| 09/27/2012 | Tournament: GSU | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Open Sourced at the bottom. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: | Judge:
Plan The United States Federal Government should obtain electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States. Advantage 1 DoD— Scenario one is military ops—
Domestic DoD bases are vulnerable due to connectivity to the civilian grid – only SMR’s can solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense
plants on the environment. Those communication breakdowns go nuclear and decimate military operations
Andres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
The DOD interest in small reactors
war would be greatly reduced. Effective military operations solve nuclear war.
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 24, 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars
way in Iraq and Afghanistan. And it collapses hegemony
CNA 9
Center for Naval Analyses Military Adviser Board, Chaired by General Charles Wald, USAF (Ret.) Former Deputy Commander, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), May 2009, Powering America’s Defense: Energy and the Risks to National Security, https://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/Powering%20Americas%20Defense.pdf
Our vulnerabilities from energy use
energy production and delivery. Great power war
Zhang 11
(Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., 1/22, America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
This does not necessarily mean
devoid of unrivalled US primacy. Any alternative is transition war
Brzezinski 5 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor in the Carter Administration, Professor of Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University, “The Choice”, l/n)
History is a record of change
secure international environment. Scenario two is China—
China is planning to invade Taiwan now—official military statements—no defense.
Pei-Lin and Chung 9/2/12
Wang, and Jake, staff writers for the Taipei Times, “China may attempt invasion: MND,” http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/09/02/2003541755/1, AM
Despite warming cross-strait ties
“Taiwanese independence,” the report said. China will shut down the US grid and annex Taiwan – global nuclear war
Derene 9
(Glenn – Defense Analyst @ Popular Mechanics, “How Vulnerable is U.S. Infrastructure to a Major Cyber Attack?” October 1, 2009, http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/4307521)
The next world war might not start
"And I don't like that answer." Goes nuclear
Glaser, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, ‘11
(Charles, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” Foreign Affairs Vol. 9 Iss. 2, March/April)
THE PROSPECTS for avoiding intense
and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations. Unification causes south china sea conflict
Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, The Washington Quarterly, If Taiwan Chooses Unification, Should the United States Care?, SUMMER 2002.
In practical terms, concern about a
areas around Japan was acceptable. Nuclear war
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S. Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
While nuclear weapons exist,
working to encourage these policies. DoD procurement of SMR’s solves security and islands military bases.
Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375
Path forward: Department of wide-scale adoption. ADVANTAGE TWO is warming—
Warming is real, anthropogenic and still reversible
Nuccitelli 11 (Dana Nuccitelli is an environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm in the Sacramento, California area. He has a Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis. He has been researching climate science, economics, and solutions as a hobby since 2006, and has contributed to Skeptical Science since September, 2010., Updated 2011, Originally Posted 9/24/2010, “The Big Picture”, http://www.skepticalscience.com/big-picture.html)
The Earth is Warming We know the
would be exceptionally foolish. Prefer scientific consensus
Trenberth et al. 12 (Kevin Trenberth, --portion of cite removed for wiki readability—struth---Mediterranean Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France, 2/1/2012, “Check With Climate Scientists for Views on Climate”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204740904577193270727472662.html)
Do you consult your dentist
what the doctor ordered. It’s not too late
Nuccitelli 8/31/12
(Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm, Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, “Realistically What Might the Future Climate Look Like?,” http://www.skepticalscience.com/realistically-what-might-future-climate-look-like.html, AM)
We're not yet committed to
as possible. Feedbacks are positive
Mandia 11
(Scott A. Mandia, Professor of Physical Sciences at Suffolk College, 1/22/2011, "Global Warming: Man or Myth?", www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/global_warming/greenhouse_gases.html#stratospheric_cooling)
A climate forcing mechanism
forcing/feedback concepts It causes hydrogen sulfide poisoning—that destroys the ozone and causes extinction.
Ward 10
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010)
In the rest of this chapter I will
current systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents. It also acidifies the oceans—the impact is extinction
Romm ‘9
(Joe, a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 “Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm #88 on its list of 100 “people who are reinventing America.” Time named him a “Hero of the Environment″ and “The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger.” Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT, “Imagine a World without Fish: Deadly ocean acidification — hard to deny, harder to geo-engineer, but not hard to stop — is subject of documentary ,” http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2009/09/02/204589/a-sea-change-imagine-a-world-without-fish-ocean-acidification-film/, AM) Global warming is “capable of
carbon dioxide emissions is now. SMRs are key–it’s the only source that can scale
Palley 11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 186-90
The central investigation of
obsolete before it ever joins the grid. SMR-based nuclear power is safe and solves warming
Shellenberger 12 (Michael, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/)
Arguably, the biggest impact of
technologies we will need to get that job done. Plan results in global SMR exports–massively reduces emissions.
Rosner 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf
As stated earlier, SMRs
now rapidly emerging, China. SOLVENCY
Contention 4 is solvency—
DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership
Andres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Thus far, this paper has
and proliferation resistance. Alternative financing cuts costs and supercharges commercialization
Fitzpatrick 11
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy at Third Way, Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way, and Mieke Eoyan, Director for National Security at Third Way, June 2011, Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance CleanEnergy Technology... And Why It Has To, content.thirdway.org/publications/414/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf
The DoD has over $400 billion
energy innovation its newest priority. SMR’s are cost-effective and safe
Ringle 10
(John C. Ringle of Corvallis is professor emeritus of nuclear engineering at Oregon State University, “Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win” November 13, 2010, http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/) Small nuclear reactors
next two years for approval of SMR designs. Energy Secretary No link uniqueness—DOE just massively increased payments for SMRs, but it fails.
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html
They conclude that DOD
alternative energy production means. DoD needs to lead
Glen Butler, Lt. Col., 2011, Not Green Enough, www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough
SMRs have relatively low plant
level for Marine and naval installations.35 Aff is cost-competitive
DOE ’12
(Department of Energy, “A Strategic Framework for SMR Development,” http://nuclear.energy.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf, AM)*Figure 1 omitted.
The SMR approach is to try
clean energy option by power companies. DoD installations are key
Market pull
Marqusee 12 (Jeffrey, Executive Director of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) at the Department of Defense, “Military Installations and Energy Technology Innovation”, March, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Energy%20Innovation%20at%20DoD.pdf)
The key reason that DoD cannot
storage and electric vehicles reside. And expertise
Cohen 12 (Armond, Executive Director of the Clean Air Task Force, “DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?”, May 29, http://www.catf.us/blogs/ahead/2012/05/29/dod-a-model-for-energy-innovation/)
Unlike most other agencies,
anything resembling current generation biofuels.
|
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
We meet
Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) In this paper, "financial incentives" are
but they are not incentives. C/I—financial incentives are a transfer of economic resources or market creation
EIA 1 (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf) Over the years, incentives and
the good(s) provided.4 DOE agrees
Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf) 2 On November 15, 1986, Keefe was
his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Then it concludes that won’t be a biggie b/c SMRs supply communities with power—this makes most of their link cards factually incorrect
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf Electricity control capabilities,
and hospitals could be maintained. And no public backlash
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf Recent surveys show that
program for fiscal year 2011. Uniqueness disproves the link—Military engagement overcomes opposition, checks spillover to other issues—neg author
Amanda Boccuti, GIS Support Analyst, Marstel-Day, LLC, Lauren Faul, Strategic Communications Analyst, Marstel-Day, LLC , Lauren Gray, Environmental Issues Researcher, Marstel-Day, LLC., 5/21/12, Establishing Creative Strategies for Effective Engagement Between Military Installations and Communities, engagingcities.com/article/establishing-creative-strategies-effective-engagement-between-military-installations-communi Marstel-Day, LLC, a woman-owned
of the issues that seem at first irresolvable. No spillover to cooperative partnerships—they are inevitable
Fred Powledge, 2008, Beyond the Fenceline Partnerships with Surrounding Communities, http://www.dodbiodiversity.org/ch10/Chapter.10.Partnerships.pp144-153.pdf Cooperative partnerships have
of productive partnerships Community support outweighs opposition
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf It is widely believed that the 1979
nuclear power plants 11. Predictably, aff authors…conclude aff
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf Small reactors used on domestic
personnel who must deliver fuel. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Electrification solves India war with China
Ganguly 12
Sumit Ganguly, holds the Rabindranath Tagore chair in Indian cultures and civilizations at Indiana University in Bloomington and is a senior fellow with the Philadelphia-based Foreign Policy Research Institute, Foreign Policy, July 5, 2012, "Think Again: India's Rise", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/05/think_again_india_s_rise?page=full Globally, China and India
external energy sources. War goes global and nuclear
Kahn 09
(Jeremy, Newsweek, “Why India Fears China”, 10-19, 154:16, L/N) On June 21, two Chinese military helicopters swooped low over Demchok, a tiny Indian hamlet high in the Hima-layas along the northwestern border with China. The helicopters dropped canned food over a barren expanse and then returned to
or as a mediator trying to separate the two sides. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Plan spills over to space nuclear power.
David 12
(Leonard, has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of last year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999, “ Air Force Eyes Nuclear Reactors, Beamed Power for Spacecraft” 22 February 2012, http://www.space.com/14643-air-force-space-nuclear-reactors-power-beaming.html) Work on small modular nuclear
a view previously recommended by the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. That’s key to permanent off-earth settlements.
ScienceDaily ‘9
(“'Trash Can' Nuclear Reactors Could Power Human Outpost On Moon Or Mars,” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091004020806.htm, AM) Three recent tests at different
, while reducing mission risk and cost. Colonization solves inevitable extinction.
Matheny ‘7
(Jason, PhD Student in School of Public Health @ Johns Hopkins, Risk Analysis: An International Journal, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction”, 27:5, Wiley InterScience) As for astronomical risks, to escape our
of the species." |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Nuclear technocracy’s key to solve
Nordhaus 11, chairman – Breakthrough Instiute, and Shellenberger, president – Breakthrough Insitute, MA cultural anthropology – University of California, Santa Cruz, 2/25/‘11
(Ted and Michael, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta) Tenth, we are going to have
in harmony with Nature. Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70) During this phase, the citizen initiative
politics in modern technological society.61 No link—SMRs are self-contained, air-cooled, have passive shutdown and are underground—structurally impossible to have a meltdown—that’s Ringle and Tucker—even if they do the impact is contained More ev
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf While the focus in this paper is on the business
issues is beyond the scope of this paper. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: Harvard | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Water wars= impact escalation inevitable Internal link inevitable
Murdock 12
Clark Murdock, CSIS Defense and National Security Group Senior Adviser, 1/10/12, Weaker Defense Dollars, www.defensenews.com/article/20120610/DEFFEAT05/306100005/Weaker-Defense-Dollars The White House and Capitol Hill have spent months publicly battling
, “consume the entire defense budget by FY2039.” A deal will get done and no econ collapse
Garrett, staff writer for the Australian Financial Review, 10/27/2012
(Geoffrey, “American innovation, inspiration will triumph,” Lexis) It would also shrink US gross
president leaves office. Elections solve pol cap
Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/29/12, Democrats lay out second-term wish list for President Obama, thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259253-dems-lay-out-wish-list-for-a-second-obama-term An Obama victory in November
leaders over a range of issues. No lame duck focus link—plan happens immediately—key to aff and neg ground—immediate implementation is the only basis for predictable research and preparation—AND—the lame duck session is a special session—means by their standard the plan would be done in 2013 post-the disad, or another immediate special session is fair game Link inevitable
Marilyn Geewak, NPR, 9/20/12, 'Fiscal Cliff' Scenarios Leave Economists On Edge, www.npr.org/2012/09/20/161442506/fiscal-cliff-scenarios-leave-economists-on-edge But that's not the worst-case
compromises by New Year's Eve. Not intrinsic—rational policy-maker can do the plan and continue negotiations Obama pc collapses budget negotiations—2011 proves
The Hotline, 9/10/12, Slow and Steady Wins the Race, Lexis Gaps in Obama's leadership
beginning of a war" (Klein, ABC, 9/10). Plan shields controversy
Appelbaum 12
Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific RandD, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say Sarewitz, who studies the
largest budget items, energy costs. No Link—Plan doesn’t require legislation, or focus from Obama and Congress—it’s a DOD contract House blocks
Bruce Bartlett 10/2, The New York Times, held senior policy roles in the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served on the staffs of Representatives Jack Kemp and Ron Paul, 10/2/12, The 'Fiscal Cliff' Opportunity, Lexis Although it appears that the
deal to raise the debt ceiling. Links to CPs—even if CP solves controversy, CP process triggers focus links No impact—at worst they’ll just punt the deadline
Reuters, 9/21/12, Lawmakers May Delay 'Fiscal Cliff' Deadlines, www.foxbusiness.com/2012/09/21/lawmakers-may-delay-fiscal-cliff-deadlines/ Slowly and quietly, the U.S.
and big government programs like Social Security and Medicare. |
| 11/09/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
“alternative financing” includes the CP
GAO 9, “Defense Infrastructure: DOD Needs to Take Actions to Address Challenges in Meeting Federal
Renewable Energy Goals”, December, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/299755.html DOD has also joined with private sector entities, entering into various
renewable energy projects.
DoD procurement professionals will ignore the CP–only fiat overcomes bureaucratic reluctance
Warwick 8
W.M. Warwick, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Dept. of Energy, 2008, Purchasing Renewable Power for the FederalSector: Basics, Barriers, and Possible Options, www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-16485.pdf To date, DOD has not used
may be too unwieldy to be effective. Won’t acquire new tech
CNA 10, non-profit research organization that operates the Center for Naval Analyses and the Institute for Public Research, “Powering America’s Economy: Energy Innovation at the Crossroads of National Security Challenges”, July, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/WEB%2007%2027%2010%20MAB%20Powering%20America%27s%20Economy.pdf In our final discussion, we consider the end of the
the developer. Can’t solve the NRC—kills CP solvency—only the DOD solves
CSPO 10, Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at ASU, “four policy principles for energy innovation and climate change: a synthesis”, June, http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Synthesis.pdf Government purchase of
technologies could be similarly important. |
| 11/10/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: Rd 2 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Repko
PLAN The United States Federal Government should obtain electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States. ADV Contention 1 is the DoD— Scenario one is power projection— Domestic DoD bases are vulnerable due to connectivity to the civilian grid–only SMRs solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project) In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense … fired power plants on the environment. Those communication breakdowns go nuclear and decimate military operations
Andres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf The DOD interest in small reactors derives … or war would be greatly reduced. And it makes the military ineffective–collapses hegemony.
CNA 9
Center for Naval Analyses Military Adviser Board, Chaired by General Charles Wald, USAF (Ret.) Former Deputy Commander, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), May 2009, Powering America’s Defense: Energy and the Risks to National Security, https://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/Powering%20Americas%20Defense.pdf Our vulnerabilities from energy use … our system of energy production and delivery. Hegemony solves nuclear war and de-escalates all conflict.
Barnett ‘11
(Thomas, Naval War College Warfare Analysis and Research professor, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads) Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of … all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come. Regardless of relative power, military operations solve all conflict.
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 24, 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf We live at a time when wars not only … to handle personnel intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan. Scenario two is Alaska— DOD facilities in Alaska vulnerable to grid disruptions—climate and geography makes it inevitable
Warwick , 10
(Engineer and Researcher- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Renewable Resource Development on Department of Defense Bases in Alaska: Challenges and Opportunities, September, http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19742.pdf) Alaska Military Facilities There are … required in wholesale wheeling transactions. No defense applies—federal laws exclude Alaska from traditional grid-protection
Magnuson, 12
(September, Columnist-National Defense Magazine, Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids,
http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx) Electrical grids in the United States … both cyber and physical means.” Alaskan bases vital to prevent Arctic conflict escalation
Schanz, 8
(Associate Editor-Airforce Magazine, “Strategic Alaska,” http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2008/November%202008/1108alaska.aspx) Billy Mitchell saw its great … transnational issues. Strengthening Alaskan bases the key internal link to stopping all-out Arctic war
Dowd, 11
(MA-Indiana University, Senior Fellow of the Fraser Institute, “The Big Chill: Energy Needs Fueling Tensions in the Arctic,” https://www.fraserinstitute.org/research-news/news/display.aspx?id=2147483979) One reason a military presence will … confrontation, but to prevent one. Only US leadership can stop war
Borgerson, 8
(International Affairs Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a former Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Coast Guard, Foreign Affairs, March/April, Arctic Meltdown Subtitle: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming, Lexis) Washington cannot afford to … for its resources. Risk of conflict high—most recent evidence
Tassinari, 9/7
(Non-resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund and the Head of Foreign Policy and EU Studies at the Danish Institute for International Studies, “Avoiding a Scramble for the High North”, http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/http://blog.gmfus.org/2012/09/07/avoiding-a-scramble-for-the-high-north/) BERLIN - The geopolitics of the … of an Arctic race building up. Best scholarship proves our impact
Murray 12
(Professor of Political Science @ Alberta, “Arctic politics in the emerging multipolar system: challenges and consequences,” The Polar Journal, 2.1) It is no overstatement to say that the end of …into changes to state security strategies. Goes nuclear
Wallace, 10
(Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, March, “Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons A Task Long Overdue”, http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf) The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a … Arctic because of climate change.” Extinction
Corcoran 9
(PhD, Senior Fellow @ Global Security, Frmr. Strategic Analyst at the US Army War College where he chaired studies for the Office of the Deputy Chief of Operations and member of the National Advisory Board for the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, we win the qualification game, 4/21, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/090421301-strategic-nuclear-targets.htm) That brings us to Russia, our former main … of a total nuclear exchange. SMRs on Alaskan bases solve
Holdmann, 11
(Director of Alaska Center for Energy and Power-University of Alaska Fairbanks, “Small Scale Modular Nuclear Power: an option for Alaska,” http://www.uaf.edu/files/acep/Executive-Summary-3-2-11.pdf) Executive Summary Alaska is home to some of … bases, remote mining operations, and other industrial users DoD procurement of SMR’s solves security and islands military bases.
Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 Path forward: Department of Defense as first-… and eventually lead to their wide-scale adoption. ADV
Contention 2 is warming— Warming is real and anthropogenic, but reversible with cuts in carbon emissions
Correll et al 11/5/12
Dr. Bob Corell is a senior policy fellow for the American Meteorological Society and former Chair of the United States Global Change Research Program. Dr. Jeff Masters is the founder and Director of Meteorology for Weather Underground and a former NOAA Hurricane Hunter. Dr. Kevin Trenberth is a Distinguished Senior Scientist in the Climate Analysis Section at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. “Did climate change contribute to Sandy? Yes”, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1112/83335.html, AM As Hurricane Sandy battered … figure out the best, most cost-effective ways to do so. It’s not too late
Nuccitelli 8/31/12
(Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm, Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, “Realistically What Might the Future Climate Look Like?,” http://www.skepticalscience.com/realistically-what-might-future-climate-look-like.html, AM) We're not yet committed to … much as possible. Prefer scientific consensus
Trenberth et al. 12 (Kevin Trenberth, Sc.D, Distinguished Senior Scientist, Climate Analysis Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research Richard Somerville, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego Katharine Hayhoe, Ph.D., Director, Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University Rasmus Benestad, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute Gerald Meehl, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research Michael Oppenheimer, Ph.D., Professor of Geosciences; Director, Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Princeton University Peter Gleick, Ph.D., co-founder and president, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security Michael C. MacCracken, Ph.D., Chief Scientist, Climate Institute, Washington Michael Mann, Ph.D., Director, Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University Steven Running, Ph.D., Professor, Director, Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana Robert Corell, Ph.D., Chair, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment; Principal, Global Environment Technology Foundation Dennis Ojima, Ph.D., Professor, Senior Research Scientist, and Head of the Dept. of Interior's Climate Science Center at Colorado State University Josh Willis, Ph.D., Climate Scientist, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Matthew England, Ph.D., Professor, Joint Director of the Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia Ken Caldeira, Ph.D., Atmospheric Scientist, Dept. of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution Warren Washington, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research Terry L. Root, Ph.D., Senior Fellow, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University David Karoly, Ph.D., ARC Federation Fellow and Professor, University of Melbourne, Australia Jeffrey Kiehl, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research Donald Wuebbles, Ph.D., Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois Camille Parmesan, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, University of Texas; Professor of Global Change Biology, Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, UK Simon Donner, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Canada Barrett N. Rock, Ph.D., Professor, Complex Systems Research Center and Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire David Griggs, Ph.D., Professor and Director, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Australia Roger N. Jones, Ph.D., Professor, Professorial Research Fellow, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Australia William L. Chameides, Ph.D., Dean and Professor, School of the Environment, Duke University Gary Yohe, Ph.D., Professor, Economics and Environmental Studies, Wesleyan University, CT Robert Watson, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Chair of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Steven Sherwood, Ph.D., Director, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Chris Rapley, Ph.D., Professor of Climate Science, University College London, UK Joan Kleypas, Ph.D., Scientist, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research James J. McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor of Biological Oceanography, Harvard University Stefan Rahmstorf, Ph.D., Professor of Physics of the Oceans, Potsdam University, Germany Julia Cole, Ph.D., Professor, Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona William H. Schlesinger, Ph.D., President, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Jonathan Overpeck, Ph.D., Professor of Geosciences and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona Eric Rignot, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Professor of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine Wolfgang Cramer, Professor of Global Ecology, Mediterranean Institute for Biodiversity and Ecology, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France, 2/1/2012, “Check With Climate Scientists for Views on Climate”, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204740904577193270727472662.html) Do you consult your dentist about your heart … growth. Just what the doctor ordered. The impact is extinction
Brandenberg 99
(John and Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233) The ozone hole expands, driven by a … hardy microbes surviving. Warming specifically causes hydrogen sulfide expansion—that causes extinction.
Ward 10
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010) In the rest of this chapter I will support a … systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents. It also acidifies the oceans—the impact is extinction
Romm ‘9
(Joe, a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 “Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm #88 on its list of 100 “people who are reinventing America.” Time named him a “Hero of the Environment″ and “The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger.” Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT, “Imagine a World without Fish: Deadly ocean acidification — hard to deny, harder to geo-engineer, but not hard to stop — is subject of documentary ,” http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2009/09/02/204589/a-sea-change-imagine-a-world-without-fish-ocean-acidification-film/, AM) Global warming is “capable of … “” the time to start slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now. SMRs are key–it’s the only source that can scale
Palley 11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 186-90 The central investigation of this book … that, through technological advancements, could be obsolete before it ever joins the grid. SMR-based nuclear power is safe and solves warming
Shellenberger 12
(Michael, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/) Arguably, the biggest impact of … technologies we will need to get that job done. Plan results in global SMR exports–massively reduces emissions.
Rosner 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf As stated earlier, SMRs have the … in France, Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China. SOLVENCY Contention 3 is solvency— DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership
Andres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of …reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance. SMR’s are cost-effective and safe
Ringle 10
(John C. Ringle of Corvallis is professor emeritus of nuclear engineering at Oregon State University, “Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win” November 13, 2010, http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/) Small nuclear reactors will … years for approval of SMR designs. Energy Secretary DoD needs to lead
Glen Butler, Lt. Col., 2011, Not Green Enough, www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough SMRs have relatively low plant cost, … for Marine and naval installations.35 No link uniqueness—DOE just massively increased payments for SMRs, but it fails.
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html They conclude that DOD should lead the … energy production means. DOD is key to commercialization.
Marqusee 12
(Jeffrey, Executive Director of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) at the Department of Defense, “Military Installations and Energy Technology Innovation”, March, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Energy%20Innovation%20at%20DoD.pdf) The key reason that DoD cannot … their relationship to energy storage and electric vehicles reside. |
| 11/10/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Repko
2AC CLIFF—WAKE
Decline doesn’t cause war
Morris Miller, Professor of Administration @ the University of Ottawa, ‘2K
(Interdisciplinary Science Review, v 25 n4 2000 p ingenta connect) The question may be reformulated. … form of violence to abort another). No impact uniqueness—stimulus package will end and government spending will decline—businesses are already reacting
Seeking Alpha 11/9/12
Investment News Site, “Even With A Fiscal Cliff Deal, Stocks And The U.S. Economy Will Unravel In 2013,” http://seekingalpha.com/article/995621-even-with-a-fiscal-cliff-deal-stocks-and-the-u-s-economy-will-unravel-in-2013, AM Deal or no deal on the Fiscal Cliff, taxes … are highly sensitive to the economic cycles. Cliff negotiations collapse now: Ideological lock-in
Cook, writer for the National Journal, 11/8/2012
(Nancy, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/to-avert-a-fiscal-cliff-catastrophe-someone-has-to-blink-20121108)
The far more likely scenario for both … surrendering their entrenched tax positions. Fiat solves the link—plan passes instantaneously so it doesn’t require PC Tea party blocks
Michael Mathes, AFP, 11/9/12, Tea Party still a force, despite some losses, www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghHKvO-nUR1ZzCDsfpdTFVr4I2FQ?docId=CNG.f123008f7575a156fb9c945fe5b10c48.6f1 Despite a handful of high-profile losses by Tea …, and now it's a battle every single time." Not an opp cost to the plan—a rational policymaker can pass the plan and continue negotiations on the cliff— Obama PC on grand bargain negotiations fail
The Hotline, 9/10/12, Slow and Steady Wins the Race, Lexis Gaps in Obama's leadership contributed …. And this was the beginning of a war" (Klein, ABC, 9/10). Obama not key to the cliff
Warren, Chicago editor for the Daily Beast, 11/9/2012
(James, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/09/president-obama-s-hill-challenge-in-avoiding-fiscal-cliff.html)
Obama “has to change the …nd changes in the capital’s own political and social culture. No link
Appelbaum 12
Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific RandD, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say Sarewitz, who studies the government's … to find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs. Winners win
Marshall and Prins ‘11
(BRYAN W, Miami University and BRANDON C, University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force”, Sept, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3) Presidents rely heavily on Congress in … are made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002). No link uniqueness—DOE loan guarantees for SMRS now—that’s DOD en blog No impact—they’ll delay timelines
Schiff, president and chief global strategist of Euro Pacific Capital, 11/10/2011
(Peter, “Going Over The Fiscal Cliff Isn't The Problem, It's The Solution,” http://www.businessinsider.com/extend-and-pretend-2012-11)
If you recall, the cliff was created … its future size, making it that much harder to actually go over it. Multiple issues before the cliff
Geewax, 11/7
(NPR Correspondent, After Election, Congress Turns To 'Fiscal Cliff,' Other Money Issues
http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/164474557/after-election-congress-turns-to-fiscal-cliff-other-money-issues Still, they must try to get something done. The soon-… the other fiscal-cliff elements. No Link—Plan doesn’t require legislation, or focus from Obama and Congress—it’s a DOD contract Bipart support
Christine Todd Whitman 12, CASEnergy Co-Chair, Former EPA Administrator and New Jersey Governor, “Nuclear Power Garners Bipartisan Support”, August 13, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php?rss=1andutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+njgroup-energy+%28Energy+%26+Environment+Experts~-~-Q+with+Answer+Previews%29#2237728 The energy policy that I’ve seen … of power that leaders on both sides of the aisle can support. |
| 11/10/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Repko
MICROGRID CP Doesn’t solve Alaska—magnuson—regulatory confusion specifically means roll out impossible Doesn’t solve regulatory confusion or cyberdefense
Daniel Sater 11, Research Fellow at Global Green USA’s Security and Sustainability Office, “Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions”, August, http://globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf Cybersecurity remains one of … USCYBERCOM to create a specific set of metrics for microgrid development. Plan spills over to space nuclear power.
David 12
(Leonard, has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of last year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999, “ Air Force Eyes Nuclear Reactors, Beamed Power for Spacecraft” 22 February 2012, http://www.space.com/14643-air-force-space-nuclear-reactors-power-beaming.html) Work on small modular nuclear … the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. That’s key to permanent off-earth settlements.
ScienceDaily ‘9
(“'Trash Can' Nuclear Reactors Could Power Human Outpost On Moon Or Mars,” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091004020806.htm, AM) Three recent tests at different … missions, while reducing mission risk and cost. Colonization solves inevitable extinction.
Matheny ‘7
(Jason, PhD Student in School of Public Health @ Johns Hopkins, Risk Analysis: An International Journal, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction”, 27:5, Wiley InterScience) As for astronomical risks, to escape our sun's … about the survival of the species." 1AR MICROGRID CP
Can’t solve warming Robataille evidence says all other islanding efforts have failed—that includes microgrids—only SMRS provide the guarantee—that’s Robataille—only SMRs provide permanent energy which is the threshold for solving the advantage—that’s Loudermilk Don’t solve cyber attacks—Utilities that put the grids in place and provide power won’t put safeguards on which means adversaries can take our grid more easily—that’s Sader—means solve none of the advantage. None of their ev says DOD would develop Cybersecurity measures for microgrids That outweighs everything
Wilhusen and Trimble 12
(Statement of Gregory C. Wilshusen, Director Information Security Issues David C. Trimble, Director Natural Resources and Environment, “Challenges in Securing the Modernized Electricity Grid” February 28, 2012, GAO Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, GAO-12-507T) The threats to systems … vulnerabilities, which could be exploited by attackers. This is the key solvency deficit question
Bodenheimer 12
(David, partner in the law firm of Crowell & Moring LLP in the DC office where he heads the Homeland Security Practice and specializes in Government Contracts, False Claims Act, Privacy, and Cybersecurity, “Cyberwarfare in the Stuxnet Age Can Cannonball Law Keep Pace With the Digital Battlefield?” Winter 2012, The SciTech Lawyer, Volume 8, Number 3) Now that cyberweapons … to gear up for the risks that come with a cyberwar world. ALIENS
Short term outweighs
NO ALIENS – GENERAL Scientific consensus is on our side – no intelligent life beyond earth
Financial Times in ‘00
(Clive Cookson and Victoria Griffith, “Our Odyssey ends here: Man’s quest for self-discovery is at a dead-end with the acceptance that we are alone in space”, December 30, L/N) Yet, since the film was first shown in 1968, scientific opinion …without causing lethal damage.
AT: SPACE DISEASE No contamination risks: differences in lifeforms guarantee that we can’t catch ET diseases
Robert Zubrin, President of the Mars Society, founder and CEO of Pioneer Astronautics, March April 2001 http://www.planetary.org/html/news/opinions/zubrinresponse.html But couldn't such life, if somehow …lions as the local ecosystem's leading predator. US already publicly moving to weaponize space—budgets prove
Pincus, 12
(3/26, W-Post Columnist, “Hearings show our dependence on military space technology”
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/hearings-show-our-dependence-on-military-space-technology/2012/03/24/gIQANVV8cS_story.html) The United States may be … of $9.7 billion for military space programs. |
| 11/10/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Repko
2AC CP—AT ARPA-E DOD is key— Usable tech—non-military first mover status means the reactors aren’t usable for military bases—that’s Andres and Breetz Market size—investors need a large market to guarantee a return on investment—only the DOD allows for successful commercialization—that’s Marqueese
And implementation – licensing and dual use tech make DoD a natural fit
Hayward et al 10
Steven Hayward, AEI Resident Scholar, Mark Muro, Brookings Institute Metropolitan Policy Program, Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, Breakthrough institute cofounders, October 2010, Post-Partisan Power, thebreakthrough.org/blog/Post-Partisan Power.pdf In addition to reforming energy deployment … at DOE nuclear facilities and DOD military bases. DoD won’t procure
Bonvillian and Van Atta 12
William B. Bonvillian, Director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Washington DC Office, and Richard Van Atta, Senior Research Analyst at the Institute for Defense Analyses, former Department of Defense Special Assistant for Dual Use Technology Policy and Assistant Deputy Under Secretary for Dual Use and Commercial Programs, March 2012, Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/report/energy-innovation-department-defense-assessing-opportunities The Remaining Technology Implementation Challenge for DARPA and …- plexity of its task requires it to consider additional mechanisms. Can’t commercialize
Bonvillian and Van Atta 12
William B. Bonvillian, Director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Washington DC Office, and Richard Van Atta, Senior Research Analyst at the Institute for Defense Analyses, former Department of Defense Special Assistant for Dual Use Technology Policy and Assistant Deputy Under Secretary for Dual Use and Commercial Programs, March 2012, Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/report/energy-innovation-department-defense-assessing-opportunities Role as first adopter/initial-market creator. … technologies. DoD already established its recommendations for SMR adoption
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf Recognizing nuclear power as a … documents our analysis and findings. AND—It recommended against being an early adopter—proves the CP can’t establish a bureaucratic consensus for the plan
King 11
Marcus King, Ph.D., Center for Naval Analyses Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy TeamLaVar Huntzinger, Thoi Nguyen, March 2011, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S.Military Installations, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf The most significant risk for … sharing risks associated with this type of project. |
| 11/10/2012 | Tournament: Shirley | Round: 2 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Repko
No risk of Asia war – Peaceful China and multilateral institutions
Bitzinger and Desker, 9
Richard, Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Barry, Dean of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director of the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, “ Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival | vol. 50 no. 6 | December 2008–January 2009
The Asia-Pacific region can be … threatening as some might argue. No up-front appropriations
DOE 11,
“Funding Federal Energy and Water Projects”, July, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/52085.pdf On-site renewable PPAs … competitive procurement process. Massive military renewables program now
Colman ‘12
Zack Colman, The Hill, 8/7/12, White House to seek $7B in green energy contracts for military, thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/242593-army-announces-renewable-energy-contracts-as-white-house-continues-green-push The White House announced … on federal lands in Nevada. Alt causes— Cost inflation
Murdock 12
Clark Murdock, CSIS Defense and National Security Group Senior Adviser, 1/10/12, Weaker Defense Dollars, www.defensenews.com/article/20120610/DEFFEAT05/306100005/Weaker-Defense-Dollars The White House and Capitol Hill have … the entire defense budget by FY2039.” Sequestration
Murdock 12
Clark Murdock, CSIS defense and national security group senior adviser, May 2012, Planning for a Deep Defense: Drawdown—Part I, http://csis.org/files/publication/120522_DD_Interim_Report.pdf Although some are still in denial about the … keep DoD at the drawdown table. |
| 01/08/2013 | Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mich AP | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should reduce restrictions on airborne wind energy production in the United States. |
| 01/24/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Everything will be open sourced. Round 2: Vs. Emporia SW, with Jarrod Atchison as the Judge.
1AC Advantages: Warming
Plan/Advocacy: USFG should reduce restrictions on airborne wind energy production in the United States.
2AC Strat: AT K
1AR:AT K
2AR Offense: narrative focus bad, science focus good Round 4: Vs. Michigan AP, with JV Reed as the Judge.
1AC - New Aff
Fusion
Stockpiles and production Adv
Production has spinoffs
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce its restrictions on energy production from direct drive fusion in Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
1AR - kick out of stockpiles Round 5: Vs. Missouri State BR, with Sam Maurer as the Judge. 1AC Advantages: Warming, The Grid (military ops impact), Hydrogen (deterrence, nuc terror) (previously read by Michigan AP)
Plan: The United States Federal Government should obtain, through other transactions authority, electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States.
2AC Strat: T: Giving Money is a financial incentive, K: Role of Ballot – plan key to decision-making
1AR: Reads a modeling I/L to warming advantage, We are an incentive – plan can only be for production not R&D, C/I transfer of economic resources, Solve impact to Hagel pltx (Iran), framework on Critique, |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
1AC 1AC adv Contention one is warming— Warming is real and anthropogenic–best climate data and models
Mueller 12
(The New York Times, Richard A. Mueller, July 28, 2012, “The Conversion of a Climate Change Skeptic” Richard A. Muller, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=1andpagewanted=all) CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate
AND
the shape of the observed temperature rise and the known greenhouse gas increase. It’s not too late—emissions reductions can avoid and delay catastrophic impacts.
Chestney 1/13/13
Nina, senior environmental correspondent, “Climate Change Study: Emissions Limits Could Avoid Damage By Two-Thirds,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/13/climate-change-study-emissions-limits_n_2467995.html, AM The world could avoid much of the damaging effects of climate change this century if
AND
, transport systems and agriculture more resilient to climate change," Arnell said. Extinction
Brandenberg 99 (John and Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233) The ozone hole expands, driven by a monstrous synergy with global warming that puts
AND
Mars—red, desolate, with perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving. Warming causes hydrogen sulfide poisoning—extinction.
Ward 10
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010) In the rest of this chapter I will support a contention that within several millennia
AND
Planet Earth: the thermohaline current systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents. It acidifies the oceans—extinction
Romm ‘9
(Joe, a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 “Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm #88 on its list of 100 “people who are reinventing America.” Time named him a “Hero of the Environment″ and “The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger.” Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT, “Imagine a World without Fish: Deadly ocean acidification — hard to deny, harder to geo-engineer, but not hard to stop — is subject of documentary ,” http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2009/09/02/204589/a-sea-change-imagine-a-world-without-fish-ocean-acidification-film/, AM) Global warming is “capable of wrecking the marine ecosystem and depriving future generations of
AND
that life “” the time to start slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now. SMR-based nuclear power is safe and solves warming
Shellenberger 12
(Michael, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/) Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
AND
than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done. Plan results in exports and is cost-competitive
Ken Silverstein, Forbes, 1/15/13, After Fukushima, U.S. Seeks to Advance Small Nuclear Reactors, www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2013/01/15/after-fukushima-u-s-seeks-to-advance-small-nuclear-reactors/ “Restarting the nation’s nuclear industry and advancing small modular reactor technologies will help create
AND
and less developed countries that need a clean and continuous source of power. SMRs revitalize the US nuclear industry and overcome their export D
Fred McGoldrick, CSIS, Former Senior Official, U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of State, negotiated U.S. peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements, served in the U.S. Mission to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Jan 2013, Nuclear Trade Controls, http://csis.org/files/publication/130122_McGoldrick_NuclearTradeControls_Web.pdf Some argue that one of these impediments is the stricter conditions that the United States
AND
prove too hard to do, but it is well worth the effort. 1AC adv Contention 2 is the grid— Scenario 1 is blackouts— Domestic DoD bases are vulnerable due to connectivity to the civilian grid–only SMRs solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project) In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
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associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment. Multiple threats will cause year-long blackouts
Magnuson 12
(Stew Magnuson, managing editor of National Defense Magazine, Washington, D.C.-based journalist and the author of The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns, the Nebraska Nonfiction Book of the Year for 2009, bronze medal in the regional nonfiction category, September 2012, “Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids,” http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx) Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both cyber-attacks and space
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be delivered by special rail car, and most are now manufactured overseas. Those communication breakdowns go nuclear and decimate military operations
Andres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics vulnerability
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in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced. Scenario two is Hawaii— Hawaiian military bases highly vulnerable to supply disruptions and grid breakdowns---must switch to SMR to ensure energy security
Butler, 10
(Director-Operations and Training-Marine Corps Base Hawaii, “The Nuclear Option,” http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2010/11/4847032/) Even so, as U.S. armed forces parallel the business world with
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and the military should enthusiastically seize the opportunity to lead the way. AFJ The plan leads to rapid deployment and adoption of SMR’s on the islands
Ferguson, 10
(PhD and President, Federation of American Scientists, 5/19, Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg57172/html/CHRG-111hhrg57172.htm) Q2. Should the Federal Government conduct a Federal demonstration program for SMR technology?
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, and solar sources are environmentally sound and cost competitive with fossil fuels. It’s cost effective
Ferguson, 10
(PhD and President, Federation of American Scientists, 5/19, Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg57172/html/CHRG-111hhrg57172.htm) It is also worth pointing out that in the United States, Alaska and Hawaii
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States as a whole to generate about two percent of the nation's electricity. Otherwise vulnerability collapses military capabilities
Cooney, 11
(Columnist at Triple Pundit and Author of Building a Green Small Business, 9/28, “The U.S. Military’s Plans to Assure Energy Independence,” http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/09/whats-military-doing-assure-energy-independence/) George Kai’iliwai, Director, Resources and Assessment, of the U.S.
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, abundant renewables, with commercially viable sun and wind power resources throughout. Hawaii’s key to regional power projection
Terry, 12
(U.S. Army-Pacific, “USARPAC outlines Hawaii’s importance to Army, Pacific,” 1/13, http://www.hawaiiarmyweekly.com/2012/01/13/usarpac-outlines-hawaiis-importance-to-army-pacific/) Lt. Gen. Francis Wiercinski, commander, U.S. Army-
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terms of entry into Asia and is an important region in the world. Key to solve Asian war
Murray, 12
(Columnist MidWeek, 6/5, “The Army’s Growing Role In The Pacific,” http://www.midweek.com/lt-gen-francis-wiercinski/) North Korea. China. Philippines. Indonesia. Myanmar. Not to mention natural
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earthquake and tsunami as another example of the importance of location and familiarity. Goes nuclear
Campbell et al 8 (Kurt M, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Dr. Campbell served in several capacities in government, including as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asia and the Pacific, Director on theNational Security Council Staff, previously the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), served as Director of the Aspen Strategy Group and the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Washington Quarterly, and was the founder and Principal of StratAsia, a strategic advisory company focused on Asia, rior to co-founding CNAS, he served as Senior Vice President, Director of the International Security Program, and the Henry A. Kissinger Chair in National Security Policy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, doctorate in International Relation Theory from Oxford, former associate professor of public policy and international relations at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Assistant Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, member of Council on Foreign Relations and International Institute for Strategic Studies, “The Power of Balance: America in iAsia” June 2008, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf) Asian investment is also at record levels. Asian countries lead the world with unprecedented infra¬structure projects. With over $3 trillion in foreign currency reserves, Asian nations and businesses are starting to shape global economic activity. Indian firms are purchasing industrial giants such as Arcelor Steel, as well as iconic brands of its once-colonial ruler, such as Jaguar and Range Rover. China’s Lenovo bought IBM’s personal computer
We call the transformations across the Asia-Pacific the emergence of “iAsia”
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are all magnified by the risk of miscalculation or poor decision-making. DoD procurement of SMR’s solves security and islands military bases.
Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 Path forward: Department of Defense as first-mover Problematically, despite the immense
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advance the technology broadly and eventually lead to their wide-scale adoption. 1AC adv Contention 3 is hydrogen— Hydrogen fuel cells critical to UAV operational effectiveness via endurance and stealth
NRL, Naval Research Laboratory, Fall 2010, Fuel Cell Power Soar on Fuel Cell Power, http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content_images/SPECTRA_Fall2010.pdf Piloted remotely or autonomously, unmanned aerial vehicles have long provided extra “eyes in
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using a “green,” quiet, efficient, and affordable fuel system. UAVs key to a host of DoD capabilities—fuel cells key
-nuclear forensics
-mine neutralization / clearance
-forward operating base security
-recon
Gross et al 11
Thomas Gross, Albert Poche, Kevin Ennis, DOD Defense Logistics Agency Research and Development, 10/19/2011, Beyond Demonstration: The Role of Fuel Cells in DoD's Energy Strategy, http://www.chfcc.org/publications/reports/dod-fuel-cell_10-19-11_dlafuelcells.pdf Future uses for unmanned vehicles may extend well beyond their current missions. The Integrated
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energy efficient than internal combustion engines, which improves mission duration.70 Specifically key to effective ISR capabilities—key to effective military operations in a crisis
John L. Trefz, Jr., LCDR, US Navy, 2003, From Persistent ISR to Precision Strikes: The Expanding Role of UAVs, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a420264.pdf “Operational intelligence is directed at collection, analysis, and evaluation of information dealing
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but their loss would be more acceptable than that of a manned aircraft. Effective military operations solve nuclear conflict
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April 24, 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan. SMR development allows hydrogen fuel cell transition—spills over to military transportation
AET, 12
(“Alternative Energy The Ways that the Military is Using,” 10/25/2012 http://www.alternative-energy-today.com/the-ways-that-the-military-is-using-alternative-energy/) One thing that the military leaders stress is the desire for the forces deployed in
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is clearly high on the R and D priority list of the military. Tech is viable—just need hydrogen fuel
Chuck Squatriglia, Wired, 4/22/11, Discovery Could Make Fuel Cells Much Cheaper, www.wired.com/autopia/2011/04/discovery-makes-fuel-cells-orders-of-magnitude-cheaper/ One of the biggest issues with hydrogen fuel cells, aside from the lack of
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so it directly addresses one of the main barriers to hydrogen fuel cells.” Plan The United States Federal Government should acquire electricity from small modular reactors for its domestic military installations.
1AC Solvency Contention 4 is solvency— DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership
Andres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—
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will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance. The plan cuts costs and supercharges commercialization
Fitzpatrick 11
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy at Third Way, Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way, and Mieke Eoyan, Director for National Security at Third Way, June 2011, Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance CleanEnergy Technology... And Why It Has To, content.thirdway.org/publications/414/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf The DoD has over $400 billion in annual purchasing power, which means the
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of the economy, it should make clean energy innovation its newest priority. DoD needs to lead
Energy Washington Week 10
(“DOD STRESSING NEED FOR NRC COLLABORATION ON 'MINI' REACTOR BUILD OUT” July 5, 2010, Vol. 7 No. 27) The U.S. Army is rejecting arguments by some industry and government officials
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SMR functionality that would eventually help accelerate commercial licensing, says the source. SMR’s are safe
Ringle 10
(John C. Ringle of Corvallis is professor emeritus of nuclear engineering at Oregon State University, “Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win” November 13, 2010, http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/) Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
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companies within the next two years for approval of SMR designs. Energy Secretary 2AC
warming No impact
Anderson 9/9/12
Corby, served from 2010 to 2011 as a committee member for the National Academy of Sciences study on uranium mining in Virginia. Anderson has more than 33 years of academic and applied global industrial experience in mining, metallurgical, energy, chemical, environmental, and materials engineering. He holds a Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from the University of Idaho, “What the uranium mining study said and did not say,” http://www2.timesdispatch.com/news/commentary/2012/sep/09/tdcomm03-what-the-uranium-mining-study-said-and-di-ar-2187800/, AM Fifty years ago, we had neither the technology nor the understanding about the effects
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fully embraced the industry and still boasts an enviable record of environmental stewardship. Hydrogen Credible attribution capability key to deter state sponsorship of nuclear terrorism
Talmadge 7
(IR and Government Prof-George Washington, PhD-MIT, “Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf) Deterring a Nuclear 9/11
If the United States develops a credible nuclear attribution capability, states that wish to
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Korea against selling parts of its emerging nuclear arsenal to the highest bidder. Nuclear terrorism likely—checking state sponsorship key
Graham Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, 9/7/12, "Living in the Era of Megaterror", belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22302/living_in_the_era_of_megaterror.html Today, how many people can a small group of terrorists kill in a single
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terrorists, aspirations to become the world’s first nuclear terrorist can be thwarted. Nuclear terrorism impact
extinction
Hellman 8
(Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf) The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
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assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. UAV DA US first strike means no escalation and no extinction
Lieber and Press 13
Keir A. Lieber, Associate Professor, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth College Coordinator of War and Peace Studies at the John Sloan Dickey Center, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Spring 2013, "The New Era of Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Conflict", http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/digital/pdf/spring_13/lieber.pdf The first set of arguments is about an important, yet virtually unnoticed, consequence
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that would create virtually no radioactive fallout, hence, vastly reduced fatalities.
For nuclear analysts weaned on two seeming truths of the Cold War era—that nuclear arsenals reliably deter attacks via the threat of retaliation, and that nuclear weapons use is tantamount to mass slaughter—the implications of the counterforce revolution should be jarring.
The conventional view linking nuclear weapons to stalemate and slaughter was correct during the latter
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came to instinctively associate nuclear weapons with stalemate and nuclear use with Armageddon.
But nuclear weapons—like virtually all other weapons—have changed dramatically over the
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Iran and Israel—bear little resemblance to the Cold War superpower standoff.
To illustrate the revolution in accuracy, in 2006 we modeled the hardest case for
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and analysts need to reexamine their underlying assumptions about nuclear stalemate and deterrence.
Since 2006, we have discussed these issues with many nuclear analysts, US government
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and long-range precision strike, in addition to nuclear strike capabilities. Wouldn’t go nuclear or draw in outside powers
Roger Cliff, Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would occur if China attempted to use force to achieve unification, the
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region, which would be even less concerned about China’s use of force. No internal link to first strike—no ev saying China war coming No China war – cooperation
Friedberg 5, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs and Director of Policy Planning in the Office of the Vice President, International Security, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 7–45 Fortunately, a number of the factors to which the optimists point seem likely to
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not accompanied immediately by more profound and far-reaching domestic political reforms. No escalation – US wins decisively
AP, 3/9/’11
(“China challenges U.S. edge in Asia-Pacific”) The U.S. Pacific Command has 325,….should have 1,500 by then.
Economic incentives
Rachman, chief foreign affairs commentator – Financial Times, ‘11
(Gideon, “Think Again: American Decline,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb) Yet even if you factor in considerable future economic and political turbulence, it would
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what obstacles lie in its path. CP SMRs solve inevitable water wars
Palley ‘11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71 The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
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biblical ability to “strike any local rock and have water gush forth.” That solves indo-pak water wars that go nuclear.
Zahoor ‘11
(Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, “Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia,” http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia, AM) South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
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dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means. Doesn’t solve—only 25% effective in compensating for warming
GAO 11 (Government Accountability Office, “Climate Engineering: Technical Status, Future Directions, and Potential Responses,” Technology Assessment July 2011) Increasing Earth’s surface reflectivity in deserts, flora, and settled areas has been proposed
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reinterpretations based on energy balance—would be up to about 25 percent. Maintenance alone costs 3 trillion per year
GAO 11 (Government Accountability Office, “Climate Engineering: Technical Status, Future Directions, and Potential Responses,” Technology Assessment July 2011) The maintenance cost for reflective deserts that could potentially compensate for more than 57 percent
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design, fabrication, testing, acquisition, installation, or infrastructure costs. Only smr’s solve the grid – renewables fail
Charles Barton 11, founder of the Nuclear Green Revolution blog, MA in philosophy, “Future storm damage to the grid may carry unacceptable costs”, April 30, http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html Amory Lovins has long argued that the traditional grid is vulnerable to this sort of
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use of renewable electrical generation approaches may worsen rather than improved grid reliability. Islanding capability is irrelevant if inputs are intermittent—baseload nuclear power key
Energy Collective, 5/10/12, Replacing nuclear with wind power: Could it be done?, theenergycollective.com/node/84553 Many people would like it to be theoretically possible to replace nuclear power with wind
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works intermittently and requires keeping all the conventional generators that we already have. Microgrids won’t island even if tech works
Daniel Sater, 2011, Research Fellow at Global Green USA's Security and Sustainability Office, Military Energy Security: Current Efforts and Future Solutions, Global Green, globalgreen.org/docs/publication-185-1.pdf Microgrids are not without their drawbacks. Similar to the problems with the departing load
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should nullify any danger to utility workers as they perform any maintenance work. Doesn’t solve cyber attacks—DOD study
S.B. Van Broekhoven et al june ‘12 N. Judson S.V.T. Nguyen W.D. Ross, “Microgrid Study:
Energy Security for DoD Installations,” AM Cyber security concerns are a significant detriment to microgrid development. The DoD should
develop/certify a set of DIACAP-approved devices that can be used across the services for energy
management systems. K Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70) During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
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a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61 Pursuit of hegemony’s locked-in
Zach Dorfman 12, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605 The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
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come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay. No impact – threat construction isn’t sufficient to cause wars
Kaufman, Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, ‘9
(Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434) Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
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and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma. Psychoanalysis is cookie cutter and has been disproven
Todd Dufresne 6, Professor of Philosophy and founding Director of The Advanced Institute for Globalization and Culture at Lakehead University, Killing Freud, googlebooks TD: I tried to make the heterogeneity of opinion about Freuds death drive theory
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we must confront the basic facts and rewrite the history of psychoanalysis anew. And by extension, their impacts are wrong and should be rejected as intellectual blackmail.
Todd Dufresne 6, Professor of Philosophy and founding Director of The Advanced Institute for Globalization and Culture at Lakehead University, Killing Freud, googlebooks Scholars, medically trained doctors, journalists and former patients have long objected to aspects
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, that partisan interests get lampooned and embarrassed by straight talk and revelations. It can’t explain international politics
Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ‘10
(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 182 – 185, Figure 1.5 included) Can we bring some order to this host of criticisms? It is remarkable that
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can the theorist and his allies use to move them to do so? Even if they’re right about drives, the repression-lashout link has been disproven
Havi Carel 6, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of the West of England, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger”, googlebooks Secondly, the constancy principle on which these ideas are based is incompatible with observational
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support for discarding the Nirvana principle and reconstructing the death drive as aggression. Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ‘10
(Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework
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the empirical and analytic distinctness of the different object fields in complex societies.
In truth, we feel that Theory, and the continuing line of ‘master
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produced illusions, from Plato’s timeless cave allegory to Žižek’s theory of ideology.
We know that Theory largely understands itself as avowedly ‘post- metaphysical’. It
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today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously. Catastrophic warming reps are good—it’s the only way to motivate response—their empirics are attributable to climate denialism
Romm ‘12
(Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 “Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm #88 on its list of 100 “people who are reinventing America.” Time named him a “Hero of the Environment″ and “The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger.” Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, “Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ‘Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate”, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/#more-432546) The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday
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by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture. Repression doesn’t explain lashout
Havi Carel 6, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of the West of England, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger”, googlebooks Secondly, the constancy principle on which these ideas are based is incompatible with observational
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support for discarding the Nirvana principle and reconstructing the death drive as aggression. 1AR – All Kritik Answers
Climate Security Good
No eco authoritarianism - action
Brito ’11
(Rafaela, PhD Student, Department of Politics and International Relations University of Southampton, United Kingdom, “A Climate for Conflict or Cooperation? Addressing the Securitisation of Climate Change,” Paper prepared for the Third Global International Studies Conference, 17-20 August 2011, University of Porto, Portugal. http://www.wiscnetwork.org/porto2011/papers/WISC_2011-724.pdf, AM) Regarding climate change, there is abundant literature warning on the risks of securitising climate
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and adaptation should be seen as preventive security policies (Solana, 2008). 2AC Econ solves the mindset
Thompson ‘3
Barton, professor of natural resources at Stanford, "What Good is Economics" 27 Environs Envtl. L. and Pol'y J. 175, Lexis. Even the environmental moralist who eschews any normative use of economics may find economics valuable
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ignores this tool in trying to improve the environment is doomed to frustration. 2ac util Util’s the only moral framework
Murray 97 (Alastair, Professor of Politics at U. Of Wales-Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, p. 110) Weber emphasised that, while the 'absolute ethic of the gospel' must be taken seriously
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underlying this doctrine 'leads to the negation of absolute ethical judgements altogether'.13 structural violence Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Boulding 77
Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung
Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published
Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.12 He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science.
He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement. Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of 'structural violence' 'and 'positive
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it may have d'one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: Watson, Wunderlich, and Neighbors Contention one is warming— Warming is real and anthropogenic–best climate data and modelsMueller 12
(The New York Times, Richard A. Mueller, July 28, 2012, "The Conversion of a Climate Change Skeptic" Richard A. Muller, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of "Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines." http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=1%26pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=1%26pagewanted=all) CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in previous climate
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the shape of the observed temperature rise and the known greenhouse gas increase. Chestney 1/13/13
Nina, senior environmental correspondent, "Climate Change Study: Emissions Limits Could Avoid Damage By Two-Thirds," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/13/climate-change-study-emissions-limits_n_2467995.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/13/climate-change-study-emissions-limits_n_2467995.html, AM The world could avoid much of the damaging effects of climate change this century if
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, transport systems and agriculture more resilient to climate change," Arnell said. Brandenberg 99 (John %26 Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233) The ozone hole expands, driven by a monstrous synergy with global warming that puts
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Mars—red, desolate, with perhaps a few hardy microbes surviving. Ward 10
(Peter, PhD, professor of Biology and Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington, paleontologist and NASA astrobiologist, Fellow at the California Academy of Sciences, The Flooded Earth: Our Future in a World Without Ice Caps, June 29, 2010) In the rest of this chapter I will support a contention that within several millennia
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Planet Earth: the thermohaline current systems, sometimes called the conveyor currents. Romm ’9
(Joe, a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 "Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm ~%2388 on its list of 100 "people who are reinventing America." Time named him a "Hero of the Environment″ and "The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger." Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw %241 billion in R%26D, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT, "Imagine a World without Fish: Deadly ocean acidification — hard to deny, harder to geo-engineer, but not hard to stop — is subject of documentary ," http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2009/09/02/204589/a-sea-change-imagine-a-world-without-fish-ocean-acidification-film/, AM) Global warming is "capable of wrecking the marine ecosystem and depriving future generations of
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that life "" the time to start slashing carbon dioxide emissions is now. SMR-based nuclear power is safe and solves warmingShellenberger 12
(Michael, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/) Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
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than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done. Plan results in exports and is cost-competitiveKen Silverstein, Forbes, 1/15/13, After Fukushima, U.S. Seeks to Advance Small Nuclear Reactors, www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2013/01/15/after-fukushima-u-s-seeks-to-advance-small-nuclear-reactors/ "Restarting the nation’s nuclear industry and advancing small modular reactor technologies will help create
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and less developed countries that need a clean and continuous source of power. SMRs revitalize the US nuclear industry and overcome their export DFred McGoldrick, CSIS, Former Senior Official, U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of State, negotiated U.S. peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements, served in the U.S. Mission to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Jan 2013, Nuclear Trade Controls, http://csis.org/files/publication/130122_McGoldrick_NuclearTradeControls_Web.pdf Some argue that one of these impediments is the stricter conditions that the United States
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prove too hard to do, but it is well worth the effort. Scenario 1 is blackouts— Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?" 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project) In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
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associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment. Magnuson 12
(Stew Magnuson, managing editor of National Defense Magazine, Washington, D.C.-based journalist and the author of The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns, the Nebraska Nonfiction Book of the Year for 2009, bronze medal in the regional nonfiction category, September 2012, "Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids," http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx) Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both cyber-attacks and space
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be delivered by special rail car, and most are now manufactured overseas. Those communication breakdowns go nuclear and decimate military operationsAndres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics vulnerability
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in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced. Hawaiian military bases highly vulnerable to supply disruptions and grid breakdowns—-must switch to SMR to ensure energy securityButler, 10
(Director-Operations %26 Training-Marine Corps Base Hawaii, "The Nuclear Option," http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2010/11/4847032/) Even so, as U.S. armed forces parallel the business world with
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and the military should enthusiastically seize the opportunity to lead the way. AFJ The plan leads to rapid deployment and adoption of SMR’s on the islandsFerguson, 10
(PhD and President, Federation of American Scientists, 5/19, Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg57172/html/CHRG-111hhrg57172.htm) Q2. Should the Federal Government conduct a Federal demonstration program for SMR technology?
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, and solar sources are environmentally sound and cost competitive with fossil fuels. Ferguson, 10
(PhD and President, Federation of American Scientists, 5/19, Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg57172/html/CHRG-111hhrg57172.htm) It is also worth pointing out that in the United States, Alaska and Hawaii
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States as a whole to generate about two percent of the nation’s electricity. Cooney, 11
(Columnist at Triple Pundit and Author of Building a Green Small Business, 9/28, "The U.S. Military’s Plans to Assure Energy Independence," http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/09/whats-military-doing-assure-energy-independence/) George Kai’iliwai, Director, Resources and Assessment, of the U.S.
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, abundant renewables, with commercially viable sun and wind power resources throughout. Terry, 12
(U.S. Army-Pacific, "USARPAC outlines Hawaii’s importance to Army, Pacific," 1/13, http://www.hawaiiarmyweekly.com/2012/01/13/usarpac-outlines-hawaiis-importance-to-army-pacific/) Lt. Gen. Francis Wiercinski, commander, U.S. Army-
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terms of entry into Asia and is an important region in the world. Murray, 12
(Columnist MidWeek, 6/5, "The Army’s Growing Role In The Pacific," http://www.midweek.com/lt-gen-francis-wiercinski/) North Korea. China. Philippines. Indonesia. Myanmar. Not to mention natural
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earthquake and tsunami as another example of the importance of location and familiarity. Campbell et al 8 (Kurt M, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Dr. Campbell served in several capacities in government, including as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asia and the Pacific, Director on theNational Security Council Staff, previously the Chief Executive Officer and co-founder of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), served as Director of the Aspen Strategy Group and the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Washington Quarterly, and was the founder and Principal of StratAsia, a strategic advisory company focused on Asia, rior to co-founding CNAS, he served as Senior Vice President, Director of the International Security Program, and the Henry A. Kissinger Chair in National Security Policy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, doctorate in International Relation Theory from Oxford, former associate professor of public policy and international relations at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Assistant Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, member of Council on Foreign Relations and International Institute for Strategic Studies, "The Power of Balance: America in iAsia" June 2008, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf-http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CampbellPatelSingh_iAsia_June08.pdf) Asian investment is also at record levels. Asian countries lead the world with unprecedented infra¬structure projects. With over %243 trillion in foreign currency reserves, Asian nations and businesses are starting to shape global economic activity. Indian firms are purchasing industrial giants such as Arcelor Steel, as well as iconic brands of its once-colonial ruler, such as Jaguar and Range Rover. China’s Lenovo bought IBM’s personal computer
We call the transformations across the Asia-Pacific the emergence of "iAsia"
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are all magnified by the risk of miscalculation or poor decision-making. DoD procurement of SMR’s solves security and islands military bases.Loudermilk 11
Micah J. Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs, www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375 Path forward: Department of Defense as first-mover Problematically, despite the immense
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advance the technology broadly and eventually lead to their wide-scale adoption. Hydrogen fuel cells critical to UAV operational effectiveness via endurance and stealthNRL, Naval Research Laboratory, Fall 2010, Fuel Cell Power Soar on Fuel Cell Power, http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content_images/SPECTRA_Fall2010.pdf Piloted remotely or autonomously, unmanned aerial vehicles have long provided extra "eyes in
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using a "green," quiet, efficient, and affordable fuel system. -nuclear forensics
-mine neutralization / clearance
-forward operating base security
-recon
Gross et al 11
Thomas Gross, Albert Poche, Kevin Ennis, DOD Defense Logistics Agency Research %26 Development, 10/19/2011, Beyond Demonstration: The Role of Fuel Cells in DoD’s Energy Strategy, http://www.chfcc.org/publications/reports/dod-fuel-cell_10-19-11_dlafuelcells.pdf Future uses for unmanned vehicles may extend well beyond their current missions. The Integrated
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energy efficient than internal combustion engines, which improves mission duration.~70~ John L. Trefz, Jr., LCDR, US Navy, 2003, From Persistent ISR to Precision Strikes: The Expanding Role of UAVs, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a420264.pdf "Operational intelligence is directed at collection, analysis, and evaluation of information dealing
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but their loss would be more acceptable than that of a manned aircraft. Kagan and O’Hanlon 7
Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April 24, 2007, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf-http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan. Alt Energy Today, 10/25
("Alternative Energy The Ways that the Military is Using," http://www.alternative-energy-today.com/the-ways-that-the-military-is-using-alternative-energy/) One thing that the military leaders stress is the desire for the forces deployed in
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is clearly high on the R %26 D priority list of the military. Chuck Squatriglia, Wired, 4/22/11, Discovery Could Make Fuel Cells Much Cheaper, www.wired.com/autopia/2011/04/discovery-makes-fuel-cells-orders-of-magnitude-cheaper/ One of the biggest issues with hydrogen fuel cells, aside from the lack of
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so it directly addresses one of the main barriers to hydrogen fuel cells." The United States Federal Government should obtain electricity from small modular reactors for military bases in the United States. Contention 4 is solvency— DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadershipAndres 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—
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will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance. The plan cuts costs and supercharges commercializationFitzpatrick 11
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy at Third Way, Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way, and Mieke Eoyan, Director for National Security at Third Way, June 2011, Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance CleanEnergy Technology... And Why It Has To, content.thirdway.org/publications/414/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf The DoD has over %24400 billion in annual purchasing power, which means the
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of the economy, it should make clean energy innovation its newest priority. Energy Washington Week 10
("DOD STRESSING NEED FOR NRC COLLABORATION ON ’MINI’ REACTOR BUILD OUT" July 5, 2010, Vol. 7 No. 27) The U.S. Army is rejecting arguments by some industry and government officials
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SMR functionality that would eventually help accelerate commercial licensing, says the source. Ringle 10
(John C. Ringle of Corvallis is professor emeritus of nuclear engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win" November 13, 2010, http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/) Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
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companies within the next two years for approval of SMR designs. Energy Secretary |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: Watson, Wunderlich, and Neighbors Not politically viable
Downey, Lt Col – USAFR, Forestier, Wg Cdr – RAAF, and Miller, Lt Col – USAF, April ’4
(James, Anthony, and David, "Flying Reactors: The Political Feasibility of Nuclear Power in Space," A Research Report Submitted to Air Force Fellows, CADRE/AR In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements) For more than 50 years the United States has explored the possibility of space borne
nuclear fission reactors. The advantages of reactors are light weight, high power, long life, and
lower comparative costs. A nuclear reactor could simultaneously support large space vehicle
electrical power requirements, and enable either electric or ionic propulsion. Nevertheless as
technologically attractive as Space Nuclear Power (SNP) may be as a mission enabling
technology, the use of SNP systems is currently politically challenging. Today, the United States
has no active SNP systems, although there are missions that would benefit from SNP technology.
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Modern society is risk adverse, especially so regarding nuclear technologies.
• Carte blanche permission for the U.S. government to develop nuclear
technologies has been withdrawn.
• For SNP to be feasible there must be a compelling mission requirement and a
reasonable level of popular political support.
• The Values-Focused Decision Strategy should be employed by both NASA and
Department of Defense SNP missions.
• NASA should carry SNP public policy forward with a focus on deep space
explorationa mission that requires SNP technology.
• Department of Defense also has a strong case for SNP arising from emerging
security concerns and should leverage NASA’s experience.
This paper advocates a Values-Focused Decision Strategy for SNP within a transscientific
context. If properly applied, the strategy should improve NASA’s or the Department
of Defense’s chances of satisfying Congress of the political feasibility of an SNP program. The
Values-Focused Decision Strategy outlines a democratically legitimate and scientifically
rigorous mechanism to assist policy-makers in considering SNP as a trans-scientific policy
option.
The Values-Focused decision strategy seeks a reasonable political compromise based on
stakeholder values regarding potential consequences. While the Values-Focused decision
strategy is only one possible approach, experiments using this process indicate that using it
greatly improves the chances of program acceptance over non-participatory decision processes
currently used. The strategy has five steps: - Carefully define the decision to be made
2. Identify ’what matters’ in the context of an impending decision in the form of the
stakeholders’ objectives
3. Create a set of appealing and purposeful alternatives
4. Employ the best available technical information to characterize the consequences
of the alternatives, including the associated uncertainty
5. Carry out an in-depth evaluation of the alternatives addressing the tradeoffs they
entail.
The political environment has changed fundamentally from the Cold War era of the
1950s and 1960s. The Cold War focus was on a monolithic, nuclear capable, external threat that
is now diffused. As a consequence, the tacit permission that was granted to the government by
society during the Cold War to pursue nuclear programs has been curtailed. That is especially
true for programs that are perceived to pose trans-scientific public risks such as SNP.
Ultimately, it was a political judgment that ended every SNP program.
The primary factor influencing the current political debate over SNP is the increasing fear
of technology that has developed in society over the past few decades. Our society perceives
great risk in nuclear technology, yet paradoxically willingly enjoys the benefits. Some
politically active groups perceive cataclysmic outcomes from SNP and are prepared to
vigorously protest against it, in all of its forms. SNP opponents claim with some justification
that a failure of a space launch system carrying a nuclear powered space vehicle would produce
the equivalent of a "dirty" nuclear bomb. The reality is likely to be far less dire, but the
perception of excessive risk is in the public arena. Therefore, the political battle is over
perceived risks instead of empirical fact, with the judgment further complicated because not all
of the consequences pertaining to an accident with a nuclear powered vehicle in the Earth’s
atmosphere can be verified by current scientific techniques.
For example, the consequences of a nuclear payload breaking up in the Earth’s
atmosphere cannot today be empirically quantified. Therefore, experts have considerable scope
to argue over the risk. Program opponents and proponents use their own experts to present risk
analyses that cover an extraordinarily broad range. The trans-scientific doubt about the SNP
enterprise also places the policy-maker in the unenviable position of needing to make a decision
without sufficient empirical data.
Meanwhile, the unscientific public remains unaware or unconvinced of the reward of the
enterprise being supported by the nuclear power source and certainly uncomfortable with the
potential risks. As well, they are not sure about the relative merit of a nuclear power source for
space applications versus competing technologies.
Looking towards the future, the policy-maker must consider emerging missions that will
require SNP to be feasible. Such missions include space science undertaken by NASA, and
national security undertaken by the Department of Defense. The first proposed scientific mission
is NASA’s Jupiter Icy Moon Orbiter (JIMO) planned for 2012. JIMO is designed to search for
the precursors of life in the waters under the surface ice on Jupiter’s moons Callisto, Ganymede,
and Europa. For Department of Defense, SNP-enabled hyper-spectral satellites could transform
space based intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) improving U.S. and allied
security profoundly.
If SNP is necessary for the U.S. to extend space based capabilities for science and
security, then a political engagement strategy is required because nuclear SNP is a scientific
problem that has entered the political realm of trans-science. Similar to other nuclear
technologies, SNP has significant political risks that cannot be scientifically verified. Therefore,
we believe that the most certain way to cultivate the unscientific public’s trust is to improve both
the underlying safety and robustness of nuclear and space technologies while engaging the public
politically in an open and democratically transparent way.
Zach Dorfman 12, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism", May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605-http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605 The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
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come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay. Levine 9/24/12
Steve, Quartz’s Washington correspondent, writes about the intersection of energy, technology and geopolitics, a juncture of some of the most important and quickly developing events and trends on the planet. LeVine teaches the subject as an adjunct professor in Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program in the Graduate School of Foreign Service. He is a Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation. LeVine comes to the beat after 18 years as a foreign correspondent in the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Philippines, where he wrote for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the Financial Times, and Newsweek. Most recently, LeVine founded and ran The Oil and the Glory, a blog on energy and geopolitics at Foreign Policy magazine. He is the author of two books: The Oil and the Glory, a history of oil told through the 1990s-2000s oil rush on the Caspian Sea; and Putin’s Labyrinth, a profile of Russia through the lives and deaths of six Russians, "Five ways a new age of cheap energy could shift the power balance on the planet," http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/-http://qz.com/3416/five-ways-a-new-age-of-cheap-energy-could-shift-the-power-balance-on-the-planet-2/, AM Yet the age of abundance also brings with it some changes in the way energy
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result with absolute declines" in CO2, Fridley told me by email. World Climate Report 5 (4/22 "Change of Direction: Do SO2 Emissions Lead to Warming?"
http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2005/04/22/change-of-direction-do-so2-emissions-lead-to-warming/-http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2005/04/22/change-of-direction-do-so2-emissions-lead-to-warming/) Many scientists believe that sulfur dioxide emissions, either from un-scrubbed power plants
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in a stratospheric cooling and a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface. Vernier et al ’11
J.P., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA LATMOS
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, VOL. 38, L12807, 8 PP., 2011, AM) The variability of stratospheric aerosol loading between 1985 and 2010 is explored with measurements from
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by the Brewer-Dobson circulation and are eventually transported to higher latitudes. Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
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accountability apply to differing degrees depending upon the type of incentive under consideration.
By limiting the definition of financial incentives to initiatives where public funds are either disbursed
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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives. EIA 1 (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf) Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
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thus enhancing the commercial viability of the good(s) provided.4 Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf) 2 On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated "the authority, with
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or his delegate(s)." Pet. App. 111-113. ELP, Electric Light %26 Power Editors, 1/28/13, U.S. Army renewable energy initiative advances, www.elp.com/articles/2013/01/u-s—army-renewable-energy-initiative-advances.html With plans to issue solicitations for three renewable energy projects before the end of the
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fired power plant on Oahu intended to increase energy security for the Army. Voegele 3/18/13
Erin, Biomass magazine, "Toomey amendments would reallocate military funding for biofuels," http://www.biomassmagazine.com/articles/8742/toomey-amendments-would-reallocate-military-funding-for-biofuels On March 14, Sen. Pat Toomey, R-Pa., filed two
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to the Navy, and %2437 from allocations for the Air Force. Maren Leed, CSIS senior adviser, Harold Brown Chair in Defense Policy Studies and Ground Forces Dialogue, 1/25/13, A Defense Strategy We Can Afford, csis.org/publication/critical-questions-2013-defense-and-security~%23a The coming of the new year has left the specter of sequestration still hanging over
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, ways, and means for supporting our strategic aims are already misaligned. Clark Murdock, CSIS Senior Adviser, Defense and National Security Group, 1/25/13, Living within Our Means: Redefining Defense Priorities for an Era of Limited Resources, csis.org/publication/critical-questions-2013-defense-and-security~%23b This is because DoD will be faced not only with declining defense dollars but also
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nation’s ability to adhere to its current set of defense strategies and priorities. Palley ’11
Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71 The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
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biblical ability to "strike any local rock and have water gush forth." Zahoor ’11
(Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, "Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia," http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia-http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia, AM) South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
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dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means. GAO 11 (Government Accountability Office, "Climate Engineering: Technical Status, Future Directions, and Potential Responses," Technology Assessment July 2011) We rated the maturity of biochar and biomass at TRL 2. Ongoing and published
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researching them as a means of abating climate change and improving soil fertility. GAO 11 (Government Accountability Office, "Climate Engineering: Technical Status, Future Directions, and Potential Responses," Technology Assessment July 2011) Increasing Earth’s surface reflectivity in deserts, flora, and settled areas has been proposed
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reinterpretations based on energy balance—would be up to about 25 percent. Energy Collective, 5/10/12, Replacing nuclear with wind power: Could it be done?, theenergycollective.com/node/84553 Many people would like it to be theoretically possible to replace nuclear power with wind
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works intermittently and requires keeping all the conventional generators that we already have. Jeff McMahon-http://blogs.forbes.com/jeffmcmahon/**, 5/23/2012. Forbes green-tech contributor. "Small Modular Nuclear Reactors By 2022 — But No Market For Them," Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2012/05/23/small-modular-reactors-by-2022-but-no-market-for-them/. DOE defines reactors as SMRs if they generate less than 300 megawatts of power, sometimes as little as 25 MW, compared to conventional reactors which may produce more than 1,000 MW. Small modular reactors can be constructed in factories and installed underground, which improves containment and security but may hinder emergency access. Only LWRs get commercialized—thorium won’t happen
Shellenberger 12
(Michael, founder of the Breakthrough Institute, graduate of Earlham College and holds a masters degree in cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, "New Nukes: Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap", September 11, http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/) Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
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than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done. Tickell 12
Oliver Tickell, As a student of physics at St John’s College, Oxford, Tickell holds a masters degree from Oxford University. He is a founding partner of Oxford Climate Associates and a member of the Oxford Geoengineering Institute, April/May 2012, "Thorium: Not ’green’, not ’viable’, and not likely", http://www.jonathonporritt.com/sites/default/files/users/Thorium%20briefing%20FINAL%203.7.12.pdf Despite the resurgence of interest in the MSR / LFTR technology, there are no concrete plans to build even a single such reactor. China currently appears most likely to provide the funding necessary to develop LFTR technology due to that country’s relatively large nuclear programme and the government’s willingness to invest in new energy generation technologies. But even there any production-scale LFTR is unlikely to materialise for 20-30 years. Tickell 12
Oliver Tickell, As a student of physics at St John’s College, Oxford, Tickell holds a masters degree from Oxford University. He is a founding partner of Oxford Climate Associates and a member of the Oxford Geoengineering Institute, April/May 2012, "Thorium: Not ’green’, not ’viable’, and not likely", http://www.jonathonporritt.com/sites/default/files/users/Thorium%20briefing%20FINAL%203.7.12.pdf 3.1 Abundance of thorium relative to uranium Claim: Thorium is several times
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marginal advantage in energy security to those countries in which it is abundant. No escalation
Collins, prof poli sci – Notre Dame, and Wohlforth, prof govt – Dartmouth, ’4
(Kathleen and William, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~~govt/docs/15-Central%20Asia-press.pdf-http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/docs/15-Central Asia-press.pdf) While cautious realism must remain the watchword concerning an impoverished and potentially unstable region comprised
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destabilizing shock might generate more rather than less cooperation among the major powers.
Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan are clearly on a trajectory that portends
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11, as well as reinforce regional and domestic stability in Central Asia. No stability and the economy’s not keyDavid Britain, London School of Economics, Feb 2012, Kazakhstan: The Myth of Stability, blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2012/02/kazakhstan-the-myth-of-stability/ The 16th of December was meant to be a jubilant day in Kazakhstan. Parallel
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handling union strikes seems an incapable guarantor for social stability in the future.
Economy already diversified
Sergei Gretsky is a Professorial Lecturer in International Affairs, The Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, 3/4/13 ~"Kazakhstan seeks wider horizons," Asia Times, 2013, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-040313.html~~ Kazakhstan is well known for the successful transformation of its economy following independence more than
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Astana may well become the first "green" city in the world. Prices low—
Uranium prices just plummeted – no recovery in sight – Japan’s demand most important
Bloomberg 3/12 ~Ben Sharples, "Uranium Rally Falters on Japanese Nuclear Delays: Energy Markets," 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-12/uranium-rally-falters-on-japanese-nuclear-delays-energy-markets.html~~ Uranium’s rally from a three-year low is stalling amid signs Japan, once
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15, Takahiro Senoh, the company’s spokesman, said Jan. 28. Melissa Pistilli, Market Analyst, 3/14 ~"Uranium’s Comeback Year Hasn’t Jumped the Track Yet," 2013, http://uraniuminvestingnews.com/13909/uranium-comeback-rob-chang-jeb-handwerger-outlook-2013-japan-china-nuclear-reactors-mergers-acquisitions.html~~ Supply drives the market There’s no doubt that the demand side of uranium’s long-
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due to low uranium prices, is leading to a projected supply deficit. US-Indian relations low but will never collapse
Padukone 12 (Neil Padukone is the Felow for geopolitics at the Takshashila Institution, 6/19/2012, "Natural Allies?", pragati.nationalinterest.in/2012/06/natural-allies/) In the late 1990s, the United States and India embarked on a partnership based
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balancing China, expanding trade, and stabilising South Asia- remain intact. Matthew Yglesias, Slate, 1/15/13, How the GOP Can Roll Obama on Immigration, www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/01/15/immigration_reform_will_obama_get_rolled.html Of the major policy issues under discussion in Washington, "immigration reform" stands
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" bill that doesn’t offer the path Latino advocacy groups are looking for.
Elise Foley has the key line from her briefing on the administration’s thinking about immigration, namely that a piecemeal approach "could result in passage of the less politically complicated pieces, such as an enforcement mechanism and high-skilled worker visas, while leaving out more contentious items such as a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants."
And indeed it could. But how can they stop it? The last House
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kind of fanaticism that is the exact opposite of Obama’s approach to politics. Appelbaum 12
Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific R%26D, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say-http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say Sarewitz, who studies the government’s role in promoting innovation, said the Defense Department
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find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs. Jon Terbush, The Week, 3/28/13, Bully pulpit: Can Obama save gun legislation? , theweek.com/article/index/242083/bully-pulpit-can-obama-save-gun-legislation~%23 President Barack Obama pushed back Thursday against opponents of tighter gun laws, saying it
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he’s scheduled to be in Colorado to tout that state’s new gun laws. Anna Palmer, 3/22/13, Immigration deal in limbo as business, labor clash, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=1B5B052A-9CA3-4105-8BBE-B24B22287C3E The Senate’s "Gang of Eight" is preparing to leave town with a deal
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of programs have always been considered a key part of comprehensive immigration reform." Julie Pace, Associated press whtie house correspondent, 3/27/13, Obama: Immigration bill could pass by summer, www.timesunion.com/news/politics/article/Obama-back-at-forefront-of-immigration-debate-4389183.php While overhauling the nation’s patchwork immigration laws is a top second term priority for the
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new low-skilled workers was unlikely to "doom" the legislation. Judson Berger, 3/4/13, Recurring budget crises could put squeeze on Obama’s second-term priorities, www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/04/recurring-budget-crises-could-put-squeeze-on-obama-second-term-priorities/ Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill., a vocal advocate for immigration reform
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.C., who both are part of a bipartisan group crafting legislation. Fawn Johnson, 3/21/13, Border Triggers Could Sink Immigration Deal, www.nationaljournal.com/daily/border-triggers-could-sink-immigration-deal-20130321 Republicans’ insistence that border-security benchmarks be met before legalizing 11-12 million
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. Almost half of those in deportation proceedings have committed no other crimes. |
| 03/29/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: Watson, Wunderlich, and Neighbors Mandia 11
(Scott A. Mandia, Professor of Physical Sciences at Suffolk College, 1/22/2011, "Global Warming: Man or Myth?", www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/global_warming/greenhouse_gases.html~%23stratospheric_cooling) A climate forcing mechanism such as CO2 is one that will cause a change in
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be read at Chris Colose’s: Re-visiting climate forcing/feedback concepts Diplomacy solves escalation
Lambakis 01
Steven Lambakis (senior defense analyst at the National Institute for Public Policy), Policy Review, 2001, 105, "Space Weapons: Refuting the Critics", http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6612-http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6612 Those who believe we run extraordinary risks stemming from clouded perceptions and misunderstandings in an
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day in all cases. Why would disputes affecting space be any different? Plan can’t solve political obstacles
Downey, Lt Col – USAFR, Forestier, Wg Cdr – RAAF, and Miller, Lt Col – USAF, April ’4
(James, Anthony, and David, "Flying Reactors: The Political Feasibility of Nuclear Power in Space," A Research Report Submitted to Air Force Fellows, CADRE/AR In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements) For a period of more than 50 years the United States has been exploring the potential of
nuclear power reactors for use in a variety of space based applications. From the earliest days
there have been numerous challenges―some technical, many political―that have impeded
progress in every program that has been considered. The issues surrounding space nuclear
power (SNP) are complex and multifaceted. For the United States, the development of SNP lies
at the intersection of program cost benefit and the social perception of risk. The actual decision
to employ SNP is finally political, encompassing political, judgment will and acceptance of risk.
But if the current climate surrounding all things nuclear remains manifest, the future for SNP
looks politically challenging. Empirics are overwhelming
Downey, Lt Col – USAFR, Forestier, Wg Cdr – RAAF, and Miller, Lt Col – USAF, April ’4
(James, Anthony, and David, "Flying Reactors: The Political Feasibility of Nuclear Power in Space," A Research Report Submitted to Air Force Fellows, CADRE/AR In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements) The United States has had a public policy interest in the development of SNP since
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A more detailed review of SNP past programs is presented in Appendix 1.^ DOD doesn’t avoid political pressure
Downey, Lt Col – USAFR, Forestier, Wg Cdr – RAAF, and Miller, Lt Col – USAF, April ’4
(James, Anthony, and David, "Flying Reactors: The Political Feasibility of Nuclear Power in Space," A Research Report Submitted to Air Force Fellows, CADRE/AR In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements) From the perspective of the Department of Defense (DoD), perhaps in the decade 2010-
2020 the United States and its allies may take comfort in the fact that, although terrorism has not
been eliminated, a constellation of large, long lived SNP satellites with their hyper-spectral
sensors have made the problem of global intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)
much more manageable. Terrorists and proliferators of nuclear weapons and associated delivery
systems will find fewer opportunities to act and places to hide.
So is SNP an environmental menace or a feasible enabling technology? The argument is
polarized in the United States, the epicenter of the debate as the world’s most capable space
faring and democratic nation. Valid arguments can be made either way. Each side of the debate
has its active proponents, supported by allies and ad hoc coalitions of stakeholders. Yet between
the interlocutors in the debate there is the vast, unaligned, and politically passive or inactive
majority. The public is interested in space science but is also sensitive to the costs and risks.
Politically aligned and activated, even a small part of that majority would pose pressure that
policy-makers in the government could not ignore, and such pressure may determine the
feasibility of SNP systems’ going forward. Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, "War for water is not a far cry", June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44-http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44 The crisis over water in the Middle East is escalating. Despite existing agreements,
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), has created friction between the State of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Yu ’9
(Victoria, Undergraduate at Dartmouth, University publication, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate," Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, 22 May 2009) A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
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could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10). Tir ’10
(Jaroslav, PhD, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2001)
AND - International Institutions as Strategies for Mitigating Conflict over Water Resources," AM)
Aside from triggering disputes, climate-induced water stress can lead to the escalation
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in the Nile basin, with Egypt opposing diversion attempts by upstream states. Tir ’10
(Jaroslav, PhD, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2001)
AND - International Institutions as Strategies for Mitigating Conflict over Water Resources," AM)
Finally, water stress can increase the risk of conflict through indirect means. Even
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that water conflicts can spill over to affect other areas of interstate relations. Production ALONE would create more emissions than it solves and releases other GHGsLenton et al 8 (Tim, PhD, Professor in Earth System Science at
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Partial Neutralization of Tropospheric H2CO3 with NH3,’’ July 17, 2008) To produce ammonia by the Born-Haber cycle, the most efficient industrial plants
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would be sequestered in the ocean (0.5 Pg-C). Lenton et al 8 (Tim, PhD, Professor in Earth System Science at
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Partial Neutralization of Tropospheric H2CO3 with NH3,’’ July 17, 2008) However, only a small area of the global ocean is substantially N-limited
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the ocean we refer the reader to Doney et al. ~29~ Lenton et al 8 (Tim, PhD, Professor in Earth System Science at
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Partial Neutralization of Tropospheric H2CO3 with NH3,’’ July 17, 2008)
It has been proposed that application of urea, or ammonium sulfate (plus lime
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Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 27: 412–417, 2008
CO2 outweighs and methane decreasing nowCook 10 (John is the Climate Communication Fellow for the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland. He originally studied physics at the University of Queensland. After graduating, he majored in solar physics in his post-grad honours year. He recently co-authored the book Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand., 7/9/2010, "What is methane’s contribution to global warming?", www.skepticalscience.com/methane-and-global-warming.htm) While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200
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down and even leveled off in the last few years (Dlugokencky 2003). |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Advantage One: Fissile Material Nuclear terrorism causes extinction.
Hellman 8
(Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf) The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
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assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. And causes US nuclear lashout
Lt Col Henry W Conley 3 (Chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html) The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
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would be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.” Dispersal of weapons material causes microprolif–extinction
Carrico, Lecturer – UC Berkeley, Fellow Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies – SF Art Institute, PhD Rhetoric – Berkeley, ‘6
(Dale, http://amormundi.blogspot.com/2006/03/technology-and-terror.html) "Key technologies of the future -— in particular, genetic engineering, nanotech
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anywhere might soon threaten you quite literally, and needlessly, with destruction. Russian follow-on solves accidents on the Kola peninsula, which cause extinction
Rousseau, 12
(Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Khazar University, 3/20, Perfect Nuclear Storm Waiting To Happen In Russia’s Northwest Region, http://www.eurasiareview.com/20032012-perfect-nuclear-storm-waiting-to-happen-in-russia%E2%80%99s-northwest-region-analysis/) The volume of ….. years to come. Kola nuclear release poisons Arctic and global oceans
Havens, 1
7/30, Distinguished Professor of chemical engineering-University of Arkansas, “Mothballed Nuclear Subs Create Environmental Disaster,” http://newswire.uark.edu/article.aspx?id=10573 Unfortunately, both the Barents Sea and Kola Peninsula are in the Arctic Circle.
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pollutants released into the Barents Sea will wash up onto our own shores." Extinction
Craig 3 (Robin Kundis, Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, Lexis) Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
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kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us. HEU terrorism’s extremely likely – specifically in Russia and at Pelindaba
Andrew Newman and Matthew Bunn 9, Andrew Newman is a Research Associate with the
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The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, vol.33:2 fall 2009 The threat of nuclear terrorism is real. 1 Osama bin Laden has called the
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of nuclear terrorism can be reduced to a fraction of its current level. Most qualified evidence
Us Russia Joint Threat Assessment May 11
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Joint-Threat-Assessment%20ENG%2027%20May%202011.pdf
ABOUT THE U.S.-RUSSIA JOINT THREAT ASSESSMENT ON NUCLEAR TERRORISM The
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director general of autonomous non-profit organization “Counter-Terrorism Center.” The expert community distinguishes pathways terrorists might take to the bomb (discussed in detail
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where, and on what scale the first act of nuclear terrorism occurs. There are no tech barriers with HEU
Potter, 8
(Professor of Nonproliferation Studies and Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, “Nuclear Terrorism and the Global Politics of Civilian HEU Elimination,” Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 15, No. 2, July 2) One can only guess if actual terrorists would be as contemplative or as well-
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in October 2002, and in Beslan, Russia, in September 2004. The plan solves— Lax security at US nuclear facilities ensures terrorist acquisition—declaring HEU surplus and funding downblending crucial global commitment to control fissile material
Stockton, 12
(Consultant-Project on Government Overight and Former Special Assistant to DOE Secretary Bill Richardson, U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: How the Country Can Profit and Become More Secure by Getting Rid of Its Surplus Weapons-Grade Uranium, http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/downblending/report-20100914.pdf) A huge opportunity to save the U.S. taxpayers money, generate up
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3. Congress should appropriate additional funds to DOE for downblending and dismantlement. US leadership vital—sends a global signal that is necessary to prevent nuclear attacks
Stockton, 12
(Consultant-Project on Government Overight and Former Special Assistant to DOE Secretary Bill Richardson, U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: How the Country Can Profit and Become More Secure by Getting Rid of Its Surplus Weapons-Grade Uranium, http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/downblending/report-20100914.pdf) When President Barack Obama took office, he acknowledged that securing nuclear materials is critical
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9/11 modernization efforts to secure HEU in the U.S. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Contention two is Y-12— Weak stockpile stewardship causes miscalc and collapses deterrence—escalates to WMD warfare
John P. Caves 10, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ada514285 Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
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the plan has not because Congress has declined to provide the requisite funding. Key to prevent great power wars
Morgan and Paul 9
Patrick Morgan, UC Irvine Peace Research Professor, Global Peace and Conflict Studies Center Director, and Paul, McGill University IR Professor, 2009, Complex Deterrence: Strategy in the global age p 9-11 Among the great powers (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
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to be excessively alarmed by the expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Solves escalation of impacts
Robinson 1
Paul Robinson, Sandia National Lab President and Director, 2001, "Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century," http://www.nukewatch.org/importantdocs/resources/pursuing_a_new_nuclear_weapons_p.html Let me first stress that nuclear arms must never be thought of as a single
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are necessary ingredients to help shape and maintain a stable and peaceful world. Collapse of US deterrence causes CBW and EMP attacks that cause extinction
Schneider, 8
(National Institute for Public Policy, “The Future of the U.S. nuclear deterrent,” Comparative Strategy 27.4, ebscohost) Today, the United States, the world’s only superpower with global responsibilities, is
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sales from North Korea, which have been reported in the press.8 Nuclear navy key to overall naval power.
Spencer ‘7
(“The Advantages of Expanding the Nuclear Navy” http://www.heritage.org/research/homelanddefense/wm1693.cfm by Jack Spencer and Baker Spring- Jack Spencer is Research Fellow in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, and Baker Spring is F.M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy for the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. November 5, 2007) Congress is debating whether future naval ships should include nuclear propulsion. The House version
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can change its mission and respond to a crisis in real-time. Naval power key to prevent a laundry list of wars
Eaglen 11, research fellow for national security – Heritage, and McGrath, former naval officer and director – Delex Consulting, Studies and Analysis, 5/16/’11
(Mackenzie and Bryan, “Thinking About a Day Without Sea Power: Implications for U.S. Defense Policy,” Heritage Foundation) Global Implications. Under a scenario of dramatically reduced naval power, the United States
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underscoring the long-running importance of the seas to trade.12 Nuclear medicine solves zoonotic disease
International Atomic Energy Agency 2011
(Nuclear Technology Review, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/ntr2011.pdf) The development, testing, validation, and implementation of rapid and accurate nuclear and
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an important step towards understanding the phenotypic and genotypic variation of farm animals. Zoonotic disease causes extinction–diagnosis is key, and their impact defense doesn’t apply
Quammen, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29/2012
(David, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis) Infectious disease is all around us. It's one of the basic processes that ecologists
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collapses? One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular. The plan solves— Downblending maintains the Y-12 complex until the new Uranium Processing Facility comes online
D Ray Smith 12, member of the Oak Ridge Heritage and Preservation Association (ORHPA) and historian at the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge, Building 9212 and the Uranium Processing Facility, part 1, May 7, http://www.oakridger.com/article/20120507/NEWS/305079982#art-tit Recently, Building 9212 has been the focus of much attention regarding its suitability to
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well thought out and planned with engineering advances and cost saving measures included. That’s key to prevent capability gaps
Frank Munger 11, reporter for Knox News in Knoxville, Report: Y-12 may not meet uranium requirements by 2019, August 26, http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2011/aug/26/report-y-12-may-not-meet-uranium-requirements-by/ A new report raises questions of whether a 60-year-old uranium processing
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compounds the overall operational impact of these equipment issues," the report said. And we free up critical space at the facility
Drake, 8
(POGO Analyst, “Deciphering NNSA's Complex Transformation,” 6/23, http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/deciphering-nnsas-complex-transformation) With great fanfare in 2005, the NNSA declared an additional 200 metric tons of
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during a recent meeting that downblending had nothing to do with Complex Transformation. That space can be used for the facility’s other missions
Civiak, 9
(Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pittsburgh and Former visiting scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Transforming the U.S. Strategic Posture and Weapons Complex for Transition to a Nuclear Weapons-Free World,” April, http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_09040701a.pdf) We believe that NNSA should move more rapidly to consolidate HEU storage into the HEUMF
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or eliminated, if the Navy were to switch from using HEU fuel. Key to nuclear maintenance
D Ray Smith 12, member of the Oak Ridge Heritage and Preservation Association (ORHPA) and historian at the Y-12 plant at Oak Ridge, Y‐12’s Building 9212 and the Uranium Processing Facility, part 2, May 11, http://www.y12.doe.gov/library/pdf/about/history/2012-05-11.pdf At present Y‐12 is operating highly enriched uranium processing in a series of
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, fueling the nuclear Navy, and supplying fuel for nuclear research reactors. Also key to naval power and supply of nuclear medicine
Eschenberg, 12
(Former Manager-Oak Ridge DOE Facility, 10/2, Public Meeting: THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR FACILITIES SAFETY BOARD, http://www.dnfsb.gov/sites/default/files/Board%20Activities/Public%20Hearings/2012/Factors%20That%20Could%20Affect%20Safety%20for%20the%20Uranium%20Processing%20Facility%20(UPF)%20Project%20/Transcripts/phtr_2012102_21006.pdf) Today, some 70 years later, as we embark on one of the most
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tenants, and I'd like to talk through some of them for you. Y-12 is independently a risk for HEU terror.
Civiak, 9
(Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pittsburgh and Former visiting scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Transforming the U.S. Strategic Posture and Weapons Complex for Transition to a Nuclear Weapons-Free World,” April, http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_09040701a.pdf) We recommend that DOE more rapidly reduce the amount of SNM in the complex and
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Services plant in Tennessee and its Nuclear Products Division in Lynchburg, VA. |
| 03/30/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Plan:The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial incentives for downblending excess highly-enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium for use in commercial nuclear reactors |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Clark, Jacobs
Leadership Contention one is leadership— Space law solves multiple extinction scenarios
Hays 10
(Peter, PhD and director of the U.S. Air Force Institute for National Security Studies, “Space Law and the Advancement of Spacepower” December 13, 2010, NDU Press Chapter 28, http://www.ndu.edu/press/space-Ch28.html Other impediments to further developing space law are exacerbated by a lack of acceptance in
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first focus on improving and refining the foundation provided by the OST regime. Space debris leads to US-Russia nuclear war
Lewis 4
Postdoctoral Fellow in the Advanced Methods of Cooperative Study Program Jeffrey, Worked In the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Center for Defense Information, What if Space Were Weaponized? July, http://www.cdi.org/PDFs/scenarios.pdf This is the second of two scenarios that consider how U.S. space
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is corrosive to the confidence that allows national nuclear forces to operate safely. Weaponization guarantees accidental and intentional nuclear conflict—also bioweapons usage
Mitchell et al ‘1
Dr. Gordon, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh. ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html) A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence
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space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen. Bioweapons use causes extinction
Steinbrenner, 97
John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-1997, Lexis Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential
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for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit. Hegemonic decline causes nuclear war
Barnett ‘11
Thomas, American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, AM Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of globalization, the U.
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-based conflicts. That is what American "hubris" actually delivered. Best studies validate hegemonic stability theory–it is the proximate cause of peace
Owen ‘11
John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
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U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong. Aff solves— Status quo guarantees collapse of space leadership—new exploration initiatives powered by plutonium are key
Hoover et al ‘9
WILLIAM W. HOOVER, U.S. Air Force (retired), Co-Chair RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Co-Chair DOUGLAS M. ALLEN, Schafer Corporation SAMIM ANGHAIE, University of Florida, Gainesville RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University WARREN W. BUCK, University of Washington, Seattle BEVERLY A. COOK, Jet Propulsion Laboratory SERGIO B. GUARRO, The Aerospace Corporation ROGER D. LAUNIUS, Smithsonian Institution FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland, College Park ALAN R. NEWHOUSE, Independent Consultant, Hollywood, Maryland JOSEPH A. SHOLTIS, JR., Sholtis Engineering and Safety Consulting SPENCER R. TITLEY, University of Arizona, Tucson EMANUEL TWARD, Northrop Grumman Space Technology EARL WAHLQUIST, U.S. Department of Energy (retired) Staff ALAN C. ANGLEMAN, Study Director, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board DWAYNE A. DAY, Program Officer, Space Studies Board SARAH M. CAPOTE, Program Associate, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (through November 2008) CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board (from November 2008 through January 2009) ANDREA M. REBHOLZ, Program Associate, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (from February 2009), “Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration,” http://www.lpi.usra.edu/leag/documents/12653.pdf
Note: RPS = Radio-isotope Power System
ASRG = Advanced Sterling Radioisotope Generator Through an investment of considerable resources—engineering and scientific knowledge, human capital,
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missions will be severely constrained or eliminated unless RPSs are ready and available. Deep space missions access perception of leadership
AIA ’12
(Aerospace Industry Association, “Continued U.S. Leadership in Deep Space Exploration Depends on Restarting Plutonium Fuel Production”, 2012, http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/2012%20AIA%20Pu-238%20White%20Paper%20-%20SC%20FINAL.pdf) The United States has a proud history of success with deep space science missions to
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238 production could be incredibly costly to U.S. space leadership. It ensures cooperative frameworks
Friedman ‘11
Lou recently stepped down after 30 years as Executive Director of The Planetary Society. He continues as Director of the Society's LightSail Program and remains involved in space programs and policy. Before co-founding the Society with Carl Sagan and Bruce Murray, Lou was a Navigation and Mission Analysis Engineer and Manager of Advanced Projects at JPL The Space Review, “American leadership,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1778/1 American Leadership” is a phrase we hear bandied about a lot in political circles
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nations into the solar system with robotic and human expeditions to other worlds. Cooperative frameworks solve weaponization
Rendleman and Faulconer ‘10
*retired USAF Colonel AND President of Strategic Space Solutions, over 31 years in the aerospace industry, James and Walter, “Improving international space cooperation: Considerations for the USA,” Space Policy 26 (2010) 143-151, Science Direct For thousands of years, tribes, then cities, states, and nations,
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that such engagement shapes their future space and engineering activities in positive directions. Brink is now
Dinerman 2/11/13
Taylor, a senior editor at the Gatestone Institute in New York. He is also a well-known and respected space writer regarding military and civilian space activities since 1983. From 1999 until 2003, Mr. Dinerman ran Space Equity.com. Taylor Dinerman has now been writing for a variety of publications including Ad Astra, The Wall Street Journal and the American Spectator. He was a regular contributor with a weekly piece for Jeff Foust's Space Review. Mr. Dinerman’s articles on a wide range of important space topics can be read at www.thespacereview.com. His work also appears in the Wall Street Journal, the National Review, and he was the author fo the text book, "Space Sciences for Students." He is a part-time consultant for the US Defense Department, “Proliferating military space power in 2013 and beyond,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2236/1 There have been reports that China may be preparing a new test of an anti
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violent response? Would a limited diplomatic or economic response just look weak? Space Leadership is key to successful space law
Maniscalcoy et al ‘9
Matthew P., Aerospace Systems Engineer, with Noel M. Bakhtian and Alan H. Zorn – Ph.D. Candidates at Stanford University, “The Eighth Continent: A Vision for Exploration of the Moon and Beyond,” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA Space 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 2009) International considerations include preventative politics and global cooperation. With space law currently in its
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the prosperity, influence, and safety of those countries who are not. Space leadership solves space debris.
Newton and Griffin ’11
(Elizabeth and Michael, director for Space Policy in the Center for System Studies at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, former strategist at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, AND physicist and space engineer, former Administrator of NASA, eminent scholar and professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville Space Policy, “United States space policy and international partnership” ScienceDirect) As stated in the White House’s space policy and Lynn’s preview of the National Security
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solutions. Further information will doubtless be forthcoming in the Space Posture Review. PU-238 generation funding key to signal re-commitment to science leadership
AIA ’12
(Aerospace Industry Association, “Continued U.S. Leadership in Deep Space Exploration Depends on Restarting Plutonium Fuel Production”, 2012, http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/2012%20AIA%20Pu-238%20White%20Paper%20-%20SC%20FINAL.pdf) Plutonium-238 has been an excellent source of electric power for U.S
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ensure the future of U.S. exploration and discovery is bright. Science leadership locks in US hegemony
Coletta ‘9
Damon, Duke University , Ph.D. in Political Science, December 1999 Harvard University , Master in Public Policy, 1993 Stanford University, Master in Electrical Engineering, 1989 Stanford University , B.S.E.E., 1988 “Science, Technology, and the Quest for International Influence,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536133andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf To discover sustainable hegemony in an increasingly multipolar world, American policy makers will need
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public policy institutes proliferated, combining with academic researchers to build epistemic communities. Missions Contention two is missions— Extinction is inevitable— Polarity reversal
Turchin ‘8
Alexei, PhD in Physics, “Structure of the Global Catastrophe: Risks of human extinction in the XXI Century”, 2008, http://www.scribd.com/doc/6250354/STRUCTURE-OF-THE-GLOBAL-CATASTROPHE-Risks-of-human-extinction-in-the-XXI-century-#outer_page_51 Polarity reversal of the magnetic field of the Earth We live in the period of
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understanding of the reasons of existence of a magnetic field of the Earth. Gamma ray bursts
Turchin, 08
(Alexei, PhD in Physics, “Structure of the Global Catastrophe: Risks of human extinction in the XXI Century”, 2008, http://www.scribd.com/doc/6250354/STRUCTURE-OF-THE-GLOBAL-CATASTROPHE-Risks-of-human-extinction-in-the-XXI-century-#outer_page_51 Gamma ray bursts are intensive short streams of gamma radiation coming from far space.
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, because the overwhelming majority of planets is sterilised by gamma ray bursts.) Comets will hit the earth—guarantees extinction—asteroid defense doesn’t apply
Roach ‘3
(John, National Geographic, "Comets: How Big A Threat To Earth?", Jan 28, news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/29750780.html Earth-bound asteroids grab newspaper headlines for good reason. Scientists say the fallout
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nothing we could do about it at this point in time. Nothing." Mars colonization solves human extinction
Schulze-Makuch and Davies ’10
(Dirk Schulze-Makuch, professor of earth and environmental science and theoretical physicist Ph.D., and Paul Davies, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and the Beyond Center, Arizona State University, Journal of Cosmology, October-November 2010, Vol 12, 3619-3626) There are several reasons that motivate the establishment of a permanent Mars colony. We
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, and serve as a strong unifying and uplifting theme for all humanity. Prioritize avoiding existential risk.
Bostrom 11
Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“Existential Risk: The most important task for all humanity” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html)AS But even this reflection fails to bring out the seriousness of existential risk. What
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the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.10 Global water scarcity’s inevitable–causes war and kills billions
Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44 The battles of yesterday were fought over land. Those of today are over energy
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Tunisia: 2.1 million Cuba :1.3 million Intensifies every conflict—extinction
Reilly ‘2
(Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago. We’ve been around since 1976, fighting for corporate accountability and progressive government. In other words, a better world, “NOT A DROP TO DRINK,” http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml)
*Cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
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planet decreases, today’s low-level conflicts can only increase in intensity. That solves indo-pak water wars that go nuclear.
Zahoor ‘11
(Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, “Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia,” http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia, AM) South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
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dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means. Water scarcity causes Middle East war
Nitish Priyadarshi 12, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44 The crisis over water in the Middle East is escalating. Despite existing agreements,
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), has created friction between the State of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Nuclear war
James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
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the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. Lack of Pu-238 production collapses all decadal survey missions.
Squyres et al ’12
(Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf Radioisotope power systems are necessary for powering spacecraft at large distances from the Sun;
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country, to conduct certain important types of planetary missions after this decade. That means no Mars sample return or JEO
Squyres et al ’12
(Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf The decadal survey has identified five candidate flagship missions for the decade 2013-2022
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gondola and balloon system, a mini-probe, and two dropsondes. Sample return key to Martian colonization
Carr et al ‘12
The MEPAG-SBAG Precursor Science Analysis Group (Carr, Michael1 ; Abell, Paul2 ; Baker, John3 ; Barnes, Jeff4 ; Bass, Deborah3 ; Beaty, David3 ; Boston, Penny5 ; Brinkerhoff, Will6 ; Budney, Charles3 ; Charles, John7 ; 8 Delory, Greg8 ; Desai, Prasun9 ; Drake, Bret7 ; Hamilton, Vicky15; Head, Jim14; Heldmann, Jen10; Hoffman, Steve7 ; Kass, David3 ; Lim, Darlene10; Meyer, Michael9 ; Munk, Michelle11; Murchie, Scott12; Rivkin, Andy12; Sanders, Gerry7 ; Steele, Andrew16; Wargo, Mike9 ; Zurek, Rich3 ), the MEPAG Executive Committee (Des Marais, David10; Mustard, John14; Johnson, Jeff12; Beaty, David3 ; Hamilton, Victoria; Zurek, Richard3 ; Hinners, Noel13; Meyer, Michael9 ), and the Mars Program Office science team (Allwood, Abigail3 ; Beaty, David3 ; Bass, Deborah3 ) 1 US Geological Survey, USA 2 NASA Johnson Space Center, USA, 3 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA/California Institute of Technology, USA, 5 New Mexico Tech, USA, 6 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, 7 NASA Johnson Space Center, USA, 8 University of California, Berkeley, USA, 9 NASA Headquarters, 11NASA Langley Research Center, USA, 12Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, USA, 10NASA Ames Research Center, 13Lockheed Martin, USA, 14Brown University, USA, 15Southwest Research Institute, USA, 16Carnegie Institution of Washington, USA, “IS MARS SAMPLE RETURN REQUIRED PRIOR TO SENDING HUMANS TO MARS?,” http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/42596/1/12-1785.pdf Prior to potentially sending humans to the surface of Mars, it is fundamentally important
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mission to the planet, and a potential model for international Mars exploration. Specifically resolves resource constraints which enable long-duration stays
Carr et al ‘12
The MEPAG-SBAG Precursor Science Analysis Group (Carr, Michael1 ; Abell, Paul2 ; Baker, John3 ; Barnes, Jeff4 ; Bass, Deborah3 ; Beaty, David3 ; Boston, Penny5 ; Brinkerhoff, Will6 ; Budney, Charles3 ; Charles, John7 ; 8 Delory, Greg8 ; Desai, Prasun9 ; Drake, Bret7 ; Hamilton, Vicky15; Head, Jim14; Heldmann, Jen10; Hoffman, Steve7 ; Kass, David3 ; Lim, Darlene10; Meyer, Michael9 ; Munk, Michelle11; Murchie, Scott12; Rivkin, Andy12; Sanders, Gerry7 ; Steele, Andrew16; Wargo, Mike9 ; Zurek, Rich3 ), the MEPAG Executive Committee (Des Marais, David10; Mustard, John14; Johnson, Jeff12; Beaty, David3 ; Hamilton, Victoria; Zurek, Richard3 ; Hinners, Noel13; Meyer, Michael9 ), and the Mars Program Office science team (Allwood, Abigail3 ; Beaty, David3 ; Bass, Deborah3 ) 1 US Geological Survey, USA 2 NASA Johnson Space Center, USA, 3 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA/California Institute of Technology, USA, 5 New Mexico Tech, USA, 6 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, 7 NASA Johnson Space Center, USA, 8 University of California, Berkeley, USA, 9 NASA Headquarters, 11NASA Langley Research Center, USA, 12Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, USA, 10NASA Ames Research Center, 13Lockheed Martin, USA, 14Brown University, USA, 15Southwest Research Institute, USA, 16Carnegie Institution of Washington, USA, “IS MARS SAMPLE RETURN REQUIRED PRIOR TO SENDING HUMANS TO MARS?,” http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/42596/1/12-1785.pdf In situ resource utilization on Mars is considered a high-priority enabling technology for
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difficulty of mining ice and the effects of contaminants on extraction is unclear. Colonization is possible
Zubrin ‘10
Robert, PhD in aerospace engineering, "Human Mars Exploration: The Time Is Now", Oct-Nov 2010, journalofcosmology.com/Mars111.html 4. Killing the Dragons Opponents of human Mars exploration frequently cite several issues which
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breeze on Earth. The Viking landers endured many such events without damage. Spinoffs from the aff solve water scarcity
Rampelotto 11
Department of Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil. (Pabula Henrique, “Why Send Humans to Mars? Looking Beyond Science” http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars151.html The engineering challenges necessary to accomplish the human exploration of Mars will stimulate the global
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thus improve the management of and prolong the existence of resources on Earth. plan The United States Federal Government should substantially increase funding for plutonium-238 energy production in the United States. 1AC solvency Contention three is solvency— There’s some funding now which disproves your links but it’s not enough for a robust program—the aff is key.
Morring ‘12
Frank, Aviation Week Writer, “High Hurdles,” lexis McNutt told the AIAA symposium the situation isn't getting better fast, even though Congress
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on the supply for long-duration missions beyond solar-power range. DOE is key— No other sources
Hoover et al ‘9
WILLIAM W. HOOVER, U.S. Air Force (retired), Co-Chair RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Co-Chair DOUGLAS M. ALLEN, Schafer Corporation SAMIM ANGHAIE, University of Florida, Gainesville RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University WARREN W. BUCK, University of Washington, Seattle BEVERLY A. COOK, Jet Propulsion Laboratory SERGIO B. GUARRO, The Aerospace Corporation ROGER D. LAUNIUS, Smithsonian Institution FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland, College Park ALAN R. NEWHOUSE, Independent Consultant, Hollywood, Maryland JOSEPH A. SHOLTIS, JR., Sholtis Engineering and Safety Consulting SPENCER R. TITLEY, University of Arizona, Tucson EMANUEL TWARD, Northrop Grumman Space Technology EARL WAHLQUIST, U.S. Department of Energy (retired) Staff ALAN C. ANGLEMAN, Study Director, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board DWAYNE A. DAY, Program Officer, Space Studies Board SARAH M. CAPOTE, Program Associate, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (through November 2008) CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board (from November 2008 through January 2009) ANDREA M. REBHOLZ, Program Associate, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (from February 2009), “Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration,” http://www.lpi.usra.edu/leag/documents/12653.pdf Plutonium-238 does not occur in nature. Unlike 239Pu, it is unsuitable
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minimize the disruption in NASA’s space science and exploration missions powered by RPSs. |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Clark, Jacobs
Pursuit of hegemony’s locked-in
Zach Dorfman 12, assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, May 18, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605 The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
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come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay. Unipolarity solves status-based great power war
Wohlforth ‘9
William, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government B.A., International Relations, Beloit College M.A., International Relations, Yale University M.Phil., Ph.D., Political Science, Yale University, “UNIPOLARITY, STATUS COMPETITION, AND GREAT POWER WAR,” http://www.polisci.wisc.edu/Uploads/Documents/IRC/Wohlforth%20(2009).pdf, AM The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
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identity politics and grand strategies under unipolarity are consistent with the theory’s expectations. Plan solves asteroid deflection—prevents extinction
Benson ’12
(Michael, author of “Beyond: Visions of the Interplanetary Probes” and “Far Out: A Space-Time Chronicle”, “Exploring the Planets Enriches Us At Home”, International Herald Tribune, reprinted in the New York Times, 8-11-2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/11/opinion/exploring-the-planets-enriches-us-at-home.html) Many other wholly pragmatic reasons exist to pursue a vigorous program of interplanetary space exploration
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deflected from Earth-intersecting, and potentially civilization-ending, trajectories. The aff solves the impact to biosphere destruction.
Squyres et al ’12
(Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf In the past, scientists had only one planet to study in detail. Our
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shape Earth’s desert dunes operate on Mars and even on Saturn’s moon Titan. American hegemonic decline causes preemptive lash-out, collapses global trade and makes global problems such as warming, water scarcity and disease inevitable.
Beckley ‘12
Michael, Assistant professor of political science at Tufts, research fellow in the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy School's. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, “The Unipolar Era: Why American Power Persists and China’s Rise Is Limited,” PhD dissertation, AM One danger is that declinism could prompt trade conflicts and immigration restrictions. The results
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and disease, which may fester without a leader to rally collective action. Not nearly funded enough
Ferro 3/14/13
Shaunacy, Popular Science, “NASA Resumes Production Of Plutonium-238 Space Fuel After 25 Years,” http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-03/first-time-cold-war-us-making-plutonium-238 Since 2009, we've been wringing our hands … the Department of Energy's funding requests three years in a row. Only 1.5 kilos a year.
Ferro 3/14/13
Shaunacy, Popular Science, “NASA Resumes Production Of Plutonium-238 Space Fuel After 25 Years,” http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-03/first-time-cold-war-us-making-plutonium-238 That process seems …necessary energy density. That’s insufficient—expert consensus
Hoover et al ‘9
WILLIAM W. HOOVER, U.S. Air Force (retired), Co-Chair RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Co-Chair DOUGLAS M. ALLEN, Schafer Corporation SAMIM ANGHAIE, University of Florida, Gainesville RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University WARREN W. BUCK, University of Washington, Seattle BEVERLY A. COOK, Jet Propulsion Laboratory SERGIO B. GUARRO, The Aerospace Corporation ROGER D. LAUNIUS, Smithsonian Institution FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland, College Park ALAN R. NEWHOUSE, Independent Consultant, Hollywood, Maryland JOSEPH A. SHOLTIS, JR., Sholtis Engineering and Safety Consulting SPENCER R. TITLEY, University of Arizona, Tucson EMANUEL TWARD, Northrop Grumman Space Technology EARL WAHLQUIST, U.S. Department of Energy (retired) Staff ALAN C. ANGLEMAN, Study Director, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board DWAYNE A. DAY, Program Officer, Space Studies Board SARAH M. CAPOTE, Program Associate, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (through November 2008) CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board (from November 2008 through January 2009) ANDREA M. REBHOLZ, Program Associate, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (from February 2009), “Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration,” http://www.lpi.usra.edu/leag/documents/12653.pdf The fiscal year 2010 federal budget should fund …..5 kg of 238Pu per year. Not enough for staffed missions which means we can’t go to Mars.
Wall ‘12
Michael, space.com senior writer, “Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage,” http://www.space.com/15184-plutonium238-spacecraft-fuel-production.html Despite the bad budget news, some restart planning and technological development are already underway
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he added. "But to date, those missions have not materialized." Only NASA can do it
Seedhouse ‘9
(Erik, aerospace scientist and manned spaceflight consultant, Martian Outpost, p.10) The cautious approach of NASA has been evident over the last three decades as astronauts
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what will be required for a staffed manned mission to Mars. |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Jacobs, Clark
Role of the ballot’s to simulate enactment of the plan – key to decisionmaking and fairness
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70) During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
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a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61 Util’s the only moral framework
Murray 97 (Alastair, Professor of Politics at U. Of Wales-Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, p. 110) Weber emphasised that, while the 'absolute ethic of the gospel' must be taken seriously
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underlying this doctrine 'leads to the negation of absolute ethical judgements altogether'.13 Lift is always valuable
Torchia 2, Professor of Philosophy, Providence College, Phd in Philosophy, Fordham College (Joseph, “Postmodernism and the Persistent Vegetative State,” The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly Summer 2002, Vol. 2, No. 2, http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/torc/torc_01postmodernismandpvs1.html) Ultimately, Aquinas' theory of personhood requires a metaphysical explanation that is rooted in an
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has, but rather in the simple unqualified presence the person is.43 Case outweighs – neoliberalism now, no great power war Their impacts have causality in the wrong direction.
Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)
If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
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more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500. Their sweeping indicts of the energy system are wrong.
Richard Trzupek, Trinity Consultants, Principal, 2/14/13, The State of the Environment: Evaluating Progress and Priorities, Congressional Testimony, http://science.house.gov/hearing/subcommittee-environment-state-environment-evaluating-progress-and-priorities The chasm between environmental perception and environmental reality, in other words, is huge
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level of time, attention or treasure as the big problems of yesteryear. No impact – consensus
Taylor 12 (James, Forbes energy and environment writer, 3/14/2012, "Shock Poll: Meteorologists Are Global Warming Skeptics", www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2012/03/14/shock-poll-meteorologists-are-global-warming-skeptics/) A recent survey of American Meteorological Society members shows meteorologists are skeptical that humans are
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of few actual scientist surveys, the AMS survey results are very powerful. No extinction
Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, senior fellow at the New Republic, “We're All Gonna Die!”, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=) If we're talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
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as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.
Permutation—do the plan and deploy the alternative without rejecting the 1AC—it’s the best option.
Minteer, Human Dimensions of Biology Faculty – School of Life Sciences @ Arizona State University, ‘5
(Ben, “Environmental Philosophy and the Public Interest: A Pragmatic Reconciliation,” Environmental Values 14, p. 37–60) This call for revisiting and rethinking the philosophical roots of Western culture, which for
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prevention and regulatory reform, public understanding of science, and so on. Total rejection fragments resistance –perm solves best
J.K. Gibson-Graham, feminist economist, 96, End of Capitalism One of our goals as Marxists has been to produce a knowledge of capitalism.
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its unity a fantasy, visible as a denial of diversity and change. Adaptability takes out the alt and makes capitalism sustainable.
Kaletsky ’10
Anatole, Masters in Economics from Harvard, Honour-Degree Graduate at King’s College and Cambrdige, editor-at-large of The Times of London, founding partner and chief economist of GaveKal Capital, He is on the governing board of the New York– based Institute for New Economic Theory (INET), a nonprofit created after the 2007– 2009 crisis to promote and finance academic research in economics outside the orthodoxy of “efficient markets.” From 1976 to 1990, Kaletsky was New York bureau chief and Washington correspondent of the Financial Times and a business writer on The Economist, “Capitalism 4 0: The Birth of a New Economy in the Aftermath of Crisis,” AM The world did not end. Despite all the forebodings of disaster in the 2007
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Napoleonic Wars of 1803– 15. Hence the title of this book. No limits to growth—tech and demographics solve—star this card.
Bisk ’12
Tsvi, American Israeli futurist; director of the Center for Strategic Futurist Thinking and contributing editor for strategic thinking for The Futurist magazine. He is the author of The Optimistic Jew: A Positive Vision for the Jewish People in the 21st Century. Norwich University MA, Political History Thomas Edison State College BA, Social Sciences, 500 published articles, “No Limits to Growth,” https://www.wfs.org/Upload/PDFWFR/WFR_Spring2012_Bisk.pdf, AM The Case for No Limits to Growth Notwithstanding all of the above, I want
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of the century if needed. The evidence for this is cited above. The alt fails
Kliman, professor of economics – Pace University, ‘4
(Andrew, “Alternatives to Capitalism: What Happens After the Revolution?” http://akliman.squarespace.com/writings/) I. Concretizing the Vision of a New Human Society We live at a moment
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meantime, the challenges from below require us to proceed on its basis. Transition backfires.
Monbiot, 9
George Monbiot, The Guardian, 2009, Is there any point in fighting to stave off industrial apocalypse?, www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change I detect in your writings, and in the conversations we have had, an
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question – what will we learn from this collapse? – is nothing. Every empirical example proves.
Anderson, professor of sociology – UCLA, ’84
(Perry, In the tracks of historical materialism, p. 102-103) That background also indicates, however, what is essentially missing from his work.
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—as this work does—is to locate it in thin air. Capitalism solves war
Gartzke 7 (Eric, associate professor of political science and a member of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, “The Capitalist Peace”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, January 2007, Pp. 166–191) If war is a product of incompatible interests and failed or abortive bargaining, peace
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the developed world and account for the dyadic observation of the democratic peace. Specificity matters – rejecting neoliberalism as a monolithic entity undermines the alt
Duffy and Moore 10
Article: Neoliberalizing nature? Elephants as imperfect commodities Author: Duffy, R Journal: Antipode ISSN: 0066-4812 Date: 2010 Volume: 42 Issue: 3 Page: 742
Note: from 1 September 2012 I take up the post of Professor of Conservation Politics at the Durrell Institute of Conservation Ecology (DICE) in the School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent.
I am Professor of International Politics, and I held posts at Edinburgh University and Lancaster University before joining Manchester in 2005. I take a deliberately interdisciplinary approach to understanding conservation; my work is located at the intersection between international relations, geography and sociology. My work examines the debates on global environmental governance, especially the roles of international NGOs, international treaties, international financial institutions and epistemic communities. I am particularly interested in how global environmental management regimes play out on the ground, how they are contested, challenged and resisted by their encounter at the local level. I focus on wildlife conservation, tourism and illicit trading networks to understand the local level complexities of global environmental management. I have undertaken a number of ESRC funded research projects on Peace Parks, gemstone mining and national parks,and on ecotourism (more details are under 'research interests'. My most recent book, Nature Crime: How We're Getting Conservation Wrong (Yale University Press, 2010) examines how global dynamics of wealth and poverty shape conservation outcomes. More information is on my personal wesbite 'Conservation Politics' http://conservationpolitics.wordpress.com/ However, it is critically important not to reify neoliberalism and ascribe it a greater
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challenged through engagement with specific case studies (Bakker 2009; Castree 2008b). |
| 03/31/2013 | Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Eisenstadt, Jacobs, Clark
Life outweighs value
Jonathan Schell, Writer-New Yorker, ’82 (The Fate of the Earth) But the mere risk of extinction has a significance that is categorically different from,
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for a certainty that their use would put an end to our species. The impact is nonsense
Lisa Schwartz et al., Medical Ethicist, ‘2 (www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf) The first criterion that springs to mind regarding the value of life is usually the
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would simplify decisions about the value of a life based on its quality. The data is clear – all measures of life are improving – even in the world’s poorest countries
Gates, chairman of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011
(Bill, Foreword to Getting Better by Charles Kenny, searchable Kindle Edition)
Getting Better dispels the gloom and doom with a wealth of convincing data on the
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since 1970. Political and civil rights also have gained ground. Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, ‘7
(Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction) First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
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defense, but we would have done much more about it by now. Experts agree
Hsu 10 (Jeremy, Live Science Staff, July 19, pg. http://www.livescience.com/culture/can-humans-survive-extinction-doomsday-100719.html) His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don't view climate change
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crop yields, so we're essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain." Adaptation and migration solve
Ian Thompson et al. 9, Canadian Forest Service, Brendan Mackey, The Australian National University, The Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Steven McNulty, USDA Forest Service, Alex Mosseler, Canadian Forest Service, 2009, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity “Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change” Convention on Biological Diversity
While resilience can be attributed to many levels of organization of biodiversity, the
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and generally ignore the ecological interactions that also govern species dis- tributions. The system’s resilient and the alt fails
Gideon Rose 12, Editor of Foreign Affairs, “Making Modernity Work”, Foreign Affairs, January/February The central question of modernity has been how to reconcile capitalism and mass democracy,
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in the past, optimism would seem the better long-term bet. No crisis of ideology
Gideon Rose 12, Editor of Foreign Affairs, “Making Modernity Work”, Foreign Affairs, January/February We are living, so we are told, through an ideological crisis. The
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. In ideological terms, at least, all the rest is commentary. |
