Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan Text
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase market-fixed production cost incentives for domestic deployment of small modular nuclear reactors. 

Renaissance Adv
US nuclear renaissance inevitable- only way to meet demand and government subsidies
Worthington 2012 (David Worthington, February 9, 2012, The U.S. nuclear renaissance has begun  , Smart Planet, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/intelligent-energy/the-us-nuclear-renaissance-has-begun/13058) JD
There are cooling towers on the horizon in the United States. The nuclear renaissance
AND
million homes at a cost of US$14 billion, CNN reported.

Global cooperation has restored public faith in nuclear energy; Fukushima doesn’t matter
WNA 11 (World Nuclear Association, The Nuclear Renaissance  , August 2011, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf104.html) JD
The 1986 Chernobyl disaster marked the nadir of public support for nuclear power. However
AND
been any harm or hazard to anyone on account of those from nuclear power

Scenario 1: Meltdowns
Old reactor types make meltdowns inevitable – reactors have shut down in the past and the NRC has failed at regulation
Gronlund 2007 (Nuclear power in a Warming world: Assessing the Risks, Addressing the Challenges, Lisbeth Gronlund;  David Lochbaum;  Edwin Lyman, Union of Concerned Scientists, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf) JD
Safety problems remain despite a lack of  serious accidents.   A serious nuclear power accident
AND
problems so extensive that a year or more is   needed to fix them.

SMRs solve
Wheeler 10 (November 22, 2010, “Small Modular Reactors May Offer Significant Safety and Security Enhancements”, John Wheeler, Clear Trend, http://thisweekinnuclear.com/?p=1193) JD
Even better, most SMRs are small enough that they cannot over heat and melt
AND
and lower operating costs (a smaller footprint means a smaller security force). 

Meltdowns cause extinction
Lendman, 2011
(Stephen, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization, 03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,”, The People’s Voice http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan, accessed 8-2-12, RSR)
Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in damage, up to
AND
entire region. "It could be, literally, an apocalyptic event.

Scenario 2: Nuclear Terrorism Scenario
Old reactor types make nuke terror inevitable- They’ll steal fissile material
Early, et al., 2009
(Bryan (Former Research Fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs), Matthew Fuhrmann (Professor in Political Science at Texas AandM) and Quan Li (Professor in Political Science at Texas AandM), “Atoms for Terror: The Determinants of Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism”, Social Science Research Network, RSR)
The presence and size of a civilian nuclear infrastructure affect terrorist groups’ cost-benefit
AND
often look for NR materials in the country that they wish to attack.

Terrorists can also use aircrafts and truck bombs to trigger a meltdown.
Schifman 2010
(Ben, J.D. Candidate at the Columbia School of Law, “The Limits of NEPA:  Consideration of the Impacts of Terrorism in Environmental Impact Statements for Nuclear Facilities, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 35, No. 2, pg. 374, RSR)
Existing nuclear power plants were designed to withstand natural disasters, such as earthquakes,
AND
term deaths and as many as 518,000 long-term deaths.

SMRs solve - they’re buried underground, heavily layered and no on-site refueling
Loudermilk 2011
(Micah, research associate with the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs”, Journal of Energy Security, 5-31-11,
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=articleandcatid=116%3Acontent0411andid=314%3Asmall-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandtmpl=componentandprint=1andpage=andoption=com_contentandItemid=375, accessed 8-1-12, RSR)
As to the small reactors themselves, the designs achieve a degree of proliferation-
AND
reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

Nuclear terrorism causes retaliation that sparks global nuclear war and extinction.
Ayson 2010
(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Leadership Adv
The commercial industry is the key internal link to nuclear leadership – federal investment is key
Pete Domenici and Warren F. “Pete” Miller, part time Research Professor at Texas A and M University and former assistant secretary for nuclear energy at the U.S. Department of Energy, July 2012, “Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets,” Bipartisan Policy Center,http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf

As an active participant in commercial markets, the United States has considerable leverage internationally
AND
jurisdiction over commercial nuclear trade, global safety and security, and nonproliferation. 

Plan key to a robust manufacturing sector in the US that spreads the model around the world
Rosner and Goldberg ‘11
Robert, Stephen, University of Chicago, Energy Policy Institute, Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S., http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
AND
Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.
SCENARIO 1: Proliferation
Brink of widespread prolif now
CFR 7-5-2012, “The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime,” Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/proliferation/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984

Nuclear weapons proliferation, whether by state or nonstate actors, poses one of the
AND
way for "the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons."

Ensures safe nuclear technology - allows the US to promote non-proliferation objectives, otherwise wildfire prolif is inevitable
Loudermilk 2011
(Micah, research associate with the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs”, Journal of Energy Security, 5-31-11,
http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=articleandcatid=116%3Acontent0411andid=314%3Asmall-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandtmpl=componentandprint=1andpage=andoption=com_contentandItemid=375, accessed 8-1-12, RSR)
Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering of small reactors around the
AND
standards on nuclear agreements, spent fuel reprocessing, and developing reactor technologies.

Proliferations causes extinction – nuclear arms races and miscalculated nuclear war
Utgoff 2’
Utgoff, 2002 (Deputy Director of the Strategy Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analyses, Victor, “Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions,” Survival, Volume 44, Number 2, Summer)
First, the dynamics of getting to a highly proliferated world could be very dangerous
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

SCENARIO 2: Tech Leadership
Global warming is happening; 5 reasons
NWF 12 (July 2012, National Wildlife Federation, http://www.nwf.org/Global-Warming/What-is-Global-Warming/Global-Warming-is-Happening-Now.aspx) JD
No longer is global warming something only facing future generations. Changes to our climate
AND
 as low-lying areas are inundated with saltwater.
It’s anthropogenic and scientific consensus goes aff.
Lewandowsky and Ashley 2011 (Stephan Lewandowsky, Professor of Cognitive Studies at the University of Western Australia, and Michael Ashley, Professor of Astrophysics at the University of New South Wales, June 24, 2011, “The false, the confused and the mendacious: how the media gets it wrong on climate change,” http://goo.gl/u3nOC)
But despite these complexities, some aspects of climate science are thoroughly settled. We
AND
the 19th century, pre-dating even Sherlock Holmes and Queen Victoria.
SMRs key to spurring the development of nuclear technology – increases the competitive edge.
Fleischmann, ‘11
(Chuck, Representative from the 3rd District in Tennessee, “Small Modular Reactors Could Help With U.S. Energy Needs”, American Physical Society, Vol. 6, No. 2, October 2011, http://www.aps.org/publications/capitolhillquarterly/201110/backpage.cfm, accessed 8-1-12, RSR)
The timely implementation of small reactors could position the United States on the cutting edge
AND
strategic position on the forefront of expanding global technologies in the nuclear arena.
Next 5 years key to avoid a tipping point – gets modeled internationally
Strobe Talbott, President of the Brookings Institution, and John-Michael Arnold, special assistant to the President at Brookings, 5-25-2012, “It’s the Climate, Stupid!” Brookings,http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/5/25%20americas%20role%20talbott/0525%20americas%20role%20talbott.pdf

On both economic and security policy, the United States is suffering from an acute
AND
a window of opportunity or a window of obligation, it is closing.

Nuclear tech solves warming – decreases reliance on carbon based sources.
WNA 7 (World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Energy: Meeting the Climate Change Challenge¶ , IPCC, 4th Assessment Report, Mitigation of Climate Change (2007), http://www.world-nuclear.org/climatechange/nuclear_meetingthe_climatechange_challenge.html)
Over the next twenty five years global electricity demand is expected to double. By
AND
supply process heat, enabling industry to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
Warming causes extinction
Tickell, ‘8
(Oliver, Climate Researcher, The Gaurdian, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, 8-11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ commentisfree/2008/aug/11/ climatechange)
We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Solvency
Nuclear industry is constricting – no new reactors coming online
Pete Domenici and Warren F. “Pete” Miller, part time Research Professor at Texas A and M University and former assistant secretary for nuclear energy at the U.S. Department of Energy, July 2012, “Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets,” Bipartisan Policy Center,http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf

Prospects for new reactor construction in the United States have constricted significantly in recent years
AND
construction very difficult for at least the next decade, if not longer.
Incentives now takes out their disads
WNN 12 (World Nuclear News, SMR vendors apply for government funds, May 22 2012,
http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-SMR_vendors_apply_for_government_funds-2205124.html)
The DoE announced in March 2012 that a total of $450 million would be
AND
and licences in order to identify the most viable candidates for accelerated commercialization."

But only the plan solves- production cost incentives for SMRs key – Creates a sustainable domestic industry.
Rosner and Goldberg, ‘11
(Robert (William E. Wrather Distinguished Service Professor in the Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics and Physics) and Stephen (Special Assistant to the Director at the Argonne National Laboratory) , Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.”, Technical Paper, Revision 1, November 2011) RCM
Production Cost Incentive: A production cost incentive is a performance-based incentive.
AND
should be subject to further analysis as higher quality cost estimates become available.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
STATES CP
3. Only the federal government can enforce compliance, create uniform standards, and fund long-term commitments.
Byrne, et al., ‘7
(John, Kristen Hughes, Lado Kurdgelashvili, Wilson Rickerson, all from the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP), “American policy conflict in the greenhouse: Divergent trends in federal, regional, state, and local green energy and climate change policy”, 2-19-7, RSR)
Effective global mitigation ….  challenging climate action targets (Rabe, 2002). 

4. Federal action key – it’s the only way to revive the industry in the wake of competing international players.
Wallace and Williams, ‘12
(Michael (head of the Transatlantic Program at the Royal United Services Institute) and Sarah (program coordinator and research associate in the U.S. Nuclear Energy Project at CSIS), “Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing its Early Demise”, CSIS, 2012, RSR)
With the center of gravity for …..  become irrelevant in a new nuclear age.

5. Federal action key to Rennaissance
Wallace and Williams, ‘12
(Michael (head of the Transatlantic Program at the Royal United Services Institute) and Sarah (program coordinator and research associate in the U.S. Nuclear Energy Project at CSIS), “Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing its Early Demise”, CSIS, 2012, RSR)
The results were not perfect, …..  and take action to prevent its early demise.

Fiscal Cliff DA
Won’t pass – both sides are dug in and there is no impact to cuts
Viahos 11-7
Kelley, Gridlock as usual or new era of compromise? Washington stares down 'fiscal cliff' crisis after election, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/07/gridlock-as-usual-or-new-era-compromise-washington-faces-choice-after-election/

Candidates on both sides pointed to …. to resolving these questions," he said.
SMRs are Popular
Sullivan, Stenger and Roma 2012
Sullivan, Mary Anne, Daniel F. Stenger, and Amy C. Roma. "Are small reactors the next big thing in nuclear?" Electric Light and Power Nov.-Dec. 2010: 46+. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.
SMRs have enjoyed bipartisan …..  other power solutions, much still needs to happen to realize the promise.

Decline doesn’t cause war
Morris Miller, Professor of Administration @ the University of Ottawa, ‘2K
(Interdisciplinary Science Review, v 25 n4 2000 p ingenta connect)

The question may be reformulated…..  by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

Election renews Obama’s pol cap—makes the plan irrelevant
Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/29/12, Democrats lay out second-term wish list for President Obama, thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259253-dems-lay-out-wish-list-for-a-second-obama-term

An Obama victory in November would lend the ….. leverage in his negotiations with GOP leaders over a range of issues.
SMRs create jobs and lead to economic growth
Department of Commerce 11 (Manufacturing and Services Competitiveness Report, The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors, February 2011 http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf)
A primary advantage of SMRs …. growth in the United States. 

SMRs are better for market flexibility and adaptation
Energy Policy Institute 10 (Energy Policy Institute, Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Economic and Employment Impacts of Small Modular Reactors, June 2010, http://epi.boisestate.edu/media/3494/economic%20and%20employment%20impacts%20of%20smrs.pdf)
Other advantages of SMRs over …..  of infrequent refueling requirements.
Obama pc collapses budget negotiations—2011 proves
The Hotline, 9/10/12, Slow and Steady Wins the Race, Lexis

Gaps in Obama's leadership …..  and ostracized. And this was the beginning of a war" (Klein, ABC, 9/10).
No Link—Plan doesn’t require legislation, or focus from Obama and Congress
No impact—at worst they’ll just punt the deadline
Reuters, 9/21/12, Lawmakers May Delay 'Fiscal Cliff' Deadlines, www.foxbusiness.com/2012/09/21/lawmakers-may-delay-fiscal-cliff-deadlines/
Slowly and quietly, the U.S……  on revamping the tax code and big government programs like Social Security and Medicare.

2AC Terror Talk
Discursive construction is not the cause of terrorism
Alexander 3’
(Yonah, Director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, “Terrorism Myths and Realities,” Washington Times, August 28, Lexis)
Two myths in particular must be debunked immediately if an ….  follows the rule of the Caliphs."

Terrorism will inevitably foreclose possibility of critique - turns your K.
Ignatieff '2 - Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Social Research 69.4, "Human Rights, the Laws of War, and Terrorism." Proquest.
La politique du pire does away ….  them should be relations of war. 

NO IMPACT: TERRORISM IS OVER-USED AND HAS LOST ITS CONNOTATIVE MEANING
Lobsinger, no date
(Eric., "Terrorism is not just a cliche, Washington Witness, online,
http :resc omp wustl. edui'–cla/witness/stori es iteiTorcliche.shtml)
The word "terrorism" has been ….. level of alert, since hostilities began in Iraq. 

“Terrorism” Good
The term ‘terrorism’ serves as a unifying concept for traditional scholarship and critical approaches.
Gunning ‘7
(Jeroen, Lecturer in Int’l Politics, University of Wales, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition 42 (3), Summer)
On the other hand, though, …. disparate voices are unlikely to converge.  
The terrorist threat is real – we need to control the narrative now, it’ll be worse after another attack
Gusterson 07 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, 6/4/07, “Nuclear terrorism: Correcting the future” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/nuclear-terrorism-correcting-future ACC 10/2/11)
On 9/11, terrorists attacked ….. of these weapons once the Cold War ended.

AT Structural Violence 1st
It is impossible to separate structural from direct violence, and nuclear war outweighs.
Hanna Newcombe, 2008, Founder of the Peace Research Institute Dundas, "On Violence," (first published online as of 2008, original date not given)  http://www.hannanewcombe.com/on-violence
Direct (intentional) violence and structural …..  betterment research would be justice research, freedom research, etc. 

Util Frontline
Util is inevitable – basis for all moral decisions.
Leonard G. Ratner, Legion Lex Professor of Law, University of Southern California Law Center, ‘84
Hofstra Law Review, SPRING, 12 Hofstra L. Rev. 723, ARTICLE: THE UTILITARIAN IMPERATIVE:
AUTONOMY, RECIPROCITY, AND EVOLUTION, JT/
In the context of the information ….  utilitarians and most of us are social utilitarians. 

 
Survival comes first.
Schell, 2000 (Jonathan, The Fate of the Earth, pg.  3 0 )
Having said that ….  of something larger than he is. 

AT Ethics 1st
Ethics requires calculation – means you can’t ignore util.
Thurschwell, assoc prof law @ Cleveland State, 2003 (Adam, Cardozo Law Review, March, lexis)
From the outset, then. ethical ….  the infinite responsibility that genuine justice demands. n25  

Utilitarian calculations in the context of extinction cause mindset shifts to more ethical forms of politics
Epstein and Zhao 2009 (Richard and Y., “The Threat That Dare Not Speak Its Name” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, volume 52, number 1 (winter 2009):116–25 Muse)
Final ends for all species are ….. upgrade what we now all too often dismiss as “human nature” (Tudge 1989). 

 Realism is inevitable, debate won’t change that.
Mearsheimer 1'
John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2001, http.www wwnorton.com/catalog/fal101/002025excerpt htm, accessed 11/14/02
The optimists' claim that security competition and war among the great powers has been burned out of the system is wrong. In fact, all of the major states ….  the major states in each region at peace. 

The alt to realism is great power wars.
Shaw-2k1
Martin. Prof of IR and Politics @ U of Sussex. "A regressive crystallization of global state power: theorizing a response to the 'war against terrorism'." http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/press/109shaw.htm
We cannot do ….  development of global legitimacy.   

War is decreasing now
Joshua Goldstein, September 2011, Foreign Policy, "Think Again: War," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war

The early 21st century seems awash in ….  low our behavior can sink, not of how high our standards have risen." 

Tournament: Wake | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
3. Only the federal government can enforce compliance, create uniform standards, and fund long-term commitments.

Byrne, et al., ‘7

(John, Kristen Hughes, Lado Kurdgelashvili, Wilson Rickerson, all from the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (CEEP), “American policy conflict in the greenhouse: Divergent trends in federal, regional, state, and local green energy and climate change policy”, 2-19-7, RSR)

Effective global mitigation ….  challenging climate action targets (Rabe, 2002).

4. Federal action key – it’s the only way to revive the industry in the wake of competing international players.

Wallace and Williams, ‘12

(Michael (head of the Transatlantic Program at the Royal United Services Institute) and Sarah (program coordinator and research associate in the U.S. Nuclear Energy Project at CSIS), “Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing its Early Demise”, CSIS, 2012, RSR)

With the center of gravity for …..  become irrelevant in a new nuclear age.

5. Federal action key to Rennaissance

Wallace and Williams, ‘12

(Michael (head of the Transatlantic Program at the Royal United Services Institute) and Sarah (program coordinator and research associate in the U.S. Nuclear Energy Project at CSIS), “Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing its Early Demise”, CSIS, 2012, RSR)

The results were not perfect, …..  and take action to prevent its early demise.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Won’t pass – both sides are dug in and there is no impact to cuts

Viahos 11-7

Kelley, Gridlock as usual or new era of compromise? Washington stares down 'fiscal cliff' crisis after election, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/11/07/gridlock-as-usual-or-new-era-compromise-washington-faces-choice-after-election/

Candidates on both sides pointed to …. to resolving these questions," he said.

SMRs are Popular

Sullivan, Stenger and Roma 2012

Sullivan, Mary Anne, Daniel F. Stenger, and Amy C. Roma. "Are small reactors the next big thing in nuclear?" Electric Light and Power Nov.-Dec. 2010: 46+. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.

SMRs have enjoyed bipartisan …..  other power solutions, much still needs to happen to realize the promise.

Decline doesn’t cause war

Morris Miller, Professor of Administration @ the University of Ottawa, ‘2K

(Interdisciplinary Science Review, v 25 n4 2000 p ingenta connect)

The question may be reformulated…..  by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

Election renews Obama’s pol cap—makes the plan irrelevant

Mike Lillis, The Hill, 9/29/12, Democrats lay out second-term wish list for President Obama, thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259253-dems-lay-out-wish-list-for-a-second-obama-term

An Obama victory in November would lend the ….. leverage in his negotiations with GOP leaders over a range of issues.
SMRs create jobs and lead to economic growth

Department of Commerce 11 (Manufacturing and Services Competitiveness Report, The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors, February 2011 http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf)

A primary advantage of SMRs …. growth in the United States.

SMRs are better for market flexibility and adaptation

Energy Policy Institute 10 (Energy Policy Institute, Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Economic and Employment Impacts of Small Modular Reactors, June 2010, http://epi.boisestate.edu/media/3494/economic%20and%20employment%20impacts%20of%20smrs.pdf)

Other advantages of SMRs over …..  of infrequent refueling requirements.

Obama pc collapses budget negotiations—2011 proves

The Hotline, 9/10/12, Slow and Steady Wins the Race, Lexis

Gaps in Obama's leadership …..  and ostracized. And this was the beginning of a war" (Klein, ABC, 9/10).

No Link—Plan doesn’t require legislation, or focus from Obama and Congress

No impact—at worst they’ll just punt the deadline

Reuters, 9/21/12, Lawmakers May Delay 'Fiscal Cliff' Deadlines, www.foxbusiness.com/2012/09/21/lawmakers-may-delay-fiscal-cliff-deadlines/

Slowly and quietly, the U.S……  on revamping the tax code and big government programs like Social Security and Medicare.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Discursive construction is not the cause of terrorism

Alexander 3’

(Yonah, Director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, “Terrorism Myths and Realities,” Washington Times, August 28, Lexis)

Two myths in particular must be debunked immediately if an ….  follows the rule of the Caliphs."

Terrorism will inevitably foreclose possibility of critique - turns your K.

Ignatieff '2 - Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Social Research 69.4, "Human Rights, the Laws of War, and Terrorism." Proquest.

La politique du pire does away ….  them should be relations of war.

NO IMPACT: TERRORISM IS OVER-USED AND HAS LOST ITS CONNOTATIVE MEANING

Lobsinger, no date

(Eric., "Terrorism is not just a cliche, Washington Witness, online,

http :resc omp wustl. edui'–cla/witness/stori es iteiTorcliche.shtml)

The word "terrorism" has been ….. level of alert, since hostilities began in Iraq.

“Terrorism” Good
The term ‘terrorism’ serves as a unifying concept for traditional scholarship and critical approaches.

Gunning ‘7

(Jeroen, Lecturer in Int’l Politics, University of Wales, “A Case for Critical Terrorism Studies?” Government and Opposition 42 (3), Summer)

On the other hand, though, …. disparate voices are unlikely to converge.  
The terrorist threat is real – we need to control the narrative now, it’ll be worse after another attack

Gusterson 07 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, 6/4/07, “Nuclear terrorism: Correcting the future” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/nuclear-terrorism-correcting-future ACC 10/2/11)

On 9/11, terrorists attacked ….. of these weapons once the Cold War ended.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
AT Structural Violence 1st
It is impossible to separate structural from direct violence, and nuclear war outweighs.

Hanna Newcombe, 2008, Founder of the Peace Research Institute Dundas, "On Violence," (first published online as of 2008, original date not given)  http://www.hannanewcombe.com/on-violence

Direct (intentional) violence and structural …..  betterment research would be justice research, freedom research, etc.

Util Frontline
Util is inevitable – basis for all moral decisions.

Leonard G. Ratner, Legion Lex Professor of Law, University of Southern California Law Center, ‘84

Hofstra Law Review, SPRING, 12 Hofstra L. Rev. 723, ARTICLE: THE UTILITARIAN IMPERATIVE:

AUTONOMY, RECIPROCITY, AND EVOLUTION, JT/

In the context of the information ….  utilitarians and most of us are social utilitarians.

Survival comes first.

Schell, 2000 (Jonathan, The Fate of the Earth, pg.  3 0 )

Having said that ….  of something larger than he is.

AT Ethics 1st
Ethics requires calculation – means you can’t ignore util.

Thurschwell, assoc prof law @ Cleveland State, 2003 (Adam, Cardozo Law Review, March, lexis)

From the outset, then. ethical ….  the infinite responsibility that genuine justice demands. n25 

Utilitarian calculations in the context of extinction cause mindset shifts to more ethical forms of politics

Epstein and Zhao 2009 (Richard and Y., “The Threat That Dare Not Speak Its Name” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, volume 52, number 1 (winter 2009):116–25 Muse)

Final ends for all species are ….. upgrade what we now all too often dismiss as “human nature” (Tudge 1989).

 Realism is inevitable, debate won’t change that.

Mearsheimer 1'

John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 2001, http.www wwnorton.com/catalog/fal101/002025excerpt htm, accessed 11/14/02

The optimists' claim that security competition and war among the great powers has been burned out of the system is wrong. In fact, all of the major states ….  the major states in each region at peace.

The alt to realism is great power wars.

Shaw-2k1

Martin. Prof of IR and Politics @ U of Sussex. "A regressive crystallization of global state power: theorizing a response to the 'war against terrorism'." http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/press/109shaw.htm

We cannot do ….  development of global legitimacy.  

War is decreasing now

Joshua Goldstein, September 2011, Foreign Policy, "Think Again: War," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war

The early 21st century seems awash in ….  low our behavior can sink, not of how high our standards have risen."

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: ISO HO | Judge: Scott Harris
Plan
The United States Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on military bases within the United States.
AD1
Grid disruptions are inevitable - only SMR’s can solve
Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, “Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?” 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)

In recent years, the U.S Department of fired power plants on the environment.\

Cyber-attack’s coming ---actors are probing US grid weaknesses
Reed 10/11
John, Reports on the frontiers of cyber war and the latest in military technology for Killer Apps at Foreign Policy, "U.S. energy companies victims of potentially destructive cyber intrusions", 2012, killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/10/11/us_energy_companies_victims_of_potentially_destructive_cyber_attacks

Foreign actors are probing the       and he noted that Stuxnet itself passed through power plants on its way to Iran. "Stuxnet infected thousands of computer systems all around the globe, I know there were power plants infected by Stuxnet very far away from Iran," Kaspersky said.
Disruptions cause nuclear lashout – SMRs solve but renewables fail
Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres is Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors ¶ for Military Installations:¶ Capabilities, Costs, and ¶ Technological Implications” Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf, SEH)

Grid Vulnerability. DOD is unable to           incentive for ¶ an opponent to attack the grid. An opponent might ¶ still attempt to take down the grid for the sake of disrupting civilian systems, but the powerful incentive to ¶ do so in order to win an ongoing battle or war would ¶ be greatly reduced.
Grid failures lead to  terrorism
Defense Science Board 8
(The DSB is a Federal ¶ Advisory Committee established to provide independent advice to the Secretary of ¶ Defense, “More Fight – Less Fuel” http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf, SEH)

DoD’s key problem with electricity is         It was also the most serious ¶ blackout in Italy in 20 years. DoD installations located outside the continental United ¶ States (OCONUS) are dependent on the commercial grids serving their locations. ¶ Security of their power supplies and continuation of their missions is as important as ¶ within the U.S.
Multiple status quo attempts
Wagner 9/11
(Dr. Abraham R. Wagner is a Professor of International and Public Affairs at the ¶ Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University. “Counter-Terrorism Technologies -- Taking Stock on 9/11” 09/11/2012 2:13 pm accessed online September 11, 2012 at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/abraham-r-wagner/counterterrorism-technolo_b_1874521.html, TSW)

On this 11th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks,        embarrassment, and clearly a triumph of politics over physics. The information and communications technologies are all well-developed, but multiple bureaucracies have generated a set of plans and an even larger set of excuses as to why the fundamental problems in this area remain to be solved.
Terrorists are targeting Syrian bioweapons now and will use them
Blair ‘12
(Charles P. Blair joined FAS in June 2010. He is the Senior Fellow on State and Non-State Threats. Born and raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico, Mr. Blair was an exchange student in Moscow in the mid-1980s, witnessing firsthand the closing salvos of the Cold War. Since the end of that era, Mr. Blair has worked on issues relating to the diffusion and diversification of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the context of proliferation amid the rise of mass casualty terrorism incidents and the centripetal and centrifugal elements of globalization. Mr. Blair’s work focuses on state and violent non-state actors (VNSA) – amid a dystopic and increasingly tribal world. “Fearful of a nuclear Iran? The real WMD nightmare is Syria” 1 MARCH 2012 accessed online August 22, 2012 at http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/fearful-of-nuclear-iran-the-real-wmd-nightmare-syria)

As possible military action against Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program               -- including some, such as Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran, that are now backing the insurgency and the regime, respectively -- must come together and begin planning to avert a dispersion of Syrian chemical or biological weapons that would threaten everyone, of any political or religious persuasion, in the Middle East and around the world.
New gene manipulation takes out your defense
MSNBC 2011
(“Clinton warns of bioweapon threat from gene tech,” pg online @ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45584359/ns/… “For an international verification system — akin to that for nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab's activities.”)

GENEVA — New gene assembly technology          verification system — akin to that for nuclear weapons — saying it is too complicated to monitor every lab's activities
Bio weapons lead to Extinction
Ochs 2
(Richard, Naturalist – Grand Teton National park with Masters in Natural Resource Management – Rutgers, “Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately” 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the       plagues with no known cure or vaccine. Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.  

AD2

New US nuclear power demand causes nuclear expertise revival
APS 8
APS (American Physical Society), Report from the APS Panel on Public Affairs Committee on Energy and Environment, June 2008, Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/Nuclear-Readiness-Report-FINAL-2.pdf

The 21st century has brought a growing realization       decreased from 66 in the early 1980s to 30 today, and the number of university reactors has dwindled from 63 to 25 during essentially the same period.

Revitalized nuclear expertise vital to stockpile stewardship nuclear forensics
Mtingwa, 9
(Chair of the POPA study on the Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges. He is an accelerator physicist and Senior Lecturer at MIT. “Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges,” January, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200901/mtingwa.cfm)

On another front, the tragedy of September 11, 2001, has           that present intellectually and financially rewarding career paths.

Key to credible nuclear deterrence
Browne et al 8
John C. Browne, Los Alamos National Laboratory (retired), Clark Murdock, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Francis Slakey, American Physical Society,  Benn Tannenbaum, American Association for the Advancement of Science,  Jessica Yeats, Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2008, Nuclear Weapons in 21st Century U.S. National Security, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081208_nuclear_weapons_report.pdf

To maintain a credible nuclear              motivated scientists and engineers.

Loss of U.S. nuclear primacy causes global nuclear war
Caves 10
(John P, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, January, Strategic Forum, No. 252, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,”)

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear          nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Effective nuclear forensics deters terrorism
Talmadge 7
(IR and Government Prof-George Washington, PhD-MIT, “Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf)

Because terrorists lack return addresses,         assist terrorists in a nuclear attack on the United States.20 

Risks nuclear use
Us Russia Joint Threat Assessment May 11
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Joint-Threat-Assessment%20ENG%2027%20May%202011.pdf
 ABOUT THE U.S.-RUSSIA JOINT THREAT ASSESSMENT ON NUCLEAR TERRORISM The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism is a collaborative project of Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and the U.S.A. and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences led by Rolf Mowatt-Larssen and Pavel Zolotarev. Authors: • Matthew Bunn. Associate Professor of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School and Co-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, 1995–2000. • Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, director of Intelligence and Counterintelligence at the U.S. Department of Energy, 2005–2008. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer, 1993–2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration, 2006–2009. • Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces, 1994–1996. • Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 1993–1997, deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia, 1997–1998. Contributor: • Vladimir Lukov, director general of autonomous non-profit organization “Counter-Terrorism Center.” 

The expert community distinguishes pathways           the question will become not if, but when, where, and on what scale the first act of nuclear terrorism occurs.
Nuclear terrorism causes retaliation that sparks global nuclear war and extinction.
Ayson 2010
(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 33(7), July)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor           to use force (and possibly nuclear force) against them. In that situation, the temptations to preempt such actions might grow, although it must be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
 Solvency
Incentives now, but they are insufficient
DoD Energy Blog 11
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should           been with other alternative energy production means.

DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership

Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of          nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.
Military procurement solves commercial use and avoids regulations
Andres and Loudermilk 10
(Richard B. Andres, Professor of ¶ national Security Strategy at the ¶ national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental ¶ Security and Policy Chair in the Center ¶ for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University, Micah J, Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear IndustryPosted” http://robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/small-reactors-and-the-militarys-role-in-securing-americas-nuclear-industryposted/, SEH)

Unlike private industry, the military does          which their adoption can be achieved.
We have the personnel
ITA 11
(International Trade Administration, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors” Manufacturing and Services Competitiveness Report, February 2011, US Department of Commerce)

A serious obstacle to the resurgence of         and assembly could make sense for U.S. companies, as opposed to the localiza-tion that is typically necessary for building larger reactors.
DOD has the expertise
Cohen 12
Armond Cohen 12, Executive Director of the Clean Air Task Force, “DoD: A Model for Energy Innovation?”, May 29, http://www.catf.us/blogs/ahead/2012/05/29/dod-a-model-for-energy-innovation/

Unlike most other agencies, including          or, conceivably, zero-carbon liquid fuels other than anything resembling current generation biofuels. 


SMRs will replace large reactos and provide 75% of power by 2030.
Energy Policy Institute 10 (Energy Policy Institute, Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Economic and Employment Impacts of Small Modular Reactors, June 2010, http://epi.boisestate.edu/media/3494/economic%20and%20employment%20impacts%20of%20smrs.pdf)
The disruptive technology market       nuclear plants such as the arid, western U.S. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy generation in the United States.

1AC Fusion Leadership Advantage
Global fusion is possible and inevitable – but will be too slow without the US. Absent increased support, the reduction in federal spending for fusion will cede our tech leadership to other countries
Stewart Prager, 5/12/2011, "Perspective on: The future of fusion," (Prager is the director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a Department of Energy national laboratory, and a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton), (Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Interview by Kitta MacPherson), http://www.pppl.gov/news/2011/05/pppl-great-story-bright-future

Why should the U.S. maintain its funding of the fusion program?¶
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world stage in fusion and consign us to third world status in fusion.

That collapses hegemony – tech leadership is the biggest internal link
Drezner 2001 Daniel Drezner (professor of international politics at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University) 2001 “State structure, technological leadership and the maintenance of hegemony” http://www.danieldrezner.com/research/tech.pdf
In this decade, proponents of globalization argue that because information and capital are mobile
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leading to a period of strife until a new hegemonic power is found. 

Otherwise hegemony will remain sustainable
Kagan 7 (Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Senior Transatlantic Fellow at the German Marshall Fund, “End of Dreams, Return of History,” Hoover Institution, No. 144, August/September, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6136)
These American traditions, together with historical events beyond Americans’ control, have catapulted the
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by the United States to diminish its power and international influence voluntarily. 11

Hegemonic decline leads to war – other countries can’t fill in the gap
Kagan 12 (Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why the World Needs America,” 2/11, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html) 

With the outbreak of World War I, the age of settled peace and advancing
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what the world looked like right before the American order came into being. 

And U.S. leadership shapes global norms of fusion adoption — stops weaponization
Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf

The sense of complacency in the United States engendered by this country's relative energy-
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We hope that readers of our report will read that one, too.

Fusion weapon development causes an arms race and nuclear war
Sam Cohen and Joe Douglas, 3/11/03, (Cohen is a retired nuclear weapons analyst and Douglas is a national security analyst) Financial Sense Online, "Nuclear Threat that doesn't exist - or does it?" http://rense.com/general35/doex.htm

The small tactical battlefield neutron bomb is the closest kin to a pure-
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will be seen, will do their best to deny their possible existence.

Fusion is possible – scientific breakthroughs prove it is feasible, but federal support is vital for commercialization – development of fusion solve all global problems
Stewart Prager, 7/10/2011, New York Times, "How seawater can power the world," (Prager is the director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a Department of Energy national laboratory, and a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton)
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1and

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol
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that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

1AC Workforce Advantage
Fusion is feasible, but funding cuts devastate prospects for commercialization – specifically, loss of funding to MIT crushes our scientific leadership.
Nick Cunningham and Andrew Holland, 8/3/12, AOL Energy, "through innovation and investment, the US can lead in next-generation energy, nuclear fusion," (Andrew Holland is a Senior Fellow and Nicholas Cunningham is a Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project, a non-partisan think tank devoted to studying questions of America's long-term national security.) http://energy.aol.com/2012/08/03/through-innovation-and-investment-the-u-s-can-lead-in-next-gen/

One striking example is the proposed budget cuts for fusion energy. Research in fusion
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investment, fusion energy can transform our energy system for the next generation.

Funding shortfalls breaks the pipeline for the scientific workforce – that shatters retention
Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., "Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era", 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Whether the next step for the U.S. fusion energy sciences is a
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energy sciences, and cuts to a number of smaller¶ university programs.

Lack of investment drives students away from the nuclear sciences – spills over to weapons labs and nuclear defenses.
APS, 8
Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21 st Century Challenges A Report from the APS Panel on Public Affairs Committee on Energy and Environment June 2008http:www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/Nuclear-Readiness-Report-FINAL-2.pdf
The 21st century has brought a growing realization that it is time to reexamine the
AND
university reactors has dwindled from 63 to 25 during essentially the same period. 

Rebuilding US nuclear expertise is key to stockpile management and preventing nuclear terrorism
Mtingwa, 9
Sezaki, served as chair of the POPA study on the Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges. He is an accelerator physicist and Senior Lecturer at MIT, Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges, From a Report of the APS Panel on Public Affairs, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200901/mtingwa.cfm
On another front, the tragedy of September 11, 2001, has brought an
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as exciting areas of research that present intellectually and financially rewarding career paths.

Nuclear expertise is the most important factor in maintain stockpile stewardship
Adams and Drell, 2k8
Marvin L., Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Texas AandM University, and Sidney D., a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a professor of theoretical physics (emeritus) at Stanford’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Technical Issues in Keeping the Nuclear Stockpile Safe, Secure, and Reliable, October 2008, online http://www.lanl.gov/conferences/sw/2009/docs/technicalIssues-nwstockpile-oct08.pdf
The United States has maintained a safe, secure, and reliable nuclear stockpile for
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policies. Expert personnel are the foundation of a lasting and responsive deterrent.

Nuclear deterrence necessary to deter rogue states, CBW attacks, power challengers, and allied proliferation -- impact is extinction
Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360
According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review, the United States must maintain a “
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legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities. 

Detection capabilities the best deterrent against nuclear terror and escalation.
Talmadge, 7
Professor International Relations and governemtn, George Washington University, Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf
Because terrorists lack return addresses, analysts have dismissed even more firmly the possibility of
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or passively assist terrorists in a nuclear attack on the United States.20 

Nuclear terror is both likely and devastating – guarantees full scale nuclear retaliation.
Rhodes, 9
Richard, affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, Former visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and author of “The Making of the Atomic Bomb” which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award. “Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/reducing-the-nuclear-threat-the-argument-public-safety
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
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nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message. 

Draws in Russia and China – the threat is existential.
Ayson ’10
Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria
University of Wellington (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
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the use of nuclear weapons by states has been the threat of nuclear retaliation

Fusion development causes spillover research into plasmas – we don’t have to solve commercialization to access plasma development
Stewart Prager, 5/12/2011, "Perspective on: The future of fusion," (Prager is the director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a Department of Energy national laboratory, and a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton), (Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Interview by Kitta MacPherson), http://www.pppl.gov/news/2011/05/pppl-great-story-bright-future

Have there been practical benefits from fusion research so far?¶ ¶ There are huge
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is plasma. Plasma physics underlies some of the major questions in astrophysics.

Solves anti-biotic resistant pandemics —- risk’s high
Graves 12 (David, Professor – University of California, Berkeley, "David Graves Details Plasma’s Power to Prevent Infection", Plasma Page – Coalition for Plasma Science, 15(1), June, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_pages/pp_jun2012.htm)

Washington, DC - On March 28, 2012, the Coalition for Plasma Science
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water, and synergize with UV; finally, the technology is inexpensive.

Anti-biotic resistant diseases cause extinction
Plotkin 00 (Mark J., Ph.D., President – Amazon Conservation Team and Research Associate – Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History, Trained Ethnobotanist, and Tropical Researcher, "Searching for Nature’s Medicines", Action Bioscience, October, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/plotkin.html)

Plotkin: I really do believe we’re at a crisis point. There is a
AND
-resistant bacteria that are out there, gram negative and gram positive.¶ 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC Science Diplomacy
Fusion is possible – but lack of funding undermines our tech development
ASP, 1/24/2011, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security," (The American Security Project is a bipartisan initiative to educate the American public about the changing nature of national security in the 21st century), downloaded from http://americansecurityproject.org/issues/climate-energy-and-security/energy/fusion2020/

During the last 30 years, .... energy for the world.

Specifically, continued underfunding of domestic fusion research will cause us to pull out of ITER
Eric Hand, 7/24/12, Nature, "US fusion in budget vice," http://www.nature.com/news/us-fusion-in-budget-vice-1.11061

It seems that some members...  in 2014, I’m not so sure.”

Participation in ITER is key to science diplomacy  - withdrawal collapses our credibility
Nina Fedoroff, 4/2/08, (Ph.D Science and Tech), "Making Science Diplomacy More Effective," Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/stas/2008/105286.htm

Science by its nature facilitates....  engagement more paramount.

Independently, domestic fusion scientists contribute to science diplomacy
Stewart Prager, 5/12/2011, "Perspective on: The future of fusion," (Prager is the director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a Department of Energy national laboratory, and a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton), (Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Interview by Kitta MacPherson), http://www.pppl.gov/news/2011/05/pppl-great-story-bright-future

Fusion research has been ...  there right now.

Scientific cooperation solves major global problems.
Nina Fedoroff Administrator USAID.  CQ Congressional Testimony, “INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COOPERATION.”  April 2, 2008.  Lexis.
Science by its nature ... successful economies of the 21st century.

Science diplomacy is key to US-Sino relations – disputes are inevitable and only scientific collaboration can stabilize relations
Rock 5 (Anthony, PRINCIPAL DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE. U.S. - CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION, April 2005. http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2005hearings/written_testimonies/05_21_22wrts/rock_anthony_wrts.htm)
The Administration also believes that U.S.-China SandT cooperation has played a consistent stabilizing role in U.S.-China relations. While the overall U.S.-China relationship may swing up or down as a result of political and economic developments, changes in leadership and other factors, the U.S.-China SandT relationship has remained a largely stable pillar of the bilateral relationship, allowing a continuance of cooperative activities in science and technology at levels determined more by scientific accomplishment, interest and available budget than by geopolitical interest.  

Relations solve multiple scenarios for extinction
Cohen 2009 (William S., Center for Strategic and International Studies Counselor and Trustee
 , “Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,” http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090309_mcgiffert_uschinasmartpower_web.pdf)

The evolution of Sino-U.S....  current global financial crisis.