Tournament: UMKC | Round: Octas | Opponent: Oklahoma LS | Judge: 

The story of Buffalo and Eagle Wing is uniquely from Blackfoot Indian Folklore

NLA 11

(Native Languages of the Americas website “Native Languages of the Americas:

Blackfoot (Siksika, Peigan, Piegan, Kainai, Blackfeet)” 2011 http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot.htm,TSW)

Blackfoot Indian Folklore AND  horses came to the Blackfeet

By only recognizing this group as “The Indian” throughout the rest of the 1AC – the affirmative recreates a Colombus binary that understands the group as a singular identity that which is distinct from the colonizers

Carson 06

(James Taylor, Queens University Kingston, Ontario, Canada; “American Historians and Indians,” The Historical Journal, 49: 921–933 – Kurr)

The people he met posed a particular challenge. He called them indios, AND  about our shared pasts.10

This notion of “The Indian”  causes linguistic imperialism through homogenizing Indigenous peoples into a singular identity, which reproduces colonialism and racism and strips these groups of their individual sovereignty and culture that turns the aff.

Our alternative is to reject the affirmative’s singular notion of “Indian.”

Bird 95

(Dr. Michael Yellow Bird, a citizen of the Sahnish (Arikara) and Hidatsa First Nations, is Assistant Professor and Director of the Office for the Study of Indigenous Social and Cultural Justice in the School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, “Indian, American Indian, and Native Americans: Counterfeit Identities,” http:~/~/www.aistm.org/htm)

 ¶In our cultural renaissance there are certain AND  Europeans and European Americans.¶

Tournament: UCO | Round: Octas | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2NC Overview

The 1AC opens with a story about Buffalo and Eagle Wind. The rest
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the unique culture of the Blackfoot nation – that~’s Bird 95.

The Blackfoot Nation has a unique identity and should not be homogenized as a singular universal Indian identity

NLA 11
(Native Languages of the Americas website "Native Languages of the Americas:
Blackfoot (Siksika, Peigan, Piegan, Kainai, Blackfeet)" 2011 ~~http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot-legends.htm-http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot-legends.htm~~~~, TSW)

People: The Blackfoot Nation today actually consists of four distinct Blackfoot nations, who
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in Canada and the United States which has a good chance for survival. 

AT: Don~’t Know What to Call

We advocate that the use of the term Blackfoot Nation would solve back any of these impacts. The entirety of the 1AC is based off of one of their most sacred legends.

2NC Link Wall

The aff creates four singular notions of "Indian" in the 1AC.

1 – In their "study" section, the aff focuses on THE "Indian" being carried on the Wind, which is a reference to the Blackfoot Legend

2 – In the "land" section, the aff focuses on how the Wind died and located a generic argument about loss of land to the United States. This references the story, but is incoherent. Blackfoot is predominantly from Canada not the United States

NLA ~’11
(Native Languages of the Americas website "Native Languages of the Americas:
Blackfoot (Siksika, Peigan, Piegan, Kainai, Blackfeet)" 2011 ~~http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot-legends.htm-http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot-legends.htm~~~~, TSW)

The first three nations are in Alberta, Canada, and the fourth is in Montana. ("Blackfeet," though the official name of this tribe, is actually a misnomer given to them by white authorities; the word is not plural in the Blackfoot language, and some Blackfoot people in Montana resist this label.) The Blackfoot were nomadic plains hunters, traditional enemies of the Shoshone and Nez Perce. There are about 14,000 Blackfoot Indians today all told. 

3 – In the "love" section, the aff focuses on death of THE "Indian" language, which posits a singular language about these groups. That denies Blackfoot culture as language is distinct – prefer our ev, it comes from a member of the Blackfoot Nation

Bullchild 95
(Percy, 66-year-old member of the Blackfoot nation, passes on the oral history of his tribe in traditional stories he himself heard from his elders in "Native Heritage," ed. Arlene Hirschfelder, p. 69 – Kurr)

At the very beginning of the lives of Mudman and Ribwoman, where the few
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time, none of those groups could even begin to understand the others.

4 - The aff fails to push to explore the real people behind the story and their arguments. Instead they only explore the "Indian" generically, which links back into their own criticism.

Carson 06
(James Taylor, Queens University Kingston, Ontario, Canada; "American Historians and Indians," The Historical Journal, 49: 921–933 – Kurr) 

Recent studies, such as Conn~’s, that deconstruct the object of the ~’Indian~’
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a part of the uniquely American intellectual fetishism of the ~’Indian~’.16

AT: Markers

Their only argument on the link question coming out of the 2AC is that there are specific markers between all Indians. This is another link into our argument. Their Grande evidence also doesn~’t do any work on this distinction, choosing only to call this group "Indians"

Different native groups have different languages. Our 1NC evidence says that most of them cannot even understand one another anymore.

Their interp says that we should lump all groups together. This could even include groups that the Blackfoot Nation often waged war against like the Gros Ventre, Shoshone, Crow, and Cree.

Individual affiliation is preferred – aff destroys individual cultures

Christian Berry, 2006, Cherokee writer and producer of AllThingsCherokee.com, http://www.allthingscherokee.com/articles_culture_events_070101.html accessed Oct 31 2007.
In the end, the term you choose to use (as an Indian or
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also show that you listened when they told what tribe they belonged to.

2NC Impact Debate

Four impacts to these links.

First, the aff~’s marginalization of Blackfoot Nation culture disrespects their sovereignty and undermines cultural survival

Helton 03
(Taiawagi, Associate Professor of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law. LL.M. 2001, Yale Law School; J.D. 1999, University of Tulsa College of Law; B.A. 1995, The Ohio State University; "Nation Building in Indian Country: The Blackfoot Constitutional Review," 13 Kan. J.L. %26 Pub. Pol~’y 1 – Kurr)

At the outset, the Constitution stresses the autonomy of the Blackfoot Nation, n357
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require a remarkable two-thirds majority of representatives to take effect. n364

Second, the aff creats an ideal "Indian" by creating a singular notion of what an "Indian" should be instead of evaluating the particular group they are talking about. This reifies racial lines separating these groups from whites

Carson 06
(James Taylor, Queens University Kingston, Ontario, Canada; "American Historians and Indians," The Historical Journal, 49: 921–933 – Kurr) 

What is most striking, however, is how, in both Silverman~’s and Merritt~’s
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historical racial relic that has found its way into modern historiographical language.24

Third, the aff~’s use of the word "Indian" recreates "us/them" binaries that prevent an understanding of Indian culture – turns the aff impacts from the Byrd and Memmi cards about culture

Carson 06
(James Taylor, Queens University Kingston, Ontario, Canada; "American Historians and Indians," The Historical Journal, 49: 921–933 – Kurr)
In her recent exploration of ~’Indian~’ intellectuals in the late nineteenth-century United
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present, and enable us to tell stories of creation rather than destruction.

Fourth, The aff~’s failure to acknowledge individual affiliation ignores the preference of these groups – turns their sovereignty args

Hirschfelder 95
~~~Arlene Hirschfelder, Nonfiction Writer  "Native Heritage", GoogleBooks ~~~

And finally, a point about terminology: There is probably no book about Indian
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the United States prefer this spelling to Blackfoot, more popular in Canada.

AT: Depoliticizing

Their last argument is this Churchill evidence that talks about pre-occupation with issues of word choice precludes a move towards action, however this question comes before all else. We cannot help a group when we are only colonizing them by what we choose to call them. Rejecting their word choice is a prereq to any sort of 1AC solvency.

Discursive analysis is key to policy making- language choices have profound implications on plan~’s desirability and implementation- rhetorical criticism should precede any flawed assessment of plan~’s instrumental benefits

Gehrke ~’02
~~~Pat J., PROF OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE @ UNIV OF SOUTH CAROLINA, CRITIQUE ARGUMENTS AS POLICY ANALYSIS: POLICY DEBATE BEYOND THE RATIONALIST PERSPECTIVE, PERSPECTIVES IN CONTROVERSY: SELECTED ESSAYS FROM CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE, P. 316-317~~~

Interpretive perspectives on policy offer unique advantages in repairing our policy deliberation model; as
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neatly separate policies from the language and advocacy that brings about their implementation.