Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Adv 1
Advantage 1 is islanding
current DOD efforts at getting off the grid fail because of lack of coordination.

GAO ‘09
(Government Accountability Office, “Defense Critical Infrastructure:” http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/297169.html, SEH)

DOD's most critical assets are vulnerable to disruptions in electrical ¶ power supplies, but
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addressing the vulnerabilities of its most critical assets to ¶ electrical power disruptions.
Grid failure guaranteed soon

Huff ‘12
(Ethan A, staff writer at natural news “Hacking expert says catastrophic failure of smart energy grid within 3 year” http://usahitman.com/hcfseg/, SEH)

For at least the past five years, the federal government has been pushing utility
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Internet, and effectively without any protection, is insanity at its finest.”
Grid will go down- four reasons

Defense Science Board ‘08
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, “More Fight – Less Fuel” http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

5.3  Four Sources of Risk for Grid Outages ¶ The first risk is
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controls used by other forms ¶ of energy, notably oil and gas.  
Scenario 1 is Bioterror.
Grid outage risks terrorism - takes out surveillance

Defense Science Board ‘08
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, “More Fight – Less Fuel” http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

DoD’s key problem with electricity is that critical missions, such as national strategic ¶
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of their missions is as important as ¶ within the U.S.
Surveillance key to stop bioterror – Characterize and effective response

National Strategy for Biosurveillance ‘12
(National Strategy for Biosurveillance, July 31, 2012 Accessed online August 24, 2012 at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/National_Strategy_for_Biosurveillance_July_2012.pdf)

A well-integrated, national biosurveillance enterprise is a national security imperative . Our
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vital role within an international ¶ network of biosurveillance centers across the globe.
Terrorists can obtain Bio-weapons and will use them – Syria Demise

Blair ‘12
(Charles P. Blair joined FAS in June 2010. He is the Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats. Born and raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Mr. Blair was an exchange student in Moscow in the mid-1980s, witnessing firsthand the closing salvos of the Cold War. Since the end of that era, Mr. Blair has worked on issues relating to the diffusion and diversification of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the context of proliferation amid the rise of mass casualty terrorism incidents and the centripetal and centrifugal elements of globalization. Mr. Blair’s work focuses on state and violent non-state actors (VNSA) – amid a dystopic and increasingly tribal world. “Fearful of a nuclear Iran? The real WMD nightmare is Syria” 1 MARCH 2012 accessed online August 22, 2012 at http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/fearful-of-nuclear-iran-the-real-wmd-nightmare-syria)

As possible military action against Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program looms large in the public
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political or religious persuasion, in the Middle East and around the world.
Bioterror sweeps the planet – psychological, economic impact and ease of spread

Lilliefors ‘12
(James Lilliefors is a longtime journalist and writer, Lilliefors has written frequently for the Washington Post, the Miami Herald, The Boston Globe and the Baltimore Sun. He started his journalism career as a writer and editor for Runner's World magazine and worked for many years as a newspaper editor and reporter, in Maryland and in Florida, winning a number of reporting awards. He also has extensively explored the issue of biological weapons research in his novel Viral.  “Bio-weapons 40 years later: Are we any safer?” APRIL 10, 2012 accessed online August 25, 2012 at http://www.sohopress.com/bio-weapons-40-years-later-are-we-any-safer/442/)

As many as a dozen other nations have pursued or developed offensive biological weapons programs
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it’s a pandemic like H1N1 or a terrorist threat or a terrible disease.”
Scenario 2 is Command and Control
Electrical grid most likely military attack

Merica 7/27
(Dan, CNN security blog, BA in Global Studies, “DoD official: Vulnerability of U.S. electrical grid is a dire concern” http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/27/dod-official-vulnerability-of-u-s-electrical-grid-is-a-dire-concern/

Speaking candidly at the Aspen Security Forum, one defense department official expressed great concern
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, the critical infrastructure that is not owned by the Department of Defense.”
Grid outage takes out command and control undermines military risking nuclear war

The Examiner 7/27
(Robert Tilford, Graduate US Army Airborne School, Ft. Benning, Georgia, “Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast” http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa, SEH)

To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, for example could also cripple the U.S. military.¶ The senator notes that is that the same power grids that supply cities and towns, stores and gas stations, cell towers and heart monitors also power “every military base in our country.”¶ “Although bases would be prepared to weather a short power outage with backup diesel generators, within hours, not days, fuel supplies would run out”, he said.¶ Which means military command and control centers could go dark.¶ Radar systems that detect air threats to our country would shut¶ Down completely.¶ “Communication between commanders and their troops would also go silent. And many weapons systems would be left without either fuel or electric power”, said Senator Grassley.¶ “So in a few short hours or days, the mightiest military in the world would be left scrambling to maintain base functions”, he said.¶ We contacted the Pentagon and officials confirmed the threat of a cyber attack is something very real.¶ Top national security officials—including the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Director of the National Security Agency, the Secretary of Defense, and the CIA Director— have said, “preventing a cyber attack and improving the nation’s electric grids is among the most urgent priorities of our country” (source: Congressional Record).¶ So how serious is the Pentagon taking all this?¶ Enough to start, or end a war over it, for sure (see video: Pentagon declares war on cyber attacks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kVQrp_D0kYandfeature=relmfu ).¶ A cyber attack today against the US could very well be seen as an “Act of War” and could be met with a “full scale” US military response.¶ That could include the use of “nuclear weapons”, if authorized by the President.

Absence of command signals causes satellite malfunction

Coleman, ‘10
(Kevin Coleman, Defense Tech Chief Cyber War Correspondent, Cyber War = Space War, March 1st, 2010, http://defensetech.org/2010/03/01/cyber-war-space-war/#ixzz1948Fvj1r )

While the satellite broadband market slowed in 2009 because of the poor economy, it
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and are integrated with and dependent on communication satellite systems in outer space.
Satellites are key to heg

Martin ‘10
(Donald, Employee of the Aerospace Corporation, A History of US Military Satellite Communication Systems, Aerospace Corporation Magazine, http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/01.html, )

U.S. military satellite communications have improved and expanded greatly over the past four decades, from SCORE through DSCS III, UFO, and Milstar. Capabilities have grown dramatically with the development of satellite and electronics technologies. Higher-power and wider-bandwidth satellites have enabled increased information transmission to an ever-wider assortment of terminal types deployed with an increasing number and variety of military units. Throughout this history, and now, Aerospace has been involved in every phase of development and deployment of DOD satellite communication systems, from concept development and requirements definition through design and test reviews to launch preparations and on-orbit testing and operations. Aerospace regularly applies lessons learned in the course of one program to all DOD satellite programs. As military satellite communication systems improve, they continue to provide information superiority to the U.S. military. This enables our military forces to remain dominant in the increasing speed and diversity of their actions during times of peace as well as times of conflict.
Hege collapse causes global instability

Kagan ‘12
[Robert Kagan is a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution and a columnist for The Washington Post. “Not fade away: the myth of American decline.” http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism?page=0,0andpassthru=ZDkyNzQzZTk3YWY3YzE0OWM5MGRiZmIwNGQwNDBiZmI ETB]

Is the United States in decline, as so many seem to believe these days
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, if it is real, will mean a different world for everyone.
Cyber deterrence fails

Gelinas ‘10
(Ryan Richard, thesis for Master of Arts¶ in Security Studies from Georgetown, “CYBERDETERRENCE AND THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTION” https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553494/gelinasRyan.pdf?sequence=1, SEH)

The set of cases analyzed here demonstrate decisively that attribution of cyber attacks is ¶
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policy tool will be better preserved for realms where it is more applicable.

Small nuclear reactors key to prevent bases from being vulnerable to inevitable grid outages.

Andres and Breetz ‘11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications” Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to provide its ¶ bases with electricity when the
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order to win an ongoing battle or war would ¶ be greatly reduced.
Adv 2
Advantage 2 is Nuclear Leadership
US is losing nuclear competitiveness to China and Russia

Scientific America 3/27
(David Biello, “Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power¶ Can small, LEGO-like reactors help create better prospects for the nuclear industry?” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-powerandprint=true, SEH)

Regardless of how cheap such small modular reactors may allow nuclear to be in future
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the world in safety, if we're not building new nuclear power plants."

Now is key – two reasons
A - China is beginning exports

Wang 8/22
(Brian Wang, Director of Research for Next Big Future. “Guardian Analysis of Nuclear Power has the Typical Bias” AUGUST 22, 2012 Accessed online at http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/08/guardian-analysis-of-nuclear-power-has.html)

In 2007, the reported cost for the first two AP1000 units under construction in
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, then wind and solar would be far more expensive than nuclear power.

B - Domestic demand in the US is down

Domenici and Miller 7/1
(“Pete, BPC Senior Fellow ¶ Co-chair, BPC Nuclear Initiative, Warren, Co-chair, BPC Nuclear Initiative
Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, “Maintaining U.S. ¶ Leadership in Global ¶ Nuclear Energy Markets” http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, SEH)

With the world’s largest commercial nuclear fleet, the United States was once the world’s
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with the international community to minimize the risk ¶ of nuclear weapons proliferation.

C – Economic leadership is decreasing
Freed ‘10
(Josh, Director of the Third Way Clean Energy Program, Elizabeth Horwitz is a Policy Advisor at Third Way’s Clean Energy ¶ Program, Jeremy Ershow was formerly a Policy ¶ Advisor at Third Way, “Thinking Small On Nuclear Power” http://content.thirdway.org/publications/340/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Thinking_Small_On_Nuclear_Power.pdf, SEH)

Getting small reactors deployed quickly is a national imperative. Our energy ¶ needs demand
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DOE to create first markets and help drive down costs of firstmover technologies. 

And a loss of US nuclear leadership leads to proliferation

Loudermilk ‘11
(Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs” Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, SEH)

Combating proliferation with US leadership¶ Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the
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reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

That causes global nuclear war – shorter flight times and lack of second strike capacity guarantees escalation

Cimbala ‘08
(Stephen, Political Science Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, March, “Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia” Comparative Strategy, Vol 27 No 2, p 113-132, InformaWorld)

The spread of ballistic missiles and other nuclear-capable delivery systems in Asia,
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might be inaccurate guides to the avoidance of war outside of Europe.19
Proliferation risks nuclear war due to brinkmanship – deterrence theory misses the point.
Kroenig ‘12
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” Non Proliferation Policy Center, http://npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30#_ftn11, SEH)

First and foremost, proliferation optimists do not appear to understand contemporary deterrence theory.
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reveal the shortcomings of their analysis and fail to make a compelling case.

Proliferation draws major powers in to regional disputes

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation” Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

There is direct evidence that regional conflicts involving nuclear powers can ¶ encourage power-
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the United States would never allow an extended conflict in nuclear South Asia. 

That leads to great power war

Kroenig 9
(Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Beyond Optimism and Pessimism: ¶ The Differential Effects of Nuclear Proliferation” Harvard Kennedy School of Government, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Beyond-Optimism-and-Pessimism.pdf, SEH)

Leaders in power-projecting states also fear that regional instability set off by nuclear
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another dangerous flash-point in the uncertain Sino-American strategic relationship.  

SMRs key to nuclear leadership

Rosner and Goldberg ‘11
(Robert Rosner, astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director, Argonne National Laboratory ¶ Senior Fellow, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago¶ Research Coordinator, Global Nuclear Future Initiative ¶ American Academy of Arts and Sciences, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power ¶ Generation in the U.S.” Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, http://csis.org/files/attachments/111129_SMR_White_Paper.pdf, SEH)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission ¶
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, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly ¶ emerging, China.

Text: The United States Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on military bases within the United States.
Solvency 
Military procurement- solves commercial use proliferation and islanding- avoid regulation

Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear IndustryPosted” http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)

Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
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the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.
DOD key- prevents unfavorable lock-in

Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications” Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if ¶ small reactors do
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.
DOD action key to nuclear leadership
Yurman ‘11
(Dan, Journalist for Fuel Cycle Week, “Two new entries to market for small modular reactors” http://theenergycollective.com/dan-yurman/52074/two-new-entries-market-small-modular-reactors, SEH)

A paper on SMRs published by the National Defense University explores the application of small
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private sector, DOD can ensure that successful designs meet its operational needs.

DoD is key to solve islanding - historical role
Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications” Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Conclusion¶ The preceding analysis suggests that DOD should ¶ seriously consider taking a leadership
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the future for either U.S. ¶ military or commercial use.
SMRs deployable soon

U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration 11
(“The Commercial Outlook for¶ U.S. Small Modular Nuclear¶ Reactors” http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, SEH)

Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
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Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.
Obama has pushed SMR policy not just budget

Kramer ‘12
(David J. Kramer was educated at Tufts University, receiving his B.A. in Soviet Studies and Political Science, and then at Harvard University, receiving his M.A. in Soviet Studies. “Romney, Obama surrogates spell out candidates’ energy policies” September 2012 Accessed online at http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i9/p20_s10)

The Obama administration’s support for nuclear power is evident from the $7 billion loan guarantee from DOE to back construction of two new reactors at an existing nuclear power plant in Georgia, Reicher noted. “There’s serious money going into small modular reactors and serious policy work going on in how to reform the licensing process” at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to expedite approval.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Western Connecticut | Judge: 

Framework

1. Framework: the affirmative must defend a topical plan, the negative must defend the status quo or a competing option.

a) Best for real world education – our fw most closely resembles how policymakers decide on advocacy.

b) Fairness – our interp provides a clear way to compare two advocacies by weighing impacts which is essential to fairness. Their fw makes opportunity cost impossible and invites judge intervention.

c) Predictability – our fw ensures predictable aff ground because we predict args based upon our aff literature.

d) Infinitely regressive – there are an infinite number of philosophical perspectives from which they can argue

Policy implications of the plan should be evaluated first

Roger E. Solt 2004, Debate Coach at the University of Kentucky, 2004 ("Debate’s Culture of Narcissism," Contemporary Argumentation %26 Debate, Volume 25, September, Available Online via Communication %26 Mass Media Complete, p. 45-46)
Beyond fashion and novelty, there are fairly good reasons why a focus on assumptions
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exist) will be enough to justify endorsing a certain course of action.

Some form of roleplaying in debate is inevitable – roleplaying as government officials is more productive for activism and education than speaking from personal experience – their fw sponsors cooption and inaction

Alan H. Coverstone, 2005 – masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach. "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference, 11/17/05.
However, contest debate teaches students to combine personal experience with the language of political
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that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.

Policy focused debates are necessary to promote more accountable policymaking and increase the educational value of debate – radical activism results in social disengagement and failed intervention

 David Chandler. 2007. Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
"The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere" – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/short_articles/Inaugural%20lecture.pdf)
However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still
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about how theory might be used to understand and engage with the world.  

Roleplaying and switch side debate sponsor better ethical decision-making by enhancing understanding of different standpoints

Patricia Roberts-Miller, 2002, "Fighting without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric", jac, 22.3 http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol22.3/miller-fighting.pdf
By "thought" Arendt does not mean eremitic contemplation; in fact, she
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a world into which one enters and by which one might be changed.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Western Connecticut | Judge: 

Only US hegemony can sustain openness in the global economy and the spread of democracy necessary to create sustainable economic growth and decrease violent conflict. Hegemony has caused a 99 percent drop in deaths due to war and a decrease in structural violence. Extend Owen ’11, Barnett ’11, and Pinker ’11.

The liberal political and economic order collapses in the absence of US hegemony – the alt is not global collaboration but an increase in autocracy. Loss of hegemony would result in racism, colonialism, perpetual war, and mass violence. Extend Kagan 12, Barnett ’11, and Horgan ’9.

Prefer our impact calculus – our authors use empirically verifiable methods and utilize numerous studies to support their findings – these are the most accurate proximate causes of war – reject their inaccurate root cause claims. Extend Moore 04, Sorenson 98 and Kurki ’11. Their critical scholarship depoliticizes debates on IR – only our methods result in effective political change.

The plan and the negative are not mutually exclusive and the neg doesn’t disprove the plan therefore permutation do the plan and their methodology.

Life should be valued as apriori – it precedes the ability to value anything else

Amien Kacou. 2008. WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of "Life", Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
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and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.

Us intervention is inevitable – the plan prevents ineffective forms of engagement

Robert Kagan 2011. Contributing editor to The Weekly Standard and a senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution. "The Price of Power" Jan 24 Vol 16 No18 www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3
In theory, the United States could refrain from intervening abroad. But, in
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in the kind of international system that American power has built and defended.