Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Nuclear Power 1AC – GSU

1AC Economy Advantage

CONTENTION 1: ECONOMY

Loan guarantees now but insufficient

Squassoni 12 Sharon, Director and Senior Fellow of the Proliferation Prevention Program at CSIS, “NUCLEAR POWER IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY PORTFOLIO”, Federation of American Scientists, February, www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf

Congress appropriated $18.5 billion in loan guarantees for nuclear power facilities,

AND

Vogtle reactor project in Georgia (over $8 billion) in 2010.

Economic collapse is inevitable-~--double-dip’s coming now due to unemployment and lack of spending-~--the US is key

Islam 8/8 Frank, International Business Times, "Double Dip Recession Looms Large", 2012, www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/371450/20120808/double-dip-recession-economy-america-frank-islam.htm

A less-than-stellar recovery of the U.S. economy,

AND

economy more vibrant. Otherwise, the global economy will be in jeopardy.

Expansion stimulates the economy and creates massive job growth

Fertel 9—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs. (Marvin, Op-Ed: In Energy, Nuclear Leads Transition to Green Jobs, http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/economicbenefitsofnewnuclearplants/in-energy-nuclear-leads-transition-to-green-jobs/)

There is tremendous potential for rebuilding the U.S. economy on green jobs

AND

high-paying jobs as part of a transition to a greener economy.

Nuclear is the key bridge to a sustainable economy which solves economic collapse and war

Becker et al 8—article by 6 MIT professors – Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—Richard Milner—Director, Lab for Nuclear Science and Professor, MIT–AND—Eric Cosman— Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Peter Demos—Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Bruno Coppi—Prof of Physics, MIT (A Perspective on the Future Energy Supply of the United States: The Urgent Need for Increased Nuclear Power, web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/212/milner.html)

The reliable and affordable availability of energy is the lifeblood of human civilization in the

AND

initiate immediately a program to implement nuclear fission reactors on a large scale.

Expanding nuclear solves energy shortages which cause economic collapse

Sullivan 9—Professor of Economics, National Defense University (Paul, Policy Uncertainty Plagues Industry, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2009/10/does-nuclear-fit-the-bill.php)

On the other hand, it is clear that many of our nuclear plants are

AND

new energy future require steady and well-educated leadership at many levels.

It’s also key to long-term growth and hedge against gas spikes

Whitman 12—former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (5/9/12, Christine, It's dangerous to depend on natural gas, tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/05/09/christine-whitman-nuclear-energy/)

The United States needs an "all of the above" energy strategy that focuses

AND

if we are to secure a safe and sustainable portfolio of energy resources.

Natural gas prices will spike-~--nuclear key

Adams 12—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (6/3/12, Rod, Brief summary of recent natural gas price history, atomicinsights.com/2012/06/brief-summary-of-recent-natural-gas-price-history.html)

Natural gas prices are volatile. Their price pattern can generate large fortunes. The

AND

also fairly certain that the price increase will not be a temporary blip.

That collapses the US economy

Stones 9—Director of Energy Risk, Dow Chemical Company (Edward, Testimony in front of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Energy, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54945/html/CHRG-111shrg54945.htm)

Over the last 12 years, there have been five significant natural gas spikes.

AND

energy costs in the US remain globally competitive and avoid economically devastating volatility.

Collapse is inevitable absent a federally funded expansion of nuclear power

Freeman 9—Technology Editor, Executive Intelligence Review Magazine and Associate Editor, 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine. Has written in Fusion Magazine, Executive Intelligence Review magazine, 21st Century Science and Technology magazine, Acta Astronautica, Space World magazine, New Federalist newspaper, Science Books and Films, Space Governance Journal, The World and I, Quest Magazine,The Encyclopedia of the Midwest, and other periodicals. (Marsha, Stimulate The Economy: Build New Nuclear Plants!, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2009/Stimulate_Nucl_sp09.pdf)

But economic growth will depend upon trillions of dollars of Federal investment that ameliorate the

AND

ruin, must be retooled and mobilized to recreate a nuclear manufacturing industry.

US is key to the global economy

Caploe 9 David, CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have

AND

US - and it is going to have to be solved there too.

Economic decline causes global nuclear war

Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., “It’s not just the economy,” State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank

AND

demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home.

We have strong statistical support – their defense doesn’t account for global crises

Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict

AND

such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

1AC Leadership Advantage

CONTENTION 2: LEADERSHIP

Nuclear power’s inevitable globally-~--it will be unsafe and cause proliferation absent renewed US leadership

Loudermilk 11—Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University (Micah, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375)

Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering of small reactors around the

AND

standards on nuclear agreements, spent fuel reprocessing, and developing reactor technologies.

Rapid global spread of unsafe nuclear power risks nuclear terrorism and proliferation

Ebinger 11 Charles K, senior fellow and director of the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution and John P. Banks is a nonresident fellow with the Energy Security Initiative at the Brookings Institution, “Introduction: Planning a Responsible Nuclear Energy Future,” Business and Nonproliferation: Industry's Role in Safeguarding a Nuclear Renaissance, 2011,

http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/press/books/2011/10/businessandnonproliferation/businessandnonproliferation_chapter.pdf

Currently, 440 reactors with a total capacity of 375 gigawatts (GWe) are

AND

attain regional predominance, international standing, or the capabilities of regional rivals.

Wildfire prolif inevitable without safe nuclear

Macalister 9—energy editor of the Guardian. (Terry, New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy', www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste)

The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other

AND

low-carbon energy and a stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.

Extinction

Kroenig 12 Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30

Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear

AND

that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Multiple factors ensure miscalculation—deterrence theory is outdated and false

Evans and Kawaguchi 9 Gareth, President of the International Crisis Group, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne and Yoriko, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, “Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers”, December 15, International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, pg. 31-32, http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html

3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nucleararmed

AND

nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Loose nukes cause nuclear war

Wright 7—prize winning author of best winning books. Visiting scholar at The University of Pennsylvania and Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. Attended TCU, finished his interdisciplinary degree in public and international affairs at Princeton (Robert, 4/28, Planet Of The Apes, http://select.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/opinion/28wright.html, AG)

(3) Terrorism. Alas, the negative-feedback loop -- bad outcomes

AND

And the catalyst would be terrorism, along with our mishandling of it.

And terrorism causes extinction

Hellman 8 [Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf]

The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat

AND

assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.

Boosting domestic nuclear is key to make the global expansion safe and renew US leadership

WGR 12—Working Group Report Prepared by the Idaho National Laboratory, Third Way energy think tank, and New Millennium Nuclear Energy Partnership (June 2012, A Strategy for the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Consolidated Working Group Report, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/540/Third_Way_Report_-_A_Strategy_for_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy.pdf)

For more than sixty years, the United States has led the world in the

AND

together to establish our position in the worldwide market for nuclear energy infrastructure.

1AC Plan

The United States federal government should provide loan guarantees for the expansion of nuclear power in the United States

1AC Solvency

CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

Expanding loan guarantees for nuclear power creates clean, sustainable electricity-~--federal support’s necessary

I21CE 11 Institute for 21st Century Energy, Mission of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for 21st Century Energy is to unify policymakers, regulators, business leaders, and the American public behind a common sense energy strategy to help keep America secure, prosperous, and clean, "Commit to and Expand Nuclear Energy Use", 2011 is copyright date, www.energyxxi.org/commit-and-expand-nuclear-energy-use

Nuclear power is currently an emissions-free source of 20% of America’s electricity

AND

liability cap is now too low and does not reflect today’s market costs.

Loan guarantees are crucial-~--reduce financial uncertainty and boost investment

Adams 10—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (Rod, Concrete Action to Follow Strongly Supportive Words On Building New Nuclear Power Plants, atomicinsights.com/2010/01/concrete-action-to-follow-strongly-supportive-words-on-building-new-nuclear-power-plants.html)

Loan guarantees are important to the nuclear industry because the currently available models are large

AND

government on the hook for delays that come from bad bureaucratic decision making.

Government support is vital-~--it overcomes financial barriers to nuclear that the market cannot

Yanosek 12 Kassia, entrepreneur-in-residence at Stanford University’s Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance and a private equity investor in the energy sector as a principal at Quadrant Management and Founder of Tana Energy Capital LLC, " Financing Nuclear Power in the US", Spring, energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Financing_Nuclear_Power_by_Kassia_Yanosek

Over the course of the last decade, it appeared that concerns about carbon emissions

AND

of tax credits and loan guarantees provided in the 2005 Energy Policy Act.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

GSU Day 2 1AC

Econ – 1AC

CONTENTION 1: ECONOMY

SMR incentives now but insufficient for commercialization

Harrington 12 Kent, ChEnected, March 22, "Small Modular Reactors Closer to Reality",chenected.aiche.org/energy/small-modular-reactors-closer-to-reality/

This is still a ………….. has invested $170 million in research grants at more than 70 universities, supporting RandD into a full spectrum of technologies, from advanced reactor concepts to enhanced safety design.

Economic collapse is inevitable-~--double-dip’s coming now due to unemployment and lack of spending-~--the US is key

Islam 8/8 Frank, International Business Times, "Double Dip Recession Looms Large", 2012,www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/371450/20120808/double-dip-recession-economy-america-frank-islam.htm

A less-than-………… the global economy more vibrant. Otherwise, the global economy will be in jeopardy.

Expansion stimulates the economy and creates massive job growth

Fertel 9—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs. (Marvin, Op-Ed: In Energy, Nuclear Leads Transition to Green Jobs,http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/economicbenefitsofnewnuclearplants/in-energy-nuclear-leads-transition-to-green-jobs/)

There is tremendous potential for ……….. as part of a transition to a greener economy.

Nuclear is the key bridge to a sustainable economy which solves economic collapse and war

Becker et al 8—article by 6 MIT professors – Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—Richard Milner—Director, Lab for Nuclear Science and Professor, MIT–AND—Eric Cosman— Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Peter Demos—Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Bruno Coppi—Prof of Physics, MIT (A Perspective on the Future Energy Supply of the United States: The Urgent Need for Increased Nuclear Power,web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/212/milner.html)

The reliable and affordable ………….. nuclear fission reactors on a large scale.

It’s also key to long-term growth and hedge against gas spikes

Whitman 12—former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (5/9/12, Christine, It's dangerous to depend on natural gas, tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/05/09/christine-whitman-nuclear-energy/)

The United States needs an "all of the above" ………… a safe and sustainable portfolio of energy resources.

SMRs are key to a stable electric supply-~--power plants are shutting down and renewables aren’t reliable

McNelis 11—director of the Center for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economic Development in the Institute for the Environment at UNC-Chapel Hill. (David, 6/24/12, Safe Power from Small Reactors http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/06/24/1295895/safer-power-from-smaller-reactors.html

Efforts to promote energy efficiency, encourage sustainable lifestyle changes and exploit renewable energy sources

AND

source of energy that should be considered for use in the United States.

Natural gas prices will spike-~--nuclear key

Adams 12—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (6/3/12, Rod, Brief summary of recent natural gas price history, atomicinsights.com/2012/06/brief-summary-of-recent-natural-gas-price-history.html)

Natural gas prices are volatile. Their price pattern can generate large fortunes. The

AND

also fairly certain that the price increase will not be a temporary blip.

That collapses the US economy

Stones 9—Director of Energy Risk, Dow Chemical Company (Edward, Testimony in front of the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and Energy, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54945/html/CHRG-111shrg54945.htm)

Over the last 12 years, there have been five significant natural gas spikes.

AND

energy costs in the US remain globally competitive and avoid economically devastating volatility.

Collapse is inevitable absent a federally funded expansion of nuclear power

Freeman 9—Technology Editor, Executive Intelligence Review Magazine and Associate Editor, 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine. Has written in Fusion Magazine, Executive Intelligence Review magazine, 21st Century Science and Technology magazine, Acta Astronautica, Space World magazine, New Federalist newspaper, Science Books and Films, Space Governance Journal, The World and I, Quest Magazine,The Encyclopedia of the Midwest, and other periodicals. (Marsha, Stimulate The Economy: Build New Nuclear Plants!, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2009/Stimulate_Nucl_sp09.pdf)

But economic growth will depend upon trillions of dollars of Federal investment that ameliorate the

AND

ruin, must be retooled and mobilized to recreate a nuclear manufacturing industry.

US is key to the global economy

Caploe 9 David, CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have

AND

US - and it is going to have to be solved there too.

Economic decline causes global nuclear war

Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., “It’s not just the economy,” State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26,http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank

AND

demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home.

We have strong statistical support – their defense doesn’t account for global crises

Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict

AND

such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

China – 1AC

CONTENTION 2: CHINA

Chinese nuclear power exports encourage Chinese aggression, cause regional instability, and expands Chinese heg in Asia

Blank 10—Research Professor of National Security Affair, Strategic Studies Institute (Stephen, China puts down marker in nuclear power race, www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LF16Cb01.html)

China announced in late April the sale of two nuclear reactors to Pakistan. This

AND

that China deems as essential to the pursuit of its larger strategic goals.

Domestic SMRs are key to leverage over Chinese exports which solves Chinese belligerence, heg, and global prolif

Cullinane 11—Staff at House Foreign Affairs Committee. Graduate student at the Institute of World Politics (Scott, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, 9/28/11, www.ensec.org/index.php?view=articleandcatid=118%3Acontentandid=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandtmpl=componentandprint=1andpage=andoption=com_contentandItemid=376)

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on

AND

larger efforts on both sides of the Pacific to shape the 21st century.

Allowing Chinese market leadership causes Chinese belligerence and heg

Auslin 11 – Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, August 15, 2011, “Build, Hold, and Clear: An American Strategy for Asia ,” online: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=articleandpubId=103997andauthors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/127%3EMichael%20Auslin%3C/a%3E

Ultimately, the U.S. must be serious about its willingness to deal

AND

a system from which it has benefited as much as any other nation.

Great power war

Khalilzad 11—Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. (Zalmay, The Economy and National Security,www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to

AND

leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Chinese heg causes nuclear war

Walton 7 – C. Dale Walton, Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, 2007, Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the 21st Century, p. 49

Obviously, it is of vital importance to the United States that the PRC does

AND

a healthy multipolar system that is not marked by close great power alliances.

Lack of US nuclear expansion tempts China to export dangerous reactors-~--causes meltdowns, terrorist theft, and kills nuclear development world-wide

Tu 12—Senior Associate, Energy and Climate Program, Carnegie (Kevin, 3/11/12, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads)

It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety oversight mechanism is one of the weakest

AND

is a fatal mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make. 

Revitalizing the US industry solves Chinese market dominance in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University. (Charles, Nuclear Energy and Nonproliferation: The Implications of Expanded Nuclear Energy in Asia, in Asia’s Rising Power and America’s Continued Purpose, Ed Tellis, Marble and Tanner, 146)

Although China began to develop commercial nuclear energy a decade or two after Japan and

AND

may garner clients in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

That causes prolif and unsafe reactors-~--US development solves and gets modeled

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University.  (Charles, Testimony before the  House Committee on Science and Technology for the hearing on Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/full10/may19/Ferguson.pdf)

Given the differences in design philosophy among these vendors and the fact that none of

AND

considers all aspects of manufacturing, transportation, operation, and ultimate disposal.” 

Unsafe nuclear development in South East Asia causes nuclear terror and piracy

CNS 12—Joint Paper prepared by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), the Center for Energy and Security Studies (CENESS), and the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (May 2012, PROSPECTS FOR NUCLEAR SECURITY PARTNERSHIP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/120515_seasia_nuclear_security_partnership.pdf)

Due to the increased flow of nuclear materials and radioactive sources in the region,

AND

as major supplier countries place increasing importance on the issue of trade security.

The risk of attack on Malacca is real

Raj 9 – Andrin Raj, Visiting Research Fellow at the Japan Institute for International Affairs and Director/Security and Terrorism Analyst for Stratad Asia Pacific Strategic Centre, February 3, 2009, “Maritime Terrorism and Piracy in the Straits of Malacca: A Potential risk that needs to be taken seriously!,” online: http://www.todturkey.org/lang-tr/haberler/335-maritime-terrorism-and-piracy-in-the-straits-of-malacca-a-potential-risk-that-needs-to-be-taken-seriously.pdf

The Straits of Malacca commands a navigational water route for nearly sixty percent of world

AND

, learning, and training for a “bigger” attack to come.

Collapses global trade

Luft and Korin 4—Foreign Affairs, executive director of the Institute for Analysis of Global Security, Korin is the director of policy and strategic planning at IAGS and editor of Energy Security, "Terrorism Goes to Sea", November/December, http://www.iags.org/fa2004.html

Pirates and Islamist terrorist groups have long operated in the same areas, including the

AND

halt, inflicting multi-billion-dollar damage on the world economy.

Extinction

Panzer 8—25-year veteran of the markets who has worked for for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and J.P. Morgan Chase. New York Institute of Finance faculty member and a graduate of Columbia University. (Michael, Financial Armageddon, 136-8)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United

AND

between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

South Asian terror causes extinction -~--hlight

Ayson 10 [Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington,“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by

AND

would be undoubtedly blamed on¶ Pakistan, with potentially catastrophic results.”¶ 44

US involvement in Southeast Asian nuke power key to solve Asia prolif

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University. (Charles, Nuclear Energy and Nonproliferation: The Implications of Expanded Nuclear Energy in Asia, in Asia’s Rising Power and America’s Continued Purpose, Ed Tellis, Marble and Tanner, 143-4)

Asia’s rapid growth in nuclear power use will significantly influence safe and secure operation of

AND

, India, Japan, and South Korea, to supply entrant states.

Nuclear war

Cimbala, 10 - Prof. of Political Science @ Penn State, (Stephen, Nuclear Weapons and Cooperative Security in the 21st Century, p. 117-8)

A five-sided nuclear competition in the Pacific would be linked, in geopolitical

AND

forestall attack as offensive preparations for attack, thus triggering a mistaken preemption.

Plan – 1AC

The United States federal government should reduce restrictions in the United States that disproportionately affect expansion of small modular reactors

Solvency – 1AC

CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

Current restrictions make SMR development impossible-~--plan’s necessary

Rysavy et al 9 Charles F, partner with the law firm of Kand

AND

/committees/nuclearpower/docs/SMR-Dec_2009.pdf

Most SMRs are not merely scaled down versions of large-scale reactors, but

AND

in many cases the actual containment/reactor system will be placed underground.

Reducing restrictions enable SMR commercialization-~--solves growth-~--federal action’s key

Freed et al 10 Josh, Director of the Third Way Clean Energy Program, Elizabeth Horwitz, Policy Advisor at Third Way’s Clean Energy Program, and Jeremy Ershow, formerly a Policy Advisor at Third Way, September, "Thinking Small On Nuclear Power", content.thirdway.org/publications/340/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Thinking_Small_On_Nuclear_Power.pdf

THE PROBLEM¶ We don’t have sufficient clean energy technologies to meet our baseload electricity

AND

reactors could be deployed within a decade domestically22 and go global soon after.

SMRs are the only sustainable energy option-~--they’re safer, cheaper, solve growth and US leadership----we need regulatory changes to compete

Cullen et al 12 Discover Magazine, Report was authored by Genevieve Cullen, vice

AND

article_view?b_start:int=1and-C=

2. DOWNSIZED NUCLEAR POWER¶ Bold Idea: Build a new generation of small

AND

reactors, will we build them at home or buy them from China?”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: v. Gtown | Judge: 

China

Chinese nuclear power exports encourage Chinese aggression, cause regional instability, and expands Chinese heg in Asia

Blank 10—Research Professor of National Security Affair, Strategic Studies Institute (Stephen, China puts down marker in nuclear power race, www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LF16Cb01.html)

China announced in late April the sale of two nuclear reactors to Pakistan. This

AND

that China deems as essential to the pursuit of its larger strategic goals.

Domestic SMRs are key to leverage over Chinese exports which solves Chinese belligerence and heg

Cullinane 11—Staff at House Foreign Affairs Committee. Graduate student at the Institute of World Politics (Scott, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, 9/28/11, www.ensec.org/index.php?view=articleandcatid=118%3Acontentandid=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandtmpl=php?view=articleandcatid=118%3Acontentandid=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandtmpl=componentandprint=1andpage=andoption=com_contentandItemid=376)

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on

AND

larger efforts on both sides of the Pacific to shape the 21st century.

Allowing Chinese market leadership wrecks heg

Auslin 11 – Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, August 15, 2011, “Build, Hold, and Clear: An American Strategy for Asia ,” online: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=articleandpubId=103997andauthors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/127%3EMichael%20Auslin%3C/a%3E

Ultimately, the U.S. must be serious about its willingness to deal

AND

a system from which it has benefited as much as any other nation.

Great power war

Khalilzad 11—Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. (Zalmay, The Economy and National Security, www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to

AND

leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

Heg key to solve war

Wohlforth 9 William C. Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth, January 2009, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Politics, Vol. 61, No. 1

The evidence suggests that narrow ………. form the backdrop of world politics.

The plan solves unsafe Chinese exports

Tu 12—Senior Associate, Energy and Climate Program, Carnegie (Kevin, 3/11/12, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads)

It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety oversight mechanism is one of the weakest

AND

is a fatal mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make. 

Russia

Current US support for SMRs is insufficient; Obama’s funding is too little, too late – locks the US out of global markets

Biello 12 – Staff Writer at Scientific American, Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power, Can small, LEGO-like reactors help create better prospects for the nuclear industry?, David Biello, April 19^th, 2012, http:~/~/www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1013url:http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1013

Regardless of how cheap such ………. nuclear power plants."

US procrastination on SMRs cedes the market to Russia – they’ll export small, dangerous, ocean-going reactors – US leadership necessary to capture the global market in order to set the global standard for SMR saftey

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University.  (Charles, Testimony before the  House Committee on Science and Technology for the hearing on Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/full10/may19/Ferguson.pdf)

The United States and several other countries have considerable experience in building and operating small

AND

considers all aspects of manufacturing, transportation, operation, and ultimate disposal.”  

The market is uncertain over direction of US SMR deployment – SMR fleet build-out required

T.E.C. 12 SMR Alliances go for $452M In DOE gold, Posted May 31, 2012, The Energy Collective, first published in  Fuel Cycle Week, V11, N474 May 24, 2012, http://theenergycollective.com/dan-yurman/86285/smr-alliances-go-452m-doe-old?utmsource=feedburnerutmmedium=feedutmcampaign=TheEnergyCollective28allposts29

As far as raising investment capital, he said that financial markets remain “confused

AND

learning has taken place that “scaling factors and cost savings kick in.”

Lack of safety causes unique risks of accidents and floating Chernobyl’s

Grossman 10 – Prof. of Journalism @ SUNY – Karl Grossman, CounterPunch, 27 July 2010, Floating Chernobyls

http://nuclearfreeplanet.org/blogs/counterpunch--karl-grossman-floating-chernobyls.html

Nuclear experts in Europe—including in Russia—are as critical as Lochbaum is

AND

, and has not taken into consideration the enormous nuclear proliferation risks posed.”

The impact is a massive nuclear explosion which irradiates the oceans

Grossman 10 – Prof. of Journalism @ SUNY – Karl Grossman, CounterPunch, 27 July 2010, Floating Chernobyls

http://nuclearfreeplanet.org/blogs/counterpunch--karl-grossman-floating-chernobyls.html

However, David Lochbaum, senior safety engineer at the Union of Concerned Scientists,

AND

Further, there would be radioactive pollution of the sea, he noted.

Extinction

Craig 3— Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 2003, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis

Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they

AND

- even if a few fishers go out of business as a result.

Each Russian floating NPP exports can fuel ten nuclear bombs for nuclear terrorists

Grossman 10 – Prof. of Journalism @ SUNY – Karl Grossman, CounterPunch, 27 July 2010, Floating Chernobyls

http://nuclearfreeplanet.org/blogs/counterpunch--karl-grossman-floating-chernobyls.html

In a chapter on the floating plants as “an attractive object of nuclear terrorism

AND

for ten nuclear bombs in the way of enriched uranium of weapon quality.”

Unique risk in Southeast Asia

Young 10 - Research Associate at Monterey Institute of International Studies – Isolated Criticality: Russia's Floating Nuclear Power Plants, Concepts and Concerns, Nov. 5, 2010

From the project's inception, in the 1990s, Russia has marketed FNPPs as innovative

AND

, security and safety arguments that have been made in opposition to FNPPs.

Triggers nuclear piracy and terrorism

CNS 12—Joint Paper prepared by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), the Center for Energy and Security Studies (CENESS), and the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (May 2012, PROSPECTS FOR NUCLEAR SECURITY PARTNERSHIP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/120515_seasia_nuclear_security_partnership.pdf)

Due to the increased flow of nuclear materials and radioactive sources in the region,

AND

as major supplier countries place increasing importance on the issue of trade security.

Collapses global trade

Luft and Korin 4—Foreign Affairs, executive director of the Institute for Analysis of Global Security, Korin is the director of policy and strategic planning at IAGS and editor of Energy Security, "Terrorism Goes to Sea", November/December, http:~/~/www.iags.org/html

Pirates and Islamist terrorist groups have long operated in the same areas, including the

AND

halt, inflicting multi-billion-dollar damage on the world economy.

Extinction

Panzer 8—25-year veteran of the markets who has worked for for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and J.P. Morgan Chase. New York Institute of Finance faculty member and a graduate of Columbia University. (Michael, Financial Armageddon, 136-8)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United

AND

between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Exports of floating NPPs triggers Prolif – powered by highly enriched uranium

Grossman ’10 – Prof. of Journalism @ SUNY

Karl Grossman, CounterPunch, 27 July 2010, Floating Chernobyls

http://nuclearfreeplanet.org/blogs/counterpunch--karl-grossman-floating-chernobyls.html

In a statement describing the …………in its article added Namibia and Cape Verde to the list.

Break non-Prolif norms and risk terrorist diversion

Grossman ’10 – Prof. of Journalism @ SUNY

Karl Grossman, CounterPunch, 27 July 2010, Floating Chernobyls

http://nuclearfreeplanet.org/blogs/counterpunch--karl-grossman-floating-chernobyls.html

Nuclear experts in Europe—including in ………. simply violate the idea of non-proliferation.”

Causes wildfire prolif

Macalister 9—energy editor of the Guardian. (Terry, New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy', www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste)

The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other

AND

low-carbon energy and a stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.

Extinction

Kroenig 12 Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http:~/~/www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30url:http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30

Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear

AND

that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Multiple factors ensure miscalculation—deterrence theory is outdated and false

Evans and Kawaguchi 9 Gareth, President of the International Crisis Group, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne and Yoriko, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, “Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers”, December 15, International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, pg. 31-32, http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html

3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nucleararmed

AND

nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

1AC - Solvency

Plan: The United States federal government should enter into power purchasing agreements for small modular reactor generated civilian nuclear power, and reduce restrictions on evacuation zones and restrictions on modular installation of small modular reactors.

Power production agreements along with easing restrictions on multiple SMR modules and evacuation zones jumpstart the industry at zero initial coast and with no political fallout

Madia’12 - Dr. Madia serves as Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.  Previously, he was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2000-2004 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory from 1994-1999.

Stanford Energy Journal, Spring ’12 - SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: A POTENTIAL GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia

No one has yet obtained a design ……….. nuclear waste, corporate welfare, or carbon taxes.

NRC licensing for SMRs locks in the US as the premier export provider of SMRs

BENNETT HALL, CORVALLIS GAZETTE-TIMES, 3/18/12, Back in the race, http://m.gazettetimes.com/news/local/back-in-the-race/article_f77f6092-5405-5c02-86b5-e1c9cbca121c.html

In some ways, though, ………. to be the company that’s out ahead of the pack.”

Safety key to export agreements

Ioannis N. Kessides, The World Bank Development Research Group Environment and Energy Team, 2012, The Future of the Nuclear Industry Reconsidered, http:~/~/www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/06/29/000158349_20120629130url:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/06/29/000158349_20120629130 837/Rendered/PDF/WPS6112.pdf

Advanced reactor designs are supposed to offer higher …………nuclear plant accident (Goldberg  and Rosner, 2011).    

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Sci dip adv

Nuke power key to scientific leadership and cooperation

Krige 6—Kranzberg Professor, School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology (John, Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism and Scientific Intelligence, www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/khb3/osiris/papers/Krige.pdf)

The refusal to provide ‘civilian’ radio-isotopes to foreign researchers was generating hostility

AND

undermine, “the common defense and security of the United States”. 45

Nuclear cooperation spills over to broader science coop

Pyatt 11—Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs (Geoffrey, Taking Stock of the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal, http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rmks/2011/174883.htm)

As we look ahead to the future of our civil-nuclear cooperation we are

AND

, two-thirds of which have resulted in long-term partnerships.

Nuclear power key to science and tech leadership-~--solves war

BRC 12—The Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technology Subcommittee of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future; co-chaired by the Honorable Pete Domenici and Dr. Per Peterson and included the following Commissioners:  Dr. Albert Carnesale, Susan Eisenhower, Dr. Allison MacFarlane, Dr. Richard  Meserve, Dr. Ernest Moniz, and the Honorable Phil Sharp. (Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technology SubcommitteeReport to the Full Commission, cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620220054/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/updated_rfct_report_final.pdf)

In contrast, there is much less uncertainty about the underlying energy and nuclear technology

AND

change, and reducing energy-related national security risks and terrorism threats.

Nuclear leadership key to global coop on energy/poverty/econ

Fertel 11—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs (Marvin, Measured Reactions Warranted, http:~/~/energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/07/php)

The strength of America’s energy portfolio is the diversity of supply that is the result

AND

will produce common-sense energy strategies that stand the test of time.

Expanding domestic nuke power key to influence with rogue states

UIB 10 (Unistar Issue Brief; Publication of Constellation Energy and EDF Group The Global Nuclear Marketplace: a case for Engagement http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/global_marketplace.pdf)

The Consequences of Inaction  A significant global expansion of nuclear energy occurred while the United

AND

-free nuclear energy and strengthen our influence on nuclear energy issues worldwide.

It solves every impact

Fedoroff 8—Former Science and Technology Adviser to the Sec of State. Chaired Professor of Life Sciences and Evan Pugh Professor in the Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University. (Nina, Statement before Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, Committee on SandT, USHR, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg41470/html/CHRG-110hhrg41470.htm)

Countries that cannot feed their people or provide them with economic opportunities are susceptible to

AND

a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

It’s the best way to solve war

Krasnodebska 12—Former Contributing Researcher for the USC Center for Conflict Prevention. Master of Public Diplomacy, USC (Molly, Conflict Prevention, http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/newswire/media_monitor_reports_detail/science_diplomacy/)

Science diplomacy can function as a tool for conflict prevention and be understood as fostering

AND

as Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan where vaccine diplomacy is currently being implemented.

Tournament: KY | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW MM | Judge: Weil

"Federal Government" doesn’t mean "all three branches"

Chicago 7 (University of Chicago Manual of Style, "Capitalization, Titles", http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles30.html)
Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,
AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc. 

Agent counterplans are a voting issue –

A. They shift the focus of the debate to resolutionally non-germane questions of political implementation, decreasing topic-specific education

B. Ground – it moots the whole 1ac, which robs us of our best offense and the ability to read add-ons – agent DA’s solve their offense—-solvency advocates independently are necessary to balanced clash—-counterinterp w/ a solv advocate solves

Links to elections and doesn’t solve signal

Campbell 2K Colton, Professor of Government, "CONGRESS CONFRONTS THE COURTS", p. 22
The final situation in which the judiciary usurps the legislative power may be equally dangerous
AND
elitist, and out-of-touch is unlikely to be respected.

Obama key

Slawter 9—Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) Former Director for International Nuclear Energy Policy at the U.S. Department of Energy (Bruce, Pay to Play, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=660)
While Americans have been bickering about nuclear power, vast changes have been afoot overseas
AND
many of the party faithful, but they will be the right decisions.

CP devastates Court legitimacy

Hubbart 5 (Phillip A., Adjunct Professor of Law, Former Judge – Third District Court of Appeal of Florida, Making Sense of Search and Seizure Law: A Fourth Amendment Handbook, p. 106)
Still, the framework of past Fourth Amendment decisions on a specific issue limits the
AND
, as a practical matter, restrict the Court’s decision-making process.

Causes terrorism

Shapiro 3 (Jeremy, Associate Director and Research Associate – Brookings Institute, March "French Lessons: The Importance of the Judicial System in Fighting Terrorism http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cusf/analysis/shapiro20030325.htm)
The unique nature of terrorism means that maintaining the appearance of justice and democratic legitimacy
AND
of terrorism without sacrificing the very values they so desperately desire to protect. 

Nuclear war

Corsi, 5 – PhD in political science from Harvard. (Jerome, excerpt from Atomic Iran, http://911review.org/Wget/worldnetdaily.com/NYC_hit_by_terrorist_nuke.html)

The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the nation will demand that
AND
because it was overlooked while the great nations focus on attacking one another. 

Tournament: KY | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW MM | Judge: weil

Global expansion now takes out the DA —- we solve by exporting safety models and SMRs which are safer than big reactors

SMRs are safer—-passive cooling and automatic shutdown

Dillow 11 Clay, Popular Science, 3/17, "Can Next-Generation Reactors Power a Safe Nuclear Future?", www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-03/beyond-fukushima-daiichi-can-better-reactors-provide-safe-nuclear-powered-future
Truly safe, secure nuclear power requires plants that simply cannot melt down, and
AND
to a neutral state where there will be nothing coming in or out."

Current reactors make accidents inevitable – SMRs solve

Hurst 11 Timothy, editor at Ecopolitology and Earth and Industry as well as the executive editor of the LiveOAK Media Network, "Are Small Nuclear Reactors Safer?", http://www.celsias.com/article/are-small-nuclear-reactors-safer/-http://www.celsias.com/article/are-small-nuclear-reactors-safer/
In the wake of the deadly earthquake and tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on Friday
AND
nuclear power plants — plants that obviously are not impervious to environmental threats.

No impact

Adams 12 Rod, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., "Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?", May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29-http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29
Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
AND
and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Natural gas spikes kill the chemical industry

IHS 11 ~IHS Global Insight - leading economic analysis and forecasting firm, December 2011, "The Economic and Employment Contributions of Shale Gas in the United States," anga.us/media/235626/shale-gas-economic-impact-dec-2011.pdf~
The Chemicals Industry¶ With the current trajectory of low and stable prices, the
AND
of the US industrial sector would be aided by lower natural gas prices.

Extinction

ICCA 2 International Council of Chemical Associations, June 20, "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY", http://www.cefic.be/position/icca/pp_ic010.htm
The key finding of "Our Common Future", (the 1987 report of the
AND
keeping up international competitiveness as a pre-requisite of sustainable job creation.

Tournament: KY | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW MM | Judge: Weil

SMR’s are vital to stop Chinese energy leadership

Palley 9—author of many books and articles, including The Answer: Why Only Mini Nuclear Power Plants Can Save the World. The London School of Economics 1949-52 and The School for Social Research 1945-49 (Reese, U.S. cedes the lead on nuclear energy, http://articles.philly.com/2012-01-20/news/30647588_1_nuclear-reactors-nuclear-energy-nuclear-waste)

Recent news that Gates has been meeting with the Chinese about traveling wave technology is
AND
American ingenuity, will inherit the leadership of the world’s most vital industry.

Green leadership solves extinction

Klarevas 9 –Louis Klarevas, Professor for Center for Global Affairs @ New York University, 12/15, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
AND
. needs to become green energy dominant as opposed to black energy independent.

Tournament: KY | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW WW | Judge: Weil

Solar unsustainable

Sexton 11, Steve, Ph.D. candidate in agricultural and resource economics at UC Berkeley, Is There a Rooftop Solar Bubble? And Is It About to Burst?, 12/23/2011, http://www.freakonomics.com/2011/12/23/is-there-a-rooftop-solar-bubble-and-is-it-about-to-burst/-http://www.freakonomics.com/2011/12/23/is-there-a-rooftop-solar-bubble-and-is-it-about-to-burst/
Government efforts to boost affordability…they, in fact, consume.

Nuclear’s key solar fails

Moore 4—co-founder of Greenpeace, is chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd.  (Patrick, Going Nuclear, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html)

In the early 1970s when I helped found Greenpeace, I believed that nuclear energy
AND
gas emissions. Every responsible environmentalist should support a move in that direction.

Renewables fail—-rising demand makes them untenable

Shellenberger and Nordhouse 11—co-founders of American Environics and the Breakthrough Institute a think tank that works on energy and climate change (Michael and Ted, Fukushima boosts green case for nuclear, 5/10/11, www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/32db7088-7a8d-11e0-8762-00144feabdc0.html~%23axzz24JOFFKOQ)

Many of these claims were wildly inaccurate, but they had their intended result.
AND
fuels and meet a dramatically rising global energy demand in the coming decades.

Tournament: KY | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW WW | Judge: Weil

Relations collapse inevitable —- Putin

Andrew Kuchins 12, senior fellow and the director of the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program, The End of the ’Reset,’ Foreign Affairs, March 1, 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137308/andrew-c-kuchins/the-end-of-the-reset?page=show
Putin has been knocked off balance by the emergence of a large, mainly urban
AND
rhetoric since the onset of the Putin era, but never like this. 

Romney’s solves Russia rels

Gasyuk 12 (Gasyuk, Rossiyskaya Gazeta’s Washington D.C. correspondent, 6-13, "Romney keeps the gloves off", http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/06/13/romney_keeps_the_gloves_off_15854.html)
Given the sharp disagreements between the United States and Russia on Syria, which is
AND
observers believe he would take a more realistic approach to handling bilateral ties.

No impact

Ostapenko 9—-Trend Daily News staff writer (E., 7/7, "Normalization In U.s.-russian Relations Not To Change Political Situation In World: Analyst At French Studies Institute", http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/83734/-normalization-in-u-s-russian-relations-not-to-change-political-situation-in-world-analyst-at-french-studies-institute-.html)
Normalization of relations between the United States and Russia will not assume a global significance
AND
International Relations (IFRI), told Trend News in a telephone conversation from Paris
Speaking of the growing role of China, Moisi said that the Chinese are soon going to be the number two economy in the world. Russian economy can not compete. As another important aspect of the increasing weight of China in the world, Moisi considers the absence of problems with the aging of population, unlike European countries, including Russia.

Pilot project funding announced by the end of September makes the DA inevitable

T.E.C. ’12
SMR Alliances go for %24452M In DOE gold, Posted May 31, 2012, The Energy Collective, first published in  Fuel Cycle Week, V11, N474 May 24, 2012, http://theenergycollective.com/dan-yurman/86285/smr-alliances-go-452m-doe-old?utmsource=feedburnerutmmedium=feedutmcampaign=TheEnergyCollective28allposts29
They are vying for a … end of the year.

Romney will win—-new, accurate swing state polls

Chambers 10/5 Dean, "Mitt Romney vs. Barack Obama: New poll numbers in three key swing states", 2012, www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-vs-barack-obama-new-poll-numbers-three-key-swing-states
New poll numbers released today by two different polling firms tell the story, that
AND
all three of these states and get elected our next president in November.

The plans popular b/c of gas prices, not key to the election, and Obama’s already supporting it

Johnson 12 John, Nuclear Energy Insider, April 25, "US Campaign Trail: is nuclear in the equation?", analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/new-build/us-campaign-trail-nuclear-equation
In the next Presidential election, American voters will be voting with their pockets.
AND
, with 800 high paying jobs remaining over the life of the plant. 

SMRs dispel people’s fears about nuclear power—-their generics links don’t apply

Kidd 10 Steve, Director of Strategy and Research at the World Nuclear Association", August 24, "Nuclear power – is it too big and remote to be accepted?", www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2057283
The nuclear industry’s excellent safety performance and caution may have ironically hurt its public acceptance, by making reactors seem scarier than they really are. The advent of small modular reactors might dispel people’s fears of nuclear power. 

Newest polling shows plan’s popular

Westenhaus 9/30 Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, "Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again", 2012, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html-http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Confidence-in-Nuclear-Power-is-on-the-Rise-Again.html
The Nuclear Energy Institute announced a September telephone survey in a press release suggesting almost
AND
ready to build new nuclear power plants in the next decade if needed.

Plan k/t sci dip

Krige 6—Kranzberg Professor, School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology (John, Atoms for Peace, Scientific Internationalism and Scientific Intelligence, www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/khb3/osiris/papers/Krige.pdf) 

The refusal to provide ’civilian’ radio-isotopes to foreign researchers was generating hostility
AND
undermine, "the common defense and security of the United States". 45

Solves every impact

Fedoroff 8—Former Science and Technology Adviser to the Sec of State. Chaired Professor of Life Sciences and Evan Pugh Professor in the Biology Department and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University. (Nina, Statement before Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, Committee on S%26T, USHR, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg41470/html/CHRG-110hhrg41470.htm)

Countries that cannot feed their people or provide them with economic opportunities are susceptible to
AND
a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)
Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger
AND
they understand why the candidates would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Tournament: KY  | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW WW | Judge: Weil

We meet – NRC restrictions affect SMR nuclear production – direct limit on commercialization – that’s Rysavy

We meet – the plan says restrictions

C/I – restrictions are government regulations that limit production

Reade 8 LINDA R. READE, District Court Judge, Opinion in UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, vs. RONALD L. COLEMAN, Defendant.No. 07-CR-66-LRRUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA, CEDAR RAPIDS DIVISION545 F. Supp. 2d 854; 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26803April 1, 2008, DecidedApril 2, 2008, Filed, lexis
. . . . Although ~§ 802(44)~ does not define …of property or a facility." Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary 1006 (9th ed. 1991).

Prefer ours – their definitions concede that anything that limits production is in which is what the plan changes

Ours is also a court definition which is more precise

their magwood ev is about future NRC rulings that screw SMRs, not squo restrictions

NRC licensing process is the largest restriction on SMR energy production

Hopf 11 Jim is the Principal Nuclear Engineer at Energy Solutions. "Roadblock in Congress for SMR Development," Oct 25, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/25/congress-smr/
As many have observed, the main barrier to the deployment of SMRs may not
AND
requiring the NRC to complete reviews within some fixed, reasonable time period.

Licensing is a barrier to SMR production

DOE 12 (U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Subcommittee on Small Modular Reactors, "A Strategic Framework for SMR Deployment," 2-24, http://www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf-http://www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR Strategic Framework.pdf)
The potential barrier that licensing …business model may be useful.

They overlimit – only 6 aff areas and now no NRC licensing affs means the restrictions side of nuclear is eliminated

No ground loss – we defend an increase in nuclear power production from SMR’s – they get all their DA’s and CP’s to that

Reasonability – competing interpretations causes a race to the bottom – over-incentivizes going for T to arbitrarily limit out the aff

Tournament: KY | Round: 6 | Opponent: UMW MM | Judge: Weil

Makhijani’s wrong about costs—-cheaper materials, manufacturing specialization and labor savings outweigh lack of economies of scale—-advocates have strong support

Barton 10 Charles, BA in Philosophy from Carson Newman College, and an MA in Philosophy from Memphis University, "Arjun Makhijani and the Modular Small Reactor null-hypothesis", October 2, http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/10/31/arjun-makhijani-and-the-modular-small-reactor-null-hypothesis/
Finally, we should consider Makhijani assertions about small reactor costs. First he claims
AND
for the moment advocates of small reactors have plausible grounds for their case.

Tournament: KY | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

CONTENTION 1: ECONOMY

SMR incentives now but insufficient for commercialization

Harrington 12 Kent, ChEnected, March 22, "Small Modular Reactors Closer to Reality", chenected.aiche.org/energy/small-modular-reactors-closer-to-reality/
This is still a protracted process. The MOA doesn’t constitute a federal funding commitment
AND
full spectrum of technologies, from advanced reactor concepts to enhanced safety design.

Plan solves the economy and creates massive job growth

Fertel 9—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs. (Marvin, Op-Ed: In Energy, Nuclear Leads Transition to Green Jobs, http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/economicbenefitsofnewnuclearplants/in-energy-nuclear-leads-transition-to-green-jobs/)
There is tremendous potential for rebuilding the U.S. economy on green jobs
AND
high-paying jobs as part of a transition to a greener economy. 

It’s also key to long-term growth and hedge against gas spikes

Whitman 12—former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (5/9/12, Christine, It’s dangerous to depend on natural gas, tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/05/09/christine-whitman-nuclear-energy/)
The United States needs an "all of the above" energy strategy that focuses
AND
if we are to secure a safe and sustainable portfolio of energy resources.

SMRs are key to a stable electric supply—-power plants are shutting down and renewables aren’t reliable

McNelis 11—director of the Center for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economic Development in the Institute for the Environment at UNC-Chapel Hill. (David, 6/24/12, Safe Power from Small Reactors http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/06/24/1295895/safer-power-from-smaller-reactors.html-http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/06/24/1295895/safer-power-from-smaller-reactors.html
Efforts to promote energy efficiency, encourage sustainable lifestyle changes and exploit renewable energy sources
AND
source of energy that should be considered for use in the United States.

Natural gas prices will spike—-nuclear key

Adams 12—Publisher of Atomic insights. Was in the Navy for 33 years. Spent time at the Naval Academy. Has experience designing and running small nuclear plants (6/3/12, Rod, Brief summary of recent natural gas price history, atomicinsights.com/2012/06/brief-summary-of-recent-natural-gas-price-history.html)
Natural gas prices are volatile. Their price pattern can generate large fortunes. The
AND
also fairly certain that the price increase will not be a temporary blip.

US is key to the global economy

Caploe 9 David, CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., "Focus still on America to lead global recovery", April 7, The Strait Times, lexis
IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
US - and it is going to have to be solved there too.

Economic decline causes global nuclear war

Green and Schrage 9 – Senior Advisor and Japan Chair @ CSIS and Associate Professor @ Georgetown University AND CSIS School Chair in International Business and Former Senior Official with the US Trade Representative’s Office (Michael J. and Steven P., "It’s not just the economy," State Department and Ways %26 Means Committee, Asia Times, 3/26, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html-http://www.atimes.com/atimes/asian_economy/kc26dk01.html)
Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
demonstration effect of liberal norms we are urging China to embrace at home. 

We have strong statistical support – their defense doesn’t account for global crises

Royal 10 Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

China – 1AC

CONTENTION 2: CHINA

Chinese nuclear power exports encourage Chinese aggression, cause regional instability, and expands Chinese heg in Asia

Blank 10—Research Professor of National Security Affair, Strategic Studies Institute (Stephen, China puts down marker in nuclear power race, www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LF16Cb01.html)
China announced in late April the sale of two nuclear reactors to Pakistan. This
AND
that China deems as essential to the pursuit of its larger strategic goals. 

Domestic SMRs are key to leverage over Chinese exports which solves Chinese belligerence and heg

Cullinane 11—Staff at House Foreign Affairs Committee. Graduate student at the Institute of World Politics (Scott, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, 9/28/11, www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376)
Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
AND
larger efforts on both sides of the Pacific to shape the 21st century. 

Allowing Chinese market leadership wrecks heg

Auslin 11 – Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, August 15, 2011, "Build, Hold, and Clear: An American Strategy for Asia ," online: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=article%26pubId=103997%26authors=%3Ca%20href=scholar/127%3EMichael%20Auslin%3C/a%3E
Ultimately, the U.S. must be serious about its willingness to deal
AND
a system from which it has benefited as much as any other nation.

Great power war

Khalilzad 11—Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. (Zalmay, The Economy and National Security, www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)

We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth.
AND
the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.

Chinese heg causes nuclear war

Walton 7 – C. Dale Walton, Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, 2007, Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the 21st Century, p. 49
Obviously, it is of vital importance to the United States that the PRC does
AND
a healthy multipolar system that is not marked by close great power alliances.

Lack of US nuclear expansion tempts China to export dangerous reactors—-causes meltdowns and terrorist theft

Tu 12—Senior Associate, Energy and Climate Program, Carnegie (Kevin, 3/11/12, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads)
It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety oversight mechanism is one of the weakest
AND
is a fatal mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.  

Revitalizing the US industry solves Chinese market dominance in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University. (Charles, Nuclear Energy and Nonproliferation: The Implications of Expanded Nuclear Energy in Asia, in Asia’s Rising Power and America’s Continued Purpose, Ed Tellis, Marble and Tanner, 146)
Although China began to develop commercial nuclear energy a decade or two after Japan and
AND
may garner clients in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. 

That causes prolif and unsafe reactors—-US development solves and gets modeled

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University.  (Charles, Testimony before the  House Committee on Science and Technology for the hearing on Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/full10/may19/Ferguson.pdf)
Given the differences in design philosophy among these vendors and the fact that none of
AND
considers all aspects of manufacturing, transportation, operation, and ultimate disposal."  

Unsafe nuclear development in South East Asia causes nuclear terror and piracy

CNS 12—Joint Paper prepared by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), the Center for Energy and Security Studies (CENESS), and the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (May 2012, PROSPECTS FOR NUCLEAR SECURITY PARTNERSHIP IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, cns.miis.edu/opapers/pdfs/120515_seasia_nuclear_security_partnership.pdf)
Due to the increased flow of nuclear materials and radioactive sources in the region,
AND
as major supplier countries place increasing importance on the issue of trade security. 

The risk of attack on Malacca is real

Raj 9 – Andrin Raj, Visiting Research Fellow at the Japan Institute for International Affairs %26 Director/Security and Terrorism Analyst for Stratad Asia Pacific Strategic Centre, February 3, 2009, "Maritime Terrorism and Piracy in the Straits of Malacca: A Potential risk that needs to be taken seriously%21," online: http://www.todturkey.org/lang-tr/haberler/335-maritime-terrorism-and-piracy-in-the-straits-of-malacca-a-potential-risk-that-needs-to-be-taken-seriously.pdf
The Straits of Malacca commands a navigational water route for nearly sixty percent of world
AND
, learning, and training for a "bigger" attack to come.

Collapses global trade

Luft and Korin 4—Foreign Affairs, executive director of the Institute for Analysis of Global Security, Korin is the director of policy and strategic planning at IAGS and editor of Energy Security, "Terrorism Goes to Sea", November/December, http://www.iags.org/fa2004.html-http://www.iags.org/fa2004.html
Pirates and Islamist terrorist groups have long operated in the same areas, including the
AND
halt, inflicting multi-billion-dollar damage on the world economy.

Extinction 
Panzer 8—25-year veteran of the markets who has worked for for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and J.P. Morgan Chase. New York Institute of Finance faculty member and a graduate of Columbia University. (Michael, Financial Armageddon, 136-8
Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

South Asian terror causes extinction

Ayson 10 Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
would be undoubtedly blamed on¶ Pakistan, with potentially catastrophic results."¶ 44

The plan solves Asia prolif

Ferguson 10—President of the Federation of American Scientists.  Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University. (Charles, Nuclear Energy and Nonproliferation: The Implications of Expanded Nuclear Energy in Asia, in Asia’s Rising Power and America’s Continued Purpose, Ed Tellis, Marble and Tanner, 167-9)

Further nuclear power use in Asia will undoubtedly occur. This should not alarm Washington
AND
more competitive and provide added value such as greater safety features to plants.

nuclear war

Cimbala, 10 - Prof. of Political Science @ Penn State, (Stephen, Nuclear Weapons and Cooperative Security in the 21st Century, p. 117-8)

A five-sided nuclear competition in the Pacific would be linked, in geopolitical
AND
forestall attack as offensive preparations for attack, thus triggering a mistaken preemption.

Conflicts escalate

Kroenig 12 Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30
Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange. 

Multiple factors ensure miscalculation—deterrence theory is outdated and false

Evans and Kawaguchi 9 Gareth, President of the International Crisis Group, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne %26 Yoriko, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, "Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers", December 15, International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, pg. 31-32, http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html
3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nucleararmed
AND
nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Plan – 1AC

The United States federal government should reduce restrictions that disproportionately affect small modular nuclear reactors in the United States

Solvency – 1AC

CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

Current restrictions make SMR development impossible—-plan’s necessary

Rysavy et al 9 Charles F, partner with the law firm of K%26
AND
/committees/nuclearpower/docs/SMR-Dec_2009.pdf
Most SMRs are not merely scaled down versions of large-scale reactors, but
AND
in many cases the actual containment/reactor system will be placed underground.

The plan solves the only major roadblock to the creation of a robust domestic SMR industry

Loris 11 Nicolas D, Research Associate in the Roe Institute, Jack Spencer – Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Currently is The Heritage Foundation’s senior research fellow in nuclear energy policy, Previously worked on commercial, civilian and military components of nuclear energy at the Babcock %26 Wilcox Companies, Holds a bachelor’s degree in international politics from Frostburg State University and a master’s degree from the University of Limerick, "A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?", February 2, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors
Abstract: More and more companies—in the U.S. and abroad
AND
Congress should demand that these issues be resolved by the end of 2011.

SMRs are the only sustainable energy option—-they’re safer, cheaper, solve growth and US leadership——we need regulatory changes to compete

Cullen et al 12 Discover Magazine, Report was authored by Genevieve Cullen, vice
AND
article_view?b_start:int=1%26-C=
2. DOWNSIZED NUCLEAR POWER¶ Bold Idea: Build a new generation of small
AND
reactors, will we build them at home or buy them from China?"

SMRs are awesome—-feasible, cheaper, safer and solve other nuclear downsides

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

SMRs are cost-effective, safe and can come online in 3 years

Szondy 12 David, freelance writer based in Monroe, Washington. An award-winning playwright, he has contributed to Charged and iQ magazine and is the author of the website Tales of Future Past, February 16, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?", www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/
Small Modular Reactors¶ One way of getting around many of these problems is through
AND
or even replacement, it needn’t interfere with the operation of the others.

Tournament: KY | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

SMR key to help nuclear beat-out natural gas

Lamonica 12—Tech Review Writer.  20 years of experience covering technology and business (8/9/12, Martin, A Glut of Natural Gas Leaves Nuclear Power Stalled, www.technologyreview.com/news/428737/a-glut-of-natural-gas-leaves-nuclear-power/-http://www.technologyreview.com/news/428737/a-glut-of-natural-gas-leaves-nuclear-power/)
The nuclear renaissance is in danger of petering out before it has even begun,
AND
one basket because of the new kid on the block called shale gas."

Tournament: KY | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: Shook

SMRs are cheaper than normal nuclear

Freed et al 10 Josh, Director of the Third Way Clean Energy Program, Elizabeth Horwitz, Policy Advisor at Third Way’s Clean Energy Program, and Jeremy Ershow, formerly a Policy Advisor at Third Way, September, "Thinking Small On Nuclear Power", content.thirdway.org/publications/340/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Thinking_Small_On_Nuclear_Power.pdf
Small Reactors are too expensive.¶ SMRs are likely to be cheaper to manufacture than
AND
be realized in their production and result in substantially lower prices over time.

Tournament: KY | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge:
natural gas spikes - kill the chemical industry ====
IHS 11 ~IHS Global Insight - leading economic analysis and forecasting firm, December 2011, "The Economic and Employment Contributions of Shale Gas in the United States," anga.us/media/235626/shale-gas-economic-impact-dec-2011.pdf~
The Chemicals Industry¶ With the current trajectory of low and stable prices, the
AND
of the US industrial sector would be aided by lower natural gas prices.

Extinction

ICCA 2 International Council of Chemical Associations, June 20, "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY", http://www.cefic.be/position/icca/pp_ic010.htm
The key finding of "Our Common Future", (the 1987 report of the
AND
keeping up international competitiveness as a pre-requisite of sustainable job creation.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory Ps | Judge: 

Domestic expansion k/t credibility

Slawter 9—Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Ret.) Former Director for International Nuclear Energy Policy at the U.S. Department of Energy (Bruce, Pay to Play, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=660)
While Americans have been bickering about nuclear power, vast changes have been afoot overseas
AND
many of the party faithful, but they will be the right decisions.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: Shook

Role of the ballot is political engagement in energy policy—You should evaluate the consequences of the plan and alternative—reject their nebulous framework—destroys politics and is infinitely regressive which makes predictability and 2AC offense impossible

The plan is compatible with their K—as long as we acknowledge that U.S. nuclear weapons are problematic too, our advantage doesn’t link to their argument—you shouldn’t underestimate the risks of prolif

Hugh Gusterson, Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at George Mason University, 2004, People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Weapons Complex, p. 46-7
This chapter has critiqued policy talks grounded in an unsustainable binary opposition between nations that
AND
Union and the originator of the policy of containment in the Cold War:

Case outweighs – judge choice and plan focus means you can vote for the aff even if our prolif reps are bad because of our economy advantage – causes extinction which outweighs

Multipolarity causes great power war even if the powers don’t have material reasons to fight

Wohlforth 9 William C. Wohlforth, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth, January 2009, "Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War," World Politics, Vol. 61, No. 1
Most scholars hold that the consequences of unipolarity for great power conflict are indeterminate and
AND
probability of war even among great powers with little material cause to fight.

No scenario for racism materializing into war—-obama aint genociding anyone soon

People are overly optimistic about the future – engaging in wishful thinking regarding resources guarantees an underestimation of the threats – causes the impacts

Ann Clarke, Chair, Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Law Section, Federal Bar Association, Washington, D.C., Seeing Clearly: Making Decisions under Conditions of Scientific Controversy and Incomplete and Uncertain Scientific Information, 46 Nat. Resources J. 571, Summer, 2006, LN
What people will do with scientific information remains the greatest uncertainty
AND
finding acceptable solutions, and engaging in discussions about fairly allocating the burdens. 

Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt

Prior questions fail and paralyze politics

Owen 2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt

Threats real and not constructed—rational risk assessment goes aff

Knudsen 1– PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

No impact

Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Not about rationality

Kroenig 12 Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?" Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30
Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange. 

War down b/c of heg

Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M., Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)
Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Growth of the Chinese nuclear industry means they’ll sell reactors to African nations —- they’ll leverage these ties to sell conventional arms —- causes arms races and latent nuclear prolif
Charles D. Ferguson 10, Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology¶ Council on Foreign Relations "Potential Strategic Consequences of the Nuclear Energy Revival," Proliferation Papers, Security Studies - Institut Français des Relations Internationales (Ifri), Summer 2010, online
In the coming decades, China may emerge as a major nuclear power  supplier.
AND
down a path of more conventional arms races and potential latent nuclear proliferation.

Chinese arms sales cause Africa war

Jamie Etheridge 6, "Stratfor: China’s Weapons Push in Africa," ABC News, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82683%26page=1
In reality, the trips signal China’s plan to increase its weapons sales.
AND
And the flow of arms to the region threatens to prolong conflict—in opposition to South African, and international, attempts to tamp down Africa’s wars.

Draws in great powers.

Glick 7 (Caroline, deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post, Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Center for Security Policy, "Condi’s African holiday", December 11, http://www.rightsidenews.com/20071211309/editorial/us-opinion-and-editorial/our-world-condis-african-holiday.html)
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous …actors and global powers.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

SMRs key to smart grid

Loudermilk 11—Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University (Micah, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)

Other indirect cost-saving measures further increase the fiscal viability of small nuclear reactors
AND
may in fact prove instrumental to enabling the smart grid to become a reality

Effective smart grid’s key to solve air pollution

Zheng 7 (Alex Yu, graduate student of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University and also consults to utilities and national laboratories as part of Horizon Energy Group, September 29, "Smart Grid Environmental Benefits", http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/article_289.html)
Support for more intelligent appliances at the demand-side – A Smart Grid means
AND
and air quality management districts, which represent the interests of clean air.

Extinction

Driesen 3 (David, Associate Professor – Syracuse Univeristy Law, 10 Buff. Envt’l. L.J. 25, Fall/Spring, Lexis)
Air pollution can make life unsustainable by harming the ecosystem upon which all life depends
AND
precautionary basis to ensure that humans can live a healthy and productive life.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: Paul, Kallmyer, Antonucci
New Plan
The United States federal government should financially incentivize the expansion of small modular nuclear reactors in the United States through a nuclear power clean energy bank

Solvency – 1AC
CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY
Loan guarantees are insufficient---creating a clean bank is key to investment
Fertel 10—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs (Marvin, STATEMENT FOR
One other challenge deserves mention. The success of the clean energy loan guarantee program
AND
Energy Leadership Act, which was approved by this Committee in June 2009.

Federal green energy bank key to nuclear expansion---current incentives and market fail
Behr 10 Peter, ClimateWire @ NYT, May 10, "When Clean Energy Grants Run Out, Will a 'Green Bank' Take Over?", www.nytimes.com/cwire/2010/05/10/10climatewire-when-clean-energy-grants-run-out-will-a-gree-85696.html?pagewanted=all
The question looming now is: What next?¶ Recovery Act energy grants must be
AND
million, making the project easier to finance, according to the coalition.

A green energy bank solves international tech leadership---government support overcomes development and cost hurdles to entice new investors
Fornell and Heesen 10 Eric, vice chairman, Investment Banking, at J.P. Morgan Chase and Mark G, president of the National Venture Capital Association, “The Green Bank’s Role In Energy Transformation”, April 7, Clean Energy Daily
Clean energy and energy efficiency technologies are—and will be—a cornerstone of
AND
a key role in ensuring continued American leadership in the clean energy economy.

SMRs are the only sustainable energy option---they’re safer, cheaper and solve US leadership
Cullen et al 12 Discover Magazine, Report was authored by Genevieve Cullen, vice
AND
article_view?b_start:int=1and-C=
2. DOWNSIZED NUCLEAR POWER¶ Bold Idea: Build a new generation of small
AND
reactors, will we build them at home or buy them from China?”

SMRs reinvigorate US nuclear leadership---federal action’s key
Rogers 12—served as deputy general counsel for litigation and enforcement for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Chairman, President, and CEO of Duke Energy. Operates 7 nuclear reactors in the US (Jim, Spring 2012, “THE NUCLEAR RENAISSANCE” OPPORTUNITY: LOST, OR FOUND?, energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/The_Nuclear_Renaissance_by_Jim_Rogers)
We need to be a part of this renaissance for the simple reason that nearly
AND
support this, I believe, is the best way to do it. 

Only the federal government catalyzes sufficient investment for nuclear expansion
Ben-Moshe et al 10 Sony, attorney in the Project Finance Practice Group
AND
/docs/elj302/19gale-crowell-and-peace.pdf
A primary reason why the financing of a nuclear power project may resemble a Mega
AND
it can be adapted to best encourage private sector financing for nuclear energy.

The bank accesses all the benefits of loan guarantees while avoiding the downsides
Ben-Moshe et al 10 Sony, attorney in the Project Finance Practice Group
AND
/docs/elj302/19gale-crowell-and-peace.pdf
The limited size of the DOE‘s loan guarantee authority poses another uncertainty for
AND
in more detail in Section II.D.2.c below. 

Tournament: GSU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Emory PS  | Judge:
The US is pushing for 123 agreements to include no-ENR pledges --- success of this strategy will be influenced by US leverage in the form of our credibility and strength as a market leader
Mark Hibbs 12, SENIOR ASSOCIATE, NUCLEAR POLICY PROGRAM, Carnegie Endowment, “Negotiating Nuclear Cooperation Agreements,” NUCLEAR ENERGY BRIEF, AUGUST 7, 2012 http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z
The United States is currently negotiating bilateral agreements for peaceful nuclear cooperation
AND
the United States, whether initiated by the White House or by Congress. 

Expanding the domestic nuclear industry via SMRs spurs effective US leadership and leverage in 123 agreements --- ensures the US upholds the gold standard
Miller 12 --- et al – former associate director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute at Texas A and M University as well as adjunct professor. He was a co-leader of the small team that successfully proposed establishing the . Former assistant secretary for nuclear energy at the U.S. Department of Energy under Obama. Worked at Los Alamos National Laboratory where he served for 27 years as a computational physics researcher and senior administrator (A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Nuclear Initiative; Co-chaired by Senator Pete Domenici and Dr. Warren F. Miller, July 2012, Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets, bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf
Strategic Goal: Continued strong U.S. leadership in global nuclear security matters
AND
related research, development, and deployment (RDandD) programs. 

Successfully pushing the Gold Standard in 123 Agreements has a knock-on effect --- encourages other major suppliers – including France – to follow
Henry Sokolski 11, executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full
A Japanese decision to resist temptation and adopt stricter export rules would be a good
AND
it has reluctantly in the past.

Otherwise, French nuclear cooperation agreements will cause proliferation by transferring nuclear know-how
Mycle Schneider 9, independent international energy nuclear policy consultant, “Nuclear France Abroad: History, Status and Prospects of French Nuclear Activities in Foreign Countries,” Paris, May 2009, http://www.nirs.org/nukerelapse/background/090502mschneidernukefrance.pdf
The State owned French nuclear industry is the most powerful nuclear player in the world
AND
can start in the very short term and constitutes a serious  proliferation concern.

And these French agreements will be with rogue states --- uniquely dangerous
Mycle Schneider 9, independent international energy nuclear policy consultant, “Nuclear France Abroad: History, Status and Prospects of French Nuclear Activities in Foreign Countries,” Paris, May 2009, http://www.nirs.org/nukerelapse/background/090502mschneidernukefrance.pdf
In  the  meantime,  Sarkozy’s  announcement  politics  complement  perfectly  the  international  nuclear  industry’s  massive  PR  
urgent  questions  the  international  community should not ignore.

Extinction
Kroenig 12 Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” Prepared for the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, May 26, 2012, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andtid=30
Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange. 

Multiple factors ensure miscalculation—deterrence theory is outdated and false
Evans and Kawaguchi 9 Gareth, President of the International Crisis Group, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne and Yoriko, Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, “Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers”, December 15, International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, pg. 31-32, http://www.icnnd.org/Reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html
3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nucleararmed
AND
nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge:
Lack of US nuclear expansion tempts China to export dangerous reactors
Tu 12—Senior Associate, Energy and Climate Program, Carnegie (Kevin, 3/11/12, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads)
It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety oversight mechanism is one of the weakest
AND
is a fatal mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.  
Growth of the Chinese nuclear industry means they’ll sell reactors to African nations --- they’ll leverage these ties to sell conventional arms --- causes arms races
Charles D. Ferguson 10, Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology¶ Council on Foreign Relations “Potential Strategic Consequences of the Nuclear Energy Revival,” Proliferation Papers, Security Studies - Institut Français des Relations Internationales (Ifri), Summer 2010, online
In the coming decades, China may emerge as a major nuclear power  supplier.
AND
down a path of more conventional arms races and potential latent nuclear proliferation.
Chinese arms sales to Africa solidify and expand its access to strategic mineral and energy resources
Andrew Hull 12 and David Markov are research staff members at IDA, “CHINESE ARMS SALES TO AFRICA,” IDA, Security in Africa, Summer, 2012, https://www.ida.org/upload/research%20notes/researchnotessummer2012.pdf
China is selling arms and military equipment to Africa using enticements like favorable financing and
AND
using to garner business from African countries rich in mineral and energy resources.

And --- African influence enhances Chinese diplomatic leverage at the UN
Christopher Alessi 12, Associate Staff Writer for the Council on Foreign Relations and Stephanie Hanson, “Expanding China-Africa Oil Ties”, CFR,  2-8, http://www.cfr.org/china/expanding-china-africa-oil-ties/p9557
Since former Chinese president Jiang Zemin inaugurated China's reengagement with Africa
AND
facing Africa is governance--it doesn't matter how many roads or ports."
Increased Chinese influence will derail climate negotiations --- pressures developing states
Fiona Harvey 12, environment correspondent, Guardian, “Republican presidential win would lose US ground to China – UN climate chief”, 3-9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/mar/09/republican-climate-change-us-president-china?newsfeed=true
Figueres faces a difficult year, as at …push the negotiations forward.
Kills any possibility of a legally binding climate treaty post-Durban  
Reuters 12, “Citizens not pushing hard for climate deal - UN chief”, 3-10, http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/un-climate-idINDEE8280F620120309
Countries had to submit …
reached by 2020."
Now’s key --- the Durban Platform provides a new opportunity to solve global climate change
Robert N. Stavins 12 is the Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program, and Chairman of the Environment and Natural Resources Faculty Group, “The Platform Opens a Window: An Unambiguous Consequence of the Durban Climate Talks”, 1-1, http://www.robertstavinsblog.org/2012/01/01/the-platform-opens-a-window-an-unambiguous-consequence-of-the-durban-climate-talks/
Finally, We Arrive in Durban (2011)
The third of the three outcomes …
Please stay tuned.
Solves runaway warming --- Chinese support is key
Helle Jeppesen 11, MSN, “Breakthrough in Durban: Pragmatism over perfection”, December, http://arabia.msn.com/technology/news/dw/2011/december/11171643/breakthrough-durban-pragmatism-over-perfection.aspx
Following extended talks, which stretched …
protecting the global climate."
Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction
Flournoy 12 -- Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center. Don Flournoy is a PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University (Don, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11)
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ) . 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Doesn’t solve any of case – devolving authority doesn’t change NRC restrictions – they set the gold standard which means the states can’t solve

States can’t solve——federal government has exclusive authority over nuclear restrictions—-the CP results in closing of all current plants and blackouts that end civilization

Jose and Garza 7 Donald E, managing partner of the law firm Jose %26 Associates in Pennsylvania and Michael A, J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center and his B.A. from Harvard University, "The Complete Federal Preemption of Nuclear Safety Should Prevent Scientifically Irrational Jury Verdicts in Radiation Litigation", Spring, http://www.temple.edu/law/tjstel/2007/spring/v26no1-Jose-and-Garza.pdf
At the very dawn of the nuclear age, Congress established a federal monopoly over
AND
potentially harmful substances and adopt a contamination standard of zero opens Pandora’s Box. 

Perm do both

Congress will roll back

Calabresi 95 Steven G. Calabresi, Associate Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. "A Government of Limited and Enumerated Powers," Michigan Law Review December, 1995
Moreover, even when the Court is determined to resist the policy objectives of a
AND
lead to a dangerous weakening of the constitutional powers of the national government.

Perm do CP – CP results in the US reducing restrictions on SMRs which proves that it’s still T

Restrictions must block usage i.e. on-paper shit that isn’t enforced/doesn’t inhibit production isn’t a restriction

Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
AND
projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches’ TIS.

Lopez fiat is a voter – causes illogical decisionmaking since there’s no singular agent that chooses between federal and state action. Logical decision-making outweighs as a unique portable skill that effects every decision we make the rest of our lives – private CP and DA’s to federal action solve their offense – multi-actor independently bad…

The CP would be send a massive signal of unpredictability to investors

Ford 5 Matthew Ford, Law Student at St John’s University School of Law in New York. 9/15, "John Roberts, Stare Decisis, and the Return of Lochner: An Impetus to Jump-Start the Labor Movement." Mr. Zine Magazine, A Project of the Monthly Review. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/ford180905.html
Our common law system is based largely on the idea of "stare decisis,"
AND
so forcefully that to even fathom overturning the ruling is to start trouble.

Court shielding theory is wrong —- no political cover

Helmke %26 Rosenbluth 9 Gretchen Helmke is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Rochester, AND Frances Rosenbluth is professor of political science, Yale University, "Regimes and the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence in Comparative Perspective," Annual Review of Political ScienceVol. 12: 345-366 (Volume publication date June 2009, EBSCO
A second set of explanations for judicial independence assumes that legislators make a deliberate choice
AND
future range of maneuver by staying within the broad bands of public support.

Economic decline kills democ and causes resource wars that escalate

Harris %26 Burrows 9 Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world. 

Extinction

Diamond 95—prof of political science and sociology, Stanford. Senior research fellow at Hoover. (Larry, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, http://wwwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.html) 

Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons continue to proliferate. The very source of
AND
their own citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A “Restriction” are limitations on the use of property

A) Texas Supreme Court ’10
CAUSE NO. 08-01-18,007-CV-A, Final Judgment, http://www.supreme.courts.state.tx.us/ebriefs/12/12046401.pdf
"Restriction" is defined and commonly used to mean "[a] limitation (esp. in a deed) placed on the use or enjoyment of property." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1054 (7th ed. 2000).

b) Restrictions are the equivalent of conditions on action
Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis
The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in
AND
a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

Best Interpretation:
A) Captures the benefits of outright prohibition by including statutory restrictions that make production more difficult but that are limited to those that include the possibility of complete prohibition
U.S. Code ‘5
25 U.S.C. § 3504 : US Code - Section 3504: Leases, business agreements, and rights-of-way involving energy development or transmission, 2005,
An Indian tribe may grant a right-of-way over tribal land for
AND
Secretary determines to be in the best¶ interest of the Indian tribe;¶

Tournament: KY | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The counterplan homogenizes natives by assuming a singular consultation method works for all of them
NTEC 9 (NATIONAL TRIBAL ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL, ANNUAL TRIBAL NATIONS CONFERENCE 2009 BRIEFING DOCUMENT)

Acknowledging that only Tribes have the capacity to make determinations on the proper method of
AND
enough about the individual tribes to make that determination are the Tribes themselves.

Certainty key
Morris 7/12—Associate Editor, Power Engineering, Renewable Energy World (7/12/12,Lindsay, Wind Turbine Manufacturers Say U.S. Market Will Grow in Time, www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/06/wind-turbine-manufacturers-say-u-s-market-will-grow-in-time)

Harm Toren, vice president and chief service officer of Mitsubishi Power Systems, said
AND
growth. “Uncertainty doesn’t just affect employment; it affects supply chain.”

Tournament: KY | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge:
Cognitive science says Try or Die is irrational/generally dumb
Sunstein 2 (Cass, Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago, Law School and Department of Political Science, Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/112-1/SunsteinFINAL.pdf)
If someone is predisposed to be worried, degrees of unlikeliness seem to provide no
AND
the small difference would not matter when each risk is taken in isolation.

Tournament: KY | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge:
“Federal Government” doesn’t mean “all three branches”
Chicago 7 (University of Chicago Manual of Style, “Capitalization, Titles”, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles30.html)
Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,
AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc. 

Restrictions must block usage i.e. on-paper shit that isn’t enforced/doesn’t inhibit production isn’t a restriction
Berger 1 Justice Opinion, INDUSTRIAL RENTALS, INC., ISAAC BUDOVITCH and FLORENCE BUDOVITCH, Appellants Below, Appellants, v. NEW CASTLE COUNTY BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT and NEW CASTLE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF LAND USE, Appellees Below, Appellees. No. 233, 2000SUPREME COURT OF DELAWARE776 A.2d 528; 2001 Del. LEXIS 300April 10, 2001, Submitted July 17, 2001, Decided lexis
We disagree.  Statutes must be read as a whole and all the words must
AND
projects should not have been included in the scope of the Budovitches' TIS.

SQ Solves JI --- citizens united proves
Links to elections and doesn’t solve signal
Campbell 2K Colton, Professor of Government, “CONGRESS CONFRONTS THE COURTS”, p. 22
The final situation in which the judiciary usurps the legislative power may be equally dangerous
AND
elitist, and out-of-touch is unlikely to be respected.
The CP would be send a massive signal of unpredictability to investors
Ford 5 Matthew Ford, Law Student at St John's University School of Law in New York. 9/15, “John Roberts, Stare Decisis, and the Return of Lochner: An Impetus to Jump-Start the Labor Movement.” Mr. Zine Magazine, A Project of the Monthly Review. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/ford180905.html
Our common law system is based largely on the idea of "stare decisis,"
AND
so forcefully that to even fathom overturning the ruling is to start trouble.

Kills solvency
Morris 7/12—Associate Editor, Power Engineering, Renewable Energy World (7/12/12,Lindsay, Wind Turbine Manufacturers Say U.S. Market Will Grow in Time, www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/06/wind-turbine-manufacturers-say-u-s-market-will-grow-in-time)

Harm Toren, vice president and chief service officer of Mitsubishi Power Systems, said
AND
growth. “Uncertainty doesn’t just affect employment; it affects supply chain.”

Congress will roll back
Calabresi 95 Steven G. Calabresi, Associate Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. “A Government of Limited and Enumerated Powers,” Michigan Law Review December, 1995
Moreover, even when the Court is determined to resist the policy objectives of a
AND
lead to a dangerous weakening of the constitutional powers of the national government.

Tournament: KY | Round: Doubles | Opponent:  | Judge:
Romney’s all talk---he’d work with Russia
Gasyuk 12 (Gasyuk, Rossiyskaya Gazeta’s Washington D.C. correspondent, 6-13, “Romney keeps the gloves off”, http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/06/13/romney_keeps_the_gloves_off_15854.html)
Given the sharp disagreements between the United States and Russia on Syria, which is
AND
observers believe he would take a more realistic approach to handling bilateral ties.
No impact
Ostapenko 9---Trend Daily News staff writer (E., 7/7, “Normalization In U.s.-russian Relations Not To Change Political Situation In World: Analyst At French Studies Institute”, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/83734/-normalization-in-u-s-russian-relations-not-to-change-political-situation-in-world-analyst-at-french-studies-institute-.html)
Normalization of relations between the United States and Russia will not assume a global significance
AND
problems with the aging of population, unlike European countries, including Russia.

Relations collapse inevitable --- Putin
Andrew Kuchins 12, senior fellow and the director of the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program, The End of the ‘Reset,’ Foreign Affairs, March 1, 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137308/andrew-c-kuchins/the-end-of-the-reset?page=show
Putin has been knocked off balance by the emergence of a large, mainly urban
AND
rhetoric since the onset of the Putin era, but never like this. 

Romney will win---new, accurate swing state polls
Chambers 10/5 Dean, "Mitt Romney vs. Barack Obama: New poll numbers in three key swing states", 2012, www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-vs-barack-obama-new-poll-numbers-three-key-swing-states
New poll numbers released today by two different polling firms tell the story, that
AND
all three of these states and get elected our next president in November.

Jobs are a vital issue for Natives --- they want candidates that advocate economic development on their lands
Bill Kelly 12, NET News, “VOTER VOICES: Native American voters share concerns,” KVNO News – Omaha’s Public Radio Newsroom, 8-2-12, http://www.kvnonews.com/2012/08/voter-voices-native-american-voters-share-concerns/

“I don’t want candidates for Congress and Senate to ignore the Indian vote,”
AND
any federal economic development push needs to include businesses on Native American land. 

The Native American vote is hugely impactful in key swing states --- courting their vote can impact outcome
Terrance H. Booth 9-27, Sr. -- Tsimshian Tribe, 2012 Presidential Race Decided Upon Swing Vote States, OpEdNews, 9-27-12, http://www.opednews.com/articles/2012-Presidential-Race-Dec-by-Terrance-H-BoothSr-120926-619.html (*ITALICS IN ORIGINAL*)

"The 2012 Presidential election is very close can be decided upon 10 swing vote
AND
us make a resounding voice and let us be heard this election year. 

*in agenda*
Plan popular w/ tribes
ICN 11 – Indian Country News, “Sen. Barrasso offers bill to help Indian energy,” October, 2011, http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=12197andItemid=33

U.S. Sen. John Barrasso has introduced a bill to give American
AND
tribes greater control over the management and development of their own trust resources.

Energy policy won’t switch votes—it’s all about the economy
AP 12 (Associated Press, “Climate change not a presidential election issue yet”, 8/12, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57489676/climate-change-not-a-presidential-election-issue-yet/)
Barack Obama promised to tackle climate change when he first ran for the White House
AND
. "What is done about it awaits the outcome of this election."
Winners win – the plan key to consolidate Obama’s momentum
Creamer 12 (Robert, political organizer and strategist, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment", 1/2, www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html)
Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New Year, they
AND
you have them on the run - that's the time to chase them.

*in agenda*
Plan pop w/ tribes
NCAI 11 --- 11-29-11, “NCAI Expresses Support for Interior’s Proposed Leasing Reforms for Tribal Lands and Renewable Energy Development,” http://www.ncai.org/news/articles/2011/11/29/ncai-expresses-support-for-interior-s-proposed-leasing-reforms-for-tribal-lands-and-renewable-energy-development
WASHINGTON, DC – The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) welcomed Monday’s
AND
something the entire country can get behind and there should be no hesitation.”

Elevating the DA over the concerns of Native Americans masks the broader system of racial domination that sustains white domination
Ashley W. Doane 3 Associate Dean for Academic Administration and Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Hartford and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva is Associate Professor of Sociology at Texas A and M University, White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, 2003, p. 12
A core element in the relationship between the transparency of "whiteness" and the
AND
Shapiro 1995; Lipsitz 1998) is even less likely to be detected.

Tournament: KY | Round: Doubles | Opponent:  | Judge:
Don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good
Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

There is no perfect solution to streamlining renewable energy  *128  development. The
AND
-determination in energy development is preferable to immobility pending a perfect solution.

P plan + validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism
Bosworth 10—Honors Projects Environmental Studies Department, Macalester College (Kai, Straws in the Wind: Race, Nature and Technoscience in Postcolonial South Dakotan Wind Power Development, http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007andcontext=envi_honorsandsei-redir=1andreferer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D10%26q%3D%2522Technologies%2Bof%2BExistence%2522%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C14#search=%22Technologies%20Existence%22)

Importantly, the DOE’s Tribal Energy Guide …wind power development is created.

The aff radicalizes wind’s potential which solves
Bosworth 10—Honors Projects Environmental Studies Department, Macalester College (Kai, Straws in the Wind: Race, Nature and Technoscience in Postcolonial South Dakotan Wind Power Development, http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007andcontext=envi_honorsandsei-redir=1andreferer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D10%26q%3D%2522Technologies%2Bof%2BExistence%2522%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C14#search=%22Technologies%20Existence%22)

Furthermore, discourses of wind power, colonialism, and science are enmeshed in an
AND
assemblages of wind power that further work against reproductions of racism and colonialism.
 

Alt fails
Grossberg 92 – Communication Studies Professor, UNC (Lawrence, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, p 388-90)

If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it has
AND
context to effectively organize people, and too vague to provide any direction.

Their totalizing representation of capitalism prevent resistance
Gibson-Graham 96 – feminist professors (Julie and Katherine, The End of Capitalism, p 1-4, AG)

Understanding capitalism has always been a project of the left, especially within the Marxian
AND
definite, real, positive, and capable of conferring identity and meaning. 

Finite demands key - the alt sucks
Žižek 7 (Slavoj, 11/15, Resistance Is Surrender, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n22/print/zize01_.html, AG)  

The response of some critics on the postmodern Left to this predicament is to call
AND
precise, finite demands, which can’t be met with the same excuse.  

Cap not the root of war
MacKenzie 3—prof of economics at Coast Guard Academy. Former prof of economics at Kean. BA in Economics and Management Science at Kean. MA  in Economics from U Connecticut. PhD in economics from George mason (DW, “Does Capitalism Require War?,” 7 April 2003, http://mises.org/story/1201, AMiles)

Perhaps the oddest aspect of these various, but similar, claims is that their
AND
by destroying existing wealth. There is no sound reason to think otherwise.

Fearing co-option ensures marginalization—modest demands within the system solve best
Žižek 98 (Slavoj, Law And The Postmodern Mind, p 92, AG) 

A modest demand of the excluded group for the full participation at the society's universal
AND
(a small revision etc. can have a large unforeseen catastrophic consequences). 

Tournament: KY | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Feldman
Obama action on renewables now
Colman 12 Zack Colman, The Hill, 8/7/12, White House to seek $7B in green energy contracts for military, thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/242593-army-announces-renewable-energy-contracts-as-white-house-continues-green-push
The White House announced Tuesday it is inviting contract proposals from green energy firms to
AND
celebrating the completion of the first wind farm on federal lands in Nevada.

Won’t pass and no impact – Congress will kick it down the road
NJ 10/3 National Journal, “Insiders: Congress will punt sequestration for a few months”, October 3, 2012, http://www.govexec.com/oversight/2012/10/insiders-congress-will-punt-sequestration-few-months/58534/?oref=river
Seventy-nine percent of National Journal’s National Security Insiders believe that when Congress returns
AND
to do anything more than kick the can down the road a bit.”

GOP supports the plan
Bracken Hendricks 11 is a senior fellow and Jorge Madrid is a research associate for the Energy Policy Team at the Center for American Progress, “Obama and GOP should cut red tape blocking tribe’s green energy,” 1-31-11, http://grist.org/article/2011-01-31-obama-gop-should-cut-red-tape-blocking-tribes-green-energy-2/
Remarkably, however, as of today only one commercial-scale renewable energy project
AND
opportunities; reduce federal bureaucracy and; move America closer to energy independence.

Pounders
Lillis 9-29-12, Mike, The Hill, “Democrats lay out second-term wish list for President Obama”, http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259253-dems-lay-out-wish-list-for-a-second-obama-term
The presidential contest is far from over, but House Democrats are already readying their
AND
Obama would be under to satisfy his allies after a bruising campaign season.

Barrasso likes the plan
ICN 11 – Indian Country News, “Sen. Barrasso offers bill to help Indian energy,” October, 2011, http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=12197andItemid=33
¶ U.S. Sen. John Barrasso has introduced a bill to give
AND
tribes greater control over the management and development of their own trust resources.

Barrasso’s key
RCP 12 – Real Clear Politics, “Top 10 Rising Power Players in the New Congress,” 05.22.12, 08:14 AM CDT

Barrasso became vice chairman of the Senate Republican Conference when Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski
AND
the party's efforts to influence opinion both in Congress and across the country.

Low PC inevitable and not key
Schier 11 Steven E. Schier is the Dorothy H. and Edward C. Congdon professor of political science at Carleton College, The contemporary presidency: the presidential authority problem and the political power trap. Presidential Studies Quarterly December 1, 2011 lexis
Implications of the Evidence¶ The evidence presented here depicts a decline in presidential political
AND
final years of both the Clinton and George W. Bush presidencies demonstrate.
Winners win
Marshall and Prins 11 (BRYAN W, Miami University and BRANDON C, University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force”, Sept, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3)
Presidents rely heavily on Congress in converting their political capital into real policy success.
AND
made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Experts conclude no impact to cuts—their evidence is political hype
 John T. Bennett 9/19/12, Senior Congressional Reporter for Defense News, and is a Master's candidate in Global Security Studies at Johns Hopkins University, "Experts: Automatic defense cuts might be manageable," The Great Falls Tribune, www.greatfallstribune.com/article/20120919/NEWS01/309190030/Experts-Automatic-defense-cuts-might-manageable?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|Frontpage
WASHINGTON — Pentagon officials, lawmakers and defense industry executives have described $500 billion
AND
like buy 25 F-35 fighter jets annually, rather than 29.

No ME war
Cook 7—CFR senior fellow for Mid East Studies. BA in international studies from Vassar College, an MA in international relations from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, and both an MA and PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania(Steven, Ray Takeyh, CFR fellow, and Suzanne Maloney, Brookings fellow, 6 /28, Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast, http://www.iht.com/bin/print.php?id=6383265, AG)

Underlying this anxiety was a scenario in which Iraq's sectarian and ethnic violence spills over
AND
its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East. 

Tournament: KY | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Feldman
States don’t have jurisdiction and the counterplan gets preempted
Suagee 92—Director, First Nations Environmental Law Program, Vermont Law School (Dean, ARTICLE: SELF-DETERMINATION FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT THE DAWN OF THE SOLAR AGE, 25 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 671)

Indian tribes have governmental powers as an aspect of their original or inherent sovereignty,
AND
the exercise of state authority would infringe upon tribal self-government. n116

CP maintains exploitative federal leasing
Unger 10—J.D. Candidate, Loyola Law School. M.A., Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

Developing tribal wind power can also address tribes’ environmental concerns. Much past resource development
AND
economic self-sufficiency and to strengthen tribal governmental and economic structures. 49 

Tournament: KY | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Feldman
Perm = anti-colonial wind development
Bosworth 10—Honors Projects Environmental Studies Department, Macalester College (Kai, Straws in the Wind: Race, Nature and Technoscience in Postcolonial South Dakotan Wind Power Development, http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007andcontext=envi_honorsandsei-redir=1andreferer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D10%26q%3D%2522Technologies%2Bof%2BExistence%2522%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C14#search=%22Technologies%20Existence%22)

Importantly, the DOE’s Tribal Energy Guide …power development is created.

The aff radicalizes wind’s potential which solves
Bosworth 10—Honors Projects Environmental Studies Department, Macalester College (Kai, Straws in the Wind: Race, Nature and Technoscience in Postcolonial South Dakotan Wind Power Development, http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007andcontext=envi_honorsandsei-redir=1andreferer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D10%26q%3D%2522Technologies%2Bof%2BExistence%2522%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C14#search=%22Technologies%20Existence%22)

Furthermore, discourses of wind power, colonialism, and science are enmeshed in an
AND
assemblages of wind power that further work against reproductions of racism and colonialism.
 

Tournament: KY | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Feldman
Conditioning is bad bc our aff
Unger 10—J.D. Candidate, Loyola Law School. M.A., Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

By contrast, since the mid-twentieth century, the trust doctrine has been
AND
streamline development by eliminating the federal approval requirement for resource development projects. 124

Tournament: KY | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan 1 - The United States federal government should end Title V of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Section 3504 restrictions which state that Tribes must enter into a Tribal Energy Resource Agreement with the Secretary of the Interior in order to produce wind and/or solar energy.

Plan 2 - The United States Federal Government should end Title V of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Section 3504 restrictions that give the Secretary of the Interior authority to block the production of wind and/or solar energy.

Federal paternalism in TERA deters investment in renewables

Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

Mirroring this desire, many tribes are also becoming interested in energy development opportunities:¶

AND

TERA reforms will spur tribal promulgation of TERAs with the Secretary of Interior.

TERA regulations deter investment and stifle Native control over energy development-~--reform is necessary to boost Native sovereignty and effective renewable energy production

Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

Many tribes are currently engaged in some form of energy development. n112 A long

AND

would see tribal nations "frozen in a perpetual state of tutelage." n155

Federal restrictions allow for arbitrary interference in Native energy projects and are antithetical to Native sovereignty

Unger 10—J.D. Candidate, Loyola Law School. M.A., Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

The decision not to transfer responsibility to the tribe can be made during the consultation

AND

governs tribal resource development, to truly unleash the power of tribal wind.

TERAs are key to tribal sovereignty-~--they are a crucial recognition of equality by the federal government

Hendershot 8—a columnist for the Smoky Mountain News and a freelance writer living in the mountains of Western North Carolina next to the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians' Qualla Boundary (Don, Between Two Sovereigns, http://www.drinkerbiddle.com/Templates/media/files/news/2008/paul-moorehead-talks-tera-with-native-american-journal.pdf)

TERAs were devised to cut through the red tape and streamline the process by which

AND

old days, these kinds of bi-lateral agreements were called treaties.” 

The status quo allows for cycles of structural violence to occur on Native lands-~--sovereign development of renewable energy is necessary to combat fossil fuel colonialism

Gough 9—Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; paper submitted by Honor the Earth, the Intertribal Council on Utility Policy, the Indigenous Environmental Network, and the International  Indian Treaty Council (Bob, Energy Justice in Native America, A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress, www.mynewsletterbuilder.com/email/newsletter/1409857447)

A just nation-to-nation relationship means breaking the cycle of asking Native

AND

the future, providing a unique opportunity for stabilizing an energy intensive economy.

Native renewable energy allows for a democratic paradigm shift that preserves domestic communities

LaDuke 7—executive director of both Honor the Earth and White Earth Land Recovery Project (Winona, Local Energy, Local Power, www.community-wealth.org/_pdfs/articles-publications/municipal/pdf)

“We believe the wind is wakan, a holy or great power,” explains

AND

Western Shoshone and Goshute communities. Native communities are ready for a change.

Localized wind and solar offer an opportunity to move beyond conventional biopolitical models of development that exploit Indigenous culture and land and have resulted in the systematic extermination of Native Americans

Powell 6—Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Appalachian State (Dana, Technologies of Existence: The indigenous environmental justice movement, www.cfeps.org/ss2008/ss08r/harcourt/harcourt3_powell.pdf)

In her work with the indigenous movement in Ecuador, Catherine Walsh speaks of the

AND

a call for ‘environmental justice,’ implemented through specific material technologies.

Advocating for Native renewable energy development is necessary to create epistemological fissures that can begin to rectify historical traumas of energy exploitation

Powell and Curley 9—Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Appalachian State—AND—Researcher, Diné Policy Institute, Navajo Nation (Dana and Andrew, K’e, Hozhó, and Non-governmental Politics on the Navajo Nation: Ontologies of Difference Manifest in Environmental Activism, http:~/~/www.ram-wan.net/documents/05_e_Journal/journal-4/5-powell.pdf)FLD=pdf)FLD=Fundamental Laws of the Dine

In this paper, we explore how non-governmental political action on the Navajo

AND

of the debate on which specific actors will fall is never fully foreseeable.

Obsession with short-time frame impacts obscures ongoing violence that doesn’t fit neatly within conventional temporal frames

Nixon 10 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pp 1-14)

When Lawrence Summers, then president of the World Bank, advocated thai the bank

AND

how our rhetorical conventions for bracketing violence routinely ignore ongoing, belated casualties.

You should orient your knowledge production towards alleviating structural violence

Biyanwila 8—University of Western Australia (Janaka, Re-empowering labour : Knowledge, ontology and counter-hegemony, http:~/~/www.tasa.org.au/uploads/2011/05/pdf)

An essential component of union power and issues of empowerment is the production of knowledge

AND

culture and in the structure, not only in the ‘human mind’”.

The status quo relegates Natives to a passive role in renewable energy development-~--the plan is key

Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The proposed amendment to the definition of "mineral resources" in the IMDA would

AND

resources, and do so with more direct say in the development itself.

Reforming TERA is key to outside investment and Native ownership

Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The non-minerals statutes that might be used for renewable energy development share a

AND

the TERA process may be more of a barrier than an opportunity. n135

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State | Judge: 

1AC

The United States federal government should reduce restrictions that disproportionately affect small modular nuclear reactors in the United States

The plan solves the only major roadblock to the creation of a robust domestic SMR industry
Loris 11 Nicolas D, Research Associate in the Roe Institute, Jack Spencer – Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Currently is The Heritage Foundation’s senior research fellow in nuclear energy policy, Previously worked on commercial, civilian and military components of nuclear energy at the Babcock and Wilcox Companies, Holds a bachelor's degree in international politics from Frostburg State University and a master's degree from the University of Limerick, “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?”, February 2, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors
Abstract: More and more companies—in the U.S. and abroad
AND
Congress should demand that these issues be resolved by the end of 2011.

Expanding nuclear power revitalizes the economy
Fertel 9—35 years of experience consulting for electric utilities on issues related to designing, siting, licensing and managing both fossil and nuclear plants. Worked in executive positions with such organizations as Ebasco, Management Analysis Company and Tenera. In November 1990, he joined the U.S. Council for Energy Awareness as vice president of Technical Programs. (Marvin, Op-Ed: In Energy, Nuclear Leads Transition to Green Jobs, http://www.nei.org/keyissues/newnuclearplants/economicbenefitsofnewnuclearplants/in-energy-nuclear-leads-transition-to-green-jobs/)

There is tremendous potential for rebuilding the U.S. economy on green jobs
AND
high-paying jobs as part of a transition to a greener economy.
That’s key to solve economic collapse
Freeman 9—Technology Editor, Executive Intelligence Review Magazine and Associate Editor, 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine. Has written in Fusion Magazine, Executive Intelligence Review magazine, 21st Century Science and Technology magazine, Acta Astronautica, Space World magazine, New Federalist newspaper, Science Books and Films, Space Governance Journal, The World and I, Quest Magazine,The Encyclopedia of the Midwest, and other periodicals. (Marsha, Stimulate The Economy: Build New Nuclear Plants!, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles_2009/Stimulate_Nucl_sp09.pdf)
But economic growth will depend upon trillions of dollars of Federal investment that ameliorate the
AND
ruin, must be retooled and mobilized to recreate a nuclear manufacturing industry.
Nuclear’s key to stop energy gaps that cause conflict and collapse the economy
Becker et al 8—article by 6 MIT professors – Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—Richard Milner—Director, Lab for Nuclear Science and Professor, MIT–AND—Eric Cosman— Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Peter Demos—Department of Physics, Professor Emeritus, MIT—AND—Bruno Coppi—Prof of Physics, MIT (A Perspective on the Future Energy Supply of the United States: The Urgent Need for Increased Nuclear Power, web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/212/milner.html)

The reliable and affordable availability of energy is the lifeblood of human civilization in the
AND
initiate immediately a program to implement nuclear fission reactors on a large scale.
Decline kills primacy
Gelb 10 Leslie H. Gelb, a former New York Times columnist and senior official in the state and defense departments, is currently president emeritus of the Council on Foreign  Relations, Fashioning a   Realistic Strategy for   the Twenty-First Century,” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs vol.34:2 summer 2010 http://fletcher.tufts.edu/forum/archives/pdfs/34-2pdfs/Gelb.pdf

Power is what it always has been. It is the ability to get someone
AND
last few years has been the perception that our economy is in decline. 

The plan is key to competitiveness, influencing China’s rise, and maintaining hegemony
Cullinane 11—Staff at House Foreign Affairs Committee. Graduate student at the Institute of World Politics (Scott, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, 9/28/11, www.ensec.org/index.php?view=articleandcatid=118%3Acontentandid=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandtmpl=componentandprint=1andpage=andoption=com_contentandItemid=376)

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
AND
larger efforts on both sides of the Pacific to shape the 21st century. 

Maintaining economic power gaps is key to stop great-power transition wars
Khalilzad 11—Former United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. (Zalmay, The Economy and National Security, www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024)

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.
Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction
Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
U.S. hegemonic decline causes global great-power war, collapses trade and spreads economic nationalism and protectionism
Zhang and Shi 11 – Yuhan Zhang, researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Lin Shi, Columbia University, independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and consultant for the World Bank, January 22, 2011, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” East Asia Forum, online: http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove heg solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient globalization sustainable---it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war
Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.
Absolute decline means the US will become uncooperative and desperate---hegemonic wars will ensue
Goldstein 7 Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682
Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for
AND
the period prior to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650
The rise of the rest is inevitable, but absolute US power makes the transition safe---the alt is transition wars
Walton 7 Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading in Reading, England, 07 Dale C, “geopolitics and the great powers in the twenty-first century”, http://books.google.com/books?id=AQLTD1R-47ACandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepageandq=andf=false
Although international political conditions will differ enormously in the coming decades from those of the
AND
over the long term and minimize the probability of a great power war.
Every credible measure of study shows violence is down because of everything consistent with the aff---it’s only a question of sustaining current dynamics and preventing shocks to the system
Pinker 11 Steven Pinker is Professor of psychology at Harvard University "Violence Vanquished" Sept 24 online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html
On the day this article appears, you will read about a shocking act of
AND
that the Long Peace and rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village.
Focus on strategic deterrence is key to adverting crisis escalation—reject the infinite number of root causes that debilitate action
John Moore 4 chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Life has intrinsic and objective value achieved through subjective pleasures---its preservation should be an a priori goal
Amien Kacou 8 WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of “Life”, Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
Furthermore, that manner of finding things good that is in pleasure can certainly not
AND
priori value—what gives us pleasure is a matter for empirical investigation.
Thus, we can see now that, in general, something primitively valuable is
AND
at least for the sake of preserving the possibility of finding that good.
However, this platitude about the value that can be found in life turns out
AND
and desire. Perhaps, our inquiry should be a bit more complex.
Rationality is good and argumentation should start from empirical and political problem-solving --- any alt fails and devolves into crippling relativism --- all their arguments will become offense for us
Robert C. Rowland 1995 is a Professor of Communication at the University of Kansas, “In Defense of Rational Argument: A Pragmatic Justification of Argumentation Theory and Response to the Postmodern Critique” Philosophy and Rhetoric Vol. 28, No. 4Oct 1, 1995, EBSCO
A pragmatic theory of argument
The first step in developing a justifiable theory of rational argument that can account for
AND
the intrusiveness of its moral and political will" (1992, 64).
The performative contradiction at the heart of postmodernism is nowhere more evident than in the
AND
is pragmatic efficacy in fulfilling a purpose in relation to a given problem.
Both modernists and postmodernists generally assume that truth and fact are equivalent terms. Thus, a "true" statement is one that is factually correct in all circumstances. By this standard, of course, there are no totally "true" statements. However, if no statement can be proved factually true, then a focus on facts is an inappropriate standard for judging truth.
I suggest that knowledge and truth should be understood not as factual statements that are
AND
or tomorrow, because it usefully and consistently solves a particular epistemic problem.
The standard for "truth" is pragmatic utility in fulfilling a purpose in relation
AND
the facts," it does not deny that a real-world exists.
Thus, a pragmatist endorses a given scientific theory because the symbolic description present in
AND
work, that is, avoiding nature's kicks in fulfilling a given purpose.
The foregoing suggests that a principled pragmatic theory of argument sidesteps the postmodern critique.
AND
justified pragmatically, based on their value for producing useful solutions to problems.
A pragmatic theory of argument can be understood as operating at three levels, all
AND
likely to be useful and those that are less likely to be useful.
At a third level, that of specific fields or subfields, principles of argumentation
AND
that a higher standard of proof be applied in this area than elsewhere.
The pragmatic perspective I have described is quite different from that of interpretive pragmatists such
AND
emerge is firmly in place, settled" (Fish 1989a, 308).
Unfortunately, a theory of argumentation cannot be salvaged merely by grounding reason in conversational
AND
I argue that those concepts must be redefined in relation to problem solving.
The pragmatic theory of argument that I have advanced provides a principled means of choosing
AND
also provides a principled approach to argument that does not lead to relativism.
In defense of rational argument
When argument is viewed as a pragmatic problem-solving tool, the power of the postmodern critique largely dissipates. At the most basic level, a pragmatic theory of argument is based on premises such as the following:
'Statements supported by evidence and reasoning are more likely to be useful for satisfactorily solving a problem than ones that lack that support.
'Consistent arguments are more likely to be generalizable than inconsistent ones.
'Experts are more likely to have useful viewpoints about technical questions tied to a particular
AND
recognizes the functional utility of general standards for testing argument form and process.
Arguing should be understood as a pragmatic process for locating solutions to problems. The
AND
. This is a rare event in any society grounded in democratic ethics.
Additionally, argument as a form and process is inherently person-respecting because in
AND
on power) is one that recognizes the fundamental humanity in all people.
Furthermore, argument is one of the most important means of protecting society from symbolic oppression. Argument as an internal process within an individual and external process within society provides a method of testing the claims of potential oppressors. Therefore, training in argument should be understood as a means of providing pragmatic tools for breaking out of terministic or disciplinary prisons.
Against this view, it could be argued that pragmatism, because of its "
AND
for which the factory is the prototype of human existence" (50).
The claims that pragmatism reduces reason to a mere instrument of production or leads to
AND
be justified pragmatically to serve the aims that Horkheimer assigns to that form.
Moreover, a pragmatic theory of argument should not be confused with a decision-
AND
unpragmatic to defer to expert opinion, absent good reasons and strong evidence.
The previous analysis in no way denies the risks associated with technical reason. It
AND
used to protect society from the nihilistic excesses of a purely instrumental reason.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State | Judge: 

2AC
Belief in life after death causes complacency and paralysis – makes extinction inevitable
David Ray Griffin, Professor of Philosophy of Religion and Theology at Claremont, 1989
God and religion in the postmodern world: essays in postmodern theology
The most contemporary form of the moral objection to belief in life after death is
AND
death, however tragic, would not be the very death of meaning.

Disproving the univerasiality of the liberal subject doesn’t disprove our claims
Owen 2 David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Liberal humanism good / true --- we can effect social structures
Eagleton 96 Terry Eagleton is Distinguished Professor of English Literature at the University of Lancaster The Illusions of Postmodernism pp106
Universality is not just an ideological illusion. On the contrary, it is the
AND
, as in the case of the various Christian humanisms of the West.

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality
Cummiskey 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor, AG)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
consideration of conduct, one's own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

Nuke war threat is real and o/w racism and invisible violence---their expansion of structural violence to an all-pervasive omnipresence makes preventing war impossible – also answers their value to life claim
Ken Boulding 78 is professor of economics and director, Center for Research on Conflict Resolution, University of Michigan, “Future Directions in Conflict and Peace Studies,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1978), pp. 342-354
Galtung is very legitimately interested in problems of world poverty and the failure of development
AND
, increases with every improvement in technology, either of war or of peacex

This is true at a fundamental and ontological level
Paterson 3 Craig, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se  that
AND
capable of participating in a full array of  the goods of life.81
In conclusion, concerning willed human actions, it is justifiable to  state that any
AND
the person, the very source and condition of all human  possibility.82 

Choice is key --- they are serial killers
Paterson 3 Craig, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com
In determining whether a life is worth living or not, attention should be focused
AND
is essentially left up to the individual to determine for himself or herself.

Life is a pre-requisite to death’s symbolic value---fearing death doesn’t preclude recognizing life’s finitude and its inevitability---we can still create provisional value in life---individuals should have the option to live
Cara Kalnow 9 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of MPhil at the University of St. Andrews “WHY DEATH CAN BE BAD AND IMMORTALITY IS WORSE” https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/10023/724/3/Cara%20Kalnow%20MPhil%20thesis.PDF
(PA) also provided us with good reason to reject the Epicurean  claim that
AND
is a necessary condition for the recognition that life as such is  valuable.
Although my arguments pertaining to the nature of death and its  moral implications have yielded
AND
as morally good for one if one no longer desires to continue  living.
5.3 Conclusion
I began this thesis with the suggestion that in part, the Epicureans were  right
AND
decide on  the balance of those values is a matter for psychological judgment.

Life good---Schopenhaeur wrong
Amien Kacou 8 WHY EVEN MIND? On The A Priori Value Of “Life” Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, Vol 4, No 1-2 (2008) cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/view/92/184
IV. Is life “better than” death a priori?
a. The value of survival
We are now in a position to state an answer to our main question.
AND
, then consciousness*desire can be simplified to consciousness.
In this way, pain can be seen to address an additional circumstance (the
AND
”—pleasure would have value only so long as the advantage is needed.
However, such an image would also be the result of what we characterized earlier
AND
as desiring the end of desire—the disappearance of value.31
In sum: no problem for consciousness precedes or is inherent to consciousness, which
AND
an a posteriori (i.e., circumstantial) phenomenon of consciousness.
Furthermore, since, as we have seen, life is an expression of desire
AND
a value to all life in general) is the same for all.
It follows that life at its essence is pleasure. Life inherently, initially,
AND
), and then augment (intensify) or expand (diversify) pleasure.
In conclusion, since the infinite desire for pleasure finds its greatest satisfaction a priori
AND
inquiry—on the subjective or circumstantial or a posteriori value of life.
b. The value of birth
The above “demonstration” that our survival-as-such is good may
AND
rationally prefer a priori not to have been born in the first place.
We can also reason that it is the circumstance that the perpetuation of life and
AND
, this imperfection of pleasure, which forms the central concern of theological worldviews
 (which devalue pleasure in its finite form—at least, to the extent that it does not seem conditioned by them). This concern finds expression in two assertions: that experience belongs to an immortal soul; and that perfect pleasure is guaranteed in “heaven.”
“Heaven” is defined as a place where nothing bad can occur—a
AND
the same as desiring the end of desire, the disappearance of value.
We need not investigate in detail the circumstances that make it possible to say that
AND
of goodness in order to be able to find anything good at all.
Heaven can be defined as “God’s realm.” That “God” may be defined as an inescapable (perhaps even all-inclusive, somehow), eternally consistent, committed and supreme preference and power. Through these attributes, It makes heaven possible. Therefore, it is Its authority that conditions the possibility of the good itself (which for greedy nihilists, as we have shown, is conditioned on the idea of its necessity). Thus, that “God” becomes the source or foundation of ethics and value.
Accordingly, when the idea that such a “God” does not exist becomes
AND
words, she would become a passive nihilist—in the Nietzschean sense.
In sum, there would be two sides to this paradoxical coin we can now
AND
“escape” the world—and costly to try to do so.
The Nietzschean God could perhaps be distinguished from the run of the mill “God
AND
is not necessary that the Pascalian God exist for things to be good.
It is perhaps the temptation to further define the Pascalian God, in order to make It more predictable, that eventually leads us to conceive of the totalitarian Nietzschean God—inflating, in the process, the problem of fortune (chance), from a discrete, marginal, “quantized” phenomenon, so to speak, to a massive one.
b. Post-theism and axiological realism
Post-theism needs not involve any negation of the existence of a particular “God.”36 It needs only involve a realization that we must find answers without reference to any such “God.”
The “cause” for the existence of value, like the ”cause”
AND
we just happen to live in that world with the relevant modal particularity).
What must be understood is that neither “theory” should change anything to the “value of value.”
An ethical foundation is “something for the sake of which everything else can be valued.”37 Greedy nihilists believe that an absence of external obligation (external force) at the foundation (or as the source) of value (desire) would eliminate value. However, we have seen that their worldview was founded on a desire for something that would make value impossible. Perhaps, then, something like “gratuity” (freedom) would best serve as “foundation.”
But such a “foundation” would seem to correspond to no foundation at all
AND
existence? (Or, perhaps more importantly, what might it subtract?)
In other words, while we see that the constitution of all morality is twofold—including (1) value (i.e., the fact that we value anything), and (2) the fact that the service of what we value may be conditioned38—we now also see that, however, we cannot meaningfully, by ourselves, place conditions for our valuing things in general, for valuing things in the first place.
In yet other words, we have seen that, in terms of general phenomena, care (value) “precedes” belief. Therefore, how could any belief—except the senseless (uninformative) belief that value exists—rationally condition value? More specifically, how could belief in a particular explanation for the existence of value condition value? (These are rhetorical questions.)
Value cannot be self-defeating—desire cannot desire its own dissatisfaction. Moreover
AND
more than the product of a special kind of confusion (or stupidity).
In this sense, we are “trapped” in value—our “escape” could only come (directly at least, if at all) from the exterior. Perhaps then it follows that it is in those who depend on external references, or transcendental “truths,” to provide their axiological source or foundation that we truly begin to find the collapse of what makes value (and therefore morality) possible.
c. Temptation of “meaning”
To ask for the meaning of life can be thought ultimately to ask what should
AND
and how what we value can be served, on the other hand.
On the one hand, one who seeks an explanation for the fact that life
AND
life has value a priori, irrespective of any explanation regarding its existence.
As we have
AND
 our finding life good.

Extinction actually is the end of all human consciousness---this arg is dumb
Stenger 92 – Victor J. Stenger, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, University of Colorado, 1992, “The Myth of Quantum Consciousness,” online: http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Quantum/QuantumConsciousness.pdf
Quantum mechanics is called on further to argue that the cosmic field, like Newton’s
AND
previously a universe that seemed to have need for neither gods nor humanity.
If Bohr and Heisenberg had spoken of measurements made by inanimate instruments rather than “observers,” perhaps this strained relationship between quantum and mind would not have been drawn. For, nothing in quantum mechanics requires human involvement.
Quantum mechanics does not violate the Copernican principle that the universe cares not a whit
AND
will do so under the same rules of quantum mechanics that operate today.

Fear of extinction is a legitimate and productive response to the modern condition---working through it by validating our representations is the only way to create an authentic relationship to the world and death
Macy 2K – Joanna Macy, adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000, Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader, p. 243
The move to a wider ecological sense of self is in large part a function
AND
there will be a future is the pivotal psychological reality of our time.
Over the past twelve years my colleagues and I have worked with tens of thousands
AND
of our world stretches or collapses the culturally defined boundaries of the self.
It becomes clear, for example, that the grief and fear experienced for our
AND
in which we are as intricately connected as cells in a larger body.
This shift in consciousness is an appropriate, adaptive response. For the crisis that
AND
as a species – be immune to what we do to other beings. 

Reject Lanza’s model of consciousness---it’s non-falsifiable and shouldn’t even be considered science
Wadhawan and Kamal 9 – Vinod K., Fellow at the Babha Atomic Research Center in Mumbai, and Aijta, December 14, 2009, “Biocentrism Demystified: A Response to Deepak Chopra and Robert Lanza’s Notion of a Conscious Universe,” online: http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/14/biocentrism-demystified-a-response-to-deepak-chopra-and-robert-lanzas-notion-of-a-conscious-universe/
In the first case Lanza seems to state that motion is logically impossible (which
AND
observer, but allows us only a narrow perception of its true nature.

Linearity might not be true but complexity isn’t 100% true either
Dr. Sebastian L. V. Gorka et al 12, Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, et al., Spring 2012, “The Complexity Trap,” Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf
These competing views of America’s national security concerns indicate an important and distinctive characteristic of
AND
in which everything is potentially relevant is a model in which nothing is.

Tournament: Harvar | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake BM | Judge: Bricker
The CP triggers a slew of federal regulations that kill solvency---TERA’s key
Dreveskracht 11—Associate at Galanda Broadman PLLC, of Seattle, an American Indian majority-owned law firm. His practice focuses on representing businesses and tribal governments in public affairs, energy, gaming, taxation, and general economic development (Ryan, The Road to Alternative Energy in Indian Country: Is It a Dead End?, http://www.wsba.org/Legal-Community/Sections/Indian-Law-Section/~/media/Files/Legal%20Community/Sections/Indian%20Law/Indian%20Newsletters/Summer%202011%20Vol%2019%20No%202.ashx)

Yet, as of February 2011, only one commercial scale renewable energy project is
AND
it will be necessary to emphasize the former to bring about the latter.

CP can’t bypass the approval process which crushes solvency
Dreveskracht 11—Associate at Galanda Broadman PLLC, of Seattle, an American Indian majority-owned law firm. His practice focuses on representing businesses and tribal governments in public affairs, energy, gaming, taxation, and general economic development (Ryan, The Road to Alternative Energy in Indian Country: Is It a Dead End?, http://www.wsba.org/Legal-Community/Sections/Indian-Law-Section/~/media/Files/Legal%20Community/Sections/Indian%20Law/Indian%20Newsletters/Summer%202011%20Vol%2019%20No%202.ashx)

Yet, as of February 2011, only one commercial scale renewable energy project is
AND
it will be necessary to emphasize the former to bring about the latter.

No s
Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

¶ ¶ [*834] Potentially in response to these concerns, on June 11
AND
abdication of the federal trust responsibility that is patently unfair to tribes. n93
The counterplan trades off with sovereignty
Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

[*849]  The discussion below offers two suggestions for reform. These options,
AND
to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in comments submitted in 2003. n141

Internal dissent is not a reason to support the CP
Rosser 12—Associate Professor, American University Washington College of Law; Research Affiliate, National Poverty Center, University of Michigan; M.Phil. in Land Economics, Cambridge; J.D. magna cum laude, Harvard Law School (Ezra, Ahistorical Indians and Reservation Resources, elawreview.org/2012/02/ahistorical-indians-and-reservation-resources/)

The Navajo Nation provides avenues for project objections to be raised and it is important
AND
between development and the environment through the political processes and internal tribal mechanisms.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC k

Hegemonic collapse causes war and extinction
Framing issue--we empirically control that US hegemonic power creates stability and peace that has made war obsolete
Barnett and Owen say that presence of a major power has ushered in a period of unprecedented peace, has kept globalization stable, solved structural violence, and resulted in a 99% drop in war related deaths.
Prove we control terminal uniqueness--the status quo is a positive trend towards nonviolence that has made war obsolete—all social science fields agree that this is the most peaceful time in the last 12,000 years and this is all attributable to democracy – prefer our authors method cites empirical and statistical basis which is most accurate

Conditionality is a voting issue—destroys 2AC strategic flexibility which is the arc of clash and education in debate—magnified by multiple worlds—depth is key to debate’s political value—multiple CPs removes the squo as a logical option and causes late developing debates – reject the team to set a precedent 

Western rationality isn’t false---they have to disprove the claims of the 1ac
Owen 2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

The k’s overly reductionist --- mining isn’t forced on Natives---they assume that they don’t have agency to resist
Rosser 12—Associate Professor, American University Washington College of Law; Research Affiliate, National Poverty Center, University of Michigan; M.Phil. in Land Economics, Cambridge; J.D. magna cum laude, Harvard Law School (Ezra, Ahistorical Indians and Reservation Resources, elawreview.org/2012/02/ahistorical-indians-and-reservation-resources/)

The problem with this perspective is that it denies the agency of affected communities and
AND
are lines we will not cross in order to make  money.”261

No link --- could do the plan and not consume from native lands and not scapegoat 

Status seeking inev --- heg k/t solve war
Wohlforth, 09 – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)

The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
AND
inherently scarce, and competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9

Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt – the state coopts the alt
McCormack 10 (Tara, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61)
In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic
AND
Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.

Focus on strategic deterrence is key to adverting crisis escalation—reject the infinite number of root causes that debilitate action
John Moore 4 chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

That generates total war through paranoia and genocidal conflicts of all against all
Reinhard 4 – Kenneth Reinhard, Professor of Jewish Studies at UCLA, 2004, “Towards a Political Theology- Of the Neighbor,” online: http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf
If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
AND
and politically, as Jacques Derrida points out in The Politics of Friendship:
The effects of this destructuration would be countless: the ‘subject’ in question would
AND
does one then find oneself, qua a self? (PF 77)
If one accepts Schmitt’s account of the political, the disappearance of the enemy results
AND
collapse, resulting in full-blown delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia.
Hence, for Schmitt, a world without enemies is much more dangerous than one
AND
ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable” (PF 83). 

Solves struc V
Thomas P.M. Barnett 11 Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding. 

Absolute decline means the US will become uncooperative and desperate---hegemonic wars will ensue
Goldstein 7 Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682
Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments focus explicitly on the consequences for
AND
the period prior to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650

The rise of the rest is inevitable, but absolute US power makes the transition safe---the alt is transition wars
Walton 7 Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading in Reading, England, 07 Dale C, “geopolitics and the great powers in the twenty-first century”, http://books.google.com/books?id=AQLTD1R-47ACandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepageandq=andf=false
Although international political conditions will differ enormously in the coming decades from those of the
AND
over the long term and minimize the probability of a great power war.
The K just flips the hierarchy and denigrates the West---empiricism is key
Peter Berkowitz 8 is the Tad and Dianne Taube Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University "Answering Edward Said" policy review no. 149 June 2 2008 www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5664

The first of Defending the West’s three parts, “Edward Said and the Saidists
AND
spirit and its anything-goes rhetorical tactics. Orientalism, he observes,
taught an entire generation of Arabs the art of self-pity — “were
AND
But in any case, he does not believe in the “truth.”
One can understand why today, in the context of the war against jihadist terrorism, Ibn Warraq has regrets, for example, about calling Said’s tactics “intellectual terrorism.” But his description of those tactics and their impact on Middle East scholarship is spot on.
Ibn Warraq studied philosophy and Arabic, taught school, opened an Indian restaurant, and worked for a travel agency before turning his formidable talents to writing about Islam.
Ibn Warraq’s criticisms of Said come fast and furious. He shows that Said routinely
AND
for, showing what the true Orient and Islam really are.’”
Furthermore, Said commits “historical howlers” and engages in acts of “intellectual dishonesty.” For example, he asserts that “at the end of the seventeenth century, Britain and France dominated the eastern Mediterranean, when in fact the Levant was still controlled for the next hundred years by the Ottomans.” That’s no small blunder for a book about European imperialism in the Middle East.
Meanwhile, Said’s repeated mischaracterizations of the writings of Orientalists such as R.W
AND
‘ntesi — great grief seized me at heart when I heard this.”
Said puts all this sloppiness and sophistry and specious argumentation in the service of the
AND
Ibn Warraq shows that elementary historical considerations swiftly dispose of Said’s signature thesis:
Where the French presence lasted fewer than four years before they were ignominiously expelled by
AND
Muslim hands. But no Spanish or Greek politics of victimhood apparently exists.
Yet these facts are not likely to dissuade Said’s disciples, whose grievances against the West do not ultimately depend upon historical claims but rather are rooted in an underlying belief in the West’s distinctive intellectual blindness and moral depravity.
That’s why, in a display of staggering erudition, Ibn Warraq devotes the bulk of his somewhat quirky and quite compelling book to a defense of Western ideas, particularly as they have been expressed in Orientalist scholarship — philological, historical, archeological, literary, and philosophical — and in Western depictions of the Orient in painting, sculpture, music, and literature.
In Part II, he identifies rationalism, universalism, and self-criticism as
AND
to none in its passion for learning about and learning from other civilizations.

Every credible measure of study shows violence is down because of everything consistent with the aff---it’s only a question of sustaining current dynamics and preventing shocks to the system
Pinker 11 Steven Pinker is Professor of psychology at Harvard University "Violence Vanquished" Sept 24 online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904106704576583203589408180.html
On the day this article appears, you will read about a shocking act of
AND
that the Long Peace and rights revolutions coincided with the electronic global village.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Aff kt/ pol engagement good
Hodson 10 Derek, professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206
note: SSI = socioscientific issues
The final (fourth) level of sophistication in this issues-based approach is
AND
justice are kept in the forefront of discussion during the establishment of policy.

Images of catastrophe cause an empathic shift to common humanity---creates the condition for empathetic relationships that eschew the politically anesthetizing form of politics their evidence criticizes---and, this is especially crucial in the context of policy debates and advocacy simulations
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to the television
AND
and compassion that is woefully  unfulfilled by American life under normal conditions today.  
 In the end, the consumption of disaster doesn’t make us unable or unwilling
AND
we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes.  

Perm do both---it is a contingent recognition of the capacity of catastrophe to forge relations of empathy---disaster reps don’t cause compassion fatigue or anxiety, and the alt alone is epistemic colonialism by circumscribing possible responses
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf
Conclusion: Contemporary Disaster Consumption and the Aura
Recently the trend among
AND
also in the landscape of media and consumer culture that  disasters generate today.  

Byles --- Psychological generalization’s can’t explain politics --- they’re nonfalsifiable hindsight thinking
Samuels 93—Training Analyst – Society of Analytical Psychology and Science Associate – American Academy of Psychoanalysis (Andrew, Free Associations, “The mirror and the hammer: depth psychology and political transformation”, Vol. 3D, Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing)

The paper is about the depth psychology of political processes, focusing on processes of
AND
muted- there is not so much 'aha!' as one hoped.

Anxiety is vital to avert extinction---the perm solves negative effects and simulation solves despair
Mark Shepard 7 (Anxiety - the ultimate survival tool!, Neuro Linguistic Programming Expert, http://www.scribd.com/doc/2050501/Anxiety-The-Ultimate-Survival-Skill)

Anxiety, The Ultimate Survival Skill ¶ As much pain and suffering that highly sensitive
AND
them arriving safely and sitting in front of the fire sipping hot cocoa.

Fear of extinction is a legitimate and productive response to the modern condition---working through it by validating our representations is the only way to create an authentic relationship to the world and death
Macy 2K – Joanna Macy, adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000, Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader, p. 243
The move to a wider
AND
as a species – be immune to what we do to other beings. 

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Heg Sust

Heg is sust if we maintain relative power gaps
Lieber 11 Robert J. Lieber is Professor of Government and International Affairs at Georgetown University, 2011 “Staying Power and the American Future: Problems of Primacy, Policy, and Grand Strategy,” http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2011.585802
Many scholars, strategists and pundits contend that the US is in decline. They
AND
or manpower limitations at home, or the rise of peer competitors abroad.

And even if rise of rest is inev we make it stable
Walton 7 Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading in Reading, England, 07 Dale C, “geopolitics and the great powers in the twenty-first century”, http://books.google.com/books?id=AQLTD1R-47ACandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepageandq=andf=false
Although international political conditions will differ enormously in the coming decades from those of the
AND
over the long term and minimize the probability of a great power war.

Util

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality
Cummiskey 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor, AG)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
consideration of conduct, one's own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

Enviro
No impact to biodiversity
Sagoff 97  Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N
Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge.
Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
AND
sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.

Goklany 

All forms of structural violence are decreasing
Goklany 9—Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years.  Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA.  Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. (Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?”  2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf, AMiles)

Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled since 1900.
AND
per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b). 

Impact D
Democracy checks
O’Kane 97 – Prof Comparative Political Theory, U Keele (Rosemary, “Modernity, the Holocaust and politics,” Economy and Society 26:1, p 58-9, AG)

Modern bureaucracy is not 'intrinsically capable of genocidal action' (Bauman 1989: 106).
AND
and common attributes of modernity which stand in the way of modern genocides. 

The impact is the exception not the rule
Abrahamsen 5 (Rita, Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Blair's Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear, Alternatives 30:1, AG)

The war on Iraq can be seen to demonstrate the willingness of the British government
AND
securitization is more likely to give rise to policies of containment or policing. 

No risk of endless warfare
Gray 7—Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, “The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration”, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
AND
strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Double bind---either Natives want solar so they’ll do it anyway, or they’ll just choose wind b/c it’s cheaper
Hurtado 12—Sci Dev writer (Maria, Wind power 'can be cheaper' than photovoltaics, study says, www.scidev.net/en/climate-change-and-energy/energy-policy/news/wind-power-can-be-cheaper-than-photovoltaics-study-says.html)

Generating wind energy is more than twice as cheap as solar photovoltaic (PV)
AND
between the two technologies could be expected to continue until at least 2020.

Must combine solar and wind --- they’re insufficient independently
Dr. J.B.V. SUBRAHMANYAM 12, P.K SAHOO, and Madhukar REDDY -- Electrical andElectronics Engineering Dept - Bharat Institute of Engineering andTechnology, “Local PV-Wind Hybrid System Development for Supplying Electricity to Industry,” Vol. 53, No. 1, 2012, http://ie.utcluj.ro/Contents_Acta_ET/2012/Number1/Paper02_Subrahmanyam.pdf
PV modules and wind turbines(3)are now widely used in developed countries
AND
existence and has peaked the interest of scientists and educators the world over.

SOLAR INEV
Leone 11—Associate Editor, RenewableEnergyWorld.com (Steve, 10 Reasons Renewable Energy May Beat the Projections, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/09/10-reasons-renewables-may-beat-the-projections)

We won’t have to wait until 2035 to find grid parity, considering it’s already
AND
with greater scale to make grid parity a reality perhaps sooner than later.

Tournament: Harvard  | Round: 8 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Tribes won’t get screwed by companies
Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The proposed amendment to the definition of "mineral resources" in the IMDA would
AND
it in the regulations strengthens the tribe's role in the decision making process.

No s and no link to exploitation
Cornell and Kalt 93—Ph.D. Director Professor of Sociology and of Public Administration and Policy Faculty Associate, Native Nations Institute—AND—Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy, Emeritus, Co-Director Harvard Proj. on American Indian Econ. Development (Stephen and Joseph, WHAT CAN TRIBES DO? STRATEGIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN AMERICAN INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, http://www.tribalreentry.org/sites/tribalreentry.org/files/Strategies%20and%20Institutions%20in%20AI%20Economic%20Development.pdf)

We believe the available evidence clearly demonstrates that tribal sovereignty is a necessary prerequisite of
AND
to risks. But sovereignty without such risks is a contradiction in terms.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1ac

The United States Federal Government should end Title V of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 Section 3504 restrictions that give the Department of the Interior authority to block the production of wind and/or solar energy.

Federal paternalism in TERA deters investment in renewables

Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

Mirroring this desire, many tribes are also becoming interested in energy development opportunities:¶
AND
TERA reforms will spur tribal promulgation of TERAs with the Secretary of Interior.

TERA regulations deter investment and stifle Native control over energy development—-reform is necessary to boost Native sovereignty and effective renewable energy production

Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

Many tribes are currently engaged in some form of energy development. n112 A long
AND
would see tribal nations "frozen in a perpetual state of tutelage." n155

Federal restrictions allow for arbitrary interference in Native energy projects and are antithetical to Native sovereignty

Unger 10—Clerk, Hon. Ferdinand Fernandez , U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, JD Loyola Law School, MA - Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

The decision not to transfer responsibility to the tribe can be made during the consultation
AND
governs tribal resource development, to truly unleash the power of tribal wind.

The status quo allows for cycles of structural violence to occur on Native lands—-sovereign development of renewable energy is necessary to combat fossil fuel colonialism

Gough 9—Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; paper submitted by Honor the Earth, the Intertribal Council on Utility Policy, the Indigenous Environmental Network, and the International  Indian Treaty Council (Bob, Energy Justice in Native America, A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress, www.mynewsletterbuilder.com/email/newsletter/1409857447)

A just nation-to-nation relationship means breaking the cycle of asking Native
AND
the future, providing a unique opportunity for stabilizing an energy intensive economy.

Localized wind and solar offer an opportunity to move beyond conventional biopolitical models of development that exploit Indigenous culture and land and have resulted in the systematic extermination of Native Americans

Powell 6—Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Appalachian State (Dana, Technologies of Existence: The indigenous environmental justice movement, www.cfeps.org/ss2008/ss08r/harcourt/harcourt3_powell.pdf)

In her work with the indigenous movement in Ecuador, Catherine Walsh speaks of the
AND
a call for ’environmental justice,’ implemented through specific material technologies.

Advocating for Native renewable energy development is necessary to create epistemological fissures that can begin to rectify historical traumas of energy exploitation

Powell and Curley 9—Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Appalachian State—AND—Researcher, Diné Policy Institute, Navajo Nation (Dana and Andrew, K’e, Hozhó, and Non-governmental Politics on the Navajo Nation: Ontologies of Difference Manifest in Environmental Activism, http://www.ram-wan.net/documents/05_e_Journal/journal-4/5-powell.pdf)FLD=Fundamental-http://www.ram-wan.net/documents/05_e_Journal/journal-4/5-powell.pdf)FLD=Fundamental Laws of the Dine

In this paper, we explore how non-governmental political action on the Navajo
AND
"), rectifying the historical trauma of energy development and mining with sustainable renewable technology
 in accordance with foundational principles" (Diné CARE 2008).¶ Building on this
AND
of the debate on which specific actors will fall is never fully foreseeable.

Obsession with short-time frame impacts obscures ongoing violence that doesn’t fit neatly within conventional temporal frames

Nixon 10 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pp 1-14)
When Lawrence Summers, then president of the World Bank, advocated thai the bank
AND
how our rhetorical conventions for bracketing violence routinely ignore ongoing, belated casualties.

Reforming TERA is key to outside investment and Native ownership

Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The non-minerals statutes that might be used for renewable energy development share a
AND
the TERA process may be more of a barrier than an opportunity. n135

The policy possibilities for native peoples are prefigured by western epistemological frames of reference for decision-making that are dominated by elite interests bent on resource exploitation – we should rethink the value structure implied by western epistemologies that systematically eliminate native people’s interests from politics – affirming reciprocity, holistic tribal knowledge, and the perspective of future generations within our decision frames is necessary for survival of the whole environment

Robyn 2— part of the Anishinabe (Chippewa) nation. She receive d her Ph.D. from Western Michigan University in 1998 and is currently an assistant professor in the Criminal Justice Department at Northern Arizona University.  (Linda, Indigenous Knowledge and Technology, The American Indian Quarterly 26.2 (2002) 198-220)
As we begin to examine the relationship between American Indians and environmental justice, it
AND
global society can be utilized in many ways, if given the chance.

2AC

2AC Risk Calc
 

Failure to recognize colonial domination of Native’s is the root of war—-hegemony is a narcissistic fantasy that makes conflict inevitable

Street 4—member of the International Organization for a Participatory Society~[1~] and holds a doctorate in U.S. History from Binghamton University. Author of many books and former Director of Research and Vice President for Research and Planning at the Chicago Urban League (Paul, Those Who Deny The Crimes of the Past: American Racist Atrocity Denial 101, http://www.blackcommentator.com/82/82_think_street.html)

Americans are clearly faced with a choice.  On the one hand, they can
AND
roamed by an immeasurably more civilized people than those who came to destroy.  

There are ways around it

Slade 11—partner at Modrall Sperling where he specializes in Federal Indian law and Native American law, energy, natural resources, environmental law, project development, complex litigation and transactions (Lynn, INDIAN TRIBES—BUSINESS PARTNERS AND  MARKET PARTICIPANTS: STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE TRIBAL / INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP, http://www.modrall.com/files/1411_tribal_industry_partners.pdf)

Faced with the prospect of  dual, state and tribal, taxation, development participants
AND
tribal ¶ entity, may also reduce overall federal and state income taxation. 

2AC T Restrictions Lift Prohibitions not Regulations

====A) "Restriction" are limitations on the use of property====

Texas Supreme Court ’10 
CAUSE NO. 08-01-18,007-CV-A, Final Judgment, http://www.supreme.courts.state.tx.us/ebriefs/12/12046401.pdf
"Restriction" is defined and commonly used to mean "~[a~] limitation (esp. in a deed) placed on the use or enjoyment of property." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1054 (7th ed. 2000).

b) Restrictions are the equivalent of conditions on action

Plummer 29 J., Court Justice, MAX ZLOZOWER, Respondent, v. SAM LINDENBAUM et al., Appellants Civ. No. 3724COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT100 Cal. App. 766; 281 P. 102; 1929 Cal. App. LEXIS 404September 26, 1929, Decided, lexis
The word "restriction," when used in connection with the grant of interest in
AND
a particular event, or the performance or nonperformance of a particular act.

Best Interpretation:

A) Captures the benefits of outright prohibition by including statutory restrictions that make production more difficult but that are limited to those that include the possibility of complete prohibition

U.S. Code ’5
25 U.S.C. § 3504 : US Code - Section 3504: Leases, business agreements, and rights-of-way involving energy development or transmission, 2005,
An Indian tribe may grant a right-of-way over tribal land for
AND
Secretary determines to be in the best¶ interest of the Indian tribe;¶

ci production

 producing energy ====
PNL 78, Report Commissioned by the DOE Pacific Northwestern Laboratories "An Analysis of Federal Incentives Used to Stimulate Energy Production" March 1978 www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/7059750-iKeQE4/7059750.pdf
Energy production is defined as the transformation of natural resources into commonly used forms of
AND
technology and resources to change a natural resource into a useful energy form.

CP Streamline

Streamlining fails

Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

These congressional initiatives demonstrate that Congress is aware of some of the major shortcomings of
AND
energy acts to promote tribal control over the development of their energy resources.

CP can’t bypass the approval process which crushes solvency

Dreveskracht 11—Associate at Galanda Broadman PLLC, of Seattle, an American Indian majority-owned law firm. His practice focuses on representing businesses and tribal governments in public affairs, energy, gaming, taxation, and general economic development (Ryan, The Road to Alternative Energy in Indian Country: Is It a Dead End?, http://www.wsba.org/Legal-Community/Sections/Indian-Law-Section/~~/media/Files/Legal%20Community/Sections/Indian%20Law/Indian%20Newsletters/Summer%202011%20Vol%2019%20No%202.ashx)

Yet, as of February 2011, only one commercial scale renewable energy project is
AND
it will be necessary to emphasize the former to bring about the latter.

CP links to politics—bipartisan support for liability waiver
Indianz.com 03—GOP Leaders Release second draft of energy bill, September 30, 64.38.12.138/News/archives/001714.asp?print=1

GOP leaders release second draft of energy bill¶ TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2003
AND
Many tribes have eagerly tapped their coal, natural gas and other assets.

The counterplan trades off with sovereignty

Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

~[*849~]  The discussion below offers two suggestions for reform. These options,
AND
to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs in comments submitted in 2003. n141

*in AT liability takes out case*

Federal liability is antithetical to sovereignty and is an arbitrary exertion of trust power

Unger 10—J.D. Candidate, Loyola Law School. M.A., Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf-http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

As the foregoing discussion indicates, the concerns expressed about the government abdicating its trust
AND
, because "sovereignty without such risks is a contradiction in terms." 289

CP NB

Only the aff can force accountability which results in sustained development —- the CP has been tried and tried again

Cornell and Kalt 93—Ph.D. Director Professor of Sociology and of Public Administration and Policy Faculty Associate, Native Nations Institute—AND—Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy, Emeritus, Co-Director Harvard Proj. on American Indian Econ. Development (Stephen and Joseph, WHAT CAN TRIBES DO? STRATEGIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN AMERICAN INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, http://www.tribalreentry.org/sites/tribalreentry.org/files/Strategies%20and%20Institutions%20in%20AI%20Economic%20Development.pdf)

We believe the available evidence clearly demonstrates that tribal sovereignty is a necessary prerequisite of
AND
to risks. But sovereignty without such risks is a contradiction in terms.

Doesn’t link to decentralized renewables

Mills 6—Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the Energy and Resources Group of the University of California, Berkeley (Andrew, Wind Energy in Indian Country: Turning to Wind for the Seventh Generation, rael.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/very-old-site/Mills-2006-Wind_Energy_in_Indian_Country.pdf)

This analysis of the potential for wind energy in Indian Country is limited to a
AND
described above (see LaDuke 2004 for an overview of past projects) .  

mills says joint ventures are good

Mills 6—Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the Energy and Resources Group of the University of California, Berkeley (Andrew, Wind Energy in Indian Country: Turning to Wind for the Seventh Generation, rael.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/very-old-site/Mills-2006-Wind_Energy_in_Indian_Country.pdf)

Focusing too much effort on energy development projects can lead to distortions in the economy
AND
from wind farms through provisions that increase the costs with other comparative advantages. 

Doesn’t undermine the trust doctrine and choice is key

Unger 10—Clerk, Hon. Ferdinand Fernandez , U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, JD Loyola Law School, MA - Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

Another area of concern regarding TERAs is their effect on the federal trust obligation toward
AND
characterizing it as an expression of the DOI’s "residual trust responsibility." 196

Tribes won’t get screwed by companies

Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The proposed amendment to the definition of "mineral resources" in the IMDA would
AND
it in the regulations strengthens the tribe’s role in the decision making process.

Wind/Solar PIC

Both wind and solar are critical—-the CP uses gas and coal for backup power which means it doesn’t solve the aff

Scott 11—Environment and business writing for corporate clients, newspapers, magazines and think tanks. Writes for Bloomberg New Energy Finance (Mike, A marriage made in heaven – why hybrid projects could be the future, http://carboncopycommunications.com/business-trade-press/a-marriage-made-in-heaven-%E2%80%93-why-hybrid-projects-could-be-the-future/)

Combining two renewable power technologies may not be conventional, but it can make technical
AND
winds during monsoon season and more sun during the rest of the year.

no link to radar

DOE, 7 (US Department of Energy, "Frequently Asked Questions about Wind and Rader," Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 10/10, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/federalwindsiting/radar_faqs.html~~%234)
Will wind energy hurt our ability to defend the country against attack? No.
AND
over 20 years of experience in properly siting wind projects to avoid negative impacts

, whether on the environment or military operations. Problems exist when developers are not
AND
that exist, and those that are worth of developing in the future.

The impact is extinction

Manuel Valenzuela 5, The Making of the Enemy, 19 December 2005, http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Why_They_Hate_Us/Making_Enemies.html
Hidden behind dark corners, lurking underneath beds, fantasy bogeymen not known or understood
AND
of their puppeteers the march towards war, invasion and occupation can commence.

Double bind—-either Natives want wind so they’ll do it anyway, or they’ll just choose solar b/c it’s cheaper

Appleyard 10/1—Chief Editor, Renewable Energy World (10/1/12, David, Global Renewables Investment Sets New Record, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/10/global-renewables-investment-sets-new-record?page=all)

Note —- the report is the Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment Report (GTR) for 2012——comprehensive analysis from the Frankfurt School of Finance %26 Management

Noting that one of the dominant features of 2011 was technology costs, the report
AND
large-scale solar thermal electricity generation projects in Spain and the US.

2AC Fisc Cliff

The DA is an anxiety ridden excuse to ignore internal colonization—-their arguments are paranoid ramblings

Hoggett 4—prof of politics and co-dir. of Center for Psycho-Social Studies, U West England. Degree in social psychology, U Sussex—AND—Dr. Simon Clarke—prof of psycho-social studies and co-dir. of the center. (The Empire of Fear: The American Political Psyche and the Culture of Paranoia, http://www.btinternet.com/~~psycho_social/Vol5/JPSS5-PHSC1.htm)

It is necessary therefore to focus upon this dark side of the new Promethean for
AND
us feel better. The problem is that we don’t face the problem. 

No impact—-most qualified expert

Korb 9/9 Lawrence Korb is a former assistant secretary of defense in the Reagan administration and is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. "Cuts Would Not Affect Security," 2012, NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/09/09/how-big-should-the-defense-budget-be/cuts-would-not-affect-security
But the United States can afford defense cuts, without undermining national security, for
AND
spending, and our allies would account for about half of the rest.

Cliff won’t pass because both parties want a new deal in 2013

Barno 11/7—retired Lieutenant General of the United States Army. Master’s in National Security and Strategic Studies from Georgetown University—Dr. Nora Bensahel is Deputy Director of Studies and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security—AND Joel Smith and Jacob Stokes; Research Assistants at the Center for a New American Security (David, Brace Yourself, com/articles/2012/11/07/brace_yourself?page=full)

The national security establishment has focused primarily on the potential cuts to the Pentagon,
AND
reaching a broader consensus in 2013 about balancing the nation’s revenues and expenditures.

Republicans will acquiesce before the impact kicks in

Krugman 11/8—Nobel Prize Winner. Does that Yale thing (Paul, Let’s Not Make a Deal, html?hp)

Why? Because Republicans are trying, for the third time since he took office
AND
give in to threats. No deal is better than a bad deal.

Even massive economic decline has zero chance of war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Plan bipart + tribes like it

Brown 10 — AP (Matthew, Indian tribes to Congress – Streamline energy development, www.buffalopost.net/?p=8525~%23more-8525)

American Indian leaders on Thursday asked Congress to streamline the development of energy projects on
AND
on public lands – including reservations, which are held in federal trust.

They will just delay the cuts

Barno 11/7— retired Lieutenant General of the United States Army. Master’s in National Security and Strategic Studies from Georgetown University—Dr. Nora Bensahel is Deputy Director of Studies and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security—AND Joel Smith and Jacob Stokes; Research Assistants at the Center for a New American Security (Brace Yourself, com/articles/2012/11/07/brace_yourself?page=full)

If Congress and the president fail to strike a comprehensive deal, they will face
AND
, there is little incentive for them to postpone the day of reckoning.

FISA extension thumps the DA —- controversial and consumes floor time

Tim Starks 11-2, CQ Roll Call Staff, "Ron Wyden Blocks Surveillance Bill That Is Barack Obama Priority," 11-2-12, http://www.rollcall.com/news/Ron-Wyden-Blocks-Surveillance-Bill-That-Is-Barack-Obama-Priority-218649-1.html?pos=hln
For the lame-duck session, add another bill to the Senate agenda that
AND
. The two chambers will have to reconcile the three dueling expiration dates.

Reducing regulations on Native energy is popular

Jones 11—Senior Fellow on the Energy Policy Team, Center for American Progres—AND—Bracken Hendricks, Senior Fellow, and Jorge Madrid, Research Associate (Van, Clearing the Way for a Native Opportunity in America’s "Sputnik Moment", http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=4853:clearing-the-way-for-a-native-opportunity-in-americas-sputnikmoment%26catid=46%26Itemid=22)

In recent weeks President Obama has boldly called for a 21st-century regulatory system
AND
and strengthen their people, and thus make America as a whole stronger.

no link

Anderson 5—Davis Graham %26 Stubbs LLP  (Scot, THE INDIAN TRIBAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-DETERMINATION ACT OF 2005: OPPORTUNITIES FOR COOPERATIVE VENTURES, http://www.dgslaw.com/images/materials/670412.pdf)

There are a number of interesting definitional issues right at the threshold of this analysis
AND
Tribe the opportunity to "cure or resolve" an alleged violation. 53