Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octas | Opponent:  | Judge:
Export restrictions are not production restrictions
Shih 9 Wen-chen Shih is an associate professor of law in the Department of International Trade at National Chengchi University, Taiwan. "ARTICLE: Energy Security, GATT/WTO, and Regional Agreements" Natural Resources Journal Spring, 2009 Natural Resources Journal 49 Nat. Resources J. 433 lexis
Such an argument has been questioned by others. Broome cautions that …contravene Article XI:1. n97

They destroy limits
Doub 76
 Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy
Annual Review of Energy
Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976)
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435
 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President's Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970.  He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council.  Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. 

FERS began with the recognition that …is the rule rather than the exception. 

They aren’t a direct restriction – kills precision
Sinha 6
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/
 Supreme Court of India Union Of India and Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries on 7 November, 2006 Author: S.B. Sinha Bench: S Sinha, Mark, E Katju  CASE NO.:  Writ Petition (civil) 4695 of 2006  PETITIONER:  Union of India and Ors.  RESPONDENT:  M/s. Asian Food Industries  DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/11/2006  BENCH:  S.B. Sinha and Markandey Katju  JUDGMENT:  J U D G M E N T  Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17008 of 2006 WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4696 OF 2006 Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17558 of 2006  S.B. SINHA, J :  
 We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others AIR 1979 SC 1459 stated the law thus:
"It appears that … prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Counterplan Text: The United States federal government should fully fund a program to cover 4.8% of the surface of the Earth’s oceans in a monolayer of 0.1 μm diameter latex particles, either hollow, or of core-shell morphology, bearing a conventional stabilization system that is inactivated in salt water.

Solves warming, only costs $2 billion, and avoids all solvency deficits associated with traditional ocean albedo modifications.
Morgan 11 – (10/8/11, John, PhD in physical chemistry, runs RandD programmes at a Sydney startup company, research experience in chemical engineering in the US and at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national science agency, “Low intensity geoengineering – microbubbles and microspheres,” http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/08/low-intensity-geoengineering-microbubbles-and-microspheres/ DH) 

Is there another way to look at this? … envisaged by Seitz for the microbubble concept, are also possible. 

 2NC  

Completely solves warming with low cost.
Morgan 11 – (10/8/11, John, PhD in physical chemistry, runs R&D programmes at a Sydney startup company, research experience in chemical engineering in the US and at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national science agency, “Low intensity geoengineering – microbubbles and microspheres,” http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/08/low-intensity-geoengineering-microbubbles-and-microspheres/ DH) 

But what if there was a … about how crazy it all is.
Bright Water
In a remarkable paper published just … mention islands and suitable coastlines.
It’s the little bubbles of nothing that make it really something
The appeal of this technique … metre. That’s some serious power.
Light scattering from small spherical particles is calculated using Mie theory, a fairly horrendous piece of mathematical machinery. Seitz reports Mie theory scattering results 1 μm radius bubbles at various concentrations. At 0.2 ppm of air in water as 1 μm radius bubbles, the albedo (reflectivity) increase is 1%, equal to the current CO2 forcing (Figure 2).
This is an astonishing result: … , if we can deploy them. 

Your ev is wrong – it’s scientifically mainstream now.
Walsh 08 – (3/13/08, Bryan, senior writer for TIME magazine covering energy and the environment, “Geoengineering,” http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1720049_1720050_1721653,00.html) 

Geoengineering has long been the … for Science at Stanford University. 

Can utilize current capabilities
Seitz 11 – (Apr. 2011, Russell, research physicist at Harvard University, associate of Harvard University's Center for International Affairs, “Bright water: hydrosols, water conservation and climate change,” Climatic Change (April 2011) 105: 365–381, springerlink DH) 

As to the practicalities of … gigatonne-scale mass transport (Morton 2009). 

Replacing coal with natural gas won’t help – emits methane
Barton 11 (Charles Barton, Nuclear Green, “21st Century Nuclear Challenges: 1 Mass Deployment, B. Natural Gas,” 2/19/11) http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011/02/21st-century-nuclear-challenges-1-mass_15.html
There is little doubt that a … shale formations using unconventional technology.

No risk of South China Sea conflicts—China is now backing off
Haddick 10/15/2010 [Robert—managing editor of Small Wars Journal and writer for Foreign Policy, “This Week at War: China Backs Down for Now”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/10/15/this_week_at_war_china_backs_down_for_now, ZR] 

An unexpectedly strong backlash in … Minister Naoto Kan in Brussels.

There is no Spratlys crisis
Desker and Bitzinger 2008 – *Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Dean of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director of the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (Richard and Barry, Survival 50:6, "Why East Asian War is Unlikely", pages 105-28, EBSCO, WEA)

Nowhere, perhaps, is this new ‘… the Asia-Pacific and elsewhere.22

Growth is not a strong enough … predictor of war to matter
Blackwill 2009 – former US ambassador to India and US National Security Council Deputy for Iraq, former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard (Robert D., RAND, “The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution”, http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf, WEA)
Did the economic slump lead … is not winning in Afghanistan.
Did it change in a major way the future of the Mexican state? No.
Did the downturn make Europe, … like a turtle or like a rock.
And so forth.
To be clear, there will … , and industriousness of the population.
• The histories, foreign and defense policy tendencies, cultural determinants, and domestic politics of individual countries.
• The size and strength … .
• … The presence of natural resources.
• The character, capabilities, and policies of neighboring states.
For the countries that matter … is occasionally true of pundits. ■

Resilience makes the impact impossible
Zakaria 2009 – PhD in political science from Harvard, editor of Newsweek International, former managing editor of Foreign Affairs (12/12, Fareed, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/2, WEA)

One year ago, the world … not seen since the 1930s.
Pundits whose bearishness had been vindicated predicted we were doomed to a long, painful bust, with cascading failures in sector after sector, country after country. In a widely cited essay that appeared in The Atlantic this May, Simon Johnson, former chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, wrote: "The conventional wisdom among the elite is still that the current slump 'cannot be as bad as the Great Depression.' This view is wrong. What we face now could, in fact, be worse than the Great Depression."
Others predicted that these economic shocks would lead to political instability and violence in the worst-hit countries. At his confirmation hearing in February, the new U.S. director of national intelligence, Adm. Dennis Blair, cautioned the Senate that "the financial crisis and global recession are likely to produce a wave of economic crises in emerging-market nations over the next year." Hillary Clinton endorsed this grim view. And she was hardly alone. Foreign Policy ran a cover story predicting serious unrest in several emerging markets.
Of one thing everyone was sure: nothing would ever be the same again. Not the financial industry, not capitalism, not globalization.
One year later, how much … have not materialized at all.
A key measure of fear and fragility is the ability of poor and unstable countries to borrow money on the debt markets. So consider this: the sovereign bonds of tottering Pakistan have returned 168 percent so far this year. All this doesn't add up to a recovery yet, but it does reflect a return to some level of normalcy. And that rebound has been so rapid that even the shrewdest observers remain puzzled. "The question I have at the back of my head is 'Is that it?' " says Charles Kaye, the co-head of Warburg Pincus. "We had this huge crisis, and now we're back to business as usual?"
This revival did not happen because markets managed to stabilize themselves on their own. Rather, governments, having learned the lessons of the Great Depression, were determined not to repeat the same mistakes once this crisis hit. By massively expanding state support for the through central banks and national treasuries—they buffered the worst of the damage. (Whether they made new mistakes in the process remains to be seen.) The extensive social safety nets that have been established across the industrialized world also cushioned the pain felt by many. Times are still tough, but things are nowhere near as bad as in the 1930s, when governments played a tiny role in national economies.
It's true that the massive state interventions of the past year may be fueling some new bubbles: the cheap cash and government guarantees provided to banks, companies, and consumers have fueled some irrational exuberance in stock and bond markets. Yet these rallies also demonstrate the return of confidence, and confidence is a very powerful economic force. When John Maynard Keynes described his own prescriptions for economic growth, he believed government action could provide only a temporary fix until the real motor of the economy started cranking again—the animal spirits of investors, consumers, and companies seeking risk and profit.
Beyond all this, though, I believe … more deeply connected global system.
Managers in Arkansas can work with suppliers in Beijing on a real-time basis. The production of almost every complex manufactured product now involves input from a dozen countries in a tight global supply chain. And the consequences of connectivity go well beyond economics. Women in rural India have learned through satellite television about the independence of women in more modern countries. Citizens in Iran have used cell phones and the Internet to connect to their well-wishers beyond their borders. Globalization today is fundamentally about knowledge being dispersed across our world.
This diffusion of knowledge may … . And they know the price.

Decoupling – US isn’t key to emerging markets
Passell 4/4 (Peter Passell,  Economics Editor … institutions for managing their economies.

Natty g is not volatile
Michael E. Weber, The University of … , coal is increasing its exposure.

Gas prices will not be volatile in the future
Alan Rominger, PhD Student, Graduate … the economics) of NG supply.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octas | Opponent:  | Judge:
Sequestration passes now
Weisman 10/1 Jonathan is a writer at the New York Times. “Leaders at Work on Plan to Avert Mandatory Cuts,” 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/us/senate-leaders-at-work-on-plan-to-avert-fiscal-cliff.html?hpand_r=0
WASHINGTON — Senate leaders are closing …the members of his party and sign the bill.”

Obama can’t win on natural gas-the plan is massively unpopular with his base and will invite attacks from opponents who should like it
Politico 16 May 2012 (When it comes to natural gas, Obama can’t win, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/76402_Page2.html)
President Barack Obama talked up … that’s true on a bipartisan basis.”

Presidential leadership is key to a compromise – the alternative is the collapse of hegemony, a double-dip recession, and war in the Middle East
Hutchison, U.S. Senator from the great state of Texas, 9/21/2012
(Kay Bailey, “A Looming Threat to National Security,” States News Service, Lexis)
Despite warnings of the dire consequences, …economic growth and punish working families.

Failure to reach a deal causes a credit downgrade and recession
AP, 9/12/12 (“Moody's set to downgrade US without budget deal”, http://www.indystar.com/viewart/20120912/BUSINESS/209120329/Moody-s-set-downgrade-US-without-budget-deal)
The U.S. government's debt …outlook until the outcome of the talks is clear.

Tanks the global economy
Manier 11 George Maniere, contributor to Seeking Alpha, 7/28/11, “U.S. Debt Downgrade and Its Consequences Too Close for Comfort,” Seeking Alpha,  http://seekingalpha.com/article/282627-u-s-debt-downgrade-and-its-consequences-too-close-for-comfort
Despite what you may have heard … and make the failure at Lehman Brothers look like a day at the beach.

Nuclear war – kills millions
Geoffrey Kemp, ‘10 (Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, …two-thirds of the planet’s population.

-- 2NC -- 

Energy in particular doesn’t matter
Wang 9/27/12
Herman, writer for The Barrel, a Platts energy forecasting blog, “Even with US gasoline prices at a higher number, energy isn’t a big deal in White House race,” http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/, AM
The respected polling firm Gallup … -of-mind issue in the campaign.”

Romney can’t make a comeback in ohio – unfavorability ratings
Cohn 12 (Nate Cohn, “Romney's Unfavorable Ratings Impair His Chances of a Comeback in Ohio,” 9/25/12) http://www.tnr.com/blog/electionate/107693/romneys-uphill-climb-in-ohio
It's been apparent for a couple … a Romney comeback is still a possibility. 

No turns—every energy policy is polarizing
Christine Todd Whitman 12, CASEnergy Co-Chair, Former EPA Administrator and New Jersey Governor, “Nuclear Power Garners Bipartisan Support”, August 13, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php?rss=1andutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+njgroup-energy+%28Energy+%26+Environment+Experts~-~-Q+with+Answer+Previews%29#2237728

It’s clear from the debate … accepted energy policy particularly challenging.

Plan unpopular in election year
Simone Sebastian, FuelFix contributor, 9/18 (Politics are causing LNG export delays, attorney says; http://fuelfix.com/blog/2012/09/18/politics-are-causing-lng-export-delays-attorney-says/)

The Energy Department’s decision to … wants low natural gas pricing.”

Doesn’t apply—even Ornstein says suddenly forcing a bill doesn’t boost polcap.  Our links outweigh because the aff overstretches
Ornstein 2009 – resident scholar at AEI, PhD in political science from U Mich (7/8, Norman, "Is Obama Too Weak in Dealing with Congress?", Roll Call, WEA)
But even in a wonderfully functional … ) has limited cohesion or homogeneity.
The approach Obama has taken, cutting Congress a lot of slack and being supportive when necessary, led to a string of early and meaningful successes and enactments. True, the tough ones lie ahead. Finding any majority for any climate change bill in the Senate is even more challenging than it was to get a bill through the House. Finding any compromise between health bills that might make it through the House and Senate, pass fiscal muster, and be enacted into law is a tough slog.
But I believe the approach the … either chamber, you get nowhere.

Capital is finite—Obama will inevitably be bold but prioritizing is key
Washington Post 8 (Michael A. Fletcher, “Think Tank Urges a Trust in Government Initiative Along with Obama Agenda”, 11-18-08, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/11/18/think_tank_urges_a_trust_in_go.html)

To ensure that Obama does … , where to be bold first."

Capital can never be increased
Ryan, 2009 – Former Director of the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies (Selwyn, “Obama and Political Capital,” 1/18/2009, www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=161426968, JMP)

Obama will, however, begin his … the plaintive words, "I Trust You." 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octas | Opponent:  | Judge:
Russia has a dominant share of the EU gas market now-only the introduction of a new supplier can displace their position
Colonel Alexander L. Koven United States Air Force 1/3 2012 (UNDER THE YOKE: EUROPE'S NATURAL GAS DEPENDENCY ON RUSSIA; www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561551)
One of the European Union's (… the EU will remove the yoke of Russian gas from their shoulders.

US exports trade off with Russia – global price
Forbes 5/26 (Why American Natural Gas Will Change The World; http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/05/26/why-american-natural-gas-will-change-the-world/)
Unfortunately for the US energy …any softening of prices could leave current (and prospective) LNG projects in the red.

And Russia’s gas dominance of Europe is the lifeblood of its economy-oil can’t compensate
Lindsay Wright, contributor to the Pipeline and Gas Journal August 2009 (PIPELINE POLITICS: RUSSIA’S NATURAL GAS DIPLOMACY; Vol. 236 No. 8)
Natural resources are the …pipelines crisscrossing the continent.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health …he Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

-- 1NR --

Only scenario for extinction
Bostrom 2002 (Nick Bostrom, 2002. Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale. "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html)
A much greater existential risk … or thwart humankind’s potential permanently. 

Russian economic collapse causes accidental nuclear war
FORDEN 2001 (Geoffrey, senior research fellow at the Security Studies Program at MIT, Policy Analysis, May 3)
Because of that need, Russia’s … launch its nuclear-tipped missiles.

Gas exports to the EU are key to Russia’s economy-only viable market and key to state revenues
Michael Ratner et al, Coordinator Specialist in Energy Policy 12 March 2012 (Europe’s Energy Security: Options andChallenges to Natural Gas SupplyDiversification; www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42405.pdf)
The Russian natural gas industry … subsidieshave not come to fruition.

Economic collapse causes nationalist takeover
FRIEDLANDER 2009 (Monica, “Black Leather Pragmatist,” UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science, Jowitt is Professor Emeritus of Political Science Ken Jowitt, http://www.ias.berkeley.edu/node/351)
Instead, quite the opposite may … at all a bad second-best.” 

Diminishing export prices crush Putin’s ability to buy off the opposition sparking violent uprising
Forbes 5/24 2012 (Russia's Economy is Still Growing, and Why This Matters; http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2012/05/24/russias-economy-is-still-growing-and-why-this-matters/)
I’ve long been of the … at least another few years.

In particular export revenues are key to domestic stability
Captain Ghaleb holds a B.BA. in international business from the George Washington University, an M.A. in strategic security studies from the National Defense University, and he is an energy security Ph.D. student in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy at the Central European University October 2011 (NATURAL GAS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF RUSSIAN STATE POWER)
Through the use of resource … , “the primary motive is political.”75

Nuke war
PRY 1999 (Peter Vincent, Former US Intelligence Operative, War Scare:  U.S.-Russia on the Nuclear Brink, netlibrary)
Russian internal troubles—such as a … it was in grave peril.

Russian prices are high now but could slip given extra competition
Bloomberg 6/22 (Gazprom Biggest Loser As Shale Gas Upends World Markets; www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-21/gazprom-biggest-loser-as-shale-gas-upends-world-markets.html)
The company still expects volumes … place in China and Poland.”

Regional supply/demand dynamics mean Russia will continue to charge high prices now-only US gas can displace their dominance
Spiegel Online 5/18 2012 (Gazprom Hopes to Build Second Baltic Sea Pipeline; www.spiegel.de/international/business/gazprom-eyeing-second-pipeline-as-nabucco-faces-failure-a-833501-2.html)
Many ports are building new … just 50 billion each year in 2030.

Wrong-current glut of US supply hasn’t impacted the European market or Russia’s position yet
Sergey Paltsev prof @ MIT July 2011 (Russia’s Natural Gas ExportPotential up to 2050; web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/publications/workingpapers/2011-012.pdf)
Looking at the projections for … to oil priceswith 6-8 month lag.

Can’t get it to middle east
The Daily Star 6/1 (Mideast to cut LNG exports to Europe for first time in 20 years; www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Middle-East/2012/Jun-01/175325-mideast-to-cut-lng-exports-to-europe-for-first-time-in-20-years.ashx#axzz23ouWuUY2)
Middle East liquefied natural gas … said in the May 9 interview.

Russia will maintain export dominance now-crushing every attempt at alternatives
Michael Ratner et al, Coordinator Specialist in Energy Policy 12 March 2012 (Europe’s Energy Security: Options andChallenges to Natural Gas SupplyDiversification; www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42405.pdf)
A key element of the … , such as unconventional natural gas.

Gas exports are key to Russia’s sphere-single biggest internal
Colonel Alexander L. Koven United States Air Force 1/3 2012 (UNDER THE YOKE: EUROPE'S NATURAL GAS DEPENDENCY ON RUSSIA; www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561551)
To protect its leverage over … a threat to its own security."35

That escalates to nuclear war
Cohen 10—prof, Russian Studies and History, NYU. Prof emeritus, Princeton (Stephen, US-Russian Relations in an Age of American Triumphalism: An Interview with Stephen F. Cohen, 25 May 2010, http://www.thenation.com/article/us-russian-relations-age-american-triumphalism-interview-stephen-f-cohen)
The third post-1991 conflict is ... can connect these dots. 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octas | Opponent:  | Judge:
Qatar is growing now-natural gas export prices are key
Oxford Business Group 17 April 2012 (Qatar: On the rise; http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/economic_updates/qatar-rise)
Positive as the outlook is, the IMF …and has the opportunity to build its position as one of the world’s most dynamic economies.

Qatar’s gas economy is key to its regional influence as a conflict mediator
Dr Kristian Coates Ulrichsen is Research Director of the Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States, London School of Economics and Political Science 23 January 2012 (Qatar: Emergence of a Regional Power with International Reach; www.e-ir.info/2012/01/23/qatar-emergence-of-a-regional-power-with-international-reach/)
Building on its emergence as a …global rebalancing is taking place.

And Qatar’s mediation influence is key to regional stability-the alt is conflicts that escalate globally
Marc J. Sirois is a Beirut-based journalist and political analyst 10 December 2011 (Qatar: From Obscurity to Growing Global Influence; english.al-akhbar.com/node/2369)
While GTL is touted as “zero-soot, … years has seen Doha seek to remain on good terms with as many players as possible.

Middle East war escalates
Russell 09 – (James A. Russell. Associate Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs at Naval Postgraduate School. Master’s in Public and International Affairs from the University of Pittsburgh and a Ph.D. in War Studies from the University of London, 2009 “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East”.  Spring 2009. Proliferation Papers. Security Studies Center)
Strategic stability in the region is thus …, which would be an unprecedented disaster for the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
-- 1NC --
Text: The Department of Defense should
-Add a stipulation to the regulations of the Environmental Conservation Investment Program requiring microgrids receive special consideration for funding
-Expand the expected lifespan of microgrids from 10 to 20 years
-Allow base commanders to enter into alternative financing agreements for microgrids
-Budget a substantial increase in dedicated fuel accounts for the military

The counterplan procures microgrids at no cost
Sater 11 (Daniel, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, "Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions," Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf)
A no-cost solution for the … to deploy microgrids more rapidly. 

The counterplan performs the same exact functions as Smart Grids without requiring Congressional appropriations
Sater 11 (Daniel, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, "Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions," Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf)

A Microgrid is a small localized … the Defense   Department’s energy problems. 

-- 2NC --
The counterplan solves all of the affs reasons why SMRs are key to the grid
Sater 11 (Daniel, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, "Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions," Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf)

A microgrid resembles the smart … devices such as electric vehicles.

Military microgrids have commercial spillover
Sater 11 (Daniel, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, "Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions," Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf)
Cuba’s experience provides two lessons … as the Internet and GPS.  49 

The counterplan solves the Islanding internal link
Sater 11 (Daniel, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, "Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions," Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf)
If the microgrid detects a disruption … meet the critical load demand.  

Microgrids solve the impact
Aimone 12 (Statement of Mr. Michael Aimone Director Business Enterprise Integration Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) Before the House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies, September 12, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Aimone.pdf)

Although the Department will continue … grid and in “island”   mode.   

MicroGrids can be used in the field
Sater 11 (Daniel, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, "Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions," Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf)
Microgrids also have the potential … more power than is necessary.  67

Extinction genetically impossible and ahistorical
Posner 2005 (Richard A., Judge U.S. Court of Appeals 7th Circuit, Professor Chicago School of Law, January 1, 2005, Skeptic, Altadena, CA, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html#abstract) 

Yet the fact that Homo … pathogen than smallpox ever was.

Vaccines check, even with mutations
LaFee 09 (2/27, Scott, The San Diego Union-Tribune, “More local scientists ID new flu antibody; Findings at Scripps similar to Burnham's”, L/N)

For the second time in a … influenza, even against pandemic viruses."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A) Interpretation.  The aff should defend a topical plan is good for reasons tied to that plan.  They can justify the action however they want, but stances against the resolution are neg ground.  The topic is the foundation of aff debates.

The “we” in the plan has to be the USFG
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging … future action that you propose. 

B) Vote neg:

First, predictability—ignoring the rez enables infinite frameworks which undermines ability to deeply research and understand arguments
Harrigan 08 (Casey, MA Wake Forest, … for debate, or none can be.

Second, ground.  The resolution exists … their claims and distorts understanding.

Third – switch side debate solves all their offense and creates better engagement with their problems, key to critical thinking
Harrigan 8 (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp. 6-9)

Additionally, there are social benefits … , Berkowitz, Hunt and Louden, 1999; Colbert, 2002, p.82).

-- 1NR -- 

They aren’t topical—the topic reflects legislative enactment by virtue of “resolved”
Words and Phrases, 1964  (Permanent Edition)

Definition of the word “resolve,” … meaning “to establish by law”.

Actual surveys/studies support this
Thomas Preston, Summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. “No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions,” http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf.
The study involved forty-three … an advantage to the Opposition. 

Makes debate impossible
Thomas Preston, Summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. “No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions,” http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf.
For the overall student data, … evolution of parliamentary debate form. 

Establishing limits on debate is necessary to preserve communicability which is a prerequisite to TESTING the aff’s truth claims. Our arguments about the aff’s impact on the debate space come BEFORE their substantive offense
Roberts-Miller, 2k2 (Patricia, “Fighting without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric”, jac, 22.3 http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol22.3/miller-fighting.pdf)
Arendt's version is what one … notion of common, see Hauser 100-03).

No link to limits bad—all frameworks make exclusions, which raises the question of predictability
Schlag 2002 – law professor at the University of Colorado (Pierre, Harvard Law Review, Feb, lexis)
The perspectivist aesthetic has its … risks leaving everything as it is. 

Either way—we aren’t dismissing their beliefs, we just think it isn’t directly responsive to the question at hand, its equivalent to saying their argument is so on-face true that it isn’t sufficiently CONTROVERSIAL to be the subject of a debate, their framework can be useful for politics but simultaneously a BAD approach to competitive debate
Walton 4 (Douglas, Full Professor of Philosophy – U Winnipeg, Relevance in Argumentation, p. 169-170)
The kind of relevance defined … quite important in human communication.  

Agonism requires a bounded political sphere in order to exist—the question at the end of the debate is NOT how to eradicate exclusion from debate but how best to democratically come to terms with the fact that such exclusion will inevitably exist.
Glover, 2k12 (Robert, Department of Political Science, University of Maine, “Games without frontiers? Democratic engagement, agonistic pluralism and the question of exclusion”, Philosophy Social Criticism 2012 38: 81)
Different theorists promote divergent conceptions … operate with limits and frontiers.

We must accept the inevitability of exclusion and work pragmatically to create an agonistic political space that respects difference without being prostrate to it
Glover, 2k11 (Robert, Department of Political Science, University of Maine, “Radically rethinking Citizenship: Disaggregation, Agonistic Pluralism and the Politics of Immigration in the United States”, Political Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2)
Lastly, agonism offers a more adequate … continuous re-interrogation of its legitimacy.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Russia is winning the race to SMRs now – key to nuclear expertise
Economist 10 (The Economist, 10-9-10, “Mini nuclear reactors: thinking small,” http://www.economist.com/node/17647651?story_id=17647651andfsrc=rss)
A global race is under … country's once-mighty nuclear industry.

Development of SMRs allows the US to capture nuclear market share from Russia
Rosner and Goldberg 11 (Robert Rosner, William E. Wrather Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics at UChicago, and the College; Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy and Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director, Argonne National Laboratory. Senior Fellow, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago.  November 2011, “Small modular reactors – key to future nuclear power generation in the US,” https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf)
As stated earlier, SMRs have … , and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Nuclear leadership is key to the Russian economy
AEP 2012 (JSC Atomenergoprom, “Russian Nuclear Industry Today,” date is date accessed, August 25, 2012, http://atomenergoprom.ru/en/nuclear/rus/)
Russian nuclear industry is one … growth of the country’s economy.

Nuclear development reduce natural gas prices
Adams 9 (Rod Adams, “Nuclear Energy Growth Might Turn Promises of Low Natural Gas Prices Into a Reality,” 11/6/9) http://atomicinsights.com/2009/11/nuclear-energy-growth-might-turn-promises-of-low-natural-gas-prices-into-a-reality.html
Just yesterday, I wrote a lengthy piece talking about how natural gas suppliers are working hard to market their product to both gas customers and to politicians who are making large impact energy policy decisions. One of the marketing bullets being used is that natural gas is newly abundant and can thus be considered a reliable, long term energy option.
I indicated that I was skeptical about that scenario since the “abundance” of gas is something that can quickly disappear if demand picks up and as reduced drilling activity changes the amount of gas that is actually extracted from deep underground tight gas formations (classified now as proven reserves) each month.
I neglected to include another large factor in my previous discussion. Part of my motivation for talking about the possibility that the natural gas marketers are going to be proven to be liars when it comes to supply abundance is that I am certain that nuclear energy is a better long term solution. It is one that should not be pushed off just because gas looks cheap – as long as you can forget the fact that it was selling for about three times as much as today’s price just 15 months ago.
However, I am not the only … sage energy price prediction geniuses.

Russia’s gas dominance is the lifeblood of its economy-oil can’t compensate
Lindsay Wright 9, contributor to the … Gazprom’s pipelines crisscrossing the continent.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health … is its least dangerous consequence.

-- 1NR --
DoD providing a market revives the entire US SMR industry
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, “Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)

The “Valley of Death.” Given … technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

The tech is incomplete – military as a first mover boosts it substantially
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, “Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)

All current proposals and discussions … role in testing small reactors.

DOD investments spill over – high purchasing power, encourages tech development
Makhijani 10 (Shakuntala Makhijani, research associate at the Worldwatch Institute working with the Climate and Energy program on Low Carbon Development Strategies, M.S. in sustainable systems from Michigan and BSFS in Science, Technology, and International Affairs from Georgetown, 8-12-10, “US military takes a leadership role in sustainable energy development,” http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/u-s-military-takes-a-leadership-role-in-sustainable-energy-development/)

At the briefing, Brigadier General … transport fuel through dangerous territory.

2nc AT: US not key
Domestic gas restores American bargaining power, pushes Russia out of europe
Nye ‘12
Joseph S. Nye, a former U.S. assistant secretary of defense, is a professor at Harvard University and the author of "The Future of Power." Korea Times, July 22, 2012, Energy independence in interdependent world, lexis, jj
At the same time, America's … interdependence. Nixon got that right.

That drives out Russia
Jaffe and O’Sullivan 12 Amy Myers Jaffe is the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan is the Jeane Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University. "The Geopolitics of Natural Gas," July, http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-HKSGeopoliticsOfNaturalGas-073012.pdf
Knowledge of the shale gas … terms signals a major paradigm shift.
Yet as Europe moves to gas-on-gas pricing, global marker prices in the reference scenario fail to converge through 2040. Europe's price premium will hover at more than SI above Henry Hub prices, even as Europe develops its own shale resource and diversifies sources of supply.
Shale gas eventually makes up 20 … to flow into the line.

Smrs in  particular trade off with ngas
Marston 12 (Theodore U. Marston PHD. – Principal @ Marston Consulting. Board of Managers, Idaho National Laboratory. Formerly DOE NERAC Generation IV Oversight Committee 2001-2002)
The primary economic challenge to … on achieving the following opportunities:
l Streamline design and manufacturing are necessary to offset the economies of scale of other generation options, particularly nuclear plants. ALWRs are becoming larger and larger due to the economies of scale. The only prospect to reverse this effect for the smaller smLWRs is to streamline the shop fabrication of the NSSS and other modules, ship them to the site and install them rapidly. The requisite quality standards must be maintained throughout the entire process.
l Modularity of the smLWRs … and decommission nuclear power plants.

Specifically, SMRs solve market risk and fit the need to replace natural gas
Rosner and Goldberg 11 (Robert Rosner, Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics, and the College; Senior Fellow @ UChicago. Stephen M. Goldberg is Special Assistant to the Director at Argonne National Laboratory)
(November 2011. Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.” https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf)
SMRs could potentially mitigate such a … could potentially “fit the bill.”

Sphere Mod-1NC
Gas exports are key to Russia’s sphere-single biggest internal
Colonel Alexander L. Koven United States … a threat to its own security."35

US encroachment on Russia’s sphere of influence kills cooperation
Eyal 2010 (Jonathan, U.S., Russia truly committed to improving their relations, 26 June 2010, http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/special-to-the-china-post/2010/06/26/262241/US-Russia.htm)
Yet the meeting between the Russian and American leaders also cements a blossoming new partnership between their countries, after decades of frosty relations. This is one foreign policy achievement for which U.S. President Obama can justifiably feel proud. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, all U.S. presidents have tried to forge better relations with Moscow, but usually with little success. The old Cold War confrontation was quickly replaced by a feeling of mutual resentment. The Russians objected to what they saw as America's encroachment into their old sphere of influence, as Nato kept expanding into Eastern Europe. And the U.S., in turn, fretted about the alleged absence of democratic reforms in Moscow. Relations sunk to their lowest ebb when Russian troops invaded Georgia in August 2008, a conflict exacerbated by miscalculations in both Moscow and Washington. But by the time Obama came to power, many of these disputes were already over. Nato's expansion into the former Soviet republics reached its natural conclusion, while in Russia, Medvedev, a politician who believes in diplomacy, took over from Vladimir Putin, now Prime Minister, who instinctively opted for confrontation. Obama identified a “reset” in U.S.-Russian relations as one of his chief foreign policy objectives. He cancelled plans to build U.S. missile defense installations in Europe, to Moscow's great delight. And he swiftly re-launched nuclear disarmament talks. There were hiccups on the way. Obama's sudden tilt towards Russia alarmed some European countries, who feared that their security interests would be sacrificed. A nuclear disarmament deal proved difficult to negotiate, and still has to be ratified by the U.S. Congress. And Obama himself committed a gaffe when, during his first official visit to Moscow early last year, he made disparaging remarks about Putin, who continues to exercise considerable influence. But ultimately, Obama's strategy has worked because, as Sergey Rogov, who heads Russia's Institute for the U.S. and Canadian Studies, points out, Russian officials were persuaded that Washington had truly abandoned its “paternalistic tone towards Moscow.” As a result, Russia swung behind the U.S. in adopting sanctions against Iran, and this ensured that China also accepted the need for sanctions. However, the U.S.-Russian rapprochement has only begun. Although bilateral trade has doubled during the past year, it still stands at a puny US$24 billion, less than America's trade with Taiwan, and a mere fraction of the total value of America's trade with China, a figure which is 15 times larger. 

That escalates to nuclear war
Cohen 10—prof, Russian Studies and History, NYU. Prof emeritus, Princeton (Stephen, US-Russian Relations in an Age of American Triumphalism: An Interview with Stephen F. Cohen, 25 May 2010, http://www.thenation.com/article/us-russian-relations-age-american-triumphalism-interview-stephen-f-cohen)
The third post-1991 conflict is stated like a mantra by American policymakers: Russia cannot have the sphere of influence it wants in the former Soviet territories. This issue, the fundamental, underlying conflict in U.S.-Russian relations, needs to be rethought and openly discussed. The United States had and has spheres of influence. We had the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America and tacitly cling to it even today. More to the point, the expansion of NATO is, of course, an expansion of the American sphere of influence, which brings America's military, political, and economic might to new member countries. Certainly, this has been the case since the 1990s, as NATO expanded across the former Soviet bloc, from Germany to the Baltic nations. All of these countries are now part of the U.S. sphere of influence, though Washington doesn't openly use this expression. So American policy is this: The United States can have spheres of influence but Russia cannot, not even in its own security neighborhood. Moscow understands this, and has reacted predictably. If U.S. policymakers and their accommodating media really care about American national security, which requires fulsome Russian cooperation in many areas, they would rethink this presumption. Instead, leaders like Senator McCain and Vice President Biden repeatedly visit Tblisi and Kiev to declare that Russia is not entitled to influence in those capitals while trying to tug those governments into NATO. Unless we want a new, full-scale cold war with Russia, we must ask what Moscow actually wants in former Soviet republics like Georgia and Ukraine. There are, of course, Russian political forces that would like to restore them to their Soviet status under Moscow’s hegemony. But for the Kremlin leadership, from Putin to Medvedev, their essential demand is an absence of pro-American military bases and governments in those neighboring countries. In a word, that they not become members of NATO. Is that unreasonable? Imagine Washington’s reaction if pro-Russian bases and governments suddenly began appearing in America's sphere, from Latin America and Mexico to Canada. Of course, there has been no such discussion in the United States. And that has created the fourth major conflict with Russia since 1991: Moscow's perception that U.S. policy has been based on an unrelenting, triumphalist double standard, as it has been. Washington can break solemn promises, but Moscow cannot. The United States can have large and expanding spheres of influence, but Russia can have none. Moscow is told to make its vast energy reserves available to all countries at fair-market prices, except to those governments Washington has recruited or is currently recruiting into NATO, such as the Baltics, Ukraine, and Georgia, which Moscow should supply at sharply below-market prices. Moscow is asked to support Washington's perceived national interests in Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan, but without considering that Moscow may have legitimately different security or economic interests in those places. And so it goes. Journal: What have been the consequences of this attitude toward Russia? Cohen: I think we've had an omen: the so-called "Russian-Georgian" war in August 2008. It's called the "Russian-Georgian" war, but was also a proxy American-Russian war. Washington created Saakashvili's Georgian regime and continues to support it. Washington created his fighting force and supplied it with American military minders. American leaders were in Tblisi in the days and weeks leading up to the war. Georgia fired the first shots, as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has confirmed. And since then Washington and the mainstream U.S. media have made excuses for what Georgia did by blaming Russia. What they should be focusing on instead is that this was the first ever American-Russian proxy war on Russia's own borders, potentially the most dangerous moment in American-Russian relations since the Cuban Missile Crisis. What would have happened, for example, if an American with or near Saakashvili's forces had been killed by the Russians? There would have been clamor in the United States for military retaliation. Or if Moscow thought, as it seemed to have at first, that the Georgian attack on South Ossetia would be backed by NATO forces if necessary? In July 2009, President Obama went to Moscow and told President Medvedev that Russia was a co-equal great power with legitimate national interests, implying that Washington's reckless policy that led to the Georgian war would end. A few days later, an American warship sailed into a Georgian port. Moscow wondered who sent it, and who is running current U.S. policy. Journal: Is the current U.S. policy toward Russia putting us in greater danger than during the Cold War? Cohen: The real concern I have with this "we won the Cold War" triumphalism is the mythology that we are safer today than we were when the Soviet Union existed. Though it is blasphemous to say so, we are not safer for several reasons, one being that the Soviet state kept the lid on very dangerous things. The Soviet Union was in control of its nuclear and related arsenals. Post-Soviet Russia is "sorta" in control, but "sorta" is not enough. There is no margin for error. Reagan's goal in the 1980s was not to end the Soviet Union, but to turn it into a permanent partner of the United States. He came very close to achieving that and deserves enormous credit. He did what had to be done by meeting Gorbachev half-way. But since 1991, the arrogance of American policymaking toward Russia has either kept the Cold War from being fully ended or started a new one. The greatest threats to our national security still reside in Russia. This is not because it's communist, but because it is laden with all these nuclear, chemical, and biological devices—that’s the threat. The reaction of the second Bush administration was to junk decades of safe-guarding agreements with Moscow. It was the first time in modern times that we have had no nuclear control reduction agreement with the Russians. What should worry us every day and night is the triumphalist notion that nuclear war is no longer possible. It is now possible in even more ways than before, especially accidental ones. Meanwhile, the former Soviet territories remain a Wal-Mart of dirty material and know-how. If terrorists ever explode a dirty device in the United States, even a small one, the material is likely to come from the former Soviet Union. The Nunn-Lugar Act (1992) was the best program Congress ever enacted to help Russia secure its nuclear material and know-how, a major contribution to American national security. But no one in Washington connects the dots. Take Senator Lugar himself. He seems not to understand that we need Russia's complete cooperation to make his own legislation fully successful, but he repeatedly speaks undiplomatically, even in ugly ways, about Russia’s leaders, thereby limiting their cooperation and undermining his own legacy. In other words, to have a nuclear relationship with Russia that will secure our national security, we must have a fully cooperative, trusting political relationship with Moscow. That’s why all the talk about a replacement for the expired START agreement, which Obama has been having trouble reaching with the Kremlin, is half-witted. Even if the two sides agree, and even if the Senate and Russian Duma ratify a new treaty, the agreement will be unstable because the political relationship is bad and growing worse. Evidently, no one in the Administration, Congress, or the mainstream media, or, I should add in the think tanks, can connect these dots. 

complexity
Predictions are good enough to … sets the bar too high
Chernoff 9 (Fred, Prof. IR and Dir. IR – Colgate U., European Journal of International Relations, “Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory”, 15:1, Sage)
For these and other reasons, … evident from the foregoing discussion.

International politics is not a complex system – the presence of authority minimizes complexity and computer models are incapable of simulating future events without making unfounded assumptions about agency
Earnest and Rosenau 06 – (2006, David, PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at Old Dominion University, and James, PhD, University Professor of International Affairs at The George Washington University, “Signifying Nothing? What Complex Systems Theory Can and Cannot Tell Us about Global Politics,” in Complexity in World Politics ed. Neil E. Harrison, State University of New York Press, 2006, p. 143-4)

In this chapter we argue … the promise of its methods.

Complexity models can’t disprove empirical hypotheses – useless as a theory of politics
Earnest and Rosenau 06 – (2006, David, PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at Old Dominion University, and James, PhD, University Professor of International Affairs at The George Washington University, “Signifying Nothing? What Complex Systems Theory Can and Cannot Tell Us about Global Politics,” in Complexity in World Politics ed. Neil E. Harrison, State University of New York Press, 2006, p. 149)

Despite these advantages, the methods … a computer—much ado about nothing.3

Defer to best evidence to resolve impacts – only way to avoid dogmatism and create effective policy analysis
Sil ‘2k
Rudra Sil, assistance professor of Political Science @ the University of Pennsylvania. “Beyond boundaries?: disciplines, paradigms, and theoretical integration in International Studies. 2001. P. 161.
In the end, there may be no alternative to relying on the judgment of other human beings, and this judgment is difficult to form in the absence of empirical findings. However, instead of clinging to the elusive idea of a uniform standard for the empirical validation of theories, it is possible to simply present a set of observational statements—whether we call it "data" or "narrative"—for the modest purpose of rendering an explanation or interpretation more plausible than the audience would allow at the outset. In practice, this is precisely what the most committed positivists and inter-pretivists have been doing anyway; the presentation of "logically consistent" hypotheses "supported by data" and the ordering of facts in a "thick" narrative are both ultimately designed to convince scholars that a particular proposition should be taken more seriously than others. Social analysis is not about final truths or objective realities, but nor does it have to be a meaningless world of incommensurable theories where anything goes. Instead, it can be an ongoing collective endeavor to develop, evaluate, and refine general inferences—be they in the form of models, partial explanations, descriptive inferences, or interpretations—in order to render them more "sensible" or "plausible" to a particular audience. In the absence of a consensus on the possibility and desirability of a full-blown explanatory science of international and social life, it is important to keep as many doors open as possible. This does not require us to accept each and every claim without some sort of validation, but perhaps the community of scholars can be more tolerant about the kinds of empirical referents and logical propositions that are employed in validating propositions by scholars embracing all but the most extreme epistemological positions.

Complexity theory useless for policy making
Cairney 10
(Paul, Chair in Politics and Public Policy¶ BA (Hons), MSc, PhD at Aberdeen University, “Complexity Theory in Public Policy” http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2010/121_665.pdf, SEH)

Why has Complexity Theory Struggled … to complexity theory than this?

russia stuff
Leadership High – SMRs

Russian nuclear exports strong now
Reuters 12 (Reuters, “Russia doubles nuclear exports despite Fukushima,” 3/23/12) http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL6E8EN4WP20120323?sp=true

MOSCOW, March 23 (Reuters) - Russia doubled … Carbonnel; Editing by Ben Harding) 

Russia is looking to compete in small reactors
Kramer 10 (Andrew E. Kramer, New York Times, “Russia’s Nuclear Industry Seeks to Profit From Alternative Fuels,” 3/18/10) http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/business/global/19minireactor.html?pagewanted=all

MOSCOW — Russia’s nuclear industry has … the end of the decade.

Link – SMRs

SMR technology is a race – if the US wins Russia loses
Angwin 11 (Meredith Angwin, Former project … 

One of these measures was … efforts to develop these plants.

US SMRs trade off one for one with manufacturing and export benefits overseas
Mowry 11 (Christopher Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc, serves on the Board of Directors of the Nuclear Energy Institute, MS in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel, Testimony before the Energy and Water Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, July 2011, http://www.generationmpower.com/pdf/mowry_testimony.pdf)

This timeline is also critical … chain, construction, and operations jobs.

SMRs revitalize the industry – can be produced entirely domestically – creates new manufacturing, engineering, etc. jobs
ITA 11 (US Department of Commerce – International Trade Administration, February 2011, “The commercial outlook for US small modular nuclear reactors,” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf)

A serious obstacle to the … necessary for building larger reactors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Fusion is not “nuclear power”: Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines Nuclear Power as uranium-based fission
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ’12 (March 29, “Uses of Radiation: Nuclear Power Plants” website, http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/uses-radiation.html#npp)
Nuclear Power Plants Electricity produced … under controlled and monitored conditions.

Fusion is specifically distinct
McDonald, senior officer IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy, '06 (Alan, International Atomic Energy Agency “Nuclear Energy 'Pros and Cons'”, IAEA InfoLog, January 2006, http://www.iaea.org/blog/Infolog/?page_id=47)
Nuclear power may have a longer … even doing research on today. 

Vote neg

Key to limits – we have official government definitions about what nuclear power is, fusion is an entirely separate literature base requiring entirely different disads, its essentially a whole new energy added to the topic.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Fusion funds are flat – domestic spending shares a budget with ITER
Vastag 12 (Brian, Washington Post, June 25, “Budget Cuts Threaten Pursuit of Nuclear Fusion as a Clean Energy Source,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_print.html)
President Obama’s budget request for … , India, South Korea and Japan.) 

There’s a forced tradeoff
Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, "Fusion Budget on Hold," American Security Project, August 15, americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/fusion-budget-on-hold/) 

However, U.S. funding for both ITER … program would be a huge setback.

ITER funding is key to Russian relations and international scientific cooperation
ORBACH 7 (Dr. Raymond L. Orbach, Under Secretary of Science @ U.S. Department of Energy, 3/21/2007 “Fiscal 2008 Appropriations: Energy and Water Development”, Committee on Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis)
Finally, some types of science - … need for engagement more paramount.

Russian relations key to solve global problems – nuclear war
Legvold, 09 (Foreign Affairs, Volume 88 No. 1 2009 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fora88anddiv=58andg_sent=1andcollection=journals#672)
Reversing the collapse of US-Russian … , and Afghanistan, into a larger design. 

-- 2NC --
ITER funding is the largest … to both of their advantages
FPA 8 (Fusion Power Associates quoting a letter written by members of the U.S. fusion community to Congress, 1/4/2008(“ITER Budget Cuts Protested”, http://aries.ucsd.edu/fpa/fpn08-01.shtml)

Despite being fully funded in … for continued U.S. participation in ITER.

It turns every single one of their internal links
Colestock et al 8 (Los Alamos National Laboratory(National Academy of the Sciences, Roger D. Bengtson, University of Texas at Austin, James E. Brau, University of Oregon, Cary B. Forest, University of Wisconsin, Stephen Holmes, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, George J. Morales, University of California at Los Angeles, Thomas M. O’Neil, University of California at San Diego, Tony S. Taylor, General Atomics, Dennis G. Whyte, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Michael C. Zarnstorff, Princeton University, “A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion Community Participation in the ITER Program”, http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12449, p. 15-16)

The committee is concerned that … of future international scientific collaborations.

Even if there’s no actual tradeoff, Congress will use the plan as an excuse to cut ITER
PACE 8 (David, graduate student in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UCLA, working on Ph.D. in experimental plasma physics, “The United States Will Probably Desert ITER Permanently,” January 5, http://www.davidpace.com/physics/graduate-school/us-leave-iter.htm)
The collection of circumstances now … same people to other fields.

Can’t do both
Dylla 12 (H. Frederick, executive director and CEO of the American Institute of Physics, August 14, Physics Today, “Harnessing the Energy of Nuclear Fusion Remains a Formidable and Worthwhile Challenge,” htttp://www.physicstoday.org/daily_edition/points_of_view/how_long_is_the_fuse_on_fusion
As I write this, ITER, a fusion … infrastructure ultimately produced abundant rewards.

Budget is flat
Feder 12 (Toni, June, Physics Today, “Progress in Fusion, but Not in its US Funding,” http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_physics_today_0612c.pdf)
To meet its obligation, the … wipe out our com munity.”

Funding is flat – there is a facilities tradeoff
Hand 12 (Eric, NATURE, July 24, “US … half of its 120 staff members.

ITER moving forward now
Munger 12 (Frank, senior nuclear writer, July 16, Knoxville News Sentinel blog post, “Thom Mason Talks About US ITER,” http://blogs.knoxnews.com/munger/2012/07/thom-mason-talks-about-us-iter.html)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Director … happens, we'll have to respond."

Need ITER to succeed to provide model for international collaboration for next step in fusion power
Neilson et al 12 (G.H., Princeton Physics Plasma Lab, G. Federici, EFDA (European Fusion Development Agency), J. Li (Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), D. Maisonnier (European Commission), and R. Wolf (Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, EURATOM Association), "Conference Report: Summary of the International Workshop on Magnetic Fusion Energy (MFE) Roadmapping In the ITER Era, 7-10 September 2011", Nuclear Fusion, Volume 52, March 19, 2012, available at stacks.iop.org/NF/52/047001)
The high level of international … fusion also need continued development.

ITER: Successful ITER necessary to credibility of fusion path
US ITER 12 (US ITER DOE … advancements that are made there.

Russia just wants to be a equal – treating them well causes balance
MATTHEWS 2007 (Owen, Newsweek International, July 23, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19761840/site/newsweek/page/0/)
Moscow also began a root-and-… Council for sanctions on Iran.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should implement a faster licensing pathway for Generation 4 nuclear fission power plants, license and build an Integral Fast Reactor demonstration, and provide seed money for initial commercial integral fast reactors by ending the procurement of the French MOX reprocessing plant.

IFRs are ready – solve energy crunch – tech leadership
Kirsh 11 (Steven T. Kirsh, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Why Obama should meet Till,” 9/28/11) http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/09/28/why-obama-should-meet-till/
I will tell you the … it downward, nothing will happen.
I have no vested interest in this; I am writing because I care about the future of our planet
First, since we met only briefly during the Obama campaign, let me provide a little background about myself. I am a high-tech entrepreneur and philanthropist based in Silicon Valley. I have received numerous awards for my philanthropy. For example, in 2003, I was honored to receive a National Caring Award presented by then Senator Clinton. The largest engineering auditorium at MIT is named in my honor. The first community college LEED platinum building in the nation is also named in my honor.
I am also active in Democratic politics. In the 2000 election, for example, I was the single largest political donor in the United States, donating over $10 million dollars to help Al Gore get elected. Unfortunately, we lost that one by one vote (on the Supreme Court).
I have no vested interest in nuclear power or anything else that is described below. I write only as someone who cares about our nation, the environment, and our planet. I am trying to do everything I can so my kids have a habitable world to live in. Nothing more.
Dr. James Hansen first made me aware of fast reactors in his letter to Obama in 2009
As an environmentalist, I have been a fan of Jim Hansen’s work for nearly two decades. Many consider Dr. Hansen to be the world’s leading expert on global warming. For example, Hansen was the first person to make Congress aware of global warming in his Senate testimony in 1988. Hansen is also Al Gore’s science advisor.
In 2009, Dr. Hansen wrote a letter to … ? It made no sense to me.
Lack of knowledge, misinformation, and the complexity of nuclear technology have hampered efforts to get a fast reactor built in the US
I spent the next two years finding out the answer to that question. The short answer is three-fold: (1) most people know absolutely nothing about the amazing fourth generation nuclear power plant that we safely ran for 30 years in the US and (2) there is a lot of misleading information being spread by seemingly respectable people (some of whom are in the White House) who never worked on a fourth generation reactor that is totally false. It’s not that they are misleading people deliberately; it’s just that they were either listening to the wrong sources or they are jumping to erroneous conclusions. For example, the most popular misconception is that “reprocessing is a proliferation risk.” That statement fails to distinguish between available reprocessing techniques. It is absolutely true for the French method but it is absolutely not true for the technology described in this letter! The third reason is that the technology is complicated. Most people don’t know the difference between oxide fuel and metal fuel. Most people don’t know what a fast reactor is. Most people can’t tell you the difference between PUREX, UREX, and pyroprocessing. So people with an agenda can happily trot out arguments that support their beliefs and it all sounds perfectly credible. They simply leave out the critical details.
We don’t need more RandD. We … anything with it. That’s a serious mistake.
Today, our nation faces many serious challenges such as:
How can we avert global warming?
How can we dispose of our existing nuclear waste safely?
How can we generate base-load carbon-free power at very low cost?
How can we avoid creating any additional long-lived nuclear waste?
How can we grow our economy and create jobs?
How can we become the world leader in clean energy?
How can we do all of the above while at the same time spending billions less than we are now?
The good news is that … his letter to the President.

The IFR is a fourth-generation … for fuel in fast reactors.
It generates no long-lived nuclear waste.
It is safer than today’s … can confirm that as well.
The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, in January 1994, issued a pre-application safety evaluation report in which they found no objections or impediments to licensing the IFR. You can see the NRC report in the 8 minute video.
The design is proven. It produced electric power without mishap for 30 years before the project was abruptly cancelled.

Dr Charles Till
The IFR’s ability to solve the nuclear waste problem should not be underestimated. As respected nuclear experts have pointed out, a practical solution to the nuclear waste problem is required if we are to revive nuclear power in the United States. The Blue Ribbon Commission (BRC) on America’s Nuclear Future basically concluded this: “continue doing the same thing we are doing today and keep doing RandD.” That was predictable because it was a consensus report; everyone had to agree. So nothing happened. And because there was no consensus from the BRC , there is less money for nuclear because there is no solution to the waste problem. It’s a downward death spiral.
Please pardon me for a second and allow me to rant about consensus reports. In my 30 year career as an entrepreneur, I’ve raised tens of millions of millions of dollars in investment capital from venture capitalists all over the world. I always ask them how they make investment decisions. They always tell me, “If we had to get all partners to agree on an investment, we’d never make any investments. If you can get two partners to champion your company, that is sufficient to drive an investment decision.” Therefore, if you want to get nothing done, ask for a consensus report. If you want to actually solve problems, you should listen to what the people most knowledgeable about the problem are saying.

Dr Yoon I. Chang
Had President Obama asked the … decades of inaction. Totally predictable.
If we put a national focus on developing and cost reducing the IFR, we’d have a killer product and lead the world in being a clean energy leader
It would be great if we had a long-term strategy and vision for how we become energy independent and solve the global warming problem and help our economy at the same time. The IFR can play a key role in that vision. If we put a national focus on developing and commercializing the IFR technology we invented, we can create jobs, help our trade balance, mitigate global warming, become energy independent, show the world a safe way to get rid of nuclear waste, and become the leaders in clean power technology.
Nuclear power is the elephant … and cancelled the project in 1994.
Cancelling the IFR was a big mistake. It’s still the world’s best fast nuclear technology according to an independent study by the Gen IV International Forum.
Many top scientists all over the world believe that President Clinton’s decision was a huge mistake. The Senate had voted to continue to fund it. The project had been supported by six US Presidents; Republicans and Democrats. In fact, the project’s biggest proponent was Republican President Richard Nixon who said in 1971, “Our best hope today for meeting the Nation’s growing demand for economical clean energy lies with the fast breeder reactor.”
Republican Senator Kempthorne said of the IFR cancellation:
Unfortunately, this program was canceled just 2 short years before the proof of concept. I assure my colleagues someday our Nation will regret and reverse this shortsighted decision. But complete or not, the concept and the work done to prove it remain genius and a great contribution to the world.
While I am not a big fan of Senator Kempthorne, I couldn’t agree more with what he said in this particular case.
The IFR remains the single … #1 best overall advanced nuclear design.
The IFR was cancelled in 1994 without so much as a phone call to anyone who worked on the project. They didn’t call then. They haven’t called since. They simply pulled the plug and told people not to talk about the technology.
The US government invested over $5 … merits simply did not matter.
I urge you to recommend to President Obama that he meet personally with Dr. Charles Till so that the President can hear first hand why it is so critical for the health of our nation and our planet that this project, known as the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR), be restarted. Dr. Till headed the project at Argonne National Laboratory until his retirement in 1997. He is, without a doubt, the world’s leading expert on IFR technology.
Want to solve global warming? Easy. Just create a 24×7 clean power source that costs the same as coal. Prominent scientists believe that the IFR can achieve this.
Dr. Hansen has pointed out … 2009 published in the Huffington Post:
If you want to get emissions reductions, you must make the alternatives for electric power generation cheaper than coal. It’s that simple. If you don’t do that, you lose.
The billions we invest in RandD … generation technologies. Not a single one.
I found it really amazing that global leaders were promising billions, even hundreds of billions in Copenhagen for “fighting climate change” when they weren’t investing one cent in the nuclear technologies that can stop coal and replace it with something cheaper.
 Note: 6 days ago, on September 22, 2011, DOE agreed to give $7.5M to MIT to do RandD on a molten-salt reactor. That’s good, but we should be building the technology we already have proven in 30 years of operational experience before we invest in unproven new technologies. 

Dr. Loewen has personally looked … want to save our planet.
It isn’t just nuclear experts that support the IFR
US Congressman John Garamendi (D-CA) is … build it outside of the US.
Nobel prize winner Hans Bethe (now deceased) was an enthusiastic supporter. Freeman Dyson called Bethe the “supreme problem solver of the 20th century. Chuck Till told me the following story of Bethe’s support for the IFR:
A tale from the past: A year or two before the events I’ll describe, Hans Bethe had been contacted by the Argonne Lab Director for his recommendation on who to seek to replace the existing head of Argonne’s reactor program.
Bethe told him the best choice was already there in the Lab, so it was in this way that I was put in charge. I had had quite a few sessions with him in the years leading up to it, as we were able to do a lot of calculations on the effects of reactor types on resources that he didn’t have the capability at his disposal to do himself.
So when I wanted to initiate the IFR thrust, the first outside person I went to was Bethe at Cornell. After a full day of briefing from all the specialists I had taken with me, he suggested a brief private meeting with me. He was direct. He said “All the pieces fit. I am prepared to write a letter stating this. Who do you want me to address it to? I think the President’s Science Advisor, don’t you?” I said the obvious – that his opinion would be given great weight, and would give instant respectability.
He went on, “I know him quite well. Who else?” I said I was sure that Senator McClure (who was chairman of Senate Energy and Resources at the time) would be relieved to hear from him. That the Senator would be inclined to support us, as we were fairly prominent in the economy of the state of Idaho, and for that reason I had easy access to him. But to know that Hans Bethe, a man renowned for his common sense in nuclear and all energy matters, supported such an effort would give him the Senator solid and quotable reason for his own support, not dismissible as parochial politics, that the Senator would want if he was to lead the congressional efforts. “Yes,” he said in that way he had, “I agree.”
I’ve always thought that the President’s Science Advisor’s intervention with DOE, to give us a start, was not the result of our meeting him, but rather it was because of the gravitas Hans Bethe provided with a one page letter.
How do we lead the world in clean energy if we put our most powerful clean energy technology on the shelf?!?
President Obama has stated that he wants the US to be a leader in clean energy. I do not see how we achieve that if we allow our most advanced clean energy technology to sit on the shelf collecting dust and we tell one of America’s most respected businessmen that he should build his clean energy technology in another country. We have an opportunity here to export energy technology to China instead of importing it. But due to Clinton’s decision, we are allowing the Russians to sell similar fast reactor technology to the Chinese. It should have been us.
Re-starting the IFR will … generation technology in the world.
If you delegate this to someone else, nothing will happen. Here’s why.
Delegating this letter downward from the White House to someone in DOE to evaluate will result in inaction and no follow up. I know this from past attempts that have been made. It just gets lost and there is no follow up. Every time. The guys at DOE want to do it, but they know that they will get completely stopped by OMB and OSTP. Both Carol Browner and Steven Chu asked former DOE nuclear management what to do about nuclear waste. They were told that using fast reactors and reprocessing was the way to go. But nothing happened. So Chu has given up trying. According to knowledgeable sources, the White House has told DOE in no uncertain terms, “do not build anything nuclear in the US.” It’s not clear who is making these decisions, but many people believe it is being driven by Steven Fetter in OSTP.
Dr. Till knows all of this. He knows that unless he personally meets with the President to tell the story of this amazing technology, nothing will happen.
I’ve discussed the IFR with Steve Fetter and he has his facts wrong. Fetter is basically a Frank von Hippel disciple: they have written at least 14 papers together! It was von Hippel who was largely responsible for killing the IFR under Clinton.
So von Hippel’s misguided thought process is driving White House policy today. That’s a big mistake. Professor von Hippel twists the facts to support his point of view and fails to bring up compelling counter arguments that he knows are true but would not support his position. He’s not being intellectually honest. I’ve experienced this myself, firsthand. For example, von Hippel often writes that fast reactors are unreliable. When I pointed out to him that there are several examples of reliable fast reactors, including the EBR-II which ran for decades without incident, he said, that these were the “exceptions that prove the rule.” I was floored by that. That’s crazy. It only proves that it is complicated to build a fast reactor, but that it can easily be done very reliably if you know what you are doing. There is nothing inherent to the technology that makes it “unreliable.” You just have to figure out the secrets. When von Hippel heard that Congressman Garamendi was supporting the IFR, he demanded a meeting with Garamendi to “set him straight.” But what happened was just the opposite: Garamendi pointed out to von Hippel that von Hippel’s “facts” were wrong. Von Hippel left that meeting with Garamendi with his tail between his legs muttering something about that being the first time he’s ever spoken with anyone in Congress who knew anything about fast nuclear reactors. In short, if you watch a debate between von Hippel and Garamendi (who is not a scientist), Garamendi easily wins on the facts. If you put von Hippel up against someone who knows the technology like Till, Till would crush von Hippel on both the facts and the arguments. But the Clinton White House never invited Till to debate the arguments with von Hippel. They simply trusted what von Hippel told them. Big mistake.
There are lots of problems with von Hippel’s arguments. For example, von Hippel ignores reality believing that if the USA doesn’t do something then it will not happen. That’s incredibly naieve and he’s been proven wrong. The USA invented a safe way to reprocess nuclear waste that isn’t a proliferation risk called pyroprocessing. The nuclear material is not suitable for making a bomb at any time in the process. But we never commercialized it because von Hippel convinced Clinton to cancel it. The French commercialized their reprocessing process (PUREX) which separates out pure plutonium and makes it trivial to make bomb material. So because countries need to reprocess, they pick the unsafe technology because they have no alternative. Similarly, because von Hippel had our fast reactor program cancelled, the Russians are the leaders in fast reactor technology. They’ve been using fast reactor technology for over 30 years to generate power commercially. But we know the Russians have a terrible nuclear safety record (e.g., Chernobyl). The fact is that the Chinese are buying fast reactors from the Russians because there is no US alternative. The problem with von Hippel’s arguments are that the genie is out of the bottle. We can either lead the world in showing how we can do this safely, or the world will choose the less safe alternatives. Today, von Hippel’s decisions have made the world less safe. I could go on and on about how bad von Hippel’s advice is, but this letter is already way too long.

MIT was wrong in their report about “The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle”
The only other seemingly credible argument against building fast reactors now comes from MIT. The report’s recommendation that we have plenty of time to do RandD appears largely to be driven by one person, co-chair Ernie Moniz.
Four world-famous experts on nuclear power and/or climate change and one Congressman challenged Moniz to a debate on the MIT campus on his report. Moniz declined.
The report has several major problems. Here are a few of them.
The MIT report is inconsistent. On the one hand it says, “To enable an expansion of nuclear power, it must overcome critical challenges in cost, waste disposal, and proliferation concerns while maintaining its currently excellent safety and reliability record.” We agree with that! But then it inexplicably says, “… there are many more viable fuel cycle options and that the optimum choice among them faces great uncertainty…. Greater clarity should emerge over the next few decades… A key message from our work is that we can and should preserve our options for fuel cycle choices by …continuing doing what we are doing today … and researching technology alternatives appropriate to a range of nuclear energy futures.” So even though we have a solution now that can be deployed so we can enable an expansion of nuclear power as soon as possible, MIT advises that we should spend a few more decades because we might find something better than the IFR. This is just about the dumbest thing I’ve ever heard coming from MIT. If you ask any scientist who knows anything about global warming, they will tell you we are decades late in deploying carbon-free power. Had we aggressively ramped fast nuclear closed-cycle reactors decades ago and promoted them worldwide, we wouldn’t be anywhere close to the disastrous situation we are in today. So we are decades too late in ramping up nuclear power, and Moniz wants us to spend decades doing more RandD to get a solution that might be lower cost than the IFR. That’s insane.
The report looks at the market price of uranium, but the market price completely ignores the environmental impacts of uranium mining. Shouldn’t that be taken into account? It’s like the cost of gas is cheap because the market price doesn’t include the hidden costs: the impact on the environment and on our health.
Do you really think that people are going to embrace expansion of uranium mining in the US? The MIT report is silent on that. So then we are back to being dependent on other countries for uranium. Wasn’t the whole point to be energy independent? The IFR provides that now. We wouldn’t have to do any uranium mining ever again. After a thousand years, when we’ve used all our existing nuclear waste as fuel, we can extract the additional fuel we need from seawater, making our seas less radioactive. We can do that for millions of years.

The MIT report ignores what other countries are doing. Obama wants the US to be a leader in clean energy technology. You do that
by building the most advanced nuclear designs and refining them. That’s the way you learn and improve. MIT would have us stuck on old LWR technology for a few decades. Does anyone seriously think that is the way to be the world leader? There is virtually no room for improvement in LWR technology. IFR technology is nearly 100 times more efficient, and it emits no long term nuclear waste. If you are a buyer of nuclear power in China, which nuclear reactor are you going to pick? The one that is 100 times more efficient and generates no waste? Or the one that is 100 times less efficient and generates waste that you better store for a million years? Wow. Now that’s a real tough question, isn’t it. Gotta ponder that one. I’m sure Apple Computer isn’t taking advice from Moniz. If they were, they’d still be building the Apple I. Ernie should get a clue. The reason Apple is a market leader is because they bring the latest technology to market before anyone else, not because they keep producing old stuff and spend decades doing RandD to see if they can come up with something better. Other countries are not hampered by MIT’s report. France and Japan recently entered into an agreement with the US DOE whereby we’re giving them the IFR technology for them to exploit. Even though we are stupid, they aren’t stupid. The Chinese are ordering inferior oxide fueled fast reactors from Russia. If the US were building metal-fueled fast reactors with pyroprocessing, it’s a good bet the Chinese would be buying from us instead of the Russians. But if we take Moniz’s advice to not build the world’s best advanced nuclear technology we already have, then there is no chance of that happening. By the time we get to market with a fast reactor, it will be all over. We’ll arrive to the market decades late. Another great American invention that we blew it on.
There will always be new … today with fourth generation nuclear.
I know this is an unusual request, but I also know that if the President is allowed to evaluate the facts first hand, I am absolutely convinced that he will come to the same conclusion as we all have.
I urge you to view an 8 minute video narrated by former CBS Morning News anchor Bill Kurtis that explains all of this in a way that anyone can understand. This video can be found at:
The video will amaze you.
If you would like an independent assessment of what I wrote above from a neutral , trustworthy, and knowledgeable expert, Bill Magwood would be an excellent choice. Magwood was head of nuclear at DOE under Clinton and Bush, and was the longest serving head of nuclear at DOE in US history. He served under both Clinton and Bush administrations. Magwood is familiar with the IFR, but the IFR was cancelled before he was appointed to head civilian nuclear at DOE. So Magwood has no vested interest in the IFR at all. More recently, Magwood was appointed by President Obama to serve on the NRC and is currently serving in that role. Of the current five NRC Commissioners, Magwood is by far, the person most knowledgeable (PMK) about fast reactors.
Thank you for your help in bringing this important matter to the President’s attention.
Summary
Nuclear power is needed. Renewables alone won’t do it.
In order to revive nuclear in the US, you must have a viable solution to the nuclear waste problem.
The French reprocess their nuclear waste, but their process is expensive, environmentally unfriendly, and has proliferation problems.
The USA developed an inexpensive, … leader in clean energy technology.

President Obama should meet personally with Dr. Charles Till, the world’s leading expert on fast reactor technology. Dr. Till will not waste his time meeting with anyone other than the President because he knows that without personal support of the President, nothing will happen. He’s right.
Supporters of this technology include Nobel prize winner Hans Bethe (now deceased), Steven Chu, Dr. James Hansen, Dr. Charles Till, Dr. Eric Loewen, Congressman John Garamendi, Bill Gates, and even the President of MIT. Even the board of directors of the historically anti-nuclear Sierra Club has agreed that they will not oppose building an IFR!
Opposition is from OSTP and OMB. We don’t know who or why. It’s a mystery to all my sources. Frank von Hippel thinks you cannot make fast reactors cheaply or reliably and maintains that stance even when the facts show that not to be the case. Ernie Moniz at MIT thinks we shouldn’t build anything now, but do more RandD for the next several decades hoping we can find something better.
Bill Magwood, an Obama appointee to the NRC, would be a reasonable choice to provide an objective assessment of the IFR. He has no vested interested in the IFR, but having been the longest serving head of DOE civilian nuclear in history, is familiar with the pros and cons of the technology.
Should OSTP and OMB be making these key decisions behind closed doors? Is this really reflective of what the President wants? He’s stated publicly he wants the US to be a world leader in clean energy. Is putting our best technology on the shelf, but licensing the French and Japanese to build it (Joint Statement on Trilateral Cooperation in the area of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors signed on October 4, 2010 by DOE), the best way for the US to achieve the leadership that Obama said he wanted?
I am happy to provide you with additional information.

IFRs have been demonstrated to work – tech exists
Brook et al 9 (Barry Brook, Professor of Climate Change University of Adelaide, Tom Blees, George Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, and GLR Cowan, “Response to an Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) critique,” 2/21/9) http://bravenewclimate.com/2009/02/21/response-to-an-integral-fast-reactor-ifr-critique/
BWB IFRs are sodium-… of the integrated IFR plant.
GS “Integral” refers to the fact that the fuel processing facility can be an integral part of the IFR plant.
…one or another largely undeveloped form of reprocessing/partitioning to separate transuranics (including plutonium) and actinides (long-lived waste)
BWB Transuranics are actinides — they are not separate things as the above implies. The process of pyroproccesing has already gone through significant technical development, but not commercial-scale demonstration. An excellent, colour-illustrated summary, from Scientific American magazine, is available (free download) here.

-- 1NR --
Solves their energy sustainability claims
Stanford 10 (Dr George S. Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, “IFR FaD context – the need for U.S. implementation of the IFR,” 2/18/10) http://bravenewclimate.com/2010/02/18/ifr-fad-context/
ON THE NEED FOR U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTEGRAL FAST REACTOR
The IFR ties into a very … — the kind we now use.
– But for the longer term, to provide the growing amount of energy that will be needed to maintain civilization, the only proven way available today is with fast-reactor technology.
– The most promising fast-… pyroprocessing to recycle its fuel.
– Nobody knows yet how much IFR plants would cost to build and operate. Without the commercial-scale demo of the IFR, along with rationalization of the licensing process, any claims about costs are simply hand-waving guesses.

• * * *

Solves energy leadership
Kirsh 11 (Steven T. Kirsh, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Why Obama should meet Till,” 9/28/11) http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/09/28/why-obama-should-meet-till/
The MIT report ignores what … invention that we blew it on.

Turns their  weapon leadership claims and solves fast reactor prolif
Stanford 10 (Dr George S. Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, “IFR FaD context – the need for U.S. implementation of the IFR,” 2/18/10) http://bravenewclimate.com/2010/02/18/ifr-fad-context/
ON THE NEED FOR U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTEGRAL FAST REACTOR
The IFR ties into a very … reason for conflict would disappear.
– The only sustainable energy source that can provide the bulk of the energy needed is nuclear power.
– The current need is for more thermal reactors — the kind we now use.
– But for the longer term, to provide the growing amount of energy that will be needed to maintain civilization, the only proven way available today is with fast-reactor technology.
– The most promising fast-reactor type is the IFR – metal-fueled, sodium-cooled, with pyroprocessing to recycle its fuel.
– Nobody knows yet how much IFR plants would cost to build and operate. Without the commercial-scale demo of the IFR, along with rationalization of the licensing process, any claims about costs are simply hand-waving guesses.
Background info on proliferation (of nuclear weapons). Please follow the reasoning carefully.
– Atomic bombs can be made with highly enriched uranium (90% U-235) or with good-quality plutonium (bomb designers want plutonium that is 93% Pu-239).
– For fuel for an LWR, the uranium only has to be enriched to 3 or 4% U-235.
– To make a uranium bomb … do PUREX-type fuel reprocessing.
– Therefore, the spread of weapons capability will be strongly inhibited if the only enrichment and reprocessing facilities are in countries that already have a nuclear arsenal.
– But that can only … involve instituting a fuel-processing capability.
– Thus the United States is being left behind, and is rapidly losing its ability to help assure that the global evolution of the technology of nuclear energy proceeds in a safe and orderly manner.
– But maybe it’s not … . It’s time to get moving.

Solves their manufacturing spillover args
Ambassador Howard H. Baker et. Al 5, Jr., Former … Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness 2005
http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/
Nuclear energy is a carbon-free … growing global nuclear   energy market.
The Council also encourages policymakers to pay close attention to the ability of the U.S. educational system to meet the anticipated demand for reactor designers and operators, as well as the trained construction, manufacturing, and maintenance workers who will be needed to build, operate, and service new nuclear plants in the U.S.
The Council encourages greater education on these issues along with a restoration of American leadership in nuclear energy--urging our nation’s political, industry, financial and labor leaders to adapt and support policies and programs that will help ensure America’s nuclear leadership is restored.

Solves tech leadership
Business Wire 10 (Business Wire, citing Jack Fuller,  Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist, participant in the New Millennium Nuclear Energy Summit, “Expanded Use of Nuclear Energy Will Advance U.S. Energy Security, Technology Leadership and Exports: GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy Chairman,” 12/7/10) http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101207006474/en/Expanded-Nuclear-Energy-Advance-U.S.-Energy-Security
WASHINGTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nuclear power … job creation here at home.
“The partnership, which includes experts from Wall Street, also can potentially help create a new financing model to support reactor construction. The cost of electricity from nuclear energy is among the lowest from any fuel source, but the initial capital investments required are daunting. Loan guarantees and other tools that lower the financial barriers to plant construction are investments in the future that will yield dividends for decades to come in the form of economical and reliable low-carbon energy for America’s homes and factories.
“In the global race … in both parties can agree on.”
The New Millennium Nuclear Energy Summit was organized by the Idaho National Laboratory and Third Way, a Washington, D.C., think tank. 

IFRs create a proliferation resistant fuel cycle – solves the market in plutonium claims
Stanford 10 (Dr George S. Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, “QandA on Integral Fast Reactors – safe, abundant, non-polluting power,” 9/18/10) http://bravenewclimate.com/2010/09/18/ifr-fad-7/
If you’re going to talk … chemical purity needed for weapons.
Why do you keep referring to “chemical” purity?
Because chemical and isotopic quality are two different things. Plutonium for a weapon has to be pure chemically. Weapons designers also want good isotopic quality—that is, they want at least 93% of their plutonium to consist of the isotope Pu- 239. A chemical process does not separate isotopes.
I see. Now, what about the “plutonium mines?”
When spent fuel or vitrified … have neither of those drawbacks.
Why does it seem that there is more proliferation-related concern about plutonium than about uranium? Can’t you make bombs from either?
Yes. The best isotopes for … cannot be used for a bomb.
High-quality plutonium is the material of choice for a large and sophisticated nuclear arsenal, while highly enriched uranium would be one of the easier routes to a few crude nuclear explosives.
So why the emphasis on plutonium?
You’re asking me to read people’s minds, and I’m not good at that. Both uranium and plutonium are of proliferation concern.
Where is the best place for plutonium?
Where better than in a reactor … policy, however, is now obsolete.
How so?
It was formulated before the … has been overtaken by events.
Why is the IFR better than PUREX? Doesn’t “recycling” mean separation of plutonium, regardless of the method?
No, not in the IFR—… an extra chemical separation step.
But there is plutonium in IFRs, along with other fissionable isotopes. Seems to me that a proliferator could take some of that and make a bomb.
Some people do say that, … using today’s reactor-grade plutonium.
So? Why wouldn’t they use chemical separation?
First of all, they would need a PUREX-type plant—something that does not exist in the IFR cycle.
Second, the input material is … all-time, hands-down hardest.
The Long Term
Does the plutonium now existing … eliminate this long-term concern.
Are there other waste-disposal problems that could be lessened?
Yes. Some constituents of the … concern is less than 500 years.
What about a 1994 report by the National Academy of Sciences? The Washington Post said that the NAS report “denounces the idea of building new reactors to consume plutonium.”
That characterization of the report is a little strong, but it is true that the members of the NAS committee seem not to have been familiar with the plutonium-management potential of the IFR. They did, however, recognize the “plutonium mine” problem. They say (Executive Summary, p.3):
Because plutonium in spent fuel … —a prime candidate for “continued consideration.”

better than normal plants
Stanford 10 (Dr George S. Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, “QandA on Integral Fast Reactors – safe, abundant, non-polluting power,” 9/18/10) http://bravenewclimate.com/2010/09/18/ifr-fad-7/
Probably this one: Inherently, thermal … electricity and bringing in revenue.
What’s so important about plutonium?
High-quality plutonium is the preferred bomb material for a sophisticated nuclear weapons program. It is even possible to make a nuclear explosive with low-quality plutonium, such as is found in power reactors.
What else can IFRs use for fuel, besides plutonium?
Their fast spectrum permits IFRs … with some of that plutonium.
How is that different from thermal reactors?
In a thermal neutron spectrum, many of the fission products and actinide isotopes absorb neutrons readily without undergoing fission (they have a high “capture cross section”), and the chain reaction is “poisoned” if too much of such material is present. Thus a thermal reactor cannot be a net burner of transuranic actinides. The main starting fuel for thermal reactors is a mixture of the fissile isotope U-235 (Pu- 239 can also be used), along with the fertile isotope U-238.
What in the world are “transuranic actinides?”
They are the elements beyond uranium—that is, their atomic number is 93 or greater: neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium and more. All of them are man-made elements, since they are so radioactive that the naturally created ones have long since decayed away in our little bit of the universe. They are also called higher actinides.
And what do you mean by “fissile” and “fertile?”
An isotope is called “fertile” when the addition of a neutron changes it into a fissile isotope—one that, like U-235, has a very high probability of undergoing fission when exposed to thermal neutrons. Both fissile and fertile isotopes are fissionable—it’s just that fertile ones require a high-energy neutron to make them split.
Burning and Breeding
What is a “breeder?”
A breeder is a reactor that … are prolific breeders of plutonium.
What do you mean?
A thermal reactor starts out … therefore is not called a breeder.
If IFRs can be either breeders or burners, why do some people insist on calling them breeders?
Partly for historical reasons (originally, … IFRs could put a stop to it.
Exactly.

IFR doesn’t separate out plutonium
Kirsch 8 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “STATED REASONS FOR TERMINATING THE IFR PROGRAM,” 12/9/8) http://skirsch.com/politics/ifr/O%27Leary%20Problems.pdf
All three reasons are based … Ford-Carter ban of “reprocessing.”’

IFRs solve all the safety concerns with normal nuclear plants
Monbiot 11 (George Monbiot, British writer, known for his environmental and political activism, “We need to talk about Sellafield, and a nuclear solution that ticks all our boxes,” 12/5/11) http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/05/sellafield-nuclear-energy-solution
Conventional nuclear power uses just 0.6% … to be a good deal cheaper.

Laws of physics stop IFR meltdowns
Kirsch 9 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “Climate Bill Ignores Our Biggest Clean Energy Source,” 6/27/9) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-kirsch/climate-bill-ignores-our_b_221796.html
The IFR is inherently safer … MOX plant in South Carolina).
LWRs are very safe and the nuclear industry is one of the nation's safest working environments. It is safer to work at a nuclear power plant than in the manufacturing sector and even the real estate and financial sectors! Yet, IFRs are better than LWRs in every aspect, including safety. Here are a few excerpts from emails from former Argonne Lab associate director Charles Till regarding the safety of IFR reactors:
These safety effects are not … Idaho by Argonne National Laboratory.
The ultimate point is that no radioactivity will be released. Period. Under any circumstance. And under even very, very unlikely circumstances which would lead to a mess in other reactors, the IFR will not even incur damage.
IFRs also meet the four … this out four years ago.

Building a small demonstration project now jumpstarts IFR investment
Kirsch 9 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “Climate Bill Ignores Our Biggest Clean Energy Source,” 6/27/9) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-kirsch/climate-bill-ignores-our_b_221796.html
In our own country, GE-Hitachi … the original Argonne IFR design.
There is a lot of misinformation about nuclear
There is a tremendous amount of misinformation about nuclear out there. There are books and papers galore that appear to be credible citing all the reasons nuclear is a bad idea. I could probably spend the rest of my life investigating them all. Those reports that have been brought to my attention I've looked into and, after a fair amount of effort, found them not to be persuasive.
Did you know that there is more than 100 times more radiation from a typical coal plant than a nuclear plant, yet the nuclear plant is perceived by the public to be a radiation hazard.
Another example of misinformation is in Discover magazine June 2009 entitled "New Tech Could Make Nuclear the Best Weapon Against Climate Change" talking about the importance of the IFR to both greenhouse gas emissions and to our future energy needs. But the article implies the scientists want to do more studies and that an improved design will take 10 to 20 years. I keep in close touch with a number of the top scientists who worked on the IFR, including IFR inventor Charles Till, and they are saying the opposite...that we are 20 years late on building one and the sooner we build one, the better.
We should build a $3B demonstration plant now to get started
We should be exploring all … much faster and more cheaply.

IFRs are technologically ready – there’s a commercial version waiting to be made, has to be approved
Brook 11 (Barry Brook, Professor of Climate Change University of Adelaide, “Nuclear power and climate change – what now?” 5/28/11) http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/05/28/np-cc-what-now/
But detractors will nevertheless complain … safely embrace them with enthusiasm. 

Fast reactor technology has been proven to work multiple times – their example bad
Brook et al 9 (Barry Brook, Professor of Climate Change University of Adelaide, Tom Blees, George Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, and GLR Cowan, “Response to an Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) critique,” 2/21/9) http://bravenewclimate.com/2009/02/21/response-to-an-integral-fast-reactor-ifr-critique/
2. They don’t exist. Long … been working well for decades.

Kirsch 9 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “Why We Should Build an Integral Fast Reactor Now,” 11/25/9) http://skirsch.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/ifr/
We have the technology (it … aren’t we building a demo plant?
IFRs are better than conventional nuclear in every dimension. Here are a few:
Efficiency: IFRs are over 100 times … from publicly available information in 2004.

No scientific evidence an ice age is coming
Payne 12 (Verity Payne, PhD from the University of Leeds, The Benning Experimental Biogeochemistry group, “Mail Online “absolutely wrong” to infer global cooling from new research - but that doesn't stop it warning of new ‘Ice Age’,” 5/9/12) http://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2012/05/mail-absolutely-wrong-to-infer-global-cooling-from-new-research
The 'impending ice age' warning … event of a 'grand solar minimum'.

We’ve already emitted enough to stop an ice age
Cook 10 (John Cook, Climate Communication Fellow for the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, citing a variety of peer reviewed papers, “ Are we heading into a new Ice Age?” 9/1/11) http://www.skepticalscience.com/heading-into-new-little-ice-age-intermediate.htm
However, our climate has experienced … for an imminent ice age.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Counterplan Text:  The United States federal government should:

-expand the definition of clean energy to include technologies that have not yet matured
-gradually shift subsidies from mature technologies to basic research in universities and government labs
-fully fund and expand the Advanced Research Project Agency-Energy
-fully fund the Clean Energy Deployment Administration
-launch cross-border partnerships with governments and private firms including but not limited to China
-enter negotiations with Brazil, China, the European Union, India, and Japan to remove restrictions on the clean energy market
-implement a revenue-neutral tax on carbon dioxide emissions

Solves case best and avoids politics.
Victor and Yanosek 11 – (2011, David, Professor at the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at the University of California, San Diego, and Director of the school’s Laboratory on International Law and Regulation, and Kassia, Founding Principal of Tana Energy Capital LLC, has worked in private equity and at Bechtel and BP, “The Crisis in Clean Energy Stark Realities of the Renewables Craze,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 4, July/August 2011)

The growing crisis in the … climate change and energy insecurity. 

-- 1NR --
Counterplan solves – combination of research funding, a carbon tax, and lower subsidies solves.
Carl 12 – (4/6/12, Jeremy, research fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the Shultz-Stephenson Task Force on Energy Policy, former research fellow at the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at the Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies, Stanford University and research fellow in resource and development economics at the Energy and Resources Institute, India’s leading energy and environmental policy organization, MPA from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, PhD candidate in Environment and Resources at Stanford University, “ When Subsidies Fizzle,” Hoover Digest (2012) no. 2, http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/113426)  

“Nobody knows anything.” William … has a reasonable chance of occurring. 

Taxing carbon and funding research and development is the best way to make clean energy competitive – creates the conditions for efficiency and technology breakthroughs.
Carl 12 – (4/6/12, Jeremy, research fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the Shultz-Stephenson Task Force on Energy Policy, former research fellow at the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at the Freeman Spogli Institute of International Studies, Stanford University and research fellow in resource and development economics at the Energy and Resources Institute, India’s leading energy and environmental policy organization, MPA from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, PhD candidate in Environment and Resources at Stanford University, “ When Subsidies Fizzle,” Hoover Digest (2012) no. 2, http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/113426)  

While pricing carbon can help … renewable flavor of the week. 

Subsidies create a boom and bust cycle that decreases competitiveness and innovation.
Victor and Yanosek 11 – (2011, David, Professor at the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at the University of California, San Diego, and Director of the school’s Laboratory on International Law and Regulation, and Kassia, Founding Principal of Tana Energy Capital LLC, has worked in private equity and at Bechtel and BP, “The Crisis in Clean Energy Stark Realities of the Renewables Craze,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 4, July/August 2011)

Whether this shakeout will strengthen … , could yield a true energy revolution. 

Wind, solar, nuclear and more will all inevitably collapse.
Jenkins et al. 12 – (Apr. 2012, Jesse, Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute, Mark Muro, senior fellow and director of policy for the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings, Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, Cofounders, Breakthrough Institute, Letha Tawney, Senior Associate in the World Resources Institute's Climate and Energy Program, Policy Associate, Energy and Climate Program, “Beyond Boom and Bust,” The Breakthrough Institute, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Beyond_Boom_and_Bust.pdf)

With virtually all clean tech … /electric vehicles and advanced batteries. 

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU BC | Judge: Thompson
1
Fusion is not “nuclear power”: Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines Nuclear Power as uranium-based fission
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ’12 (March 29, “Uses of Radiation: Nuclear Power Plants” website, http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/uses-radiation.html#npp)
Nuclear Power Plants Electricity produced by nuclear fission … the environment under controlled and monitored conditions.

Fusion is specifically distinct
McDonald, senior officer IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy, '06 (Alan, International Atomic Energy Agency “Nuclear Energy 'Pros and Cons'”, IAEA InfoLog, January 2006, http://www.iaea.org/blog/Infolog/?page_id=47)
Nuclear power may have a longer or … that we're not even doing research on today. 

Vote neg

Key to limits – we have official government definitions about what nuclear power is, fusion is an entirely separate literature base requiring entirely different disads, its essentially a whole new energy added to the topic.

Topical affirmatives must be direct---that excludes variable and enabling incentives
Dr. Ger Bergkamp et al, ‘3 (Head of the Water Programme at IUCN–The World Conservation Union, Megan Dyson--International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and John Scanlon--IUCN, “Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows”, p. 67-69)

Understanding of the term ‘incentives’ … ecological and biodiversity values of environmental flows.

2
Development or research isn’t direct
Mark Gielecki et all ‘1 (February, economist with the Energy Information Administration (MA in Econ), Fred Mayes, senior technical analyst for the Coal, Nuclear and Renewable Fuels Division of the Department of Energy, and Lawrence Prete, “Incentives, Mandates, and  Government Programs for  Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm)

4. "Determining the extent …, Federal Energy Subsidies: Direct and Indirect Interventions in Energy Markets , SR/EMEU/92-02 (Washington res.

Vote Neg:
Limits---indirect affirmatives would make this topic untenable---all these affs would read advantages that have nothing to do with increasing energy production---makes it impossible ot be neg

Ground---indirect affs will be written to avoid core generics because their effect on energy production will be minimal---jacks politics, resource tradeoff, etc

3
The State and Territorial Governments in the Department of Energy’s Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research should substantially increase financial support for federal programs for fusion energy generation in the United States.

DOE EPSCoR program empirically funds fusion research at national labs, including STEM students – states can contribute funds
Gary C. April, PhD, Associate Director Alabama DOE EPSCoR, 2005, “Alabama DOE EPSCoR,” http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/05/EPSCoR/pdf/abstracts/powell-abstract.pdf 

The Alabama DOE EPSCoR Program is made up of …, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratories.   

4

Status quo funds domestic fusion projects through ITER that solve the aff but is only sustained through tradeoffs with other domestic fusion programs
Brinkman 12 (DOE Office of Science Director, "Brinkman Defends FY 2013 Budget Request," Fusion Power Network, March 22, fpa.ucsd.edu/fpn12-19.shtml)
"In Fusion Energy Sciences, the … other means, international partnerships."

ITERs being funded now but the budgets tight -- the plan forces a tradeoff.
Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, American Security Project, “Fusion Budget on Hold’,” http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/fusion-budget-on-hold/)
The European Union is financing 45% of the total cost of ITER, with six other nations . … the budget fight will resume in early 2013.

ITER is key to affirm a bilateral relationship with Russia and other states outside of security frameworks
Fedoroff, 08 - Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID (Nina, Testimony Before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, 4/2, http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rm/102996.htm
Finally, some types of science – particularly those that address the grand … for engagement more paramount.

That’s key to prevent a Russia-China war
Newsweek, 95 (5/15)
"Russia," says Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott… to the European Union about everything else-trade, economic development and the rest.

Russia-China war kills hundreds of millions and ends in extinction
Sharavin, 1 (Alexander, Director of the Institute for Military and Political Analysis, “What the Papers Say”, 10/3)

Chinese propaganda has constantly been showing us … yet available to the Russian Armed Forces!

5
Gas prices will rise because of rising demand
Perry 12 (Mark J. Perry, professor of economics at the Flint campus of The University of Michigan and a scholar at The American Enterprise Institute, “Natural gas and nuclear power need to share the lead in power generation for the future,” 9/26/12) http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/conventional-energy/natural-gas-and-nuclear-power-need-to-share-the-lead-in-power-generation-for-the-future/
But natural gas is needed for … making less available for manufacturing and transportation.

Nuclear development reduces natural gas prices
Adams 9 (Rod Adams, “Nuclear Energy Growth Might Turn Promises of Low Natural Gas Prices Into a Reality,” 11/6/9) http://atomicinsights.com/2009/11/nuclear-energy-growth-might-turn-promises-of-low-natural-gas-prices-into-a-reality.html
Just yesterday, I wrote a lengthy … gas looked like sage energy price prediction geniuses.

US key
Jaffe and O’Sullivan 12 Amy Myers Jaffe is the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan is the Jeane Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University. "The Geopolitics of Natural Gas," July, http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-HKSGeopoliticsOfNaturalGas-073012.pdf
Knowledge of the shale gas resource is not new. Geologists have … Iraqi gas is able to flow into the line.

Russia’s gas dominance of Europe is the lifeblood of its economy-oil can’t compensate
Lindsay Wright, contributor to the Pipeline and Gas Journal August 2009 (PIPELINE POLITICS: RUSSIA’S NATURAL GAS DIPLOMACY; Vol. 236 No. 8)
Natural resources are the … pipelines crisscrossing the continent.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health and …? It may be that the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

6

The United States federal government should implement a faster licensing pathway for Generation 4 nuclear fission power plants, license and build an Integral Fast Reactor demonstration, and provide seed money for initial commercial integral fast reactors by ending the procurement of the French MOX reprocessing plant.

IFRs are ready – solve energy crunch – tech leadership
Kirsh 11 (Steven T. Kirsh, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Why Obama should meet Till,” 9/28/11) http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/09/28/why-obama-should-meet-till/
I will tell you the story of an … the leadership that Obama said he wanted?
I am happy to provide you with additional information.

IFRs have been demonstrated to work – tech exists
Brook et al 9 (Barry Brook, Professor of Climate Change University of Adelaide, Tom Blees, George Stanford, nuclear reactor physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, and GLR Cowan, “Response to an Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) critique,” 2/21/9) http://bravenewclimate.com/2009/02/21/response-to-an-integral-fast-reactor-ifr-critique/
BWB IFRs are sodium-cooled fast … magazine, is available (free download) here.

7

The NIF will be cut now due to lack of funds but the facility would reach ignition if fusion budgets were increased—the plan does that
NEW YORK TIMES 9-29-2012 (So Far Unfruitful, Fusion Project Faces a Frugal Congress, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/30/science/fusion-project-faces-a-frugal-congress.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
Unfortunately, the due date is Sunday, the last day of the fiscal year. And … Hydrogen, they note, is the most abundant element in the universe.

NIF fusion power research will fail but spinoffs will create fusion weapons
MAKHIJANI AND ZERRIFFI 2003  (Arjun, Ph.D, and Hisham, “Dangerous Thermonuclear Quest,” Report for Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Orig. July 1998, Edited 2003, http://www.ieer.org/reports/fusion/dtq.pdf)
ICF has also been proposed as the basis for … for pure fusion weapons poses major challenges.

NIF ignition will result in a new generation of nuclear weapons and a global arms race even if it’s a result of power generation research
MAKHIJANI AND ZERRIFFI 2003  (Arjun, Ph.D, and Hisham, “Dangerous Thermonuclear Quest,” Report for Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Orig. July 1998, Edited 2003, http://www.ieer.org/reports/fusion/dtq.pdf)
In the long term, facilities such as the …scientific feasibility is established.

Fusion weapons make nuclear war thinkable—they will overcome barriers to nuclear use and be actually detonated in combat
MAKHIJANI AND ZERRIFFI 2003  (Arjun, Ph.D, and Hisham, “Dangerous Thermonuclear Quest,” Report for Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Orig. July 1998, Edited 2003, http://www.ieer.org/reports/fusion/dtq.pdf)
Attempts to design thermonuclear weapons showed early … radionuclides would be easier to occupy.

That guts the nuclear taboo and causes worldwide nuclear wars
GIZEWSKI 1996 (Peter, Senior Associate, Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, University of Toronto, International Journal, Summer, p. 400)
Absolute and all-encompassing, the … prospect of more destruction to come.

8

Text: The United States federal government should not reduce the amount of funding available for domestic fusion projects.

Objectively solves the whole aff

Solves all of their spinoffs advantage – don’t have an increase key argument
Cunningham – their author – 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)
Fourth, a robust fusion industry … increase their investments in fusion technology.
Their card ends
Former Congressman Barton … the future of fusion, and was committed to overcoming looming budget cuts.

1NC ENERGY LEADERSHIP

1) this is just heg, we’ll read reasons why energy leverage is unnecessary

Status quo cuts don’t eliminate domestic fusion support – a balanced program remains
Brinkman 12 - Director, Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy (William, CQ Congressional Testimony, 3/20, lexis)
The Fusion Energy Sciences program … means, international partnerships.

No risk of decline – we’re far too strong
Kagan 12 (Robert Kagan,  senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution and a columnist for The Washington Post, “Not Fade Away,” 1/11/12) http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism?passthru=ZDkyNzQzZTk3YWY3YzE0OWM5MGRiZmIwNGQwNDBiZmIandutm_source=Editors+and+Bloggersandutm_campaign=cbaee91d9d-Edit_and_Blogsandutm_medium=email
The answer is no. Let’s start with … no longer be the case, but that moment has not yet arrived.

1NC ARCHEOLOGY
Non-unique and alt causes in the status quo – your author
Bender, ’10 National Security Correspondent, Former Washington Bureau Chief at Boston Globe (Bryan Bender, Jane’s Defense Weekly, 3 April 2010, “Alarm Over Shortage of Nuclear Experts,” http://www-ners.engin.umich.edu/news_archive/20100625140822mlr)
“Many of these skills and … making sure things don’t explode,’’ D’Agostino said.

Verification reduces confidence – your author
Bender, ’10 National Security Correspondent, Former Washington Bureau Chief at Boston Globe (Bryan Bender, Jane’s Defense Weekly, 3 April 2010, “Alarm Over Shortage of Nuclear Experts,” http://www-ners.engin.umich.edu/news_archive/20100625140822mlr)
U.S. experience shows that, even … range for “Material Unaccounted For.” 

Nuclear intelligence fails – actionable intelligence can’t be translated into practice effectively
Sokolski, 11 What Nuclear Power’s Revival Will Now Require: Tightening the Rules Testimony of Henry Sokolski Executive Director The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Washington, DC, March 17, 2011  Room 2172  Rayburn House Office Building  Washington, DC, http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/112/sok031711.pdf
Nuclear Inspections and Intelligence: … in the hardest and, arguably, most important  cases.19

Politics determines war, not armament – arms control can only lead to more unstable arrangements
Gray 2006, Colin S Gray, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England, 2006, Strategy and History, p. 131-32
First, the facts of political antagonism that …well or even adequately armed. 

Prolif will be slow or nonexistent – institutional dysfunction – NK proves
Hymans 4/16 (Jacques E. C. Hyans,  Assistant Professor, School of International Relations, University of Southern California, Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts) Ph.D. in Political Science, “North Korea's Lessons for (Not) Building an Atomic Bomb,” 4/16/12) http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137408/jacques-e-c-hymans/north-koreas-lessons-for-not-building-an-atomic-bomb?page=show
Institutional dysfunction will slow or …as a struggling proliferator, North Korea has a lot of company. 

China conflict impossible – past incidents prove
Cohen and Zenko 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow for Conflict Prevention at the CFR, and Michael A Cohen, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, serves on the board of the National Security Network and has taught at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, served in the U.S. Department of State, former Senior Vice President at the strategic communications firm of Robinson, Lerer and Montgomery, bachelor’s degree in international relations from American University and a master’s degree from Columbia University,  Foreign Affairds, “National Insecurity: Just How Safe Is the United States?”
Finally, Miller argues that "a militarized … than it did during the Cold War."

1NC – NAVY
Fusion long TF if not impossible – their authors delude themselves
Finkbeiner 8 (Ann,of Johns Hopkins University science writing program in NYT,”No Light at the End of the Test Tube,” Book Review, December 12,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/14/books/review/Finkbeiner-t.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print)
Science has a cure for wishful thinking. … last half-century and it hasn’t worked, then enough already. 

We don’t have the capacity to develop fusion
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Contributor and Energy Central Editor, "The Tantalizing Promise and Peril of Nuclear fusion," Forbes, April 15, www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/2/)
But others are more tempered, if …, it is beyond our capabilities.”

Spinoffs take decades
Rothwell, ’97 (Jed Rothwell, Infinite Energy, March-June 1997, “Cold Fusion and the Future,” http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue1314/future.html, Iss. 13-14)CC
Cold fusion spin-off like indoor farming, desalination, … direction only. All jobs will be lost, none will be created.

No war with Iran – neither side wants it or can afford it
Kabalan 12 (Marwan Al Kabalan,  Dean of the Faculty of International Relations and Diplomacy at the University of Kalamoon, “Improbability of conflict with Iran,” 1/27/12) http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/improbability-of-conflict-with-iran-1.971765
From a military point of view, …, there will be no war in the Gulf.
Dr Marwan Al Kabalan is the Dean of the Faculty of International Relations and Diplomacy at the University of Kalamoon Damascus, Syria.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU BC | Judge: Thompson

3
The State and Territorial Governments in the Department of Energy’s Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research should substantially increase financial support for federal programs for fusion energy generation in the United States.

DOE EPSCoR program empirically funds fusion research at national labs, including STEM students – states can contribute funds
Gary C. April, PhD, Associate Director Alabama DOE EPSCoR, 2005, “Alabama DOE EPSCoR,” http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/05/EPSCoR/pdf/abstracts/powell-abstract.pdf 

The Alabama DOE EPSCoR Program is made up of …, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratories.   

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
Russia Natgas DA
Russian natural gas revenue is rebounding – prices will reach an equilibrium and they are gaining footholds in markets to survive decreased demand
Seeking Alpha 12-12 ("Why Gazprom is a Steal," seekingalpha.com/article/1059311-why-gazprom-is-a-steal)
Harry Beck wrote a good article a few months ago explaining why Gazprom was and
AND
Bank estimates, and this is of course beneficial to its largest enterprise.

Nuclear development reduce natural gas prices
Adams 9 (Rod Adams, “Nuclear Energy Growth Might Turn Promises of Low Natural Gas Prices Into a Reality,” 11/6/9) http://atomicinsights.com/2009/11/nuclear-energy-growth-might-turn-promises-of-low-natural-gas-prices-into-a-reality.html
Just yesterday, I wrote a lengthy piece talking about how natural gas suppliers are
AND
energy price prediction geniuses.

North America spills over
Jaffe and O’Sullivan 12 Amy Myers Jaffe is the Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, and Meghan L. O’Sullivan is the Jeane Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University. "The Geopolitics of Natural Gas," July, http://bakerinstitute.org/publications/EF-pub-HKSGeopoliticsOfNaturalGas-073012.pdf
Knowledge of the shale gas resource is not new. Geologists have known about the
AND
Iraqi gas is able to flow into the line.

Russia’s gas dominance is the lifeblood of its economy-oil can’t compensate
Lindsay Wright 9, contributor to the Pipeline and Gas Journal August 2009 (PIPELINE POLITICS: RUSSIA’S NATURAL GAS DIPLOMACY; Vol. 236 No. 8)
Natural resources are the lifeblood of the Russian economy and Siberia’s riches excite envy and
AND
security - are realized through the web of Gazprom’s pipelines crisscrossing the continent.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear war
FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
Russia Coop CP

The United States Federal Government should enter into negotiations with the government of the Russian Federation to establish a regime of excess plutonium disposition based on vitrification. The United States should offer to underwrite cooperation with Russia, attempt to expand the vitrification regime to other states willing to participate, fund a vitrification pilot project in the Russian Federation, and guarantee funding for re-extraction of vitrified plutonium in the event that it becomes economically necessary.

The counterplan solves cooperation with Russia and sends a strong signal against prolif
LEVENTHAL AND DOLLEY 1995  (Paul and Steven, Nuclear Control Institute, “The MOX and Vitrification Options Compared: A Non-Proliferation Perspective,” Paul Leventhal and Steven Dolley, Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation: ICEM '95, Berlin, Germany, September 3-7, 1995, http://www.nci.org/b/berlin.htm)
The essential first step for a comprehensive U.S. plutonium policy is for
AND
dismantled weapons perpetuate both of these fallacies, and they should be rejected.

US MOX technology would be modeled and independently undermines nonproliferation diplomacy—vitrification solves
LEVENTHAL AND DOLLEY 1995  (Paul and Steven, Nuclear Control Institute, “The MOX and Vitrification Options Compared: A Non-Proliferation Perspective,” Paul Leventhal and Steven Dolley, Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation: ICEM '95, Berlin, Germany, September 3-7, 1995, http://www.nci.org/b/berlin.htm)
Most important, the MOX options sends the wrong fuel cycle policy signal. In
AND
civilian reactors, even if only for the purpose of weapons plutonium disposition.

MOX cause prolif, nuclear terrorism, worse reactor accidents, and allows plutonium to seep into the biosphere, it takes forever, and all of their evidence is biased—these turns are unique because other countries don’t reprocess on a large scale
NUCLEAR CONTROL INSTITUTE 2011 (“Plutonium Disposal” Date is last mod, march 3, 2011, http://www.nci.org/nci-wpu.htm)
Plans to dispose of plutonium from surplus nuclear weapons by turning it over to local
AND
more rapidly, and poses far fewer security, health and environmental risks.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
Japan MOX DA
US opposing Japanese reprocessing now
AS, 3/18/13, "End nuclear fuel recycling program for sake of future generations", The Asahi Shimbun, ajw.asahi.com/article/views/editorial/AJ201303180075

There are great concerns in the United States as well about Japan’s nuclear fuel reprocessing
AND
as a result, causes a further increase in its stockpile of plutonium.

Causes fast regional prolif
Jonathan Ray and Masako Toki, 13 (Jan/Feb, Jonathan Ray is a graduate research assistant at the East Asia Nonproliferation Program of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies., Masako Toki is a research associate and project manager of the Nonproliferation Education Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. Miles Pomper is a senior research associate at the center, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2013_01-02/Time-to-Stop-Reprocessing-in-Japan%20)

With no clear prospect of using MOX fuel, there is no justification to continue
AND
and counterproductive nuclear fuel-cycle policy that undermines global and regional security.

And Nuclear War
Circione, 2K Director of the nonproliferation project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 3/22/00 (Foreign Policy)

The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
CIR DA
Immigration reform will pass, top of the docket
Xinhua News 3-26 ("Obama pushes Congress to put forward immigration i bill next month," english.eastday.com/e/130326/u1a7283279.html)

WASHINGTON, March 25 -- U.S. President Barack Obama on Monday used
AND
reform now see a decent chance for legislation to pass Congress this year.

Congress hates the plan- seen as wasteful spending, not commercially viable, and proliferation risk
UCS 2009 (Union of Concerned Scientists, alliance of more than 400,000 citizens and scientists, Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/gnep-peis.html)
Taxpayers and Ratepayers Will Spend Billions of Dollars¶ Reprocessing would be much more costly
AND
continue drafting guidelines for a dirty, dangerous, and expensive reprocessing program.

Capital is key
Nakamura 3-1 (David,-  staff writer for the Washington Post “Obama to refocus attention on immigration, gun control” 3-1)
For a president who has bemoaned Washington’s penchant for lurching between self-manufactured political
AND
representative Gabby Giffords (D), but no changes to gun laws followed. 

Path to citizenship key to resolve budget shortfalls
Cynthia Tucker, The Philly Trib, 11/29 (Immigrants can help, not hurt, budget deficit, http://www.phillytrib.com/tribune/tribunecommentary/16077-immigrants-can-help-not-hurt-budget-deficit.html)
If you've spent any time pondering those dense reports on cutting the deficit, you
AND
stealing jobs, burdening schools and running up the costs of health care.

That’s key to avert devastating final economic collapse and war
Robert Morley, The Trumpet Print, February 2011 edition (America: Only Two More Years?, http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=7756.0.131.0)
Two years. That is how much time America has to fix its problems—
AND
sense,” he said, “I mean within the next two years.”

Nuclear war – kills millions
Geoffrey Kemp, ‘10 (Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4)
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
Case
AT: Russia Adv
Terrorist groups will never get a workable nuclear weapon – insurmountable barriers
Brooks 10 (Barry Brooks, Professor of Climate Change University of Adelaide, guest post by a Canadian chemist and materials scientist, “Analysis of the 2010 Nuclear Summit and the obsession with highly enriched uranium,” 5/15/10) http://bravenewclimate.com/2010/04/15/dv82xl/
First let’s make one thing very clear: a subnational group (terrorists) cannot
AND
new evidence that any such group is any nearer to realizing this ambition,

Terrorists wouldn’t use against Russia or Israel—both countries have demonstrated the will to retaliate
Frost 2005 (Robin, teaches political science at Simon Fraser University, British Colombia, “Nuclear Terrorism after 9/11,” Adelphi Papers, December)

In both the Palestinian and Chechen cases, would-be WMD terrorists would have
AND
and benefits involved should show what an exceptionally dangerous move this would be.

Public won’t demand retaliation
Smith and Herron 5, *Professor, University of Oklahoma, * University of Oklahoma Norman Campus, (Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Ph.D., and Kerry G., "United States Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock?" Review of Policy Research 22.5 (2005): 599-623, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=hjsmith)  
Our final contrasting set of expectations relates to the degree to which the public will
AND
lines in times of crises, it remains securely anchored in bedrock beliefs.

Relations fail – Putin rejects
Kuchins 12 (Andrew C. Kutchins, senior fellow and the director of the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program “The End of the 'Reset'” 3/1/12) http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137308/andrew-c-kuchins/the-end-of-the-reset?page=show
 Putin's latest campaign article, "Russia and the Changing World," makes clear
AND
contentious relationship with Moscow. The tandem period could soon look relatively idyllic. 

Trade ties uniquely won’t solve cooperation with  great powers like china or russia
GOLDSTONE 2007 (P.R., PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science and a member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a non-resident research fellow at the Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown University, AlterNet, September 25, http://www.alternet.org/audits/62848/?page=entire)
Many hope trade will constrain or perhaps pacify a rising China, resurgent Russia,
AND
There will always be someone else with the capability to buy and sell.

Other US policies ovewhelm
Noorani 2/4 (A.G. Noorani, “US-Russia differences,” 2/4/12) http://www.dawn.com/2012/02/04/us-russia-differences.html
WHENEVER a nasty incident erupts, there is always a deeper cause beneath the apparently
AND
in any settlement of the Afghan problem, or the crisis with Iran.

5. No impact to relations decline – cold war proves
Blank 9 (Stephen J., Professor of Research – Strategic Studies Institute, “Prospects for US-Russian Security Cooperation”, March, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB892.pdf)

Many might argue that this is a singularly inauspicious time to assess the prospects for
AND
be, no such threats are present or immediately discernible on the horizon. 

AT: Prolif Adv

Export problems block
Dolley 12 (Steven Dolley, Managing Editor, Inside NRC, Platts Nuclear, “Export reform needed to increase US nuclear market share: NEI,” 10/01/12, http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/6666149)
Export controls on technology related to nuclear power should be reformed to allow US companies
AND
of permission for the export because the buyer looks elsewhere, he said.

Prolif will be slow or nonexistent – institutional dysfunction – NK proves
Hymans 4/16 (Jacques E. C. Hyans,  Assistant Professor, School of International Relations, University of Southern California, Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts) Ph.D. in Political Science, “North Korea's Lessons for (Not) Building an Atomic Bomb,” 4/16/12) http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137408/jacques-e-c-hymans/north-koreas-lessons-for-not-building-an-atomic-bomb?page=show
Institutional dysfunction will slow or halt Pyongyang's further progress toward an operational nuclear arsenal.
AND
, as a struggling proliferator, North Korea has a lot of company. 

Don’t need to regulate civilian nuclear weapons to stop prolif
Barton 11 (Charles Barton, nuclear green, “Nuclear power for weapons? Mark Z. Jacobson's proliferation of errors,” 1/2/11) http://theenergycollective.com/charlesbarton/49226/mark-z-jacobsons-proliferation-errors
we do not consider nuclear energy (conventional fission, breeder reactors, or fusion
AND
to the spread of nuclear weapons and the increased risk of nuclear war. 

Slowness checks
Tepperman, 2009 Jonathan, Newsweek International's first Assistant Managing Editor (now Deputy Editor), “Why Obama Should Learn to Love the Bomb” 8-29, http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/28/why-obama-should-learn-to-love-the-bomb.html
The risk of an arms race—with, say, other Persian Gulf states
AND
be so disastrous, given the way that bombs tend to mellow behavior. 

Tech diffusion’s already happened, but prolif is glacially slow
Jacques E.C. Hymans 12, Assistant Professor in the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California, May/June 2012, “Botching the Bomb,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No.
"TODAY, ALMOST any industrialized country can produce a nuclear weapon in four to
AND
, useful though it may be, cannot alone account for this phenomenon.

AT: Nuke Power Inev
The US is phasing out nuclear:

1) Even if they win a couple are being built, it won’t outpace retirements
Sharon Squassoni, 13 (March/April, “The limited national security implications of civilian nuclear decline”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists March/April 2013 vol. 69 no. 2 22-33)
A declared exit from commercial nuclear power in the United States is highly improbable.
AND
bargaining table for decades because of its status as a military nuclear superpower.

2) Even with status quo subsidies US nuclear is on the way out
Peter A. Bradford, 13 (March/April, teaches nuclear power and public policy at Vermont Law School. He chaired the New York and Maine utility regulatory agencies and served on the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. He advises and testifies on utility regulation and nuclear issues in the United States and elsewhere. He is a member of the Texas–Vermont Low-Level Radioactive Waste Compact Commission and New York’s Moreland Commission on Utility Storm Preparation and Response, “The commercial nuclear industry is phasing out¶ How to close the US nuclear industry: Do nothing”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists March/April 2013 vol. 69 no. 2 12-21)

The United States is on course to all but exit the commercial nuclear power industry
AND
market forces will all but phase out the US nuclear fleet by midcentury.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
Terrorism 

Don’t evaluate their terrorism impact—the combined probability is insanely low
Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php, AMiles)
There is an "almost vanishingly small" likelihood that terrorists would ever be able
AND
be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen. 

And, nuclear forensics prevent US response or lashout
Erwin and Manguson 2009 - managing editor of National Defense Magazine (Sandra and Stew, National Defense Magazine, "7 deadly myths about weapons of terror", http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/ARCHIVE/2009/JUNE/Pages/7Deadly.aspx?PF=1, WEA)

Myth #4: If the U.S. Were the Victim of a
AND
their top secret data on the isotopic composition of their weapons grade plutonium.

Russia
Russia will never cooperate – fundamentally different interests
Rosen 1/14 (Nathaniel Rosen, Cornell Sun, “A Russian ‘Reset’ Gone Awry,” 2/14/12) http://www.cornellsun.com/section/opinion/content/2012/02/14/russian-%E2%80%98reset%E2%80%99-gone-awry
When President Obama sold the United States’ “reset” with Russia to the American
AND
.” The future of the “reset” depends on appreciating that reality.
Can’t solve relations – putin’s paranoia
Rubin 3/14 (Trudy Rubin, columnist and editorial board member for the Philadelphia Inquirer, “Vladimir Putin fears U.S. wants him out,” 3/14/12) http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/03/14/3094849/vladimir-putin-fears-us-wants.html
MOSCOW Can Washington have a working relationship with a Russian leader who thinks Americans are
AND
less on rational factors and much more on what is in Putin’s mind.

Relations are a sham – Russia is biding its time to restore its empire
Skousen 2009 – Political scientist, editor-in-chief of the World Affairs Brief (9/25, Joel, World Affairs Brief, “Canceled European missile Defense Signals New Disarmament Race to War”, http://www.rense.com/general87/cancel.htm)
This is suicide, or a very carefully planned agenda to make the US vulnerable
AND
is what makes the new disarmament moves by the Obama administration so worrisome. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
Cyberterror Impact
Visas are key to cybersecurity preparedness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber-vulnerability causes great power nuclear war
Fritz 9 | Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control,” July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

A2: Gun Control

Not spending capital
Moran 3-11 (Rick,- PJ Media's Chicago editor and Blog editor at The American Thinker “Gun control efforts dying in Congress”)
A sure sign that nothing much will happen on the gun control front is that
AND
Senate Judiciary Committee - three of which have little chance of becoming law. 

He’s not actually spending capital --- their ev is just rhetoric  
Barrett 3-20 (Paul, "Five Hard Realities for Gun-Control Proponents," Business Week, www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-20/five-hard-realities-for-gun-control-proponents)

1. President Barack Obama isn’t serious about pushing gun control. Yes, he
   AND
   is that he’s keeping his social-reform powder dry for immigration reform.

Political Capital True

Political capital theory is true
-this evidence cites longitudinal statistical analysis
-PC leads to deal-cutting, adds to presidential attractiveness and results in vote-switching
Beckman 10 – Professor of Political Science
Matthew N. Beckman, Professor of Political Science @ UC-Irvine, 2010, “Pushing the Agenda: Presidential Leadership in U.S. Lawmaking, 1953-2004,” pg. 61-62

For cases where the president wants to lobby but has limited political capital to draw
AND
to prevail in an all-out floor fight for pivotal voters' support.

Political capital theory is true – newest data proves that presidents have significant legislative influence
-conventional wisdom underestimates political capital theory
Beckman 10 – Professor of Political Science
Matthew N. Beckman, Professor of Political Science @ UC-Irvine, 2010, “Pushing the Agenda: Presidential Leadership in U.S. Lawmaking, 1953-2004,” pg. 2-3

Developing presidential coalition building as a generalizable class of strategies is itself instructive, a
AND
is real, often substantial, and, to date, greatly underestimated.

A2: Winners Win (Hirsch)

Unpopular wins don’t spillover and previous wins mean the turn isn’t unique --- too much public pressure to focus on his current agenda
Hirsch 2-7 (Michael,- chief correspondent for National Journal. “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” Note: He defines “political capital” differently than us as a quantifiable force, we’re using political capital as a tag friendly metaphor to describe how pushing the wrong legislative item could derail his agenda. They cut the first 6 paragraphs, we cut the rest.)
The point is not that “political capital” is a meaningless term. Often
AND
, he only sealed his reputation on the right as a closet socialist.
 

Pol Cap High

Pol cap is high --- small window to use it to pass his agenda
Mycoff  3-12 (Jason,- associate professor of political science and international relations at University of Delaware, quoted in an article written by Jerry Rhodes,  editor working in the Office of Public Relations at the University of Delaware “Talking politics”)

“I think President Obama is in a pretty strong position,” Mycoff said.
AND
a solution, I’m confident that we can get it done.’” 

It’s high but things could change
Weigant 1-23 (Chris,- Political writer and blogger at ChrisWeigant.com “Handicapping Obama's Second Term Agenda”)
Of course, I could be wrong about any or all of these predictions.
AND
of Obama's main agenda items. We'll just have to wait and see.

A2: Uniqueness Overwhelms

Err neg – any delay kills it
Munro 3-12 (Neil,- 3-12 White House Correspondent “Senate Democrats eye immigration blitz after recess”)
The Senate’s Democratic leaders may try to rush a nation-changing, economy-
AND
now employed by Covington and Burling, a large legal and lobbying firm. 

Passage isn’t assured – there’s still disagreement in the GOP
Ferrechio 3-22 (Susan, Chief Congressional Correspondent, "President Obama turns up the pressure for immigration reform," Washington Examiner, washingtonexaminer.com/obama-turns-up-the-pressure-for-immigration-reform/article/2525387)
But prospects for passage are far from assured, in part because many Republicans are
AND
cost and going against the GOP agenda of smaller and less expensive government.

TVA Links to Politics
TVA is controversial
Ronald Reed Boyce, 4, Geographers and the Tennessee Valley Authority, www.jstor.org/stable/30033951

abstract. The Tennessee Valley Authority (tva) was the largest, most comprehensive
AND
Tennessee Viiej' Authority, trade area analysis, unit area method.

It’ll spill into congressional debates
Ashwander v TVA, '36, 297 U.S. 288 Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority () Argued: December 19, 20, 1935 Decided: February 17, 1936 78 F.2d 578, affirmed"ASHWANDER et al. v. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY et al. (two cases).", www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/297/288)

4. Where a contract between an electric power corporation and the Tennessee Valley Authority
AND
suit to set the contract aside. P. 323. p289

Incentives in TVA particularly
Brooklyn Rivera, 12 (10/29, "Tennessee Valley Authority", prezi.com/hur7rwixl5vh/tennessee-valley-authority/)

Tennessee Valley Authority Tavian Castello and Brooklyn Rivera How did it get started? Why
AND
information on Tennessee Valley Authority, Visit http://www.tva.com

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Baylor HK | Judge:
1NR
At: china addon
Relations are resilient, but the cooperation that their impacts assume is impossible
Harry Harding 11, founding dean of the School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia, “Are China and the U.S. on a collision course?”, June 14, http://thinkingaboutasia.blogspot.com/2011/06/are-china-and-us-on-collision-course.html

In my judgment, it is highly unlikely for the relationship between the US and
AND
risk that China would try to compel unification through the use of force.

Overall U.S. deterrence solves
Ross, 9 – professor of political science at Boston College (Robert, The National Interest, “Myth”, 9/1,
http://nationalinterest.org/greatdebate/dragons/myth-3819)

Despite impressive Chinese advances, in maritime East Asia the United States retains military superiority
AND
to engage the rise of China without undermining U.S. security.

At: uranium addon

Uranium isn’t running out – supply is plenty
NEI 12 (Nuclear Energy Institute, “Myths and Facts About Energy Supply,” 3/28/12) http://www.nei.org/newsandevents/nei-backgrounders/myths~-~-facts-about-nuclear-energy/myths~-~-facts-about-energy-supply
Myth: Uranium supplies are running out.Fact: Readily available uranium resources (
AND
. in its 2010 study “The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle.”

Peak Uranium isn’t a problem – higher problems prompt more exploration
Johnson 9 (Keith Johnson, Wall Street Journal, “Peak Uranium: More Reasons to Worry About Powering the Nuclear Revival,” 12/10/9) http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/12/10/peak-uranium-more-reasons-to-worry-about-powering-the-nuclear-revival/
The thing is, China, India, the Middle East, and the U
AND
to the black sheep of the nuclear party: Thorium-powered reactors. 

Their evidence is petty sensationalism—it’s more economical not to fight
Victor, 07 – professor of law at Stanford Law School and the director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development. He is also a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, where he directed a task force on energy security (David, “What Resource Wars?”, The National Interest, 11/12, http://nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=16020)
Most of this is bunk, and nearly all of it has focused on the
AND
to favor integration and stability, rather than a zero-sum struggle.

Russia Natgas DA
overview
Only scenario for extinction
Bostrom 2002 (Nick Bostrom, 2002. Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale. "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios  and Related Hazards," 38,  www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html)
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently. 

Russian economic collapse causes accidental nuclear war
FORDEN 2001 (Geoffrey, senior research fellow at the Security Studies Program at MIT, Policy Analysis, May 3)
Because of that need, Russia’s continuing economic difficulties pose a clear and increasing danger
AND
false alert occurs again, Russia might launch its nuclear-tipped missiles.

Diminishing export prices to Europe spark Russian land grabs in China
Oil Price News 2/13 2012 (Gazprom's Future Dependent on Arctic Energy Riches?)
The continued existence of Russia as a transcontinental power depends on its ability to leverage
AND
Eastern Siberia looms larger in the distance with every weakening that Moscow experiences.

Extinction
SHARAVIN 2001 (Alexander, Director of the Institute for Military and Political Analysis, What the Papers Say, Oct 3)
Now, a few words about the third type of war. A real military
AND
both, and even against the first frost of a possible nuclear winter.

Reprocessing link
Our definition is of energy production---here’s the entry from the dictionary
US Energy Information Administration, No Date, Accessed 7/2/12, Glossary, http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=E

Energy production:  See production terms associated with specific energy types.

Nuclear power offsets future demand spikes that would increase the price of gas
Perry 12 (Mark J. Perry, professor of economics at the Flint campus of The University of Michigan and a scholar at The American Enterprise Institute, “Natural gas and nuclear power need to share the lead in power generation for the future,” 9/26/12) http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/conventional-energy/natural-gas-and-nuclear-power-need-to-share-the-lead-in-power-generation-for-the-future/
But natural gas is needed for much more than electricity generation. In addition to
AND
natural gas for electricity generation, making less available for manufacturing and transportation.

AT: SMR Thumper
SMRs are unlicensed and economically unproven
Peter A. Bradford, 13 (March/April, teaches nuclear power and public policy at Vermont Law School. He chaired the New York and Maine utility regulatory agencies and served on the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. He advises and testifies on utility regulation and nuclear issues in the United States and elsewhere. He is a member of the Texas–Vermont Low-Level Radioactive Waste Compact Commission and New York’s Moreland Commission on Utility Storm Preparation and Response, “The commercial nuclear industry is phasing out¶ How to close the US nuclear industry: Do nothing”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists March/April 2013 vol. 69 no. 2 12-21)

Governments in countries with power markets that want to avoid a nuclear phase-out
AND
trajectory, with each decade’s results exceeding the forecasts with which it began. 

No Commercialization (SMR)
TCS, 13 (February 27, 2013, “Golden Fleece: Taxpayer Subsidies for Small Nuclear Reactors”

In the Department of Energy’s materials on SMRs, the agency argues there is a
AND
Modular Reactors will simply continue this legacy of failure and must be rejected.

AT: diversification
Gas prices are key to diversification
Bentley 2008– Moscow News business editor (Ed “Russia’s Roaring Economy not out of the Forest” Moscow News 06/06/2006 http://www.themoscownews.com/business/20080606/55331949.html ajones)
Global Challenges and Opportunities The rising price of energy products appears extremely beneficial for Russia's
AND
cited as one of Russia's key market opportunities in the next 10 years.

Diversification without sustained gas prices fails
Philip Deleon Seeking Alpha contributor 19 November 2009 (The Great Geopolitical Battle Over Natural Gas Transit Routes; seekingalpha.com/article/174277-the-great-geopolitical-battle-over-natural-gas-transit-routes)
One may think that Russia pockets the difference from rates below market prices, but
AND
gas from or routing it via Russia is no longer the only option.

Privitization isn’t happening – Russia is totally dependant on the state
RT 12 (RT, Business News, “Russian State takes bigger part in the economy, despite trumpeted privatization plans,” 11/6/12) http://rt.com/business/news/russia-state-economy-privatization-043/
The current crisis has boosted the Russian State’s stake in economy to almost 50%,
AND
I’ll be very much surprised if this strategic model changes,” Tseplyaeva concluded.

AT: Nukes K2 Russia Econ
Nuke leadership high
AEP 2012 (JSC Atomenergoprom, “Russian Nuclear Industry Today,” date is date accessed, August 25, 2012, http://atomenergoprom.ru/en/nuclear/rus/)
Russian nuclear industry is one of the world’s leaders in terms of the level of
AND
of nuclear and radiation safety, nuclear weapons complex, and fundamental research.

NO IL

High prices are key to Russian stability
Reguly 12 (Eric, The Globe and Mail, “For Russia, high energy prices a necessity, not a luxury,” http://m.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/for-russia-high-energy-prices-a-necessity-not-a-luxury/article4546314/?service=mobile)
No wonder the Kremlin is ramping up public spending even as its debt-choked
AND
energy “primitive.” Today, he could add that it’s socially dangerous.

Gas makes them resilient
THE ECONOMIC TIMES 2008 (“Russia seen shrugging off market collapse,” Sep 21, Lexis)
Buoyed by vast oil wealth, Russia is shrugging off its worst market meltdown in
AND
with growth that is maybe slower than we had... but relatively high."
2nc stability scenerio
Diminishing export prices crush Putin’s ability to buy off the opposition sparking violent uprising
Forbes 5/24 2012 (Russia's Economy is Still Growing, and Why This Matters; http://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2012/05/24/russias-economy-is-still-growing-and-why-this-matters/)
I’ve long been of the opinion that a regime like Putin’s that is so clearly
AND
say that the Kremlin will muddle through for at least another few years.

Russian opposition will be more nationalist and aggressive than the Putin regime
STAROBIN 12-12-2011 (Paul, former Moscow bureau chief for Business Week, is the author of After America: Narratives for the Next Global Age, “Why Russia’s Post-Putin Future May Not Be Democratic,” New Republic, http://www.tnr.com/article/world/98370/post-putin-russia)
But a post-Putin era is unlikely to be a liberal one. Russian
AND
power. Indeed, it could be almost anyone—except a liberal.

Nuke war
PRY 1999 (Peter Vincent, Former US Intelligence Operative, War Scare:  U.S.-Russia on the Nuclear Brink, netlibrary)
Russian internal troubles—such as a leadership crisis, coup, or civil war
AND
Russian affairs, with the West ignorant that it was in grave peril.

       impact – relations
Jeffrey Mankoff 2008 is the Chauncey Postdoctoral Fellow in International Security Studies at Yale University and an Adjunct Fellow for Russia and Eurasian Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 55, no. 4, July/August 2008, pp. 42–51. Russian Foreign Policy and the United States After Putin)
Neo-Imperialists. The neo-imperialists, conversely, at times seem obsessed
AND
(unlike Putin) does not have a background in the security services. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC

Resolution indicates government action
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

2) Predictability - Stasis is key to contestation and meaningful debate
Steinberg and Freeley 8 (Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
Congress to make progress on the immigration debate during the summer of 2007.
Someone disturbed by the problem of the growing underclass of poorly educated, socially disenfranchised
AND
specific policies to be investigated and aid discussants in identifying points of difference.
To have a productive debate, which facilitates effective decision making by directing and placing
AND

the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

3) The mutual contestation we enable solves their offense and generates reasoned moral convictions
Star Muir, 1993. Professor of Communication at George Mason. “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 291-292.
Firm moral commitment to a value system, however, along with a sense of
AND
fostered rather than hampered by empowering students to form their own moral identity.

Positive normative visions of the state that engage in specific policies are the best way to produce lasting change
Robyn Eckersley, ‘4 (Professor and Head of Political Science in the School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, 5.4)
Those who attack the feasibility of deliberative democracy tend to mis-understand the role
AND
“critical vantage point” argument to constitute its unim-peachable core.
Indeed, this same critical vantage point is invoked by critics who seek to impugn
AND
positively by having the opportunity to shape the norms that govern collective life.
In any event, deliberative democracy seems well capable of absorbing Young’s arguments as well
AND
which deliberative democracy is able to serve the ambit claim for ecological democracy.
However, it would be politically unsatisfactory to rest the argument here. In the
AND
power disparities, distortions in communication, and other pressures are ever present.
Moreover, if it is accepted that there is a multiplicity of genres of speech
AND
e.g., the abortion debate), we can expect intractable disagreement.
However, such observations do not render the regulative ideal inef-fectual, since
AND
cultural pluralism is also the hallmark of the new school of environmental pragmatism.

1NR---FW
Actual surveys/studies support this
Thomas Preston, Summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. “No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions,” http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf.
The study involved forty-three students and nine critics who participated in a parliamentary
AND
indicated that the no-topic debate gave an advantage to the Opposition. 

Makes debate impossible
Thomas Preston, Summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. “No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions,” http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf.
For the overall student data, each the mean of each item was slightly below
AND
gained from it in terms of studying the evolution of parliamentary debate form. 

Establishing limits on debate is necessary to preserve communicability which is a prerequisite to TESTING the aff’s truth claims. Our arguments about the aff’s impact on the debate space come BEFORE their substantive offense
Roberts-Miller, 2k2 (Patricia, “Fighting without Hatred: Hannah Arendt’s Agonistic Rhetoric”, jac, 22.3 http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol22.3/miller-fighting.pdf)
Arendt's version is what one might call polemical agonlsm: it puts less emphasis on
AND
provocative application of Arendt's notion of common, see Hauser 100-03).

Positing the role of the ballot as solely an intellectual rejection reflects a paranoid detachment from reality.  Theory is useful when it provides an avenue for broader social change.   Their act of rejection alone provides no useful method for explaining the world and reflects nothing more than their slavish devotion to the dogma of theory and their assumption of omnipotence
Bird, 06 - University of the West of England, Bristol, UK (John, Psychoanalysis, Culture, and Society, “On the Poverty of Theory”, December, proquest)

Faced with these dilemmas, intellectuals can respond in a number of ways, but
AND….could be called a healthy relationship to theory.

Clear definition of terms is key
Resnick, assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University, ‘1
(Evan, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2)
In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition
AND
"engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.

No link to limits bad—all frameworks make exclusions, which raises the question of predictability
Schlag 2002 – law professor at the University of Colorado (Pierre, Harvard Law Review, Feb, lexis)
The perspectivist aesthetic has its own pathology. The attempt to see or understand everything
AND
. The dissociative self dissolves everything and risks leaving everything as it is. 

We must accept the inevitability of exclusion and work pragmatically to create an agonistic political space that respects difference without being prostrate to it
Glover, 2k11 (Robert, Department of Political Science, University of Maine, “Radically rethinking Citizenship: Disaggregation, Agonistic Pluralism and the Politics of Immigration in the United States”, Political Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2)
Lastly, agonism offers a more adequate means to legitimate exclusion from the political community
AND
universality, is ill equipped to deal with the contemporary complexities of immigration.
Agonism explicitly rejects ‘pluralism without boundaries’ or a ‘politics which simply dismantles the
AND
reify that exclusion and require the continuous re-interrogation of its legitimacy.

RULES are key – they just lead to monologues that accomplish nothing
Bostad 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/140391690X%20-%20-%20Bakhtinian%20Perspectives%20on%20Language%20and%20Culture~%20Meaning%20in%20Language,%20Art%20and%20New%20.pdf
 Finn Bostad is Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics at The Norwegian
University of Science and Technology in the field of human communication
and new technology. He has run and worked on national and university
projects on meaning-making in Internet environments, published
internationally on electronic discourse, and supervised a research programme
on ICT and learning at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology. He is currently researching multimedia semiotics.
 Very often a dialogue exists only if the persons involved in the communication act
AND
there is no real centre of power, but a sharing of it. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Ocularcentrism K
Visual metaphors shape broader social conceptions of subjectivity and normality---it alienates individuals who aren’t able to see---even casual references prove the link---the 1ac does this in the first rap when he emphasizes the importance of making the man “see”, as if sight is the final and only arbiter of truth
Hibbitts 94
Professor Bernard J. Hibbitts 94 (University of Pittsburgh School of Law16 Cardozo Law Review 229 (1994); reprinted by permission of the Cardozo Law Review)

1.9 Modal metaphors can have an especially strong impact on how
AND
should passively watch the world, rather than become actively engaged with it.

Our link means the aff is epistemologically suspect and causes material violence
Bill Hughes, ‘99 (Department of Social Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University , “The Constitution of Impairment: modernity and the aesthetic of oppression”, Disability and Society, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1999, pp. 155± 172, EBSCO)
This binary marking out of the world, first, in the interests and `
AND
important in the material construction of disabling barriers. The impaired body is r

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
IFR CP

IFR works
Kirsh 11 (Steven T. Kirsh, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Why Obama should meet Till,” 9/28/11) http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/09/28/why-obama-should-meet-till/
I will tell you the story …. the leadership that Obama said he wanted?

Extinction
Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Professor of Current Affairs at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, “World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race,” December 2009 Science Direct)
As horrifying as the scenario of human extinction by sudden, fast-burning nuclear
AND
civilization has been destroyed, and the question concerning human extinction becomes moot.

CP competes – the aff is a strategy of waiting, delaying for an emergent solution we couldn’t think of before. That is the opposite of what we should do, we should go with the IFR right now and build build build build build
Kirsch 9 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “Why We Should Build an Integral Fast Reactor Now,” 11/25/9) http://skirsch.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/ifr/
Even if you believe all the arguments …. set the project back another decade or two.

System change cannot precede action – we don’t have time
Hahnel 12 (Robin Hahnel, Professor of Economics at Portland State University, 02 Nov 2012, “Desperately Seeking Left Unity on International Climate Policy”, Capitalism Nature Socialism Volume 23, Issue 4, 2012, DOI:10.1080/10455752.2012.722308)
This author has been an ecosocialist since before the name became popular. I have
AND
radicals and reformers recognize this, the more successful we all will be. 

2NC---CP

Extinction comes first—it destroys being-in-the-world-with-others—turns the K

Kennedy, 2k7 (Greg, PhD U of Ottowa, An Ontology of Trash, pg. 170-1)

The phenomenon of extinction is the technological ersatz for death. But our being-
AND
time, the extermination, that is, the detemporalization of human being. 

Only the IFR creates an economic incentive to get off coal in time
Kirsch 9 (Steve Kirsch, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “Why We Should Build an Integral Fast Reactor Now,” 11/25/9) http://skirsch.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/ifr/
To prevent a climate disaster, we must eliminate virtually all coal plant emissions worldwide
AND
old child was able to determine this from publicly available information in 2004.

Imagining nuclear creates momentum towards actually building the reactors
Baker 12—Executive Director of PopAtomic Studios, the Nuclear Literacy Project  (7/25/12, Suzy, Climate Change and Nuclear Energy: We Need to Talk, ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/07/25/climate-change-and-nuclear-energy-we-need-to-talk/)
We should be championing nuclear energy as a science-based solution, instead of
AND
and based on ethical principles, not the limits of our natural resources.

Technical debates about warming inform activism and are necessary to change policy
Hager 92 Carol J, Professor of political science at Bryn Mawr College, “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70
During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Yes science is socially influenced – but using that to discount its claims makes environmental engagement impossible
David Demerritt, '6 (Dept of Geography, King's College London, "The Construction of Global warming and the Politics of Science", www.unc.edu/courses/2006spring/geog/203/001/demerritt.pdf)
In this article, 1 reconsider the relationships between the science and the politics of
AND
value-laden decision making that is separable from and downstream of science.
The permeability of this divide between science and politics is perhaps most clear in the
AND
outcomes that may result from them downstream in legislation or administrative law rulings.
Unfortunately, public representations of science seldom acknowledge the irreducibly social dimension of scientific knowledge
AND
practice, as the basis for a more balanced assessment of its knowledge.
A richer appreciation for the social processes of scientific knowledge construction is as important for
AND
invisible environmental risks is characteristic of what he calls the modern risk society.
Although Beck may exaggerate the inability of nonexperts and lay publics to make sense of
AND
political stakes of the microsocial relations involved in constructing and interpreting the models.

Climate change exceeds individuals as mroal agents, the consequences and causes are so spatially and temporally macro that a global focus is necessary
Callicott 11 – (Oct. 2011, J. Baird, University Distinguished Research Professor and a member of the Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies and the Institute of Applied Sciences at the University of North Texas, “The Temporal and Spatial Scales of Global Climate Change and the Limits of Individualistic and Rationalistic Ethics,” Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, Volume 69, October 2011, pp 101-116, cambridge journals)
The temporal scale of this proposed moral ontology – moral considerability for human civilization per
AND
lies in scaling up the moral agent as well as the moral patient.
The identity of that moral agent is no mystery: the world's several governments acting
AND
to identify the effective moral agent for an ethics of global climate change.
Nor do I mean to reject altogether out of hand the efficacy of voluntary individual
AND
, is considered to be quite wrong and irresponsible as well as illegal.
Unfortunately, there is a limit to this contagious effect. Environmentalism has created a
AND
dimension of a complex political struggle sometimes characterized as ‘the culture war’.
I now conclude. This essay has not been about practical ethics, but about
AND
be effective in mitigating global climate change, they must act in concert.

Focus on individual consumption leads to socially regressive solutions – re-inscribe inequality
Martens and Spaargaren 5 - * Researcher at the Environmental Policy Group at Wageningen University, Professor of Environmental Policy @ Wageningen
Martens, S. and Spaargaren, G. 2005. The politics of sustainable consumption: the case of the Netherlands.  Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy 1(1):29-42. Proquest
We begin with a discussion of the possible weaknesses inherent in more consumption-oriented
AND
institutional actors—socially regressive and environmentally ineffectual outcomes will be the result.

Their ethical lens is another link – consequentalism, impersonal reasoning is necessary to get a grip on warming
Grasso 12 – (10/12, Marco, Senior Lecturer (Tenured Assistant Professor) in Economic and Political Geography Department of Sociology and Social Research, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, “Climate ethics: with a little help from moral cognitive neuroscience,” Environmental Politics, taylor and francis)
Ultimately, in this article, I simply assume the fundamental, and less controversial
AND
with human morality, and perhaps because of its possibly greater political feasibility.

Impossible for them to enter the discussion, leads to identity-based violence
Professor Bernard J. Hibbitts, 94 (University of Pittsburgh School of Law16 Cardozo Law Review 229 (1994); reprinted by permission of the Cardozo Law Review)

A. Seeing Culture
2.2 In Part I of this Article I argued that metaphors can reflect the circumstances and attitudes of the society that generates them. In light of this point, it seems reasonable to suggest that the traditional popularity of visual metaphors in American legal language has much to do with the bias towards visual expression and experience that has traditionally characterized American culture and, inevitably, American law.
2.3 The traditional American bias towards the visual is aptly captured
AND
see the sights"; we take along cameras, not tape recorders.48
2.4 We give aesthetic priority to visual effect. Our glass
AND
,"52 i.e., designed much more for seeing than feeling?
2.5 Less obviously, but more fundamentally, our visuality shapes
AND
may disqualify us from educational opportunity, economic wealth, and political power.
2.6 In light of our cultural preoccupation with the visual,
AND
the blind, while deaf persons often arouse our irritation and impatience.56
2.7 Visuality penetrates our very language. We routinely rely on
AND
a general matter, not-so-smart people are "dimwits."

Climate change risks catastrophe – slow feedbacks  
Hansen 8 (James Hansen, directs the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,  adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, “Tell Barack Obama the Truth – The Whole Truth,” Nov/Dec 2008, http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2008/20081121_Obama.pdf)
Embers of election night elation … of stabilizing climate unless China and India have low- and no-CO2 energy options.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1nc case

The schizoid indict of reason and democracy plays into the hands of the far right.  They ask potential activists to turn inwards, away from concrete issues of social justice and towards narcissistic fulfillment. This reinforces rightwing attempts to appeal to nationalism and ethnocentrism
Wolin, 06 (The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism, Richard Wolin, Professor of History and Comparative Literature at the Graduate Center, City University). 

From latter-day anti-philosophes like Nietzsche and Heidegger, poststructuralists have inherited
AND
conceptual resources indispensable for confronting the authoritarian assertions of difference so prevalent today.

State considering life as disposable doesn’t make it worthless
Fassin, 10 - James D. Wolfensohn Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, as well as directeur d’études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (Didier, Fall, “Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse)
Conclusion
Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last interview
AND
state, during the colonial period as well as in the contemporary era.
However, through indiscriminate extension, this powerful instrument has lost some of its analytical
AND
risk is therefore both scholarly and political. It calls for ethical attention.
In fact, the genealogy of this intellectual lineage reminds us that the main founders
AND
life into a political instrument or a moral resource or an affective expression.
But let us go one step further: ethnography invites us to reconsider what life
AND
in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.

Bodies without organs still produce material effects and should be resisted politically—the alternative cedes the political to the neoconservatives who perceive the world in totalizing terms—plan is key to moderate them

Read, 2k6 (Jason, “Review Essay—The Full Body: Micro-Politics and Macro-Entitites”, Deleuze Studies)

There is obviously a great deal of merit to DeLanda's method, especially against the
AND
emerges from the these same relations, in turn falling back on them.

Economics is a necessary lense for environmental action
Barton H. Thompson Jr., '3 (Vice Dean and Robert E. Paradise Professor of Natural Resources Law, Stanford LawSchool; Senior Scholar, Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford Institute forInternational Studies, "What Good is Economics?", environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/27/1/thompson.pdf)
Even the environmental moralist who eschews any normative use of economics may find economics valuable for other purposes. Indeed, economics is indispensable in diagnosing why society currently does not achieve the level of environmental protection desired by the moralist. Those who turn their backs on economics and rely instead on ethical intuition to diagnose environmental problems are likely to find themselves doomed to failure.
Economic theory suggests that flaws in economic markets and institutions are often the cause of
AND
does not provide us with more wildlife refuges or aesthetic open space.32
Although these economic explanations for environmental problems are not universal truths, accurate in all
AND
differences that undermine the economic precepts of the tragedy of the commons.4
These economic explanations point to a vastly different approach to solving environmental problems than a
AND
imposition of taxes or regulatory fines or the awarding of environmentally beneficial subsidies.
The few studies that have tried to test the relative importance of environmental precepts and
AND
who did not • 35 when fighting for the limited stock of fish.
In another study, researchers examined domestic consumers of high amounts of electricity in Perth
AND
the Perth subjects' energy use had risen back to its earlier levels.36
Ethical beliefs, in short, frequently fall victim to personal convenience or cost considerations
AND
ignores this tool in trying to improve the environment is doomed to frustration.

Short-term market mechanisms are the only solution to environmental destruction
Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/)
Somewhere or other Latour makes the remark that we’ll never do better than a politician
AND
there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.

Idealistic promotion of new technology is vital to reforming environmental politics
ROBERTSON 2007 (Ross, Senior Editor at EnlightenNext, former NRDC member, “A Brighter Shade of Green,” What is Enlightenment, Oct-Dec, http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j38/bright-green.asp?page=1)
This brings me to Worldchanging, the book that arrived last spring bearing news of
AND
is, they just might free you to think completely differently as well.
Worldchanging takes its inspiration from a series of speeches given by sci-fi author
AND
world, just so you can pursue your cheap addiction to carbon dioxide.”
Explaining the logic of the bright green platform, Sterling writes:
    It’s a question of tactics. Civil society does not respond at all well
AND
, mediated, glamorous Green. A Viridian Green, if you will.
Sterling elaborates in a speech given to the Industrial Designers Society of America in Chicago in 1999:
    This can’t be one of these diffuse, anything-goes, eclectic,
AND
cultural narrative, not calling the old narrative into question. . . .
    Twentieth-century design is over now. Anything can look like anything now
AND
It’s yours if you want it. It’s yours if you’re bold enough.
It was a philosophy that completely reversed the fulcrum of environmental thinking, shifting its
AND
that, in good conscience, we can really afford not to take?
Sterling’s belief in the fundamental promise of human creativity is reminiscent of earlier de-
AND
. It builds in a certain immunity to the scientific frame of mind.”
Bright Green
Many remember the Whole Earth Catalog with a fondness reserved for only the closest of
AND
. . . Fail to act boldly enough and we may fail completely.”
Another world is possible,” goes the popular slogan of the World Social Forum,
AND
“The future is already here, it’s just not well distributed yet.”
Of course, nobody knows exactly what a bright green future will look like;
AND
the best of today’s knowledge and innovation—and perpetually open to improvement.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
Immigration reform will pass, top of the docket
Xinhua News 3-26 ("Obama pushes Congress to put forward immigration i bill next month," english.eastday.com/e/130326/u1a7283279.html)

WASHINGTON, March 25 -- U.S. President Barack Obama … to pass Congress this year.

Capital is key
Nakamura 3-1 (David,-  staff writer for the Washington Post “Obama to refocus attention on immigration, gun control” 3-1)
For a president who has bemoaned … changes to gun laws followed. 

The plan is unpopular – saps capital
Kay 12 (David, "Energy Federalism: Who Decides?" Cornell Community and Regional development Institute, July, cardi.cornell.edu/cals/devsoc/outreach/cardi/programs/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfileandPageID=1071714)
Questions about energy production and … into an increasingly dense tangle.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to solve structural and violence against immigrant communities and turns all of their impacts
Banuelas 10 (Arturo, "The lies are killing us: The need for immigration reform," US Catholic, October,www.uscatholic.org/culture/social-justice/2010/10/lies-are-killing-us-need-immigration-reform)
Immigrants like Marisol show us … compassion will overcome the lies.

And, comprehensive immigration reform is critical to unions
Sarlin 13 (Benjy Sarlin, 2013, Talking Points … )

Eliseo Medina, secretary treasurer of … and the public at large.

And, strong unions are key to check extinction and devaluation of life
Munck, 2010, theme leader for institutionalisation, interculturalism and development at Dublin City University in Ireland and visiting Professor of Sociology at the University of Liverpool Ronaldo, “Globalisation, labour and development: a view from the South,” Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa Number 72/73, 2010, project muse
Polanyi goes further than Marx … delusion of economic determinism' (Polanyi 1947:143). 

Immigration reform key to econ
Cynthia Tucker, The Philly Trib, 11/29 (Immigrants can help, not hurt, budget deficit, http://www.phillytrib.com/tribune/tribunecommentary/16077-immigrants-can-help-not-hurt-budget-deficit.html)
If you've spent any time … the costs of health care.

Politics is not complex – authority minimizes complexity and models can’t predict the political
Earnest and Rosenau 06 – (2006, David, PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at Old Dominion University, and James, PhD, University Professor of International Affairs at The George Washington University, “Signifying Nothing? What Complex Systems Theory Can and Cannot Tell Us about Global Politics,” in Complexity in World Politics ed. Neil E. Harrison, State University of New York Press, 2006, p. 143-4)
In this chapter we argue … the promise of its methods.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
The fifty states should remove their restrictions on community and local solar energy siting and production. The fifty states should amend their constitutions to prohibit current restrictions and the mandate of additional restrictions on community and local solar energy siting and delegate decision-making about local solar production to local governments.

States solves decentralized renewables—they’re taking the lead in the status quo
Ferrey 3
Steven Ferrey, 2003, Visiting Professor of … investment in renewable energy  sources.  3 

The CP solves the case -- Colorado and California prove federal actions unnecessary
Hubner, ‘12
Judith, PV Magazine, “Community-owned solar: Like drinking milk without caring for the cow,” http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/community-owned-solar~-~-like-drinking-milk-without-caring-for-the-cow_100009253/#ixzz2Kbt3bP5f
What are the challenges and … sprout up throughout the state.

All 50 states should adopt a model statute to ensure solar access and work in cooperation with local governments to ensure effective enforcement
KETTLES ’08 (Colleen McCann; Florida Solar Energy Research and Education, “A Comprehensive Review of Solar Access Law in the United States,” October, http://www.solarabcs.org/about/publications/reports/solar-access/pdfs/Solaraccess-full.pdf)

Given the fact that many … , building height restriction, and orientation).
The key to the usefulness of a solar access law is enforcement. It is imperative that a specific entity be charged with oversight of the statute. These responsibilities must include responding to consumer and community association inquiries, conflict resolution, and the authority to impose penalties for violation of the statute.
Through strategic partnerships with the … the outreach of this effort.

The model statute the counterplan uses overcomes the problems with current state laws
KETTLES ’08 (Colleen McCann; Florida Solar Energy Research and Education, “A Comprehensive Review of Solar Access Law in the United States,” October, http://www.solarabcs.org/about/publications/reports/solar-access/pdfs/Solaraccess-full.pdf)

Thirty-four states (and a handful … those states with good law.

Aff gets rolled back - unconstitional
-this ev is in the context of decentralized solar regulations
Miller 79 – Assistant Director, American Bar Association, National Energy Project
(Alan, “LEGAL OBSTACLES TO DECENTRALIZED SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES”, 1 Solar L. Rep. 595 (1979-1980) , dml)

Federal intrusion into these areas … unconstitutional intrusions in state affairs." 

Tournament: ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
Unpopular wins don’t spillover and previous wins mean the turn isn’t unique --- too much public pressure to focus on his current agenda
Hirsch 2-7 (Michael,- chief correspondent for National Journal. “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” Note: He defines “political capital” differently than us as a quantifiable force, we’re using political capital as a tag friendly metaphor to describe how pushing the wrong legislative item could derail his agenda. They cut the first 6 paragraphs, we cut the rest.)
The point is not that “… the right as a closet socialist. 

Political capital theory is true
-this evidence cites longitudinal statistical analysis
-PC leads to deal-cutting, adds to presidential attractiveness and results in vote-switching
Beckman 10 – Professor of Political Science
Matthew N. Beckman, Professor of Political Science @ UC-Irvine, 2010, “Pushing the Agenda: Presidential Leadership in U.S. Lawmaking, 1953-2004,” pg. 61-62

For cases where the president … fight for pivotal voters' support.

Political capital theory is true – newest data proves that presidents have significant legislative influence
-conventional wisdom underestimates political capital theory
Beckman 10 – Professor of Political Science
Matthew N. Beckman, Professor of Political Science @ UC-Irvine, 2010, “Pushing the Agenda: Presidential Leadership in U.S. Lawmaking, 1953-2004,” pg. 2-3

Developing presidential coalition building as a … , and, to date, greatly underestimated.

UNIONS ARE—KEY TO JUSTICE

DAVID MACARAY, MARCH 1, 2011, SERVED 9 TERMS … CONFINES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 

UNIONS ARE THE ONLY MOVEMENT WHICH CAN CHECK CORPORATE POWER

KEVIN DRUM, 2011, POLITICAL BLOGGER, WHY … CLEAR, I DON'T KNOW WHAT WILL.

This impact outweighs and internal … criticisms of the politics disadvantage
Jacome 12 (Felipe, "Trans-Mexican Migration: a Case of Structural Violence," London School of Economics, March 7, clas.georgetown.edu/files/Trans-Mexican%20Migration%20-%20Felipe%20Jacome.pdf)

This paper has argued that … other parallel ¶ structures of violence.

Only CIR solves … structural violence against immigrant communities
Murguia 10 (Janet, President and CEO of the National Council of La Raza, "Why Cesar Chavez Would Support Comprehensive Immigration Reform," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/janet-murguia/why-cesar-chavez-would-su_b_531588.html)
NCLR, like Chavez and the … all of our nation's farmworkers.

Their criticisms of politics don’t apply to this disadvantage – there is a direct connection between lack of political debate over immigration and the marginalization of illegal immigrants
McGuire 11-15 (Michael, studied in the fields of political science, Thomistic philosophy and Roman Catholic Theology and pastoral ministry on the level of Graduate Studies., "Immigration Reform Now!," jmichaelmcguire.hubpages.com/hub/Immagration-Reform-Now)

How Do Politicians Treat Immigration¶ … and undocumented workers be protected.

The link turns the case – proves the CP solves better
Carlson 8 (Ann, Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law, "Energy Efficiency and Federalism," Michigan Law Review, www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/fi/107/carlson.pdf)
Federal preemption of appliance standards … of gases in the atmosphere.

More ev there’s enough support --- but it’s not assured
IBT 3-22 (International Business Tribune, "Immigration Reform Bill Suddenly Close: What Made Republicans Change Their Minds, www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763#)
By now it’s a tired trope … the bill is taking shape.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
States rights and local rule … government overreach turns their aff
Gerken  12    Heather K. Gerken, prof law at Yale   Issue #24, Spring 2012  Democracy – A Journal of Ideas      A New Progressive Federalism  Distrust of states’ rights exists for good historical reasons, but today, minorities and dissenters can rule at the local level.   http://www.democracyjournal.org/24/a-new-progressive-federalism.php?page=all
Federalism and Race
Advocates of racial justice have … of President Bush, a good “thumpin’.”

States are more advanced at solving environmental justice
Robert W.Collin, Lewis and Clark … urban areas from mobile sources.72 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
Interpretation: restrictions are only things that CAN’T be overcome 

Restriction is a prohibition
CEPR 2011
(Center for Economic and Policy Research, “Federal Regulations Restrict the Use of Government Subsidized Student Loans, Not Private Colleges,” 6-2, http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/beat-the-press/federal-regulations-restrict-the-use-of-government-subsidized-student-loans-not-private-colleges, DOA: 10-1-12, ldg)
The Washington Post, which is … the government for this purpose.

The barriers are purely financial – none of these preclude siting
Farell, 1AC Author 2010
John, “Community Solar Power”, http://www.ilsr.org/community-solar-power-obstacles-and-opportunities/, DOA: 11-11-12, ldg)
Under the existing rules and … generation among geographically dispersed owners.

Limits – allowing affs that change literally anything that’s a barrier makes the topic limitless – it’s impossible to prepare for all miniscule barriers to things – destroys neg preparation and ground wich is key clash  

Technical distinction between regulation and restriction is key to predictable ground
Viterbo, Torino law professor, 2012
(Annamaria, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States' Sovereignty and Dispute, pg. 166, ldg)

In order to distinguish an … in itself, for all purposes. 

Tournament: ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Lain, Vint
The attempt to achieve emancipation by delegating consumer choices to individual communities is the fetishization of consumer freedom – turns the aff and replicates unsustainability
Bluhdorn 11 – (7/12, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Ingolfur Blühdorn: The Sustainability Of Democracy,” http://www.thenewsignificance.com/2011/07/12/ingolfur-bluhdorn-the-sustainability-of-democracy/)
Emancipation, the central demand of … serves the politics of unsustainabilty?
The question of the sustainability of democracy has two dimensions: first, that of
AND
time and again proven its impressive adaptability to diverse and changing societal conditions.
Much less debated is the … is more urgent than ever.
Sustainability from below?
Ever since the emancipatory social … and ecologically benign economic growth.
Yet, for all their undeniable achievements, techno-managerial policy approaches have so
AND
evidence that this will change in any substantial way in the foreseeable future.
True to the tradition of … making authentic progress towards sustainability.
Undoubtedly, the radical criticism of de-politicization and expert rule implied in these
AND
means cultural change – and hence a change in political culture.”13
Yet assertions that the empowerment … of contemporary modernity reconfiguring democracy?
Democracy and sustainability
Doubts about the feasibility of democratic solutions to the sustainability crisis have commonly been fended
AND
that is geared more towards stabilizing than radically changing the unsustainable status quo.
Doubts about the capacity of democracy to deal with environmental problems are, of course
AND
that red traffic lights must be observed, the benefits are immediately tangible.
All these concerns have articulated by eco-political sceptics of democracy for a long
AND
policies can only be developed bottom-up and require broad democratic legitimation.
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the ongoing process of modernisation reinforced emancipatory claims for individual freedom, self-determination and self-fulfilment, but also deepened doubts about whether democracy is suitable as a political tool for restructuring contemporary societies towards sustainability. Relevant developments have included:
- Multiculturalism and the pluralisation of social values and individual lifestyles, raising fundamental questions about whether categorical ecological imperatives(most recently the IPCC’s famous 4°C threshold) really do exist.
- The functional differentiation of modern societies, implying that the democratic institutions of the state are less and less able to integrate and control societal subsystems. The new patterns of governance are increasingly undemocratic (opaque, unaccountable), with the state only one of several actors with its sovereignty noticeably castrated.
- The rapid increase of societal subsystems – most notably the economy, science and the media – as well as individual lifeworlds and network, beyond the boundaries of the nation-state, hence increasingly eluding the control of national democratic politics.
- The increasing abstraction and complexity of environmental issues (e.g. climate change, energy security, the environmental footprint of specific products). The most important risks cannot be directly perceived by citizens but are measured, framed and communicated by scientific experts. Invariably, this implies the disempowerment of the democratic sovereign.
- The acceleration of change and the flexibilization of social norms, reinforcing a fixation on the present. In both private life and public policy, thinking beyond the crises of the day and taking decisions for an entirely unpredictable future becomes increasingly difficult.
- Finally, the extension of the ecological footprint of modern consumer societies far beyond their national territory (and their respective present), invalidating the democratic principle of congruence between the authors of political decisions and those affected by them. Effectively, national democratic structures have turned into a means of legitimizing the externalization of ecological and social costs.
These developments, which are inherent to the ongoing process of modernization and hardly controllable
AND
only set well-sounding targets, but can actually guarantee policy delivery.
Identity and emancipation
Thus, whilst some diagnose a democratic … what characterizes contemporary consumer democracies.
It would be mistaken, of course, to assert that there has ever been
AND
predominant patterns of self-fulfilment and self-experience have changed fundamentally.
Social and political scientists have … that prioritises liberalism over egalitarianism.

The alternative is to make the unserious nature of this simulation evident – the aff’s commitment to false change must be rejected and problematized as a prerequisite to effective environmental policies.
Bluhdorn 07 – (2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Sustaining the Unsustainable: Symbolic Politics and the Politics of Simulation,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No.2, 251-275, April 2007)
Lastly then one might ask: … developing the capacity to transcend it.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
War turns structural violence
Goldstein 2001 – IR professor at American University (Joshua, War and Gender, p. 412, Google Books)
First, peace activists face a dilemma … seems to be empirically inadequate.

Turns renewables
Inman 11 Mason Inman, freelance journalist, “The World has Passed Peak Oil, says Top Economist”, May 5, http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2011/05/05/the-world-has-passed-peak-oil-says-top-economist/
The sluggish economic recovery is … Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey.

Turns movements
Nordhaus and Shellenberger, 07
Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Ted and Michael, Managing Directors of American Environics, A social values research and strategy firm 35-37
Just as prosperity tends to … because American suddenly started polluting.  

Growth is a prerequisite to changing patterns of consumption.
Karlsson 9 (Rasmus, Political Science at Lund, “A global Fordian compromise?—And what it would mean for the transition to sustainability” Envt’l Science and Policy  12 p. 190-191)
Though these caricatures may still … as one common human civilization.

Our impact has a strong statistical basis – rally around the flag
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of … Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214

Less intuitive is how periods … debate and deserves more attention. 

net metering policies exist in 43 … up overall costs to utilities
Sioshansi, 12 - President of Menlo Energy Economics, a consultancy based in San Francisco (Fereidoon, “Net Metering: Growing, Worrisome Trend” Electricity Journal, July, Science Direct) 

Already, many find it cost-effective to invest in DG as well as energy efficiency improvements to avoid the excessively high top residential tiers. By all indications, the top tiers in California will become more expensive, perhaps as high as 50 cents/kWh for heavy users by 2020, if not sooner.
The cost of on-site generation, … retail rates continue to rise.
The third critical leg of the three-legged stool, however, is regulations on how much consumers are paid for the excess DG power that is fed into the grid. This, it turns out, is highly critical and has become a contentious issue – and likely to get much more pronounced with passage of time.
The reason is simple. Since … consequences that comes to bite.
There are a number of issues associated with the growing numbers of consumers who are dumping their excess electrons into the grid:
 First, the excess generation, … are likely to further increase.
 As more consumers react to rising rates by installing their own DG, the rate recovery issue becomes more acute, eventually becoming unsustainable.
A far-fetched scenario? Not so. … market in the mid-1990s.
In the last few years, however, the uptake has been quite remarkable, growing at 56 percent per year between 2003 and 2010. According to the Energy Information Administration, there were fewer than 7,000 customers on net metering in 2003 in the U.S., 156,000 by 2010, and lately growing at double-digits per annum. What is noteworthy is that roughly half of the U.S. total is in California.
Why all the fuss about … , is not unique to California.
As described in a New York Times article in early June, the problem has
AND
represents fixed costs, which do not go away when volumetric consumption falls.
What makes the story noteworthy is not just the sheer volume of self-generation
AND
generation tends to be minimal due to short daylight hours and overcast skies.
The customer, who is paying … spread among the remaining customers.
Commenting on the incidence of costs and savings, Steven E. Malnight, a vice president at Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGandE), was quoted in the NYT article saying, ‘‘They (customers on net metering) use the grid essentially as ‘a big battery’ without covering the cost to maintain it.’’
He has a valid point, and the problem becomes even more troubling in places
AND
to the increase stress imposed by too much distributed generation during sunny periods.
According to Dan Skopec, a vice president at San Diego Gas and Electric Company
AND
rising rates remain cause for concern even if revenues can somehow be recovered.
One way to stop the revenue erosion is to limit the size of net metering
AND
find something to do, and there are reduced emissions from power plants.
The problem is that this … of the costs and benefits.

Case studies and statistical models like the da’s are necessary – complexity isn’t the end of thought
Earnest and Rosenau 06 – (2006, David, PhD, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at Old Dominion University, and James, PhD, University Professor of International Affairs at The George Washington University, “Signifying Nothing? What Complex Systems Theory Can and Cannot Tell Us about Global Politics,” in Complexity in World Politics ed. Neil E. Harrison, State University of New York Press, 2006, p. 149)

Despite these advantages, the methods … a computer—much ado about nothing.3

Predictions are good enough to … sets the bar too high
Chernoff 9 (Fred, Prof. IR and Dir. IR – Colgate U., European Journal of International Relations, “Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory”, 15:1, Sage)
For these and other reasons, … evident from the foregoing discussion.

IR statements are falsifiable – empirically useful – and still of value – they are just a reason to nto think in absolutes
Chernoff 5—IR prof, Colgate. PhD from Yale. (Fred, The Power of International Theory, Ed. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, 157-9, AMiles)

In the social sciences the … international stability from each scenario.

Predictions empirically work – game theory models prove

de Mesquita  11
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita is Silver Professor of Politics at New York University and a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution B.A. from Queens, M.A. from Michigan, PhD from Michigan, "FOX-HEDGING OR KNOWING: ONE BIG WAY TO KNOW MANY THINGS" July 18 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/18/bruce-bueno-de-mesquita/fox-hedging-or-knowing-one-big-way-to-know-many-things/

It is hard to say … predictions will be widely scattered. 

Tournament: ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
Their local decisionmaking is a utopian pipedream—no chance of scale-up, even with federal reforms
Barnhizer, 6 (David, Prof of Law, Cleveland State U, ‘Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream”,’ Geo Int’l Envtl L Rev, pg. l/n)
Devotees of sustainability pin their … govern our lives and culture.

Solar’s too expensive even if we give away the panels
Zehner 12
Green illusions,
Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar at the University
AND
media outlets. He also serves on the editorial board of Critical Environmentalism.
Zehner primarily researches the social, political and economic conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes. His work also incorporates symbolic roles that energy technologies play within political and environmental movements. His other research interests include consumerism, urban policy, environmental governance, international human rights, and forgeries.
Zehner attended Kettering University (BS -Engineering) and The University of Amsterdam (MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies). His research was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.
Free Panels, Anyone? Among the … its annual statistics without a peep.

Multiple barriers to decentralized solar
Outka, 10 - Visiting Scholar in Energy and Land Use Law, Florida State University College of Law; faculty member, Florida State University's Institute for Energy Systems, Economics, and Sustainability (IESES) (Uma, 37 Ecology L.Q. 1041, “Siting Renewable Energy: Land Use and Regulatory Context” lexis)
Across the country, regulation has … sunlight once a system is installed.

Expecting to jus tlet individuals solve consumption on their own is regressive and turns solvency
Martens and Spaargaren 5 - * Researcher at the Environmental Policy Group at Wageningen University, Professor of Environmental Policy @ Wageningen
Martens, S. and Spaargaren, G. 2005. The politics of sustainable consumption: the case of the Netherlands.  Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy 1(1):29-42. Proquest
We begin with a discussion of … outcomes will be the result.

Decentralization in particular raises utility costs
Burr, 12 – editor in chief of Public Utilities Fortnightly (Michael, “Rooftop Tsunami; Utilities sound the alarm as PV nears grid parity” PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, July, lexis)
From the utility's point of … 2020, which we know isn't sustainable."

Hurts econ
Entine, 9 – adjunct fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (Jon, “U.S. and Climate Change--Rescue of the Planet Postponed?”, 2/24,  http://aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29333/pub_detail.asp)
The correlation between economic growth … the environment will be losers.

Global war
Harris and Burrows, 9 – *counselor in the National Intelligence Council, the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf)

Increased Potential for Global Conflict¶ … a more dog-eat-dog world.

Their rhetorical strategy is meaningless—calls for energy decentralization are conceptually confused and don’t change anything
WINNER 1989 (Langdon, The Whale and the Reactor)
WHAT IS DECENTRALIZATION? People disenchanted … of what those things are.

The aff results in new forms of centralization
WINNER 1989 (Langdon, The Whale and the Reactor)
The difficulty in specifying exactly … the promise ofa better future.
What could that possibly mean? My arguments and observations so far should indicate why
AND
respect to energy. Or it might mean some combination of these measures.
If most households in the … -standing centralist patterns in society.

Their call for decentralization isn’t radical—it’s a tiny useless reform
WINNER 1989 (Langdon, The Whale and the Reactor)
Alienation from the organized structures … are hatched and action taken.

Decentralized energy is coopted by the larger forces of technical rationality and marketing
WINNER 1989 (Langdon, The Whale and the Reactor)
To 0 B SERV E ITS C U STOM ofadvertising … surfaces of the postindustrial marketplace.
Would appropriate technology meet the same dreary fate? The notion of an "appropriate
AND
factory, that would solve immediate problems without causing serious cultural disruption. 1
Beginning in the early 1970s … of technical and economic practice?

The disad outweighs the case—labor movements are more effective than decentralized energy
WINNER 1989 (Langdon, The Whale and the Reactor)
ApPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY does not have a … the next generation of reformers. 

Decentralizing energy doesn’t result in justice—small communities can be more oppressive
WINNER 1989 (Langdon, The Whale and the Reactor)
Inevitably, Clarke's typology and all … Charles Ives' "The Unanswered Question."

Tournament: ndt | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas GM | Judge: Beier, Vint, Lain
Structural violence doesn’t come first
Matheny 07 – (Jason, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis, Vol 27, No 5)
We may be poorly equipped … the costs of mitigating them.20

Alternative concepts of predictions fails – no way to make policies and causes worse backlash in the future.
Rosenau 97 – (James, professor emeritus of international affairs – George Washington University, “Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs,” in Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, eds. David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski, National Defense University)
In this emergent epoch of … are likely to remain obscure. 

1NC didn’t say our internal links would 100% happen – associated them with estimated probability and argued they’re worth planning for
Cochrane 11 – (7/15/11, John, PhD in Economics, AQR Capital Management Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at
the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, “IN DEFENSE OF THE HEDGEHOGS,” http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/15/john-h-cochrane/in-defense-of-the-hedgehogs/) 

Risk Management Rather than Forecast-and-Plan
The answer is to change … that were the only state

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
Does not energize debate space
Stannard 06 (2006, Matt, Department of Communication and Journalism, University of Wyoming, Spring 2006 Faculty Senate Speaker Series Speech, April 18, http://theunderview.blogspot.com/2006/04/deliberation-democracy-and-debate.html)
But the Academy is not only under attack from "outsiders," and not merely because the post-September 11 world has given the nod to sterile and commodified forms of patriotic communication and safe, symbolic dissent. Both inside and outside …. take us closer towards eventual, unnatural silence.

The aff is IDENTITY but not POLITICS---failure to envision a future in which their identity claims will no longer be needed reifies them and results in a reactionary politics, in comparison the critique by starting from a political goal retheorizes identities as still important, but provisional
BHAMBRA 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
The quotation with which this article …. com-munities and knowledge by Lynn Hankinson Nelson.

The kritik should be treated epistemological community in which identity is CONTINGENT and used to GUIDE POLITICAL ACTION---solves their accessibility claims and shows that their arguments about identity being key to cross-cultural communication is backwards
BHAMBRA 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_)
We suggest that alternative models of …. very real actions, practices and projects. 

2NC

The movement is already there, what we need to unite is to universalize the struggle; cooperation within the existing system only legitimizes it and stops the revolution
Slavoj ZIZEK, 2002, Senior Researcher at the Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut in Essen among other things, “A Plea for Leninist Intolerance,” Cultural Inquiry, Winter, Proquest
Today we can already discern the … sting by the very form of negotiation. 

1NR 

AT: examples
Tilo Schabert, 2005, Member, Chair Committee of the Graduate Program "Modern and Contemporary Philosophy", University of Naples/Bologna/Florence/Istituto Orientale, Naples, “The Primacy of Persons,” Philosophy, literature, and politics: essays honoring Ellis Sandoz, 248
The Primacy of Persons Mitterrand not only taught the logic of ….. creative as they can be: they create the power for the creation of their world.