| 09/22/2012 | Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: Contention 1 is Trade War Trade tensions with China are growing due to the solar tariff- an olive branch is key to avoid trade war Ikenson 12 [ Daniel Ikenson- director of the Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, 3/5/12, http://www.cato.org/publications/free-trade-bulletin/trade-policy-priority-one-averting-uschina-trade-war] Indeed, it is beyond doubt that certain Chinese policies have been provocative, discriminatory AND gestures, or even changes in tone that could help reduce bilateral frictions. Doom et al 12 -- reporters @ Bloomberg (Justin, Ehren Goosens, William McQuillen, 5/25/12, "Trade War Looming as China Rebukes U.S. Support for Solar," http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-24/trade-war-seen-looming-as-china-rebukes-u-dot-s-dot-support-for-solar) China’s allegation that renewable- energy subsidies in five U.S. states violate AND SolarWorld is, the louder China is going to be,” she said. Trade war kills relations, free trade, and escalates to a shooting war Droke 10 (Clif, Editor – Momentum Strategies Report, “America and the Next Major War’, Green Faucet, 3-29, http://www.greenfaucet.com/technical-analysis/america-and-the-next-major-war/79314) In the current phase of relative peace and stability we now enjoy, many are AND hurt will surely retaliate and the entire world will suffer," writes Barker. Gries 12 (Peter Hays Gries is a professor of international and area studies at the University of Oklahoma and the director of its Institute for U.S.-China Issues, “Why China Resents Japan, and Us,” 8-23-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/opinion/why-china-resents-japan-and-us.html) And although Chinese nationalist rage is primarily aimed at Japan, it is also directed AND difficult to contain — and will increase the likelihood of conflict in Asia. US-Sino war will go nuclear Kugler 06 – Professor of world politics @ Claremont Graduate University [Jacek Kugler (Consultant to the IMF, the World Bank, State Department, and Department of Defense. His publications on the causes and consequences of war use formal modeling and empirical analysis), “The Asian Ascent: Opportunity for Peace or Precondition for War?,” International Studies Perspectives, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 36-42 Given the fundamental importance of demographic and economic forces in establishing the roster of states AND of the enormous costs that reasonably would be anticipated from a nuclear war. Beebe 12 [Andrew Beebe, chief commercial officer of Suntech, the world's largest producer of solar panels. 3/28/12, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303404704577309583348171396.html] Doing so would be a mistake. Trade barriers—large or small, at AND solar-industry growth and to solve our planet's energy and environmental crisis. Pazner 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous AND between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. Tucker 12 [William, Nuclear Town Hall, 8/27/12, http://www.nucleartownhall.com/blog/william-tucker-let%E2%80%99s-just-admit-solar-needs-help-and-avoid-trade-war/] Although the newspapers haven’t been paying much attention lately, the United States and China AND polysilicon on them. China too has its domestic industries that want protection. Econ decline causes war ROYAL 10 Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense [Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215] Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. The tariff kills broader energy and economic cooperation- undermines relations across the boardBarbier 12 [Edward B. Barbier is the John S. Bugas Professor of Economics, University of Wyoming, 5/28/12, http://chinausfocus.com/energy-environment/can-the-us-and-china-cooperate-over-climate-and-clean-energy/] One of the few bright spots in recent international negotiations to replace the expiring 1997 AND undermines the fragile beginnings of US and China cooperation over global climate change. Bader, 2/14/2012 (Jeffrey – John C. Whitehead senior fellow in international diplomacy at the Brookings Institution, Rooting for Xi, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/14/rooting_for_xi_jinping?page=full) Xi's visit does not signal new breakthroughs in Washington's relationship with Beijing. He is AND next decade to distrust America, rather than want to work with it. Stokes and Hachigian 12 [Jacob Stokes, policy analyst – National Security Network, and Nina Hachigian, senior fellow – Center for American Progress, 3/13/12, http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2012/03/pdf/us_china_relations.pdf] In contrast, the Obama administration’s approach is steady, clear-eyed, and AND such as climate change, pandemic disease, energy security, and terrorism. Contention 2 is Chinese Pollution Chinese solar industry collapse is imminent- the tariffs put the industry over the brink AP 12 [Associated Press, 8/22/12, http://business.time.com/2012/08/22/chinese-solar-industry-faces-weak-sales-price-war/] Chinese solar panel makers that grew fast over the past decade are suffering big losses AND said the possible anti-dumping measures contributed to “uncertain market conditions.” U.S. China solar trade war destroys China’s solar industry- causes a shift back to coal Bradsher 12 [Keith, NYT, 8/21/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/business/global/chinas-solar-panel-manufacturers-face-trade-and-finance-hurdles.html?_r=1] China’s solar panel manufacturers, who dominate global sales with a two-thirds market AND coal-fired power and have a history of spills of toxic chemicals. Min 12 [Eric, Morning Whistle, 7/31/12, http://www.morningwhistle.com/html/2012/Company_Industry_0731/213306.html] Coup de Grace for a Chinese Tier One? With Balance Sheets at the Breaking AND . Even with a White Knight Savior, STP’s (Suntech’s ticker symbol) Tariff kills China shift to renewables- kills growth and causes pollutionDonald 12 – writer for Carbon Brief, MA in International Studies and Diplomacy from the School of Oriental and African Studies @ Cardiff University, specialized in global energy and climate policy (Ros, 8/14/12, "Is China the new green superpower?" http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2012/08/is-china-the-worlds-new-green-superpower) China is certainly burning a lot of coal to fuel economic growth which is currently AND on coal, China now has one of the world's leading green industries. Kaminski 7 (Antoni Z., Professor – Institute of Political Studies, “World Order: The Mechanics of Threats (Central European Perspective)”, Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 1, p. 58) As already argued, the economic advance of China has taken place with relatively few AND Australia and, first and foremost, the US clash in the region. China fossil fuel dependence causes pollution and warming Bradsher and Barboza 06 [Keith and David, NYT, 6/11/06, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/business/worldbusiness/11chinacoal.html?pagewanted=all] One of China's lesser-known exports is a dangerous brew of soot, toxic AND that is big enough to serve all the households in Dallas or San Diego Newest and BEST studies show that warming is real and anthropogenicMuller 12 (Richard A., professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, “The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic,” 7-28-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=2andpagewanted=all) CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate AND satellite measurements that solar activity changes the brightness of the sun very little. Deibel 7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today) Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as AND States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet. Chinese pollution causes CCP instability and kills economic growth Nankivell 06 [Nathan, Senior Research for the Canadian Department of National Defense, “China's Pollution Poses Security Threat in Asia,” 1/9/06, Japan Focus, News Analysis, http://news.pacificnews.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=fd2421fbe9b4fe1ac727e145f8719b4e] As pollution and environmental degradation in China worsens, the Communist government has been unable AND a result, the CCP could be challenged to legitimize its continued control. Xinhua 12 [China Daily, 9/4/12, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-09/04/content_15731380.htm] Miao Liansheng, chairman of the board of Yingli Green Energy, one of the AND the field have made Chinese PV companies competitively stronger in the world market. Pollution pushes party instability over the brink – causes extinction Yee and Storey 02 [Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5] The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of AND disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world. Specifically, causes nuclear war with Russia Nankivell 9 [Nathan, Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Canadien Department of National Defence, “China's Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability”, Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-21, http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799] Moreover, protests serve as a venue for the politically disaffected who are unhappy with AND in full-scale war between two powerful, nuclear-equipped nations. Extinction Sharavin, 2001 (Alexander, The Third Threat, What the Papers Say, 10/3, Lexis) Russia may face the "wonderful" prospect of combating the Chinese army, which AND both, and even against the first frost of a possible nuclear winter. Chinese environmental destruction from coal independently causes extinction
Salon 97 [ MARK HERTSGAARD, He embarked upon a seven-year global tour to investigate the issue of environmental degradation. The journey spanned four continents, 19 countries and hundreds of interviews.[1] The published result was a wide-ranging book called Earth Odyssey: Around the World in Search of Our Environmental Future, 10/29/1997. “The real China threat,” http://www.salon.com/news/1997/10/29news.html.]
China's environmental disaster threatens AND by the 60 to 80 percent recommended by U.N. scientists. Removing the tariff solves Chinese solar power – eliminates reliance on coal and solves warming and pollution Gallagher and Gallagher 12 [ Kelly Sims Gallagher is associate professor of energy and environmental policy at The Fletcher School, Tufts University. Kevin P. Gallagher is associate professor of international relations at Boston University, 5/22/12, http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/05/22/guest-post-blinded-by-the-solar-light/#axzz1vtSGjVvk] The Obama Administration’s preliminary decision to impose a 31 per cent tariff on solar panels AND Administration should applaud it and do its part to correct market distortions too. Reducing barriers to investment between the U.S. and China is key to a global warming solution Victor 09 [David, professor at the University of California, San Diego, in the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies and director of the Laboratory on International Law and Regulation, 2/10/09, http://www.hoover.org/publications/defining-ideas/article/5294] Serious solutions to the twin problems of energy security and global climate change hinge on AND and understand each other. They still have a long way to go. |
| 10/06/2012 | Tournament: Kentucky | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Solvency – 1AC
Contention 1 is Solvency
Offshore natural gas drilling is restricted on federal lands
New 12 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 6-30-12, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a)
In late June, the U.S. Department of the …. we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas.
Certainty is key- only removing restrictions solve
Loris 12 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 8-6-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement)
Senator John Hoeven (R–ND) recently … the only necessary federal action surrounding critical minerals.
Lifting access restrictions on federal lands provides certainty that’s key to private sector – new drilling tech solves your environment turns.
Griles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30)
Mr. GRILES. America’s public lands …. can have certainty about where to go. Plan – 1AC
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce access restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas production Energy Revolution – 1AC
Contention 2 is The Energy Revolution
Fracking is unsustainable – access to new conventional natural gas is key to transition
Dorsey 12 (Gregory, Managing Editor – Leeb’s Income Performance Letter, “Fractured Logic: The Myth of Abundant Natural Gas,” Leeb’s Market Forecast, 5-9, http://leebsmarketforecast.com/content/fractured-logic-myth-abundant-natural-gas)
A popular meme these days is the idea that natural ….healthy exposure to crude oil earn the highest honors.
Abundance is a myth –studies don’t assume increased consumption
Berman 12 (Art, Former Editor – Oil and Gas Journal, Geological Consultant – American Association of Petroleum Geologists, “After the Gold Rush: A Perspective on Future U.S. Natural Gas Supply and Price,” Oil Drum, 2-8, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8914)
For several years, we have been asked to believe … for long-term projections of abundant gas supply?
Claims of abundant supply are industry bias and use manipulated data
Hughes 11 (J. David, Fellow in Fossil Fuels – Post Carbon Institute, Geoscientist – Geological Survey of Canada, and Team Leader – Canadian Gas Potential Committee, Abstract by Richard Heinberg, Senior Fellow-in-Residence – Post Carbon Institute, “Will Natural Gas Fuel America in the 21st Century?” Post Carbon Institute, May, http://www.postcarbon.org/reports/PCI-report-nat-gas-future-plain.pdf)
As this report details, all of these assumptions … of economic and environmental costs.
And new restrictions prevent future fracking
Plumer 12 (Brad, “How states are regulating fracking (in maps)”, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/07/16/how-states-are-regulating-fracking-in-maps/)
Armed with new drilling techniques, … more costly to the gas industry
Shoring up energy primacy is the only way to sustain leadership and prevent extinction
Hagel 12
Chuck Hagel, Professor at Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Change”, 5/15/12, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change A new world order is being built today …. or region. Instability and violence disrupt supply and distribution and increase prices.
A US-led natural gas revolution solidifies international leadership
Mead 12 (Walter Russell, James Clark Chase Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities – Bard College and Editor-at-Large – American Interest, “Energy Revolution 2: A Post Post-American Post,” American Interest, 7-15, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/15/energy-revolution-2-a-post-post-american-post/)
Forget peak oil; forget the Middle East. …of the American-led world order.
The energy revolution cements the liberal international order
Mead 12 (Walter Russell, James Clark Chase Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities – Bard College and Editor-at-Large – American Interest, “Energy Revolution 3: The New American Century,” American Interest, 7-18, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/18/energy-revolution-3-the-new-american-century/)
Get ready for an American century: that … oil question is a lot more laid back.
Natural gas gives the US mass leverage in the international system
Gjelten 12 (Tom, Diplomatic Correspondent – NPR, “The Dash for Gas: The Golden Age of an Energy Game-Changer,” World Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/dash-gas-golden-age-energy-game-changer)
For a fresh perspective on geopolitical trends, look … to drinking water or human health.
circumstances.
Maintaining the U.S. supported international order solves great power war
Kagan 12 (Robert – senior fellow of foreign policy at the Center on the United States and Europe, America Has Made the World Freer, Safer and Wealthier, 3-14, p. http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2012/0314_us_power_kagan.aspx)
We take a lot for granted about the way the …. like right before the American order came into being.
LNG Exports – 1AC
Contention 3 is LNG Exports
Inadequate supply causes domestic infighting which prevents exports – new supply key
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be … improvement in technologies and production processes.
New supply removes uncertainty over shale gas – makes exports feasible
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
Aside from the price impact of potential U.S. … to import gas when economic.
Lifting federal restrictions allows natural gas firms to export surplus supply
Hartley and Medlock 7 (Dr. Peter, Professor of Economics – Rice University, Rice Scholar – Baker Institute for Public Policy, and Dr. Kenneth B., Fellow in Energy Policy – Baker Institute for Public Policy, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Economics – Rice University, “North American Security of Natural Gas Supply in a Global Market,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, November, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/publications/energy-studies/docs/natgas/ng_security-nov07.pdf)
Higher Lower 48 production as … into significantly reduced potential for producers in Russia and the Middle East to exert market power
The infrastructure exists
Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)
Additional gains would be realized because natural gas exports would exploit existing LNG infrastructure (i.e. some parts of existing import terminals) that would otherwise go unused and thus be worthless. These gains should approximately equal the value of the utilized LNG terminals (not including the value of their regasification facilities, which are not useful for exports), which are typically on the order of $1 billion for each billion cubic feet a day of capacity. Spread over a notional fifteen-year use period, this would add approximately $70 million a year for each billion cubic feet a day of exports. This brings the total estimated surplus from six billion cubic feet a day of exports to $3.1 billion to $3.7 billion.
But now’s key – contracts are being renegotiated
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf).
LNG exports will help to sustain market …export projects that have reached final investment decision and are expected to be online by 2020.
Scenario 1: Trade Leadership
Exports are declining – new FTA’s solidify trade leadership
Smith 11 (Rod, Editor – Feedstuffs, “US Trade Leadership Slipping,” Feedstuffs Food Link, 6-24, http://www.feedstuffsfoodlink.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=andnm=andtype=newsandmod=Newsandmid=9A02E3B96F2A415ABC72CB5F516B4C10andtier=3andnid=FAA1AC2A45944313AAC3C0F446B2E2C4)
THE number of bilateral and regional free trade …. but our leadership in the world.
LNG exports are key leverage in trade negotiations
Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)
U.S. law distinguishes between …. and market-based pricing.
Trade leadership solves war
Panitchpakdi 4 (DG Supachai, Former Director-General – World Trade Organization, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?”, National Press Club, 2-26, http://www.wto.org/french/ news_f/spsp_f/spsp22_f.htm)
I can sum up my message today in three sentences: …important to fail. The world depends on it. So does America.
Scenario 2: Chinese Rare Earth
Absent exports, China will win tougher restrictions on rare earth
Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)
Potential U.S. exports might also … while fighting Chinese limits on exports of rare earth metals.
The plan alone removes US hypocrisy towards rare earth
Tamny 12 (John, “China's "Rare Earths", and the Hypocrisy of the Obama Administration,” Forbes, 3-25, http://www.forbes.com/sites/johntamny/2012/03/25/chinas-rare-earths-and-the-hyprocrisy-of-the-obama-administration/)
As is well known now, the Obama …. A little humility is surely in order, for one.
Hypocrisy is key – it’s the sole reason for Chinese protectionism
Deas 8 (Destiny, JD – Duke University, Board of Community Disaster Relief Fund in Shrevport, “The Costs of Perceived Hypocrisy: the Impact of U.S. Treatment of Foreign Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises,” Duke Law Journal, 57 Duke L.J. 1795, Lexis)
Both the Chinese and U.S. acquisition … the economic costs of violating treaty obligations. Reserves are insufficient – cutoff kills economic growth
Parthemore 11 – Fellow @ Center for a New American Security. Director of the Natural Security Program Christine Parthemore (MA from Georgetown’s Security Studies Program), “Elements of Security: Mitigating the Risks of U.S. Dependence on Critical Minerals,” Center for a New American Security, June 2011, pg. http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Minerals_Parthemore.pdf Assessing U.S. Vulnerability - Analysts vary widely in assessing … economic growth and job development. Pg. 11 Econ decline causes war
ROYAL 10 Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense
Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 Less intuitive is how periods of economic …economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
Rare earth access is key to first-strike missile guidance
Kennedy 10 (J., President – Wings Enterprise, “Critical and Strategic Failure of Rare Earth Resources”, March, http://www.smenet.org/rareEarthsProject/TMS-NMAB-paperV-3.pdf)
The national defense issues are …principles of free trade vii.”
And shortages are causing delays now
Richardson 10
Michael, 10/18, visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of South East Asian Studies in Singapore, Yale Global Online, “China’s Chokehold On Rare-Earth Minerals Raises Concerns ,” http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-rare-earth-minerals, Yet China could keep its dominant …. further study to determine the severity of the delays.
Conflicts are inevitable- effective guidance is key to prevent escalation and nuclear war
Lieber and Press 9 (Keir A., Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program – Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and Daryl G., Associate Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, “The Nukes We Need”, Foreign Affairs, November/December, 88(6), Ebsco)
Unfortunately, deterrence in the twenty-first … disarming strike if adversaries know that the United States possesses a well-honed nuclear counter-force capability.
Escalates to great power nuclear war
Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction – National Defense University, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, Strategic Forum, No. 252, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docUploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)
Perceptions of a compromised U.S. …. (WMD) on a scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: It’s acceptable within the range of “should” GAO 8 (Government Accounting Office, Exposure Draft of Proposed Changes to the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, http://www.gao.gov/govaud/cl_iia080331.pdf) The second sentence of the “must” definition used in the exposure draft instructions AND the procedure; if so, “should” is the appropriate word. “Resolved” means law Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”. Here’s specific evidence Blitz 11 (George, Vice President of Energy and Climate Change – Dow Chemical Company, “Natural Gas,” S. Hrg. 112-146, 7-19, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg71211/html/CHRG-112shrg71211.htm) Finally, the study noticeably lacks any recommendations for a streamlined, timely process for AND Eagle Ford regions, could be a ``game changer'' for US manufacturers. Leases Or they allow for future rollback of the plan – guts investor confidence Loris 8-6 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement) Lease certainty is another critical issue. The act states that the DOI cannot cancel or withdraw a lease sale after the winning company pays for the lease. Ensuring that the federal government does not pull the rug out from under a company that wins the lease sale would provide the certainty necessary to pursue energy projects. That’s key to nat gas development Kabelitz 6 (Dr. Klaus-Robert, Chief Economist – E.on Ruhrgas, one of the leading European players in natural gas, “Strategy, Economy, and Regulation,” International Gas Union, June, http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2006/pdf/com/PGC%20B%20final%20report.pdf) It goes without saying that abundant gas reserves and favourable pre-tax economics may AND otherwise low risk areas high risk from the point of view of investors. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Rothkrug 90 (Paul, Founder – Environmental Rescue Fund, Monthly Review, March, 41(10), p. 38) No institution is or ever has been a seamless monolith. Although the inherent mechanism of American capitalism is as you describe it, oriented solely to profit without regard to social consequences, this does not preclude significant portions of that very system from joining forces with the worldwide effort for the salvation of civilization, perhaps even to the extent of furnishing the margin of success for that very effort. Foster 9 (JD, Norman B. Ture Senior Fellow in the Economics of fiscal policy – Heritage Foundation, "Is Capitalism Dead? Maybe," 3-11, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101694302) Capitalism is down. It may even be out. But it's far from dead AND and thrive… until we repeat the cycle again sometime down the road. 4. Case outweighs- short term nuclear war from economic collapse causes nuke war and warming and social unrest in china causes extinction- alt can’t solve in the short termAnd Extinction outweighsBok 88 (Sissela, Professor of Philosophy at Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Rosenthal and Shehadi, Ed.) The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative: AND post a strong challenge to the unity and simplicity of Kant’s moral theory. Grossberg 92 (Lawrence, Professor of Communication Studies – UNC-Chapel Hill and Chair of the Executive Committee of the University Program in Cultural Studies, We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture, p. 388-389) If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it has AND context to effectively organize people, and too vague to provide any direction. Taylor 94 (Jerry, Director of Natural Resource Studies – Cato Institute, “The Challenge of Sustainable Development”, Regulation, http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg17n1-taylor.html) The free, competitive marketplace creates not only human capital but natural capital as well AND and eventually experience the very collapse feared by the proponents of sustainable development. Vague alts are a voter – rejecting the aff can be anything – kills 2AC strat, makes it impossible to generate offense – justifies perm do the alt, we’ll defend it. alt causes transition wars Harris 3 (Lee, Analyst – Hoover Institution and Author of The Suicide of Reason, “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing”, Policy Review, January, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html) This is the immiserization thesis of Marx. And it is central to revolutionary Marxism AND the social order and all socialist schemes would be reduced to pipe dreams. Extinction Kothari 82 (Rajni, Professor of Political Science – University of Delhi, Toward a Just Social Order, p. 571) Attempts at global economic reform could also lead to a world racked by increasing turbulence, a greater sense of insecurity among the major centres of power -- and hence to a further tightening of the structures of domination and domestic repression – producing in their wake an intensification of the old arms race and militarization of regimes, encouraging regional conflagrations and setting the stage for eventual global holocaust. Doug Bandow, Cato Institute, 05 “Spreading Capitalism is Good for Peace,” http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5193 In a world that seems constantly aflame, one naturally asks: What causes peace AND out that peace is good business. And capitalism is good for peace. Cap solves disease Mahmoud et al 6 (Adel, Senior Molecular Biologist in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs – Princeton University, Former President – Merck Vaccines, The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities,” http:~/~/www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11588andpage=80url:http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11588andpage=80||target="_blank") Changes in travel and trade and the disruption of economic and cultural norms have accelerated AND international training in epidemiology, public health, and tropical medicine in particular. extinction Scotsman 95 (9-11, “The Mega Death”, p. 13, Lexis) Bullets and bombs may be the weapons of the present, but plagues, viruses AND no longer just governments which had the capability to engage in biological warfare. Robert Tracinski, Editor, The Intellectual Activist, 08 “The Moral and the Practical,” http://www.moraldefense.com/Philosophy/Essays/The_Moral_and_the_Practical.htm Stated in more fundamental terms, capitalism is practical because it relies on the inexhaustible AND protects and encourages them—is an ever-increasing wealth and prosperity. Richard Aberdeen, Owner of Freedom Tracks, 03 “THE WAY A Theory of Root Cause and Solution,” http://freedomtracks.com/uncommonsense/theway.html A view shared by many modern activists is that capitalism, free enterprise, multi AND masters as necessary concessions to avoid profit-crippling strikes and outright revolution. |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: 5 | Opponent: | Judge:
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce access restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas production |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Offshore natural gas drilling is restricted on federal landsNew 12 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 6-30-12, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a) In late June, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its AND happen if we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas. Pyle 12 (Thomas – president of the Institute for Energy Research, “Energy Department sneaks offshore moratorium past public”, 7/9, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/9/energy-department-sneaks-offshore-moratorium-past-/) While the Obama administration was taking a victory lap last week after the 5- AND under cover of media darkness while the nation was swallowing its Obamacare medicine. Loris 12 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 8-6-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement) Senator John Hoeven (R–ND) recently introduced the Domestic Energy and Jobs AND mining and opening access is the only necessary federal action surrounding critical minerals. Lifting access restrictions on federal lands solvesGriles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30) Mr. GRILES. America’s public lands have an abundant opportunity for exploration and development AND from and buy, so they can have certainty about where to go. |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: | Judge: Dorsey 12 (Gregory, Managing Editor – Leeb’s Income Performance Letter, “Fractured Logic: The Myth of Abundant Natural Gas,” Leeb’s Market Forecast, 5-9, http://leebsmarketforecast.com/content/fractured-logic-myth-abundant-natural-gas) A popular meme these days is the idea that natural gas is America’s salvation on AND also have a healthy exposure to crude oil earn the highest honors. q Berman 12 (Art, Former Editor – Oil and Gas Journal, Geological Consultant – American Association of Petroleum Geologists, “After the Gold Rush: A Perspective on Future U.S. Natural Gas Supply and Price,” Oil Drum, 2-8, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8914) For several years, we have been asked to believe that less is more, AND what is the basis for long-term projections of abundant gas supply? Claims of abundant supply are industry bias and use manipulated dataHughes 11 (J. David, Fellow in Fossil Fuels – Post Carbon Institute, Geoscientist – Geological Survey of Canada, and Team Leader – Canadian Gas Potential Committee, Abstract by Richard Heinberg, Senior Fellow-in-Residence – Post Carbon Institute, “Will Natural Gas Fuel America in the 21st Century?” Post Carbon Institute, May, http://www.postcarbon.org/reports/PCI-report-nat-gas-future-plain.pdf) As this report details, all of these assumptions and recommendations need to be re AND future supply, as well as sound assessments of economic and environmental costs. And new restrictions prevent future frackingPlumer 12 (Brad, “How states are regulating fracking (in maps)”, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/07/16/how-states-are-regulating-fracking-in-maps/) Armed with new drilling techniques, companies are spreading out across the United States, AND , the IEA notes, could prove even more costly to the gas industry Mead 12 (Walter Russell, James Clark Chase Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities – Bard College and Editor-at-Large – American Interest, “Energy Revolution 2: A Post Post-American Post,” American Interest, 7-15, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/15/energy-revolution-2-a-post-post-american-post/) Forget peak oil; forget the Middle East. The energy revolution of the 21st AND role in shoring up the foundations of the American-led world order. Mead 12 (Walter Russell, James Clark Chase Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities – Bard College and Editor-at-Large – American Interest, “Energy Revolution 3: The New American Century,” American Interest, 7-18, http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/18/energy-revolution-3-the-new-american-century/) Get ready for an American century: that appears to be the main consequence of AND one in which the whole oil question is a lot more laid back. Gjelten 12 (Tom, Diplomatic Correspondent – NPR, “The Dash for Gas: The Golden Age of an Energy Game-Changer,” World Affairs, Jan/Feb, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/dash-gas-golden-age-energy-game-changer) For a fresh perspective on geopolitical trends, look at the world through the lens AND and determine whether it imposes any risks to drinking water or human health. circumstances. Ikenberry 11 G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Spring 2011, http:~/~/www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=php?page=all It is in this sense that there is a new urgency for a renewed American AND hierarchical—dominated by the United States—but infused with liberal characteristics. US built institutions and the liberal international order prevent global warKromah 9 (Lamii Moivi Kromah, Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, February 2009, “The Institutional Nature of U.S. Hegemony: Post 9/11”, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/7301/MARR%2009.pdf) A final major gain to the United States from the benevolent hegemony has perhaps been AND American national security is impossible without a broad measure of international security. 57 |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf) For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible AND concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes. Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf) Aside from the price impact of potential U.S. LNG exports, a AND bi-directional import/export facilities) to import gas when economic. Hartley and Medlock 7 (Dr. Peter, Professor of Economics – Rice University, Rice Scholar – Baker Institute for Public Policy, and Dr. Kenneth B., Fellow in Energy Policy – Baker Institute for Public Policy, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Economics – Rice University, “North American Security of Natural Gas Supply in a Global Market,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, November, http:~/~/www.bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/publications/energy-studies/docs/natgas/ng_pdf) Higher Lower 48 production as a result of opening access also results in lower imports AND reduced potential for producers in Russia and the Middle East to exert market power Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi) Additional gains would be realized because natural gas exports would exploit existing LNG infrastructure ( AND exports to $3.1 billion to $3.7 billion. Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf). LNG exports will help to sustain market liquidity in what looks to be an increasingly AND have reached final investment decision and are expected to be online by 2020. Slutz 12 (James, President and Managing Director of Global Energy Strategies LLC, focusing on energy project development, “The Shale Gas Revolution Implications for U.S. and Canadian Energy Policy and Asian Energy Security,” 9-4-12, http:~/~/www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/ETA/Slutz_interview_09042012.pdf, accessed) Fundamentally, governments need to decide under what trade principles they wish to operate. AND gas trade would weaken its stance as a leader of global free trade. Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi) U.S. law distinguishes between LNG exports to countries with which the United AND to steer global gas trade toward greater transparency and market-based pricing. Panitchpakdi 4 (DG Supachai, Former Director-General – World Trade Organization, “American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative?”, National Press Club, 2-26, http://www.wto.org/french/ news_f/spsp_f/spsp22_f.htm) I can sum up my message today in three sentences: The United States, AND Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf) Owing to growing gas demand, limited domestic supply, and a more rigid and AND at the margin for U.S. LNG in the Pacific Basin. Cronin et al 12 (Dr. Patrick, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program – Center for a New American Security, Paul S. Giarra, President of Global Strategies and Transformation, Zachary M. Hosford, Research Associate – Center for a New American Security, Daniel Katz, Researcher – Center for a New American Security, “The China Challenge: Military, Economic and Energy Choices Facing the US-Japan Alliance,” April, CNAS, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_TheChinaChallenge_Cronin_0.pdf) Although energy security has long been an issue for the alliance, a new combination AND they could drift apart, thereby missing an opportunity to strengthen the alliance. Nye and Armitage 12 -- dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, AND *president of Armitage International, president of trustee of CSIS, served as U.S. deputy secretary of state, (Joseph and Richard, 8/12, "The U.S.-Japan Alliance: anchoring stability in asia," http://csis.org/files/publication/120810_Armitage_USJapanAlliance_Web.pdf) Nuclear Energy The tragedies of March 11, 2011, are fresh in our minds AND equal footing with other FTA customers for U.S. natural gas. Goh 08 Goh, Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford International Relations of the Asia-Pacific,08 (Evelyn, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database) The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance and deference means that the stability of AND as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse. Armitage et al., 2k (Richard L. Armitage et al., 2000 Kurt M.Campbell, Michael J. Green, Joseph S. Nye et al. fmr. Dep. Secretary of State, CSIS, CFR, JFK School of Government at Harvard (also contributed to by James A. Kelly, Pacific Forum, Center for Strategic and International Studies; Edward J. Lincoln, Brookings Institution; Robert A. Manning, Council on Foreign Relations; Kevin G. Nealer, Scowcroft Group; James J. Przystup, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University; “The United States and Japan: Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership”, Institute for National Strategic Studies Special Report, October, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/SR_01/SR_Japan.htm) Asia, in the throes of historic change, should carry major weight in the AND U.S.-Japan alliance is central to America’s global security strategy. Harder and Cooper 9/25 Amy, Environmental Reporter for National Journal, Bill, President of the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas, 9/25/12, http:~/~/energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/09/php America is blessed with an abundant supply of natural gas, the development of which AND the ways in which we can harness this resource to grow our economy. Econ decline causes war ROYAL 10 Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict AND not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. Levine 9/24 Steve, Professor at Georgetown, 9/24/12, http:~/~/qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/(%%) On current industry forecasts, global energy consumption should rise by some 39% by AND , a scientist in the China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Pollution pushes party instability over the brink – causes extinction Yee and Storey 02 Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5 The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of AND disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world. Specifically, causes nuclear war with Russia Nankivell 9 Nathan, Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Canadien Department of National Defence, “China's Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability”, Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-21, http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799 Moreover, protests serve as a venue for the politically disaffected who are unhappy with AND in full-scale war between two powerful, nuclear-equipped nations. Extinction Sharavin, 2001 (Alexander, The Third Threat, What the Papers Say, 10/3, Lexis) Russia may face the "wonderful" prospect of combating the Chinese army, which AND both, and even against the first frost of a possible nuclear winter. Pazner 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138) The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous AND between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. Monbiot 9 (George, Columnist – The Guardian, held visiting fellowships or professorships at the universities of Oxford (environmental policy), Bristol (philosophy), Keele (politics), Oxford Brookes (planning), and East London (environmental science), “Is There Any Point in Fighting to Stave Off Industrial Apocalypse?,” Guardian, 8-17, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change) The interesting question, and the one that probably divides us, is this: AND fight is still worth having; you, because you think it isn't. |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: | Judge: CMP No Date (Conservation Measures Partnership, “3 Energy Production and Mining,” Threats and Actions Taxonomies, http://www.conservationmeasures.org/initiatives/threats-actions-taxonomies/threats-taxonomy/3-energy-production-mining) 3 Energy Production and Minin…. tidal farms DOCC 8 (Australian Government’s Department of Climate Change, “National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Guidelines,” http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/nger-reporting-guidelines.ashx) Energy Production ‘…, production and transmission. NaturalGas.org, no date (NaturalGas.org, “Natural Gas Supply AND as a limiting factor in the increasing availability of supplies reaching the market. |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: | Judge: Suh 11 (Katrina – Associate Professor of Law, Hofstra University School of Law. B.A. Yale University; J.D. Yale Law School, “CAPTURING INDIVIDUAL HARMS”, Harvard Environmental Law Review 35 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 155, lexis) Domestic environmental law involves state and, indirectly, local governments in the design and implementation of environmental policy through a cooperative federalism framework that imposes federal minimum standards but largely reserves decisions about implementation to state authorities. n31 One of the chief rationales for this division of authority is that it "allows ... pollution control strategies to be tailored to individual geographic areas," n32 thereby (at least potentially) maximizing social welfare and efficiency by allowing policy to incorporate local conditions and local preferences. n33 Proponents of the devolution of even greater authority to the states and local government than that afforded by cooperative federalism also emphasize the benefits of local tailoring. n34 Local tailoring is hypothesized to require state and local involvement because "a national bureaucracy like EPA, with its limited resources and knowledge, cannot possibly take into account ... regional and subregional differences." n35 Moreover, "EPA has relatively little incentive to reflect local preferences about how to assign ... pollution reduction burdens -- about whether, for instance, to tighten automobile emissions inspection programs or to impose stricter limits on small businesses." n36 This traditional account of the benefits of cooperative federalism and local tailoring is subject to robust debate. A voluminous environmental federalism literature evidences continuing and deep divisions about the advisability and efficacy of cooperative federalism *163 approaches as well as about the appropriate role of local governments in environmental regulation and the benefits of local tailoring. State governments are inefficient and won’t optimize federal landO’Toole 97 (Randal, Senior Fellow on Urban Growth, Public Land, and Transportation – Cato Institute, “Should Congress Transfer Federal Lands to the States?” Cato Institute, Cato Policy Analysis No. 276, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-276.html) When Republicans talk about federal land policy, the conversation inevitably turns to the desirability AND land to the states will only change the venue of those political manipulations. Griles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30) Federal lands are important to the rights-of-way needs of the energy AND the processing of rights-of-way applications on the public lands. Court natural gas decisions are unpredictable - they are made on a case by case basis and leave many questions unansweredNeese 5 (Angela – Candidate for Juris Doctor, University of Colorado School of Law, 2005; B.S.B.A., University of Denver, “THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE COLORADO OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION COMMISSION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: A CALL FOR A NEW AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH”, 2005, 76 U. Colo. L. Rev. 561, lexis) These two leading Colorado Supreme Court decisions, Bowen/Edwards and Voss, were AND a number of unanswered questions that will likely lead to future legal battles. Federal action is key – mapping and fundingBI 11 (Breakthrough Institute, “Interview with Dan Steward, Former Mitchell Energy Vice President,” 12-20, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/2011/12/interview_with_dan_steward_for.shtml) BTI: What help did you get from the government? DS: In the AND can take the readings and processing. That's what DOE and GRI did. The counterplan prevents effective investment and environmental regulation – creates uncertaintySovacool 8 (Benjamin – Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization, “The Best of Both Worlds: Environmental Federalism and the Need for Federal Action on Renewable Energy and Climate Change”, June, Stanford Environmental Law Journal 27 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 397, lexis) Centralized Federalism Those in favor of centralizing environmental decision making note that federal intervention brings AND they will also frustrate effective collective action within a developed legal system. n98 Certainty is key – it’s key for the necessary investment – that’s Loris and EbingerCraig 10 (Robin - Attorneys' Title Professor and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs, Florida State University College of Law, “MULTISTATE DECISION MAKING FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND TRANSMISSION: SPOTLIGHT ON COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, UTAH, AND WYOMING: Constitutional Contours for the Design and Implementation of Multistate Renewable Energy Programs and Projects”, University of Colorado Law Review: Natural Resources and Environmental Law Issue 81 U. Colo. L. Rev. 771, lexis) The Dormant Commerce Clause and State Restrictions on Energy Use and Transmission Any multistate agreement AND not constitutionally restrict interstate transportation of hydroelectric power generated in New Hampshire. n124 Huffman and Weisgall 8 (Robert K. Huffman. Adjunct Professors at the Georgetown University Law Center, a partner at the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer and Feld LLP, Jonathan M. Weisgall, Adjunct Professors at the Georgetown University Law Center, vice president for legislative and regulatory affairs at MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company. Winter, “Climate Change and the States: Constitutional Iss ues Arising fr om State Climate Protection Leaders hip”, downloaded from http://www.wcl.american.edu/org/sustainabledevelopment/) Commerce Clause The Commerce Clause, Article I, § 8, cl. 3 AND relative benefits of California’s standards against the burden they place on interstate commerce. -- Links to politics -~-- state action create national controversy and draws in Obama – people will equally backlash to him devolving authority to the statePursley and Wiseman 11 (Garrick – Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law, and Hannah - Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law, “LOCAL ENERGY”, 2011, Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877, lexis) In the end, then, the efficiency debate leaves us with no general answer AND the political process and impose their narrow interests on the unwitting public. n260 Bryner 2 (Gary C. - Professor, Department of Political Science, Brigham Young University, and Research Associate, Natural Resources Law Center. University of Colorado School of Law., “ARTICLE: Policy Devolution and Environmental Law: Exploring the Transition to Sustainable Development”, Fall, 26 Environs Envtl. L. and Pol'y J. 1, lexis) Federal agencies are believed to be insulated enough from resource-depleting communities to ensure AND in the environmental standards they are authorized to set under federal law. 3url:http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=056abf4cf7f767d2655ae1b274fe4dc3andcsvc=leandcform=and_fmtstr=FULLanddocnum=1and_startdoc=1andwchp=dGLbVtz-zSkABand_md5=3dc0dbf11daf78ff84a8925ba322737c#n3#n3||target="_self" -- Conditionality is a voter -~-- creates time and strategy skews, argumentative irresponsibility, not reciprocal, and one conditional advocacy solves their offense |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: | Judge: No compromise -~-- it will only be a band-aid solution.Lister 11/8/12 (Tim, CNN, "No shortage of pressing issues for Obama's next term," http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/07/politics/analysis-obama-second-term-issues/index.html) (CNN) -- Even before he takes the oath of office for a second AND ceiling, something that will likely become necessary early in the new year. Yellin, 11/9/2012 (Jessica – CNN Chief White House Correspondent, Analysis: Obama has limits on debt deal, CNN Politics, p. http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/09/politics/obama-debt-limit/index.html) In his address at the White House Friday afternoon, the president stressed the importance AND a bill that retained the current low tax rates for the richest Americans. Plan doesn’t go through congressJanofsky 6 (Michael, Veteran Journalist, “Offshore Drilling Plan Widens Rifts Over Energy Policy,” New York Times, 4-9, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/washington/09drill.html) A Bush administration proposal to open an energy-rich tract of the Gulf of AND the administration's final plan would lead to bidding on new leases in 2007. Russell 12 Barry Russell is President of the Independent Petroleum Association of America, August 15, 2012, “Energy Must Transcend Politics”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php#2238176 There have been glimpses of great leadership, examples when legislators have reached across the AND ) is another Democratic leader who consistently votes to promote responsible energy development. Murphy 12 (Robert – Institute for Energy Research, “CBO grossly understates Potential Revenues from Offshore Drilling”, 9/11, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2012/09/11/cbo-underestimates-potential/) A recent analysis .pdf from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) made AND which are not particularly susceptible to a temporarily high spot price of oil.) Politico, 11/8/2012 (How will GOP solve fiscal cliff riddle, p. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1112/83610.html) Republicans know they’re going to have to budge on revenues in the looming debt and AND the increased revenue comes from and what type of reform comes with it.” Not intrinsic- logical policymaker can do the plan and avoid fiscal cliff- k2 decisionmaking Izadi 12 Elahe is a writer for the National Journal. “Former Sen. Trent Lott, Ex-Rep. Jim Davis Bemoan Partisanship on Energy Issues,” 8/29/12, http:~/~/www.nationaljournal.com/2012-election/com/2012-election/former-members-bemoan-partisanship-on-energy-issues-20120829(%%) In a climate where everything from transportation issues to the farm bill have gotten caught AND job is very simple: adult supervision of the Congress,” Davis said. Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396) Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president's spirit AND can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. Dickinson 9 (Matthew, Professor of political science at Middlebury College, Sotomayer, Obama and Presidential Power, Presidential Power, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/) What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals AND an important aspect of presidential power that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores. Schoen 11/8/12 (John, NBC News, "Obama victory clouded by looming fiscal battle with Congress," http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/obama-victory-clouded-looming-fiscal-battle-congress-1C6892841) The impact could take time to unfold. While clearly dire in the long run AND - I don't think it's a good thing, but that's not recessionary.” Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, “Poverty as a Cause of Wars?”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273) The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a AND by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another). Adams 10/25 Gordon Adams is a professor of international relations at the School of International Service at American University and a fellow at the Stimson Center, 10/25/12, http:~/~/articles.philly.com/2012-10-25/news/34731088_1_fiscal-cliff-defense-budget-budget-control-act/2url:http://articles.philly.com/2012-10-25/news/34731088_1_fiscal-cliff-defense-budget-budget-control-act/2 We are in the middle of a donnybrook about the threat that falling off a AND growth, the nation might just be as safe as it ever was. Fettweis 7 (Christopher J., Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs in the National Security Decision Making Department – US Naval War College, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, 49(4), p. 83-98) Without the US presence, a second argument goes, nothing would prevent Sunni– AND cooperation to address that common interest is far more likely than outright warfare. Beam, 11/10/12 – national secretary of the SEP (Australia) (Nick, “A major shift in the global economy.” http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/nov2012/pers-n10.shtml) Four years on, disillusionment is becoming ever more widespread, coinciding with a significant AND . The problems are not confined to the so-called peripheral countries. Geman 12 (Ben, “House GOP ready to move on Boehner’s plan to link drilling and infrastructure”, 1/27, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/207043-house-gop-begins-moving-on-boehners-drilling-and-infrastructure-plan) A House panel will likely approve bills next week that form the drilling portion of AND House policy leaves far too many areas off-limits to drilling rigs. Weiner 12 (Robert – former senior spokesman in the Clinton White House, the beginning of the Bush Administration, and for Congressmen John Conyers, Charles Rangel, Claude Pepper, and Ed Koch. Sadiq Ahmed is senior policy analyst at Robert Weiner Associates and Solutions for Change, “Boehner, Hero? If He Deals on the Sequester and the Fiscal Cliff”, 10/23, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Boehner-Hero-If-He-Deals-by-Robert-Weiner-121022-761.html) The country has reached this critical stage due to the deal with Speaker of the AND 80--20%). These numbers are an uncomfortable fact for Democrats today. OTI 11 (On The Issues, Reference: Reversing Pres. Obama's Offshore Moratorium Act; Bill H.1231 ; vote number 11-HV320 on May 12, 2011, http:~/~/www.ontheissues.org/MI/Dave_Camp_Energy_+_htm) Dave Camp on Energy and Oil Republican Representative (MI-4) Voted YES AND shocked to learn that no energy development has happened in these new areas. Wasson 12 (Erik, The Hill, “Baucus urges post-election compromise on 'fiscal cliff',” 11-7-12, http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/266599-baucus-urges-post-election-compromise-on-fiscal-cliff) The Senate’s top tax-writer on Wednesday urged Congress to quickly compromise on the AND find a solution to the great many challenges we face,” Baucus said. OCS drilling key to fiscal compromise and Inhofe supportKerpen 12 (Phil President, American Commitment, “Obama’s secret (and illegal) regulatory bomb,” 11-2-12, http://dailycaller.com/2012/11/02/obamas-secret-and-illegal-regulatory-bomb/) The fiscal cliff looms and, because it would be the largest tax hike in AND of court for imposing an illegal offshore drilling ban; Obama didn’t budge. Clark 12 (Colin, “2012 Elections: Fiscal Cliff Looms Large, Senate Shuffles,” 11-5-12, http:~/~/defense.aol.com/2012/11/05/vote-2012-what-difference-will-elections-make-to-defense/http://defense.aol.com/2012/11/05/vote-2012-what-difference-will-elections-make-to-defense/) In the Senate defense world, some change certainly is afoot. Three of six AND . James Inhofe of Oklahoma is widely assumed to slip into the post. |
| 11/11/2012 | Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: | Judge: Encarta 7 – Encarta World English Dictionary, 7 (“In (1)”, 2007, http:~/~/encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620513url:http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620513) in aspx?search=in(%%) CORE MEANING: … voted in overwhelmingly MarEx 11 (Maritime Executive , “Gas-Only Drilling in Offshore Moratorium Areas Suggested”, 1/19, http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/2005-10-20gas-only-drilling-in-offshore-moratori) Oil and gas industry groups are criticizing a provision in House offshore drilling legislation that AND , only to be forced to abandon the resource, stranding substantial investments." Kabelitz 6 (Dr. Klaus-Robert, Chief Economist – E.on Ruhrgas, one of the leading European players in natural gas, “Strategy, Economy, and Regulation,” International Gas Union, June, http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2006/pdf/com/PGC%20B%20final%20report.pdf) It goes without saying that abundant gas reserves and favourable pre-tax economics may AND otherwise low risk areas high risk from the point of view of investors. Pickrell 12 Emily, Business Insider,4/24/12, http:~/~/articles.businessinsider.com/2012-04-24/home/31391528_1_com/2012-04-24/home/31391528_1_deep-water-drilling-bp-s-macondo-deepwater-horizon-drilling-rig Drilling in the deep Gulf of Mexico is becoming robust two years after the oil AND in the Gulf of Mexico, even if regulatory changes are taking place." Gulf drilling k2 econ and shipbuildingMason 11 (Joseph – Senior Fellow, The Wharton School, Louisiana State University Endowed Chair of Banking and nationally-renowned economist, “House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources Hearing; Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs Legislative Hearing on H.R. 306, H.R. 588, S. 266 and H.R. 285”, 4/6, lexis) Apart from national energy concerns, however, economic considerations also favor increased development of AND and chemical industries that ride the economic coattails of oil exploration and extraction. Crospey 12 (Dr. Seth – Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute, Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy, ““The U.S. Navy Shipbuilding Plan: Assumptions and Associated Risks to National Security”, Statement before the Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations U.S. House of Representatives, 4/18, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SethCropsey--USNavyShipbuildingPlan--Testimony041812.pdf) If the Navy’s assumption is mistaken that current political leadership will agree to large future AND political liberty would benefit for the remainder of this century. Thank you. Bartlett 8 (Roscoe, House Representative (R-MD), Testimony before the Joint Hearing on Fiscal Year 2009 Budget Request for Tactical Aviation Programs, Congressional Documents and Publications, 3-11, Lexis) "Today, the United States' airpower is unrivaled. It allows us to hold AND Cebrowski, if the day of the aircraft carrier has come and gone. Guardiano 9 (John, Marine – Iraq and Worker – Army’s Future Combat Systems, “Air Power Alone Cannot Win Wars”, New Majority, 8-12, http://www.newmajority.com/air-power-alone-cannot-win-wars) One of the great lessons of recent military history is that wars cannot be won AND that an American military “bombing campaign would set back Iranian nuclear development…” |
| 01/05/2013 | Tournament: USC | Round: All | Opponent: | Judge:
1AC
Plan – 1AC
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce access restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas production Solvency – 1AC
Contention 1: Solvency
Offshore natural gas drilling is restricted on federal lands
New 12 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 6-30-12, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a)
In late June, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its
AND
happen if we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas.
Certainty is key – only removing restrictions solve
Loris 12 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 8-6-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement)
Senator John Hoeven (R–ND) recently introduced the Domestic Energy and Jobs
AND
mining and opening access is the only necessary federal action surrounding critical minerals.
Lifting access restrictions on federal lands solves
Griles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30)
Mr. GRILES. America’s public lands have an abundant opportunity for exploration and development
AND
from and buy, so they can have certainty about where to go.
No DA’s – shale gas now
Hulbert 12 (Matthew, Senior Researcher at the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) in The Hague, The Netherlands, B.A. in history and politics from Durham University and an Mphil in international relations from Cambridge University, Forbes Contributor, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” 8-5-12,
http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/)
Unfortunately for producers, they missed two new international headlines into 2010. The first
AND
still claims the US has 482tcf of unconventional recoverable reserves to play with. Offshore Development – 1AC
Contention 2: Offshore Development
Removing OCS natural gas restrictions provides a long term economic stimulus and makes the shipbuilding industry sustainable
Mason 11 (Joseph – Senior Fellow, The Wharton School, Louisiana State University Endowed Chair of Banking and nationally-renowned economist, “House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources Hearing; Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs Legislative Hearing on H.R. 306, H.R. 588, S. 266 and H.R. 285”, 4/6, lexis)
Apart from national energy concerns, however, economic considerations also favor increased development of
AND
billion per year) in new U.S. federal tax income.
The industry is key to naval power – commercial shipyards are key
NLUS 12 (Navy League of the United States, “America’s Maritime Industry The foundation of American seapower”, 2012, http://www.navyleague.org/files/americas-maritime-industry.pdf, Date Verification – http://gsship.org/industry-links/)
Defense Industrial Base: Shipbuilding The American Maritime Industry also contributes to our national defense
AND
. They are unmatched in capability, but must maintain that lead. 13
Naval power solves great power war
Conway et. al 7 (James – General, US Marine Corps, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gary Roughead – Admiral, U.S. navy, Chief of Naval Operations, Thad Allen – Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant of the Coast Guard, A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, p. http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)
The world economy is tightly interconnected. Over the past four decades, total sea
AND
and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.
Commercial shipbuilding key to sealift
NLUS 12
a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating our citizens about the importance of sea power to U.S. national security and supporting the men and women of the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard and U.S.-flag Merchant Marine and their families (Navy League of the United States, “Maritime Primacy and Economic Prosperity: Maritime Policy 2012-13”, Navy League of the United States, 1/21/12, http://www.navyleague.org/files/legislative_affairs/maritime_policy20122013.pdf Our U.S.-flag commercial fleet is facing significant challenges. The ability
AND
petroleum discharge, auxiliary crane, aviation logistics support vessels and hospital ships.
Commercial sealift key to maintain Africa stability
Ward 10 William E. Ward, USA Commander of PACOM, March 9-10, 2010 “2010 Posture Statement”, http://www.africom.mil/research/USAFRICOM2010PostureStatement.pdf, DMintz All the above leads to a requirement for significant investment in the development of its
AND
, is heavily dependent on U.S. military air and sealift.
Africa instability coming now, escalates to war
MACP 12/30
Moroccan American Center for Policy, 12/30/12, http://allafrica.com/stories/201212310063.html Two new studies report that "the growing role of al-Qaeda across northern
AND
of operation in Mali's north from which to launch attacks against Western targets." African conflicts escalate to great power war
Glick 7 (Caroline, Senior Middle East Fellow – Center for Security Policy, “Condi’s African Holiday”, 12-12, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568) US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice introduced a new venue for her superficial and destructive
AND
waters of the Nile River which flows through all countries of the region.
Goes nuclear
Lancaster 00 (Carol, Associate Professor and Director of the Master's of Science in Foreign Service Program – Georgetown University, “Redesigning Foreign Aid”, Foreign Affairs, September / October, Lexis) THE MOST BASIC CHALLENGE facing the United States today is helping to preserve peace.
AND
weapons of mass destruction, these wars could prove more dangerous than ever. Sealift is key to contain a Korean conflict
Di Genio 2K
John Di Genio, operations research systems analyst with Headquarters, United Nations Command/Combined Forces Command/U. S. Forces Korea, Assistant Chief of Staff, “Sustaining Combat in Korea”, http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/JanFeb00/MS503.htm
During the Gulf War, the military required a means of projecting and sustaining a
AND
will play a key role in the successful defense of the Korean theater. Korean War is coming now- failure to contain escalation ensures it goes nuclear
Gayathri 12
Amrutha, Ib Times,10/6/12, http://www.ibtimes.com/reports-say-south-korea-us-revise-defense-agreement-north-korean-media-call-great-war-842375 North Korea’s state-run news agency published sinister warnings of a new war in
AND
in Japan and Guam are within the range of North Korean missile attacks.
Extinction
Hayes and Green 10 (Peter, Professor of International Relations – Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and Director – Nautilus Institute, and Michael Hamel, Victoria University, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, Nautilus Institute Special Report, 1-5, http://www.nautil us.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)
At worst, there is the possibility of nuclear attack1, whether by intention,
AND
threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community. LNG Exports – 1AC
Contention 3: LNG Exports
Inadequate supply causes domestic infighting which prevents exports – new supply key
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible
AND
concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes.
New supply removes uncertainty over shale gas – makes exports feasible
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)
Aside from the price impact of potential U.S. LNG exports, a
AND
bi-directional import/export facilities) to import gas when economic.
Lifting federal restrictions allows natural gas firms to export surplus supply
Hartley and Medlock 7 (Dr. Peter, Professor of Economics – Rice University, Rice Scholar – Baker Institute for Public Policy, and Dr. Kenneth B., Fellow in Energy Policy – Baker Institute for Public Policy, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Economics – Rice University, “North American Security of Natural Gas Supply in a Global Market,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, November, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/programs/energy-forum/publications/energy-studies/docs/natgas/ng_security-nov07.pdf)
Higher Lower 48 production as a result of opening access also results in lower imports
AND
reduced potential for producers in Russia and the Middle East to exert market power
No onshore LNG terminals
Parfomak 9 (Paul W. Parfomak, Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy, and Adam Vann, Legislative Attorney, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Import Terminals: Siting, Safety, and Regulation, Congressional Research Service, 12-14-9, http://www.cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/10Jan/RL32205.pdf) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a hazardous fuel shipped in large tankers to
AND
American natural gas and, thus, the need for new LNG infrastructure.
Offshore LNG solves these issues
Schmidt 98 (Dr. Hans Schmidt, Linde AG, Chris Dubar, Timothy Forcey, Vaughan Humphreys, BHP Petroleum, “Major advantages to siting LNG plant offshore,” Oil and Gas Journal 1998,
http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-58/issue-8/news/processing/major-advantages-to-siting-lng-plant-offshore.html) Over the past several years, BHP and others have investigated the commercialization of offshore
AND
compared with the nearest suitable onshore plant site, thereby reducing shipping costs.
The infrastructure exists
Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)
Additional gains would be realized because natural gas exports would exploit existing LNG infrastructure (
AND
exports to $3.1 billion to $3.7 billion.
LNG exports solidify America’s reliability as a partner on energy issues – that’s key to US-Japan relations
Cronin et al 12 (Dr. Patrick, Senior Advisor and Senior Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program – Center for a New American Security, Paul S. Giarra, President of Global Strategies and Transformation, Zachary M. Hosford, Research Associate – Center for a New American Security, Daniel Katz, Researcher – Center for a New American Security, “The China Challenge: Military, Economic and Energy Choices Facing the US-Japan Alliance,” April, CNAS, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_TheChinaChallenge_Cronin_0.pdf)
Although energy security has long been an issue for the alliance, a new combination
AND
they could drift apart, thereby missing an opportunity to strengthen the alliance. Exports to Japan revitalize the alliance
Nye and Armitage 12 -- dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, dean emeritus of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, AND *president of Armitage International, president of trustee of CSIS, served as U.S. deputy secretary of state, (Joseph and Richard, 8/12, "The U.S.-Japan Alliance: anchoring stability in asia," http://csis.org/files/publication/120810_Armitage_USJapanAlliance_Web.pdf) Nuclear Energy The tragedies of March 11, 2011, are fresh in our minds
AND
equal footing with other FTA customers for U.S. natural gas.
Uncertain commitment to the alliance causes multiple scenarios for war
Goh 08
Goh, Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the Univ of Oxford International Relations of the Asia-Pacific,08 (Evelyn, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3):353-377, Oxford Journals Database)
The centrality of these mutual processes of assurance and deference means that the stability of
AND
as a result of not doing so would appear to be much worse.
These go nuclear
Armitage et al., 2k
(Richard L. Armitage et al., 2000 Kurt M.Campbell, Michael J. Green, Joseph S. Nye et al. fmr. Dep. Secretary of State, CSIS, CFR, JFK School of Government at Harvard (also contributed to by James A. Kelly, Pacific Forum, Center for Strategic and International Studies; Edward J. Lincoln, Brookings Institution; Robert A. Manning, Council on Foreign Relations; Kevin G. Nealer, Scowcroft Group; James J. Przystup, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University; “The United States and Japan: Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership”, Institute for National Strategic Studies Special Report, October, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/SR_01/SR_Japan.htm) Asia, in the throes of historic change, should carry major weight in the
AND
U.S.-Japan alliance is central to America’s global security strategy.
Exports key to the check Russian imperialism and meet East Asian demand
Richardson and Abraham 12
Bill Richardson and Spencer Abraham, US secretaries of energy under Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush respectively, 12/20/12, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d634d316-4a0f-11e2-a7b1-00144feab49a.html#axzz2FfanSmuT We believe, however, that LNG exports can buttress US geopolitical leadership and trade
AND
higher emitting fuels. It would also affirm America’s commitment to free trade.
Counteracting Russia’s energy leverage is the only way to curb their influence
Armstrong 09 (Bradley, Major, USAF, April 2009, “Confronting Russia, Again” Air University) http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA538883 Sun Tzu stated, “To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of
AND
Russian energy threat just as NATO formed to confront the Soviet military threat.
Expansionism goes nuclear
Blank 9 – Dr. Stephen Blank is a Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, March 2009, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
AND
perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172
Russia will use nuclear weapons
Weitz 11 (Richard, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at Hudson Institute, November 2011, “Can We Manage a Declining Russia?” Hudson Institute) http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/CanWeManageDecliningRussiaWeitzNov2011.pdf The cornerstone of Russia's defense has been, and continues to be, nuclear weapons
AND
similar fears that Syria will become another element in NATO's moralistic foreign policy.
Failure to export to China causes environment protests
Levine 12
Steve, Professor at Georgetown, 9/24/12, http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/
On current industry forecasts, global energy consumption should rise by some 39% by
AND
, a scientist in the China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Pollution pushes party instability over the brink – causes extinction
Yee and Storey 02
Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University --AND-- Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02
“The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5 The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world. |
| 02/09/2013 | Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mo State | Judge: Bagwell
1AC – Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce production restrictions on federal lands in the Arctic Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas. 1AC – Solvency
Contention One is Solvency –
Offshore natural gas drilling is restricted on federal lands
New 12 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 6-30-12, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a)
In late June, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its
AND
happen if we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas.
Certainty is key – only removing restrictions solve
Loris 12 (Nicolas, Fellow in the Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation “Senate Energy Bill: Good Start, Room for Improvement,” Heritage Foundation, 8-6-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/domestic-energy-and-jobs-act-good-start-room-for-improvement)
Senator John Hoeven (R–ND) recently introduced the Domestic Energy and Jobs
AND
mining and opening access is the only necessary federal action surrounding critical minerals.
Certainty is key – and no link to environment DA
Griles 3 (Lisa, Deputy Secretary – Department of the Interior, “Energy Production on Federal Lands,” Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 4-30)
Mr. GRILES. America’s public lands have an abundant opportunity for exploration and development
AND
from and buy, so they can have certainty about where to go.
Companies will drill
Pickerell 12/31 (Emily, “Demand for offshore rigs up, while onshore count keeps falling”, 12/31/12, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2012/12/31/demand-for-offshore-rigs-up-while-onshore-count-keeps-falling/)
While demand for onshore rigs declined as the result of less natural gas drilling,
AND
oil rigs, 73, while Anadarko has 47 and Devon has 42. 1AC – Arctic
Contention Two: Arctic Leadership
Offshore drilling is key to effective security investments – solves leadership
Bert 12 (Captain Melissa – USCG, 2011-2012 Military Fellow, U.S.Coast Guard, “A Strategy to Advance the Arctic Economy”, February, http://www.cfr.org/arctic/strategy-advance-arctic-economy/p27258)
The United States needs to develop a comprehensive strategy for the Arctic. Melting sea
AND
tremendous economic benefits and could harm U.S. national security interests.
The plan spurs military investments – solves escalation of the Arctic war
Talmadge 12 (Eric – AP, Huffington Post, “Arctic Climate Change Opening Region To New Military Activity’, 4/16, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/16/arctic-climate-change-military-activity_n_1427565.html)
To the world's military leaders, the debate over climate change is long over.
AND
The U.S. is currently mulling whether to add more icebreakers.
Conflict is coming now
Tassinari 12
Non-resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund and the Head of Foreign Policy and EU Studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies, “Avoiding a Scramble for the High North”, http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/ The geopolitics of the Arctic are stuck in a paradox: The more regional players
AND
not hard to conjure up the prospect of an Arctic race building up.
Only deterrence can prevent all out war and foster cooperation
Dowd 11
MA-Indiana University, Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute, “The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic,” https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979 One reason a military presence will be necessary is the possibility of accidents caused by
AND
Arctic is not to trigger a military confrontation, but to prevent one.
Goes nuclear – de-escalation is key
Wallace and Staples 10 (Michael Wallace and Steven Staples. *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,”http:www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change.” 62
30 minutes to extinction
Helfand and Pastore 9 Ira Helfand, M.D., and John O. Pastore, M.D., are past presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility.
March 31, 2009, “U.S.-Russia nuclear war still a threat”, http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_pastoreline_03-31-09_EODSCAO_v15.bbdf23.html President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are scheduled to Wednesday in London during the
AND
alert status of nuclear weapons that existed in 1995 remains in place today.
Best scholarship proves our impact
Murray 12
(Professor of Political Science @ Alberta, “Arctic politics in the emerging multipolar system: challenges and consequences,” The Polar Journal, 2.1)
It is no overstatement to say that the end of the Cold War was one
AND
the structure are very likely to translate into changes to state security strategies. US Arctic leadership via natural gas solves Arctic terrorism
Conley 12 (Heather – Senior Fellow at CSIS and Director, Europe Program, “A New Security Architecture for the Arctic”, January, http://csis.org/files/publication/120117_Conley_ArcticSecurity_Web.pdf)
The Arctic will experience extraordinary economic and environmental change over the next several decades.
AND
countries have in moving rapidly to extract these resources from their Arctic territories.
Leads to CBW use
Mychajlyszyn 8 (Natalie, International Affairs, Trade and Finance Division, “The Arctic: Canadian Security and Defence”, 24 October 2008, http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0813-e.htm#illegalaccess)
Increased illegal access and illegal activities, including terrorism As the Arctic generally becomes more
AND
engaged in the extraction of lucrative resources, such as diamonds and copper.
Extinction
Sandberg et al 8—Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. Ćirković—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
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may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.
Drilling’s inevitable, but it’s a question of safety – U.S. better than all other countries
Sullivan 12 (Dan – a former state attorney general, commissioner of Alaska's Department of Natural Resources, “It's time to develop our Arctic resources, 7/20, http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/20/opinion/sullivan-arctic-drilling/index.html)
(CNN) -- The United States is on the verge of an energy renaissance
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the world that it can be a strong leader in responsible energy development.
1AC – Helium
Contention Three: Helium
US natural gas production is key to supply our declining helium reserves – it’s the linchpin of numerous industries
Kammerzell 11 (Jaime – Energy Writer, “Helium to Move from Byproduct to Primary Drilling Target“, 11/18, http://rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=112735)
Helium is likely to move from a derived product of natural gas production in the
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Besides, helium is far more important for science, industry and academia."
Only conventional gas solves – shale gas doesn’t contain helium
Clarke 12 (Richard H – cryogenics and helium specialist at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, “Should we ban helium balloons?”, 12/11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/discussion/user-comments/richardhclarke)
Most shale gas contains no helium - helium diffuses through the shale - and to
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in science, welding, chip or optic fibre manufacturing, and aerospace.
Arctic gas solves helium production
Nuttall et al 12 (Dr. William – director of the Management of Technology and Innovation programme at Cambride, specializes in energy technologies, Richard H Clarke – cryogenics and helium specialist at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Bartek Glowacki - Professor of Energy and Materials Science, “The Future of Helium As a Natural Resource”, 4/26, pg 5)
The interconnectivity between the oil and gas industry and helium is profound, as geology
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/P ratio) can provide misleading and possibly over-optimistic projections.
Supply’s on the brink now---no excess global capacity
Nelson 12 (Walter Nelson – Director, Helium Sourcing and Supply Chain Air Products and Chemicals, Inc, 7/20/12, Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing, Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis )
There have been planned and unplanned maintenance outages at natural gas processing plants, as
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running back at full output will the global supply begin to fully stabilize.
Helium shortages destroy U.S. science leadership
Ong 12 (Phuan Ong – the Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics Director, Princeton Center for Complex Materials Department of Physics Princeton University, 7/20/12, Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing, Congressional Documents and Publications, lexis )
The 2 main reasons why liquid helium is vital for research are: 1)
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supply would be very harmful to the U.S. national interest.
Science leadership’s key to the sustainability and legitimacy of hegemony – independently solves extinction
Coletta 9 (Damon Coletta – Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy, September 2009, “Science, Technology, and the Quest for International Influence,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
Less appreciated is how scientific progress facilitates diplomatic strategy in the long run, how
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a self-inflicted blow to U.S. leadership among nations.
Legitimacy of U.S. hegemony’s key to global stability
Fujimoto 12 (Kevin Fujimoto 12, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, “Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)
The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents the greatest long-term
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protect its interests later when we are no longer the world's only superpower. Reliable helium supply at stable prices key to advanced semiconductors
SIA 12– Semiconductor Industry Association, 7/10/12, “Helium: Supply Shortages Impacting our Economy, National Defense and Manufacturing,” http://www.sia-online.org/clientuploads/directory/DocumentSIA/Helium%20testimony%20120801%20(2).pdf
Helium's unique physical and chemical properties have made it critical to the manufacture of semiconductors
AND
process and continued health of the U.S. semiconductor manufacturing industry.
Downturn in semiconductors spills over --- collapsing the entire defense base
Velázquez 3 (Nydia M., Ranking Member – House Small Business Committee, “Is America Losing Its Lead in High-tech: Implications for the U.S. Defense Industrial Base”, 10-16, http://www.house.gov/smbiz/democrats/ Statements/2003/st101603.htm) A strong defense base is crucial for U.S. economic and military security
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firms, so that we can remain a leader in the world market.
That crushes net-centric warfare transition
Harada 10 (Colonel Lawrence K., United States Army Reserve, “Semiconductor Technology and U.S. National Security”, U.S. Army War College Research Paper, 4-21, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA526581 andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf) Semiconductor technologies that support U.S. national security also fuel the much larger
AND
financial support to counter China’s incentives that lure foreign investment to the PRC. Net Centric Warfare solves nuclear war and prevents nuclear terror
Arquilla 10, Ph.D., International Relations from Stanford University, professor of defense analysis at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School (John, “The New Rules of War,” March 2010, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/22/the_new_rules_of_war_) Almost 20 years ago, I began a debate about networks that blossomed into
AND
acted in time to shape it, saving the world from darkness. Nuclear terror is coming now
Bunn et al 11 (May, The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism, Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Matthew Bunn. Associate Professor of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School and Co-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Colonel Yuri Morozov Senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, director of Intelligence and Counterintelligence at the U.S. Department of Energy. Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration, 2006–2009. Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces, 1994–1996. Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 1993–1997, deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia, 1997–1998. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Joint-Threat-Assessment%20ENG%2027%20May%202011.pdf)
Nuclear terrorism is a real and urgent threat. Urgent actions are required to reduce
AND
the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.
Extinction
Ayson 10, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
US helium reserves are key to space exploration
NRC 10 (National Research Council as part of the National Academies – Committee on Understanding the Impact of Selling the Helium Reserve, Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, CHARLES G. GROAT – Director of the Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy and former director of USGS, University of Texas at Austin, Co-Chair
ROBERT C. RICHARDSON – Senior Vice Provost for Research and winner of Nobel Prize, Cornell University, Co-Chair, “Selling the Nation's Helium Reserve”, 2010, www.sia-online.org/clientuploads/directory/DocumentSIA/national%20academies%20helium%20report.pdf)
The U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLM
AND
Helium Reserve, and its proper stewardship is critical for ensuring that supply.
Specifically – key to propulsion systems
NRC 10 (National Research Council as part of the National Academies – Committee on Understanding the Impact of Selling the Helium Reserve, Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, CHARLES G. GROAT – Director of the Center for International Energy and Environmental Policy and former director of USGS, University of Texas at Austin, Co-Chair
ROBERT C. RICHARDSON – Senior Vice Provost for Research and winner of Nobel Prize, Cornell University, Co-Chair, “Selling the Nation's Helium Reserve”, 2010, www.sia-online.org/clientuploads/directory/DocumentSIA/national%20academies%20helium%20report.pdf)
Pressurizing/Purging The low boiling point and chemical inertness of helium make it a
AND
the U.S. West Coast Delta IV and Atlas launch operations.
Space exploration key to prevent extinction
Collins and Autino, 10 - * Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University AND Andromeda Inc., Italy (Patrick and Adriano, “What the growth of a space tourism industry could contribute to employment, economic growth, environmental protection, education, culture and world peace,” Acta Astronautica 66 (2010) 1553–1562, science direct) The major source of social friction, including international friction, has surely always been
AND
to be achievable only through the development of a vigorous space tourism industry. |
| 02/09/2013 | Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake BM | Judge: Buntin
Prices DA- Toxic Renewables Natural gas key to renewable development
Ju 12 (Anne Ju – senior science writer for the Cornell Chronicle) July 17, 2012 “Study Proves Natural Gas Can Bridge the Gap to a Clean Energy Economy” http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Study-Proves-Natural-Gas-Can-Bridge-the-Gap-to-a-Clean-Energy-Economy.html)
Natural gas is a good transition step on the road to greener energy sources like
AND
fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.” No impact
Schwartz 3 (Joel, Adjunct Scholar – Competitive Enterprise Institute, “Particulate Air Pollution: Weighing the Risks”, April, http://cei.org/pdf/3452.pdf) Nonetheless, both the Bush Administration and congressional Democrats have proposed sweeping new measures to further crack down on power plant emissions. The Administration’s Clear Skies Initiative and a more stringent Democratic alternative are largely justified by claims that current levels of particulate matter (PM) pose a serious public health threat. Supporters of these bills promise substantial benefits from additional PM reductions.
Nevertheless, the benefit claims for PM reductions rest on a weak foundation. EPA
AND
the standard will be expensive, but is unlikely to improve public health. Bonds CP – 2AC
It’s acceptable within the range of “should”
GAO 8 (Government Accounting Office, Exposure Draft of Proposed Changes to the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, http://www.gao.gov/govaud/cl_iia080331.pdf) The second sentence of the “must” definition used in the exposure draft instructions
AND
the procedure; if so, “should” is the appropriate word.
“Resolved” means law
Words and Phrases 64 (Permanent Edition) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”. Exemptions fail – potential changes in natural gas policy deter investment – empirically proven
Pierce Jr. 4 (Richard – George W. Hutchison Professor of Energy Law, Southern Methodist University; B.S., 1965. Lehigh University; J.D., 1972, University of Virginia., “Reconstituting the Natural Gas Industry from Wellhead to Burnertip”, 2004, 25 Energy L. J. 57, lexis)
Within days of the enactment of the PIFUA, the DOE announced the existence of
AND
gas demand will increase as consumers react to their new-found freedom.
Agency rulemaking is unpredictable and uncertain – no understanding of its binding effect
Fraser 10 (Thomas J. – J.D., Boston University School of Law, 2010; B.A., Boston College, 2007., “INTERPRETIVE RULES: CAN THE AMOUNT OF DEFERENCE ACCORDED THEM OFFER INSIGHT INTO THE PROCEDURAL INQUIRY?”, 2010, http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/documents/FRASER.pdf)
Without a simple way to determine the validity of agency rules promulgated without the procedural
AND
challenge a rule in court, the more compliant that entity will be.
Any uncertainty kills solvency
Kabelitz 6 (Dr. Klaus-Robert, Chief Economist – E.on Ruhrgas, one of the leading European players in natural gas, “Strategy, Economy, and Regulation,” International Gas Union, June, http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2006/pdf/com/PGC%20B%20final%20report.pdf)
It goes without saying that abundant gas reserves and favourable pre-tax economics may
AND
otherwise low risk areas high risk from the point of view of investors. General Environment DA – 2AC
Environment is resilient
Easterbrook 95 (Gregg, Distinguished Fellow – Fullbright Foundation, A Moment on Earth, p. 25)
In the aftermath of events such as Love Canal or the Exxon Valdez oil spill
AND
are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting. Byrne and Toly K – 2AC
Discussion of energy policymaking is key to change- that avoids technocratic fill-in
Kuzemko 12 Caroline Kuzemko, CSGR University of Warwick, Security, the State and Political Agency: Putting ‘Politics’ back into UK Energy, http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2012/381_61.pdf
Both Hay (2007) and Flinders and Buller (2006) suggest that there
AND
cf. Kuzemko 2012b: 61-66; Wood 2011: 7). The Aff’s a prerequisite to the Alt – only innovative responses to tech-induced environmental destruction enable reconceptualization of technology
Feenberg 7 (Andrew, Canada Research Chair in the Philosophy of Technology in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University, Danish Yearbook of Philosophy, Volume 42, “Between Reason and Experience,” p. 24-27, http://www.sfu.ca/~andrewf/books/Between_Reason_and_Experience_DYP42.pdf)
As I reformulate this social version of the technical revealing, it has political consequences
AND
through nature and causality through freedom” (Marcuse, 1969: 31). Alt doesn’t solve macro—any practical implementation wouldn’t make a dent in individual or macro-level consumption patterns
Røpke 05 Inge Røpke, Department for Manufacturing Engineering and Management Technical University of Denmark, Consumption in ecological economics, International Society for Ecological Economics, April 2005, http://www.ecoeco.org/pdf/consumption_in_ee.pdf
Compared to the other research questions, the question about how to change consumption patterns
AND
many of these steps can be fine, they are far from sufficient. Tech optimism based on empirical research is good
Krier 85 (James E., Professor of Law at the University of Michigan, “The Un-Easy Case for Technological Optimism,” Michigan Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 3; December 1985, pp. 405-429) A technological optimist is not simply a person with unqualified enthusiasm about technological promise.
AND
growth will allow us to expand resources ahead of exponentially increasing demands."8 War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8 (Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595
Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science.
He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies)
But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. Shifting consumption cannot solve
Alcott ‘8 (Blake ALCOTT Ecological Economist Masters from Cambridge in Land Economy ‘8 The sufficiency strategy: Would rich-world frugality lower environmental impact? Ecological Economics 64 (4) p. Science Direct The environmental sufficiency strategy of greater consumer frugality has become popular in ecological economics,
AND
to stem climate change and the loss of vital species and natural resources. Oil DA – 2AC
Natural gas doesn’t affect oil prices and US production can’t change oil prices
Krugman 12 (Paul – professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University, “Natural Born Drillers” , 3/15, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/opinion/krugman-natural-born-drillers.html)
Given this expansion, it’s hard to claim that excessive regulation has crippled energy production
AND
the tundra: the effect on prices at the pump would be negligible.
The link is non-unique – Oil prices are decreasing and US consumption of oil is down
Tverberg 12 (Gail – Editor of Oil Drum, “Why Low Oil Prices Indicate the World is Heading for a Recession”, 7/1, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/Why-Low-Oil-Prices-Indicate-the-World-is-Heading-for-a-Recession.html)
Oil Supply is Not Rising Enough The big issue is that oil supply is not
AND
consumption in 2012, similar to the step-down in early 2008. Immigration 2AC
Won’t pass- GOP
Cowan 2-5 (Richard, Editor, “House Republicans Challenge Obama Immigration Plan's Citizenship Goal,” Reuters, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/05/us-usa-immigration-idUSBRE9130V620130205) Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives on Tuesday challenged President Barack
AND
our efforts to reform our immigration laws do not repeat the same mistakes."
Fights Now – tanks PC
Cillizza 2-6 (Chris, Political Reporter, “President Obama is Enjoying a Second Political Honeymoon. But How Long Will It Last?” Washington Post, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/06/president-obama-is-enjoying-a-second-political-honeymoon-but-how-long-will-it-last/) Another factor contributing to the truncation of political honeymoons is that in the world of
AND
the time Congress recesses for its month-long August break this summer.
Plan is bipart
Geman 12 (Ben, “House GOP: Offshore permitting still broken despite Shell’s go-ahead,” 8-31-12,
http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/247005-house-gop-offshore-permitting-still-broken-despite-shells-go-ahead) House Republicans aren’t ready to lavish praise on the Obama administration despite approval of the
AND
of Alaska and the Outer Continental Shelf remain off limits,” Gardner said. Capital does not affect the agenda
Dickinson 9 (Matthew, Professor of political science at Middlebury College, Sotomayer, Obama and Presidential Power, Presidential Power, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals
AND
an important aspect of presidential power that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores.
A2: Food Impact
New tech and adaption solve food shortages
Michaels 11 Patrick Michaels is senior fellow in environmental studies at the CATO Institute. " Global Warming and Global Food Security," June 30, CATO, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/global-warming-global-food-security
While doing my dissertation I learned a few things about world crops. Serial adoption
AND
to 2010. And per capita grain production is rising, not falling. Food wars are a myth – there’s zero empirical evidence
Salehyan 7 (Idean, Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas, “The New Myth About Climate Change”, Foreign Policy, Summer, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3922) First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
AND
global warming causes conflict, we should not be witnessing this downward trend.
Furthermore, if famine and drought led to the crisis in Darfur, why have
AND
there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters. Shipbuilding – 2AC
Increasing offshore natural gas production is key to the shipbuilding industry
Mason 9 (Joseph R. – Louisiana State University Endowed Chair of Banking and nationally-renowned economist , “The Economic Contribution of Increased Offshore Oil Exploration and Production to Regional and National Economies”, February, http://www.americanenergyalliance.org/images/aea_offshore_updated_final.pdf)
Offshore oil and gas production has a significant effect on local onshore economies as well
AND
other areas of the country, including non-coastal states like Illinois.
Prevents multiple great power conflicts --- risk of escalation high
Crospey 12 (Dr. Seth – Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute, Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy, ““The U.S. Navy Shipbuilding Plan: Assumptions and Associated Risks to National Security”, Statement before the Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations U.S. House of Representatives, 4/18, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SethCropsey~-~-USNavyShipbuildingPlan~-~-Testimony041812.pdf)
If the Navy’s assumption is mistaken that current political leadership will agree to large future
AND
political liberty would benefit for the remainder of this century. Thank you. |
| 02/22/2013 | Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: | Judge: Miller
1AC
Big Oil has infiltrated the political by using their monetary influence to keep unnecessary tax breaks and subsidies
Leber 12 (Rebecca – Think Progress, “Three Ways Big Oil Spends Its Profits To Defend Oil Subsidies And Defeat Clean Energy”, 10/24, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/10/24/1064231/three-ways-big-oil-spends-its-profits-to-defend-oil-subsidies-and-defeat-clean-energy/)
Starting tomorrow, the world’s largest oil companies — ExxonMobil, Shell, Chevron,
AND
companies another $2.3 billion annual tax cut beyond existing loopholes.
This system creates real effects in the everyday lives of real people – Dean Blanchard, a fisherman in Louisiana, describes the effects of oil subsidies on his livelihood…
Kistner 12 (Rocky, “Fossil Fuel Subsidies: the Answer Lies in the Gulf,” 6-22-12.
http://theenergycollective.com/rockykistner/87692/fossil-fuel-subsidies-answer-lies-gulf
You don’t have to go to Brazil to find out why this polluter payoff system
AND
but seems like we can’t fix things after an oil spill like this.”
Oil subsidies are part of the global neoliberal project that subjects more wealth to multinational corporations at the expense of all
Tapamor 7 (Edward – Writer for Resource Investor, “Peak Oil Passnotes: Neo-Liberalism's Ultimate Failure Part 2”, 11/16, http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2007/11/16/peak-oil-passnotes-neoliberalisms-ultimate-failure)
We pointed out last week that this column does not put any faith in the
AND
in the oil industry believe it will, remember who told you first.
Moreover, the so-called “externalities” of oil production are felt disproportionately among minority communities, as degredation of the surrounding environment strips real people of their livelihoods
Juhasz 8 (Antonia – American oil and energy analyst, Investigative Journalism Fellow at the Investigative Reporting Program, “The Tyranny of Oil”, pgs 186-188)
Chevron's Richmond Refinery in Richmond, California, is one of the oldest and largest
AND
of color disproportionately bearing the burden of our national "cancer alleys."60
Neoliberalism’s extermination of the public sphere is indicative of a system that leads to social exclusion and racial apartheid
Giroux 4 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair Professor at McMaster University 2004 Henry Neoliberalism and the Demise of Democracy: Resurrecting Hope in Dark Times Dissident Voice http://dissidentvoice.org/Aug04/Giroux0807.htm)
The ideology and power of neoliberalism also cuts across national boundaries. Throughout the globe
AND
and the growing inequalities between the rich and the poor. 7
This system systematically degrades the possibility for robust democratic politics – Oil represents the neoliberal pursuit for wealth and power at the expense of social justice that makes a vibrant public sphere impossible and leads to exclusionary politics
Giroux 5 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair, Professor at McMaster University, “The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics”, Winter 2005, JSTOR)
Fredric Jameson has argued in The Seeds of Time, it has now become easier
AND
sustainable future and the downward distribution of wealth, resources, and power.
Thus, Will and I wish to utilize this debate space to begin a process of the interrogation of oil subsidies, and the broader neoliberal system they are a part of. This should be recognized not as an end-point but a starting point that can help facilitate broader discussions of neoliberalism within debate and outside of it
Our role as students in this debate room can provide a locus to challenge systems of neoliberalism – each instance of resistance is key break apart neoliberal pedagogy and revitalize the global public sphere. This should be evaluated as a prior question
Giroux 5 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair, Professor at McMaster University, “The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics”, Winter 2005, JSTOR)
Just as the world has seen a more virulent and brutal form of market capitalism
AND
power accountable, and shutting down legitimate modes of dissent (Giroux 2004).
Critical reflection opens spaces of resistance by which we can reframe our relationship to systems of power in a manner that enhances human agency and threatens their existence
Giroux 6 (Henry A. – Global Television Network Chair, Professor at McMaster University, “Academic Freedom under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy”, Fall 2006, JSTOR)
What makes critical pedagogy so dangerous to Christian evangelicals, neoconservatives, and right-
AND
now at risk in the latest and most dangerous attack on higher education.
Energy debates should focus on critique of broad structures instead of productivist fixes. Even if they win some truth claims – we must shift to evaluate broader public institutions and the conditions they have perpetuated
Zehner 12 (Green illusions, Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and
AND
was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.)
Since this book represents a critique of alternative energy, it may seem an unlikely
AND
would benefit by shifting our focus. Our very relevance depends on it.
Big Oil is not impenetrable – effective movements centered around unveiling corporate domination can succeed in dismantling systems of power – empirically proven
Juhasz 8 (Antonia – American oil and energy analyst, Investigative Journalism Fellow at the Investigative Reporting Program, “The Tyranny of Oil”, pgs 18-22)
Nearly 75 percent of Americans believe that big business has too much influence over the
AND
to, and ultimately successful in, breaking up the Standard Oil Company.
Ending oil subsidies is key – they are the epitome of Big Oil’s influence in American politics
McKibben 12 (Bill – Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College, “Welfare for (Very Rich) Oil Companies”, May, http://sojo.net/magazine/2012/05/welfare-very-rich-oil-companies)
Of the many gifts that the 99 percent award to the 1 percent—the
AND
it’s a bad idea; it’ll be interesting to see if that’s enough.
Oil subsidies perpetuates notions of funding those who are already wealth
McKibben 12 (Bill – Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College , “Fossil-fuel subsidies: Helping the richest get richer”, 4/5, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/05/opinion/la-oe-mckibben-stop-oil-subsidies-20120404)
Even if Congress can't pass a bill to end them, those subsidies are worth
AND
to break its own 2008 all-time mark of $45 billion. |
| 02/23/2013 | Tournament: Districts | Round: 6 | Opponent: Samford | Judge: Ridley
1AC – Energy Revolution
Contention One is the Energy revolution
Fracking is unsustainable – access to new conventional natural gas is key to transition
Dorsey 12 (Gregory, Managing Editor – Leeb’s Income Performance Letter, “Fractured Logic: The Myth of Abundant Natural Gas,” Leeb’s Market Forecast, 5-9, http://leebsmarketforecast.com/content/fractured-logic-myth-abundant-natural-gas) A popular meme these days is the idea that natural gas is America’s salvation on
AND
also have a healthy exposure to crude oil earn the highest honors. q
Consumption will dry up shale
Berman 12 (Art, Former Editor – Oil and Gas Journal, Geological Consultant – American Association of Petroleum Geologists, “After the Gold Rush: A Perspective on Future U.S. Natural Gas Supply and Price,” Oil Drum, 2-8, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8914)
For several years, we have been asked to believe that less is more,
AND
what is the basis for long-term projections of abundant gas supply?
Best Data goes aff – shale is not economic and production will only decline, causing price spikes
Heinberg, 10/22/12 Richard, He is Senior Fellow-in-Residence of the Institute and is widely regarded as one of the world’s foremost Peak Oil educators, He has authored scores of essays and articles that have appeared in such journals as Nature, The Ecologist, The American Prospect, Public Policy Research, Quarterly Review, Z Magazine, Resurgence, The Futurist, European Business Review, Earth Island Journal, Yes!, Pacific Ecologist, and The Sun; and on web sites such as Alternet.org, EnergyBulletin.net, TheOilDrum.com, ProjectCensored.com, and Counterpunch.com.¶ He has appeared in many film and television documentaries, including Leonardo DiCaprio’s 11th Hour, is a recipient of the M. King Hubbert Award for Excellence in Energy Education, and in 2012 was appointed to His Majesty the King of Bhutan's International Expert Working Group for the New Development Paradigm initiative, “Gas Bubble Leaking, About to Burst”, http://www.postcarbon.org/blog-post/1262435-gas-bubble-leaking-about-to-burst In those early days almost no one wanted to hear about problems with the shale
AND
millions of cars and trucks to run on gas, now ring hollow.
No surplus now – price spike is immanent
Moors 1-24 (Dr. Kent, internationally recognized expert in oil and natural gas policy, risk assessment, and emerging market economic development, “Betting on the Coming Boom in Natural Gas Prices,” Money Morning, 2013, http://moneymorning.com/2013/01/24/betting-on-the-coming-boom-in-natural-gas-prices/)
There is also something else happening this morning. Natural gas prices are moving up
AND
the price to about $6 by as early as 2015 or 2016. Maintaining low prices is key to economic growth
Pirog and Ratner, 12 November, Congressional Research Service, Natural Gas in the U.S. Economy: Opportunities for Growth Robert Pirog Specialist in Energy Economics Michael Ratner Specialist in Energy Policy, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42814.pdf Expanded supply, coupled with low natural gas prices, has the potential to contribute
AND
, would need to be changed to a more market-oriented method.
Uncertainty is undermining the industry – opening OCS lands for drilling alleviates these concerns
Hayward 11 (Stephen – K. Weyerhaeuser fellow at AEI, “The gas revolution”, 4/11, http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/conventional-energy/the-gas-revolution/)
When Andrew Liveris took over as CEO of Dow Chemical at the end of 2004
AND
been bit before by confident assurances that cheap gas was here to stay.
Robust domestic production is key to manufacturing growth—that’s the basis for economic recovery
Duesterberg, 12 Tom is Executive Director of the Manufacturing and Society in the
AND
from Indiana University, “Impact of the Energy Boom on US Manufacturing”,
http://www.aspeninstitute.org/about/blog/impact-energy-boom-us-manufacturing The manufacturing sector has been leading the US economic recovery since the end of the
AND
renewable energy—manufacturing uses 90 percent more renewables than the transportation sector.
Manufacturing loss cascades throughout the economy
Pisano and Shih, 12 September, Producing Prosperity: Why America Needs a Manufacturing Renaissance Kindle Edition, Harry E. Figgie Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. He has been on the Harvard faculty for 23 years, Professor of Management Practice. He joined the Technology and Operations Management Unit in January 2007, p. amazon kindle The rough and tumble of international competition means we should expect industries to come and
AND
the dominant source of the lithium ion battery cells used in electric vehicles.
Domestic manufacturing is key to overall resilience
Ettlinger, 11 Michael, Vice President for Economic Policy at the Center for¶ American Progress Prior to joining the Center, he spent six years at the Economic¶ Policy Institute directing the Economic Analysis and Research Network.¶ Previously, he was tax policy director for Citizens for Tax Justice and the Institute¶ on Taxation and Economic Policy for 11 years. He has also served on the staff of¶ the New York State Assembly. “The Importance and Promise¶ of American Manufacturing Why It Matters if We Make It in America and Where We Stand Today”, http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/04/pdf/manufacturing.pdf Manufacturing is critically important to the American economy. For generations,¶ the strength of
AND
to everything from¶ exchange rate fluctuations to trade embargoes to natural disasters. Econ decline causes war
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
Goes nuclear
Merlini 11
Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and
AND
World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130 Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism. Causes multiple scenarios for extinction
O’Hanlon 12 — Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan, served as special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Asia on the National Security Council, holds a Ph.D. from Columbia University, and Michael E. O'Hanlon, Director of Research and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institution, Visiting Lecturer at Princeton University, Adjunct Professor at Johns Hopkins University, holds a Ph.D. from Princeton University, 2012 (“The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt,” Los Angeles Times, July 10th, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon, Accessed 07-12-2012) Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries
AND
really possible if that fundamental prerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished.
Cooperative Federalism
Contention Two is Cooperative Federalism
Removing the offshore moratorium is key to reinvigorate cooperative federalism
Weaver 2 (Sierra B., Senior Staff Attorney with Expertise in Climate Change, Forests and Public Lands, and Marine Conservation – Defenders of Wildlife (Litigation Group in Washington, DC), “NOTE: Local Management of Natural Resources: Should Local Governments be Able to Keep Oil Out?,” The Harvard Environmental Law Review, 26 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 231, Lexis) *231 The system that governs offshore oil and natural gas development of
AND
of the government's legal duty to compensate oil companies for such breaches. n115
Rulings on federal lands are key -- sets a precedent that spills over
Comer 4 (Robert, D., Regional Solicitor in the Rocky Mountain Region – Department of the Interior, “Constitutional Conflicts on Public Lands: Cooperative Conservation: The Federalism Underpinnings to Public Involvement in the Management of Public Lands,” University of Colorado Law Review, Fall, 75 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1133, Lexis,
In contrast, individuals actively involved with on-the-ground public land management
AND
initiative, knowledge, and enthusiasm for locally based land management and protection.
Supreme Court is key – creates a trickle-down effect
Aroney 6 (Nicholas – Senior Lecturer in Law, T.C. Beirne School of Law and Fellow, Centre for Public, International and Comparative Law, The University of Queensland, Australia, “Formation, Representation and Amendment in Federal Constitutions”, 2006, lexis) A further complicating factor is that the powers allocated by the four constitutions under consideration
AND
solicitous of the interests of the States than it used to be. n100
Now is key – Court decisions clarify legal doctrine and set precedent
Burce 8 (Simon B. – Solicitations Editor, BOSTON COLLEGE ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS LAW REVIEW, 2007-08, “WILD RIVERS AND THE BOUNDARIES OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM: THE WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS ACT AND THE ALLAGASH WILDERNESS WATERWAY”, 2008, 35 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 77, lexis) The tradition of dividing power between the federal and state governments in environmental regulation traces
AND
of federal and state power when confronted with questions of statutory interpretation. n153
US Supreme Court decisions are modeled by Pakistan
Khan 11 (Amjad Mahmood, Senior Litigation Associate – Latham and Watkins LLP, Postgraduate Research Fellow – Harvard Law School, JD – Harvard Law School, “Misuse and Abuse of Legal Argument by Analogy in Transjudicial Communication: the Case of Zaheeruddin v. State,” Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 10(4), http://muslimwriters.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/khan_10-4-2.pdf)
This article explores the risks and limits of transjudicial communication. In particular, I
AND
originating and sharing courts recognize and acknowledge each other’s cross-citations. 14
Pakistani cooperative federalism over natural resources is key to prevent separatism and Taliban resurgence
Rais 9 (Dr Rasul Bakhsh Rais – Professor of Political Science in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, LUMS, , “The Balochistan Package; Redefining Federalism in Pakistan”, 2009, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andcad=rjaandved=0CCMQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumfed.org%2Fen%2Fpubs%2Fpakistan%2FBalochistan%2520Package%2520paper%2520DrBakhshRais%2520LUMSfinalDec09.docandei=hUuZUM3MOpTo9gTGzIDwBQandusg=AFQjCNFVJVwbn1RXEJ6OUzQYnuYMMzt-4Qandsig2=X4rfcoAc_tWOuVQqUZFmPw)
Introduction Federalism, the constitutional distribution of power between the centre and the provinces,
AND
provincial autonomy, empowerment and rights of the provinces over their natural resources?
Pakistan collapse causes global nuclear conflict – draws in China, India and Russia
Pitt 9 (William - a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence.", “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” 5/8, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183)
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
Pakistan’s economy is collapsing – federalist issues are key
Stokes 13 (Bruce – Director of Global Economic Attitudes, Pew Research Center, “Seeds of Unrest in Pakistan's Economy “, 2/7, http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/02/07/seeds-of-unrest-in-pakistans-economy/)
The news out of Pakistan is unrelentingly bad. Terrorist bombings have become a regular
AND
a warning sign of waning investor confidence and a deteriorating international economic situation.
Pakistan-modeled federalism promotes economic growth – solves terrorism and Indo-Pak nuclear war
Sokolski 9 (Henry, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, “PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR FUTURE: REINING IN THE RISK,” Strategic Studies Institute, December, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub963.pdf)
With any attempt to assess security threats, there is a natural tendency to focus
AND
and ethnic and religious groups, Washington is in no position to help.
Pakistani economic collapse causes nuclear and bio war
Walayat 10 (Nadeem, Editor – Market Oracle, “Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III”, The Market Oracle, 1-16, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html) During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930's Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War. Biowar causes extinction
Sandberg et al 8—Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. Ćirković—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.
Deterrence will fail
Perkovich, 11/13/2012 (George – Vice President for Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Non-Unitary Model And Deterrence Stability In South Asia, p. http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/13/non-unitary-model-and-deterrence-stability-in-south-asia/eihm#)
Social scientists have observed, of course, that complex systems such as states are
AND
“Normal” models of deterrence do not hold in such a situation.
Indo/Pak war goes nuclear
Hundley, 9/5/2012 (Tom – Pulitzer Center staff, Pakistan and India: Race to the End, Pulitzer Center, p. http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/pakistan-nuclear-weapons-battlefield-india-arms-race-energy-cold-war)
Nevertheless, military analysts from both countries still say that a nuclear exchange triggered by
AND
it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.
Plan
The United States federal judiciary should invalidate production restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas on the grounds that they violate the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. Solvency
Contention 3: Solvency
Offshore natural gas drilling is restricted on federal lands
New 12 (Bill, President – New Industires, *Offers Steel Fabrication Services to Offshore Drilling Projects, “Letters: New Leasing Plan a Step Backward,” The Advocate, 6-30-12, http://theadvocate.com/news/opinion/3484480-123/letters-new-leasing-plan-a)
In late June, the U.S. Department of the Interior released its
AND
happen if we enact legislation that allows us to open new offshore areas.
Court should overturn the OCS moratorium – they have already ruled against various OCS restrictions
Spakosvky and Loris 12 (Hans A. von Spakovsky is a Senior Legal Fellow in the Center for Legal and Judicial Studies, and Nicolas D. Loris is the Herbert and Joyce Morgan Fellow in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, “Offshore Drilling: Increase Access, Reduce the Risk, and Stop Hurting American Companies”, 8/13, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/08/offshore-drilling-increase-access-reduce-the-risk-and-stop-hurting-american-companies)
But while this sale was a positive development for American energy production, the Obama
AND
Ken Salazar, the Secretary of the Department of the Interior.3 . |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV | Judge: Nikolic, Osborn, Najor
Opensource below, we forgot to add-in the plan though The USFG should substantially increase contracts for coal to liquid fuels in the Department of Defense. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge: Nikolic, Osbourne, Najor
Emissions restrictions coming now- and cleaner alternatives aren’t feasible
Groom and Reddall 12
Nichola and Braden, Reuters, 11/7/12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usa-campaign-energy-companies-obama-idUSBRE8A60N920121107 Energy producers braced … Affiliates, a trade group.
Regulations destroy the economy
Ikenson and Pham 12
Daniel J. Ikenson is director of the Cato Institute’s Herbert A. Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies, Nam D. Pham is managing partner of ndp|consulting, a strategic research firm that specializes in economic analysis of public policy and legal issues, A Critical Review of the Benefits and Costs of EPA Regulations on the U.S. Economy, November 2012, http://www.nam.org/~/media/423A1826BF0747258F22BB9C68E31F8F.ashx
In 2010 and 2011, … of its estimates.
Collapses the global economy
Caploe 09
David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis IN THE aftermath … solved there too.
Econ decline causes war
ROYAL 10 Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense
Jedediah Royal, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 Less intuitive is … deserves more attention.
Goes nuclear
Merlini 11
Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World? DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2011.571015 Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Published in: journal Survival, Volume 53, Issue 2 April 2011 , pages 117 - 130 Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Download PDF Download PDF (357 KB) View Related Articles To cite this Article: Merlini, Cesare 'A Post-Secular World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130 Two neatly opposed … as unbridled nationalism. CCS key to prevent impact to regulations
EPA 10 – US Environmental Protection Agency
“Report of the Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage,” http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/downloads/CCS-Task-Force-Report-2010.pdf While CCS can be … technologies for export.
The plan is key to CCS – solves the impact to EPA regulations
Frodl 07
Michael, National Defense Magazine, 10/1/07, “USAF Synthetic Fuel Program Could Help Solve Unwanted Carbon Problem”, Vol. 92 Issue 647, p18-19 The Air Force is … stays at about $70. Combination with CTL is key – demonstration of CCS will spillover
Tarka et al 09
Thomas J. Tarka, P.E. U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory John G. Wimer U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Peter C. Balash U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Timothy J. Skone, P.E. U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Kenneth C. Kern U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Maria C. Vargas U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Bryan D. Morreale, Ph.D. U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Charles W. White III Noblis, Inc. David Gray Noblis, Inc., “ Affordable, Low-Carbon Diesel Fuel from Domestic Coal and Biomass”, January 14, 2009, http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/CBTL%20Final%20Report.pdf The CCS technology … of our nation. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge: Nikolic, Osbourne, Najor
High oil prices are inevitable and wreck air force budgets- developing alternative sources are key
Starosta 12
Gabe, Airforce Magazine, July 2012, http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2012/July%202012/0712fuel.aspx USAF faces a $1.3 billion … traditional jet fuel.
Oil volatility is inevitable and likely --- multiple shocks coming now
Clayton, 10/4/2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Real Reason Energy Traders Are Losing Sleep, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/the_real_reason_energy_traders_are_losing_sleep?page=full)
The potential for … anything OPEC does.
That collapses all air power capabilities – CTL development is key
Bartis et al 8 (James T. – Senior policy researcher at the RAND Corporation, Ph.D. in chemical physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sc.B. in chemistry, Brown University, Frank Camm – senior economist at the RAND Corporation, Ph.D. and A.M. in economics, University of Chicago; A.B. in economics, Princeton University, David S. Ortiz – Ph.D. in electrical engineering, M.S.E. in aerospace and mechanical engineering, University of Michigan, “Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal Prospects and Policy Issues”, 2008, http://www.rentechinc.com/pdfs/RAND_MG754.pdf)
The Military Perspective … federal policy framework. Restrictions on DOD CTL use undermines military strength – alternatives fail
IER 11 (Institute for Energy Research, “China’s Coal to Liquids Program Not Allowed in the United States”, 6/28, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2011/06/28/china%E2%80%99s-coal-to-liquids-program-not-allowed-in-the-united-states/)
Producing oil from … with conventional sources.
Approval of contracts is key – saves the air force
Price 09
Catherine, Popular Science, Flying the Coal-Fired Skies, Feb2009, Vol. 274, Issue 2 Yes, coal. The U.S. Air … on a jet airplane."
And we’d use the fuel
Snider 11 (Annie, EandE reporter, As Congress debates, Air Force stands ready for coal-to-liquid fuels, 7/29/11,
http://www.eenews.net/EEDaily/2011/07/29/archive/7?terms=liquid+coal) While a fierce battle … coal-based liquid fuels No tech barriers
Bartis et al 8 (James T. – Senior policy researcher at the RAND Corporation, Ph.D. in chemical physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sc.B. in chemistry, Brown University, Frank Camm – senior economist at the RAND Corporation, Ph.D. and A.M. in economics, University of Chicago; A.B. in economics, Princeton University, David S. Ortiz – Ph.D. in electrical engineering, M.S.E. in aerospace and mechanical engineering, University of Michigan, “Producing Liquid Fuels from Coal Prospects and Policy Issues”, 2008, http://www.rentechinc.com/pdfs/RAND_MG754.pdf)
Principal Findings U.S. … deposits in New Zealand (see pp. 24–25). Oil dependence causes enemy leverage over foreign policy- destroys leadership
Parthemore and Nagl 10
Christine Parthemore is a fellow at the Center for New American Security Dr. John Nagl is President of the Center for New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf, “Fueling the Future Force Preparing the Department of Defense for a Post-Petroleum Era” September 2010 The growing world demand … supply lines to opponents.
Defense costs prevents effective military power- reducing dependence on oil key
Sussman 12 (Michael Sussman, The writer conducted his graduate studies at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya. He served in the office of the Critic of International Cooperation in the Canadian House of Commons, where he conducted foreign policy analyses. He is currently the president of the strategic consulting firm Samuel Sussman Strategic Consulting Group. His forthcoming book is entitled, Multiple Modernities in the Contemporary Scene, “American military spending and oil dependency”, February 9, 2012) One of the most … not being implemented.
Air power key to Heg
Andres 13
Richard, professor of national security strategy at the U.S. National War College and senior fellow and the Institute for National Strategic Studies, Recapitalizing the U.S. Air Force: Pay Now, Or Pay Later, 3/18/13, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1397 America’s reputation for … defeat U.S. airpower Heg solves nuclear war
Brooks et al 13
Stephen G. Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College.G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University.William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College. “Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment”, Winter 2013, Vol. 37, No. 3, Pages 7-51, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/ISEC_a_00107 A core premise of deep … rather than shrinking. 85
Specifically, Airpower contains escalation to China and Korean wars
Haffa 12 (Robert P. – Director of the Northrop Grumman Analysis Center. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Academy, holds an M.A. degree from Georgetown University and a Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is an adjunct professor in the Government program at Johns Hopkins University, “Full-Spectrum Air Power: Building the Air Force America Needs”, 10/12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/10/full-spectrum-air-power-building-the-air-force-america-needs)
Chapter 2 The Principal Security … American and allied interests.
\
U.S. response to North Korea is key – solves nuclear war
TBO 13 (Tampa Bay Online, “Sensible response to North Korea,” 3-18-13,
http://www2.tbo.com/news/opinion/2013/mar/18/sensible-response-to-north-korea-ar-661950/) The United States … can't take that risk. Extinction
Hayes and Green 10 (Peter, Professor of International Relations – Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology and Director – Nautilus Institute, and Michael Hamel, Victoria University, “The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, Nautilus Institute Special Report, 1-5, http://www.nautil us.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)
At worst, there is the … the international community.
Chinese nationalism is inevitable- failure to contain escalation causes extinction
Lieven 12 (Anatol, Professor in the War Studies Department – King’s College (London), Senior Fellow – New America Foundation (Washington), “Avoiding US-China War,” New York Times, 6-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html)
Relations between the … to remain militarily present |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge: Nikolic, Najor, Osborn
EPA regulation decks the chemical industry
Trager 09
Rebecca, US correspondent for Research Europe, 4/29/09, http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/April/24040901.asp Chemical facilities could … says the agency.
Chemical industry solves extinction
Baum 99 (Rudy M., C%26EN Washington, Chemical and Engineering News, Millennium Special Report, 12-6, http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html- l)
Here is the fundamental … for humanity's basic and not-so-basic needs |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Hardy, Strauss, Stone
China – 1AC (1/6)
Advantage_: China
Senkaku conflict coming and escalation is likely.
Wittmeyer, 3/19/2013 (Alicia – assistant editor at Foreign Policy, Why Japan and China could accidentally end up at war, Foreign Policy, p. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/19/china_japan_accidental_war_islands)
Great. At a time when Chinese authorities seem to be making efforts to dial
AND
that these deliberate moves escalate beyond what either Japan or China is anticipating.
They escalate.
Auslin, 1/28/2013 (Michael – scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, The Sino-Japanese Standoff, National Review, p. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/338852/sinondashjapanese-standoff-michael-auslin?pg=2)
This Sino–Japanese standoff also is a problem for the United States, which
AND
, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II. China – 1AC (2/6)
Energy is the core issue.
Jackson, 1/31/2013 (Allison, The Senkaku Islands Dispute Is Forcing Japan to Rethink How It Trades With the World, Business Insider, p. http://www.businessinsider.com/diaoyu-dispute-hurts-sino-japanese-trade-2013-1)
Nevertheless, the dispute over the islands will continue to cause political and economic headaches
AND
in Washington, D.C, told National Geographic late last year.
Energy mercantilism intensifies rivalries and territorial disputes --- causes escalation.
Zhao, 12/7/2008 (Suisheng – Professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Executive Director of the Center for China-US Cooperation, University of Denver, China’s Global Search for Energy, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 49-4-08, p. http://japanfocus.org/-Suisheng-Zhao/2978)
China's energy competition and territorial disputes in the Asia-Pacific
China's state-centered approach towards energy security has led to a mercantilist strategy to
AND
tempestuous, should Beijing's energy imperative translate into aggressive tactics in border disputes.
China – 1AC (3/6)
Miscalculation is likely --- historical animosity prevents de-escalation.
He, 9/18/2012 (Yinan – expert on Sino-Japan relations, associate professor at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy, Seton Hall University, Nationalism and the China-Japan Island Disputes, Council on Foreign Relations, p. http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2012/09/18/nationalism-and-the-china-japan-island-disputes/)
In the past week mass protests against Japan’s nationalization of the disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku
AND
damage to China’s social stability and international image should the chaos drag on. China – 1AC (4/6)
Nuclear escalation is likely.
Fisher, 10/31/2011 (Max – associate editor at the Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War, The Atlantic, p. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/#slide1)
After 10 years of close but unproductive talks, the U.S. and
AND
Soviet mishaps of the 1980s -- is exactly what makes them so dangerous. China – 1AC (5/6)
Senkaku dispute causes rare earth cut-off --- that collapses Japan’s renewable and tech sectors.
Foxton, 9/18/2012 (Willard – investigative journalist for the Telegraph, Why the latest row between China and Japan is a nightmare for the tech industry, The Telegraph, p. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007708/why-the-latest-row-between-china-and-japan-is-a-nightmare-for-the-tech-industry/)
The mines at Baotao have slowed production in the light of the Diaoyou situation;
AND
. For all our sakes, let's hope this dispute is resolved quickly.
Extinction
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director – Program in International Relations and Canadian Studies Program – Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars – Mexico Institute, May, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/U.S.%20Mexico%20Cooperation%20in%20Renewable%20Energies.pdf)
It is by now common knowledge that the world is facing a climate change crisis
AND
alternative sources of energy is a crucial component of climate change mitigation strategies.
China – 1AC (6/6)
Independently, Chinese mercantilism causes Asian arms races.
Brandenburg , 3/24/2011 (Colonel James A. – United States Air Force, China’s Energy Insecurity and the South China Sea Dispute, USAWC Strategy Research Project, p. 6-7)
In 2010, China reasserted ownership to nearly 80 percent of the South China Sea
AND
energy supplies, this warrants special consideration in the geo-political realm.
Nuclear war
Cirincione 2000 (Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project – CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945. Oil Shocks – 1AC (1/8)
Advantage _: Oil Shocks
Oil volatility is inevitable and likely.
Clayton, 10/4/2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Real Reason Energy Traders Are Losing Sleep, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/the_real_reason_energy_traders_are_losing_sleep?page=full)
The potential for oil prices to shoot sharply higher or lower in the coming months
AND
unsettling to global energy markets in the months ahead than anything OPEC does.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (2/8)
The risk of Saudi oil infrastructure attacks high
Shauk, 3/25/2013 (Zain – Energy Reporter for the Houston Chronicle, Cyberattack risk high for oil and gas industry, Houston Chronicle, p. http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/Cyberattack-risk-high-of-oil-and-gas-industry-4379587.php)
In the months since a virus ripped through 30,000 of Saudi Aramco’s computers
AND
to deal with a high volume of threats, Al-Falih said.
That causes supply shocks.
Clayton, 11/9/2012 (Blake, The New Face of Energy Insecurity, The National Interest, p. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-new-face-energy-insecurity-7715)
The future of energy insecurity has arrived. In August, a devastating cyber attack
AND
a significant risk to the economic well-being of the United States.
Al Qaeda attacks on Algeria make oil shocks inevitable.
Wall Street Journal, 1/18/2013 (Poorly Secured Remote Energy Facilities Invite Terrorist Attacks, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323783704578250121106462696.html?mg=id-wsj)
The terrorist attack on a remote gas field in Algeria has underscored security risks facing
AND
supplies and have kept oil prices high despite years of sluggish economic growth.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (3/8)
Even a limited Hormuz shutdown causes spikes.
New York Times, 1/4/2012 (Oil Price Would Skyrocket if Iran Closed the Strait of Hormuz, p. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/business/oil-price-would-skyrocket-if-iran-closed-the-strait.html)
Energy analysts say even a partial blockage of the Strait of Hormuz could raise the
AND
a blockade might undermine some of those governments in an already unstable region.
Volatility collapses developing economies.
McNally and Levi, July/August 2011 (Robert – President of the Rapidan Group, served as Special Assistant to the President at the U.S. National Economic Council, Senior Director for International Energy at the U.S. National Security Council under President George W. Bush, and Michael – David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, A Crude Predicament, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
Greater oil price volatility will also bedevil macroeconomic policy officials and central bankers. Policymakers
AND
protection; in the worst cases, recent improvements might even be reversed. Oil Shocks –1AC (4/8)
That causes resentment and backlash --- escalates to nuclear war.
Goldstein 10 (Joshua, Professor of International Relations – American University, “Changing World Order – Engaging the South”, International Relations, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_goldstein_ir_7/38/9780/25 03754.cw/index.html)
In the last chapter’s “Changing World Order” section, there was mention of
AND
cooperation with the UN and other international institutions in the years to come.
Oil volatility collapses consumer confidence --- no time to adapt.
Levi, 3/19/2012 (Michael A. – Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, Hot to Handle Oil Price Volatility, p. http://www.cfr.org/united-states/handle-oil-price-volatility/p27667)
There is a myth, popular among both politicians and the public, that high
AND
government to use the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in order to buffer the market.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (5/8)
No econ resiliency --- collapsing confidence kills it.
Naroff, 11/11/2012 (Joel – president and chief economist of Naroff Economic Advisors Inc., "Fiscal cliff' poses risks of another recession, Philly Inquirer, p. http://www.philly.com/philly/business/20121111__quot_Fiscal_cliff__poses_risks_of_another_recession.html)
The problem with falling into another recession is that there are no policies left to
AND
Depression, and that is a risk most people don't want to take.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (6/8)
Supply shocks are distinct --- studies prove that they disrupt the economy.
Cashin et. al, 2012 (Paul – Research Department at the International Monetary Fund, Kamiar Mohaddes – Faculty of Economis and Girton College, University of Cambridge, Maziar Raissi – Department of Mathematical Sciences at George Mason University, and Mehdi Raissi, The Differential Effects of Oil Demand and Supply Shocks on the Global Economy, IMF Working Paper, p. 5-6)
We estimate the 38 individual VARX* models over the period 1979Q2–2011Q2.
AND
East, Africa and Latin America) as well as many developing countries.
Goes nuclear.
Merlini 11
Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and
AND
World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (7/8)
Studies prove that economic decline causes war.
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
U.S. decline alone causes nuclear great power wars.
Lieberthal and O’Hanlon, 7/10/2012 (Kenneth – Director of the John L. Thorton China Center, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and Michael – Senior Fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt, p. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon)
Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries
AND
regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (8/8)
Independently, oil volatility sparks great power war --- forces U.S. intervention and goes nuclear.
King, September 2008 (Neil, Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns, Center for a New American Security, p. 14-17)
Many commentators in the United States and abroad have begun to wrestle with the question
AND
risk increases that a scramble for assets in the Artic could turn nasty. Solvency – 1AC (1/5)
Contention _: Solvency
The SPR is vulnerable --- past drawdowns have not been replaced.
LaRochell, 4/24/2012 (Mark – manager of Information services at the Education and Research Service in Washington, D.C., The Debunker: Why Tapping the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is a Bad Idea, Human Events, p. http://www.humanevents.com/2012/04/24/the-debunker-why-tapping-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve-is-a-bad-idea/)
Last year, Obama released 30 million barrels of oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
AND
the risk of a serious shortage in the event of a real emergency.
More drawdowns coming.
Walsh, 3/16/2012 (Bryan – senior writer for TIME Magazine, Oil: Should President Obama Tap the Strategic Petroleum Reserve?, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2012/03/16/oil-should-president-obama-tap-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve/)
There’s little doubt that tapping the SPR would reduce gas prices in the short term
AND
like they are doing something. Now is Obama’s turn at the rite.
Only a full SPR gets credit in the market.
Beaubouef 2007 (Bruce A. – managing editor of Hart Publications, Ph.D. in history from the University of Houston, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005, p. 238)
In past energy crises, rising prices and uncertainty over future sup- ply have
AND
percent of U.S. daily petroleum consumption is far from negligible. Solvency – 1AC (2/5)
Perception of a strong and effective SPR controls market speculation and deters price spikes.
Clayton, 9/21/2012 (Blake – fellow for Energy and National security at the Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Needs Fixing–Fast, Council on Foreign Relations, p. http://www.cfr.org/energy/us-strategic-petroleum-reserve-needs-fixingfast/p29103)
Speculation among experts is rife that the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (
AND
of profound recent changes in the North American oil landscape, is critical.
A well-stocked SPR prevents U.S. military intervention.
Beaubouef 2007 (Bruce A. – managing editor of Hart Publications, Ph.D. in history from the University of Houston, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005, p. 221)
But the Arab oil-producing nations opposed and feared the IEA oil stockpiling programs
AND
the president “a card to play” before sending in the Marines. Solvency – 1AC (3/5)
Weak SPR increases pressure for conflict.
McNally and Levi, July/August 2011 (Robert – President of the Rapidan Group, served as Special Assistant to the President at the U.S. National Economic Council, Senior Director for International Energy at the U.S. National Security Council under President George W. Bush, and Michael – David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, A Crude Predicament, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
Low levels of spare capacity will also complicate U.S. foreign policy.
AND
if the United States and its allies released oil from their strategic reserves.
Only an unconditional and clear signal of SPR management solves.
Jaffe, 8/24/2012 (Amy – Wallace S. Wilson fellow for energy studies at Rice University’s Baker Institute, America’s Real Strategic Reserve, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/24/Saudi_Arabia_Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve?page=full)
There is no question that the United States should get more oil onto the market
AND
would also give America more freedom of maneuver in the new Middle East. Solvency – 1AC (4/5)
A purchase agreement guarantee generates enough oil to fill the SPR.
Fine, 4/26/2007 (Daniel – research associate at the Mining and Minerals Institute at MIT, energy expert at the New Mexico Center for Energy Policy, Oil Shale: Toward a Strategic Unconventional Fuels Supply Policy, p. http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/oil-shale-toward-a-strategic-unconventional-fuels-supply-policy)
The resource, again, is in the trillions of barrels of oil, and
AND
United States. That would mitigate historic market risk a century after discovery.
Solvency – 1AC (5/5)
Strong SPR management bolsters U.S. energy leverage --- that prevents Chinese energy mercantilism.
Victor July/August 2008 (David – Professor at Stanford Law School, Director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University, and Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Sarah – Research Associate in National Security at the Council on Foreign Relations, In the Tank, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
THE BETTER management of oil reserves in the United States could help with reserves worldwide
AND
limiting the effects of the crises that periodically convulse the world oil market. Uniqueness – 1AC (1/1)
Oil production is up.
Wall Street Journal, 1/18/2013 (U.S. Oil-Production Rise is Fastest Ever, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323468604578249621718888086.html?KEYWORDS=us+oil+production+rising)
U.S. oil production grew more in 2012 than in any year in
AND
, chemicals and sand at high pressures to break apart underground rock formations.
But doesn’t solve oil shocks.
Congressional Budget Office, May 2012 (Energy Security in the United States, p. http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/05-31-1colEnergySecurity.pdf)
Even if world oil prices declined as a result of increased U.S.
AND
the vulnerability of most consumers to disruptions in oil markets largely unchanged.38
DOE funding now
PennEnergy 3/11 (PennEnergy, Source: DOE, “DOE issues new funding opportunity for small modular reactors”, 2013, http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2013/03/doe-issues-new-funding-opportunity-for-small-modular-reactors.html)
As part of the Obama Administration’s all-of-the-above energy strategy
AND
452 million identified for the Department’s Small Modular Reactor Licensing Technical Support program. Plan – 1AC (1/1)
The United States Federal Government should offer a purchase agreement for crude oil produced in the United States in order to fill the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
Extra – Oil Wars Escalate
Oil conflict escalate
Klare 2002 (Michael – board of directors of the Arms Control Association, the National Council of the Federation of American Scientists, and the advisory board of the Arms Division of Human Rights Watch, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict, p. 27-29)
Of all the resources discussed in this book, none is more likely to provoke
AND
conflict, however minor, will automatically generate a risk of outside intervention.
An oil shock collapses consumer spending, causes inflation and raises interest rates --- that results in a global economic collapse.
Rubin, 1/26/2011 (Jeffrey – former chief economist at CIBC Word Market, How Do Oil Shocks Cause Recessions?, Huffington Post, p. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeffrey-rubin/how-do-oil-shocks-cause-r_b_813627.html)
There are many ways that oil shocks affect the economy, and none of them
AND
when we do, get ready for another oil-induced global recession. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
1AC
China – 1AC (1/6)
Advantage_: China
Senkaku conflict coming and escalation is likely.
Wittmeyer, 3/19/2013 (Alicia – assistant editor at Foreign Policy, Why Japan and China could accidentally end up at war, Foreign Policy, p. http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/19/china_japan_accidental_war_islands)
Great. At a time when Chinese authorities seem to be making efforts to dial
AND
that these deliberate moves escalate beyond what either Japan or China is anticipating.
They escalate.
Auslin, 1/28/2013 (Michael – scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, The Sino-Japanese Standoff, National Review, p. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/338852/sinondashjapanese-standoff-michael-auslin?pg=2)
This Sino–Japanese standoff also is a problem for the United States, which
AND
, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II. China – 1AC (2/6)
Energy is the core issue.
Jackson, 1/31/2013 (Allison, The Senkaku Islands Dispute Is Forcing Japan to Rethink How It Trades With the World, Business Insider, p. http://www.businessinsider.com/diaoyu-dispute-hurts-sino-japanese-trade-2013-1)
Nevertheless, the dispute over the islands will continue to cause political and economic headaches
AND
in Washington, D.C, told National Geographic late last year.
Energy mercantilism intensifies rivalries and territorial disputes --- causes escalation.
Zhao, 12/7/2008 (Suisheng – Professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Executive Director of the Center for China-US Cooperation, University of Denver, China’s Global Search for Energy, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 49-4-08, p. http://japanfocus.org/-Suisheng-Zhao/2978)
China's energy competition and territorial disputes in the Asia-Pacific
China's state-centered approach towards energy security has led to a mercantilist strategy to
AND
tempestuous, should Beijing's energy imperative translate into aggressive tactics in border disputes.
China – 1AC (3/6)
Miscalculation is likely --- historical animosity prevents de-escalation.
He, 9/18/2012 (Yinan – expert on Sino-Japan relations, associate professor at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy, Seton Hall University, Nationalism and the China-Japan Island Disputes, Council on Foreign Relations, p. http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2012/09/18/nationalism-and-the-china-japan-island-disputes/)
In the past week mass protests against Japan’s nationalization of the disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku
AND
damage to China’s social stability and international image should the chaos drag on. China – 1AC (4/6)
Nuclear escalation is likely.
Fisher, 10/31/2011 (Max – associate editor at the Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War, The Atlantic, p. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/#slide1)
After 10 years of close but unproductive talks, the U.S. and
AND
Soviet mishaps of the 1980s -- is exactly what makes them so dangerous. China – 1AC (5/6)
Senkaku dispute causes rare earth cut-off --- that collapses Japan’s renewable and tech sectors.
Foxton, 9/18/2012 (Willard – investigative journalist for the Telegraph, Why the latest row between China and Japan is a nightmare for the tech industry, The Telegraph, p. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/willardfoxton2/100007708/why-the-latest-row-between-china-and-japan-is-a-nightmare-for-the-tech-industry/)
The mines at Baotao have slowed production in the light of the Diaoyou situation;
AND
. For all our sakes, let's hope this dispute is resolved quickly.
Extinction
Wood 10 (Duncan, Director – Program in International Relations and Canadian Studies Program – Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, “Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars – Mexico Institute, May, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/U.S.%20Mexico%20Cooperation%20in%20Renewable%20Energies.pdf)
It is by now common knowledge that the world is facing a climate change crisis
AND
alternative sources of energy is a crucial component of climate change mitigation strategies.
China – 1AC (6/6)
Independently, Chinese mercantilism causes Asian arms races.
Brandenburg , 3/24/2011 (Colonel James A. – United States Air Force, China’s Energy Insecurity and the South China Sea Dispute, USAWC Strategy Research Project, p. 6-7)
In 2010, China reasserted ownership to nearly 80 percent of the South China Sea
AND
energy supplies, this warrants special consideration in the geo-political realm.
Nuclear war
Cirincione 2000 (Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project – CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945. Oil Shocks – 1AC (1/8)
Advantage _: Oil Shocks
Oil volatility is inevitable and likely.
Clayton, 10/4/2012 (Blake – fellow for energy and national security at the Council on Foreign Relations, The Real Reason Energy Traders Are Losing Sleep, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/03/the_real_reason_energy_traders_are_losing_sleep?page=full)
The potential for oil prices to shoot sharply higher or lower in the coming months
AND
unsettling to global energy markets in the months ahead than anything OPEC does.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (2/8)
The risk of Saudi oil infrastructure attacks high
Shauk, 3/25/2013 (Zain – Energy Reporter for the Houston Chronicle, Cyberattack risk high for oil and gas industry, Houston Chronicle, p. http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/Cyberattack-risk-high-of-oil-and-gas-industry-4379587.php)
In the months since a virus ripped through 30,000 of Saudi Aramco’s computers
AND
to deal with a high volume of threats, Al-Falih said.
That causes supply shocks.
Clayton, 11/9/2012 (Blake, The New Face of Energy Insecurity, The National Interest, p. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-new-face-energy-insecurity-7715)
The future of energy insecurity has arrived. In August, a devastating cyber attack
AND
a significant risk to the economic well-being of the United States.
Al Qaeda attacks on Algeria make oil shocks inevitable.
Wall Street Journal, 1/18/2013 (Poorly Secured Remote Energy Facilities Invite Terrorist Attacks, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323783704578250121106462696.html?mg=id-wsj)
The terrorist attack on a remote gas field in Algeria has underscored security risks facing
AND
supplies and have kept oil prices high despite years of sluggish economic growth.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (3/8)
Even a limited Hormuz shutdown causes spikes.
New York Times, 1/4/2012 (Oil Price Would Skyrocket if Iran Closed the Strait of Hormuz, p. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/business/oil-price-would-skyrocket-if-iran-closed-the-strait.html)
Energy analysts say even a partial blockage of the Strait of Hormuz could raise the
AND
a blockade might undermine some of those governments in an already unstable region.
Volatility collapses developing economies.
McNally and Levi, July/August 2011 (Robert – President of the Rapidan Group, served as Special Assistant to the President at the U.S. National Economic Council, Senior Director for International Energy at the U.S. National Security Council under President George W. Bush, and Michael – David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, A Crude Predicament, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
Greater oil price volatility will also bedevil macroeconomic policy officials and central bankers. Policymakers
AND
protection; in the worst cases, recent improvements might even be reversed. Oil Shocks –1AC (4/8)
That causes resentment and backlash --- escalates to nuclear war.
Goldstein 10 (Joshua, Professor of International Relations – American University, “Changing World Order – Engaging the South”, International Relations, http://wps.ablongman.com/long_goldstein_ir_7/38/9780/25 03754.cw/index.html)
In the last chapter’s “Changing World Order” section, there was mention of
AND
cooperation with the UN and other international institutions in the years to come.
Oil volatility collapses consumer confidence --- no time to adapt.
Levi, 3/19/2012 (Michael A. – Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, Hot to Handle Oil Price Volatility, p. http://www.cfr.org/united-states/handle-oil-price-volatility/p27667)
There is a myth, popular among both politicians and the public, that high
AND
government to use the Strategic Petroleum Reserve in order to buffer the market.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (5/8)
No econ resiliency --- collapsing confidence kills it.
Naroff, 11/11/2012 (Joel – president and chief economist of Naroff Economic Advisors Inc., "Fiscal cliff' poses risks of another recession, Philly Inquirer, p. http://www.philly.com/philly/business/20121111__quot_Fiscal_cliff__poses_risks_of_another_recession.html)
The problem with falling into another recession is that there are no policies left to
AND
Depression, and that is a risk most people don't want to take.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (6/8)
Supply shocks are distinct --- studies prove that they disrupt the economy.
Cashin et. al, 2012 (Paul – Research Department at the International Monetary Fund, Kamiar Mohaddes – Faculty of Economis and Girton College, University of Cambridge, Maziar Raissi – Department of Mathematical Sciences at George Mason University, and Mehdi Raissi, The Differential Effects of Oil Demand and Supply Shocks on the Global Economy, IMF Working Paper, p. 5-6)
We estimate the 38 individual VARX* models over the period 1979Q2–2011Q2.
AND
East, Africa and Latin America) as well as many developing countries.
Goes nuclear.
Merlini 11
Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and
AND
World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (7/8)
Studies prove that economic decline causes war.
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
U.S. decline alone causes nuclear great power wars.
Lieberthal and O’Hanlon, 7/10/2012 (Kenneth – Director of the John L. Thorton China Center, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and Michael – Senior Fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence, director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, The Real National Security Threat: America's Debt, p. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon)
Lastly, American economic weakness undercuts U.S. leadership abroad. Other countries
AND
regions will likely become less stable. Major war will become more likely.
Oil Shocks – 1AC (8/8)
Independently, oil volatility sparks great power war --- forces U.S. intervention and goes nuclear.
King, September 2008 (Neil, Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns, Center for a New American Security, p. 14-17)
Many commentators in the United States and abroad have begun to wrestle with the question
AND
risk increases that a scramble for assets in the Artic could turn nasty. Solvency – 1AC (1/5)
Contention _: Solvency
The SPR is vulnerable --- past drawdowns have not been replaced.
LaRochell, 4/24/2012 (Mark – manager of Information services at the Education and Research Service in Washington, D.C., The Debunker: Why Tapping the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is a Bad Idea, Human Events, p. http://www.humanevents.com/2012/04/24/the-debunker-why-tapping-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve-is-a-bad-idea/)
Last year, Obama released 30 million barrels of oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
AND
the risk of a serious shortage in the event of a real emergency.
More drawdowns coming.
Walsh, 3/16/2012 (Bryan – senior writer for TIME Magazine, Oil: Should President Obama Tap the Strategic Petroleum Reserve?, Time, p. http://science.time.com/2012/03/16/oil-should-president-obama-tap-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve/)
There’s little doubt that tapping the SPR would reduce gas prices in the short term
AND
like they are doing something. Now is Obama’s turn at the rite.
Only a full SPR gets credit in the market.
Beaubouef 2007 (Bruce A. – managing editor of Hart Publications, Ph.D. in history from the University of Houston, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005, p. 238)
In past energy crises, rising prices and uncertainty over future sup- ply have
AND
percent of U.S. daily petroleum consumption is far from negligible. Solvency – 1AC (2/5)
Perception of a strong and effective SPR controls market speculation and deters price spikes.
Clayton, 9/21/2012 (Blake – fellow for Energy and National security at the Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Needs Fixing–Fast, Council on Foreign Relations, p. http://www.cfr.org/energy/us-strategic-petroleum-reserve-needs-fixingfast/p29103)
Speculation among experts is rife that the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (
AND
of profound recent changes in the North American oil landscape, is critical.
A well-stocked SPR prevents U.S. military intervention.
Beaubouef 2007 (Bruce A. – managing editor of Hart Publications, Ph.D. in history from the University of Houston, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005, p. 221)
But the Arab oil-producing nations opposed and feared the IEA oil stockpiling programs
AND
the president “a card to play” before sending in the Marines. Solvency – 1AC (3/5)
Weak SPR increases pressure for conflict.
McNally and Levi, July/August 2011 (Robert – President of the Rapidan Group, served as Special Assistant to the President at the U.S. National Economic Council, Senior Director for International Energy at the U.S. National Security Council under President George W. Bush, and Michael – David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, A Crude Predicament, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
Low levels of spare capacity will also complicate U.S. foreign policy.
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if the United States and its allies released oil from their strategic reserves.
Only an unconditional and clear signal of SPR management solves.
Jaffe, 8/24/2012 (Amy – Wallace S. Wilson fellow for energy studies at Rice University’s Baker Institute, America’s Real Strategic Reserve, Foreign Policy, p. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/24/Saudi_Arabia_Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve?page=full)
There is no question that the United States should get more oil onto the market
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would also give America more freedom of maneuver in the new Middle East. Solvency – 1AC (4/5)
A purchase agreement guarantee generates enough oil to fill the SPR.
Fine, 4/26/2007 (Daniel – research associate at the Mining and Minerals Institute at MIT, energy expert at the New Mexico Center for Energy Policy, Oil Shale: Toward a Strategic Unconventional Fuels Supply Policy, p. http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/oil-shale-toward-a-strategic-unconventional-fuels-supply-policy)
The resource, again, is in the trillions of barrels of oil, and
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United States. That would mitigate historic market risk a century after discovery.
Solvency – 1AC (5/5)
Strong SPR management bolsters U.S. energy leverage --- that prevents Chinese energy mercantilism.
Victor July/August 2008 (David – Professor at Stanford Law School, Director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University, and Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Sarah – Research Associate in National Security at the Council on Foreign Relations, In the Tank, Foreign Affairs, p. EBSCO Host)
THE BETTER management of oil reserves in the United States could help with reserves worldwide
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limiting the effects of the crises that periodically convulse the world oil market. Uniqueness – 1AC (1/1)
Oil production is up.
Wall Street Journal, 1/18/2013 (U.S. Oil-Production Rise is Fastest Ever, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323468604578249621718888086.html?KEYWORDS=us+oil+production+rising)
U.S. oil production grew more in 2012 than in any year in
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, chemicals and sand at high pressures to break apart underground rock formations.
Solvency – Heavy Crude 1AC
Filling the SPR with heavy crude bolsters its effectiveness by improving compatibility with refineries.
Government Accountability Office, 2/26/2008 (Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Options to Improve the Cost-Effectiveness of Filling the Reserve, p. 5-6)
Including heavier oil would have the additional benefit of making the composition of SPR oil
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maximum volume of heavy oil that could be effectively put in the reserve.
That solves both management and effectiveness of the SPR.
Shages, 9/8/2008 (John, D. – former deputy assistant secretary for petroleum reserves at the Department of Energy, Obama Has a Plan To Manage Our Oil Reserve, Wall Street Journal, p. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122083244190708517.html?mod=opinion_main_commentaries)
Fortunately, we do not have to resolve these philosophical differences. Instead, we
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for the other could bring in about $1 billion at today's prices.
Plan
The United States Federal Government should acquire, through a purchase agreement, heavy crude oil produced in the United States necessary to fill the Reserve. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
Financial Incentive 2AC
Counter-interpretation --- financial incentive is the disbursement of funds to influence behavior --- that sets the best limit.
Webb 93 (Dr. Kernaghan, Associate Professor of Law and Business – Ryerson University's Ted Rogers School of Management, Adjunct Research Professor – School of Public Policy and Administration and Department of Law –Carleton University, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives,” Alta Law Review, 31 Alta L. Rev 501-535, Hein Online, p.505-6)
In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements of public
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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.
Predictable --- it’s the government’s definition.
Waxman et. al, October 1998 (Seth – Solicitor General at the Department of Justice, Frank W. Hunger – Assistant Attorney General at the Department of Justice, David M. Cohen – Attorney at the Department of Justice, and Mark Melnick – Attorney at the Department of Justice, Harbert/Lumms Agrifuels Projects, et al., v. United States America on Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Courts of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Brief for the United States in Opposition, p. http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)
2 On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with
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or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
1NC US/EU Relations
US-EU ties resilient
Dennison 13 -- fellow at the London-based think tank, the European Council on Foreign Relations (Susi, 2/22/2013, "Kerry's first trip gives clues on EU-US relations," http://euobserver.com/opinion/119168) When US leader Barack Obama first announced, in autumn 2011, that he was
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play a serious negotiation and co-ordination role in advancing EU policy.
Impact D
No impact—multiple reasons
Mueller 10 John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could potentially, if thus far only in
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then effective dispersal could easily be disrupted by unfavorable environmental and meteorological conditions. Immigration NU
Agenda’s dead and everything thumps
Delamaide 3-27 (Darrell, “Obama gains no traction on fiscal, economic fronts,” Market Watch, 2013, http://articles.marketwatch.com/2013-03-27/commentary/38051670_1_obama-gains-climate-change-second-term) President Barack Obama’s second term is only two months old, but it may not
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victory, it’s hard to imagine anything like real change from this administration.
Gun control thumps
Murray 3-28 (Mark, “First Thoughts: Obama jumps back into the gun debate,” NBC News, http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite) Obama jumps back into the gun debate: With some GOP senators vowing to filibuster
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that’s what makes for good legislation. It’s compromise that brings everybody together.”
Not intrinsic – rational policymaker can do the plan and pass immigration – k2 effective decision-making
Debt ceiling thumps
Parkinson 3-21 (John, “Budget and Funding Done but Debt Limit Battle Brewing,” ABC News, 3-21, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/03/budget-and-funding-done-but-debt-limit-battle-brewing/) After the House of Representatives passed a budget and a stop-gap measure to fund the government through the end of the fiscal year today, Congress is now poised to turn its attention to a fresh battle over a looming debt limit increase. Politics – Obama Good 2AC
A logical policy-maker would do the plan and pass .
GOP loves the plan
United Press International, 7/1/2011 (Plan for refilling strategic oil reserves?, p. http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2011/07/01/Plan-for-refilling-strategic-oil-reserves/UPI-28661309537073/)
A group of Republican lawmakers have called on President Obama to release a plan on how the administration intends to refill the U.S. emergency oil stockpile. They denounced Obama's June 23 decision to provide half of the 60 million barrels released by International Energy Agency countries in response to the disruption of Libyan sweet crude, saying it raises "serious concerns" about the administration's energy policy.
GOP wants more oil production for the SPR
Rampton 12 (Roberta, “US Republicans seek drilling boost if oil reserves tapped”, 3/28, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/28/us-oil-reserves-congress-idUSBRE82R1HI20120328)
(Reuters) - Republicans in the U.S. Congress are proposing measures
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U.S. oil production offshore and in protected areas of Alaska.
Winners win.
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)
Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president's spirit
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can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them.
Capital fails
Edwards, 12 (George C., Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas AandM University. editor of Presidential Studies Quarterly and holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies in the Bush School, Overreach: Leadership in the Obama Presidency, p. 1-2)
In 2008, America suffered from war and economic crisis. Partisan polarization was extraordinarily
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change in their environments carefully and orchestrate existing and potential support skillfully.3
IEA – 2AC
Extinction
Kissinger, 10/14/2009 (Henry – recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, former National Security Advisor for Nixon and Secretary of State for Ford, The Future Role of the IEA, p. http://www.henryakissinger.com/speeches/101409.html)
In many ways we are confronted with a parallel, albeit broader, challenge to
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outdated, irrelevant, and unable to effectively accomplish even its historical objectives. -- Mutual economic ties check trade wars
Ahearn 7 (Raymond J., Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division – Congressional Research Service, “Trade Conflict and the U.S.-European Union Economic Relationship”, 4-11, http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RL30732.pdf) Foreign Policy Conflict Unlike traditional trade conflicts, foreign policy inspired trade squabbles tend to
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of a transatlantic agreement to treat these issues in a more consistent fashion.
Cyber Terror
No risk of cyberattack and no impact if it does happen
Birch, 10/1/12 – former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy (Douglas, “Forget Revolution.” Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full)
"That's a good example of what some kind of attacks would be like,"
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even terror groups have to factor in potential retaliation when planning their operations. A2: Democrats Link – Oil
Obama supports oil now
Kling 13
Michael, Money News, Wash. Post: Democrats Should Follow Obama's Lead on Shale Oil, 2/17/13, http://www.moneynews.com/StreetTalk/Democrats-Obama-Shale-Oil/2013/02/17/id/490763 Praising the natural gas boom in his State of the Union address, Obama said
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extracting gas much cleaner, and his administration has gone about writing them." |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge: Generic K 2ac - Framework- the role of the ballot is to weigh the plan against a competitive policy option
Net benefits-
First- Fairness- they moot the entirety of the 1ac, makes it impossible to be affirmative
Second – Education- Policy education is good- it teaches future decisionmaking
K doesn’t come first
Owens 2002 (David – professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning, Millenium, p. 655-657)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises. Third- Their framework is a rigged game and should be rejected – non falsifiable
Robinson 2004 (Andrew, Postgraduate student, School of Politics at the University of Nottingham, BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, v6, p. 251)
As should by now be clear, the central claims of Lacanian theory are ontological
AND
(in Butler, Laclau and Zizek 2000, 1999, original emphasis). They make debating impossible, without a nod to rationality, not desire it is impossible to judge or evaluate the very claims they advance
Roger Solt, Debate Coach at the University of Kentucky, Demystifying the Critique, 1993, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Solt1993Health.htm The critique of rationality provides another good example of why critiques are likely not to
AND - life requires that we act and judge with some degree of uncertainty.
They link to their kritik – politics da Nuclear war precedes the kritik
Bok 88
(Sissela, Professor of Philosophy at Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Rosenthal and Shehadi, Ed.)
The same argument can be made for Kant’s other formulations of the Categorical Imperative:
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post a strong challenge to the unity and simplicity of Kant’s moral theory. 2. Science disproves the k
Bunge 10 (Mario, philosopher at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, “Should Psychoanalysis Be in the Science Museum?” http://stirling-westrup-tt.blogspot.com/2010/11/tt-ns-2780-robert-bud-and-mario-bunge.html We should congratulate the Science Museum for setting up an exhibition on psychoanalysis. Exposure
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than a century, in contrast with scientific psychology, which is thriving. 3. Case outweighs - by saying our impacts are constructed, they never take actions to solve them –repressing fears causes them to occur
Joanna Macy General Systems Scholar and Deep Ecologist 95, Ecopsychology There is also the superstition that negative thoughts are self-fulfilling. This is
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holocaust is often made to feel guilty of contributing to that very fate. And wouldn’t be laughable – congressman say we must do something to prevent oil shocks all the time
4. Permutation- do both – that solves
Sharpe, 2002 (Matthew, recently submitted a doctoral thesis, "The Critical Theory of Slavoj Zizek," al the University of Melbourne, CULTURAL LOGIC: AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF MARXIST THEORY AND PRACTICE, November 15, http://eserver.oi,g/clogic/2002/sharpe.html) 38.1 hope now to have defended the two contentions I announced in my
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, if we are stuck in a deleteriouslv transferential relationship with Lacanian theory.
5. Our threats aren’t constructed- our 1ac authors have done significant research to determine that they are real- at worst the alt can’t solve- which means err aff on uniqueness
Robinson, 2005 (Andrew, PhD in political theory, University of Nottingham, THEORY AND EVENT, v8, nl) It is in this pragmatism that the ambiguity of Lacanian political theory resides, for
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, nothing is to limit the practical consideration of tactics by dominant elites.
Traverse the Fantasy – 2AC
Our specific fantasy is correct – and not the totalizing image that enables violence
Tuathail 00 (Gearoid O., Associate Professor of Political Geography – Virginia Tech University, Geopolitics at the Millennium, Paranoid Fantasies and Technological Fundamentalism Amidst the Contradictions of Contemporary Modernity) History indicates that the everyday practice of geopolitics is often motivated and given meaning by
AND
, it happens, do not have a bad record at all.31 Turn – they give up on any hope of progress
Tallis 97 (Raymond, Professor of Medicine – University of Manchester, Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, p. 379-380) This is a deeply disturbing conclusion, not simply because we can¬not live without explicitly
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must take account of the fears that the spectre of Utopia awaken.' The impact is extinction
Tallis 97 (Raymond, Professor of Medicine – University of Manchester, Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, p. 406-409) There may be some who feel that the 'ancient prescriptions' ask too much of mankind
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pov¬erty of spirit and meanness of mind will not have the last word.
Case turns the impact – short-term violence triggers social anxiety and the impulse for exclusion
Robinson 4 (Andrew, Early Career Fellow in the School of Politics – University of Nottingham, “The Politics of Lack”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6) An even more crucial problem arises because the institutions of liberal democracy do not map
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all spheres of society to the imperative of organisation’ (ibid., 79) Traversing the fantasy fails
Robinson and Tormey, 2005 (Andrew, Doctoral student, school of Politics; Simon, teaches in the school of Politics and Critical Theory, University of Nottingham, THESIS ELEVEN, n80, February, p. 100-102)
Zizek uses an example Irom the film The UsualSuspects where the hero shoots his family
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Zizek claims the Bolshevik oarty did, via the Stalinist purges (1997c). Their alternative does nothing to effectively challenge ideologies – the real fantasy is the myth of critical theory they use to support a fictional theoretical activism
Nicol, 2001 (Bran, Lecturer in the school of English at University College - Chichester, PARAGRAPH, July, v24, n2, p. 152-3)
Perhaps there is a note of anxiety in all the compulsive energy of Zizek’s project
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, as Hannibal Lecter might say, is no more than a fantasy. Truth Good: 2AC Descriptions of objective reality are necessary to combat all social ills – literally every progressive movement in the past 100 years has relied on de-mystification
Alan D. Sokal, Department of Physics, New York University, A PHYSICIST EXPERIMENTS WITH CULTURAL STUDIES, 1996, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html
Why did I do it? While my method was satirical, my motivation is
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, economics and politics if we reject the notions of truth and falsity. Link Defense
Turn: Strategic alteration within the frame of zero-sum identity relationships between the U.S.-China-and Taiwan is the only way to improve tolerance and trust. Alternative’s attempt to wish away conflicting identities and goals fails.
Jennifer STERLING-FOLKER Poli Sci @ Connecticut (Stamford) AND Rosemary SHINKO IR @ Connecticut (Stamford) ‘5 “Discourses of Power: Traversing the Realist-Postmodern Divide” Millennium 33 (3) p. 658-660 Granting that postmodernism is seeking out the sources for radical change in and of the
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namely, history), and what remains the same (namely, structure). FW K2 Activism
Policy simulation key to creativity and decisionmaking—the cautious detachment that they criticize is key to its revolutionary benefits
Eijkman 12
The role of simulations in the authentic learning for national security policy development: Implications for Practice / Dr. Henk Simon Eijkman. electronic resource http://nsc.anu.edu.au/test/documents/Sims_in_authentic_learning_report.pdf. Dr Henk Eijkman is currently an independent consultant as well as visiting fellow at the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy and is Visiting Professor of Academic Development, Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering and Technology in India. As a sociologist he developed an active interest in tertiary learning and teaching with a focus on socially inclusive innovation and culture change. He has taught at various institutions in the social sciences and his work as an adult learning specialist has taken him to South Africa, Malaysia, Palestine, and India. He publishes widely in international journals, serves on Conference Committees and editorial boards of edited books and international journal Policy simulations stimulate Creativity Participation in policy games has proved to be a highly effective
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set of meanings and beliefs to guide the policy process in the desired direction |
