Tournament: GSU | Round: 2,3,5,8 | Opponent: Wake, NU, KY, MSU | Judge: Butt, Wunderlich, Olney, Paul
Open Source - See Below  

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: The fifty state governments and the District of Columbia should substantially increase financial incentives for wind.
The fifty states should setup “Green Banks” as per our Center for American Progress evidence.  Any energy project financing as a result of the counterplan should come from these “Green Banks”. 

States can take the lead on clean energy
SARAH LASKOW, Reporter, Good Environment, “As Washington Backs Off Clean Energy, States Are Filling the Void”, Jan 20th 2012, http://www.good.is/post/as-washington-backs-off-clean-energy-states-are-filling-the-void/

President Obama released his first campaign ad this week, which touts his credits on
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they would be able to achieve more with some increased leadership from Washington.

The Green bank solves all their financing and investment arguments
Center for American Progress Action Fund, June 16, 2009,
http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2009/06/green_bank_primer.html

The Green Bank, or Clean Energy Deployment Administration, is a key element of
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of clean-energy investments.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Energy Policy is a product of capitalism’s attempt to increase productivity and profit. This allows for exploitative working conditions and leads to extinction.
ICC ’11 (Nuclear Energy, Capitalism and Communism, August 16, 2011, http://en.internationalism.org/wr/347/nuclear)

The revolution in the form and quantity of energy available to humanity underpinned the industrial
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of capitalism’s profits. It is this that dictates capitalism’s attitude to energy.

Vote neg on ethics - resisting this reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility
Zizek and Daly 2004
(Slavoj, professor of philosophy at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, and Glyn, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, Conversations with Zizek, page 14-16)

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
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abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.

The alternative is to withdraw from the ideology of capital. Capitalism only survives because we believe it is a truth claim.
Johnston ’04 (Adrian, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory, The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Zizek and the Dynamics of Belief, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society)

Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap in Žižek’s recent writings isn’t a
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comforting fiction (‘‘Capitalist commodity fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism’’).

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A.  Incentives are negotiated offers linked to a particular outcome – they are distinct from policies that motivate behavioral change
Grant, 02  - professor of political science at Duke University (Ruth, “THE ETHICS OF INCENTIVES: HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDINGS,” Economics and Philosophy, 18 (2002) 111, proquest)

We are now in a position to identify a core understanding or a distinctive meaning
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the term historically within discourses of social control is illustrative of this point. 

B. Violation – Financial incentives include funding and loan guarantees; procurement is a non-financial incentive
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
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import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

C.  This is a voting issue –

1.  Limits – non financial incentives make the topic limitless crushing fairness

2.  Negative ground – their interpretation means they don’t have to defend an increase in production --- nullifying core DA’s like oil prices and tradeoff

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: the United States federal government should offer to host the Gulf Cooperation Council’s multinational consortium to provide enriched uranium to states looking to build their own nuclear power program.  
The United States will dedicate all necessary funding to the development of a smart grid for electrical production in the US.

Only an international fuel bank solves virtual proliferation – Countries will say yes
Harold Feiveson, Senior Research Policy Analyst, Program on Science and Global Security, “Can Future Nuclear Power Be Made Proliferation Resistant?”, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland, July 2008, http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/future_nuclear_power.pdf

It is treacherous to imagine the institutional framework that would be relevant in fifty to
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and well accepted compliance provisions could provide a reasonable degree of proliferation resistance. 

Upgrading the US to a smart grid ensures stable energy and prevents disruptions

Wittenberg 2011 (Scientific American, Sept. 11) http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=recent-blackout-highlights-nations

Many experts say smart-grid technology would help. Such a system would be
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$4.4 billion was dedicated directly to building a smart grid. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should issue licensing contracts for the procurement of small modular reactors on continental US military bases.
Plan deploys SMRs overseas --- “it’s military bases” includes overseas installations
CNA Analysis March 2011 (Feasibility of Nuclear Power on US military installations) 

Appendix A: DoD Installation energy use
./..Grafenwoehr Army Garrison, Germany 29.4 Edwards AFB, MD 29.7

Japan alliance high and public wants US troops there now
Madsen and Samuels 3/16/11 (Robert, is a senior fellow at the Center for International Studies at MIT, a member of the executive council at Unison Capital, and an advisor to several international investment groups, and Richard, is Ford International professor of political science and director of the Center for International Studies at MIT,“Japan's Black Swan,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/15/japans_black_swan?page=0,2)
Geopolitically, the recent events will enhance U.S.-Japan relations in an
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. The alliance has never worked so smoothly nor been so widely accepted.

Plan alienates Japanese communities near bases --- massive opposition to nuclear post-Fukushima
Powell and Takayama 12 (Bill Powell and Hideko Takayama, April 20, 2012, CNN Money, Fukushima Daiichi: Inside the debacle http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/20/fukushima-daiichi/, jj)

That assent won't come easily. Public opposition to nuclear power now runs hot in
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that still surround the terrifying events that began on March 11, 2011.

Crushes the alliance
Tanaka, ’10 – Senior Fellow at the Japan Center for International Exchange (2/10, Hitoshi, “The US-Japan Alliance: Beyond Futenma,” http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vandq=cache:BrLWAbFxrrEJ:www.jcie.org/researchpdfs/EAI/5-1.pdf+japan+equal+negotiations+usandhl=enandgl=usandpid=blandsrcid=ADGEESheENPuqbIG-8RbfWchijC7WxbtZKTDrU0wN8bzSwk_YulPh9htyz3amNMQWtMuAlJAkehw8leYo2IQZf7qMesvk_G-kemr_jkwP3XutsFN6dpV8YCmiR2i4Ns6zfseGSYONfkCandsig=AHIEtbQHXZpJVcMaBydKC8HT0kgaT2qngA)

On the other hand, it is important to recognize that the burden of maintaining
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of their people, and the Japanese government cannot simply disregard these pressures.

US/Japan alliance is key to prevent nuclear war
INSS 00 Institute For National Strategic Studies “The United States and Japan: Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership” (http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/SR_01/SR_Japan.htm)

Major war in Europe is inconceivable for at least a generation, but the prospects
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U.S.-Japan alliance is central to America’s global security strategy.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Oil prices will stabilize at high levels now
Irina Rogovaya August 2012; writer for Oil and Gas Eurasia, Oil Price Changes: Everyone Wants Stability http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/164/article/1875/-http://www.oilandgaseurasia.com/articles/p/164/article/1875/

According to the current base forecast for the Eurozone prepared by Oxford Economics, within
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of the cartel will not let prices fall under $100 per barrel.

Link timeframe is quick---the plan lowers the expected future demand for oil—causes oil prices to plummet
Feldstein, ‘8 - Martin Feldstein, 7/1/2008. Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan, is a professor at Harvard and a member of The Wall Street Journal's board of contributors. “We Can Lower Oil Prices Now,” The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121486800837317581.html?mod=opinion_main_commentaries.
Unlike perishable agricultural products, oil can be stored in the ground. So when
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elsewhere, can therefore lead both to lower prices and increased consumption today.

Drop in oil demand causes Russian economic instability --- risks nuclear war
Miller 10—assistant professor of political science at the University of Oklahoma (Gregory D., April 2010, © Center for Strategic and International Studies, The Washington Quarterly 33:2, “The Security Costs of Energy Independence,” http://www.twq.com/10april/docs/10apr_Miller.pdf)

Russia is another potential danger spot because it is the only nuclear state, at
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neighbors can afford the risk of a nuclear Russia suffering economic instability.19

Extinction
FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
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the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal judiciary, using the next available test case, should issue a narrow ruling that: restrictions on master limited partnerships for the production of wind power are unconstitutional and cannot be enforced on the grounds that they infringe on state sovereignty.
The Supreme Court can remove restrictions --- solves the aff
Percival ‘97
Robert V. Percival ++ Professor of Law, Robert Stanton Scholar and Director, Environmental Law Program, University of Maryland School of Law.
The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1997, 1997 U Chi Legal F 159
ARTICLE: Regulatory Evolution and the Future of Environmental Policy, Lexis, jj

These efforts are being undertaken at a time when the federal judiciary has become less
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resurrecting the very deficiencies of the commonlaw that public law sought to overcome.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Through all necessary means the Chinese government will provide all necessary resources to the Institute of Plasma Physics for the research and development of fusion power. China should offer to share this technology with the United States.

China can effectively develop fusion --- sharing it with the US solves case

Dillow 2010 (Clay, Popular Science, Dec 6)
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-12/wikileaked-cables-beijing-reveal-chinas-pursuit-fusion-power-teleportation

One confidential diplomatic cable sent from the Beijing Embassy to Washington in February suggests China is doing big things at the small scale. For one, China is aggressively expanding its nuclear energy resources, with plans to open at least 70 nuclear plants in the next decade. More interestingly, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is pouring research funding into its Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP) to conduct ongoing research into nuclear fusion.  Apparently China has been hard at work on its Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) reactor, which is designed to sustain a controlled fusion reaction that can go on indefinitely at high temperatures. In 2009, researchers apparently sustained a 18-million-degree reaction for 400 seconds, and a 180-million-degree reaction for 60 seconds. Their goal for 2010 was to sustain a 180-million-degree reaction for more than 400 seconds, though it’s unclear if they achieved that. Moreover, IPP is apparently conducting research on hybrid fission-fusion reactors, though details are slim.

Tournament: Liberty | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Military bases are prioritizing community integration now --- Plan sends critical signal of isolation to both local community and base officials
Parthemore and Rogers, 10
Christine Parthemore, Will Rogers, Center New American Security, 5/20, http://www.cnas.org/node/4502-http://www.cnas.org/node/4502
Are small nuclear reactors a smart choice for increasing energy security and reducing greenhouse gas
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small nuclear reactors on military bases must include examination of these important concerns. 

Plan causes local community backlash - Even aff advocates admit the link is true and highly likely
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Small reactors used on domestic military bases are likely to face a number of additional
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and determining whether Permissive Action Links technology could be used to safeguard them.

Impact --- Military community relations key to prevent base closures and ensure readiness
*only read blue if there is econ adv in 1ac
OPR 09 (Governor’s Office of Planning and Research – State of California, December, Community and Military Compatibility Planning, http://opr.ca.gov/docs/Military_GPG_Supplement.pdf, jj)

The Department of Defense (DoD) has a significant presence in the State of
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is possible if both the community and the installation work together. 

Tournament: Liberty | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Korea is the SMR leader now --- plan trades off and destroys their economy
Christofer M. Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc., July 14, 2011 Testimony Before the Energy and Water Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee United States Senate July 14, 2011, KEL

Failing to move forward with this program will not stall the deployment of SMRs in
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.S. design, supply chain, construction, and operations jobs.

Korean economic collapse ensures nuclear war
Green and Schrage 09 (Michael J. Green is senior advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and associate professor at Georgetown University. Steven P. Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the U.S. Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee. THE KOREA HERALD, March 27, 2009, Asia's strategic dangers from financial crisis, Lexis, jj)

Dangerous states: It is noteworthy that North Korea, Burma, and Iran have
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states see an opportunity to advance their asymmetrical advantages over the international system.

Tournament: Clarion | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
CP Text: The United States Department of Defense should increase financial incentives for energy production from one or more of the following: coal, crude oil, natural gas, solar power, or wind power by cutting funding from Ground Combat Vehicle program and reallocating funds toward the NetZero Program.
NetZero includes nuclear
Barattino, 1/23/12 (William J. is the chief executive officer at Global Broadband Solutions, LLC. He has more than 30 years experience in program management and systems engineering and integration for telecommunications, space systems, lasers, imaging, facilities engineering, and applied mechanics, ANS Nuclear Café, “Small Modular Reactors on Military Installations?,” http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/01/23/small-modular-reactors-on-military-installations/, ts)

Federal agencies have been directed by public laws and executive orders to reduce energy consumption
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secure and uninterruptable power supplies for mission-critical base facility energy requirements.

Military procurement of SMRs triggers resentment that accelerates and legitimates new prolif
Terrence P. Smith, CSIS, 2-16-2011 http://csis.org/blog/idea-i-can-do-without-small-nuclear-reactors-military-installations

The reactors are purely for energy purposes, but in a world that seems to
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production.” My point is, maybe that is where they should stay.
Prolif causes extinction
Utgoff 2  (Victor A., Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis, Survival Vol 44 No 2 Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions, p. 87-90)
In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
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a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Tournament: Clarion | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Our interpretation – The affirmative has to defend a material action. They can talk about whatever they want, but they must have an action we can negate and an advocacy statement if we win is bad results in a negative ballot.

Violation- they offer no stasis point for the debate and won’t defend the consequences of their advocacy statement. 

Vote Neg:

1) Ground - Not defending a specific action, method, or starting point means you can literally say racism is bad and sit down. Our interpretation is key to foster debates on the means they advocate when both sides fundamentally agree on the ends.
No stable advocacy statement means we could k your methodology and you could say “we don’t defend that” and sit down. This debate is not productive, and it kills clash and education.  Every reason why your aff is good is a reason to prefer our interpretation.
We will make coal consumption good arguments on the case – When they no link them it proves abuse
2) Clash is predicated off of a stable topic, when there is no stability in a debate, all substantive argumentation is mooted.
Shively, 2k (Assistant Prof Political Science at Texas AandM, Ruth Lessl, Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2)JFS

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no" to-they must reject and limit-some ideas and actions. In what follows, we will also find that they must say "yes" to some things. In particular, they must say "yes" to the idea of rational persuasion. This means, first, that they must recognize the role of agreement in political contest, or the basic accord that is necessary to discord. The mistake that the ambiguists make here is a common one. The mistake is in thinking that agreement marks the end of contest-that consensus kills debate. But this is true only if the agreement is perfect-if there is nothing at all left to question or contest. In most cases, however, our agreements are highly imperfect. We agree on some matters but not on others, on generalities but not on specifics, on principles but not on their applications, and so on. And this kind of limited agreement is the starting condition of contest and debate. As John Courtney Murray writes: We hold certain truths; therefore we can argue about them. It seems to have been one of the corruptions of intelligence by positivism to assume that argument ends when agreement is reached. In a basic sense, the reverse is true. There can be no argument except on the premise, and within a context, of agreement. (Murray 1960, 10) In other words, we cannot argue about something if we are not communicating: if we cannot agree on the topic and terms of argument or if we have utterly different ideas about what counts as evidence or good argument. At the very least, we must agree about what it is that is being debated before we can debate it. For instance, one cannot have an argument about euthanasia with someone who thinks euthanasia is a musical group. One cannot successfully stage a sit-in if one's target audience simply thinks everyone is resting or if those doing the sitting have no complaints. Nor can one demonstrate resistance to a policy if no one knows that it is a policy. In other words, contest is meaningless if there is a lack of agreement or communication about what is being contested. Resisters, demonstrators, and debaters must have some shared ideas about the subject and/or the terms of their disagreements. The participants and the target of a sit-in must share an understanding of the complaint at hand. And a demonstrator's audience must know what is being resisted. In short, the contesting of an idea presumes some agreement about what that idea is and how one might go about intelligibly contesting it. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
 

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Transition to renewables coming now
Bowen ‘12
Currently a businessman, Robert Bowen served in the Colorado legislature in the 1980s as a moderate Democrat. He was also appointed by three different governors to serve on various boards and commissions. He has followed political news, national news headlines and international news closely for almost five decades.
8-22-12, Examiner, US carbon emissions are declining due to clean energy http://www.examiner.com/article/us-carbon-emissions-are-declining-due-to-clean-energy, jj
US carbon emissions are declining due to clean energy

A new report that studied 2,500 electrical power plants owned by 100 utilities
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the trend to clean energy that is showing results in our air quality.

Increased oil production saps investment from clean energy
Cunningham ‘12
Nicholas Cunningham on July 5, 2012, American Security Project, Why We Shouldn’t Feel Secure From an Oil Boom http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-dangers-of-increased-oil-production/, jj

But, ….
Continued investment key to renewable energy
Kauffman ‘12
Richard Kauffman, Senior Advisor to the Secretary of Energy, 8-9-12, Seizing a Clean Energy Opportunity http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-kauffman/a-clean-energy-opportunity_b_1761543.html?utm_hp_ref=green, jj

Over the past four years, we have seen tremendous progress in the development and
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country, we can once again lead the world in this critical sector.

Green energy key to prevent extinction
Jagger ‘08 (Bianca, Chair, World Future Council, CQ Congressional Testimony, "RENEWABLE ENERGY," 3/6, lexis)
“If we go beyond the point where human intervention can no longer stabilise the
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social development, and addresses the threats of climate change and global inequality.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest BM | Judge: Perkins Severson Kanellopoulos
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T-RandD

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )IAEA 8() International Atomic Energy Agency, “A Newsletter of the Division of Nuclear Power,” Nuclear Power Newsletter, Vol. 5, No. 3, September, http:~/~/www.iaea.org/Resources/Women/pdf/pdf

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Energy production of nuclear power plants is a result of an installed capacity and effectiveness

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AND

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plant is ready to supply to the electrical grid to meet its demand.

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Suranovic 10() ( style="background:white" )Steve( style="font-size:8.5pt;color:#555555;background:white" ),() associate professor of economics and international affairs at the George Washington University, PhD in economics from Cornell, International Trade: Theory and Policy, v. 1.0, “8.2 Domestic Production Subsidies,” http:~/~/catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/28?e=fwk-61960-ch08_com/bookhub/reader/28?e=fwk-61960-ch08_s02

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Domestic production subsidies are generally used for two main reasons. First, subsidies provide

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AND

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D subsidies are not strictly production subsidies, they can have similar effects.

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Clegg, 95() - J.D., 1981 Yale Law School; the author is vice president and general counsel of the National Legal Center for the Public Interest. (Roger, “Reclaiming The Text of The Takings Clause,” 46 S.C. L. Rev. 531, Summer, lexis)

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Even if it made no sense to limit the clause to takings "for public

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AND

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no doubt that the phrase is narrowing the scope of the Amendment. n20

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Immigration DA

Immigration will pass now, but it’s not inevitable

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )JOHN ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )BUCHANAN, 3-27-13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), Highlands Today, Immigration reform looms, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www2.highlandstoday.com/list/highlands-agri-leader-news/com/list/highlands-agri-leader-news/immigration-reform-looms-b82469915z1(), jj

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- As bipartisan Congressional support for immigration reform gains momentum, the ongoing and critical

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AND

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and this Congress, it has been very difficult to get anything done.”

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Bryce ‘10

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Robert Bryce, has been writing about energy for nearly two decades. His articles

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AND

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managing editor of Energy Tribune and a contributing writer for The Texas Observer.

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“Power Hungry: The Myths of "Green" Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future” pg 269-270, jj

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The answers are here. What’s lacking aren’t answers, but political will. That’s

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AND

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have contributed to the stalemate on nuclear power development in the United States.

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That stalemate is most obvious when it comes to dealing with nu clear waste.

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AND

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— thereby adding just a bit more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.5

Capital’s key

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The Anniston Star( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Editorial Board, ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )3-27-13( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform, ( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive~-~-Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive~-~-Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

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Nevertheless, Obama is wise to go on this offensive. The need, as

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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too hard and risk a Republican storm; push meekly and risk ineffectiveness.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

CIR solves the deficit

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Tucker 10( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Cynthia is a columnist for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “We need immigrants to help pay the deficit,” Nov 19, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/blogs.ajc.com/cynthia-tucker/2010/11/19/we-need-immigrants-to-help-pay-the-deficit/http://blogs.ajc.com/cynthia-tucker/2010/11/19/we-need-immigrants-to-help-pay-the-deficit/

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Recommendations for taming the deficit include raising the retirement age, raising the federal gas

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AND

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taxes.” Why not add all of them to the federal tax rolls?

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Deficit reduction key to prevent economic collapse, abrupt retrenchment and great power war

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Khalilzad 11( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) — Zalmay Khalilzad, the one and only, was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. National Review Online, 2-8, The Economy and National Security, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad?pg=3url:http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad?pg=3(), jj

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( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Today, ()economic and ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )fiscal trends pose the most severe() long-term ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )threat to the ()( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )U()nited ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )S()tates’ ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )position as global leader()( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). While the United States suffers from ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )fiscal imbalances( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) and low economic growth, the economies of rival powers are developing rapidly. The continuation of these two trends ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )could lead to() a shift from American primacy toward ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )a multi-polar() global ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )system, leading() in turn ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )to() increased geopolitical rivalry and even ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )war among() the ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )great powers().

( class="MsoNormal" )
The current recession is the result of a deep financial crisis, not a mere

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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debt  rose from 38 to over 60 percent of GDP in three years.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Without faster economic growth and actions to reduce deficits, publicly held national debt is

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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that would almost certainly compel a radical retrenchment of the United States internationally.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Such scenarios would reshape the international order. It was the economic devastation of Britain

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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be compelled to retrench, reducing its military spending and shedding international commitments.

( class="MsoNormal" )
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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preclude or respond to international crises because of the higher risk of escalation.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The stakes are high. In modern history, the longest period of peace among the great powers has been the era of U.S. leadership( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). By contrast, ()multi-polar systems have been unstable, with their competitive dynamics resulting in frequent crises and major wars among the great powers. Failures of ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )multi-polar() international ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )systems produced() both ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )world wars.()

( class="MsoNormal" )
American retrenchment could have devastating consequences. Without an American security blanket, regional powers

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AND

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, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

( class="MsoNormal" )
As rival powers rise, Asia in particular is likely to emerge as a zone

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Given the risks, the United States must focus on restoring its economic and fiscal

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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to work our way through the kind of crisis that we face today.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The policy question is how to enhance economic growth and employment while cutting discretionary spending

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
tax expenditures while lowering individual and corporate rates). These are promising options.  

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The key remaining question is whether the president and leaders of both parties on Capitol

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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to the domestic consequences of inaction — but also to the geopolitical implications.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )As the United States gets its economic and fiscal house in order, it should take steps to prevent a flare-up in Asia. The United States can do so by signaling that its domestic challenges will not impede its intentions to check Chinese expansionism. This can be done in cost-efficient ways.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )While China’s economic rise enables its military modernization and international assertiveness, it also frightens rival powers. The Obama administration has wisely moved to strengthen relations with allies and potential partners in the region but more can be done.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Some Chinese policies encourage other parties to join with the United States, and the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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not only draw supporters from nearby countries but also embolden reformers within China. 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Since the end of the Cold War, a stable economic and financial condition at

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Advantage CP

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

The United States federal government should offer to host a commercial spent nuclear fuel storage facility for international customers. The United States should invite the IAEA to assist in the monitoring of this facility and the provision of the services. The United States federal government should take steps to increase security at HEU storage facilities, including but not limited to, consolidation of sites containing nuclear material, streamlining contracting procedures for nuclear sites and federalizing nuclear security forces. The United States federal government should should engage Moscow on a new bilateral round of nuclear arms reductions and pursue a cooperative missile defense arrangement with Russia.

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( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )CP solves prolif, fuel security, and removes the need for reprocessing

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Goldberg et. al 12—**Stephen M. Goldberg is Special Assistant to the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
) and is Research Coordinator for the American Academy’s Global Nuclear Future Initiative.

( class="MsoNormal" )
**James P. Malone is Chief Nuclear Fuel Development Officer at Lightbridge. In

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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American Nuclear Society and past Chairman of its Fuel Cycle Waste Management Division.

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**Robert Rosner is the William E. Wrather Distinguished Service Professor in the Departments

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AND

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Council. He is Senior Advisor to the Academy’s Global Nuclear Future Initiative.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS and SCIENCES, The Back-End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: An Innovative Storage Concept, 2012, http:~/~/www.amacad.org/pdfs/pdf, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

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For customers, the important feature of the proposed regional facility is the alleviation of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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prompt such states to remove their used fuel stockpiles to a regional facility.

( class="MsoNormal" )
For the international nuclear community, the primary attraction of the proposed facility is the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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stable government and a strong, transparent relationship with the international nuclear community.

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For the host state, fees charged to the facility would generate revenue; operation

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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well as opportunities created by a back-end RandD facility.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

SK DA

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )US won’t cave to South Korea on reprocessing now

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Yonhap(), 3-8-( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )2012(), “U.S. unlikely to allow S. Korea to reprocess nuclear fuel,” http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2012/03/08/23/0301000000AEN20120308007100315F.HTML

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The United States is unlikely to allow South Korea to adopt its indigenous technology aimed

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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to make it easier to export nuclear power plants, the diplomat said.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Failure to maintain a hardline on domestic reprocessing shatters the norm against ENR and makes credible US diplomatic pressure impossible – ensures South Korean ENR

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Scott ( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )Sagan(), poly sci prof @ Stanford, co-chair Global Nuclear Future Initiative, 4-18-20( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )11(), “The International Security Implications of U.S. Domestic Nuclear Power Decisions,” http://cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120621005012/http://brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/sagan_brc_paper_final.pdf

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A similar phenomenon occurs when policy makers and scholars underestimate the international effect of the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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U.S. does not reprocess spend fuel for commercial purposes. 21

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )South Korean ENR causes South Korean prolif and undermines US nonprolif efforts with Iran, North Korea, and Southeast Asia

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Zachary ( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )Keck 12,() Assistant Editor of The Diplomat, “Rough Waters? The State of the ROK-U.S. Alliance,” The Diplomat, 8-22-12, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/08/22/rough-waters-the-state-of-the-rok-u-s-alliance/

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Washington’s concerns over South Korean’s nuclear ambitions have only been heightened by Seoul’s latest campaign

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
more than ever in order to properly rebalance its forces in the region.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )New Asian prolif ensures widespread nuclear conflict -~-- asymmetries

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Lyon 9() (December, Program Director, Strategy and International, with Australian Strategic Policy Institute, previously a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Queensland, “A delicate issue, Asia’s nuclear future”)

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Deterrence relationships in Asia won’t look like East–West deterrence. They won’t be

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
the numbers and locations of weapons to minimise the vulnerability of their arsenals.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Cap K

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

The affirmative radically depoliticizes the economy - this can never obtain the dimensions of universality because it precludes acts of authentic politics

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Zizek, ’99( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) (( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt" )Slavoj, Senior Researcher and professor at the Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject, page 352-355)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
The big news of today’s post-political age of the ‘end of ideology’

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
more than ever caught in an inexorable compulsion that effectively runs his life.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

It is not possible to solve any situation without solving them all - only a criticism which attacks the universality of capitalism can solve their impacts and the inevitable destruction of the Earth and its people

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Zizek, ’89

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Slavoj, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, The Sublime Object of Ideology, page 3-4)

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( style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

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It is upon the unity of these two features that the Marxist notion of the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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social antagonism, enabling the formation of a transparent, rationally governed society.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Our alternative is to completely withdraw from the ideology of capital - this is essential to destroy the fetish that allows capital to survive

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Johnston ’04() ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Adrian, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory, The Cynic’s Fetish: Slavoj Zizek and the Dynamics of Belief, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society)

( class="MsoNormal" )

Perhaps the absence of a detailed political roadmap in Žižek’s recent writings isn’t a

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
comforting fiction (‘‘Capitalist commodity fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism’’).

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

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Case

( align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;text-align:center; page-break-before:always;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;mso-outline-level:3" )
( style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Solvency

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Uranium prices need to be 700 dollars per kilogram for reprocessing to be competitive

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Dennis et. al 09( style="font-size:6.0pt" ) – Kate J. Dennis and Christopher D. Holmes are PhD candidates at Harvard University’s Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Kurt Z. House is the president of Cambridge-based C12 Energy. Benjamin G. Lee is a postdoctoral researcher at the National Renewable Energy Lab in Golden, Colorado. Lee T. Murray, Justin Parrella, and Jason Rugolo are PhD candidates at Harvard’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. David M. Romps is a research scientist at Harvard’s Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Mark T. Winkler is a PhD candidate at Harvard’s Department of Physics. The two undecideds, Jacob J. Krich and Ernst A. van Nierop, contributed to this article as well. Krich is a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard’s Center for the Environment; van Nierop is the director of engineering at C12 Energy. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 2009, The case against nuclear  Reprocessing, DoI: 10.2968/065006003, ( style="font-size:6.0pt" )http:~/~/www.davidmthompson.org/2009/reprocessing/09reprocessing.pdf(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Reprocessing is not cost effective. In order for reprocessing to make sense economically,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
reprocessing boosts the usable energy extracted from mined uranium only about 14 percent.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Reprocessing doesn’t solve waste

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Bunn 05() – ( style="font-size:6.0pt" )Matthew Bunn, Associate Professor of Public Policy; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom; Co-Principal Investigator, Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment (ERD3) Policy Project. Written Testimony The Case Against a Near-Term Decision to Reprocess Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States TESTIMONY OF MATTHEW BUNN FOR THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JUNE 16, 2005, ( style="font-size:6.0pt" )http:~/~/live.belfercenter.org/publication/3273/case_against_a_nearterm_decision_to_reprocess_spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_united_states.html?breadcrumb=2Fexperts2F3682Fmatthew_bunn3Fgroupby3D026hide3D126id3D36826back_url3D25252Fexperts25252F26253Bback_html?breadcrumb=2Fexperts2F3682Fmatthew_bunn3Fgroupby3D026hide3D126id3D36826back_url3D25252Fexperts25252F26253Bback_text3DBack252Bto252Blist252Bof252Bexperts26filter3D2005(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
First, reprocessing by itself does not make any of the nuclear waste go away

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
accelerator-driven assemblies) to transmute them into shorter-lived species.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Prolif

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )No reprocessing renaissance now -~-- countries are opting for a once-through cycle

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Yudin 09()—Yury Yudin, UNIDIR/2009/4, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Multilateralization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Assessing the Existing Proposals http:~/~/unidir.org/pdf/activites/pdf, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Since the beginning of this century, international attention has been increasingly focused on multilateral

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
new reprocessing plants or a growing demand for reprocessing services in the world.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Reprocessing down globally -~-- proves the US moratorium has been effective

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lyman and Hippel 08()—Edwin Lyman is a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program. Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security. April 2008, Arms Control Association, Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, http:~/~/www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_04/org/act/2008_04/LymanVonHippel, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Radioactive Waste Politics and ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )the Rise and Fall of Civilian Reprocessing Abroad

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )In the 1970s, nuclear utilities in Western Europe and Japan found a temporary fix for their waste problems by shipping spent fuel for reprocessing in France and the United Kingdom, which had originally built reprocessing plants to produce plutonium for their weapons programs. In parallel, the Soviet Union took back spent fuel from Eastern European countries that it had supplied with fresh fuel and reprocessed some of it.

( class="MsoNormal" )
States that shipped spent fuel to the Soviet Union were able to get rid of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
policy of shipping high-level waste back to its foreign reprocessing customers.

( class="MsoNormal" )
As a result, 13 of the 14 customer countries that made reprocessing a source

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
sites, it would have had to shut them all down.7

( class="MsoNormal" )
Given the loss of all of its foreign customers, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the U()nited ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )K()ingdom ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )plans to shut down() its ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing() plants( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).8 After this, only China, France, India, Japan, and Russia will operate reprocessing facilities. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )China does not have an operating reprocessing plant() today( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ), but it is building a pilot reprocessing plant and is negotiating with France to purchase a full-scale plant.9 ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Belgium, Germany, and Italy have shut down() their pilot-scale ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing() plants.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Thus, three decades after the United States adopted an anti-reprocessing policy,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
program has been a major source of suspicion and envy in South Korea.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Reprocessing causes prolif -~-- not resistant and comparatively more dangerous than disposal

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Bunn 05() –( style="font-size:6.0pt" )Written Testimony The Case Against a Near-Term Decision to Reprocess Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States TESTIMONY OF MATTHEW BUNN FOR THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JUNE 16, 2005, ( style="font-size:6.0pt" )http:~/~/live.belfercenter.org/publication/3273/case_against_a_nearterm_decision_to_reprocess_spent_nuclear_fuel_in_the_united_states.html?breadcrumb=2Fexperts2F3682Fmatthew_bunn3Fgroupby3D026hide3D126id3D36826back_url3D25252Fexperts25252F26253Bback_html?breadcrumb=2Fexperts2F3682Fmatthew_bunn3Fgroupby3D026hide3D126id3D36826back_url3D25252Fexperts25252F26253Bback_text3DBack252Bto252Blist252Bof252Bexperts26filter3D2005(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Unnecessary proliferation risks

( class="MsoNormal" )
Third, traditional approaches to reprocessing and recycling pose significant and unnecessary proliferation risks,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
they cannot be reduced to zero, and these additional risks are unnecessary.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Indeed, contrary to the assertion in the Energy and Water appropriations subcommittee report that

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
stocks might be "accessed for illicit weapons production is of extreme concern."

( class="MsoNormal" )
Moreover, a near-term U.S. return to reprocessing could significantly

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
make it more difficult to convince other states not to do the same.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Advocates argue that the more advanced approaches now being pursued would be more proliferation-

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, and facilities that could be readily turned to support a weapons program.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Proponents of reprocessing and recycling often argue that this approach will provide a nonproliferation benefit

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
to reduce already small and highly uncertain proliferation risks in the distant future.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )One-through fuel cycle checks nuclear terrorism -~-- reprocessing reverses

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )UCS 11() – Union of Concerned Scientists (“Reprocessing and Nuclear Terrorism,” March 21, http:~/~/www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/html)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Over three decades ago, the United States decided on nuclear non-proliferation grounds

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of separated plutonium that would be vulnerable to diversion or theft by terrorists.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Reprocessing would increase the risk of nuclear terrorism

( class="MsoNormal" )
From the perspective of terrorists seeking a nuclear weapon, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing changes plutonium() ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )from a form in which it is highly radioactive and() nearly i( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )mpossible to steal to one in which it is not radioactive and could be stolen() surreptitiously by an insider, or taken by force during its routine transportation.

( class="MsoNormal" )
This situation is made worse by the fact that the theft of enough plutonium to

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
lead to undetected acquisition of weapon-usable materials by states or terrorists.

( class="MsoNormal" )
This is not just a theoretical problem: two striking examples have occurred in Japan

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
than enough time for terrorists to convert the material into crude nuclear weapons.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Similar problems occurred at the reprocessing plant in Tokai-mura, which started operation in 1977. Japanese officials acknowledged in January 2003 that it took a 15-year investigation to account for a more than 200-kilogram shortfall in plutonium at the reprocessing plant. This amount constitutes about three percent of the total amount of plutonium separated by the plant during 25 years of operation, and is enough for some thirty nuclear weapons.

( class="MsoNormal" )
In contrast, in a "once-through" nuclear fuel cycle, the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
die for their cause would not have enough time to do anything useful.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Of course, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the size and weight of the spent fuel assemblies( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) (()typically 10 feet long, and fifteen hundred pounds) also ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )makes them difficult to steal(). Moreover, ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )it is straightforward to account for the number of fuel assemblies.()

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )In sum, ()a closed nuclear fuel cycle entails the handling and transportation of large amounts of nuclear bomb-making material( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). As discussed above, during much of this process, ()the material cannot be accounted for precisely enough to ensure that an amount adequate for one or more nuclear weapons has not been stolen. This situation presents numerous opportunities for terrorists to acquire the material they need to build a nuclear weapon.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )We will be much safer if plutonium remains within() the highly radioactive ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )spent fuel() that is eventually sealed in a secure geologic repository than if plutonium is extracted from spent fuel, fabricated into fresh fuel, and shipped to nuclear reactors around the country, where it would be vulnerable to diversion or theft at every stage.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )They don’t solve the motivation for prolif

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Friedman ‘12

( class="MsoNormal" )
George Friedman, 9-11-12, STRATFOR, War and Bluff: Iran, Israel and the United States http:~/~/www.stratfor.com/weekly/war-and-bluff-iran-israel-and-united-states?utm_source=freelist-fandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=20120911andutm_term=gweeklyandutm_content=titleandelq=com/weekly/war-and-bluff-iran-israel-and-united-states?utm_source=freelist-fandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=20120911andutm_term=gweeklyandutm_content=titleandelq=a8288f444a084a1bad25aa86615854c0, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
From the Iranian point of view, a nuclear program has been extremely valuable.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
China unwilling to see Iran crushed has helped. Iran can survive sanctions.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Mid East prolif is slow

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Riedel and Samore, 2008 ()Bruce and Gary, Senior Fellow in foreign policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy of the Brookings Institution; vice president, director of studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg chair at the Council on Foreign Relations, CFR, "Managing Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East.”

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Most recently, Syria’s efforts to build a secret research reactor with North Korean assistance

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
already set the diplomatic basis for doing so: Saudi Arabia with Pakistan.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Middle East prolif doesn’t cause nuclear war

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:.2in" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-font-kerning:16.0pt" )Rijpkema ‘10()(Marisa Kushner, B.A. – Government, Strategy, Diplomacy, George Washington University November, “Should Israel Alter its Policy of Nuclear Ambiguity?” proquest, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:.2in" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Furthermore, some experts assert that a nuclearized Middle East would not necessarily become the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
Arab leaders would remain sensitive to the costs of using nuclear weapons.102

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Relations

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

US Russia relations up -~-- their ev ignores day-to-day cooperation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Morrison 3/5/13( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), James Morrison joined the The Washington Times in 1983 as a local reporter covering Alexandria, Va. A year later, he was assigned to open a Times bureau in Canada. From 1987 to 1989, Mr. Morrison was The Washington Times reporter in London, covering Britain, Western Europe and NATO issues. After returning to Washington, he served as an assistant foreign editor until his transfer to the Metro desk as the Virginia editor. Mr. Morrison returned to the Foreign Desk in 1993 to launch the Embassy Row column, a diplomatic news column primarily focusing on foreign ambassadors in the United States and U.S. ambassadors abroad. The column is the only one of its kind in U.S. journalism. Mr. Morrison was born on Nov. 27, 1950, in Charleston, W.Va. His father worked as a printer for the Charleston Gazette and later relocated to Washington to work as a photo engraver at The Washington Post until his retirement. Before joining The Washington Times, James Morrison was a reporter for the Springfield, Va., Times, the Northern Virginia Sun and the Alexandria Gazette. He attended American University. 3/5/13, Embassy Row: Russia reset again, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/5/embassy-row-russia-reset-again/?page=all#com/news/2013/mar/5/embassy-row-russia-reset-again/?page=all#pagebreak(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The U.S. ambassador to Russia insists that ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Washington and Moscow are( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) actually ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )quite close, despite the news media’s focus on their bitter disputes( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" ).

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )“( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )If you only listened to some of the loudest rhetoric( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) on U.S.-Russian relations, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )you might get the impression that Americans and Russians only argue and never work together( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ),” Ambassador Michael McFaul wrote on the U.S. Embassy’s website.

( class="MsoNormal" )
“( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Yet, ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )these instances of differences() between us ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )seem to get the bulk of the attention, while the quiet, everyday — yet vitally important — spheres of cooperation go unnoticed().”

( class="MsoNormal" )
Mr. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )McFaul listed 28 areas of U.S.-Russian teamwork(). He posted one on his Twitter account every day in February — the shortest month of the year.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Kerry’s visit will smooth out any wrinkles in relations

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )China Daily 2/5/13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), Visits may improve US-Russia relations, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2013-02/05/content_16200592.htm(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
US Secretary of State John ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Kerry may visit Russia soon as Washington and Moscow are trying to mend( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) their ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )strained ties.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov also told reporters on Saturday that ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )US National Security Adviser( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Tom ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Donilon also plans to visit Moscow, "probably this month( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )", according to the RIA Novosti.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Analysts said ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )the visits may give the US and Russia a chance to ease tensions( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) that have flared up in recent months by disagreements over a series of issues including Syria.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Both countries have also taken tit-for-tat measures after the US passed a law in December that bars entry into the US for Russians who are deemed to be human rights abusers. In response, Russia passed a law that includes a ban on the adoption of Russian children by US citizens.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Russian President Vladimir Putin skipped the G8 summit hosted by the US in May, which analysts have said was largely due to their disagreement on anti-ballistic missile issues.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )Kerry,( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) sworn in on Friday, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )acknowledged( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) to a Senate panel in January ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )that ( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )US-Russia relations "slid backwards in recent years", saying ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the US must find a way to work with Russia( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), RIA Novosti reported.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )He mentioned several areas where Russia has cooperated with the US including nuclear arms control, sanctions on Iran and trade, and said he would like to find a way to cooperate( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) with Russia ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )on() ending the civil war in ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Syria.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )On the sidelines of the 49th Munich Security Conference on Saturday in Germany, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lavrov met with( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) US Vice-President Joseph ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Biden in "( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )quite an informal and ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )friendly atmosphere( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )", the Voice of Russia reported.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Their meeting is the first high-level contact between the two countries since US President Barack Obama was re-elected in November.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )It "appears to have revived the spirit of the 'reset'" of their relations( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), which Biden had proclaimed in Munich four years ago, according to India's The Hindu newspaper.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )During former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev's term, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )the relationship between the two major powers improved() with high-level visits and the signing of a series of cooperation deals.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Setting out Russia's policy agenda for 2013 at an annual news conference last month, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lavrov made clear that improving relations with Washington was part of Moscow's vision( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) for strengthening its influence on the world stage, Reuters reported.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Relations inevitable – desire for prestige

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Shoumikhin et. al. 2009() (Andrei Shoumikhin, Ph.D., is Senior Analyst at the National Institute for Public Policy. Baker Spring is F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation.” Strategic Nuclear Arms Control for the Protect and Defend Strategy,” 5-4, http:~/~/www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/cfm)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Strategic relations between the United States and the Russian Federation are of paramount impor­tance for

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
readiness to abandon treaty obligations that fail to serve Russian org/Research/Reports/2009/05/Strategic-Nuclear-Arms-Control-for-the-Protect-and-Defend-Strategy#_ftn21

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Russia won’t cooperate with the US on the fuel cycle -~-- they want exclusive market leadership

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Medetsky 10()—Anatoly Medetsky is a business reporter at The Moscow Times. He joined the paper in 2003 and started out writing for the news desk about human rights and politics in Russia and former Soviet republics. One memorable moment from Anatoly's time at the paper was watching — from the top of a police truck engulfed by protesters in Ukraine — a nighttime standoff between the crowd and special forces guarding the presidential office in Kiev during the Orange Revolution. 8-24-10, The Moscow Times, Aiming to Capitalize On Fast Reactors, http:~/~/www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/aiming-to-capitalize-on-fast-reactors/413514.html, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
"I would say Russia is certainly the leader in fast reactor technology," said

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
"So it may be a business decision on the part of Russia."

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Zero risk of war

( class="MsoNormal" )
David E. ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hoffman 10/22/12(), contributing editor to Foreign Policy and the author of The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy, which won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction, "Hey, Big Spender," Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/22/hey_big_spender?page=full

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )Despite tensions that flare up, the U()nited ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" )S()tates ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )and Russia are no longer enemies; the chance of nuclear war or surprise attack is nearly zero(). ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )We trade in each other's equity markets(). ( style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Russia() has the largest audience of Facebook users in Europe, and ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )is open to the world in a way the Soviet Union never was().

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Russia’s economy is great now

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Aslund 12/28() Anders Åslund is senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. Foreign Policy, DECEMBER 28, 2012, You're a Mean One, Mr. Putin, http:~/~/www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/28/Putin_orphans_Russia_com/articles/2012/12/28/Putin_orphans_Russia_crackdown, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Paradoxically, Russia is doing very well economically. The wealth in Moscow is just

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
energy exports, but oil prices are high and likely to stay there.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Russian nukes and fissile material safe – CTR, security, detection

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Tobey, 10/19()/12 (William, senior fellow at Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and a deputy administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006-2009, “Boost Phase,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/19/boost_phase, bgm)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
The CTR Agreement was conceived and implemented in a very different time. The Soviet

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
and Washington, among others, should be proud of these signal achievements.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Squo solves terror

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )STRATFOR 1-16-12() (Jihadism in 2012: A Persistent, Low-Level Threat, http:~/~/www.stratfor.com/analysis/com/analysis/jihadism-2012-persistent-low-level-threat, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Conclusion

( class="MsoNormal" )
While the al Qaeda core has been marginalized and heavily damaged, the ideology of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
people. For that reason alone, the jihadist threat remains in 2012.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:solid windowtext 3.0pt; padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt" )

DA

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;text-align:center; page-break-before:always;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;mso-outline-level:3" )
( style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )2nc Impact Overview

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Disad outweighs on timeframe -~-- their tech won’t come online for decades, but basic research is sufficient to trigger our prolif impacts

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )India proves plan has a long timeframe -~-- they immediately built a nuclear arsenal after researching reprocessing and breeder reactors in the 70s, but a demonstration reactor is finally being built now -~-- it will take till 2050 for the plan’s tech to work, but South Korea could exploit prototype tech and expertise gained from R and D to have nukes within years -~-- it will be fast and secret

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hippel 10()—Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University and co-chair of the International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM). During 1993-1994, he was assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. PLUTONIUM, PROLIFERATION, AND RADIOACTIVE-WASTE POLITICS IN EAST ASIA, Feb 17, 2010, http:~/~/www.npolicy.org/userfiles/file/pdf, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
It is the proliferation implications, however, that make this an issue of international

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
quickly and secretly within weeks before domestic or international opposition could stop it.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Turns the whole prolif leadership advantage and causes an arms race

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hippel 10() (Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University and co-chair of the International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM). During 1993-1994, he was assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. He would like to acknowledge Dr. Jungmin Kang’s generosity in providing the Korean citations for this article. This article was prepared with support from the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center and the IPFM. March 2010, Arms Control Association, South Korean Reprocessing: An Unnecessary Threat to the Nonproliferation Regime http:~/~/www.armscontrol.org/act/2010_03/org/act/2010_03/VonHippel, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
South Korea is contemplating a decision that could have critical implications for the future of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
weapons program—much of South Korea’s nuclear establishment wants to do so.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Japan is the only non-nuclear-weapon state today that reprocesses or attempts to do so.1 Reprocessing makes no sense economically, and contrary to the claims of its advocates, it complicates radioactive waste disposal. Japan’s utilities argue, however, that they have no choice; local governments will not allow extended on-site spent fuel storage, and no state prefecture (Japan’s equivalent of a state) is willing to host an interim storage facility for fear that interim will become permanent.2

( class="MsoNormal" )
Given the U.S. inability to site either a geological repository or a

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
are not allowing them to build on-site dry-cask storage.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Reprocessing creates huge flows and stockpiles of separated plutonium( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). Japan’s reprocessing plant in full operation will separate enough plutonium to make 1,000 nuclear bombs annually. South Korea’s nuclear establishment proposes not to separate the plutonium completely from other transuranic elements,3 but the final separation step would be relatively trivial.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Many Chinese and South Korean security analysts are deeply suspicious of Japan’s motives for reprocessing. Some Japanese security analysts acknowledge privately that it provides Japan with a quick nuclear-weapon option, even if Japan does not intend to use that option for the foreseeable future.4 China, Japan, and North Korea similarly would be deeply suspicious of a decision by South Korea to reprocess.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The United States consented to Japan’s reprocessing program during the Carter administration only after the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, however, and their commercialization has receded into the future.6

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:6.0pt" )Today the rhetoric around reprocessing is escalating in South Korea. Following North Korea’s nuclear test in May 2009, the political opposition demanded that South Korea have “nuclear sovereignty,” i.e., the same rights as Japan.7

( class="MsoNormal" )
The 1974 U.S.-South Korean nuclear cooperation agreement requires U.S

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
Japan, Switzerland, and, with certain conditions, India.10

( class="MsoNormal" )
South Korea’s government-supported Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has launched

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
11 Pyroprocessing is the variant of reprocessing that South Korea is pursuing.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )If the U.S.() government and nonproliferation community ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )accept() South ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Korea’s need to reprocess,() however, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )it will become difficult to resist the same demand from additional countries()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )South Africa( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), for example, also ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )has expressed an interest in reprocessing( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ).12 One of its nuclear officials has described reprocessing as “an element of contemporary power relations.”13

( class="MsoNormal" )
Implementation of pyroprocessing in South Korea would be inconsistent with its 1992 joint declaration with

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, it could lead to a nuclear arms race between South and North.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Concerns that South Korea’s interest in reprocessing could destabilize the nonproliferation regime should stimulate China

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
originally launched out of interest in acquiring at least a nuclear weapons option.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )The administration of George W. Bush proposed that the United States could build a reprocessing plant without encouraging the spread of such plants if the United States and other countries that currently reprocess offered reprocessing services to the non-nuclear-weapon states. France, Russia, and the United Kingdom already have tried that, however, and it failed because of the cost and the unwillingness of the reprocessing countries to keep the reprocessing waste.20

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )The prolife()ration ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )problems that reprocessing creates are a powerful argument against it()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" ).( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) That argument is strengthened by the failure of reprocessing to solve the spent fuel problem. The remainder of this article explains why KAERI’s reprocessing proposal, like Japan’s reprocessing program, simply amounts to a costly and dangerous political contrivance to get the spent fuel off the reactor sites. The political problem of ultimate radioactive waste disposal would still remain.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;text-align:center; page-break-before:always;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;mso-outline-level:3" )
( style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )2nc Link Wall

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )US reprocessing destroys negotiations with North Korea and Iran and wrecks our leverage with Korea and Taiwan -~-- makes prolif inevitable

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Bunn 05( style="font-size:8.0pt" )—Matthew Bunn, Associate Professor of Public Policy; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom; Co-Principal Investigator, Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment (ERD3) Policy Project. 2005 NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERG COMMITTEE ON SCIENC HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, JUNE 16, 2005, Serial No. 109–18

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Printed for the use of the Committee on Science ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )http:~/~/commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy21711.000/hsy21711_0.htm(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Moreover, a near-term U.S. return to reprocessing could significantly

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
make it more difficult to convince other states not to do the same.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Even if their tech is prolif resistant, ENR builds expertise that makes prolif inevitable

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Bunn 05( style="font-size:8.0pt" )—Matthew Bunn, Associate Professor of Public Policy; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom; Co-Principal Investigator, Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment (ERD3) Policy Project. 2005 NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERG COMMITTEE ON SCIENC HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, JUNE 16, 2005, Serial No. 109–18

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Printed for the use of the Committee on Science ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )http:~/~/commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy21711.000/hsy21711_0.htm(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Mr. BUNN. I am a supporter of continued research and development, but

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
the developing world—the contribution to a proliferating state's nuclear weapons program.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Any perception( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" ) of support for reprocessing will spillover to other tech, undermines US credibility, and builds international expertise that causes prolif

( class="MsoNormal" )
Thomas B. ( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )Cochran(), dir. Nuclear Program @ Nat. Resources Defense Council, 3-26-( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )2004(), “Critique of “The Future of Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study””, http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/10-50_Cochran.pdf

( class="MsoNormal" )
In addition, the MIT Study recognizes that the closed fuel cycle represents a serious

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
U.S. nuclear plants will stick with the open fuel cycle.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Clear Signal – US hardline on domestic reprocessing is key to send a clear signal that checks ENR spread

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Harrell ’11() – research associate at the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (Eben, “Bury Our Nuclear Waste — Before It Buries Us,” August 15, Time Magazine, http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2086917,00.html)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The Blue Ribbon Commission doesn't reach a conclusion on whether the U.S.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
that the process is not necessary for the future of the nuclear industry.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Credibility – any form of US reprocessing crushes US credibility on ENR

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )UCS ’11() – Union of Concerned Scientists (“Nuclear Reprocessing: Dangerous, Dirty, and Expensive,” April 5, http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_power/nuclear_power_risk/nuclear_proliferation_and_terrorism/nuclear-reprocessing.html)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Reprocessing would increase the ease of nuclear proliferation.¶ U.S. reprocessing would

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, all reprocessing technologies are far more proliferation-prone than direct disposal.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )ENR Key – US lack of reprocessing is the most valuable signal

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Lyman ’12() – senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program (Dr. Edwin, “Recommendations of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future,” February 1, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy Committee, on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nwgs/lyman-energy-commerce-statement-brc-20112.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Finally, UCS agrees with Recommendation 8 that U.S. leadership is an

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
reprocessing spent fuel as a waste management strategy is neither necessary nor desirable.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

South Korea ENR DA UQ

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Global reprocessing renaissance not inevitable -~-- US decisions make or break -~-- US rejection of reprocessing builds non-prolif leverage that prevents commercialization of the tech globally, including in South Korea

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Acton 9() (James, J. associate in the Nonproliferation Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International  Peace, Survival, Vol. 51, No. 4, “Nuclear Power, Disarmament and Technological Restraint”, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in" )Countering the inevitability argument

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Achieving agreement among all states on the need to forsake particular technologies where the non-proliferation costs are sufficiently high presents a tremendous challenge. In the short term, the idea of new binding rules on access to nuclear technologies is a non-starter, although at least some of that resistance is directed against a discriminatory approach.39

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Absent global agreement, the nuclear industry in states deciding to forsake technologies unilaterally is likely to make the argument that ‘( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )if we don’t develop it, someone else will’( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). Indeed, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )this was a key arg()ument ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )of the US nuclear industry against() President Jimmy ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Carter’s decision to desist from() domestic ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).40

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Policymakers and regulators certainly ought to weigh this concern in deciding whether to fund or license novel technologies. However, ( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the tech( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in" )nological trajectory of nuclear energy ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )is not inevitable.( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Decisions by key states not to fund() research and development into novel ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )tech()nologies ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )can result in them not being commercialised().

( class="MsoNormal" )
Moreover, states that are serious about disarmament, and have chosen to forsake certain

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
on the way to a legally binding instrument banning the most sensitive technologies.

( class="MsoNormal" )
History shows the flaws in the nuclear industry’s argument that the technological trajectory of nuclear

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
not settled, including among those with no financial stake in HWR sales.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The success of the LWR resulted from significant investment by the United States and Russia

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
GCR or HWR, its success was a considerable non-proliferation good.)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The argument against inevitability only becomes stronger in the case of more sophisticated technologies requiring much larger capital costs, such as the fast reactor( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) or laser enrichment. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Decisions by( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) a few key states – or perhaps ( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )the U( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in" )nited ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )S( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in" )tates ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )alone( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" ) – ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )not to invest in these tech()nologies ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )and instead to focus on alternatives (whether renewables or other types of nuclear tech()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )nology) ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )increase the likelihood that() some ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )tech()nologies ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )will not be developed at all().

( class="MsoNormal" )
Fast reactors, for instance, have been under development since the early days of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of the Obama administration’s much more sceptical attitude47 and the current financial crisis.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Don’t buy their prolif resistance args

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Carnegie 10()—Frank von Hippel, Lora Saalman, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 11-1, Plutonium, Nonproliferation, and Radioactive Waste Politics in East Asia, http:~/~/carnegieendowment.org/2010/11/01/plutonium-nonproliferation-and-radioactive-waste-politics-in-east-asia/1te9url:http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/11/01/plutonium-nonproliferation-and-radioactive-waste-politics-in-east-asia/1te9, jj

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( class="MsoNormal" )
Proliferation Risks: Von Hippel argued there is no such thing as “proliferation-

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AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
only a proliferation threat, but also a risk for potential terrorist acquisition.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

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US won’t make concessions on ENR now

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( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Lee ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Chi-dong, 3/1/13( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), yonhap news, (News Focus) Park-Obama summit feared to be overshadowed by stalled talks on nuclear cooperation, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/03/01/13/0301000000AEN20130301000100315F.HTML(), jj

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( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Obama( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) administration, however, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )takes a dim view of Seoul's push in light of Washington's nonproliferation campaign.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )Washington is( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) apparently ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )worried about the possibility that South Korea's expansion() of its nuclear program ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )will create a domino effect().

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )U.S. officials also point out ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )South Korea agreed not to "possess nuclear processing() and uranium enrichment facilities" in the 1992 joint declaration( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) with North Korea on the denuclearization of the peninsula.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Although North Korea has violated the declaration, South Korea's official stance is that the document remains in force.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Observers express skepticism that the U.S. government will make concessions in the nuclear energy cooperation talks with South Korea().

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

US not caving now -~-- key to check prolif -~-- and South Korea still wants it

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Revere ’13( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) – Evans J.R. Revere, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, February 2013, THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, CENTER FOR NORTHEAST ASIAN POLICY STUDIES, UNITED STATES-REPUBLIC OF KOREA RELATIONS IN PRESIDENT OBAMA’S SECOND TERM: MANAGING CHALLENGE AND CHANGE, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2013/02/us20south20korea20relations20revere/pdf(), jj

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( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" )
U.S. and ROK officials have been negotiating the renewal of the agreement

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
DPRK’s nuclear weapons program, which relies on both reprocessing and uranium enrichment.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Global precedent against ENR now – Taiwan 123 agreement will strengthen the norm

( class="MsoNormal" )
Elaine M. ( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Grossman(), 7-19-20( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )12(), “Taiwan Ready to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making in U.S. Trade Pact Renewal,” National Journal, http:~/~/www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/com/nationalsecurity/taiwan-ready-to-forgo-nuclear-fuel-making-in-u-s-trade-pact-renewal-20120719

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
The government of ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )Taiwan is prepared to renounce any right to produce nuclear fuel() in a forthcoming renewal of its 40-year-old atomic energy cooperation agreement with the United States( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), according to officials from both nations (see GSN, May 4).

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )If Taiwan proceeds as expected, ()the East Asian island nation would be the first U.S. nuclear energy partner state to make such a pledge since the United Arab Emirates promised in a 2009 trade agreement that it would not enrich uranium or reprocess plutonium on its territory.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )The UAE accord has been() widely ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )hailed as a significant step for() nuclear ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )nonprolif()eration.( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) The ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Obama() ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )administration three years ago ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )dubbed it the “gold standard( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )” for future atomic trade agreements around the globe.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )“( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )This is proof that there are at least two countries -- and probably more() -- out there that are ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )willing to undertake a legally binding gold standard in their nuclear cooperation() agreement( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ),” one congressional source said on Wednesday. “( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )It helps establish a new global precedent that() enrichment and ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing aren’t necessary() for a truly civil nuclear program( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).”

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

( class

"StyleBoldUnderline" )Even if they don’t’ want it now, plan means they want it again. Proves uniqueness for our arg() ====

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

CP

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( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

CP boosts U.S. nuclear leadership and checks prolif, and countries say yes -~-- solves all 3 deficits 2ac outlines

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Ferguson et. al 11()—( style="font-size:5.0pt" )****Charles D. Ferguson is president of the Federation of American Scientists and adjunct professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University. He has recently completed the book Nuclear Energy: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press, May 2011). Trained as a nuclear engineer in the U.S. Navy, he has worked on nuclear safety policy in the U.S. Department of State. He earned a Ph.D. in physics from Boston University.

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***Clifford Singer is a professor of nuclear, plasma, and radiological engineering and

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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also the last chair of the Champaign County Intergovernmental Solid Waste Disposal Association.

( class="MsoNormal" )
**Jack Spencer is a research fellow in nuclear energy policy at the Heritage Foundation

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
to 2005, he was a Heritage analyst on defense and national security.

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*Sharon Squassoni is senior fellow and director of the Proliferation Prevention Program at the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009) and many other publications.

( class="MsoNormal" )
U.S. Spent Nuclear Fuel a market-based solution, CSIS, online, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Implementing a market-driven approach along the lines suggested here would enhance the United

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
will give the United States an addition al tool to support nonproliferation initiatives.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Security measures solve

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )CSIS 12

( class="MsoNormal" )
Sarah Weiner is a research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues. The views expressed above are her own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Center for Strategic and International Studies or the Project on Nuclear Issues.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Security in the U.S. Nuclear Complex, 8-30-12, http:~/~/csis.org/blog/org/blog/security-us-nuclear-complex, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
The NNSA and the DOE are not unaware of these issues and in most instances

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
.S. could functionally shrink the target terrorists may attempt to hit.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Consolidation solves theft

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NWCC 09

( class="MsoNormal" )
Nuclear Weapons Complex Consolidation (NWCC) Policy Network

( class="MsoNormal" )
Lead Author Robert L. Civiak Contributing authors Christopher Paine, Natural Resources Defense Council Peter Stockton and Ingrid Drake, Project On Government Oversight Jay Coghlan, Nuclear Watch New Mexico Marylia Kelley, Tri-Valley CAREs Transforming the U.S. Strategic Posture and Weapons Complex for Transition to a Nuclear Weapons-Free World

( class="MsoNormal" )
http:~/~/docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_09040701a.pdf, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Our proposals, outlined in Chapters 5 and 6 of this report, would consolidate

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
that BandW also manages the Y-12 Site for DOE.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Russia Plank

Counterplan solves US-Russian relations – creates sustained co-op

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Pifer 2012() (Steven, Direct of the Arms Control Initiative and Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe, Brookings Institute)

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="color:blue" )http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2012/03/21-arms-control-piferhttp://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2012/03/21-arms-control-pifer

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Improving U.S.-Russian relations further may prove more difficult than it has

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
making NATO and Russia genuine partners in defending Europe against ballistic missile attack. 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

A2: PU-238 Shortage Adv – 1nc Frontline

NASA and DOE fixed the plutonium shortage

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Wall 12( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Mike Wall, SPACE.com Senior Writer, 4-6-12, Space.com, Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.space.com/15184-html( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )New batches of plutonium-238 may become available to NASA( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) starting in 2017(), perhaps ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )preventing feared shortages() of this vital spacecraft fuel.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The United States hasn't produced plutonium-238 — a radioactive isotope that's been powering NASA space probes for five decades — since the late 1980s, and planetary scientists say stockpiles are worryingly low. But ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )a production restart is now underway( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ), say officials with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), which supplies plutonium-238 to the space agency.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )"( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )We have turned the spade in starting the project for renewed plutonium production( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )," Wade Carroll, DOE's deputy director of space and defense power systems, said in March at the Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space (NETS) conference in The Woodlands, Texas. "It'll take probably five or six years before the next ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )new plutonium is available( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )."

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

NASA has enough -~-- status quo solves

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Wall 12( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Mike Wall, SPACE.com Senior Writer, 4-6-12, Space.com, Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.space.com/15184-html( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Progress being made

( class="MsoNormal" )
Despite the bad budget news, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )some( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) restart planning and ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )technological development are already underway(), according to Carroll. And NASA is doing what it can to help the project along.

( class="MsoNormal" )
"Right now, I think there's $10 million in this year's budget and $10 million in next year's budget, which we do plan on sending to the Department of Energy to continue the efforts that we've begun," Leonard Dudzinski, a NASA program executive who deals with radioisotope power systems, said at the NETS conference.

( class="MsoNormal" )
"( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )I'm fully confident that we will be able to continue this, and ultimately have plutonium produced in this country again( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) in kilogram quantities, on an annual basis,()" he added.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )The goal is to eventually produce between 3.3 pounds and 4.4 pounds() (1.5 to 2 kg) ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )of plutonium-238 per year, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )which should be enough to support NASA's() robotic planetary science ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )missions,() Dudzinsky said.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Environment can survive anything

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Easterbrook 96() ( style="font-size: 7pt;" )(Gregg, sr editor, The New Republic, former fellow at( style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" ) ( style="font-size: 7pt;" )the Brookings Institute, A Movement on the Earth, p. 25)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 "Fragile environment" has become a welded phrase of the modern lexicon,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
are pinpricks compared to forces of the magnitude nature is accustomed to resisting.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

China

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Visa’s block deep cooperation – their author

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lyons et al. ’9() ((~~Blythe J. Lyons, John R. Lyman, Mihaela Carstei, and General Richard L. Lawson (USAF), "United States-China Cooperation On Nuclear Power: An Opportunity for Fostering Sustainable Energy Security", Atlantic Council, 3-4/3-6 2009, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/AtlanticCouncil-USChinaNuclearPower.pdf, Based on the Dialogue Sponsored by the Atlantic Council and the U.S./China Energy and Environment Technology Center

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
10 .. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )One of the roadblocks to() the development of ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )cooperative

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )opportunities is the U.S. visa ()issuance( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" ) system(). ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )The

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Atlantic Council was encouraged to ask() the U.S.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Department of ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )State to improve() its ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )processing of visa

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )applications to() significantly ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )shorten the time needed for

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Chinese nationals involved in nuclear power to obtain

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )a visa() ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )for travel to the U.S. Consider, for example, that

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )France provides a dedicated consulate. It is important

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )to recognize that U.S. authorities must take into

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )consideration the security of nuclear facilities but that

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )a better balance can be reached. This is a problem that

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )can be solved.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Cooperation now – their author

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lyons et al. ’9() ((~~Blythe J. Lyons, John R. Lyman, Mihaela Carstei, and General Richard L. Lawson (USAF), "United States-China Cooperation On Nuclear Power: An Opportunity for Fostering Sustainable Energy Security", Atlantic Council, 3-4/3-6 2009, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/AtlanticCouncil-USChinaNuclearPower.pdf, Based on the Dialogue Sponsored by the Atlantic Council and the U.S./China Energy and Environment Technology Center

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
13 .. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Cooperation on() the development of ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )advanced fuel

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )cycle tech()nologies, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )already underway in U.S.-China

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )working groups, will provide significant opportunities

( class="MsoNormal" )
to share rather than duplicate knowledge and funding.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Generation IV (Gen IV) international collaboration on RandD

( class="MsoNormal" )
is necessary( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) and beneficial for all participants to share

( class="MsoNormal" )
costs, facilities and experience. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Specific fuel cycle RandD

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )opportunities proposed by the( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) State Nuclear Power

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Technology corporation (( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )SNPTC) include() the following:

( class="MsoNormal" )
Advanced fuel, such as mixed oxide (( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )MOX) fuel, and()

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )metal fuel;

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Transmutation tech()nology, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )such as fast reactor and()

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )accelerator driven systems;

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Reprocessing tech()nologies, such as MOX spent fuel

( class="MsoNormal" )
reprocessing, dry processing, on-site recycle; ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )and,()

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Repository design technology.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

1. No risk of US/China war-~--Chinese heg isn’t a threat, economic interdependence checks, miscalc won’t happen and deterrence checks escalation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Art ’10() (Robert J, Christian A. Herter Professor of International org/wiki/International_Relations||title="International Relations" at Brandeis University and Fellow at MIT Center for International org/wiki/MIT_Center_for_International_Studies Fall, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 125, #3, “The United States and the Rise of China: Implications for the Long Haul” http:~/~/www.psqonline.org/99_article.php3?byear=2010andbmonth=fallanda=01freeurl:http://www.psqonline.org/99_article.php3?byear=2010andbmonth=fallanda=01free, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
China does not present the type of security threat to the United States that Germany

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
another, then the character of their relation and their competition changes dramatically.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Solvency

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Too financially risky

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Ferguson 10()—Charles D. Ferguson, president of the Federation of American Scientists, based in Washington, D.C., 05.04.10, Forbes, Controlling Asia's Nuclear Power Tigers, http:~/~/www.forbes.com/2010/05/04/html, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Market forces( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), however, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )will( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) continue to ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )limit( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) the further ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )growth of reprocessing() ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )as long as this()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) activity ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )remains more expensive than( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) the alternative--()the ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )uranium()-based ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )fuel cycle()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). Most ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )countries have refrained from reprocessing because of( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) its ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )financial risks( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" ).

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Reprocessing is 300 percent more expensive

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Barczak 11()—( style="font-size:6.0pt" )Sara oversees our coastal office in Savannah, Georgia, which opened in March 2000 after the former Georgians for Clean Energy hired her in October 1999. As program director for high risk energy choices, Sara provides extensive support to concerned citizens and organizing partners, participates in legislative, state and federal regulatory forums on issues concerning nuclear energy, public safety, utilities and the negative impacts of power plants on the region’s water resources. She participated in a U.S./Russian exchange with non-governmental organizations in Russia impacted by plutonium bomb fuel (MOX) programs, including travel to Russia. Sara has worked for over thirteen years in diverse environmental fields in the private and non-profit sectors: as an environmental consultant for Department of Defense facilities relating to hazardous waste and air quality issues and as a citizen’s advocate, educator and consultant for two non-profit organizations. Sara received a B.A. in Biology from Lawrence University. 7-8-11, Clean Energy Footprint, Take Action: Prevent Reprocessing, ( style="font-size:6.0pt" )http:~/~/blog.cleanenergy.org/2011/07/08/reprocessing-take-action/http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2011/07/08/reprocessing-take-action/(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Reprocessing,() development and use of plutonium fuel( style="font-size:7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) (or MOX) ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )are much more costly than() ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )traditional, uranium()-fueled ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reactors, with fuel cycle cost increases estimated as high as 300()( style="font-size:7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). As is usual with nuclear projects, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )these costs will() likely ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )fall on U.S. taxpayers() and utility ratepayers( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). For instance, TVA may participate in the troubled plutonium fuel scheme.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Reprocessing isn’t economical

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Wilson 12()—( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Paul P.H. Wilson, 2012, Comparing Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options, A report for the Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technology Subcommittee of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )http:~/~/cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620221039/http:~/~/brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/wilson.fuel_.cycle_.comparisons_pdf(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Most advanced fuel cycle technologies have never been constructed or operated at a commercial scale

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
used for a comparative analysis than a predictive estimate of their absolute performance.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Near term transition fails

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Wilson 12()—( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Paul P.H. Wilson, 2012, Comparing Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options, A report for the Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technology Subcommittee of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future, ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )http:~/~/cybercemetery.unt.edu/archive/brc/20120620221039/http:~/~/brc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/wilson.fuel_.cycle_.comparisons_pdf(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
6  Summary

( class="MsoNormal" )
Despite the challenges identified in section 1.3, most systematic analyses of advanced

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
findings do not support a near-term transition to advanced fuel cycles.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Prolif

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

UQ

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )No reprocessing renaissance now -~-- countries are opting for a once-through cycle

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Yudin 09()—Yury Yudin, UNIDIR/2009/4, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Multilateralization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Assessing the Existing Proposals http:~/~/unidir.org/pdf/activites/pdf, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Since the beginning of this century, international attention has been increasingly focused on multilateral

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
new reprocessing plants or a growing demand for reprocessing services in the world.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Reprocessing down globally -~-- proves the US moratorium has been effective

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lyman and Hippel 08()—Edwin Lyman is a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program. Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security. April 2008, Arms Control Association, Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, http:~/~/www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_04/org/act/2008_04/LymanVonHippel, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Radioactive Waste Politics and ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )the Rise and Fall of Civilian Reprocessing Abroad

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )In the 1970s, nuclear utilities in Western Europe and Japan found a temporary fix for their waste problems by shipping spent fuel for reprocessing in France and the United Kingdom, which had originally built reprocessing plants to produce plutonium for their weapons programs. In parallel, the Soviet Union took back spent fuel from Eastern European countries that it had supplied with fresh fuel and reprocessed some of it.

( class="MsoNormal" )
States that shipped spent fuel to the Soviet Union were able to get rid of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
policy of shipping high-level waste back to its foreign reprocessing customers.

( class="MsoNormal" )
As a result, 13 of the 14 customer countries that made reprocessing a source

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
sites, it would have had to shut them all down.7

( class="MsoNormal" )
Given the loss of all of its foreign customers, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the U()nited ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )K()ingdom ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )plans to shut down() its ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing() plants( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).8 After this, only China, France, India, Japan, and Russia will operate reprocessing facilities. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )China does not have an operating reprocessing plant() today( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ), but it is building a pilot reprocessing plant and is negotiating with France to purchase a full-scale plant.9 ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Belgium, Germany, and Italy have shut down() their pilot-scale ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing() plants.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Thus, three decades after the United States adopted an anti-reprocessing policy,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
program has been a major source of suspicion and envy in South Korea.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Global reprocessing renaissance not inevitable -~-- US decisions make or break -~-- US rejection of reprocessing builds non-prolif leverage that prevents commercialization of the tech globally, including in South Korea

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Acton 9() (James, J. associate in the Nonproliferation Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International  Peace, Survival, Vol. 51, No. 4, “Nuclear Power, Disarmament and Technological Restraint”, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in" )Countering the inevitability argument

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Achieving agreement among all states on the need to forsake particular technologies where the non-proliferation costs are sufficiently high presents a tremendous challenge. In the short term, the idea of new binding rules on access to nuclear technologies is a non-starter, although at least some of that resistance is directed against a discriminatory approach.39

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Absent global agreement, the nuclear industry in states deciding to forsake technologies unilaterally is likely to make the argument that ‘( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )if we don’t develop it, someone else will’( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). Indeed, ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )this was a key arg()ument ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )of the US nuclear industry against() President Jimmy ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Carter’s decision to desist from() domestic ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )reprocessing()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).40

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Policymakers and regulators certainly ought to weigh this concern in deciding whether to fund or license novel technologies. However, ( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the tech( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in" )nological trajectory of nuclear energy ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )is not inevitable.( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Decisions by key states not to fund() research and development into novel ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )tech()nologies ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )can result in them not being commercialised().

( class="MsoNormal" )
Moreover, states that are serious about disarmament, and have chosen to forsake certain

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
on the way to a legally binding instrument banning the most sensitive technologies.

( class="MsoNormal" )
History shows the flaws in the nuclear industry’s argument that the technological trajectory of nuclear

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
not settled, including among those with no financial stake in HWR sales.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The success of the LWR resulted from significant investment by the United States and Russia

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
GCR or HWR, its success was a considerable non-proliferation good.)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The argument against inevitability only becomes stronger in the case of more sophisticated technologies requiring much larger capital costs, such as the fast reactor( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) or laser enrichment. ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )Decisions by( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) a few key states – or perhaps ( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the U( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in" )nited ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )S( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in" )tates ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )alone( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" ) – ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )not to invest in these tech()nologies ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )and instead to focus on alternatives (whether renewables or other types of nuclear tech()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )nology) ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )increase the likelihood that() some ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )tech()nologies ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )will not be developed at all().

( class="MsoNormal" )
Fast reactors, for instance, have been under development since the early days of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of the Obama administration’s much more sceptical attitude47 and the current financial crisis.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;text-align:center; page-break-before:always;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;mso-outline-level:3" )
( style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )2nc – Causes Prolif

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Don’t buy their prolif resistance args

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Carnegie 10()—Frank von Hippel, Lora Saalman, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 11-1, Plutonium, Nonproliferation, and Radioactive Waste Politics in East Asia, http:~/~/carnegieendowment.org/2010/11/01/plutonium-nonproliferation-and-radioactive-waste-politics-in-east-asia/1te9url:http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/11/01/plutonium-nonproliferation-and-radioactive-waste-politics-in-east-asia/1te9, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Proliferation Risks: Von Hippel argued there is no such thing as “proliferation-

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
only a proliferation threat, but also a risk for potential terrorist acquisition.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )India proves -~-- and, turns are unique

( class="MsoNormal" )
Dennis et. al 09 – Kate J. Dennis and Christopher D. Holmes

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
the Environment; van Nierop is the director of engineering at C12 Energy.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 2009, The case against nuclear

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Reprocessing, DoI: 10.2968/065006003, ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )http:~/~/www.davidmthompson.org/2009/reprocessing/09reprocessing.pdf(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
In addition to theft, there is the danger that reprocessing plants could be used

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
technically outlawed in the United States, a de facto ban has persisted.

( class="MsoNormal" )
In response to proliferation concerns, many reprocessing advocates recommend a new method, called

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
operating and environmental costs, COEX is a big gamble for little gain.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Once through cycle is far safer and more resistant

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Lyman and Hippel 08()—Edwin Lyman is a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program. Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security. April 2008, Arms Control Association, Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, http:~/~/www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_04/org/act/2008_04/LymanVonHippel, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Proliferation resistance is determined by several different properties of a fuel cycle system. One

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
how easily a subnational group could divert or steal weapons-usable material.

( class="MsoNormal" )
It is not easy by any of these routes to get plutonium from a once

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
a difficult undertaking, requiring remotely controlled operations behind meter-thick walls.

( class="MsoNormal" )
In contrast, plutonium that has been separated from spent fuel by the PUREX process

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
it is to divert and separate the plutonium in a spent fuel assembly.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Keeping the transuranic elements americium and curium mixed with plutonium in ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )pyroprocessing would increase its radiation dose() a hundred-fold but ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )only to a level that would still be one thousand times lower than the IAEA’s self-protection standard().13

( class="MsoNormal" )
It is also relatively easy in the once-through fuel cycle to keep track

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
even more difficult to measure accurately the plutonium in the process.14

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Finally, ()the ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )stockpiling of() large quantities of separated ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )plutonium() in a fuel cycle involving reprocessing ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )would result in a breakout time for nuclear weapons production far shorter() than for the once-through fuel cycle case( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )The same would be true for() a ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )pyroprocessing plant().( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Indeed, ()a( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 1992 ()study( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) commissioned jointly by the Departments of Energy and State ()showed a variety of ways to use a pyroprocessing plant to produce relatively pure plutonium.( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )15

( class="MsoNormal" )
Thus, although pyroprocessing does produce a mixture that is more radioactive than the pure

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
spent fuel. In that context, pyroprocessing appears anything but proliferation resistant.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Pyroprocessing is designed to treat metal fuel for liquid sodium-cooled reactors and is

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, the uranium dilutant could be separated out with very simple chemical processing.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )In reaction to the Bush administration’s growing interest in restarting a reprocessing industry in the United States, ()many critics expressed concern about the impact of such an initiative on U.S. efforts to discourage non-nuclear-weapon states from separating out plutonium( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). The Bush administration’s answer was to embed the new U.S. reprocessing and recycle program in GNEP, unveiled in February 2006. In rolling out the initiative, Bush announced that:

( class="MsoNormal" )
America will work with nations that have advanced civilian nuclear energy programs, such as

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
and reprocessing activities that can be used to develop nuclear weapons.18

( class="MsoNormal" )
As already noted, however, sending spent fuel abroad to be reprocessed has proven

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
Rosatom was no longer interested in taking other countries’ spent fuel.20

( class="MsoNormal" )
The Energy Department was unfazed. In parallel to its efforts to form an industrial

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
full-scale commercial enrichment or reprocessing plants to abstain from developing them.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:6.0pt" )As of February 29, 2008, 20 countries in addition to the United States had signed up as GNEP partners. Of these, 16 are non-nuclear-weapon states of which one-half do not yet have nuclear power plants. Of those partners that are non-nuclear-weapon states and do have nuclear power plants, all but one (Japan) have never reprocessed or have ended their reprocessing contracts with Russia.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )It is difficult to see any nonprolif( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in" )eration ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; background: aqua; mso-highlight: aqua" )rationale( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in" ) in the United States persuading 15 non-nuclear-weapon states to choose reprocessing over a once-through fuel cycle.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Defense

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )They don’t solve the motivation for prolif

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Friedman ‘12

( class="MsoNormal" )
George Friedman, 9-11-12, STRATFOR, War and Bluff: Iran, Israel and the United States http:~/~/www.stratfor.com/weekly/war-and-bluff-iran-israel-and-united-states?utm_source=freelist-fandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=20120911andutm_term=gweeklyandutm_content=titleandelq=com/weekly/war-and-bluff-iran-israel-and-united-states?utm_source=freelist-fandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=20120911andutm_term=gweeklyandutm_content=titleandelq=a8288f444a084a1bad25aa86615854c0, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
From the Iranian point of view, a nuclear program has been extremely valuable.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
China unwilling to see Iran crushed has helped. Iran can survive sanctions.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Mid East prolif is slow

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Riedel and Samore, 2008 ()Bruce and Gary, Senior Fellow in foreign policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy of the Brookings Institution; vice president, director of studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg chair at the Council on Foreign Relations, CFR, "Managing Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East.”

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Most recently, Syria’s efforts to build a secret research reactor with North Korean assistance

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
already set the diplomatic basis for doing so: Saudi Arabia with Pakistan.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Middle East prolif doesn’t cause nuclear war

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:.2in" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;mso-font-kerning:16.0pt" )Rijpkema ‘10()(Marisa Kushner, B.A. – Government, Strategy, Diplomacy, George Washington University November, “Should Israel Alter its Policy of Nuclear Ambiguity?” proquest, jj)

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:.2in" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Furthermore, some experts assert that a nuclearized Middle East would not necessarily become the

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
Arab leaders would remain sensitive to the costs of using nuclear weapons.102

( style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:solid windowtext 3.0pt; padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt" )

russia

rels high

His snapshot args are backwards -~-- our ev says US – Russia relations high now-~-- Kerry smoothed over relations -~-- cooperation on 28 things now -~-- like arms control and iran -~-- don’t buy their ev -~-- the media only focuses on disputes, ignores coop -~-- that’s Morrison and china daily

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Relations high

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Gvosdev, 3/1()/13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) (Nikolas, former editor of the National Interest and a frequent foreign policy commentator in both the print and broadcast media, currently on the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College, “The Realist Prism: Can Kerry Salvage the Russia Reset?” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12756/the-realist-prism-can-kerry-salvage-the-russia-reset, bgm)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
between Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President Barack Obama.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

They’re cooperating on a ton of issues

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Real Times 2/3( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )/2013() (“Putin, Obama stress cooperation, pledge to ‘avoid deterioration’ in relations”. http:~/~/rt.com/news/putin-obama-bilateral-relations-704/http://rt.com/news/putin-obama-bilateral-relations-704/) nagel

( class="MsoNormal" )
Russia and the US agreed to avoid “negative steps” that could threaten bilateral

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
Kerry with working out new initiatives to resolve the ongoing conflict in Syria.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115" ) 

Russia says no

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Bohm, 10/19()/12 (Michael,  Putin's Pride Has No Price Tag, The Moscow times, Read more: http:~/~/www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/putins-pride-has-no-price-tag/469977.html#html#ixzz2BxhV2pBW)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
First, the Foreign Ministry announced that USAID must leave Russia by Oct. 1

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
warheads and submarines as well as old stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons.

( class="MsoNormal" )
In all three demarches, ( style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )the Kremlin has sent a clear message() to the United States: ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Russia no longer needs U.S. help because() President ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Vladimir html has turned the country into a self-sufficient global power.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Impact

1NR Overview -~-- Deficit

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Heg outweighs -~-- solves extinction

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Barnett( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ), Professor, Warfare Analysis and Research Dept – U.S. Naval War College, 3/7/’( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )11

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” )

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of globalization, the U.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
a profound and persistent reduction in battle deaths from state-based conflicts.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi" )Turns every scenario

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Robert ( style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Kagan( style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) is a senior fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings. His most recent book is "The World America Made." ( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )3-14-( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )12( style="font-size: 6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ), America has made the world freer, safer and wealthier, CNN, ( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )http:~/~/www.cnn.com/2012/03/14/opinion/kagan-world-america-made/index.html?hpt=hp_html?hpt=hp_c2( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
(CNN) -- We take a lot for granted about the way the world

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Turns Prolif

Turns prolif

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri" )Stephen Peter ( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Rosen( style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) (PhD from Harvard University in 1979 and is currently the Beton Michael Kaneb Professor of National Security and Military Affairs in the Department of Government, Harvard University) Spring ( style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )2003( style="font-family:"Georgia","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )  “An Empire, If you Can Keep It,” The National Interest, , LN Academic, UK: Fisher

( class="MsoNormal" )
Rather than wrestle with such difficult and unpleasant problems, the United States could give

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
is not at all clear that the alternatives are that much more attractive.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Turns Russia

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-language:EN-US" )Turns russia

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Thayer, 07( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) – Associate Professor in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University (Bradley A., American Empire, Routledge, page 42)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Peace, like good health, is not often noticed, but certainly is missed

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
. That was true of the British Empire (pax Britannica) too.

( class="MsoNormal" )
So it is with the United States today. Peace and stability are major benefits

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
is because international politics does not sleep; it never takes a rest.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;text-align:center; page-break-before:always;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;mso-outline-level:3" )
( style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Turns Nuclear

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Turns nuclear

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Hoskin Davis 08() Management Consulting Firm, provides strategic workforce planning, change management and executive search services, “Staffing the Nuclear Renaissance” online, jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )It is generally believed that over the next twenty years ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )demographic trends will produce a serious personnel supply-demand gap() in the developed world, particularly in the United States. We have been studying the situation in the nuclear power industry, which is poised for a renaissance( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). This industry provides an interesting case study of what other industries may face and what kinds of solutions they should embrace.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )nuclear power talent supply constraints are caused ()by several factors. First and foremost is ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )the aging workforce() as the baby boom generation nears retirement. Birth rates in developed countries have been historically low. ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )There has been a softening ()in our educational system’s emphasis( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" ) on math and science() education and lower enrollments in these majors relative to, say, the days of the space race.

( class="MsoNormal" )
In addition, cultural trends have emphasized the virtues of a four-year college

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
labor, particularly for high-security endeavors such as nuclear plant construction.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Turns terorrism

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )McLarty 9() (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
We have seen, when you look at the table of the ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )top() 20 ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )firms that are H1-B() visa ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )requestors(), at least 15 of those ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )are() IT firms. And as we're seeing across industry, much of the hardware and software that's used in this country is not only manufactured now overseas, but it's ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )developed overseas() by scientists and engineers who were educated here in the United States.

( class="MsoNormal" )
We're seeing a lot more activity around cyber-security, certainly noteworthy attacks here

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
returning back? This potentially puts us at a competitive disadvantage going forward.

( class="MsoNormal" )
MCLARTY: Yes. And I think your question largely is the answer as well

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Flow

Internal Link Ext – Immigration solves deficit

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )Yes – solves defecit -~-- their ev is about unskilled immigratnts -~-- but our ev is about high skilled immigration -~-- CIR solves the deficit quickly and painlessly

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Holen 11/23( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Ms. Holen, a senior fellow at the Technology Policy Institute, is a former official of the Congressional Budget Office and the White House Office of Management and Budget.  11-23-12, Real Clear Markets, Immigration Reform Is a Painless Way to Reduce Deficit, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2012/11/23/immigration_reform_is_a_painless_way_to_reduce_deficit_100002.html(), jj

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
The automatic spending cuts, divided between defense and domestic discretionary expenditures, were part

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
or cutting spending, while at the same time boosting growth and productivity.

( class="MsoNormal" )
A study I prepared for the Technology Policy Institute shows that proposals considered by Congress

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
an example-of expanding the nation's human capital rather than land capital.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )My study uses the same modeling and scoring approach used by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) for comprehensive immigration reform. ()CBO concluded that ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )increased output and tax revenues would result from() the ( style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )addition of significant labor resources() to the economy.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Although President Obama has yet to recommend legislation in this area, he has signaled

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
effectively exporting valuable human capital resources that were acquired at considerable national expense.

( class="MsoNormal" )
Admitting more high-skilled immigrants has bipartisan support( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). For example, last spring, the Startup Act 2.0, sponsored by Democratic Senators Mark Warner (VA) and Chris Coons (DE), and Republican Senators Marco Rubio (FL) and Jerry Moran (KS), proposed providing a green card to graduates with a master's degree or a PhD in STEM fields. The proposal would also create a new entrepreneur's visa for immigrants who launch businesses.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Some worry that foreigners would displace American workers and reduce their wages. But most studies find negligible wage effects, particularly when the newcomers hold advanced degrees. Secondary, positive effects on wages also result because immigrants, both as workers and consumers, stimulate the demand for investment capital and encourage domestic workers to invest in more education.

( class="MsoNormal" )
It is rare that such a "win-win" is available - a policy that is good for the economy, and at the same time would make a substantial contribution toward needed deficit reduction without either raising taxes or cutting spending( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). When one does become available ()we should grab it.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

UQ

1NR UQ Wall

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Immigration will pass now, but it’s a fight -~-- extend Buchanan -~-- they’re bipart support and compromise now, but it’s not a done deal.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Political capital’s key and creates momentum -~-- that’s Anniston Star -~-- prefer the direction of the link -~-- Obama aggressive stance is causing the GOP to cave now -~-- his behind-the-scenes push keeps them at the negotiating table and ensures passage

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Overcomes resistance

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Their ev not conclusive wont pass

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Shifter 12/27() Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?” 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3186

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Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration

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AND

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some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear.

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Immigration will pass.

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )CT POST 3/28/13() Connecticut Post http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )A Republican Party( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )in desperate search for( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) relevance to ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )Latino voters. An expanded Democratic advantage in the Senate. A second-term President( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) with his legacy on the line.

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )Does all that add up to enough to break decades of impasse( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )and produce( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) comprehensive ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )immigration( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) reform? As expectations -- and tensions -- rise, ()the answer ( style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )won't be long in coming().

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )A bipartisan bill could be filed( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" ) ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )in the Senate( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" ) as early as ( style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )next week( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" ), ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )followed( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )in( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) relatively ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )short order ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )by a House bill(),( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) also crafted by a bipartisan group, aiming at a compromise on the key issue of citizenship.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The efforts are being applauded by President Barack ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Obama( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), who ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )is using ( style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" )every ounce of his political clout( style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ()to try ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )to get() comprehensive ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )reform().

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Obama said the time has come "to work up the political courage to do what's required to be done."

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )"I expect a bill to be put forward. ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )I expect ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )a ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )debate to begin next month( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ). I want to sign that bill into law as soon as possible," Obama said at a White House naturalization ceremony.

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )In addition to( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) the issue of eventual ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )citizenship( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) for 11 million undocumented immigrants, ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Congress is expected to address( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" ) the need for ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )temporary( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) or guest worker ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )programs( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Congress last passed comprehensive bipartisan reform legislation in 1986, when President Ronald Reagan signed a law that granted citizenship to several million undocumented immigrants and created a guest worker program.

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )Up ( style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )until now, Republicans have opposed citizenship( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) programs as an "amnesty" for lawbreakers who entered the country illegally, and labor has chafed at guest worker programs.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )But Republican losses in the 2012 elections and increased public support for reform have many in the GOP talking compromise.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )"( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )If there is ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" )one issue that( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) the two ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )parties could produce something meaningful( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) on in this Congress, ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )it would be immigration," said( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" ) ( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Stephen ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Hess( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), a political expert at The Brookings Institution.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hess said ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )an eventual bill "will have lots of provisos( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), and it will ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )go back and forth, but( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) it ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )would be hard not( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) to produce something given the general feeling that something has ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )to be produced."

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )More and more Republicans are moving toward immigration( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )-reform measures as the party seeks to reach out to Latinos, the nation's largest -- and growing -- minority voting bloc.

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( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )Public opinion is behind them.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )A recent poll showed 63 percent of Americans supported a path to citizenship for undocumented workers provided they meet certain requirements, according to a survey by the Public Religion Research Institute.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Notable Republicans who have recently spoken in favor of compromise on citizenship proposals include Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky.; former Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour; and Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )And a March report by the National Republican Committee, considered a "post mortem" on the 2012 elections, recommended the GOP embrace comprehensive immigration reform to shore up its shaky standing with minorities -- Latinos, in particular.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Roy Beck, executive director of Numbers USA, which advocates lower numerical numbers on immigration, predicted a majority of Republican senators would oppose citizenship.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Groups like Numbers USA are working to hold GOP senators in line. They sent 13,000 emails to Kentucky voters that claimed Paul's position was "more radical and pro-immigration than anything proposed by President Obama."

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The group has targeted Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., one of the "Gang of Eight" senators writing the Senate bipartisan bill, as a lawmaker who favors foreign workers over unemployed South Carolinians.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Democrats from conservative-leaning states could also feel political heat.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Beck said if five to 10 Democrats in the Senate oppose a bill, proponents would need 10 to 15 Republicans to reach the 60 votes needed to cut off debate and vote on legislation.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )"You do the math," Beck said.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )In 2007, an effort to cut off debate on a Senate immigration reform bill died on a 46-53 vote.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )But ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )immigrant reform proponents( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), such as America's Voice, ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )say ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )there is a "tectonic shift" in the GOP( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" )and the ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Democrats( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) also ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )have expanded their( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" ) Senate ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )majority( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) to 53-45, plus two independents who caucus with them. ( class="MsoIntenseEmphasis" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )They predict the Senate will muster the votes( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) necessary to pass a reform bill.

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( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Still, it won't be easy.

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GOP coming around

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )E News Park Forest 3-19-13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ), New GOP Embrace of Comprehensive Immigration Reform is Overdue but Welcome News to Representative Gutierrez, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.enewspf.com/latest-news/latest-local/41326-html( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), jj

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Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez (D-IL), a long-time

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AND

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and the return of reasonable Republicans to the table is one of them."

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Obama has enough PC now

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Beatriz ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )González( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Staff Writer, ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )2-27( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )-13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), The Bottom Line, Jorge Castañeda Expresses Views on Immigration at Campbell Hall, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu/2013/02/edu/2013/02/jorge-castaneda-expresses-views-on-immigration-at-campbell-hall(), jj

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( style="font-size:9.0pt" )Quoting Former Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico Jorge Castañeda

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Consequently, Castañeda believes that current immigration policies entail multiple problems. If the policies

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AND

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“Next year, representatives will be already fighting for re-election.”

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PC High

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-style: italic" )Honeymoon isn’t over—small data sampling—still has momentum

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Sullivan 3/8/13—covers national politics for “The Fix.” Former Editor of Hotline On Call, National Journal Hotline’s politics blog.() Sean Sullivan, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/03/08/why-its-too-early-to-declare-the-end-of-obamas-post-election-honeymoon/

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Why ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )it’s too soon to declare the end of Obama’s( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) post-election ( style="font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )honeymoon

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )Polling data( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" ) ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )released in recent days ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )suggested( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" ) that( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) President ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )Obama’s( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) post-election ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )honeymoon( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" ) may( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) well ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )have come to an ( style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" )end( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" ). ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )But a review( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" ) of a wide cross-section of polling( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) conducted over the last few months ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )suggests it’s ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )too early( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" ) to declare( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Obama ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )the honeymoon over( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) just yet.

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( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )Here’s the bottom line: There are data points that should worry the president( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) and his top advisers. ( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )But ( style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" )across the board, his numbers haven’t( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" ) exactly ( style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" )dive-bombed( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )There are ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )two polls( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) that that ( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )have shown( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) signs of ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )trouble( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) for the president:

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )* Obama’s approval rating  (45 percent) in a Quinnipiac University survey released Thursday was virtually unchanged from his approval rating a month ago (46 percent). But it is down from early December, when 53 percent of voters approved of the job the president was doing, a month after his re-election win.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )* According to Gallup, which tracks Obama’s approval rating among Americans based on a three-day rolling average, Obama’s number is now hovering around the high 40s, down from the low 50s where it stood in the months leading up to last week’s failure to avert the deep federal spending cuts known as sequestration.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )How do those numbers stack up against the rest of the post-election polling that has been conducted? ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )Obama’s( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) job approval ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )rating hasn’t dropped as severely in other surveys( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ):

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So what does this all suggest? A couple of things. For starters,

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AND

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with Congressional Republicans, the fights haven’t done serious damage to his brand.

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It’s important to note that the outcome of the first fiscal battle, over the

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AND

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post-sequester coverage has focused on how Obama’s warnings haven’t come true.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Aside from Obama’s approval rating, ( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )there is some data that suggest signs of trouble( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ) for Obama coming out of the sequestration standoff. A CBS News poll showed nearly as many Americans blamed him (33 percent) as blamed Congressional Republicans (38 percent) for failure to avert the cuts. And last month’s NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll found only 32 percent said the country is headed in right direction, down from 41 percent in December.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )As the Fix boss wrote in this space about a month ago, ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )the lengths of( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) post-reelection political ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )honeymoons( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) ( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )have grown shorter( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) and shorter in recent years (Gallup has a comprehensive study here). ( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )Obama( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), who has a very ambitious legislative agenda right now, ( style="font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )is hoping to be the exception( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) to that trend. ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" )We’ll find out in the coming months if he can pull that off or not.

Obama has leverage

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Amie ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Parnes and( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Justin ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Sink- 03/20/13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), The Hill, Obama honeymoon may be over, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/thehill.com/homenews/administration/289179-com/homenews/administration/289179-obama-honeymoon-may-be-over(), jj

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )And ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )administration officials believe they still have the leverage( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ).( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) “( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )There’s a decent amount of momentum( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) behind all of this,( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )” the official said. “( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )It looks like immigration is closer to passage than ever before.”

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A2: PC Not Key -~-- Obama Uses XO

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Obama won’t use an XO

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Lerer 2/11() Lisa Lerer, “Obama Poised to Skirt Congress to Seal Legacy in New Term Agenda,” BLOOMBERG, 2-11-2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-11/obama-poised-to-skirt-congress-to-seal-legacy-in-new-term-agenda.html.

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The tactic carries political risk, beyond the backlash it will spark from congressional Republicans

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AND

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and spending issues as well as any comprehensive changes in the immigration system.

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Obama won’t do major immigration changes through XOs

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Mark ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Krikorian(), National Review Online, 8/15/( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )12(), The president’s unconstitutional DREAM amnesty gets rolling., cis.org/OpedsandArticles/DREAM-Amnesty-Begins-Krikorian-National-Review

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The president knows what he’s doing is unconstitutional. We don’t have to read his

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AND

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, I can go and do these things. It’s just not true.

GO BACK FO FLOW.

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A2: No Vote/No Bill

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PC in the short term key to long term momentum

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Even if there’s no bill/vote for a while…Obama focus in the short term guarantees passage when push comes to shove

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )David ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Jackson, 2/5( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )/13, USA Today, Obama backers: Immigration bill needs to move quickly, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/02/05/obama-immigration-meeting-labor-ceos/1893071/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/02/05/obama-immigration-meeting-labor-ceos/1893071/(), jj

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Backers of( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) President ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Obama's immigration plan said( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Tuesday ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )they need Congress to move quickly,( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )so as not to lose() political ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )momentum() gained during last year's election.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )"We feel very strongly ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )there is a sense of urgency( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )," said Janet Murguia, president and CEO of the National Council of la Raza.

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( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Murguia and leaders of other labor and civil rights organizations met with Obama at to discuss the status of an ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )i( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )mmigration( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) overhaul that ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )has become( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) one or ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )the president's top( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) legislative ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )prioriti( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )es.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )The president also sat down in a separate meeting with business leaders, some of whom later endorsed what Obama and aides call "comprehensive immigration reform."

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Joe Echevarria, the CEO of Deloitte, said revamping the system -- including streamlined rules for foreign high-skilled workers -- would help boost the overall economy.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )"It's about people becoming employed and productive," Echevarria said.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )The White House sessions took place as the House Judiciary Committee conducted hearings on immigration(). ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )They also came a week before the State of the Union address, in which Obama is expected to press Congress to pass a major immigration bill this year.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Leaders of the labor and civil rights groups said they told Obama they want a pathway to citizenship for the some 11 million illegal immigrants who are already in the United States, and they want it with no strings attached.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )While some Senate and House Republicans say they want to tie the pathway to specific improvements in border security, Obama's supporters said those improvements have already been made and the number of illegal crossings has fallen dramatically.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )White House spokesman Jay Carney said "the president's commitment to border security has been amply demonstrated," and he wants "a clear path to citizenship for people who are affected here."

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Some congressional Republicans oppose a pathway to citizenship, saying it amounts to amnesty for lawbreakers; the GOP also controls the majority in the U.S. House.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Obama and backers say ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )they are confident Congress will pass an immigration bill() in part because of last year's election, in which the president carried 71 of the Hispanic vote.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Supporters predict that Republicans will want to improve their standing with Hispanic voters by being more amenable to an immigration bill.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )But ( style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )that momentum could easily fade if legislation is stalled() for several months( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), said some of the people who met with Obama, especially with the president in his second term.

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"( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )You risk more the longer you wait()," Murguia said.

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Capital now is key

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Framing issue—initial bargaining determines legislative success—

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Matthew N. ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Beckman(), UC-Irvine Professor of Political Science, 20( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )10(), Pushing the Agenda: Presidential Leadership in U.S. Lawmaking, 1953-2004, p. 53

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To the cynic, meetings between White House officials and congressional leaders offer little more

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AND

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a two-pronged approach: mobilizing leading allies and deterring leading opponents.

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A2: General Thumpers – Top of Docket

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It’s Obama’s #1 priority and will pass -~-- he’s pivoting away from other issues

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Epstein 3-27( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), Jennifer Epstein is a staff writer at POLITICO. She joined POLITICO in 2010 after covering federal higher education policy, for-profit colleges and other issues related to colleges and universities for Inside Higher Ed in Washington, D.C. Before that, she followed the final months of the 2008 presidential campaign through about the 200th day of the Obama administration for Time Magazine's around-the-clock political website, The Page.( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Epstein graduated from Princeton University in June 2008 with an A.B. in history, where she was managing editor and a reporter at The Daily Princetonian. Her senior thesis, "Slaves and Slavery at Princeton" was the first extended examination of the university's ties to slavery and won the C.O. Joline Prize for American History. She spent the summers during college working for The New York Times, Inside Higher Ed and The Journal News in White Plains, N.Y. 3/27/13, Obama renews push on immigration reform, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.politico.com/politico44/2013/03/html(), jj

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President Obama sought to refocus the political conversation on immigration reform Wednesday in interviews with

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AND

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it’ll be good for these families. That’s my number-one priority.”

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Top of the agenda

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Jordan ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Fabian, 3-27-13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), political editor for ABC News-Univision. Prior to joining Univision in 2011, he worked as a staff writer at The Hill newspaper in Washington, DC where he covered Congress and the 2012 presidential campaign. ABC News, President Obama Expects Immigration Bill In April, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/immigration-reform-obama-expects-bill-april/story?id=18825428#.UVSm_UVSm_hfqnGB(), jj

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President Obama expects an immigration bill to come before the Senate next month and voiced

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AND

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agreement between Republicans and Democrats in Washington has emerged since the November election.

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***Obama has priced in the rest of his agenda and will get immigration done – a new contentious topic ruins his strategy

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( style="font-size:7.0pt" )Prefer this ev, their ev only takes into account pieces of the agenda in isolation, this ev is assumptive of whole docket

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Zeleny(), writer for International Herald Tribune, ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;background:aqua;mso-highlight: aqua" )1/24( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )/2013

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(Jeff, “For Obama, an ambitious agenda faces ticking clock,” Lexis)

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The State of the Union address that Mr. Obama will deliver to Congress on

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AND

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, then shame on us. We've got to seize this opportunity.''

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A2: Climate/Energy

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***Energy and climate on the backburner

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Restuccia 1/17( style="font-size: 7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Andrew Restuccia is an energy reporter for POLITICO Pro. Prior to joining POLITICO, Restuccia covered energy and environmental politics and policy at The Hill. He also reported on energy policy for The Washington Independent and Inside Washington Publishers. Restuccia graduated from Syracuse University with a degree in journalism. He grew up in Massachusetts, where he got his start as an intern at the Lowell Sun. 1/17/13, Politico, Will Obama punt again on climate change?, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.politico.com/story/2013/01/html( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), jj

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But here’s the reality check for the green movement: Obama has proposed no new

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AND

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back on its allies in the environmental community and approve the Keystone pipeline.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )Between() the constant ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )fiscal crisis(), the ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )gun control() debate ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )and() a looming ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )immigration() showdown, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )climate change runs the risk of landing on the permanent back burner().

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( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi" )No action on climate or energy till after immigration

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Zacharcy 12/30() Wendy Zachary is based in Texas, Texas, United States of America, and is a Reporter for Allvoices. 12-30-12, All Voices, Obama’s Second-Term Agenda: Immigration, gun control remain on top of list, http:~/~/www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/13708159-com/contributed-news/13708159-obamas-second-term-agenda-immigration-and-gun-control-remain-on-top-of-the-list, jj

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"I've said that ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )fixing our broken immigration system is a top priority,"() he said. "I will introduce legislation in the first year to get that done. I think we have talked about it long enough."

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Obama then said that the fight against gun violence is next on his list. He added that the success of a gun control law would depend upon just how badly it has hurt people psychologically.

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"Will there be resistance? Absolutely there will be resistance," the president told

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AND

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my presidency. And it's not something that I want to see repeated."

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Obama further said that ( style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )once he will have addressed these() two pressing ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )issues, he would shift his focus on energy and environmental issues(). He said there is a huge opportunity of becoming self-sufficient in energy and if all goes as planned, America could even become an energy exporter.

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A2: General Budget/Spending Thumpers

No budget fights till summer -~-- immigration first

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Policy Mic 3-28-13( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), Why Obama Signing Sequestration Into Law Was a Strategic Move, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.policymic.com/articles/31012/com/articles/31012/why-obama-signing-sequestration-into-law-was-a-strategic-move(), jj

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With over half of his term gone, and a huge laundry list of initiatives

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AND

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raise to the minimum wage, immigration, and housing, for example.

A2: Gun Control

No Obama push on guns

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( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Jules ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" )Witcover( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ), The Baltimore Sun, ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )3-18-13( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), Obama settles for half measures on gun control, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-18/news/bs-ed-witcover-gun-control-20130318_1_com/2013-03-18/news/bs-ed-witcover-gun-control-20130318_1_assault-weapons-ban-fight-against-assault-weapons-gun-violence(), jj

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Obama settles for half measures on gun control¶ The president fails to put his

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AND

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be on achieving a vote on each rather than a demand for passage.

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No further gun control action -~-- shifting to immigration

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Santa Cruz Sentinel, 3-20-13( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), Editorial: Visa program needs reform as Congress falters on gun control, moves toward immigration changes, ( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.santacruzsentinel.com/opinion/ci_22836083/com/opinion/ci_22836083/editorial-visa-program-needs-reform-congress-falters-gun(), jj

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Editorial: Visa program needs reform as Congress falters on gun control, moves toward

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AND

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status for the 11 million people living and working in this country illegally.

Link

A2: PC Not K - (Hirsh)

**Doesn’t say PC irrelevant -~-- just says it’s complex -~-- that’s fine, we’ve made specific claims about the interactions based on the current political climate

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hirsh 2/7 ()Michael Hirsh - chief correspondent for National Journal, previously  senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek,  “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital” February 7, 2013 http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

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The point is not that “political capital” is a meaningless term. Often

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AND

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increasingly avoid any concessions that make him (and the Democrats) stronger.

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( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )*Political scientists and experts vote neg

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )Beckman 10() Matthew N. Beckman, Professor of Political Science @ UC-Irvine, 2010, “Pushing the Agenda: Presidential Leadership in U.S. Lawmaking, 1953-2004,” pg. 50

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However, many close observers of the presidential–congressional relationship have long cited prevoting

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AND

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recorded by means other than roll calls . . . ” (68).

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( style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )A2: Winners Win

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( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Controversial wins bleed momentum not build it.

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Politico(), 1/20/20( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )10() (Obama's first year: What went wrong, p. http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=4DF829C9-18FE-70B2-A8381A971FA3FFC9)

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Obama believed that early success would be self-reinforcing, building a powerful momentum

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AND

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the bitter and seemingly endless legislative battle on Capitol Hill over health care.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together; page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Wins don’t spill over. Climate proves.

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Hertzberg(), 2/7/20( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )11() (Hendrik – senior editor and political essayist at the New Yorker, The New Yorker, p. http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2011/02/07/110207taco_talk_hertzberg?printable=true)

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Strong words. But now they are not even whispered. The climate bill,

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AND

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delicate negotiations in the Senate, were neglectful at key moments, and expende

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d little( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) of the courage, imagination, and ()resources they brought to health-care reform. ( style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Perhaps they calculated that winning health care would ( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )strengthen them for climate( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" ) change()( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ), like Popeye after a helping of spinach. But ( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )the political effect( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ), at least in its immediate manifestations, ( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )was ( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )more like Kryptonite( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;border:solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding:0in;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" ).

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Political inertia means closed fuel cycle policies cost PC

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Deign 12()—Jason Deign, June 13^th, 2012, Nuclear Energy Insider, Nuclear fuel cycles: to close or not to close?, http:~/~/analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/operations-maintenance/com/operations-maintenance/nuclear-fuel-cycles-close-or-not-close, jj

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The good news for policy makers is that the industry can probably afford to wait that long to get the answers. One UK academic consulted by Nuclear Energy Insider says: “( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )We don’t need to make the decision now. At the moment the government is talking of an open fuel cycle.

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“( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )If we start building a reactor( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) next year it will be 10 years before it burns fuel, and the spent fuel will need at least 100 years’ storage. ( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )It won’t go down into the ground until 2130, so we have plenty of time to reconsider. The open fuel cycle is a politically convenient decision.”

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Congress hates reprocessing, especially after the sequester

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Russell,2/5/13() (Pam, RollCall, “Budget Cutters Eye Nuclear Reprocessing Plant,” http://www.rollcall.com/news/budget_cutters_eye_nuclear_reprocessing_plant-222173-1.html?pg=2)

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¶ Given the threat of sequester, supporters of a $4.8 billion

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AND

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month unless Congress acts to postpone them or enact an alternative austerity plan.

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Opposition in House and Senate -~-- worried about spending

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Russell,2/5/13() (Pam, RollCall, “Budget Cutters Eye Nuclear Reprocessing Plant,” http://www.rollcall.com/news/budget_cutters_eye_nuclear_reprocessing_plant-222173-1.html?pg=2)

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( class="MsoNormal" )
But critics say MOX is the most expensive way to dispose of the plutonium.

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AND

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looking at this stuff. This is where there is real government waste.”

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Massive opposition to the plan

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( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Bunn 3() - Associate Professor at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government
 Matthew, et al, "THE ECONOMICS OF REPROCESSING VS. DIRECT DISPOSAL OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL," ( style="color:blue" )http:~/~/belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/repro-report.pdfhttp://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/repro-report.pdf

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Third, the argument is based on the questionable assumption that while it would be

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AND

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the new reactor types required would be an enormous institutional and political challenge.

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Congress is skeptical reprocessing – empirics and budget

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Lyman and von Hippel 8() (*Edwin, a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program. *Frank N. a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security. “Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership” http:~/~/www.armscontrol.org/print/2779url:http://www.armscontrol.org/print/2779)

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In 2007, Congress became alarmed about the Energy Department’s proposal to commit quickly tens

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AND

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research and development stage will be left to the next administration and Congress.

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Congress hates reprocessing and won’t fund it

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Johnson, 7() (Jeff, “Reprocessing Key To Nuclear Plan” Chemical and Engineering News, 6/18, http:~/~/pubs.acs.org/cen/government/85/8525gov1.html)

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Many in Congress have doubts about GNEP because of its size and cost and are

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AND

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continues to raise concerns among scientists and has only weak support from industry."

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )The ( style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )most controversial( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" ) part of GNEP is the Administration's plan to reintroduce spent-fuel reprocessing() in the U.S.

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GNEP calls for construction by 2020 of the world's largest nuclear fuel reprocessing facility, capable of reprocessing 2,000 to 3,000 tons of spent reactor fuel a year. This is significantly larger than the French La Hague reprocessing plant—currently the biggest in the world—and large enough to reprocess all the waste generated annually by the U.S.'s 103 commercial nuclear power plants.

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Located on the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, La Hague can treat 1,650

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AND

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unclear what will happen to the plutonium that becomes separated through reprocessing there.

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The U.S. ended a fledgling reprocessing program during Jimmy Carter's presidency because he feared global proliferation of nuclear weapons. Carter's concern was heightened following India's detonation of a nuclear bomb in 1974. That bomb was made from plutonium that was reprocessed from an Indian civilian reactor provided by Canada with U.S. technical support.

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Although President Ronald Reagan revoked a Carter executive order banning spent-fuel reprocessing, the U.S. continued to steer clear of reprocessing due to its cost. As a result, U.S. commercial reactors use nuclear fuel one time through and then store the spent fuel on-site with the intention of moving it eventually to a geologic repository.

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That policy, Sell said, "makes no sense in a world where nuclear power is expanding." Spent fuel, he said, is an "incredible energy resource. Ninety-five percent of the energy value of uranium still is contained in spent fuel." Japan, France, Russia, and the U.K. reprocess nuclear fuel, he added.

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A host of arms control groups, physicists, and members of Congress, however

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AND

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the U.K., has also resulted in extensive radioactivity pollution problems.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Then there is the funding issue. "GNEP is a waste of money( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" ),"() said Richard Garwin, a nuclear physicist and frequent governmental adviser on nuclear issues, speaking at a symposium of the American Association for the Advancement of Science earlier this year. He urged the U.S. to continue on its current path of storing the waste on-site while developing a geological repository. This strategy is far cheaper as well as more proliferation-resistant than reprocessing, he added.

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( style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:solid windowtext 3.0pt; padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt" )

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( style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"" )Hasn’t even been appropriated by Congress yet

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Jeffrey ( style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Tomich 12(), energy and environment reporter for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4/25/12, “Small nuclear reactors generate hype, questions about cost,” http:~/~/www.stltoday.com/business/local/small-nuclear-reactors-generate-hype-questions-about-cost/article_39757dba-8e5c-11e1-9883-001a4bcf6878.html#html#ixzz1tTlcQ1Jt

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The Obama administration, which is pushing for development of low-carbon energy technologies, sees potential, too. And the president wants the United States to take the lead in developing the industry.

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Last month, ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Obama proposed ()$452 million to help speed up ( style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )development of s()mall ( style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )m()odular ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight: yellow" )r()eactors. The funding availability would come on top of $8 billion in loan guarantees for the Vogtle twin-reactor nuclear project in Georgia.

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( style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )The federal funding( style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" ),() ( style="border:solid windowtext 2.25pt;padding:0in;mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )which ( style="border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" )has yet to be appropriated by Congress(), would support engineering, design certification and licensing of up to two plant designs that have the potential to be licensed and in commercial operation in a decade.

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Obama silent on nuclear now -~-- also proves generic “energy battles now” doesn’t take out link -~-- oil, renewables, are popular -~-- nuclear is toxic

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )WNN 2-13-13( style="font-size: 8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), World Nuclear News, Obama neglects nuclear in state of the union, ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )http:~/~/www.world-nuclear-news.org/EE-Obama_neglects_nuclear_in_state_of_the_union_130213a.html( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ), jj

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )US President Barack ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Obama( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) clearly acknowledged the threat of climate change and the pressing need to do something about it in his annual state of the union address. He ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )highlighted the potential for solar, wind and( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) even natural ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )gas - but nuclear() power ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )received not a single mention.

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( style="font-size:8.0pt" )In a speech that also covered many aspects of American life such as taxation, health, education and immigration he urged increased investment in science, innovation and manufacturing to help the country become a "magnet" for high-tech jobs. No area held more promise for this, he noted, than "investments in American energy" which provide opportunity for growth in the face of climate change.

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However, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )only certain energy tech( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )nologies ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )were deemed worthy of mention() in this regard - namely wind, solar and natural gas(). Obama enthused that half of all new installed capacity in 2012 was wind energy, while solar "gets cheaper by the year". Natural gas was hailed primarily as ushering in a new era of energy independence for which the administration would "keep cutting red tape and speeding up new oil and gas permits."

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Noteworthy was the absence of any mention of nuclear or hydropower - the country's two

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AND

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four new units - the first to receive approval in about 30 years.

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Obama only once mentioned( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) the ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )'all-of-the-above'() energy plan which had characterised previous addresses and which outlined a role for all energy technologies, ( style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )but this was in the context of natural gas(). Mention of coal was also entirely absent() from the speech despite the fact that it provides around 40 of US electricity.

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Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
1nc Links

First --- discussions of US energy policy should prioritize national security as a starting point --- the role of the ballot is to affirm this agenda. This is mutually exclusive with their pedagogy
Wirth, Gray, and Podesta 2003 Timothy E. Wirth is President of the United Nations Foundation and a former U.S. Senator from Colorado. C. Boyden Gray is a partner at Wilmer, Cutler and Pickering and served as Counsel to former President George H.W. Bush, The Future of Energy Policy, Foreign Affairs, July-August, pp. LN, KEL

Energy is fundamental to U.S. domestic prosperity and national security. In
AND
challenges and the interests that can be mobilized for the necessary political change.

This approach to energy policy is necessary to preserve US global leadership --- a “quantative” approach to energy is best
Klarevas ‘09
(Louis, Professor, Center for Global Affairs, New York University “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony,” pg online @ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
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best approach for achieving this is to promote a national strategy of greengemony.

Second, the aff’s reliance on abstract theorization is incompatible with our starting point --- philosophical approaches to this year’s resolution are insufficient to produce a coherent reaction to global events
Whitington ‘12
Jerome Whitington, Ph.D. in Anthropology, UC Berkeley, Visiting Scholar
AND
. Writer of “Accounting for Atmosphere: The Anthropology of Climate Change”
Accounting for Atmosphere: The Anthropology of Climate Change is a project with the objective of building collaborative project appropriate to the challenge of understanding something as complex as climate change. Rather, the objective is to approach climate change with enough specificity that precise empirical statements can be linked with the broad significance of climate change’s global scope and geo-historical timescales.
5-27-12, Critical Theory Climate Blah Blah http://accountingforatmosphere.wordpress.com/2012/03/27/critical-theory-climate-blah-blah/, jj

Over the past several weeks I’ve become motivated to closely examine critical theory approaches to
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Enterprise Emergency: Steps toward an ecology of powers’ (TCS, 2009).

Third --- their anti neo-liberal project would devastate hegemony
Cafruny 8 (IR prof, Henry Platt Bristol Professor of International Affairs. Ph.D, Alan, 25 March 2008, http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/2/1/0/pages252105/p252105-3.php) 

The role played by U.S. structural financial power in the construction of
AND
policy to “structural labor reform” and, intermittently, fiscal policy.

1nc Impacts
Next the impacts:

We control macro uniqueness. Statistics prove hegemony is decreasing violence
Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ 

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated
AND
in part by the emergence of the United States as the global hegemon. 

Hegemony turns environmental concerns outlined in the 1ac
Ashok Khosla 9, IUCN President, International Union for Conservation of Nature, A new President for the United States: We have a dream, 1-29-09, http://cms.iucn.org/news_events/?uNewsID=2595

A rejuvenated America, with a renewed purpose, commitment and energy to make its
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of pollutants from our wasteful industries, construction, agriculture and transport systems.

Decline causes extinction
Nye 91 (Joseph, Bound to Lead, p.17)

Perceptions of change in the relative power of nations are of critical importance to understanding
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50,000 nuclear weapons, history as we know it may end.

That comes first
Robin Attfield, Professor of Philosophy at Cardiff University, “The Ethics of the Global Environment”, Perdue University Press, 1999, pg 68

Nevertheless, as John Leslie has remarked, many philosophers write as if there were
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mandate extinction, unlike several of the theories which stand opposed to it.

2NC
Link/Roll of the Ballot Overview

The role of the ballot is to prioritize national security concerns in discussions of US energy policy such as this debate --- extend Wirth, Gray and Podesta – cost benefit analysis and a quantative approach is key --- abrupt shift to noneconomical energies would make our foreign policy incoherent --- our pedagogies are mutually exclusive --- we are defending the notion that we should maintain our status quo orientation to energy production

Ecopedagogy seeks to interpolate quintessentially Freirian aims of the humanization of experience and the achievement of a just and free world with a future-oriented ecological politics that militantly opposes the globalization of neoliberalism and imperialism, on

They don’t conclude heg unsustainable, just that we face a number of challenges that can only be addressed if we avoid distractions like the 1ac.
They don’t get a perm, there’s no alt.
No new no link arguments --- don’t let the 1AR make new link answers
This lack of this strategic focus means the aff’s politics will doom heg --- extend Klarevas --- reinvigorating US energy policy is necessary to shore up primacy by increasing US technological innovation relative to our competitors.
Extend our cede the political link --- Vote neg to re-orient academic energy policy discourse towards the question of how to lock in US hegemony, which is mutually exclusive with the aff --- extend Whitington --- philosophical and critical approaches to this year’s topic cannot offer meaningful solutions to the energy crisis --- their method causes a rejection of empirically-informed decisionmaking in favor of a focus on philosophical minutia. Their focus on “bottom up” micropolitical strategies is too vague and theoretical to produce policy interventions necessary to jumpstart US energy policy and hegemony. They never actually spill up to change government policy --- they just distract us from urgent problems in the short term

Ext – Neolib K2 Heg

Their anti-neoliberal pedagogy devastates hegemony---that’s Cafruny--- ---there’s an undeniable relationship between neolib and geopolitics---
A) neoliberal financial deregulation allows the US to increase its international influence and increase geoeconomic production
AND
B) neoliberal ideology unites the US and its allies around the world---neoliberalism encourages other countries to submit to US economic domination in exchange for trade and military security
Neoliberalism gives the US financial hegemony which is key to prop up imperialism via the extraction of profits from the rest of the world
Gerard DUMENIL and Dominique LEVY ’05 (NEOLIBERALISM – NEOIMPERIALISM http://www.oid-ido.org/IMG/pdf/neoico.pdf, jj)

Neoliberalism can be defined as a specific power configuration within capitalism, in which the
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section 3). Perspectives for the future are discussed in the conclusion.3

Neolib key to US economic domination---causes massive income flows to the US that enable imperialism
Gerard DUMENIL and Dominique LEVY ’05 (NEOLIBERALISM – NEOIMPERIALISM http://www.oid-ido.org/IMG/pdf/neoico.pdf, jj)

There are many aspects to the economic domination that the United States exercises over the
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characteristic of neoliberalism. The relationship between neoliberalism and imperialism appears very strong.

2nc Impact Overview

Hegemony outweighs the aff:
First --- We are winning an over-arching global uniqueness claim that should frame your decision calculus --- statistics prove the world is becoming more peaceful due to US hegemony --- extend Mack --- US leadership advances democracy and globalization which dampens all conflict by making war not economical. This means there is an extremely low propensity for the aff’s impacts to escalate or even occur in the first place --- these trends are inclusive of both interstate warfare and structural violence --- only a risk voting aff makes the world worse
Steven Pinker 2011 is in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. This article is adapted from his new book The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and its Causes (Allen Lane, 2011). Nature 478,309–311(20 October 2011)doi:10.1038/478309a PROQUEST, jj

Moreover, a century has 100 years, not just 50, and the second
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, spanking, gay-bashing, hunting and callousness to laboratory animals.

Second --- OUR ANALYSIS DOES NOT IGNORE THE ENVIRONMENT --- tHegemony turns the 1ac environmental sustainability arguments --- extend Khosla --- US leadership is necessary to break the deadlock of international climate negotiations which prevents eco-catastrophe

Hegemony key to sustainability
Cascio ‘8
(Jamais, Writer for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, The Big Picture: Climate Chaos)

The relationship between climate chaos and the rise of the post-hegemonic world is
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global capacity to deal with global warming, this is the most dangerous.

The environment’s improving now --- that’s on case
Third --- Hegemony solves extinction---extend Nye--- any power transition would risk war between great powers with enough nukes to permanently end life.

They don’t get an ethics impact --- Existential risks come first--- Extend the Attfield evidence - extinction is unethical – It deprives all life of value and prevents future generations from living – They have conceded future generations have moral standing – even if life is suffering these people deserve the chance to experience the benefits of life and determine for themselves the quality of existence – denying their moral standing is the ultimate unethical act and turns the K. This ev is comparative --- their ev says ontology is important, not ignore existential risks.

AND – the judge must evaluate the consequences of their advocacy – ignoring the implications allows infinite violence
Williams 2005 (Michael, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales—Aberystwyth, The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations, p. 174-176)

A commitment to an ethic of consequences reflects a deeper ethic of criticism, of
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— it is both a condition of, and imperative toward, responsibility.

Turns case---war short-circuits the transition to new forms of politics
Linklater ’89 (Andrew-, Beyond Realism and Marxism, P. 32)

These theoretical disagreements with Marxism generate major differences at the practical level. It is
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for order and the possibility of emancipation through the extension of human community.

Weakened America increases violent securitization  
Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, is author of the forthcoming book Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power, Foreign Policy, After America
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,1, jj)

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
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policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil. 

Scholarship

A2 epist indict

We can advance contingent and particular knowledge without "Big T" Epistemology.
We can make contingent claims not based on universals. Rejoinder burden soars.
PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
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violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

UQ

Layne’s too pessimistic and talking about the very long term --- even if collapse inev, we shouldn’t accelerate it via the aff --- Continued primacy is key to make the multipolar transition stable---abrupt withdrawal guarantees great power war.
Bacevich, August 17th, 2011 (Andrew, professor of history and international relations at Boston University, Los Angeles Times, “Shaping a New World Order” http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-bacevich-multipolar-world-20110817,0,6442079.story, jj)

That said, there is much that the United States can and ought to do
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repetition of those serial catastrophes defines the overarching strategic imperative of our age.

Threats to hegemony come from the inside, not the outside---impact is WMD conflict
Krauthammer ’03 (Charles, Pulitzer Prize winner and Columnist for Time Magazine, “The Unipolar Moment”, “The Imperial Tense: Prospects and Problems of American Empire” pg. 64-65, jj)

The new unilateralism argues explicitly and unashamedly for maintaining unipolarity, for Sustaining Americas unrivaled
AND

History has given you an empire, if you will keep it.

Heg sustainable now – but public support key
Robert Kagan, 2007, sr associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund, “End of Dreams, Return of History,” Hoover Policy Review, July 17, 2007,
http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6136, KEL

By the same token, foreign policy failures do not necessarily undermine predominance. Some
AND
remain as the Chinese describe it: one superpower and many great powers.

A2: Paranoid fantasy

US won’t do more mindless interventions
Mandelbaum 11 (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy,” Jan 2011) http://www.cfr.org/publication/23828/cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on_renewing_america.html?cid=rss-fullfeed-cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on-011811andutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed:+cfr_main+(CFR.org+-+Main+Site+Feed)

MANDELBAUM: I think it is, Richard. And I think that this period
AND
as a single unit. And that unit has come to an end.

Not a paranoid fantasy or a myth --- Social status drives hegemonic conflict – comprehensive empirical studies conclude that only unipolarity can influence the likelihood of conflict – historical conflicts were all predicted by this theory
William Wohlforth (professor of government at Dartmouth College) 2009 “ Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War”Project Muse
Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research
AND
, Assyria, the Amarna system—appears consistent with the hypothesis.43 

Our analysis doesn’t overlook structural violence—it’s statistically and methodologically sound and ATTRIBUTES the decline of violence to US leadership—THIS INCLUDES all of the variables their Ks isolate
Jervis 11--Robert, Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics at Columbia University, "Pinker the Prophet", Nov-December Issue of the National Interest, PROQUEST

With the United States fighting two wars, countries from Tunisia to Syria either in
AND
ponder its causes. It is a story worthy of seven hundred pages.

Effective engagement checks global nuclear war
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at
AND
. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency

Prefer incrementalism to their theorizing --- refusal to embrace bridge fuels and pragmatism causes environmental collapse
Charles K. Ebinger, Director, Energy Security Initiative Govinda Avasarala, Research Assistant, Foreign Policy, Energy Security Initiative The Brookings Institution 4-22-10, Environmental Pragmatism http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0422_environmental_pragmatism_ebinger.aspx, jj

Finally, people need to embrace pragmatism. Though it is not ideal and rarely
AND
we can do a far more effective job of getting the ball rolling.
Neolib’s inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—no alternative economic system
Their alt is doomed without institutional engagement --- lack of a political alternative makes neolib and cap inev --- also takes out uniqueness
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html
My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
AND
– from Seattle to Prague to Genoa – …. suffered by the trade union movement.

Only state action can challenge consumption --- individual action fails
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33)

And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental
AND
they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22

Harms

No resource wars
Allouche, 11 - Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex (Jeremy,. "The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade" Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Science Direct)

Water/food resources, war and conflict The question of resource scarcity has led
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Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008). 

There is no root cause to environmental destruction – assuming so prevents effective solutions to specific issues
Garrard 4 (Greg, PhD in Humanities and Cultural Industries @ Liverpool U, “Ecocriticism”, pp.
176-178, Questia) JPG
Much ecocriticism has taken for granted that its task is to overcome anthropocentrism, just
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. By such means the risk of fostering reactionary politics might be minimized. 

-- Environment is strong now
Berg 8 (Chris, Columnist – The Age, “Isn't All This Talk of an Apocalypse Getting a Bit Boring?”, The Age, 1-27,
http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/isnt-all-this-talk-of-an-apocalypse-getting-a-bit-boring/2008/01/26/12011 57736917.html)

But there are substantial grounds for optimism — on almost every measure, the state
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in the past, perhaps we will look to the future more cheerfully.

Turn – Runaway Warming

A) CO2 is saturated now – there is zero risk of runaway warming
MacRae 2009 Paul, syndicated columnist at The Toronto Star, Globe and Mail, Bangkok Post, and Victoria Times Colonist, author of False Alarm: Global Warming—Facts Versus Fears, Al Gore: The speech he needs to give, http://www.paulmacrae.com/?p=21 Awirth
Regarding your comment: CO2 is trapped in the 15 micron band of the troposphere
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keep the CO2 levels a bit too high than a bit too low.
B) Increasing solar production will boost NF3 emissions causing runaway warming 

Conniff 8 (Richard, Guggenheim fellow, National Magazine Award-winning writer, has written for Yale e360 about carbon offsets and clean coal, November 13, “The Greenhouse Gas That Nobody Knew,” http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2085, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

When industry began using NF3 in high-tech manufacturing, it was hailed as
AND
reassuring, it also suggests the complicated character of the global warming problem.¶ 

C) Runaway warming is the only scenario by which warming threatens humanity –
Pfeiffer 2004 Dale Allen, Geologist, Global Climate Change and Peak Oil, The Wilderness Publications, Online

The possibility of runaway global warming is not as distant a threat as we may
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also worried about the survival of the human race due to global warming.

Growth’s sustainable
tech innovation continually changes the game and outpaces their predictions---global shift towards sustainability’s happening now, it’s effective and permanent
their ev is too old and doesn’t assume new innovation that resolves unsustainable consumption
John H. Matthews 12, and Frederick Boltz, Center for Conservation and Government, Conservation International, June 2012, “The Shifting Boundaries of Sustainability Science: Are We Doomed Yet?,” PLOS Biology, http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001344
Humans have long caused irreparable harm …global economies quickly and permanently.

Neoliberalism is self-correcting and sustainable – war and environmental destruction are not profitable and innovation solves their impacts
Kaletsky, ’11 (Anatole, editor-at-large of The Times of London, where he writes weekly columns on economics, politics, and international relationsand on the governing board of the New York-based Institute for New Economic
Theory (INET), a nonprofit created after the 2007-2009 crisis to promote and finance academic research in economics, Capitalism 4.0: The Birth of a New Economy in the Aftermath of Crisis, p. 19-21, bgm)

Democratic capitalism is a system built for survival. It has adapted successfully to shocks
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of the proverbially optimistic Mr. Micawber: "Something will turn up." 

No mindset shift, lack of growth turns all their offense, rejecting the fossil fuel economy causes worse pollution in the short term
Dedev’s worse and causes worse environmental practices like coal
Mead, 12 --- Professor of Foreign Affairs and Humanities at Bard College (7/28/2012, Walter Russell, “The Energy Revolution 4: Hot Planet?” http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/07/28/the-energy-revolution-4-hot-planet/, JMP)

Capitalism is not, Monbiot is forced to admit, a fragile system that will
AND
is a heretical thought, but perhaps Gaia is smarter than the greens.

They ignore hidden externalities to renewables --- old solar panels are exported to developing countries causing contamination --- the industry doesn’t have a plan to deal with waste.
Nath 10
(Stanford Journal of International Relations, Vol. XI | No. 2 , Spring, "Cleaning Up After Clean Energy:  Hazardous Waste in the Solar Industry",  http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/pdf/Solar_11.2.pdf, Ishan Nath is a sophomore at Stanford University doublemajoring in Economics and Earth Systems with a focus  on energy science and technology)

The first question facing solar firms … into “a major disaster.” 4
E-waste is unjust – starvation, death, inequality
Templeton 9
Seattle Journal for Social Justice Volume 7 Issue 2 Spring/Summer 2009 Article 21 4-16-2012 The Dark Side of Recycling and Reusing Electronics: Is Washington’s E-Cycle Program Adequate? Nicola J. Templeton, 1 JD, Seattle University School of Law, 2009; BSc (Eng.), Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 2002 

Environmental degradation is the degradation of the quality ….limited to these countries. 103

Renewables increase emissions

Bryce ‘10 Robert Bryce, has been writing about energy for nearly two decades
AND
and the Real Fuels of the Future” pg 95-101, jj

In other words, thanks to its variability and intermittancy, wind power does not
AND
has all the political support, and the media, behind it.”21

Renewable development exacerbates poverty
Robert Bryce, Senior Fellow, Manhattan Institute, Feb 2012, THE HIGH COST OF RENEWABLE-ELECTRICITY MANDATES, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/eper_10.htm, KEL

There is growing evidence that the costs may be too high—that the price
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regressive taxes do, on the least well-off among residential users.

Price increases exacerbate energy poverty.
Melhuish 9—Molly Melhuish, Domestic Energy Users Network, 11/25/09, How does the Emissions Trading Scheme impact on electricity prices? http://issues.co.nz/fairelectricity/How+does+the+Emissions+Trading+Scheme+impact+on+electricity+prices%3F

So what does the ETS mean for households?¶ Essentially, electricity prices will rise
AND
access subsidized insulation, or afford to buy more energy-efficient appliances.

No political crises
Stelzer 9 Irwin Stelzer is a business adviser and director of economic policy studies at the Hudson Institute, “Death of capitalism exaggerated,” http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26174260-5013479,00.html
A FUNNY thing happened on the way to the collapse of market capitalism in the
AND
, so far, so good for reformed capitalism. No substitutes accepted.

(  ) No Solvency – inevitability and excess abstraction.
Wapner ’11 Review of Kahn, Richard. 2010. Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, %26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement. THIS IS THE BOOK THEY QUOTE – Reviewed by Paul Wapner is Associate Professor and Director of the Global Environmental Politics Program in the School of International Service at American University – Global Environmental Politics 11:1, February 2011. Obtained via Project Muse
How do we get ourselves out of the ecological crisis? How do we steer
AND
bring about these epochal transformations, such a critique is simply too abstract.

2NC Solvency
Prefer incrementalism to their theorizing --- refusal to embrace bridge fuels and pragmatism causes environmental collapse
Charles K. Ebinger, Director, Energy Security Initiative Govinda Avasarala, Research Assistant, Foreign Policy, Energy Security Initiative The Brookings Institution 4-22-10, Environmental Pragmatism http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0422_environmental_pragmatism_ebinger.aspx, jj

Finally, people need to embrace pragmatism. Though it is not ideal and rarely
AND
we can do a far more effective job of getting the ball rolling.
Neolib’s inevitable and movements are getting smothered out of existence—no alternative economic system
Their alt is doomed without institutional engagement --- lack of a political alternative makes neolib and cap inev --- also takes out uniqueness
Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html
My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
AND
– from Seattle to Prague to Genoa …defeats suffered by the trade union movement.

No political crises
Stelzer 9 Irwin Stelzer is a business adviser and director of economic policy studies at the Hudson Institute, “Death of capitalism exaggerated,” http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26174260-5013479,00.html
A FUNNY thing happened on the way to the collapse of market capitalism in the
AND
, so far, so good for reformed capitalism. No substitutes accepted.

Alt fails
Friedman 2000 (Thomas, one of America's leading interpreters of world affairs. Born in Minneapolis in 1953, he was educated at Brandeis University and St. Anthony's College, Oxford. His first book, From Beirut to Jerusalem, won the National Book Award in 1988. Mr. Friedman has also won two Pulitzer Prizes for his reporting for The New York Times as bureau chief in Beirut and in Jerusalem, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, pg 127-129, jj)

No, Sirivat explained to me: "Communism fails, socialism fails, so
AND
your country has not been fitted for one, it will be soon.

Only state action can challenge consumption --- individual action fails
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33)

And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental
AND
they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22

Cap inevitable
Mead, 9 – Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations
(Walter Russell, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/09,
http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8andp=2)
Even before the Panic of 2008 sent financial markets into turmoil and launched what looks
AND
be acting like a great power--and not a very nice one.

(  ) No Solvency – inevitability and excess abstraction.
Wapner ’11 Review of Kahn, Richard. 2010. Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, %26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement. THIS IS THE BOOK THEY QUOTE – Reviewed by Paul Wapner is Associate Professor and Director of the Global Environmental Politics Program in the School of International Service at American University – Global Environmental Politics 11:1, February 2011. Obtained via Project Muse
How do we get ourselves out of the ecological crisis? How do we steer
AND
bring about these epochal transformations, such a critique is simply too abstract.
 
*(  ) Eco-pedagogy DOESN’T show that State experts fail and lacks a link between pedagogy and enviro-solvency.
Fassbinder ’10 Samuel Day Fassbinder is an interdisciplinary scholar whose last degree was a Ph.D. in¶ Communication from The Ohio State University, earned in 1998. He currently teaches English¶ with DeVry. His weblog is at http://www.dailykos.com/User/Cassiodorus, and¶ he’s a book review editor with the online publication Green Theory %26 Praxis¶ (http://greentheoryandpraxis.org). He helps to feed the hungry through his Food Not Bombs¶ local. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, vol.8. no.1— Review Symposium¶ Richard Kahn, Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy¶ Movement. New York: Peter Lang, 2010. August – http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/08-1-17.pdf
In doing so, Kahn moves swiftly to construct the problem of environmental crisis as
AND
to make the not-obvious connection between environmental expertise and neoliberal economics.

1NR
Resource wars d 

No resource wars --- scarcity causes collaboration and demand is key, not supply
Barnett 2009 (Thomas, visiting scholar at U Tennessee's Howard Baker Center, The Daily Sentinel, "Threat of great power war recedes" http://www.gjsentinel.com/opin/content/news/opinion/stories/2009/03/21/barnett_power_war.html?cxtype=rssandcxsvc=7andcxcat=9)

Why do I so casually dismiss …which have no choice but to defend their growing economic networks.
2NC – Environment Strong
Tons of environmental improvements now --- not on the brink of collapse
Mandell ’12 – Erik Mandell is an intern for Global Envision and a current graduate student at Portland State University. He graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont and has traveled extensively to numerous countries and six of the seven continent, September 11, 2012, Global Envision, DON'T PANIC, ENVIRONMENTALISTS: A RICHER WORLD CAN BE A BETTER ONE, http://www.globalenvision.org/2012/09/11/dont-panic-environmentalists-richer-world-can-be-better-one, jj

3. Certain threatening pollution trends …environmental cataclysm—it's old-fashioned poverty.

The status quo is structurally improving
Indur Goklany 10, policy analyst for the Department of the Interior – phd from MSU, “Population, Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Human Well-Being in the Age of Industrialization (Part III — Have Higher US Population, Consumption, and Newer Technologies Reduced Well-Being?)”, April 24, http://www.masterresource.org/2010/04/population-consumption-carbon-emissions-and-human-well-being-in-the-age-of-industrialization-part-iii-have-higher-us-population-consumption-and-newer-technologies-reduced-well-being/#more-9194

In my previous post I showed that, notwithstanding …pretensions to a holistic worldview.

NF3 TURNS
2. Zero solvency and only a risk of the turn - CO2 saturation now – other GHG’s will be the deciding factor on the rate of warming
Hillman, Senior Fellow at the Policy Studies Institute, ‘7
Mayer, The Suicidal Planet: How To Prevent Global Climate Catastrophe, p. 25-6
The effects of climate change cannot … atmosphere, additional warming will occur. 

4. Current warming is adaptable
(also answer to warming kills econ)
Kenny 12 (Charles Kenny is a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development, a Schwartz fellow at the New America Foundation, and author, most recently, of Getting Better: Why Global Development Is Succeeding and How We Can Improve the World Even More. "The Optimist," his column for ForeignPolicy.com runs weekly.
4-9-12, Foreign Policy, Not Too Hot to Handle, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/09/not_too_hot_to_handle?page=0,1, jj

But for all international diplomats appear …one for the hard-nosed optimist.

5. Link comes before any risk that they solve – production of solar cells will increase emissions of NH3 before they result in any reduction of Co2
Zehner 12 (Ozzie, University of California Berkeley Visiting Scholar,  June 04, “Green Illusions: The Dirty Secrets Of Clean Energy,” http://thegwpf.org/the-climate-record/5880-green-illusions-the-dirty-secrets-of-clean-energy-.html, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

Hexafluoroethane has a global … gold-rimmed suburbs of Arizona and California."¶ ¶ ¶ 

7. Production process of Solar cells ensures a massive boost in NF3 emissions
Conniff 8 (Richard, Guggenheim Fellow, National Magazine Award-winning writer, has written for Yale e360 about carbon offsets and clean coal, November 13, “The Greenhouse Gas That Nobody Knew,” http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2085, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

To tear apart that layer of crud and … known and persists in the atmosphere for 550 years.¶ 

2nc – e waster 

Despite popular belief and societal hype, solar power has devastating environmental impacts. Chemicals from solar panels are catalysts for lung cancer, kidney failure, and gene mutation that will affect reproduction of future generations.
Gries 10’
Erica Gies for Earth Island Journal, part of the Guardian Environment Network guardian.co.uk, Friday 3 September 2010 09.03 EDT “Are solar panels the next e-waste? http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/03/solar-panels-ewaste

Solar modules contain some of the …of various types of modules.

What should be an American problem will be dumped in developing countries.
Craig 12’
“Recycling Solar Panels A Big Money Maker?” by Lauren Craig 1/19/12,  she holds an M.S. in International Development from Tulane University, and is co-founder of Sustainable Systems Integrators, LLC., an employee-owned solar energy design and installation firm in New Orleans, LA. She is also certified in PV design and installation by the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP). From http://www.earthtechling.com/2012/01/recycling-solar-panels-a-big-money-maker/

Twenty-five is a magic …for human or environmental health.
*1AR – Sustainability 

Collapse is not inevitable
their authors underestimate societal resilience, flexibility, and innovation---the existential imperative will drive growth toward ecological sustainability
John H. Matthews 12, and Frederick Boltz, Center for Conservation and Government, Conservation International, June 2012, “The Shifting Boundaries of Sustainability Science: Are We Doomed Yet?,” PLOS Biology, http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001344
In this issue of PLoS Biology, Burger and colleagues make several important contributions to the discourse of sustainability science, recalling limits of human economic and population growth derived from macroecology and physical principles 1. We agree with many of the points offered in their paper in this issue and with those in the paper by Brown and colleagues 2. However, we also believe there is danger in a vision of sustainability … more ecologically sensitive.

Growth good and sustainable --- prosperity helps the environment and scarcity self-corrects
Lomborg 12 (Bjørn, Adjunct Professor at the Copenhagen Business School and head of the Copenhagen Consensus Center, contrarian, Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct 2012, “Is Growth Good? Resources, Development, and the Future of the Planet/Lomborg Replies” PROQUEST, jj)

Lomborg Replies
The Limits to Growth predicted …, more and faster growth.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: WGA | Judge:
K – Link 

The affirmative radically depoliticizes the economy - this can never obtain the dimensions of universality because it precludes acts of authentic politics
Zizek, ’99 (Slavoj, Senior Researcher and professor at the Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject, page 352-355)

The big news of today’s post-political age of the ‘end of ideology’
AND
more than ever caught in an inexorable compulsion that effectively runs his life.

Identity politics makes the realization of a true universal impossible
Zizek, ’09 (Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, professor at the European Graduate School, and total BAMF, First as Tragedy, Then as Farce, p. 102, bgm)

Liberals who acknowledge the problems of those excluded from the socio-political process formulate
AND
bourgeois democracy” and “dictatorship of the proletariat” —is crucial.

The affirmative cedes the universal
Perm links to our ethics disad and get’s co-opted – cedes the universal
The plan’s political interpassivity --- all their cede the political args link harder to them --- they’re not about political change, the purpose of the aff is to provide ample energy supplies so that underlying economic structures don’t have to be changed
Valentić 07 (Tonči, University of Zagreb, “Socialism reconsidered: Remarks on Žižek`s Repeating Lenin”, International Journal of Zizek Studies, http://zizekstudies.org/index.php/ijzs/article/view/47/92)

Žižek`s assertion that the main failure of today's Left is the acceptance of
AND
interventions pinpoint the dominant role of the state as well as democracy's insufficiencies.

Focusing on the positionality of race papers over capitalism
hooks 2K (bell, prof of English city college, where we stand:
AND
and health care. They are afraid to think too deeply about class. 

The affirmative’s construction of “blackness” as a legitimate way to frame social relations de-politicizes the capitalist underbelly of American Pedagogy. Their 1AC serves to make exclusion inevitable by upholding race as an analytic category while attempting to deconstruct social relations of difference.
Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999) 

There has been a tendency in postmodern and post-structuralist views of the anti
AND
racialization in our understanding of exclusionary practices that give rise to structural inequalities. 

The affirmatives focus on the concept of “race” in interpreting inequality only serves to reinforce racialized identity politics.
Just like the governments solution to bus “black” and “white” students as a means to improve “race relations,” the affirmative fails to incorporate issues of class, and will ultimately fail. The 1AC accepts the neutrality of the economy and still maintains the dangerous separation of the political and economic spheres of society.
Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999)

Over the last three decades, there has been an overwhelming tendency among social science
AND
fundamentally shaped by the profound organizational and spatial transformations of the capitalist economy. 

Priortization

Capitalism is the starting point for all other political considerations – class struggle is the universal antagonism that creates space for particular struggles like feminism and anti-racism. A political strategy that does not address capital will ensure that larger structures of oppression remain intact.
McLaren 06 (Peter, University of California, “Slavoj Žižek's Naked Politics: Opting for the Impossible, A Secondary Elaboration”, JAC, http://www.jacweb.org/Archived_volumes/Text_articles/V21_I3_McLaren.htm, jj)
Žižek challenges the relativism of the gender-race-class grid of reflexive positionality
AND
of each is the condi-tion for the free development of all?

Class must be recognized as qualitatively the most important oppression—otherwise the system is able to satisfy demands on grounds of formal equality, destroying attempts to overcome capitalist oppression.
Giminez, ’01 Martha, Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power. 

K – Impact
The system of Capital make social exclusion on a global scale inevitable – the utmost ethico-political responsibility is to reject this system of economic evaluation.
Zizek and Daly 4 (Slavoj, professor of philosophy at the Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana, and Glyn, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, Conversations with Zizek, page 14-16)

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.

It is not possible to solve any situation without solving them all - only a criticism which attacks the universality of capitalism can solve their impacts and the inevitable destruction of the Earth and its people
Zizek, ’89
(Slavoj, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, The Sublime Object of Ideology, page 3-4)

It is upon the unity of these two features that the Marxist notion of the
AND
social antagonism, enabling the formation of a transparent, rationally governed society.

Modern Racism is no longer based on ideologies of cultural or natural superiority - economic egotism is the root of modern racism
Zizek 2008 Slavoj Violence p 101-104

But we are not dealing here only with good old racism. Something more
AND
the sphere of (relative) economic prosperity and those excluded from it.

Race and class are dialectically conjoined in the reproduction of capitalist relations-capitalism racializes subjects to entrench competition and destroy universal consciousness as well as sustains white racism as a method of papering over contradictions. All of this is used to maintain the system of capital accumulation
E. San Juan, 2003, “Marxism and the Race/Class Problematic: A Re-Articulation,” http://clogic.eserver.org/2003/sanjuan.html

It seems obvious that racism cannot be dissolved by instances of
AND
based on historically changing structures and retooled practices of domination and subordination.

Marxism isn’t blind to race – we’re the most effective way to challenge oppression
Taylor 11 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, on the editorial board of the International Socialist Review and a doctoral student in African American Studies at Northwestern University; “Race, class and Marxism,” SocialistWorker.org, http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism

Marxists believe that the potential for that kind of unity is dependant on battles and
AND
one group of workers suffer oppression, it negatively impacts the entire class.

Racism and white supremacy were RATIONALIZATIONS of a fundamentally economic system of slavery

Selfa ‘02 (Lance, “Slavery and the Origins of Racism, International Socialist Review, Issue 26, http://www.isreview.org/issues/26/roots_of_racism.shtml)

“All men are created equal” Within a few decades, the ideology of
AND
to the ruling caste and thereby reduced the potential for class conflict.”24

The aff is a fundamental misreading of history

• • No where is the failure of the aff’s paradigm more evident then in their argument we should begin with blackness and slavery.  The aff’s re-telling of the history of slavery omits the central cause of the slave-trade:  class.  Absent an accurate understanding of historical process, they cannot hope to redress the harms of past injustice.
    Slav, prejudice predate not cap
    Darder, and Torress, 04 Antonia, Prof of education policy studies at U of Illinois,  and Rodolfo, Associate prof of latino studies at UC Irvine, After Race:  Racism after multiculturalism, p.6-8 liam
    
    Although today “race” is generally linked to phenotypic characteris tics, there is
    AND
    exploitation, slavery, and even genocide of those groups perceived as subhuman. 

Modern anti-blackness was born out of class based discrimination

• • Claims that the middle passage was the “first” is both historically inaccurate and politically problematic – indentured servitude was the first forced immigration.
    Walsh and Jordan 8
    White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America
    Don Jordan is a television producer and director who has worked on dozens of documentaries and dramas. He also co-produced and co-wrote Love is the Devil, a film about the life of Francis Bacon.
    Michael Walsh spent twelve years as a reporter and presenter on World in Action and has won six awards for his work. He is now a producer, specialising in political and historical documentaries.

While the Spanish slaughtered in America for gold, the English in
America had
AND
But some of the most abused servants were from among the frce-
willers.

• • Black slavery developed from intro-racial slavery.  This doesn’t diminish its importance, but this recognition is crucial to accurate analysis and recognition of the class component of oppression
    Walsh and Jordan 8
    White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America
    Don Jordan is a television producer and director who has worked on dozens of documentaries and dramas. He also co-produced and co-wrote Love is the Devil, a film about the life of Francis Bacon.
    Michael Walsh spent twelve years as a reporter and presenter on World in Action and has won six awards for his work. He is now a producer, specialising in political and historical documentaries.

It invites uproar to describe
AND
what led to slavery: first for whites,
then for blacks.

• • The colonial period wasn’t marked by clear racial hatred – class caused plantation owners terrorized poor whites AND blacks. Slavery was necessary for plantation land expansion and capital acquisition.

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 23-4, KEL

The concept of race is a relatively recent development. Only in the past few
AND
emerged with all deliberate speed—quickened by events such as bacons Rebellion.

• • Slaves were taken from Africa because they lacked English speaking skills necessary to form class alliances with poor whites

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 24, KEL

In an effort to protect their superior status and economic position, the planters shifted
AND
easier to control and far less likely to form alliances with poor whites.

• • Plantation owners pitted poor whites against poor blacks with access to land and capital in order to divide the labor force against itself, causing centuries of white privilege and racial conflict

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 25, KEL

Fearful that such measures might not be sufficient to protect their interests, the planter
AND
logic of their situation and sought ways to expand their racially privileged position.

Other

The aff is a snake eating its own tail – ontologically opposing Blackness to Whiteness makes Black struggle STRUCTURALLY dependent on the existence of White Racism and wounded attachments to suffering
Pinn 2004 (Anthony, Anthony B. Pinn is an American professor and writer whose work focuses on liberation theology, Black religion, and Black humanism. Pinn is the Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor of Humanities and Professor of Religious Studies at Rice University, “‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity,” Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1 . Spring 2004)

This connection between ontological blackness and¶ religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness
AND
to¶ surrender personal interests for the sake of monolithic¶ collective status.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Their stuff

The roll of ballot, if there is one, coming out of the 2AC --- is to give up your badge and stop policing anti-blackness --- this is a flawed starting point --- it ignores who really carries the badges and who really has their hands on the levers of power.
The politics of the affirmative essentializes modern black-life – the impact is a failed political strategy of resistance – vote neg
McWhorter 9—Associate Professor in the English and Comparative Literature, Columbia (John, What African-American Studies Could Be, www.mindingthecampus.com/originals/2009/09/by_john_mcwhorter_while_this.html) 

The answer common in such departments is that the principal mission is to teach students
AND
AND
millions of blacks have overcome having never heard of politics of this kind.
These views, nevertheless, have value and should be heard. Yet they are not, on their own, truth. They verge into excess and anti-empiricism as readily as views from the right. There exist as many intelligent "contestings" of these leftist views as there exist "contestings" of the writings of Shelby Steele or myself. In a university department worth the status, contesting from all sides must be heard.

Aff approaches black identity from the wrong direction: Racial essence leads us on misguided quests, instead we should accept the contingent nature of our lives: This is the only way to engage politics
Glaude 2007 (Eddie, Professor of African American Studies and Religion at Princeton, In a Shade of Blue, 50-51)

I am also not interested in defending an essentialist conception of race or of black
AND
, requiring of us continual cultivation of our ability to make delicate distinctions.

Their conception of Blackness leads them to be inactive in a world that needs to be able to make delicate political decisions. This political strategy in debate undermines the preconditions for progressive change and justifies voting negative.
Glaude 2007 (Eddie, Professor of African American Studies and Religion at Princeton, In a Shade of Blue, 51-54)

We can think of black identity in terms of a specific form of life that
AND
African Americans or they are mere fictions, doing more harm than good.

The assumptions of the Affirmative mask over the actual doing and sufferings of African Americans- As a result they are in a double-bind: Either they theorize African-American Experience as universalizeable, which is problematic or they cannot create the actual politics necessary to solve
Glaude 2007 (Eddie, Professor of African American Studies and Religion at Princeton, In a Shade of Blue, 50-51)

I have tried to show, on pragmatic grounds, that there are ways to
AND
. Unity is always on specific terms and in pursuit of specific objectives.

---maybe read-depends on debate-ron, says it gets you no wherbut if debate calls for it, read it----African Americans are willing and able to engage and modify civil society by incorporating the struggles of the blues, no need to shift to Jazz
Glaude 2007 (Eddie, Professor of African American Studies and Religion at Princeton, In a Shade of Blue, 50-51)

What I experienced throughout black America over the course of the tour was an extraordinary
AND
into a distant future to ensure a better life for those yet unborn.

Cap Link – Post Colonialism Bad
Do not be seducted by the aff’s call to listen --- we could all do a better job at listening, including myself, but listening cannot be an end in and of itself --- focus on mere narration is extremely problematic --- it denies agency and becomes self-destructive victimization ---  Postcolonial reduction to otherness masks root causes and depoliticizes current movements
Almond ’12 Ian Almond teaches mostly in the area of South Asian and postcolonial literature
AND
Postcolonial:¶ Some Conciliatory¶ Remarks on Žižek and Context, online, jj
Žižek maintains three objections to the postcolonial.¶ The first concerns¶ an alleged postcolonial
AND
more misleading than reporting the activities of¶ mining corporations in West Bengal?
 
The aff’s post-colonial epistemology reduces fundamentally economic antagonisms to questions of “otherness” --- this results in endless narration of victimization that cements capitalism
Slavoj Zizek, Critical Inquiry¶ Winter 2002¶ A Plea for Leninist Intolerance http://www.lacan.com/zizek-plea.htm
One is therefore tempted to turn around Marx's eleventh thesis: the first task today
AND
ultimately amounts to an empty gesture that obliges no one to anything determinate.
 
Narritivization of politics fracture movements against capitalism – the aff’s specific application of narrative knowledge in the struggle against Western rationality ignores the commonality of oppression makes divide and conquer tactics more effective
Smith ’95 (Sharon, columnist for Socialist Worker and author of Women’s Liberation and Socialism, Mistaken Identity: or Can Identity Politics Liberate the Oppressed, http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj62/smith.htm)
Among many people on the left today the Marxist emphasis on the centrality of class
AND
often as not, perceived class politics as inimical to their aims.1
 
Postcolonial studies have flawed understanding of the Other – derails capitalist struggles and allows movements to be coopted (link/turns case)
Almond ’12 Ian Almond teaches mostly in the area of South Asian and postcolonial literature
AND
Postcolonial:¶ Some Conciliatory¶ Remarks on Žižek and Context, online, jj
Žižek’s second objection to the postcolonial¶ concerns respect for the¶ Other which,
AND
in all its aspects, the impossible¶ task of symbolizing the Real.

Hurt race

Marxism isn’t blind to race – we’re the most effective way to challenge oppression
Taylor 11 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, on the editorial board of the International Socialist Review and a doctoral student in African American Studies at Northwestern University; “Race, class and Marxism,” SocialistWorker.org, http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism

Marxists believe that the potential for that kind of unity is dependant on battles and
AND
one group of workers suffer oppression, it negatively impacts the entire class.
Particular impossible
They cannot win uniqueness – Capital will constantly annihilate the particular
Dean, Associate Professor of Political Theory at Hobart and William Smith, 2005
Jodi, Zizek against Democracy, jdeanicite.typepad.com/i_cite/files/zizek_against_ democracy_new_version.doc –
To summarize:  Zizek argues that the democratic form runs up against a stain or
AND
and capitalism. The question is whether a new political universality is possible. 

Universality does not exclude the other – it erases the existing edifice of domination
Zizek in 2000 Slavoj Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, page 217

Here, again, I think it is crucial also to emphasis the opposite aspect
AND
its own public rules – in short, by its ‘inherent transgression’. 

K – Link 

The affirmative radically depoliticizes the economy - this can never obtain the dimensions of universality because it precludes acts of authentic politics
Zizek, ’99 (Slavoj, Senior Researcher and professor at the Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana, The Ticklish Subject, page 352-355)

The big news of today’s post-political age of the ‘end of ideology’
AND
more than ever caught in an inexorable compulsion that effectively runs his life.

Identity politics makes the realization of a true universal impossible
Zizek, ’09 (Slavoj, senior researcher at the Institute of Sociology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, professor at the European Graduate School, and total BAMF, First as Tragedy, Then as Farce, p. 102, bgm)

Liberals who acknowledge the problems of those excluded from the socio-political process formulate
AND
bourgeois democracy” and “dictatorship of the proletariat” —is crucial.

The affirmative cedes the universal
Perm links to our ethics disad and get’s co-opted – cedes the universal
The plan’s political interpassivity --- all their cede the political args link harder to them --- they’re not about political change, the purpose of the aff is to provide ample energy supplies so that underlying economic structures don’t have to be changed
Valentić 07 (Tonči, University of Zagreb, “Socialism reconsidered: Remarks on Žižek`s Repeating Lenin”, International Journal of Zizek Studies, http://zizekstudies.org/index.php/ijzs/article/view/47/92)

Žižek`s assertion that the main failure of today's Left is the acceptance of
AND
interventions pinpoint the dominant role of the state as well as democracy's insufficiencies.

Focusing on the positionality of race papers over capitalism
hooks 2K (bell, prof of English city college, where we stand:
AND
and health care. They are afraid to think too deeply about class. 

The affirmative’s construction of “blackness” as a legitimate way to frame social relations de-politicizes the capitalist underbelly of American Pedagogy. Their 1AC serves to make exclusion inevitable by upholding race as an analytic category while attempting to deconstruct social relations of difference.
Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999) 

There has been a tendency in postmodern and post-structuralist views of the anti
AND
racialization in our understanding of exclusionary practices that give rise to structural inequalities. 

The affirmatives focus on the concept of “race” in interpreting inequality only serves to reinforce racialized identity politics.
Just like the governments solution to bus “black” and “white” students as a means to improve “race relations,” the affirmative fails to incorporate issues of class, and will ultimately fail. The 1AC accepts the neutrality of the economy and still maintains the dangerous separation of the political and economic spheres of society.
Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999)

Over the last three decades, there has been an overwhelming tendency among social science
AND
fundamentally shaped by the profound organizational and spatial transformations of the capitalist economy. 

Priortization

Capitalism is the starting point for all other political considerations – class struggle is the universal antagonism that creates space for particular struggles like feminism and anti-racism. A political strategy that does not address capital will ensure that larger structures of oppression remain intact.
McLaren 06 (Peter, University of California, “Slavoj Žižek's Naked Politics: Opting for the Impossible, A Secondary Elaboration”, JAC, http://www.jacweb.org/Archived_volumes/Text_articles/V21_I3_McLaren.htm, jj)
Žižek challenges the relativism of the gender-race-class grid of reflexive positionality
AND
of each is the condi-tion for the free development of all?

Class must be recognized as qualitatively the most important oppression—otherwise the system is able to satisfy demands on grounds of formal equality, destroying attempts to overcome capitalist oppression.
Giminez, ’01 Martha, Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society, political economy, power, etc.
AND
happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power. 

Eurocentrism
We are not Marx
Marxisms early writings may qualify as Eurocentric, but his later writings make a corrective to that.  Latin American revolutionary movements prove.
Riddell, 09, (John, editor of a number of books publishing the key documents and resolutions of the international revolutionary socialist movement from 1907 to 1923. Six volumes have been published to date, by Pathfinder Press, under the title The Communist International in Lenin’s Time. http://kasamaproject.org/theory/1823-55is-marxism-eurocentric-a-view-from-latin-america)

In Kohan's opinion, the Cuban revolution's leading role continued in the 1970s, when
AND
mir, which then constituted the social foundation of agriculture in that country.

Marx is the origin of anti-colonialist thought.
Hampton, 12 (Paul, Alliance for Workers Liberty, January 28, http://www.workersliberty.org/blogs/paulhampton/2012/01/26/marxism-eurocentric)
Marx wrote hundreds of articles for the New York Daily Tribune newspaper in the 1850s
AND
vision could belong to Marx alone” (Anderson 2010 p.23). 

Marxism historically was aligned with anti-racist movements
Hampton, 12 (Paul, Alliance for Workers Liberty, January 28, http://www.workersliberty.org/blogs/paulhampton/2012/01/26/marxism-eurocentric)

Marx was also politically clear and explicit about the greatest anti-racist cause of
AND
insights which Anderson extracts from Marx’s work will help us with that task.¶ 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A2 – Marx Eurocentric
Marxisms early writings may qualify as Eurocentric, but his later writings make a corrective to that.  Latin American revolutionary movements prove.
Riddell, 09, (John, editor of a number of books publishing the key documents and resolutions of the international revolutionary socialist movement from 1907 to 1923. Six volumes have been published to date, by Pathfinder Press, under the title The Communist International in Lenin’s Time. http://kasamaproject.org/theory/1823-55is-marxism-eurocentric-a-view-from-latin-america)

In Kohan's opinion, the Cuban revolution's leading role continued in the 1970s, when
AND
mir, which then constituted the social foundation of agriculture in that country.

Marx is the origin of anti-colonialist thought.
Hampton, 12 (Paul, Alliance for Workers Liberty, January 28, http://www.workersliberty.org/blogs/paulhampton/2012/01/26/marxism-eurocentric)
Marx wrote hundreds of articles for the New York Daily Tribune newspaper in the 1850s
AND
vision could belong to Marx alone” (Anderson 2010 p.23). 

Marxism historically was aligned with anti-racist movements
Hampton, 12 (Paul, Alliance for Workers Liberty, January 28, http://www.workersliberty.org/blogs/paulhampton/2012/01/26/marxism-eurocentric)

Marx was also politically clear and explicit about the greatest anti-racist cause of
AND
insights which Anderson extracts from Marx’s work will help us with that task.¶ 

Alt

Class based critical pedagogy empowers students to challenge capitalist exploitation and breakdown systems of domination-solves scholarship
McLaren and Farahmandpur 2005 (Peter McLaren, professor of Education at UCLA and Ramin Farahmandpur, assistant professor of education at Portland state, “Teaching Against Global Capitalism,” pgs 53-54, 2005)

Paulo Freire’s critique of capitalism, in particular his critique of class exploitation, has
AND
abstraction, identity, law, and contradiction. (227-28)”

WE must move beyond questions of “race” to challenge the dominate ideology that makes racism possible. Only then can we dismantle forms of exclusion maintained by capital exploitation. 

Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999)

In light of this, we posit a critical conceptualization of racism with which to
AND
left that fail to support a democratic vision of life for all people. 

The aff is a fundamental misreading of history

• • No where is the failure of the aff’s paradigm more evident then in their argument we should begin with blackness and slavery.  The aff’s re-telling of the history of slavery omits the central cause of the slave-trade:  class.  Absent an accurate understanding of historical process, they cannot hope to redress the harms of past injustice.
    Slav, prejudice predate not cap
    Darder, and Torress, 04 Antonia, Prof of education policy studies at U of Illinois,  and Rodolfo, Associate prof of latino studies at UC Irvine, After Race:  Racism after multiculturalism, p.6-8 liam
    
    Although today “race” is generally linked to phenotypic characteris tics, there is
    AND
    exploitation, slavery, and even genocide of those groups perceived as subhuman. 

• • The colonial period wasn’t marked by clear racial hatred – class caused plantation owners terrorized poor whites AND blacks. Slavery was necessary for plantation land expansion and capital acquisition.

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 23-4, KEL

The concept of race is a relatively recent development. Only in the past few
AND
emerged with all deliberate speed—quickened by events such as bacons Rebellion.

• • Slaves were taken from Africa because they lacked English speaking skills necessary to form class alliances with poor whites

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 24, KEL

In an effort to protect their superior status and economic position, the planters shifted
AND
easier to control and far less likely to form alliances with poor whites.

Modern anti-blackness was born out of class based discrimination

• • Claims that the middle passage was the “first” is both historically inaccurate and politically problematic – indentured servitude was the first forced immigration.
    Walsh and Jordan 8
    White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America
    Don Jordan is a television producer and director who has worked on dozens of documentaries and dramas. He also co-produced and co-wrote Love is the Devil, a film about the life of Francis Bacon.
    Michael Walsh spent twelve years as a reporter and presenter on World in Action and has won six awards for his work. He is now a producer, specialising in political and historical documentaries.

While the Spanish slaughtered in America for gold, the English in
America had
AND
contemporaries, some whites were treated with less humanity than
the blacks working alongside them.

• • Black slavery developed from intro-racial slavery.  This doesn’t diminish its importance, but this recognition is crucial to accurate analysis and recognition of the class component of oppression
    Walsh and Jordan 8
    White Cargo: The Forgotten History of Britain's White Slaves in America
    Don Jordan is a television producer and director who has worked on dozens of documentaries and dramas. He also co-produced and co-wrote Love is the Devil, a film about the life of Francis Bacon.
    Michael Walsh spent twelve years as a reporter and presenter on World in Action and has won six awards for his work. He is now a producer, specialising in political and historical documentaries.

It invites uproar to describe as slaves any of these hapless whites

AND
what led to slavery: first for whites,
then for blacks.

• • Plantation owners pitted poor whites against poor blacks with access to land and capital in order to divide the labor force against itself, causing centuries of white privilege and racial conflict

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 25, KEL

Fearful that such measures might not be sufficient to protect their interests, the planter
AND
logic of their situation and sought ways to expand their racially privileged position.

Empirically, the use of race as a rallying point divides and conquers the working class and poor

Michelle Alexander 2010, associate prof of law, Stanford Law, director of Stanford’s Civil Rights Clinic. Winner of Soros Justice Fellowship, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, p. 47, KEL

Race had become, yet again, a powerful wedge, breaking up what had
AND
all voters, white and black, at or below the median income.

A2 perm

The struggles of the urban communities they isolate are only conceivable against the backdrop of capitalist globalization this system appeases subgroups in order to calculate and control their existence.  We must reassert the dimension of the Universal against capitalist globalization
Zizek ’99 (Slavoj, Slovenian Critic, The Ticklish Subject, p. 209-211)
Here however one must fully endorse Badiou’s point that these “returns to the Substance
AND
universal Truth, just as Pauline Christianity did to the Roman global empire.
 
Whiteness studies cannot fully account for privilege or power relations – they misidentify hierarchy
Barbara J. Fields, Fall 2001. “Whiteness, Racism and Identity” International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 60, p 48-56.
In any case, what may appear to be black/white relations often turn
AND
people ought to have enjoyed such entitlements from the dawn of the republic.

It is impossible to form coalitions with the 1AC. Their recognition of racism as a singular ideological phenomenon guarantees only those exploited based on skin color will join the movement. Only the alternative can recognize a plural concept of “racism” that can free us from the “White-Black” dichotomy. 

Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999)

In order to address these structural inequalities, an analytical shift is required, from
AND
“race,” not the existence of “races” that produces racisms. 

The affirmatives prioritization of the “White supremacy” struggle homogenizes the objects of racism and can never achieve the status of Universality because it precludes recognition of global exclusion. Only the alternative incorporates all those subjected to the exclusion of capital.
Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999)

Moreover, “White supremacy” arguments analytically essentialize Black/White relations by inferring
AND
processes of racialized in U.S. society and around the globe.
The permutation has been tried and failed – combining criticisms of class exploitation with cultural domination regulates class discussion to the background and reproduces neo-liberal ideology.
McLaren and Farahmandpur 2005 (Peter McLaren, professor of Education at UCLA and Ramin Farahmandpur, assistant professor of education at Portland state, “Teaching Against Global Capitalism,” pgs 53-54, 2005)

The shift toward a postmodernism layered with a thin veneer of cultural Marxism, scaffolded
AND
neoliberalism with the political stability it needs to reproduce its most troublesome determinations.  

Any risk of a link shatters the efficacy of the permutation – the alternative alone solves the social subordination they criticize – but incorporating “race” into critical pedagogy stifles coalitions necessary for social justice.
Darder and Torres, 1999 (Darder, Professor of Education at Claremont and Torres, Professor of public policy at CSU – Long Beach, “Shattering the Race Lens,” Critical Ethnicity, 1999)

Inherent in these commentaries is the inability to conceive how the denial of “race
AND
of social movements for human rights, social justice, and economic democracy.
The alternative is mutually exclusive with the plan – critique must be absolute
Mészáros, ’11 (István, Professor Emeritus – University of Sussex, “The Only Viable Economy”, 6-17, http://monthlyreview.org/2007/04/01/the-only-viable-economy)

The incompatibilities of the two systems become amply clear when we consider their relationship to
AND
radical exclusion of waste and destruction, in accord with its innermost nature.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC

Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced
Anell 89 Lars is the Chairman of the WTO panel adopted at the Forty-Fifth Session of Contracting Parties on December 5, 1989. Other panel members: Mr. Hugh Bartlett and Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda. “Canada – Import Restrictions on Ice Cream and Yoghurt,” http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf
The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic production of milk. The differentiation between "fluid" and "industrial" milk was an artificial one for administrative purposes; with regard to GATT obligations, the product at issue was raw milk from the cow, regardless of what further use was made of it. The use of the word "permitted" in Article XI:2(c) required that there be a limitation on the total quantity of milk that domestic producers were authorized or allowed to produce or sell. The provincial controls on fluid milk did not restrict the quantities permitted to be produced; rather dairy farmers could produce and market as much milk as could be sold as beverage milk or table cream. There were no penalties for delivering more than a farmer's fluid milk quota, it was only if deliveries exceeded actual fluid milk usage or sales that it counted against his industrial milk quota. At least one province did not participate in this voluntary system, and another province had considered leaving it. Furthermore, Canada did not even prohibit the production or sale of milk that exceeded the Market Share Quota. The method used to calculate direct support payments on within-quota deliveries assured that most dairy farmers would completely recover all of their fixed and variable costs on their within-quota deliveries. The farmer was permitted to produce and market milk in excess of the quota, and perhaps had an economic incentive to do so. 27. The United States noted that in the past six years total industrial milk production had consistently exceeded the established Market Sharing Quota, and concluded that the Canadian system was a regulation of production but not a restriction of production. Proposals to amend Article XI:2(c) to replace the word "restrict" with "regulate" had been defeated; what was required was the reduction of production. The results of the econometric analyses cited by Canada provided no indication of what would happen to milk production in the absence not only of the production quotas, but also of the accompanying high price guarantees which operated as incentives to produce. According to the official publication of the Canadian Dairy Commission, a key element of Canada's national dairy policy was to promote self-sufficiency in milk production. The effectiveness of the government supply controls had to be compared to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures.
Vote negative:
Including regulations is a limits disaster---undermines preparedness for all debates
Doub 76 William is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing. Previously he was a partner in LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby, and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1971-1974). He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission (1968-1971) and was appointed by the President to the President’s Air Quality Advisory Board. He is a past chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference. “Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy,” http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435
FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in all areas dealing with energy, not the least of which was the manner in which energy is regulated by the federal government. Energy self sufficiency is improbable, if not impossible, without sensible regulatory processes, and effective regulation is necessary for public confidence. Thus, the President directed that "a comprehensive study be undertaken, in full consultation with Congress, to determine the best way to organize all energy-related regulatory activities of the government." An interagency task force was formed to study this question. With 19 different federal departments and agencies contributing, the task force spent seven months deciphering the present organizational makeup of the federal energy regulatory system, studying the need for organizational improvement, and evaluating alternatives. More than 40 agencies were found to be involved with making regulatory decisions on energy. Although only a few deal exclusively with energy, most of the 40 could significantly affect the availability and/or cost of energy. For example, in the field of gas transmission, there are five federal agencies that must act on siting and land-use issues, seven on emission and effluent issues, five on public safety issues, and one on worker health and safety issues-all before an onshore gas pipeline can be built. The complexity of energy regulation is also illustrated by the case of Standard Oil Company (Indiana), which reportedly must file about 1000 reports a year with 35 different federal agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception.
And precision---only direct prohibition is a restriction---key to predictability
Sinha 6 S.B. Sinha is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. “Union Of India and Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries,” Nov 7, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others AIR 1979 SC 1459 stated the law thus: "It appears that a distinction between regulation and restriction or prohibition has always been drawn, ever since Municipal Corporation of the City of Toronto v. Virgo. Regulation promotes the freedom or the facility which is required to be regulated in the interest of all concerned, whereas prohibition obstructs or shuts off, or denies it to those to whom it is applied. The Oxford English Dictionary does not define regulate to include prohibition so that if it had been the intention to prohibit the supply, distribution, consumption or use of energy, the legislature would not have contented itself with the use of the word regulating without using the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
DA
Immigration will pass now, but it’s not inevitable
JOHN BUCHANAN, 3-27-13, Highlands Today, Immigration reform looms, http://www2.highlandstoday.com/list/highlands-agri-leader-news/immigration-reform-looms-b82469915z1, jj
Rooney = Rep. Tom Rooney, R-Fla., a former member of the agriculture committee 

- As bipartisan Congressional support for immigration reform gains momentum, the ongoing and critical issue of a consistently available work force for farmers is at the center of the debate.¶ The end result of the difficult process could be a long-awaited boon for growers or a disaster.¶ That’s why a new national organization, the Agriculture Workforce Coalition, has been formed to aggressively address the issue. Founding members include the Florida Fruit and Vegetable Association and the group’s efforts are strongly supported by Florida Farm Bureau and Florida Citrus Mutual, and Florida Nursery, Growers and Landscape Association.¶ And despite political gridlock that has so far prevented the passage of a new farm bill, Congress is listening, with Florida members taking a leadership role in the discussions.¶ “For me, it’s always been about listening to my farmers, because my district is now mainly agricultural,” said Rep. Tom Rooney, R-Fla., a former member of the agriculture committee who now sits on the agricultural appropriations committee. “So on this issue, I feel like I am in Washington on behalf of the farmers I represent. So whatever plan comes out has to be acceptable to them.”¶ Rooney and his colleagues from the Florida delegation, including fellow Republicans Sen. Marco Rubio, and Reps. Mario Diaz-Balart and Dennis Ross, have been actively engaged in discussions with AWC and other agricultural organizations.¶ There is now broad consensus that a readily available field labor force is essential to the country’s food supply and therefore a national security issue, said Mike Carlton, director of labor relations at the FFVA and a regular participant in AWC’s Washington meetings. “But it has taken a decade to educate Congress as to the unique nature of the agricultural work force and the problems we have.”¶ Rooney said he is now relatively confident that immigration reform efforts will deliver badly needed practical improvements for farmers.¶ “The best outcome I can see, based on the current discussions, is that we get reforms to a guest worker program, which will allow us on the flip side to do something like eVerify to make sure that the people who are here are the ones who are supposed to be here and that out guest workers are also contributing to taxes,” Rooney said. “Then they can come and go as they please. They can make money and go home, without feeling like they’re breaking the law. And then farmers can feel like they can employ a work force without fearing the government is going to crack down on them.”¶ Under the current system, farmers who want to legally employ immigrant laborers must either participate in an existing but deeply flawed H2A guest worker program or administer workers under I-9 forms.¶ At the core of the current debate is the need for a new or significantly revised guest worker program that does not incur the costs or administrative burdens of H2A program.¶ And finding the right balance carries risks, Rooney said.¶ “My idea of a worst-case scenario would be that an enforcement mechanism like eVerify is put in place, without a guest worker program,” he said. “And then you’ll see what we’ve already seen in places like South Carolina and Georgia, where farmers are being told they can’t have this labor, but they can’t find anybody else that will do the job. At that point, we wouldn’t be able to get crops picked and to the table. And that would be a national security issue.”¶ Michael W. Sparks, CEO and executive vice president of Florida Citrus Mutual and another participant in the AWC’s Washington campaign, concurred with that assessment.¶ “I absolutely could not agree more,” he said. “It would be devastating to U.S. agriculture and especially devastating to Florida.”¶ Unless reforms seriously address the concerns of growers and create a system that makes workers consistently available, Sparks said, the recent problems that have plagued farmers in South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama as a result of state-level crackdowns on illegal immigrants could spread nationwide. “And just as you did in some of those states, you’d see crops rotting in the field because they’re not getting harvested,” Sparks said.¶ Despite such gravity, however, there is no certainty that an immigration reform bill will pass Congress in this session.¶ “But I will say that we are probably closer than we have ever been,” Carlton said. “And although there has been gridlock in Washington over the last few years, the strident nature of that gridlock seems to have diminished considerably more recently, at least when it comes to this issue.”¶ Rooney pegged the likelihood of passage during the current session at 50/50. “But the issue of immigration reform does seem to now have more bipartisan support than it ever did before,” he said. “So that does make it more likely that it could happen. But based on the climate I’ve seen in the last Congress and this Congress, it has been very difficult to get anything done.”

Clean energy sucks Obama’s PC
Cohen 11 (Steven Cohen, Executive director, Columbia University’s Earth Institute, 4-4-11, Huffington Post, A Plea for Presidential Leadership on Sustainable Energy http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-cohen/a-plea-for-presidential-l_b_844300.html, jj)

When President Obama ran for President, it seemed to me that he really understood the need to transition our economy from fossil fuels to renewable energy. After eight years of Dick Cheney's Texas oil industry energy policy, it was a relief to hear Obama's perspective. As the campaign evolved, and certainly once he took office, the President decided that political expedience required that he favor nuclear power and deep sea oil drilling. My guess is that he is now a little less enthusiastic about these technologies. In fact, every so often he resumes his rhetorical push for renewable energy.
The President inherited an economic disaster that by necessity, dominated the agenda of his first two years in office. With the economy beginning to pick up steam, the BP oil disaster and the Japanese nuclear catastrophe are increasing the demand for President's leadership on energy. But so far, we haven't seen much. A new energy policy is urgently needed, and it must be influenced by an updated assessment of the risks of energy development after our experiences in Japan and the Gulf of Mexico.
Instead of a massive national mobilization for renewable energy, we got a "Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future" from the White House. The blueprint starts with the typical rhetoric about expanding the domestic production of fossil fuels. The big news in that plan is that coal is omitted in order to "expand safe and responsible domestic oil and gas development and production." The other elements of the plan include building more fuel efficient vehicles and encouraging more energy efficient buildings. Toward the end of the blueprint, they get around to "innovating our way to a clean energy future." This part of the blueprint includes the goal of generating 80% of our electricity from clean energy sources by 2035. The Obama energy plan provides a number of déjà vu moments. They really are rounding up the usual suspects.
The problem is that the Administration assigns a lower priority to energy and environment than to the economy, health care, and our military engagements. While sustainable energy could be a huge boost for the economy, the American political right is unwilling to invest government money in R and D and will not allow tax policies that favor renewable energy. All of that could be overcome with Presidential leadership, but I do not get the sense that the President really cares about these issues. Until he does, I don't think anything will change.
I hope it won't take another local disaster to move this issue up on the political agenda. As the news from Japan's damaged Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plants turns from very bad to even worse, one can't help but be reminded of the slow motion disaster of the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. All the elements are there: assurances that the technology was manageable, the sudden lethal accident, a clean-up effort characterized by trial and error and unproven technologies. Let's hope the next energy disaster isn't the contamination of a city's water supply as a result of hydrofracking for natural gas.
Our inability to manage technology and our extreme need for energy leads to technological failures. The irony is that the only way to solve these problems is through the application of other technologies. Dismantling the energy based economy is not politically feasible. There is little question that along with the wondrous benefits of modern technology we face substantial risks. There is also little question that people are willing to tolerate those risks in order to obtain the benefits of technology. We know that we cannot live in a world without risk, but the issue is what type of risk? What is the probability of risk and what its possible scope and intensity? All risk is not created equal.
Every time you put your key in your car ignition and start to drive, you know you are risking an accident. You take steps to deal with the risk. To reduce the probability of risk, you might avoid icy roads. To reduce the potential scope of an accident you might use your seat belt and turn down that shot of tequila someone offers you "for the road," However, even a horrific auto accident is unlikely to result in massive death and destruction. While some of the impacts of a crash may well be irreversible, most will fade from view fairly quickly.
By definition, the technologies with the greatest potential negative impacts are large scale and capital intensive like most of the power plants that generate electricity. These plants are vestiges of the 20th century era of heavy industry. They are built on the management notion of "economy of scale." Today, inexpensive communication and information technologies allow you to build supply chains and production processes utilizing many organizations located in many places. We have done this in a number of business operations but not energy. It is possible to conceive of a decentralized energy system, but we have not yet built one. Distributed electric generation utilizing small scale power generators managed by smart grid technologies can ensure that electric generation capacity is less prone to breakdown due to the failure of a single generation source.
The amount of investment in capital intensive energy generation has resulted in a powerful set of economic interests that have long prevented America from addressing its critical energy problems. These established interests define energy reality. New technologies that require R and D and other incentives to compete with low tech fossil fuels are defined as infeasible and inadequate. The terms of debate are controlled by these interests and reinforced by the ideology of the free market. This is an amazing argument given the tax breaks and other government funded incentives long enjoyed by the fossil fuel industry.
While there is a clear need for the U.S. government to implement an active and if you'll excuse the pun, energetic energy policy, the political calculus in Washington is moving in the opposite direction. The House Republicans are so clueless about the need for sustainable economic development, that they are working overtime to use the budget process to prevent EPA from regulating greenhouse gasses and other air and water pollutants. And the President seems reluctant to push energy and environment and provide meaningful, sustained leadership. This is not a new story. But I for one hoped for more. I still do.

Capital’s key
The Anniston Star Editorial Board, 3-27-13, On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform, http://annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive~-~-Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, jj

Nevertheless, Obama is wise to go on this offensive. The need, as always, is great.¶ An Associated Press report this week points out that the president is working behind the scenes in order to keep Republicans at the negotiating table between now and Congress’ April 8 return from spring break. The key is the Senate working group, the Gang of Eight, that is putting together a bipartisan plan the White House has yet to see. “We’ll reserve judgment on the product of those discussions until it’s produced,” White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.¶ Here is where we’d like to see the professorial Obama take an aggressive stance and will Congress to pass the immigration reform this nation needs. Unfortunately, even in his second term Obama is facing overwhelming Republican opposition on virtually all matters of policy. His is a precarious perch: push too hard and risk a Republican storm; push meekly and risk ineffectiveness.

CIR solves the deficit
Tucker 10 Cynthia is a columnist for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “We need immigrants to help pay the deficit,” Nov 19, http://blogs.ajc.com/cynthia-tucker/2010/11/19/we-need-immigrants-to-help-pay-the-deficit/

Recommendations for taming the deficit include raising the retirement age, raising the federal gas tax and ending the mortgage interest deduction for homeowners. Ouch!¶ But there is a palliative that would ease the pain: Put 11 million illegal immigrants on a path to legalization. And don’t touch birthright citizenship!¶ Yes, you heard that right: Granting legal residency to illegal immigrants will eventually help sop up some of the federal budget’s red ink. I know that’s counterintuitive since so many citizens have come to believe that Mexican landscapers and Guatemalan maids are a drain on the treasury. But the fact is that their relative youth is just what the U.S. economy needs.¶ The explosion of the long-term deficit is largely the consequence of an aging population, with more retirees depending on taxes from fewer workers. While the recession, two unfunded wars and Bush-era tax cuts fueled the immediate deficit, a tsunami of long-term red ink will swamp the budget in about ten years, as a massive wave of baby boomers leaves the workplace.¶ So we need as many younger workers as we can find to help support the coming crush of senior citizens. The U.S. is lucky enough to have a higher birthrate than many other Westernized democracies, even among native-born women. Immigrants are an added demographic bonus.¶ “When some people think of immigrants, they think of people coming in and immediately absorbing our resources,” said Emory economist Jeffrey Rosensweig. “Most immigrants come here to work. They’re young workers, and they’re paying taxes.” Why not add all of them to the federal tax rolls?

Deficit reduction key to prevent economic collapse, abrupt retrenchment and great power war
Khalilzad 11 — Zalmay Khalilzad, the one and only, was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992. National Review Online, 2-8, The Economy and National Security, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad?pg=3, jj

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to the United States’ position as global leader. While the United States suffers from fiscal imbalances and low economic growth, the economies of rival powers are developing rapidly. The continuation of these two trends could lead to a shift from American primacy toward a multi-polar global system, leading in turn to increased geopolitical rivalry and even war among the great powers.
The current recession is the result of a deep financial crisis, not a mere fluctuation in the business cycle. Recovery is likely to be protracted. The crisis was preceded by the buildup over two decades of enormous amounts of debt throughout the U.S. economy — ultimately totaling almost 350 percent of GDP — and the development of credit-fueled asset bubbles, particularly in the housing sector. When the bubbles burst, huge amounts of wealth were destroyed, and unemployment rose to over 10 percent. The decline of tax revenues and massive countercyclical spending put the U.S. government on an unsustainable fiscal path. Publicly held national debt  rose from 38 to over 60 percent of GDP in three years.
Without faster economic growth and actions to reduce deficits, publicly held national debt is projected to reach dangerous proportions. If interest rates were to rise significantly, annual interest payments — which already are larger than the defense budget — would crowd out other spending or require substantial tax increases that would undercut economic growth. Even worse, if unanticipated events trigger what economists call a “sudden stop” in credit markets for U.S. debt, the United States would be unable to roll over its outstanding obligations, precipitating a sovereign-debt crisis that would almost certainly compel a radical retrenchment of the United States internationally.
Such scenarios would reshape the international order. It was the economic devastation of Britain and France during World War II, as well as the rise of other powers, that led both countries to relinquish their empires. In the late 1960s, British leaders concluded that they lacked the economic capacity to maintain a presence “east of Suez.” Soviet economic weakness, which crystallized under Gorbachev, contributed to their decisions to withdraw from Afghanistan, abandon Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, and allow the Soviet Union to fragment. If the U.S. debt problem goes critical, the United States would be compelled to retrench, reducing its military spending and shedding international commitments.
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth. Even though countries such as China, India, and Brazil have profound political, social, demographic, and economic problems, their economies are growing faster than ours, and this could alter the global distribution of power. These trends could in the long term produce a multi-polar world. If U.S. policymakers fail to act and other powers continue to grow, it is not a question of whether but when a new international order will emerge. The closing of the gap between the United States and its rivals could intensify geopolitical competition among major powers, increase incentives for local powers to play major powers against one another, and undercut our will to preclude or respond to international crises because of the higher risk of escalation.
The stakes are high. In modern history, the longest period of peace among the great powers has been the era of U.S. leadership. By contrast, multi-polar systems have been unstable, with their competitive dynamics resulting in frequent crises and major wars among the great powers. Failures of multi-polar international systems produced both world wars.
American retrenchment could have devastating consequences. Without an American security blanket, regional powers could rearm in an attempt to balance against emerging threats. Under this scenario, there would be a heightened possibility of arms races, miscalculation, or other crises spiraling into all-out conflict. Alternatively, in seeking to accommodate the stronger powers, weaker powers may shift their geopolitical posture away from the United States. Either way, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.
As rival powers rise, Asia in particular is likely to emerge as a zone of great-power competition. Beijing’s economic rise has enabled a dramatic military buildup focused on acquisitions of naval, cruise, and ballistic missiles, long-range stealth aircraft, and anti-satellite capabilities. China’s strategic modernization is aimed, ultimately, at denying the United States access to the seas around China. Even as cooperative economic ties in the region have grown, China’s expansive territorial claims — and provocative statements and actions following crises in Korea and incidents at sea — have roiled its relations with South Korea, Japan, India, and Southeast Asian states. Still, the United States is the most significant barrier facing Chinese hegemony and aggression.
Given the risks, the United States must focus on restoring its economic and fiscal condition while checking and managing the rise of potential adversarial regional powers such as China. While we face significant challenges, the U.S. economy still accounts for over 20 percent of the world’s GDP. American institutions — particularly those providing enforceable rule of law — set it apart from all the rising powers. Social cohesion underwrites political stability. U.S. demographic trends are healthier than those of any other developed country. A culture of innovation, excellent institutions of higher education, and a vital sector of small and medium-sized enterprises propel the U.S. economy in ways difficult to quantify. Historically, Americans have responded pragmatically, and sometimes through trial and error, to work our way through the kind of crisis that we face today.
The policy question is how to enhance economic growth and employment while cutting discretionary spending in the near term and curbing the growth of entitlement spending in the out years. Republican members of Congress have outlined a plan. Several think tanks and commissions, including President Obama’s debt commission, have done so as well. Some consensus exists on measures to pare back the recent increases in domestic spending, restrain future growth in defense spending, and reform the tax code (by reducing tax expenditures while lowering individual and corporate rates). These are promising options.   
The key remaining question is whether the president and leaders of both parties on Capitol Hill have the will to act and the skill to fashion bipartisan solutions. Whether we take the needed actions is a choice, however difficult it might be. It is clearly within our capacity to put our economy on a better trajectory. In garnering political support for cutbacks, the president and members of Congress should point not only to the domestic consequences of inaction — but also to the geopolitical implications.
As the United States gets its economic and fiscal house in order, it should take steps to prevent a flare-up in Asia. The United States can do so by signaling that its domestic challenges will not impede its intentions to check Chinese expansionism. This can be done in cost-efficient ways.
While China’s economic rise enables its military modernization and international assertiveness, it also frightens rival powers. The Obama administration has wisely moved to strengthen relations with allies and potential partners in the region but more can be done.
Some Chinese policies encourage other parties to join with the United States, and the U.S. should not let these opportunities pass. China’s military assertiveness should enable security cooperation with countries on China’s periphery — particularly Japan, India, and Vietnam — in ways that complicate Beijing’s strategic calculus. China’s mercantilist policies and currency manipulation — which harm developing states both in East Asia and elsewhere — should be used to fashion a coalition in favor of a more balanced trade system. Since Beijing’s over-the-top reaction to the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to a Chinese democracy activist alienated European leaders, highlighting human-rights questions would not only draw supporters from nearby countries but also embolden reformers within China.  
Since the end of the Cold War, a stable economic and financial condition at home has enabled America to have an expansive role in the world. Today we can no longer take this for granted. Unless we get our economic house in order, there is a risk that domestic stagnation in combination with the rise of rival powers will undermine our ability to deal with growing international problems. Regional hegemons in Asia could seize the moment, leading the world toward a new, dangerous era of multi-polarity.

We went for elections (Obama Bad) with an Iran strikes impact, as well as link turns to the food prices advantage. 

The aff was Solar tariffs.  We read T, Courts CP, Romney bad, and a Russia oil prices DA.  We went for elections and case D.

We read T "Restriction on Energy Production", Romney Good (Military cuts/heg), Renewables DA, Courts CP, Ban Cotton Subsidies CP (for the Protectionism/WTO Adv), and various case args.  We went for Elections and case.

We ran China do the plan CP, an International Fuel Bank CP, Obama good (Iran), a Renewables tradeoff DA, a prolif DA, and various case arguments.  We went for Elections and case