "The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing" http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/04/pdf/manufacturing.pdf–) Manufacturing is critically important to … vulnerable to everything from exchange rate fluctuations to trade embargoes to natural disasters.
Turns Wind Power
Econ decline tanks wind – reduced access to credit/investment
Clayton 8 (Mark, Staff @ Christian Science Monitor, "Amid economic crisis, wind power spins more slowly," 10/28, http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Energy/2008/1028/amid–economic–crisis–wind–power–spins–more–slowly)
America’s credit crisis is shaking up not only … impact on our members’ ability to do business,” he says. Turns Warming
Econ decline causes countries to backtrack on global warming commitments
Biello 08 (David, Editor for the Scientific American. “Is a Global Recession Good for the Environment?” http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=is–a–global–recession–good–for–the–08–11–132)
Times are tough when a millionaire … economic downturn is no friend of the environment. Brother, can you spare a turbine?
Solar/Wind – 1NC
Renewable energy skyrockets electricity prices – cost of production and transmission lines
Bryce 12 (Robert, Senior Fellow @ Center for Energy Policy and the Environment – Manhattan Institute, "The High Cost of Renewable Energy Mandates," http://www.manhattan–institute.org/html/eper_10.htm)
Although supporters of renewable energy …sprawling state system of de facto carbon–reduction taxes. Electricity Prices Link – Airborne Wind
High altitude wind produces electricity that is MORE expensive than conventional wind Roberts 12 (Brian, Director @ Altitude Energy, "Cost and Security of Electricity Generated by High Altitude
Winds," http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Associate%20Papers/FDI_Associate_Paper_Cost_and_Security_of_Electricity_Generated_by_High_Altitude_Winds.pdf) There is a tendency to dismiss this table on the …Figure 4 dominate the LCOE calculations. A2 Wind/Solar Now: 2NC
Natural gas outcompeting renewables now
Rosenthal 3/23 (Elizabeth, reporter on environment and health for The New York Times, “Life After Oil and Gas,” 3-23-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/sunday-review/life-after-oil-and-gas.html?pagewanted=all) He cautioned that a rapid expansion of … Dakota, get nearly that much of their electricity from renewable power (in both states, wind), while others use little at all. PTC Extension came too late – wind projects decreasing
NAW 3/19 (North American Windpower, “Where Is The Wind Energy Market Headed?,” 3-19-13,
http://www.nawindpower.com/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.11263#.UU4UxRysiSo) The wind energy industry averted … compared to last year.
2NC SCS
South China Sea stable now
Chaibi 3/4 -- 3rd year visiting student from Princeton University in the Department of Engineering Science (Abraham, 2013, "The outlook for continuing stability in the South China Sea," http://politicsinspires.org/the-outlook-for-continuing-stability-in-the-south-china-sea/) East Asia’s rapid economic and military development has …would most likely be the focus of its aggressionvii.
No SCS conflict
Economist 12 (9/22, "Could Asia really go to war over these?" http://www.economist.com/node/21563316) Optimists point out that the latest scuffle is mainly a … sale of rare earths essential to Japanese industry.
No SCS escalation
Storey 12 -- Senior Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, specializes in Asian security issues, with a focus on Southeast Asia (Ian, Interviewed by Ann Jung, 7/16/12, "ASEAN and the South China Sea: Deepening Divisions," http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=262) The worst-case scenario for the United States, and …will look like is impossible to say at this point in time. But it could be very messy.
-- South China Seas are stable – China lacks capability and interdependence checks
Rosenberg 9 (David, Professor of Political Science – Middlebury College and Research Fellow at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies – Australian National University, “Dire Straits: Competing Security Priorities in the South China Sea”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-20, http://japanfocus.org/-David-Rosenberg/1773) From the Taiwan Strait to the Strait of Malacca, security …authorities are quick to note.
South China Sea is no longer a concern
Bitzinger and Desker 08 Dean of the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Senior Fellow with the Military Studies Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University
(Richard and Barry, Why east asian war is unlikely Survival, Volume 50, Issue 6 December 2008 , pages 105 – 128) Nowhere, perhaps, is this new 'play-nice' … peacefully, however, and without adding to tensions or hostility between China and Southeast Asia.
Existing agreements solve Chinese aggression
PDI 08 (3/13, "SPRATLYS DEAL NOTHING TO WORRY ABOUT FVR", L/N) FORMER PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS Yesterday … border questions on the Spratly islands.
China’s avoiding Spratlys conflict and any dispute won’t esclate
Teves 08 (Catherine J., 10/5, News.Balita, “Chinese aggression over Spratlys far-fetched: expert observer,” http://news.balita.ph/2008/10/05/chinese-aggression-over-spratlys-far-fetched-expert-observer/) A Beijing-based Filipino journalist believes … troops worldwide,” he said. Despite economic progress, Sta. Romana said China’s armed forces still lags behind US military power. (PNA)
-- No escalation
Bush and O’Hanlon 7 (Richard and Michael, Senior Fellows – Brookings Institution, “U.S. Grapples With China’s Rise, Taiwan”, The Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo), 5-3, Lexis) But most of the issues and …China Sea) is highly unlikely.
-- Many factors check South China Sea war
-- Geography -- ASEAN
-- Shipping Lanes -- Political Costs
Joyner 98 (Chris, Professor of International Relations – Georgetown University, New England Law Review, Spring, Lexis) Nevertheless, several factors suggest …states, including other claimants to the Spratlys, underscores that reluctance. 2NC Senkaku
Cooperation over Senkaku now
Yoshioka 3/22
Keiko, Asahi Shimbun, Japanese economic leaders, Beijing politicos seek to improve ties, 3/22/13, http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/business/AJ201303220084 Members of the Japan-China … China have been molded into one. It will be better to promote exchanges and cooperation (in economic fields) as planned.”
2NC Naval Power – Useless
Naval power is good for nothing
Reed 8 John T. Reed, West Point Graduate and platoon leader in the 82nd Airborne Division., June, 2008."Are U.S. Navy surface ships sitting ducks to enemies with modern weapons?"http://www.johntreed.com/sittingducks.html I have read media stories that said whenever the … Afghanistan and Iraq or drug smugglers.
New weapons make naval power obsolete
AFP, 10 (US naval power threatened by new weapons: Gates, http://www.spacewar.com/reports/US_naval_power_threatened_by_new_weapons_Gates_999.html)
Defense Secretary Robert Gates on …take a second look at long-held assumptions about US military power, he warned. Resilient
Navy resilient – assumes oil disruptions
Alic, former tech and science consultant – Office of Technology Assessment, adjunt professor – Johns Hopkins SAIS, ‘12
(John, “Defense Department Energy Innovation: Three Cases,” in Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities, March) Over 80 percent of the petroleum … been based on borders¶ nominally open to trade.
No impact to cutoff and don’t offer benefits
Bartis and Bibber 11 -- senior policy researchers at the RAND Corporation (James T. and Lawrence Van, "Alternative Fuels for Military Applications," http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG969.pdf) Defense Department goals for … Defense Department and its contractors. 2NC Naval Power – Resilient
No challengers – pirates are a bigger threat than peer competitors
Barrett Tillman, Historian specializing in naval and aviation topics, 2009. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings Magazine, “Fear and Loathing in the Post-Naval Era,” http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/story.asp?STORY_ID=1896
In attempting to justify a Cold War force … of mines-and pirates.11
No challengers
Friedman, 07 (George Friedman, The Limitations and Necessity of Naval Power, April 10, 2007, http://www.stratfor.com/limitations_and_necessity_naval_power)
The issue for the United States is not whether it … vessels to thwart the potential challenge.
-- Naval power resilient – no challengers to overwhelming U.S. power
Posen 3 (Barry R., Professor of Political Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony”, International Security, 28(1), Ebsco) Command of the commons is the military foundation of … power to secure additional bases and overflight rights as needed. |
