Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge:
Security
1NC

Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other
Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, “The Enemy System” http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
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, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

It’s try or die---orthodox IR’s atomistic approach to global problems makes extinction inevitable
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
3. From securitisation to militarisation 3.1 Complicity
This analysis thus calls for a broader approach to environmental security based on retrieving AND

for crisis onto a newly constructed 'outsider' group vindicating various forms of violence.

Don’t call it an alternative---our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac---this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
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of state security planning in the context of counter-terrorism operations abroad.
The intensifying problematisation and externalisation of Muslim-majority regions and populations by Western security
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the efficacy of the prevailing geopolitical and economic order is ideologically beyond question.
As much as this analysis highlights a direct link between global systemic crises, social polarisation and state militarisation, it fundamentally undermines the idea of a symbiotic link between natural resources and conflict per se. Neither 'resource shortages' nor 'resource abundance' (in ecological, energy, food and monetary terms) necessitate conflict by themselves.
There are two key operative factors that determine whether either condition could lead to conflict
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to externalisation of those groups, and the legitimisation of violence towards them.
Ultimately, this systems approach to global crises strongly suggests that conventional policy 'reform' is
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of the post-carbon era through social, political and economic transformation.
Yet conventional theoretical and policy approaches fail to (1) fully engage with the
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, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Block
Our framework is necessary to reclaim the political from state-focused methods that constrict democratic dialogue. Error replication is inevitable without interrogating the ethical foundations of the 1ac   
Shampa Biswas 7 Prof of Politics @ Whitman “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist” Millennium 36 (1) p. 117-125

The recent resuscitation of the project of Empire should give International Relations scholars particular pause
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expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21

Voting negative to question the enframing of the 1ac can rupture dominant forms of thought that make conflict inevitable
Burke 7—Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)

In the case of a theorist like Jean Bethke Elshtain, just war doctrine is
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to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

Their threat discourse mass structural violence---rational impact calc goes neg  
Jackson 12—Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the University of Otago. Former. Professor of International Politics at Aberystwyth University (8/5/12, Richard, The Great Con of National Security, http://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/the-great-con-of-national-security/)

It may have once been the case that being attacked by another country was a
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terrorism.  Somehow, we need to challenge the politicians on this fact.

Kaufman goes neg---image of the enemy causes violence
Kaufman 9 (Stuart J, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, p. 433)
There are no heroes in this story. Before Camp David, both sides undermined
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negotiators on either side, while violence was a popular alternative for both.
In sum, narratives of national identity justifying hostility, fears of extinction, and
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Israelis that Palestinians did not accept real peace or Israel’s right to exist.

in AT Pinker
Institutional momentum towards violence overwhelms democratic checks---their evidence is an ideological defense of the security-state
Herman 12—professor emeritus of finance at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Edward, 7/25/12, Reality Denial : Steven Pinker's Apologetics for Western-Imperial Volence, http://www.zcommunications.org/reality-denial-steven-pinkers-apologetics-for-western-imperial-volence-by-edward-s-herman-and-david-peterson-1)

Disappearing Imperialism, the Military-Industrial Complex, and Institutional Imperatives¶ Pinker’s remarkable
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past two decades, and comprise the major component of the DRC toll. 

The permutation is the worst form of paranoid politics—it gives into their threats of immediate consequences and thereby feeds their psychosis—it’s tantamount to a crack addict who says “this is my last time”—the belief we can fill the gaps in security and then move beyond it fails to escape the grip of anxiety and is the ultimate inauthentic act—complete rejection is critical
Neocleous 8 Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, 185-6

The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
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it requires us to be brave  enough to return the gift.143 

SMR Plank Counterplan
CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should deploy high altitude balloons to disperse sufficient titanium dioxide to counteract global warming

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase investment in smart microgrid technology for its domestic military installations via a diverse portfolio tailored to individual installation circumstances, including non-nuclear renewable energies for on-site generation, increased backup generation capacity, improvements in energy efficiency and energy storage, intelligent local energy management, and accelerated implementation of the SPIDERS project.  

Smart microgrids solve DOD grid vulnerability---the combination of the CP’s mechanisms resolves the problems with each individual component
SERDP 12 – the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, DoD’s environmental science and technology program, executed in partnership with DOE and EPA, 7/10/12, “DoD Study Finds Microgrids Offer Improved Energy Security for DoD Installations,” http://www.serdp.org/News-and-Events/News-Announcements/Program-News/DoD-study-finds-microgrids-offer-improved-energy-security-for-DoD-installations
Advanced microgrids offer a cost-effective solution to military installations' growing vulnerability to the
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market opportunities for DoD in the area of demand response and ancillary services.
The study highlights the extent of ongoing microgrid work across DoD. It identified 44
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resources, and the ability to operate in a grid-tied manner.
The analysis confirms the value of microgrids to DoD. The combination of on-site energy generation and storage, together with the microgrid’s ability to manage local energy supply and demand, allow installations to shed non-essential loads and maintain mission-critical loads if the electric grid is disrupted.
The report illustrates the largely untapped potential of moving to smarter, next generation microgrids
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assets during normal operation and generate financial revenue by using advanced ancillary services.
One important finding is that there will be no “one size fits all”
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are configured so that they can earn value helping to meet those needs.

SPIDERS will produce effective renewable-based microgrids that guarantee communications and control survive grid outages
Robert K. Ackerman 12, SIGNAL Magazine, February 2012, “Military Energy Enters SPIDERS Web,” http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/2877
No man may be an island, AND
 emphasizes that SPIDERS will be energy-source agnostic.

Releasing titanium dioxide can offset the effects of warming
Ken Thar--M.A., New York University, Science, Health and Environmental Reporting, Natl Geographic, 12 “Sunscreen in the Sky? Reflective Particles May Combat Warming”, May, 29, 2012, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120529-global-warming-titanium-dioxide-balloons-earth-environment-science/)
Spritzing a sunscreen ingredient into the stratosphere could help counteract the effects of global warming
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carbon dioxide levels, according to project leader and chemical engineer Peter Davidson.

UAV Disad
1NC

Hydrogen fuel cells are key to new surveillance UAVs---that enables continuous recon data
Henry S. Kenyon 9, Business Editor, Signal Magazine, December 2009, “Fuel Cell Technology Soars,” http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/2130
A small unmanned aerial vehicle AND viewed as short-range platforms.

New, stealth UAVs provide the capability to continually track Chinese mobile missiles---current UAVs fail
Matthew Hallex 10, MA, Security Policy Studies, George Washington University, 2010, “Chinese Mobile Ballistic Missiles: Implications for U.S. Counterforce Operations,” http://csis.org/images/stories/poni/111007_Hallex.pdf
There are a number of ways in which the United States could improve its ability
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strike missions during a conflict would favor the use of an unmanned capability.

Tracking mobile missiles triggers destabilizing nuclear imbalance between the U.S. and China---causes U.S. over-confidence in first-strikes
Li and Nie 9 – Li Bin, director of Arms Control Program at the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University; and Nie Hongyi, officer in the People’s Liberation Army with an MA from China’s National Defense University and a Ph.D. in International Studies from Tsinghua University, 5/22/9, “An Investigation of China – U.S. Strategic Stability,” http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/Li-and-Nie-translation-final-5-22-09.pdf
The mobility of China’s nuclear weapons raises the survivability of Chinese nuclear weapons and thereby
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escaped tracking. This increases difficulties for decision-makers on both sides.
The above analysis clearly demonstrates that the adjustment in U.S. strategic forces
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the United States already has the capital to exercise nuclear coercion over China.

Destabilizing the offense-defense balance triggers miscalculated nuclear war
Li and Nie 9 – Li Bin, director of Arms Control Program at the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University; and Nie Hongyi, officer in the People’s Liberation Army with an MA from China’s National Defense University and a Ph.D. in International Studies from Tsinghua University, 5/22/9, “An Investigation of China – U.S. Strategic Stability,” http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/Li-and-Nie-translation-final-5-22-09.pdf
During the Cold War, in order to handle U.S.-Soviet relations
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greater, the possibility of them initiating a preemptive nuclear attack is greater.
General offense-defense theory and classic arms control theory are the same in assuming
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to increase; (2) nuclear war as a result of miscalculation. 

Case vs SMR

Grid

Status quo solves islanding---the military figured out their advantage and fixed it  
Michael Aimone 9-12, Director, Business Enterprise Integration, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), 9/12/12, Statement Before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Aimone.pdf
DoD’s facility energy strategy is also focused heavily on grid security in the name of
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grid to deliver electricity to its bases places critical missions at risk.1
Standby Power Generation
Currently, DoD ensures that it can continue mission critical activities on base largely through
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, to Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi, to support base recovery.   

DOD is adopting smart microgrids as quickly as possible---solves islanding
Michael Aimone 9-12, Director, Business Enterprise Integration, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), 9/12/12, Statement Before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Aimone.pdf
Although the Department will continue to maintain its fleet of on-site and mobile
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seamlessly both in parallel to the grid and in “island” mode.
Advanced microgrids are a “triple play” for DoD’s installations: First, they
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and maintain mission-critical loads if and when the grid goes down. 

No grid failure
Michael Tanji 10, spent 20 years in the US intelligence community; veteran of the US Army; served in strategic and tactical assignments worldwide; participated in national and international analysis and policy efforts for the NIC, NSC and NATO; Claremont Institute Lincoln Fellow and Senior Fellow at the Center of Threat Awareness; lectures on intelligence issues at The George Washington University, 7/13/10, “Hacking the Electric Grid? You and What Army?,” http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/07/hacking-the-electric-grid-you-and-what-army/
Grid-hacking is back in the news, AND motivated and skilled — nation-states, in other words. 

Their Asia impacts are all wrong and empirically denied—they’re an attempt to project our regrets about the Cold War onto the region
Kang, 3. David (Professor of International Relations and Business, Director of Korean Studies Institute), Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks International Security, Volume 27, Number 4, Spring 2003, pp. 57-85 MUSE

Following the end of the Cold War in 1991, some scholars in the West
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” response is mere rhetorical wordplay designed to avoid trou-  bling evidence.    

Multiple factors make Asia war unlikely
Vannarith 10—Executive Director of the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace. PhD in Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific U (Chheang, Asia Pacific Security Issues: Challenges and Adaptive Mechanism, http://www.cicp.org.kh/download/CICP%20Policy%20brief/CICP%20Policy%20brief%20No%203.pdf)
Some people look to China for economic and strategic interests while others still stick to
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the region and those elements are present and being improved in this region.
Stability now—US isn’t key
Bitzinger et al 10 ( Richard A. Bitzinger - A Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies.; Barry Desker - Dean of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director of the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. “Why East Asian War is Unlikely.” Survival. Volume 50, Issue 6 December 2008 , pages 105 – 128. DA August 12, 2010 SS.)
Yet despite all these potential crucibles of conflict, the Asia-Pacific, if
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this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.

DOD is massively increasing efforts to ensure operational continuity---means zero risk of mission interruption during a significant commercial grid outage
Michael Aimone 9-12, Director, Business Enterprise Integration, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), 9/12/12, Statement Before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Aimone.pdf
Chairman Lungren and distinguished Members of the Subcommittee.  Thank you for the opportunity to testify.  I was asked to address the question of how the Department of Defense (DoD) would operate during a significant outage of the commercial electric power grid.   
Although today’s hearing is focused on the prospect of an electromagnetic pulse (EMP)
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its Installations and Environment office, falls under DoD’s “facility energy strategy.”  
Mission Assurance Strategy
The Department has long had a major focus on mitigating risks to high priority DoD facilities and infrastructure and the critical global missions they support. Toward that end, DoD recently adopted an explicit Mission Assurance Strategy, which is focused on ensuring operational continuity in an all-hazard threat environment.
This strategy entails a two-track approach. Track I includes "in-
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target them for special mitigation efforts through DoD’s budget and other internal processes.  
Track II of our Mission Assurance Strategy tackles the many challenges to DoD mission execution
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the challenges to DoD mission assurance that lie far beyond our military bases.  

DOD’s aware of grid reliance risks and doing everything they can to resolve it
Paul Stockton 11, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, 5/31/11, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, The Committee on Energy and Commerce, United States House of Representatives, http://policy.defense.gov/portals/11/Documents/hdasa/ASD(HDASA)_HECC-EPS_053111.pdf
The Department of Defense fully recognizes the strategic importance of mitigating the growing risks to the commercial electric power grid, and therefore, the Department is taking affirmative steps internally and externally. Senior leaders are re-focusing some of the Department’s energy security efforts.
Although there are steps the Department can and should take on its own to improve
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from industry representatives and interagency partners at various levels of government are imperative.
The Department of Defense is collaborating with the Department of Energy, the Department of
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sponsored Secure Grid 2011 and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation’s GridEx 2011.
These partnerships will help the Department of Defense achieve greater energy grid security and resiliency and help mitigate the risks to critical Department of Defense installations and facilities of commercial power outages.   
Department of Defense Efforts Underway
The Department of Defense is making organizational changes and capability improvements that address electric power reliability and security issues and that enable better risk-informed decision-making and investments.
This year the Department of Defense submitted a report to Congress under Section 335 of
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upon which Department of Defense overwhelmingly relies for its electrical power supplies.1  
I would like to highlight several Department of Defense initiative that serve to foster improvements in electric grid security.  

National labs are developing microgrids in consultation with DOD---they’ll completely resolve mission-critical energy needs  
Paul Stockton 11, Assistant Secretary of Defense, Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, 5/31/11, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, The Committee on Energy and Commerce, United States House of Representatives, http://policy.defense.gov/portals/11/Documents/hdasa/ASD(HDASA)_HECC-EPS_053111.pdf
The Department of Energy currently funds an effort at Sandia National Laboratory to investigate new
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secure and reliable power system to support these missions for the durations required.   
Demonstration of Electric Grid Security Architecture
Building on the Sandia Energy Surety Microgrid project, U.S. Pacific Command
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and energy storage; and redundant, distributed back-up power generation.
The application of cyber-secure smart microgrids on military installations would not replace commercial power as a primary source, but would enable reliable, secure, and sustainable backup power for critical missions at the installation level. The results of the demonstration would help inform infrastructure investment decisions needed to reduce the risk of extended electric power outages to military installations and potentially, the surrounding civilian communities. 

UAV 

Hegemony invokes a permanent state of emergency that justifies our paranoid neurosis—the idea we need to deter invisible threats creates self-fulfilling prophecies makes war inevitable  
Zizek 5—prof, Sociology, University of Ljubljana (Slavoj, Give Iranian Nukes a Chance, http://www.lacan.com/zizekiranian.htm)

But are nuclear arms in the hands of Iran's rulers really a threat to international
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United States now plans to continue Saddam's work of toppling the Iranian government. 

Hard power not key to peace
Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman 3-4, professor of American foreign relations at San Diego State University, 3/4/13, “Come Home, America,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/05/opinion/come-home-america.html?nl=todaysheadlinesandemc=edit_th_20130305andpagewanted=printand_r=0
EVERYONE talks about getting out of Iraq and Afghanistan. But what about Germany and Japan?
The sequester — $85 billion this year in across-the-board budget cuts, about half of which will come from the Pentagon — gives Americans an opportunity to discuss a question we’ve put off too long: Why we are still fighting World War II?
Since 1947, when President Harry S. Truman set forth a policy to stop further Soviet expansion and “support free peoples” who were “resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures,” America has acted as the world’s policeman.
For more than a century, Britain had “held the line” against aggression
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its waterways. Stalin was strong-arming governments from Finland to Iran.
Some historians say Truman scared the American people into a broad, open-ended commitment to world security. But Americans were already frightened: in 1947, 73 percent told Gallup that they considered World War III likely.
From the Truman Doctrine emerged a strategy comprising multiple alliances: the Rio Pact of
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we invented the practice of foreign aid, beginning with the Marshall Plan.
It was a profound turn even from 1940, when Franklin D. Roosevelt won
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into European conflicts the better for the United States and for the world.”
World War II, and the relative impotence of the United Nations, convinced successive
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, Afghanistan) but the world, as a whole, experienced fewer.
We were not so much an empire — the empire decried by the scholar and veteran Andrew J. Bacevich and celebrated by the conservative historian Niall Ferguson — as an umpire, one that stood for equal access by nation-states to political and economic gains; peaceful arbitration of international conflict; and transparency in trade and business.
But conditions have changed radically since the cold war. When the United States established major bases in West Germany and Japan, they were considered dangerous renegades that needed to be watched. Their reconstructed governments also desired protection, particularly from the Soviet Union and China. NATO’s first secretary general, Hastings Ismay, famously said the alliance existed “to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.”
Today, our largest permanent bases are still in Germany and Japan, which are
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in the Pacific — speaks to the irrational endurance of the Truman Doctrine.
Our wars in the Middle East since 2001 doubled down on that costly, outdated doctrine. The domino theory behind the Vietnam War revived under a new formulation: but for the American umpire, the bad guys (Al Qaeda, Iran, North Korea) will win.
Despite his supporters’ expectations, President Obama has followed a Middle East policy nearly identical to his predecessor’s. He took us out of Iraq, only to deepen our commitment to Afghanistan, from which we are just now pulling out. He rejected the most odious counterterrorism techniques of George W. Bush’s administration, but otherwise did not change basic policies. Mr. Obama’s gestures toward multilateralism were not matched by a commensurate commitment from many of our allies.
Cynics assert that the “military-industrial complex” Dwight D. Eisenhower presciently warned against has primarily existed to enrich and empower a grasping, imperialist nation. But America was prosperous long before it was a superpower; by 1890, decades before the two world wars, it was already the world’s largest and richest economy. We do not need a large military to be rich. Quite the opposite: it drains our resources.
Realists contend that if we quit defending access to the world’s natural resources — read
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leaders. The Libyan crisis showed that our allies can do a lot.
The United States can and should pressure Iran and North Korea over their nuclear programs. It must help to reform and strengthen multilateral institutions like the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It must champion the right of small nations, including Israel, to “freedom from fear.” But there are many ways of achieving these goals, and they don’t all involve more borrowing and spending.
Partisan debates that focus on shaving a percentage point off the Pentagon budget here or there won’t take us where we need to go. Both parties are stuck in a paradigm of costly international activism while emerging powers like China, India, Brazil and Turkey are accumulating wealth and raising productivity and living standards, as we did in the 19th century. The long-term consequences are obvious.
America since 1945 has paid a price in blood, treasure and reputation. Umpires may be necessary, but they are rarely popular and by definition can’t win. Perhaps the other players will step up only if we threaten to leave the field. Sharing the burden of security with our allies is more than a fiscal necessity. It’s the sine qua non of a return to global normalcy.

Hegemony is a paranoid fantasy---the strategy omnipotence sees threats to empire everywhere, which necessitates constant violence---you have an obligation to place the structural violence that hegemony invisibilizes at the core of your decision calculus
McClintock 9—chaired prof of English and Women’s and Gender Studies at UW–Madison. MPhil from Cambridge; PhD from Columbia (Anne, Paranoid Empire: Specters from Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib, Small Axe Mar2009, Issue 28, p50-74)

By now it is fair to say that the United States has come to be
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cost of catastrophic self-delusion and the infliction of great calamities elsewhere.
I have come to feel that we urgently need to make visible (the better
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come to characterize the  United States as a super-carceral state. 5
Can we, the uneasy heirs of empire, now speak only of national things
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. Rather, the force of empire comes to reconfigure, from within, 

No U.S. lashout---retrenchment causes caution and restraint---reduces the risk of war
Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, Spring 2011, “Graceful Decline?: The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4, p. 7-44
With regard to militarized disputes, declining great powers demonstrate more caution and restraint in
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allows vulnerable powers to effectively recover from decline and still deter potential challengers.

No impact to hegemony---no data suggests a causal link between unipolarity and peace
Christopher Fettweis 10, Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, 2010, Dangerous Times? The International Politics of Great Power Peace, p. 172-174
The primary attack on restraint, or justification for internationalism, posits that if the
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ensue. In other words, they depend upon hegemonic-stability logic.
Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
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S hegemony is not the primary cause of the current era of stability.
First of all, the hegemonic-stability argument overstates the role that the United
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already rid itself of crime. Stability and unipolarity may be simply coincidental.
In order for U.S. hegemony to be the reason for global stability
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at work. Stability exists in many places where no hegemony is present.
Second, the limited empirical evidence we have suggests that there is little connection between
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, one would not have expected an increase in global instability and violence.
The verdict from the past two decades is fairly plain: The world grew more
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worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.

Warming
Trade barriers unique to reactor components mean the U.S. can’t export
ITA 11 – International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 2011, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf
Some U.S. suppliers also note that the United States currently levies tariffs
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.S. manufacturers face a significant trade barrier in key foreign markets.  
No nuclear exports—bureaucracy and foreign government competition
NEI 12  Nuclear Energy Institute, Winter ’12 “U.S. Nuclear Export Rules Hurt Global Competitiveness,” http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insightwinter2012/us-nuclear-export-rules-hurt-global-competitiveness/
Today, U.S. dominance of the global nuclear power market has eroded
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recommendations was to expand opportunities for U.S. commercial nuclear exports.

Expansion of nuclear energy as a security strategy displaces environmental impacts onto the periphery and makes structural violence inevitable
Kaur 11 Dr. Raminder Kaur is Senior Lecturer in University of Sussex, "A ‘Nuclear Renaissance’, Climate Change and the State of Exception" London The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 2011  www.dianuke.org/a-‘nuclear-renaissance’-climate-change-and-the-state-of-exception/
In Jaitapur, we have already seen how the local village Panchayats (representative self-governance bodies) are gagged and overruled to clear way for Areva’s nuclear power park. Ironically, India’s nuclear deal with the US was touted as a deal between world’s oldest and biggest democracies. Read below Dr. Raminder Kaur’s brilliant analysis on how nuclear discourse becomes totalizing, more so when it meets the official discourses on climate change.
Increasingly, nation-states such as China, France, Russia, Britain and
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it has commissioned further safety checks whilst continuing its nuclear development as before.
Whilst the ‘carbon lobby’, including the fossil-fuels industries, stand to
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environmentally beneficial whilst continuing business-as-usual at an expansive rate.
Such global and national views on climate change are threatening to monopolise the entire environmentalist
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turn, lends credence to the veracity of human-centric global warming.
The Nuclear State of Exception
Although Giorgio Agamben’s (2005) work on the normalisation of exceptional state practice has
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that was later realised to enable uranium enrichment for the manufacture of weapons.
Due to the indeterminacy between atoms for peace and atoms for war, the nuclear
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the American National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice in 1977 which suggested that:
in view of the ‘high vulnerability of technical civilization’, emergency legislation should be introduced making it possible temporarily to ignore constitutional safeguards without previous congressional debate or consultation with the Supreme Court. (1979: 135)
The bio-techno-political mode of governance encapsulates subjects into its folds such
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of exception, and the exercise of even more power over their citizens.
Jungk elaborates on the routinisation of nuclear state violence, epistemological, juridical and physical:
Such measures will be justified, not as temporary measures made necessary by an exceptional emergency … but by the necessity of providing permanent protection for a perpetually endangered central source of energy that is regarded as indispensable. A nuclear industry means a permanent state of emergency justified by a permanent threat. (1979: 135)
This permanent state of emergency with respect to anything nuclear applies to restrictions on citizens’
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becomes, ironically, a powerful mascot of ‘clean and green’ energy.
In India, the capitalist modality of the nuclear state was exacerbated by the ratification
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scenario as an instance of ‘nucolonization (nuclear + colonization)’.
The Indian nuclear state, with its especial mooring in central government, has conducted
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oppressive manner that now parades itself as the necessary norm for the nation.

the aff’s use of environmental crisis rhetoric causes eco-authoritarianism and political apathy---turns the case
Buell 3 Frederick—cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books,  From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pages 185-186
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of  liabilities
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give up, or even cut off ties to clearly  terminal “nature.”

No impact---mitigation and adaptation will solve---no tipping point or “1% risk” args
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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economic growth and well‐being may be at risk (Stern 2006).
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.

No ocean acidification impact---CO2’s impact is positive on most marine life
Craig Idso et al 12, founder and chairman of the board of the Center
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with Ocean Acidification,” CO2 Science, Vol. 15, No. 28
In an important paper published in the May 2012 issue of Nature Geoscience, Lohbeck
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evolve in response to ocean acidification in two 500-generation selection experiments."
Working with freshly isolated genotypes from Bergen, Norway, the three German researchers grew
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evolutionary adaptation would obviously require new mutations. So what did they learn?
Compared with populations kept at ambient CO2 partial pressure, Lohbeck et al. found
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of marine food webs in the face of global change our italics."
In other ruminations on their findings, the marine biologists indicate that what they call
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variation in calcification, in line with findings of rapid microevolution identified here."

No extinction---H2S requires 1000ppm which we’ll never reach, tech inevitably solves
John Matson 10, associate editor at Scientific American focusing on space, physics and mathematics, 1/13/10, “Paleontologist Peter Ward’s “Medea hypothesis”: Life is out to get you,” http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2010/01/13/paleontologist-peter-wards-medea-hypothesis-life-is-out-to-get-you/
And indeed, Ward’s dour claim rests on analyses of carbon isotopes, paleofossils,
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ozone layer. "This is life killing itself off," Ward says.
As with today’s climate crisis, carbon dioxide is the culprit in the ultimately catastrophic
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and the equator, and the whole system goes down," Ward says.
Thankfully, perhaps, such dire predictions for climate change—not displacement, war
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at least be some air to breathe for another two centuries or so.
As for fixes, Ward did not have any ready answers other than hoping that
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anything," he says. "You go out and get a drink."

No extinction from climate change
NIPCC 11 – the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, an international panel of nongovernment scientists and scholars, March 8, 2011, “Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC,” online: http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html
In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
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to climate change (e.g. Huntingford et al., 2008)."
On the other hand, they indicate that some biologists and climatologists have pointed out
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through using the vast data resource that we can exploit in fossil records."
Going on to do just that, Willis et al. focus on "intervals
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very little evidence for broad-scale extinctions due to a warming world."
In concluding, the Norwegian, Swedish and UK researchers say that "based on such evidence we urge some caution in assuming broad-scale extinctions of species will occur due solely to climate changes of the magnitude and rate predicted for the next century," reiterating that "the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate."

Tech and adaptive advances prevent all climate impacts---warming won’t cause war  
Dr. S. Fred Singer et al 11, Research Fellow at The Independent Institute, Professor Emeritus of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, President of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a Member of the International Academy of Astronautics; Robert M. Carter, Research Professor at James Cook University (Queensland) and the University of Adelaide (South Australia), palaeontologist, stratigrapher, marine geologist and environmental scientist with more than thirty years professional experience; and Craig D. Idso, founder and chairman of the board of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Sciences, and Association of American Geographers, et al, 2011, “Climate Change Reconsidered: 2011 Interim Report,” online: http://www.nipccreport.org/reports/2011/pdf/FrontMatter.pdf
Decades-long empirical trends of climate-sensitive measures of human well-being, including the percent of developing world population suffering from chronic hunger, poverty rates, and deaths due to extreme weather events, reveal dramatic improvement during the twentieth century, notwithstanding the historic increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
The magnitude of the impacts of climate change on human well-being depends on
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will be present at the time for which impacts are to be estimated.
Even accepting the IPCC's and Stern Review's worst-case scenarios, and assuming a compounded annual growth rate of per-capita GDP of only 0.7 percent, reveals that net GDP per capita in developing countries in 2100 would be double the 2006 level of the U.S. and triple that level in 2200. Thus, even developing countries' future ability to cope with climate change would be much better than that of the U.S. today.
The IPCC's embrace of biofuels as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was premature, as many researchers have found "even the best biofuels have the potential to damage the poor, the climate, and biodiversity" (Delucchi, 2010). Biofuel production consumes nearly as much energy as it generates, competes with food crops and wildlife for land, and is unlikely to ever meet more than a small fraction of the world's demand for fuels.
The notion that global warming might cause war and social unrest is not only wrong, but even backwards - that is, global cooling has led to wars and social unrest in the past, whereas global warming has coincided with periods of peace, prosperity, and social stability.

Movements in the 80’s prove our arg—“try or die” framing prevents us from dealing with non-catastrophic impacts
Martin and Hodder 9 (Martin, PhD theoretical physics from Sydney University, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong, and Patrick, PhD candidate at the Bega Education Centre of the University of Wollongong, “Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, 5 September 2009, pp. 53-60.)

While debates over the effects of nuclear war continued, this seemed to have little
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governments would respond by gearing up for an even more devastating nuclear future.

It’s a bureaucratic maze – makes US uncompetitive
Glasgow et al 12 James Glasgow is a partner in Pillsbury's Energy Practice. He
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federal courts. “NUCLEAR EXPORT CONTROLS” October 2012, Nuclear Energy Institute
Compared to the nuclear export control regimes of Russia, Japan, ROK and France
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at a serious disadvantage next to their competitors in the international export market.
Also prevents coordinated government support – hinders exports
Glasgow et al 12 James Glasgow is a partner in Pillsbury's Energy Practice. He
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federal courts. “NUCLEAR EXPORT CONTROLS” October 2012, Nuclear Energy Institute
Although the export control regime of the United States shares common elements with those of
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the strong export coordination role played by the governments of other supplier countries.

Delay in exports is likely:
a)  No global liability regime exists yet---that’s an absolute prerequisite to international exports and takes forever
ITA 11 – International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, February 2011, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors,” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf
Nuclear liability is a significant concern for SMR and large reactor designers. Currently,
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implementation of CSC is a necessity for pursuing a major nuclear export program.

Terror Add on

Their terrorism advantage is epistemologically suspect---the ballot is crucial to reject state-sponsored knowledge that legitimizes global violence
Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig.

Over the past thirty years, a small but politically-significant academic field of
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will then discuss the function that this research serves for the US state.

The impact is extinction
Valenzuela 5 (Manuel, The Making of the Enemy, 19 December 2005, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Why_They_Hate_Us/Making_Enemies.html)

Hidden behind dark corners, lurking underneath beds, fantasy bogeymen not known or understood
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of their puppeteers the march towards war, invasion and occupation can commence.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
Financial incentives must disburse funds for production—including regulatory actions crush limits and effective policy discussion
Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)
One of the obstacles to intelligent……., but they are not incentives.

Vote neg—feed-in tariffs are regulatory incentives, not financial
Brady 4 - A Thesis In The Department of Political Science Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Public Policy and Public Administration) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Jonathan, “Wind Boom, Wind Bust: An Examination of the Conditions and Policies that Led to Gennany's Wind Industry and Canada's Lack Thereof,” December, http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/8274/1/MR20699.pdf) 

Government employed regulatory and financial incentives have played a salient role in this rapid growth of wind energy production. …. . It has been the private sector's enthusiastic response to these incentives that have driven this remarkable wind boom (i.e. expansive growth in wind energy production and wind industry development) during the last decade.

Restrictions on production must ban production
Anell 89 Lars is the Chairman of the WTO panel adopted at the Forty-Fifth Session of Contracting Parties on December 5, 1989. Other panel members: Mr. Hugh Bartlett and Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda. “Canada – Import Restrictions on Ice Cream and Yoghurt,” http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf
The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic production of milk. ……... The effectiveness of the government supply controls had to be compared to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures. 

Explodes limts --- allows any aff that creates market --- undermines preparedness for all debates 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other
Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, “The Enemy System” http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is about (hu)mankind that has led to such self-destroying behavior. ….. 12 National leaders become skilled in presenting the adversary in dehumanized images. The mass media, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

It’s try or die---our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac---this is a prereq to successful policy
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from ……- is urgently required to develop coherent conceptual frameworks which could inform more sober, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
Text:
The United States Federal Government should issue legally binding policy guidance that it will not pursue or approve the creation of the Keystone XL pipeline. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should utilize relevant authority under the Clean Air Act to adopt emissions regulations for new and existing engines operated by both foreign and domestic air carriers, with performance standards that allow those carriers to use airframe improvements and operational changes to meet emissions reduction requirements.

CP bolsters US climate credibility
Reuters 13, Keystone halt would send strong signal: EU climate chief, 2-28-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/28/us-eu-climate-keystone-idUSBRE91R1CK20130228
(Reuters) - The European Union's top climate change official said on Thursday that if the Obama administration rejects the proposed Keystone XL pipeline, it would send a strong message that the United States is serious about combating climate change.¶ ……..U.S. officials say they expect the government to make a final decision on Keystone by the middle of the year.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
Text:
The United States Federal Government should issue legally binding policy guidance that it will not pursue or approve the creation of the Keystone XL pipeline. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should utilize relevant authority under the Clean Air Act to adopt emissions regulations for new and existing engines operated by both foreign and domestic air carriers, with performance standards that allow those carriers to use airframe improvements and operational changes to meet emissions reduction requirements.

CP bolsters US climate credibility
Reuters 13, Keystone halt would send strong signal: EU climate chief, 2-28-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/28/us-eu-climate-keystone-idUSBRE91R1CK20130228
(Reuters) - The European Union's top climate change official said on Thursday that if the Obama administration rejects the proposed Keystone XL pipeline, it would send a strong message that the United States is serious about combating climate change.¶ ……..U.S. officials say they expect the government to make a final decision on Keystone by the middle of the year.

Tournament: NDT  | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
Immigration reform will pass because Obama’s spending capital
Charles Castaldi 3-27 | Take Two | KPCC – California Public Radio, March 27th, 2013, LA Archbishop Gomez keeps Mahony's promise to push for immigration reform
President Obama said he expects Congress to introduce an immigration reform bill next month. …. Now, according to a recent USC/LA Times poll, about two-thirds of Californians support providing undocumented immigrants a path to citizenship. According to Mike Madrid, a Republican political consultant, Gomez’s low key lobbying might be a better fit for the times.

The aff is a firestorm
Mulkern 9 (Anne, "Some daylight at last for US feed-in tariffs," New York Times, March 24,www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/03/24/24greenwire-some-see-daylight-at-last-for-us-feedin-tariff-10271.html?pagewanted=all)
Congress does not appear likely to embrace a feed-in tariff anytime soon, …..The most important question likely would be the rate at which a national tariff is set. Solar producers say it has to be high enough to provide an incentive to install solar systems that cost tens of thousands of dollars for homes and hundreds of thousands of dollars for businesses.

CIR’s key to Latin American relations
Shifter 12 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf

Some enduring problems stand squarely in the way of partnership and effective cooperation. …. disregard the United States’ hemispheric agenda as well as the interests of other nations.

Relations are key to solve a laundry list of existential threats---the brink is now
Shifter 12 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf

There are compelling reasons for the United States and Latin America to pursue more robust ties…..both from the United States and from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
U.S. LNG exports send a signal of energy competition with Russia---destroys energy coop key to broader relations
Richard Weitz 13, senior fellow and director of the Center for Political-Military Affairs at Hudson Institute, 1/29/13, “Global Insights: Oil Sector a Challenge for Russia, Opportunity for U.S.,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12672/global-insights-oil-sector-a-challenge-for-russia-opportunity-for-u-s

In the view of Russians interviewed by the authors, this paucity of cooperation results from perceived impediments erected by the U.S. government. Similarly, Russian officials see the shale gas revolution as a conspiracy on the part of the United States to undermine Russia’s role in energy markets. ….  These kinds of private-sector ties, as much as political will in Washington and Moscow, will contribute to the health of bilateral ties moving forward.  

DOE will limit LNG exports now because of concerns about domestic supply and demand---the plan resolves those concerns and triggers exports
Charles Ebinger et al 12, a senior fellow and director of the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution; Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings; and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, May 2012, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf
From the perspective of the U.S. federal government, the issue of implications is viewed in terms of “public interest….. The volume of LNG exports is capped by the capacity limitations of liquefaction terminals. If liquefaction terminals are running at close to full capacity, an increase in international demand will do little to affect domestic demand for —and therefore domestic prices of —natural gas. 

Extinction
Graham Allison 11, Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, 10/30/11, “10 reasons why Russia still matters,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=161EF282-72F9-4D48-8B9C-C5B3396CA0E6
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S. government seeking to defend and advance its national interests. ….  from stopping the supply flow to Afghanistan to selling S-300 air defense missiles to Tehran to joining China in preventing U.N. Security Council resolutions.

Tournament: NDT  | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNLV EJ | Judge:
China’s leading clean tech development now---it’s zero-sum with U.S. renewable development---key to Chinese growth, CCP stability, Chinese soft power, and warming
McMahon 13 Tamsin is a reporter for the National Post. “How China is going to save the world,” 1/27, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/
China’s ongoing struggles with pollution have been a blight on the country’s international reputation. ….., all of them related in some way to environmental protection and renewable energy technology.

China’s economic rise prevents CCP instability and lashout --- decline tubes the global economy, US primacy, and Sino relations
Mead 9 Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8
The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power itself is probably not that China will rise too far, too fast; …… of modernization and change; nobody knows what will happen if the growth stops.

Extinction
Yee and Storey 2 Herbert is a Professor of Politics and IR @ Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian is a Lecturer in Defence Studies @ Deakin University. “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p. 5
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of ……, a disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A —- Interpretation —- restrictions are direct governmental limitations on production

Annamaria Viterbo 12 , Assistant Professor in International Law at the University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law from Bocconi University and Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute, 2012, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States’ Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166
In order to distinguish an exchange restriction from a trade measure, the Fund chose not to give relevance to the purposes or the effects of the measure and to adopt, instead, a technical criterion that focuses on the method followed to design said measure.
An interpretation that considered the economic effects and purposes of the measures (taking into
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balance of payments reasons would have fallen within the competence of the Fund.
After lengthy discussions, in 1960 the IMF Executive Board adopted Decision No. 1034-(60/27).46 This Decision clarified that the distinctive feature of a restriction on payments and transfers for current international transactions is "whether it involves a direct governmental limitation on the availability or use of exchange as such*.47 This is a limitation imposed directly on the use of currency in itself, for all purposes.

"On" means in contact with and links "restrictions" only to energy production

Arthur Butler Graham 16, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals, State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12
The Standard Dictionary defines the word "on" as follows:¶ "In or
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are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

Energy production refers to the extraction, conversion, and distribution of energy

Koplow 4 Doug Koplow is the founder of Earth Track in Cambridge, MA. He has worked on natural resource subsidy issues for 20 years, primarily in the energy sector "Subsidies to Energy Industries" Encyclopedia of Energy Vol 5 2004www.earthtrack.net/files/Energy%20Encyclopedia,%20wv.pdf
3.2 Production
Energy production includes all stages from the point of resource location through distribution to the final consumers. Specific items examined here include resource extraction, resource conversion (including electricity), the various distribution links to bring the energy resource to the point of final use, and accident risks.

B —- Violation —- CFIUS doesn’t restrict —- it regulates which companies can produce energy

Douglas William Nigh 98, associate professor of international business at the University of South Carolina, and Douglas P. Woodward, associate professor of economics at the University of South Carolina, Foreign Ownership and the Consequences of Direct Investment in the United States: Beyond Us and Them, 1998, p. 144
How did the U.S. government respond to the influx of FDI that
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Council of Economic Advisers; it is usually chaired by a Treasury official. 

3 —- Precision —- restriction is narrower than regulation

US District Court 9—Judge Thomas E. Johnson, US District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/west-virginia/wvsdce/5:2009cv00152/61171/33
9 The fourth prong of the Central Hudson test refers to "regulation" of
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more broad or no more expansive than ’necessary’ to serve its substantial interests").

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A. Reduce means to make less in amount

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 9 ("reduce", http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reduce, accessed 9-9-9)

• Main Entry: re•duce * Pronunciation: \ri-?dus,
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  Indians were reduced to small reservations d : to make shorter :abridge

B. Courts can’t reduce restrictions, just rule them unenforceable

Treanor %26 Sperling 93 William - Prof Law at Fordham. Gene - Deputy Assistant to President for Economic Policy. "PROSPECTIVE OVERRULING AND THE REVIVAL OF "UNCONSTITUTIONAL" STATUTES," Columbia Law Review, Dec 93, lexis
Unlike the Supreme Court, several state courts have explicitly addressed the revival issue. The relevant state court cases have concerned the specific issue of whether a statute that has been held unconstitutional is revived when the invalidating decision is overturned. n42 With one exception, they have concluded that such statutes are immediately enforceable.
The most noted instance in which the revival issue was resolved by a court involved the District of Columbia minimum wage statute pronounced unconstitutional in Adkins. After the Court reversed Adkins in West Coast Hotel, President Roosevelt asked Attorney General Homer  ~*1913~  Cummings for an opinion on the status of the District of Columbia’s statute. The Attorney General responded,
 The decisions are practically in accord in holding that the courts have no power to repeal or abolish a statute, and that notwithstanding a decision holding it unconstitutional a statute continues to remain on the statute books; and that if a statute be declared unconstitutional and the decision so declaring it be subsequently overruled the statute will then be held valid from the date it became effective. n43
Enforcement of the statute followed without congressional action. n44
When this enforcement was challenged, the Municipal Court of Appeals for the District of
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decision is reversed the statute is valid from its first effective date. n46
 The court declared this precedent sound since the cases were "in accord with
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a period judicially unenforceable, there was no need to reenact it. n49
Almost all other courts that have addressed the issue of whether a statute that has
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rejecting this claim and in finding for the husband, the Court stated:
 Since we have declared the uniform court rule partially unconstitutional, it appears to
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an assumption of legislative power not delegated to it by the Constitution. n52
 The Louisiana Court thus took a mechanical approach to the revival question. According to its rationale, when a statute is found unconstitutional, it is judicially determined never to have existed. Revival therefore entails judicial legislation and thereby violates constitutionally mandated separation of powers: because the initial legislative passage  ~*1915~  of the bill has no legitimacy, the bill’s force is considered to be purely a creature of judicial decision-making.
Jefferson has little analytic appeal. Its view of the separation of powers doctrine is
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a statute did not revive does not offer a convincing rationale for nonrevival.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC CP Text

The United States federal government should not allow national security justifications to limit the Freedom of Information Act disclosure of information during the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership negotiations, including but not limited to disclosure of relevant Intellectual Property Rights information. The United States federal government should substantially increase investment in smart grid technology, including but not limited to modeling military microgrid technology. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Meltdowns are low level

Jaworowski 98 (Zbigniew, professor at the central laboratory for radiological protection in Warsaw, has also served as the chairman of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic radiation (UNSCEAR), "Radiation Risks in the 20th Century; Reality, Illusions and Risks," 17-20 September, http://www.angelfire.com/mo/radioadaptive/anniversary1.html)

We are all exposed to natural ionizing radiation, which penetrates all living organisms.
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0.2 percent of natural dose in areas of high natural radiation.

Chernobyl can’t happen in the US

Robert Morris, PhD in Science Education and retired Environmental Consultant, The Environmental Case for Nuclear Power, 2000, pg 127-8
There are some very crucial differences between U.S.-built nuclear power reactors
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killed in the two explosions further indicates that the explosions were not nuclear. 

People have the same chance of dying in a nuclear power accident as they do of being struck by a meteor

London Times, September 2, 2002
Its safety record is, however, very good: even including Chernobyl, the statistical probability of a member of the public dying in a nuclear accident is about the same as being struck by a meteorite. Modern reactors release virtually no extra radiation, and claims that there are "leukaemia clusters" around nuclear installations are largely rejected by scientists.

Nuclear power accidents don’t kill folks, the only reason Chernobyl was deadly was that people panicked

Atlanta Journal and Constitution, September 20, 2002
He and his 18 colleagues noted that much of the public’s fear of nuclear power
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radiation and by poor planning based on that fear," the group wrote.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The aff doesn’t set a precedent – the court will limit the plan to maintain the status quo, even if they can’t overrule it.  Nothing the aff does changes the mindset of the justices and Roberts is a pro at undermining precedent.

William D. Araiza, Law Prof @ Brooklyn, Summer 2012, "PLAYING WELL WITH OTHERS-BUT STILL WINNING," 46 Ga. L. Rev. 1059, ln
How can a judge undermine precedent while still following it? This Essay considers the
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as faithful to stare decisis while nevertheless pushing the law away from precedents.

Disease inevitable—multiple global hotspots and always a risk of mutations—the aff doesn’t solve world wide

No extinction

Posner 5—Senior Lecturer, U  Chicago Law. Judge on the US Court of Appeals 7^th Circuit. AB from Yale and LLB from Harvard. (Richard, Catastrophe, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html)
Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
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wider human contacts that make it more difficult to localize an infectious disease. 

No impact to the environment and no solvency

Holly Doremus 2k Professor of Law at UC Davis, "The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection: Toward a New Discourse," Winter 2000 Washington %26 Lee Law Review 57 Wash %26 Lee L. Rev. 11, lexis

Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close
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material benefits of destructive decisions frequently will exceed their identifiable material costs.  n221

Their impact evidence is alarmist and empirically denied

Kaleita 7 Amy Kaleita is an Environmental Studies Fellow and Assistant Professor of agricultural and biosystems engineering at Iowa State University. She holds a PhD in agricultural engineering from the University of Illinois. "Hysteria’s History: Environmental Alarmism in Context," Pacific Research Institute, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf

Apocalyptic stories about the irreparable, catastrophic damage that humans are doing to the natural environment have been around for a long time. These hysterics often have some basis in reality, but are blown up to illogical and ridiculous proportions. Part of the reason they’re so appealing is that they have the ring of plausibility along with the intrigue of a horror flick.
In many cases, the alarmists identify a legitimate issue, take the possible consequences to an extreme, and advocate action on the basis of these extreme projections. In 1972, the editor of the journal Nature pointed out the problem with the typical alarmist approach: "~Alarmists’~ most common error is to suppose that the worst will always happen."82 But of course, if the worst always happened, the human race would have died out long ago.
When alarmism has a basis in reality, the challenge becomes to take appropriate action based on that reality, not on the hysteria. The aftermath of Silent Spring offers examples of both sorts of policy reactions: a reasoned response to a legitimate problem and a knee-jerk response to the hysteria.
On the positive side, Silent Spring brought an end to the general belief that
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of their effect on soil, water, wildlife, and man himself."
Indeed, Carson seemed to advocate reasoned response to rigorous scientific investigation, and in
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information is gathered through routine testing of chemicals for use in the environment.
Ironically, rigorous investigation was not used in the decision to ban DDT, primarily
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in the environment, without pronouncing a death sentence on millions of people.
A major challenge in developing appropriate responses to legitimate problems is that alarmism catches people’s attention and draws them in. Alarmism is given more weight than it deserves, as policy makers attempt to appease their constituency and the media. It polarizes the debaters into groups of "believers" and "skeptics," so that reasoned, fact-based compromise is difficult to achieve. Neither of these aspects of alarmism is healthy for the development of appropriate policy.
Further, alarmist responses to valid problems risk foreclosing potentially useful responses based on ingenuity
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and favoring one particular replacement technology at the expense of other promising technologies.
Environmental alarmism should be taken for what it is—a natural tendency of some portion of the public to latch onto the worst, and most unlikely, potential outcome. Alarmism should not be used as the basis for policy. Where a real problem exists, solutions should be based on reality, not hysteria. 

No food shortages

Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years.  Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA.  Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, "Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?"  2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf, AMiles)

Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled since 1900.
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2003 despite an 87 percent population increase (Goklany 2007a; FAO 2006). 

No food crisis

Urquhart 8 (Sam, Food Crisis, Which Crisis?, July 2008, http://www.zcommunications.org/food-crisis-which-crisis-by-sam-urquhart, AMiles)

Despite the atmosphere of crisis and very real spiraling prices, the truth is food
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, the dysfunctional food system was starving people well before the current crisis.

No famine—agriculture resilient

Michaels 7 – PhD in climatology. Former Research Professor of Environmental Sciences from the University of Virginia.  (Patrick, 4/26, U.N. Climate Scientists Write Off Africa, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=8214, AG)

The resilience of modern agricultural technology is obvious. Consider a climatically diverse state like
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diversified Indian economy would have little problem purchasing food on the international market. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Meltdowns

No meltdowns

Rod Adams 12, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., "Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?", May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29-http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
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and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Risk of meltdown is tiny and decreasing

Cappiello, 2011 (Dina Cappiello reporter for the AP March 29, 2011 "AP IMPACT: Long Blackouts Pose Risk to US Reactors" The Post and Courier http://www.postandcourier.com/news/2011/mar/29/ap-impact-long-blackouts-pose-risk-us-reactors/?print)
The Beaver Valley Power Station, Unit 1, in Pennsylvania had the greatest risk
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releasing into environment, much less of it is released than actually thought."

Solar flares decreasing

Wall 11/17 (Mike, Space.com Staff Writer, " Epic Sun Storm Dry Spell Ahead? Not Necessarily, New Study Says," 2011, http://www.space.com/13660-solar-activity-cycle-grand-minimum.html, )
A new "Maunder minimum?" Solar activity waxes and wanes on an 11-
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that our star could now be transitioning toward another Maunder-like minimum.

Solar flare impacts are empirically denied

Fox News 3/8 (" Sun fires off 2 huge solar flares, could impact weather on Earth," 2012, http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/07/sun-fires-off-2-huge-solar-flares-could-impact-weather-on-earth/, )
A massive solar storm arrived at Earth early Thursday, and is expected to shake
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of the flares is the most powerful solar eruption so far this year.  

No impact to solar flares - empirics

Moskowitz 8/9/11 (Clara, reporter for CBS news, "Biggest solar flare in years as sun erupts" http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/08/09/scitech/main20090118.shtml)
(CBS News) An extremely powerful solar flare, the largest in over four
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cycle, with the star currently heading toward a solar maximum in 2013. 

The newest, most qualified study disproves your advantage - solar flares CANNOT cause widespread blackouts

National Defense, Citing the JASON Advisory Panel of the Department of Homeland Security, 11 (" Report: Solar Flares Unlikely to Spark Electrical Armageddon," 12/22, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=626, )
Energy from solar flares can indeed harm electrical grids on Earth, but a new
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lines, it is unlikely that the entire grid could be brought down.

Solar flares don’t threaten power outages - new tech solves

Worth 11 (Katie, Examiner Staff Writer, " Solar flares threaten to disrupt devices as sun enters active phase," 8/19, http://www.sfexaminer.com/local/2011/08/solar-flares-threaten-disrupt-devices-sun-enters-active-phase, )
But there is still controversy about exactly how damaging a solar flare could be,
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sound waves to predict a flare a day or two before it happens.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

China

China’s wind sector is rapidly expanding—-our ev cites momentum

Hannam 2/4 Peter is a carbon economy editor at Brisbane Times. "China’s wind energy industry spirals higher," 2013, http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/business/carbon-economy/chinas-wind-energy-industry-spirals-higher-20130204-2dua3.html
China installed more than a third of the world’s new wind turbines in 2012 and
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testament to the massive scale and momentum of the industry in this country."

It’s their top focus—-wind and grid capacity are expanding—-they’re the global leader

PR Newswire 1/7 "China’s Offshore Wind Industry Entering Era of Large-Scale Development," 2013, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/chinas-offshore-wind-industry-entering-era-of-large-scale-development-185876602.html
"Wind power has become the third-largest electric power in China," said
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installed capacity will hit 100 million kW, including 5 million kW offshore."

China’s leading the race to develop clean technology now—-it’s zero-sum and wind is key—-the plan reverses this

Harvey 11 Fiona is an environment correspondent at the Guardian. "Developing world ups ante in cleantech ’arms race’," Oct 18, http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/eveloping-world-lead-wind-power-renewable-energy-http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/eveloping-world-lead-wind-power-renewable-energy
Last year was a turning point in the global race to develop clean technology.
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, if government plans for as many as four demonstration projects are successful.

Squo solves

Solidiance 1/8 Solidiance is Asia’s premier marketing and innovation strategy consulting firm. "China’s Renewable Energy Sector: An Overview of Key Growth Sectors," 2013, http://www.solidiance.com/whitepaper/china-renewable.pdf-http://www.solidiance.com/whitepaper/china-renewable.pdf
*Note—-~the~ added to correct grammatical error
Before 2011, the wind power industry was poorly regulated, with no coordination between
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problems, shifting policy away from targeting just capacity and towards grid connectivity.

Newest evidence confirms

Shen 1/11 Feifei is a writer for Bloomberg. "China Working to Cut Idled Wind Farm Capacity," 2013, Renewable Energy World, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/01/china-working-to-cut-idled-wind-farm-capacity-http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/01/china-working-to-cut-idled-wind-farm-capacity
Beijing, China — China, the world’s biggest carbon emitter, is making progress in connecting idled wind farms to the electricity grid, helping to address a roadblock slowing the development of wind power. "The issue is in the process of improvement, given the efforts made by grid companies," Jiang Liping, vice president of the State Grid Energy Research Institute, said in a phone interview on Jan. 10, without disclosing the connection rate.

Consolidation solves—-long term prospects are good

Solidiance 1/8 Solidiance is Asia’s premier marketing and innovation strategy consulting firm. "China’s Renewable Energy Sector: An Overview of Key Growth Sectors," 2013, http://www.solidiance.com/whitepaper/china-renewable.pdf-http://www.solidiance.com/whitepaper/china-renewable.pdf
*Note: Article is written in present tense but is referring to 2011 activities
2011 marks the beginning of a period of adjustment in the Chinese wind power industry
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the unpredictable outcome of this adjustment phase makes short term growth patterns uncertain.

The whole supply chain follows demand—-means leadership is zero-sum—-if they solve their advantages they definitely link to the DA

Caperton et al 11 Richard W. Caperton is a Policy Analyst with the Energy Opportunity team at the Center for American Progress; Kate Gordon is Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center; Bracken Hendricks is a Senior Fellow at the Center; and Daniel J. Weiss is a Senior Fellow and Director of Climate Strategy at the Center. "Helping America Win the Clean Energy Race," Feb 7, http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/02/pdf/ces_brief.pdf
This is no way to build a modern industry. Already we have seen cutting
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energy investment gap is rapidly becoming the greatest threat to America’s technology leadership. 

Renewables companies are going to China now because of lack of incentives—-empirics prove

Freedman 11 David is a Guest Contributor @ MIT’s Technology Review. "China Beckons for Green-Energy Startups," Sept 27, http://www.technologyreview.com/article/425560/china-beckons-for-green-energy-startups/
Many in the U.S. have an interest in getting clean-tech
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appear to be one of them, along with renewable energy in general."

It’s zero-sum—-demand is key—-plan causes firms to relocate to the US

Bradsher 1/30 Keith is a writer at the NY Times. "China Leading Global Race to Make Clean Energy," 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/business/energy-environment/31renew.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/business/energy-environment/31renew.html?pagewanted=all
The United States and other countries are offering incentives to develop their own renewable energy
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. That means Chinese producers enjoy enormous efficiencies from large-scale production.

Investment is also zero-sum—-plan causes flight from China by creating certainty in the US

Luke Schoen 12, World Resources Institute, "CLEAN TECH’S RISE, PART I: Will the U.S. and China Reap the Mutual Benefits?", China FAQS issue brief, April 2012, http://www.chinafaqs.org/files/chinainfo/ChinaFAQs_IssueBrief1_MutualBenefits.pdf
China itself, meanwhile, is becoming a critical market. In¶ recent years
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ideas are¶ looking to China to make those ideas become a reality."

Financing is leaving the US for China now because of lack of production incentives

Romm 11 Dr. Joseph Romm is a Senior Fellow @ American Progress. "United States slipped to third in clean energy race," March 29, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/03/29/207777/united-states-third-clean-energy-race/
 "The United States’ position as a leading destination for clean energy investment is
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, China is now the leading manufacturer of wind turbines and solar panels."

Plan reverses uncertainty—-brings in tons of investment from the sidelines

Pew 10 Pew Charitable Trust. "Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race?" http://www.pewenvironment.org/uploadedFiles/PEG/Publications/Report/G-20Report-LOWRes-FINAL.pdf
Although clean energy investment increased 51 percent in 2010 to %2434 billion, the
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substantial difficulty keeping pace with China and other rapidly growing clean energy economies.

Chinese economic collapse causes World War III

Plate 3 Tom is the Distinguished Scholar of Asian and Pacific Studies at Loyola Marymount University. Mr. Plate is a member of the Pacific Council on International Policy, the Century Association of New York and the Phi Beta Kappa Society. "WHY NOT INVADE CHINA?" June 30, The Straits Times, Lexis
But imagine a China disintegrating — on its own, without neo-con or
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Pakistan for Kashmir. Say hello to World War III Asia-style%21

Chinese lashout results in biological and nuclear strikes

The Epoch Times, Renxing San, 8/4/2005, 8/4, http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-4/30931.html
Since the Party’s life is "above all else," it would not be surprising
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now plans to hold one billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.  

Bioweapons cause extinction

Ochs 2 | Past president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, Member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, and M of the Chemical Weapons Working Group ~Richard Ochs, , June 9, 2002, "Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately," http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html-http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html~~
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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also allow easier use of US bioweapons? How slippery is this slope?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
ANSWERING A 2AC HEG ADD-ON

CP

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war—-maintaining unipolarity’s self-defeating which internal link-turns their offense

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
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will continue for as long as U.S. power remains preponderant.
From the narrower perspective of the unipole’s ability to avoid being involved in wars,
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and a strategy of disengagement, which allows conflict between others to fester.
In a sense, then, strategies of defensive and offensive dominance are self-
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. ability to convert power into favorable outcomes peacefully will be constrained.117
This last point highlights one of the crucial issues where Wohlforth and I differ—
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preponderance, displaying the limited pacifying effects of U.S. power.
What, then, is the value of unipolarity for the unipole? What can
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any event, the polarity of the system may become less important."120
At the same time, nothing in my argument determines the decline of U.
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must acknowledge the possibility of frequent conflict in a nonetheless durable unipolar system.
Finally, my argument points to a "paradox of power preponderance."121 By
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peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

Attempting to preserve hegemony backfires—-causes counterbalancing and great power war

Bruce Jones 11, director of the Center on International Cooperation at New York University, director of the Managing Global Order project and a senior fellow in Foreign Policy at The Brookings Institution, senior external advisor for the World Bank’s World Development Report 2011 on Conflict, Security, and Development, consulting professor at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, March 14, 2011, "Managing a Changing World," Foreign Policy, online: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/14/building_the_new_world_order?page=full
On major questions of global economy and security, interests, not ideology or an
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human rights, democracy promotion, and to a lesser degree, development.
The result is a partial shift in the U.S. position. True
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Its influence, however, has to be wielded in a new mode.
With today’s power distribution, no one actor, and no one set of actors
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financial regulation, and with Russia and Europe on the management of Iran.
No other state has anything like this range of tactical alliances available to them.
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Nuclear Security Summit-but it was the United States that did so.
This is a complex game, where the United States can no longer get its
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others will look first to the largest minority shareholder to lead the way.
But this comparative advantage cannot be overplayed. If the United States attempts to portray
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less dominant position, the United States needs a new mindset about strategy.
PART 2: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. STRATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER
That all of this matters can be illustrated by imagining the negative scenarios if the
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grind to a halt, global trade and finance will begin to erode.
Of course, the primary purpose of international order-to prevent major power war-is even more fundamental. But well short of active conflict between the major powers, mismanagement of the changing international system can pose tremendous costs for the United States and virtually everyone else.
Avoiding a G-Zero scenario, a major power conflict, and continued high
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complemented by frank debate, but not firm divides, on human rights.
Fostering cooperation on global finance and transnational threats
In the realm of global finance, the United States has adapted to the new
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the rising powers at the IMF, at the expense of European seats.
Extending cooperation to other issues is easy to wish for, harder to do.
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major power approaches to Iran and North Korea, with some important success.
A similar combination of formal and informal approaches could help to solidify cooperation on terrorism
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be extended to burden-sharing on trade security in more sensitive locations.
It is debatable whether such cooperation could be extended to active crises, for example
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build trust in significant, second order problems such as Somalia or Yemen.
A further area where cooperation can grow is development. Sustaining global economic recovery will
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of western development strategies, an open mind and genuine dialogue seem warranted.
Cooperative efforts serve two purposes. They are important for functional reasons; the issues
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carries more punch. Counterterrorism cooperation should have greater visibility in both countries.
Shared interests in tackling transnational threats will only be a part of an overall sense of security. Other security issues-regional security and energy security-will drive divergence. But deeper collaboration on shared threats can contextualize the inevitable confrontations ahead.
Regulating economic and energy competition
In other areas, the nature of U.S., European and emerging power
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but states profit or lose differently from different regulations; hence fierce competition.
Similar competitive dynamics over the rules have blocked deeper trade cooperation in recent years.
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as indeed is acknowledged in the QDDR’s proposals for "elevating economic diplomacy."
Issues of relative loss and relative gain may be particularly hard to manage on questions
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climate and the short-term conflict risks of unregulated competition over energy.
This does not mean abandoning any sense that some of these areas can serve as
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policy, do seem set to cause rough competition, veering into conflict.
Investing in tools for crisis de-escalation and management
Because competition is inevitable, and because regional security dilemmas will almost certainly prove more complicated over time, a third and critical component of strategy will be to invest up front in tools for crisis de-escalation and management.
Much of this will be region specific. But across the board, a key
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of power, its presence will help defuse clashes with the emerging powers.
We can also be creative about the role of middle powers. Against a backdrop
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more concrete crisis prevention and management tools? These issues warrant quiet exploration.
The United States can and should also invest in reinforcing the UN Security Council (
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deployments. These halted crises before they could escalate into direct superpower confrontations.
Growing use of the UNSC has been a point of surprising commonality between the Bush
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region where the shift in the balance of power will be most volatile.
Still, even if there were a positive vote in the General Assembly (GA
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for allowing swift alignment between G-20 leaders during the financial crisis.)
Crisis management capacity could be developed in several ways: creating an informal mechanism that
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G-20, nor locks the United States into untested membership change.
And there are interesting models of both informal and semi-formal major power cooperation
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is the example of counter-piracy cooperation in the Horn of Africa.
Frank debate, not firm divides, on human rights
Finally, it is important to touch on what may be the most contentious of issues between the United States and the emerging powers, namely human rights.
On basic human rights issues, the key dynamic will be between the West and
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with human rights was a mild opening, but certainly one worth pursuing.
More broadly, using human rights standards or issues of democracy promotion as a yardstick
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and Germany banded together to block U.S. action in Iraq.
So, contentious, yes; neatly dividing the west from the rest, no. There is complexity not cleavage here. And an effort to use human rights or democratic criteria to drive hard cleavages in the international system would likely provoke more serious banding together by the emerging powers-against, not in favor of, our strategy.
CONCLUSION
America has rebounded from dips in its influence before. An oil price rise before economic downturn, a brewing crisis in Iran, a rising competitor, domestic divides and a Democratic president facing a resurgent right-welcome to 1978. Still, absent dramatic change, an economic shift to "the rest" will continue, and political influence will follow.
If we foster cooperation where interests allow, and devote serious resources to global economic and energy diplomacy, we can balance the contentious dynamics of regional security and human rights. Preparing for crises by investing in management tools can help de-escalate them when they arrive.
This may fail, as the domestic resonance of competition drives out awareness of shared
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G-Zero scenario, with risks of direct conflict between the powers. 

A grand strategy of primacy requires the unipole to freeze the global distribution of power—-causes, counter-balancing, and war

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
A unipole carrying out a defensive-dominance strategy will seek to preserve all three
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out these two pathways to conflict and then illustrate them with historical examples.
To be sure, states can never be certain of other states’ intentions.61
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, the systemic imbalance of power magnifies uncertainty about the unipole’s intentions.63
Faced with this uncertainty, other states have two options. First, they can
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as Wohlforth points out, the power differential rests in its favor.66
Accommodation, however, entails greater risks for minor powers because their survival is not assured if the unipole should turn against them. Thus some of them are likely to implement a second strategic option—resisting the unipole.
The structure of the international system does not entirely determine whether or not a minor
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states, the costs of balancing were lower relative to those of bandwagoning.
In an international system with more than one great power, recalcitrant minor powers would
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themselves, which puts them in a position of extreme self-help.
There are four characteristics common to states in this position: (1) anarchy
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Recalcitrant minor powers will therefore attempt to bolster their capabilities through internal balancing.
To deter an eventual attack by the unipole and bolster their chances of survival in the event deterrence fails, recalcitrant minor powers will attempt to reinforce their conventional defenses, develop the most effective asymmetric strategies possible, and, most likely in the nuclear age, try to acquire the ultimate deterrent—survivable nuclear weapons.73 In so doing, they seek to become major powers.
Defensive dominance, however, also gives the unipole reason to oppose any such revisions
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that could become the harbinger of an unwanted large-scale balancing attempt.
The unipole is therefore likely to demand that recalcitrant minor powers not revise the status quo. The latter, however, will want to resist such demands because of the threat they pose to those states’ security.74 Whereas fighting over such demands would probably lead to defeat, conceding to them peacefully would bring the undesired outcome with certainty. A preventive war is therefore likely to ensue.

Framing issue—-our evidence contains the only rigorous data-based analysis of the conflict-producing effects of unipolarity—-it’s highly war-prone and their ev relies on faulty data

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
In 1999, however, William Wohlforth challenged the consensus that unipolarity would soon end. Indeed, in "The Stability of a Unipolar World," he underscored its durability.11 U.S. preponderance is so marked, he wrote, that "~f~or many decades, no state is likely to be in a position to take on the United States in any of the underlying elements of power."12
Wohlforth further argued that a durable unipolar world is also a peaceful world. In
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"end of history" and the universalization of Western liberal democracy.15
The question of unipolar durability remains the subject of spirited debate. Many analysts,
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argues that "the unipolar world is indeed coming to an end."21
In contrast, the question of unipolar peacefulness has received virtually no attention. Although
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e., the debate on durability) has all but monopolized our attention.
In this article, I provide a theory of unipolarity that focuses on the issue
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strategy, over time it is possible that it will shift to disengagement.
I support my theory with several empirical examples. These do not aim at systematically testing my argument, for two reasons. First, the unipolar era is too short a period to test structural mechanisms. Second, the United States has consistently implemented a strategy of dominance, limiting opportunities to test my claims on the consequences of disengagement.26

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to prevent war with Russia and China—-defuses Georgia, Taiwan and the South China Seas

Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, November/December 2011, "The Wisdom of Retrenchment: America Must Cut Back to Move Forward," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 6
Curbing the United States’ commitments would reduce risks, but it cannot eliminate them.
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now temper its commitments and cultivate a lasting compromise with China over Taiwan.

U.S. involvement in Georgia means conflict goes nuclear

Guldseth 9, Adviser in Strategic Communication. Post graduate in "Media, Communication and ICT" Russia’s new military doctrine opens for first strike nuclear attacks in "local or regional wars", Eistein Guldseth, 10-14-2009
http://writern.blogspot.com/2009/10/russia-might-open-for-first-strike.html
The Russian newspaper Izvestia reports that Cremlin is working on a new military doctrine on first strike use of nuclear arms against "aggressors". That must include Georgia according to President Medvedev’s statement after the war in Georgia in 2008: "The aggressor has been punished".
Patrushev: "Nuclear weapons could be used in case of a nuclear attack, but also in ’regional or even local wars."
According to Izvestia, "Russia will insist on the right to pre-emptive nuclear strikes against aggressor countries in its new military doctrine", the head of the country’s Security Council, Nikolai Patrushev, said.
A greater threat to Russia’s neighboring countries
This new doctrine is contrary to US nuclear military policy, which do not allow
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agressors" should really start to worry all governments in the modern world.
Who’s the target?
Georgia certainly will have to seriously consider it self as a prime target for a nuclear attack from Russia. 

The latest Russian accusations of Georgia supporting and aiding Al Quaeda operations in Russia is
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might be targeted due to uprise and intensivated terrorist attacs in several regions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The court will functionally nullify the aff’s precedent without overruling it – even when future cases are almost identical

Michael J. Gerhardt, Assoc. prof @ William and Wary, Nov. 1991, ’The Role Of Precedent,’ 60 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 68, p ln
Sometimes, however, the Court can destroy a precedent without overruling it by distinguishing
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only extreme sentences that are ’grossly disproportionate to the crime.’" 176 

The aff doesn’t set a precedent – Court can limit the impact to the aff

Stephen F. Smith, Associate Professor, University of Virginia School of Law, April 2002, Texas Law Review, Activism As Restraint: Lessons from Criminal Procedure, 80 Tex. L. Rev. 1057
The end result after decades of case-by-case refinement (and frequently
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law gets "fixed" in a way that avoids sharp doctrinal shifts.
*FYI – "reactivism" includes "limiting or distinguishing prior precedent in ways that undermine the precedent, as well as adopting compensating rules, such as decision rules in criminal procedure, that do not undermine the precedential value of the earlier decision but nevertheless, in practical terms, reduce the real-world impact of the decision."*

Court will distinguish the scope of the aff’s plan – even if fiat is durable, they can’t control future application

Thomas G. Hansford %26 James F. Spriggs, 8-7-2007, "The Politics of Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court," http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8204.html
Second, the Court can negatively interpret a precedent by restricting its reach or calling
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legal authority of a precedent and diminish its applicability to other legal disputes.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Including energy regulations adds five million research hours

Tugwell 88 Franklin Tugwell joined The Asia Foundation’s Board of Trustees in 2010. Dr
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and the American Political Economy," ISBN 0-8047-1500-9
 Finally, administering energy regulations proved a costly and cumbersome endeavor, exacting a
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regulatory process also exceeded %241 billion a year from 1974 to 1980.^

Including energy regs is too big—-it’s torture for the neg

Edwards 80 Opinion in BAYOU BOUILLON CORP. v. ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO. Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit. May 5
Comprehending the applicability and complexity of federal energy regulation necessitates both a stroll down the tortuous legislative path and a review of legal challenges so numerous as to require the establishment of a Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals. 

That destroys education—-too much to comprehend

Stafford 83 G. William is an Associate at Ross, Marsh and Foster. Review of "Federal Regulation of Energy" by William F. Fox, Jr, http://felj.org/elj/Energy%20Journals/Vol6_No2_1985_Book_Review2.pdf
It may safely be said that any effort to catalogue "the entire spectrum of
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evaluating laws, regulations, and significant judicial decisions in a single work. 

Exon-Florio is only a restriction on foreign investments – even though these may end up increasing energy production, the Amendment is not a restriction on the production itself

Marchick, Plotkin and Fagan 5 David, Mark and David, "National Security Regulation of Foreign Investments and Acquistions in the United States," China Law and Practice, June, pg 1
The US holds, unquestionably, the greatest market potential for outward Chinese investment.
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contemplated transaction involves a US economic sector deemed to be "critical infrastructure".

Prefer our Anell evidence—-he defines ’restriction on production’—-they don’t—-key to predictability

Haneman 59 J.A.D. is a justice of the Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division. "Russell S. Bertrand et al. v. Donald T. Jones et al.," 58 NJ Super. 273; 156 A.2d 161; 1959 N.J. Super, Lexis
HN4 In ascertaining the meaning of the word "restrictions" as here employed,
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be construed as being used in the same limited fashion as "zoning."

Evaluating hypothetical possibility of compliance is unreasonable

William L. Wehrum, William L. Wehrum, Hunton %26 Williams LLP, 8/3/12, WHITE STALLION ENERGY CENTER, LLC, et al., Petitioners, v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Respondent, BRIEF OF INDUSTRY AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS, http://www.nam.org/~~/media/2AA72BFA88F74E1B881D5BB46465B765/White_Stallion_Energy_Center_v_EPA_brief_08032012.pdf
In other words, EPA’s floor methodology is based on what it believes is hypothetically
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pollutant approach to setting floors, EPA failed to adhere to this directive.

Exon-Florio reviews are explicitly REGULATIONS not RESTRICTIONS intended to merely MONITOR and SUPERVISE high profile transactions involving the ownership of companies – production related energy activities are excluded

CJ Voss (Attorney at Stoel Rives LLP) September 24, 2012 "Energy Law Alert: CFIUS Intervenes in Chinese-Owned Wind Project" http://www.stoel.com/showalert.aspx?Show=9813
President Ford created CFIUS by Executive Order 11858 in 1975, in response to an
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amended by the Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007 ("FINSA").
Scope of Review Under Exon-Florio
Exon-Florio applies to "covered transactions", which include mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers involving "foreign persons" that could result in foreign control of U.S. businesses, transfers of ownership of a U.S. business from one foreign owner to another, and transactions that result in foreign ownership of a part of an entity or of assets constituting a U.S. business (such as a division).
The regulations implementing FINSA identify certain types of transactions, including leases, start-
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buying supplies and inputs, hiring personnel, and purchasing the necessary technology.

" Further, a start-up investment "may involve the acquisition of shares in a newly incorporated subsidiary." Accordingly, in most cases, these exceptions are unlikely to benefit foreign investors in U.S. renewable energy projects.
Under Exon-Florio, the President is authorized to suspend or prohibit any covered transaction if there is credible evidence that the foreign person exercising control might take action that threatens to impair U.S. national security.
The term "national security" is not defined in the statute or implementing regulations and is construed broadly by CFIUS to include all facts and circumstances that have potential national security implications. Factors that will heighten CFIUS’s interest in a transaction include whether the acquisition target:
has contracts with the U.S. government, particularly sole- or single-source defense contracts, classified contracts or contracts with U.S. government agencies that have national security responsibilities (e.g., homeland security, intelligence);
possesses sensitive or classified technologies, particularly with defense or law enforcement applications, or produces goods, services, or technologies subject to export controls;
controls "critical infrastructure," including major energy assets; or
is engaged in operations that involve nuclear energy.
In addition, the prospective purchaser’s nationality and whether it is controlled or owned (in whole or in part) by a foreign government are important factors in determining whether a CFIUS review may be appropriate.
In light of these factors, national security concerns may arise in a number of ways when a foreign entity acquires a U.S. renewable energy business:
If the U.S. business holds sensitive, classified, or export controlled information or technology, or provides power or energy-related products directly to a U.S. government agency, CFIUS approval should be sought.
Transactions involving foreign control over "major energy assets" are subject to heightened scrutiny
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could materially disrupt an energy supply chain likely would raise national security concerns.
The nationality of the acquirer likely influences the CFIUS process. Transactions involving acquirers based in China, Russia, certain countries in the Middle East, and other countries perceived as "non-cooperative" with respect to national security-related matters likely will be subject to greater scrutiny than transactions involving acquirers based in the E.U. or other G20 nations. 

OCS meets —- that means oil and natural gas affs

NRC 11 Natural Resources Committee, "Obama Administration Imposes Five-Year Drilling Ban on Majority of Offshore Areas" November 8, 2011, http://naturalresources.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=267985
WASHINGTON, D.C., November 8, 2011 - After imposing a nearly
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and Pacific Coasts off-limits to new energy production and job creation.

Coal Affs meet

DOI No Date U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/coal_and_non-energy.print.html
Public lands are available for coal leasing only after the lands have been evaluated through
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may appear on leases as either stipulations to uses or restrictions on operations. 

Wind Affs meet

BBNEP No Date "Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program" http://buzzardsbay.org/windfarms.htm
The first state approval for the project came in May 2005 when approval was given
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Cape Wind can be viewed at the MEPA website, Certificate 12643 FEIR.

It’s arbitrary and undermines research

Resnick 1 Evan- assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University,  "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2
In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
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"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Affirmative teams should instrumentally defend topical action --- their failure to do so is a voting issue
1) A limited topic of discussion that provides for ground for discussion is key to productive decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life---even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable--- T debates also solve any possible turn
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
2) Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development--- forces students to engage in concrete issues of government policy formulation
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
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quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

3) Switch-side is key---Effective deliberation is only possible in a switch-side debate – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions
Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.
And Effective decision-making outweighs---
Key to improvement in every and all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
John F. Kennedy used Cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings to provide debate
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in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.
It’s the only portable skill
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The ecological crunch is coming---overwhelming scientific evidence proves an impending environmental crisis risks extinction
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 4-6
This impending crisis is caused by the accelerating damage to the natural environment on which
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will not be met and human well-being will be seriously affected.

This means a transition to environmental authoritarianism’s coming now---solves extinction  
Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, “The coming of environmental authoritarianism,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
The environment has become the defining public policy issue of the era. Not only
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to the destructive impacts of climate change in an age of diminished expectations.

The aff’s faith in bottom-up change delays the transition and only authoritarian coercion can resolve environmental decline fast enough---the 1AC is founded on an ontology of abundance
Mathew Humphrey 7, Reader in Political Philosophy at the University of Nottingham, UK, 2007, Ecological Politics and Democratic Theory: The Challenge to the Deliberative Ideal, p. 20-21
If these changes are necessary - the downgrading, curtailment and reconceptualisation of democracy,
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of the areas that has attracted fierce criticism from contemporary green political theorists.

Breaking down elite control of energy policy is suicidal---destroys the capacity of centralized government to respond to climate change and environmental degradation
Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, “The coming of environmental authoritarianism,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
Yet, whatever we may think about Asia's authoritarian regimes, we need to recognise
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disruption, including conflict’ (Homer-Dixon 1991, p. 79).

Only top-down, centralized imposition of constraints on freedom can guarantee planetary survival---their ethic will inevitably fail to improve ecological outcomes---an accelerating crisis makes authoritarianism inevitable, and the worse the environment gets, the worse the constraints on freedom will be
Mathew Humphrey 7, Reader in Political Philosophy at the University of Nottingham, UK, 2007, Ecological Politics and Democratic Theory: The Challenge to the Deliberative Ideal, p. 14-15
In terms of the first of these points, that our democratic choices reflect a
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we are faced with a stark choice, democracy or ecological survival.

2nc

*Overwhelming historical and sociological evidence proves individuals are incapable of avoiding the tragedy of the commons absent the use of strong centralized authority to compel their behavior---trying to persuade people to take responsibility for their practices causes them to harden their resistance  
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 9-11
Our innate responses must be understood, for they have a profound influence on our
……
of our critique of liberal democracy and democracy itself are now discussed.22
 

This vastly outweighs the case---preserving existence by definition has to come before any other value---worsening environmental crisis turns all of their impacts, but embracing eco-authoritarianism unites humanity and solves all war
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 85-86
Our position differs from Wolff and other anarchists also insofar as we reject the principle
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it may unite humanity in common cause and heal the cultural fault lines.

Comparative evidence---democracy guarantees extinction, authoritarianism has been the most ecologically beneficial force on earth
Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, “The coming of environmental authoritarianism,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
While evidence about the implications of environmental degradation and even global warming are increasingly uncontroversial
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or so that some think will mark the extent of human expansion.6

There’s an invisible threshold for environmental collapse causing extinction---means err strongly toward authoritarian centralization and be highly skeptical of the benefits of democratic deliberation
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 6-8
The responsibilities and ….survival is dim.

1)  Participation in decentralized politics is disempowering and exacerbates power differentials within communities---turns the whole case and means decisions are worse than they’d be with no deliberation at all
Tina Nabatchi 7, Assistant Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs and a Faculty Research Associate at the Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration at Syracuse University, 2007, Deliberative Democracy: The Effects of Participation on Political Efficacy, p. 66-67
As noted earlier,
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them (Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, 2005; Sunstein, 2003).

2)  The plan is a worse abuse of centralization---the overwhelming majority of people want to have less involvement in politics, not more---the aff paradoxically forces people into a deliberative system they don’t want
Tina Nabatchi 7, Assistant Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs and a Faculty Research Associate at the Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration at Syracuse University, 2007, Deliberative Democracy: The Effects of Participation on Political Efficacy, p. 64-65
Not all scholars agree that deliberative democracy has such benefits; in fact, many
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today stem from an excess of democracy (Huntington, 1975: 113).

No offense---remember the town halls over health care reform in summer 2009 that were dominated by Fox News-watching idiots screaming about death panels? The only people who show up to the aff’s movement/deliberation/whatever will be crazy conservatives who are more deeply motivated, or people who can afford to take time off work---ensures it fails to accurately represent the aff’s constituency
Tina Nabatchi 7, Assistant Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs and a Faculty Research Associate at the Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration at Syracuse University, 2007, Deliberative Democracy: The Effects of Participation on Political Efficacy, p. 65-66
Additional transaction costs to government officials and decision makers concern their ability to broker policy
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Whitehall, 2004; Throop and Purdom, 2006; USFS, 2002).

2)  Group failures---best research proves communicative, deliberative forums are most likely to move collective opinion further toward the preexisting views of the majority, cause irrational decisions made to placate the loudest participants, and dehumanizing violence against out-groups
Tina Nabatchi 7, Assistant Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs and a Faculty Research Associate at the Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration at Syracuse University, 2007, Deliberative Democracy: The Effects of Participation on Political Efficacy, p. 67-69
Social psychology research on small groups highlights several potential pitfalls of deliberation (for an
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of deadlock increase (Hastie, Penrod, and Pennington, 1983), as does polarization (Kaplan and Miller, 1987; Mendelberg and Karpowitz, 2000).

This is a reason the aff collapses any response to climate change---deliberative forums will be filled with conservatives screaming about ClimateGate---means only authoritarianism solves
Halina Ward 11, director of The Foundation for Democracy and Sustainable Development, 1/11, “The Future of Democracy in the Face of Climate Change,” http://www.fdsd.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Paper-Three-futures-of-SD-and-democracy.pdf
Some literature on the future of democracy takes a far less dim view of the
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public opinion and engagement in decision-making would need to evolve too. 

Yes your democracy---their precise recipe for “take democracy, add some K aff smoke and mirros, and stir” doesn’t matter---it’s impossible to reform or modify the foundational principle of democratic freedom to make it ecologically sustainable---only authoritarianism can ensure survival
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 3-4
However putting these subjective assessments aside, our analysis of the performance of democracy is
AND
for democratic approval, or humanity will elect to live as it wishes.

Even if they completely abolished capitalism and consumption, the democratic impulse still makes ecological collapse inevitable
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 4
There is also another important point that will recur in our argument, but which
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. In chapter 7 we will also reject liberalism as a philosophical position.
For the purposes of … of democracy itself.

Deontology collapses into util
Schuck 8 – PROFESSOR OF LAW AT YALE --- Peter H. Schuck, the Simeon E. Baldwin Professor of Law at Yale University, Fall 2008, “The Morality of Immigration Policy,” San Diego Law Review, 45 San Diego L. Rev. 865, p. lexis
That said, I believe that any deontological claim in the realm of practical or
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consequences requires a theory of the good to ground the comparison. n7
Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality
Cummiskey 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor, AG)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
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consideration of conduct, one's own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

Environmental decline makes the transition to authoritarianism inevitable---the only question is whether it can be effective
Mark Beeson 10, Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, 2010, “The coming of environmental authoritarianism,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 19, No. 2, DOI:10.1080/09644010903576918
The conclusions that emerge from the following discussion are necessarily impressionistic, speculative and rather
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alone the ‘good life’ upon which the legitimacy of democratic regimes hinges.

The environmental crisis will collapse democracy---embracing deliberation now causes delayed response that ensures extinction  
David Shearman 7, Emeritus professor of medicine at Adelaide University, Secretary of Doctors for the Environment Australia, and an Independent Assessor on the IPCC; and Joseph Wayne Smith, lawyer and philosopher with a research interest in environmentalism, 2007, The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy, p. 153-156
As we have said, it is not too difficult to see how this present
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philosopher kings feature what we call the “authoritarian alternative” discussed earlier.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Our future historian recounts when policymakers substantially reduced restrictions on natural gas production in the United States

In April 2013, newly-unrestricted access to natural gas for drilling led to a bipartisan agreement to fund President Obama’s Energy Security Trust Fund---it would have failed without the plan
Phil Taylor 13, EandE Reporter, 2/13/13, “Obama's energy trust doesn't include expanded drilling,” http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2013/02/13/1
President Obama's proposed …..until at least 2017.

The ESTF funded research into advanced second-generation biofuels
Roland Hwang 13, Natural Resources Defense Council, 2/13/13, “Ending oil subsidies can pay for Energy Security Trust,” http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/rhwang/ending_oil_subsidies_to_pay_fo.html
In his State of the …. dollars to better use.

Our dystopian future-historical approach demonstrates how that RandD into advanced biofuels led to synthetic biotech developed exclusively for agrofuel crops---and that research was twisted to create incurable bioweapons  
Brian Tokar 9, Director of the Institute for Social Ecology, and Rachel Smolker, Co-Director of BiofuelWatch, Ph.D. in behavioral ecology from the University of Michigan and worked as a field biologist, 2/24/9, “Biofuels: Promise or Threat?,” http://ww4report.com/node/6926
The widespread application
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Genetic Engineering: an introduction to synthetic biology. ETC Group 22)

SynthBio never would have won public acceptance without a large-scale push for advanced biofuels
ETC 7 – ETC Group (Action Group on Erosion Technology and Concentration), an international civil sociaety organistion based on Canada dedicated to conservation and sustainable advancement of cultural and ecological diversity, January 2007, “Extreme Genetic Engineering: An Introduction to Synthetic Biology,” http://www.agriculturedefensecoalition.org/sites/default/files/file/agriculture_57/57M%202010%20ETC%20Group%20Extreme%20Genetic%20Engineering%20An%20Introductory%20Report%20January%202007.pdf
But concerns about synbio’s bioweaponry potential are not limited to the construction or reconstruction of
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risks and dangers. 

The risks of synthetic biology inform a vision of the ultimate dystopian future
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. Ćirković, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
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may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.

1nr
Biofuels lead to extinction
Tad Patzek 8, professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UC-Berkeley, 2008, “Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand,” in Biofuels, Solar, and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems, ed. Pimentel, p. 36-44
Physics, chemistry and biology say clearly that there can be no sustained net mass
…..powered cars and trucks.
NPP is net primary productivity – biomass produced by the earth annually

Cellulose is the 1AC’s only hope of leading to action to forestall climate change
Patrick Mazza 8, Climate Solutions Research Director, 3/12/08, “Growing Sustainable Biofuels: Common Sense on Biofuels,” Climate Solutions, http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007885.html
SOIL CARBON TO THE CENTER Creating farm and forestry systems with strong incentives for growing
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in the first decade with carbon stores growing over 25-50 years.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No impact---mitigation and adaptation will solve---no tipping point or “1% risk” args
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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economic growth and well‐being may be at risk (Stern 2006).
These statements are largely alarmist and misleading. Although climate change is a serious problem
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range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.

No extinction from climate change
NIPCC 11 – the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, an international panel of nongovernment scientists and scholars, March 8, 2011, “Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC,” online: http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html
In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010
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fluctuations in climate."

No data supports mass extinction theories---their models are flawed
David Stockwell 11, Researcher at the San Diego Supercomputer Center, Ph.D. in Ecosystem Dynamics from the Australian National University, developed the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production system making contributions modeling of invasive species, epidemiology of human diseases, the discovery of new species, and effects on species of climate change, April 21, 2011, “Errors of Global Warming Effects Modeling,” online: http://landshape.org/enm/errors-of-global-warming-effects-modeling/
Predictions of massive …. looking for them.