Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
*RD 1 GMU*
*1NC*
1NC – Elections
Obama winning – electoral vote counts.
Bombay 9-21. [Scott, Editor-in-Chief of the National Constitution Center, "Swing state polls put Obama closer to election-day win" Constitution Daily  blog.constitutioncenter.org/2012/09/swing-state-polls-put-obama-closer-to-election-day-win/]
Expect a flurry of campaign activity in nine battleground states until Election Day: The
AND
Also, internal polls conducted by candidates can differ greatly from public polls.
Deregulating natural gas causes massive public backlash
Weiss 12. [Daniel, Senior Fellow and Director of Climate Strategy at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, "Americans Say ‘Yes’ to Clean Energy, ‘No’ To Fracking Without Safeguards" Think Progress  May 24  thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/05/24/489756/americans-say-yes-to-clean-energy-no-to-fracking-without-safeguards/]
Fossil fuel companies and their political allies have spent millions of dollars on advertising to
AND
of ads, which take facts out of context or simply invent them.”
Turn out key
Cillizza 12. [Chris, “Is the 2012 election more about base than undecided?”
Conventional wisdom dictates that President Obama and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney will spend the
AND
but rather trying to identify and rally their (already united) bases.
Romney jacks Russia relations
Lyman 12. [John – editor-in-chief of International Policy Digest, “Romney’s Foreign Policy and Russia” International Policy Digest  March 30  http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/03/30/romneys-foreign-policy-and-russia/]
U.S.-Russian relations transcend the United Nations and other multilateral institutions.
AND
facilitating America’s withdrawal from Afghanistan if he defeats Mr. Obama in November.
Relations prevent nuke war
Cirincione ‘7 (Joseph Cirincione, Center for American Progress expert in nonproliferation, national security, international security, U.S. military, U.S. foreign policy, July 23rd, 2007, “Nuclear summer, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/07/nuclear_summer.html/print.html)
Beyond the fact that Putin actually used his nuclear arsenal as a lever to alter
AND
that take good relations for granted and scorn any further negotiated nuclear reductions.
T
Energy production must substantially increase energy production for consumption
COAG 9 (Department of Climate Change on behalf of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Expert Group on Streamlining Greenhouse and Energy Reporting, "national Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Streamlining Protocol," http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/nger-streamlining-protocol.pdf)
‘Energy production’ is defined in NGER Regulation 2.23: Production of energy
AND
the facility or for use other than in the operation of the facility.
1NC- K
Energy production policy is grounded within a global system of inequality and militarism – Enables continued reactionary violence and environmental destruction
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
AND
a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
are the enemies. The living organism demands a life-sustaining environment.
The impact is Extinction – The K turns and solves the root cause of their environment/resources impacts – the aff causes error replication
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected
AND
turn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict.
Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff – strict policy focus creates a myth of objectivity that sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The way in which energy policy is “framed” refers to the underlying assumptions
AND
Dryzek et al., 2003—these are explored in detail further below).
1NC – Lopez
The United States supreme court should devolve authority of Department of Energy natural gas applications to the states ruling federal authority unconstituonal based on the commerce clause. The 50 states, Washington D.C. and all relevant territories should approve pending applications to export natural gas
The Supreme Court should give power to the states on energy- key to federalism
- Learner ‘8 (Copyright  2008  by  Northwestern  University  School  of  Law Printed  in  U.S.A.  Northwestern  University  Law  Review Vol.  102,  No.  2 649  RESTRAINING FEDERAL PREEMPTION WHEN  THERE IS AN “EMERGING CONSENSUS”  OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND  POLICIES  Howard A. Learner*  INTRODUCTION, President and Executive Director, Environmental Law and Policy Center; Adjunct Professor,  Northwestern University School of Law)
The model of cooperative federalism, which engages both the federal  and state governments in
AND
of citizens to sue a state agency for violations of federal environmental law.
Solvency
No solvency and status quo solves- global production collapses export profitability
Medlock, 12  Baker Institute Energy and Resource Economics fellow
(Kenneth, PhD in economics from Rice University, Rice University economics professor, Baker Institute Energy Forum’s natural gas program director, International Association for Energy Economics council member, United States Association for Energy Economics President for Academic Affairs, member of the American Economic Association and the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, "US LNG Exports: Truth and Consequence," 8-10-12, bakerinstitute.org/publications/US%20LNG%20Exports%20-%20Truth%20and%20Consequence%20Final_Aug12-1.pdf, accessed 8-16-12, mss)
The Viability of US LNG Exports
The prospect of … US domestic supply response.  
[Matt note: footnote included]
Takes a decade even if they solve
Romm, 12 – Climate Progress editor, Ph.D. in physics from MIT
(Joe, American Progress fellow, former acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy, "Exporting Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Is Still Bad For The Climate — And A Very Poor Long-Term Investment," Think Progress, 8-16-12, thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/08/16/699601/exporting-liquefied-natural-gas-lng-bad-for-climate-poor-long-term-investment/?mobile=nc, accessed 8-16-12, mss)
The NY Times piece actually makes this odd argument on behalf of LNG exports:
AND
of this decade, with costly new infrastructure that until mid-century?
Fees and price adjustments deter investment in exports- long term expectations are key and bleak
Denning, 12  Wall Street Journal staff
(Liam, "Gas export profits might leak away," 8-12-12, www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wall-street-journal/gas-export-profits-might-leak-away/story-fnay3x58-1226449122081, accessed 8-16-12, mss)
THE latest free lunch being peddled involves exporting US natural gas. Don't be surprised
AND
excitable export enthusiasts would do well to recall how that one turned out.
Exports are self-defeating- the first wave would collapse the price differential and make it uneconomical
Levi, 12  CFR energy senior fellow
(Michael, PhD in war studies from the University of London, Council on Foreign Relations Energy and the Environment senior fellow, Program on Energy Security and Climate Change director, "A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports," June, www.brookings.edumedia/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi.pdf, accessed 8-16-12, mss)
The first way that prices could converge is through U.S. LNG exports
AND
since their very existence depends on the particular export policy that is adopted.
Comprehensive study proves
Levi, 12  CFR energy senior fellow
(Michael, PhD in war studies from the University of London, Council on Foreign Relations Energy and the Environment senior fellow, Program on Energy Security and Climate Change director, "A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports," June, www.brookings.edumedia/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi.pdf, accessed 8-16-12, mss)
It is far from clear that all or even most of this export volume would
AND
exports, removing opportunities for economically attractive U.S. LNG sales.
AND they can’t solve political barriers- resource nationalism means the US will cap exports
Jordan, 12  OurEnergyPolicy.org director
(Matthew, Enthusiasm and Concern over Natural Gas Exports," OurEnergyPolicy.org, 6-8-12, www.ourenergypolicy.org/enthusiasm-and-concern-over-natural-gas-exports/, accessed 8-16-12, mss)
An interesting update on this issue: Analysts are predicting that industrial lobbying could lead
AND
many opponents to exports concerned about the impact on domestic natural gas prices.”
Adv 1
No impact- trade is resilient
Lamy ’11(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. “System Upgrade” BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)
Any doubts about the stability and importance of the global trade architecture should have been
AND
countries, enabling them to trade their way back to stability and prosperity.
Trade wars won’t occur
Ziemba ‘9 (The Re-Emergence of Global Protectionism: A Newer Version of Smoot-Hawley?
Rachel Ziemba | Mar 4, 2009
However, the … trade wars.
Interdependence doesn’t lead to peace
Friedman and Friedman ’98 (George Friedman, PhD, Chairman of STRATFOR, internationally recognized expert in security and intelligence, and Meredith Friedman, senior writer and co-founders of STRATFOR, freelance international affairs writer, 1998, The Future of War: Power, Technology and American World Dominance in the Twenty-First Century, p. 3-5
The argument that interdependence gives rise to peace is flawed in theory as well as
AND
not only possible but, as a simple statistical matter, highly likely.
No Impact to rare earth minerals- alternatives and market shift solve
Broadband ’11 (October 26, 2011 http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Chinas-Rare-Earth-Minerals-Supply-Manipulation-Could-Backfire-132605798.html Manipulation of China's Rare Earth Minerals Supply Could Backfire Ivan Broadband | Hong Kong

Unlike previous occasions when Beijing has manipulated supply, the world is now looking increasingly
AND
mine to be one of the world’s largest rare earth suppliers by 2014.
No shortage- WTO Ruling and Japan Discovery check
Ojo ’11 (Double Blows to China in Rare Earth Minerals Dispute Bolaji Ojo, Editor in Chief 7/7/2011 (13) comments
The rare earth minerals market is headed for a more normal supply condition following a
AND
China, Russia and other former Soviet countries, and the United States.
Illegal rare earth mining ensures Chinese quotas are irrelevant and provide 50% of global supply
Barsher ’10 (New york Times, 12/29/10 Keith, “In China, Illegal Rare Earth Mines Face Crackdown,” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/business/global/30smuggle.html?_r=2andref=business
Rogue operations in southern China produce an estimated half of the world’s supply of heavy
AND
in producing these valuable commodities are the crime rings within the country’s borders.
No Asian war
Bitzinger and Desker 8 – senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)
The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative insecurity
AND
this suggests that war in Asia – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.
Multiple structural factors check
Alagappa 8 (Muthia, Distinguished Fellow @ Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy @ Tufts, “The Long Shadow,” International Affairs p. 512)
International political interaction among Asian states is for the most part rule governed, predictable
AND
regional institutions in pre- serving and enhancing security and stability in Asia.
Adv 2
No terrorism – no capabilities
Basit ’11 (12/23/11 – writer for Islamabad Pulse (Abdul, “A threat assessment of Al-Qaeda’s strength and weaknesses-IV.” http://www.weeklypulse.org/details.aspx?contentID=1641andstorylist=2)
A threat assessment of Al-Qaeda’s current status looking into its capabilities, intentions
AND
grew out of a conflict in Algeria between the government and Islamist militants.
Newest data proves - no risk of wmd terror
Mueller 8/2—IR prof at Ohio State. PhD in pol sci from UCLA (2 August 2011, John, The Truth about Al Qaeda, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show)

As a misguided Turkish proverb holds, "If your enemy be an ant,
AND
3.5 million per year, even with 9/11 included.
US can’t compete with Russia- productivity, volume, price
Orlov, 12  engineer
(Dmitry, "Shale Gas," 5-8-12, Club Orlov, cluborlov.blogspot.it/2012/05/shale-gas-view-from-russia.html, accessed 6-3-12, mss)
The official shale gas story goes something like this: recent technological breakthroughs by US
AND
currently standing idle. It seems that Gazprom has little to worry about.

EU shale development solves
Michta, 12  German Marshall Fund senior transatlantic fellow
(Andrew, Ph.D. from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, . Rhodes College M. W. Buckman Distinguished Professor of International Studies, former Woodrow Wilson Center Senior Scholar and  George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies National Security Studies professor, "Shale Storm," American Interest, Jan/Feb 2012, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1168, accessed 5-28-12, mss)
Lobbying is only part of the unfolding struggle over the future of unconventional gas in
AND
renewables down the line while also dramatically improving energy security in the meantime.
Gas doesn’t solve energy dependence- market won’t shift quickly
Deutch, 11  MIT chemistry professor and former US Undersecretary of Energy
(John, former Deputy Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence, "The Good News About Gas," Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2011, 90:1, ebsco, accessed 5-22-12, mss)
Nobody knows how significant this prospective shift from oil to natural gas might become.
AND
delinking the price of the gas they sell from the price of oil.
Russia is not a threat- the only risk of nuclear war is from a lack of cooperation
- Bandow ‘8 (“The Russian Hangover” by Doug Bandowthe Robert A. Taft Fellow at the American Conservative Defense Alliance. A former special assistant to President Ronald Reagan, he is the author of Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire (Xulon Press).  10.28.2008 )
Two months ago, the United States. and Europe were jolted by a revived
AND
when the other party has a nuclear arsenal to back up its positions.
Alliance collapse inevitable
Zakheim ‘9 (Dov, Trustee – Foreign Policy Research Institute, “Security Challenged for the Crisis”, 3-11,
http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4andlng=enandid=98001)
The economic crisis is likely to further diminish the already weak appetite of allies and
AND
coalition efforts if Afghanistan, and potentially elsewhere, than they are today.
NATO is resilient
RIA 6 (Regulatory Intelligence Agency, 12-21, Lexis)
WASHINGTON, Dec. 21, 2006 - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is healthy
AND
queue up and measure up to become members by as early as 2008."

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC – Elections
Obama winning – electoral vote counts.
Bombay 9-21. Scott, Editor-in-Chief of the National Constitution Center, "Swing state polls put Obama closer to election-day win" Constitution Daily  blog.constitutioncenter.org/2012/09/swing-state-polls-put-obama-closer-to-election-day-win/
Expect a flurry of campaign activity in nine battleground states until Election Day: The
AND
Also, internal polls conducted by candidates can differ greatly from public polls.
Deregulating natural gas causes massive public backlash
Weiss 12. Daniel, Senior Fellow and Director of Climate Strategy at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, "Americans Say ‘Yes’ to Clean Energy, ‘No’ To Fracking Without Safeguards" Think Progress  May 24  thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/05/24/489756/americans-say-yes-to-clean-energy-no-to-fracking-without-safeguards/
Fossil fuel companies and their political allies have spent millions of dollars on advertising to
AND
of ads, which take facts out of context or simply invent them.”
Turn out key
Cillizza 12. Chris, “Is the 2012 election more about base than undecided?”
Conventional wisdom dictates that President Obama and former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney will spend the
AND
but rather trying to identify and rally their (already united) bases.
Romney jacks Russia relations
Lyman 12. John – editor-in-chief of International Policy Digest, “Romney’s Foreign Policy and Russia” International Policy Digest  March 30  http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/03/30/romneys-foreign-policy-and-russia/
U.S.-Russian relations transcend the United Nations and other multilateral institutions.
AND
facilitating America’s withdrawal from Afghanistan if he defeats Mr. Obama in November.
Relations prevent nuke war
Cirincione ‘7 (Joseph Cirincione, Center for American Progress expert in nonproliferation, national security, international security, U.S. military, U.S. foreign policy, July 23rd, 2007, “Nuclear summer, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/07/nuclear_summer.html/print.html)
Beyond the fact that Putin actually used his nuclear arsenal as a lever to alter
AND
that take good relations for granted and scorn any further negotiated nuclear reductions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T
Energy production must substantially increase energy production for consumption
COAG 9 (Department of Climate Change on behalf of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Expert Group on Streamlining Greenhouse and Energy Reporting, "national Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Streamlining Protocol," http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/nger-streamlining-protocol.pdf)
‘Energy production’ is defined in NGER Regulation 2.23: Production of energy
AND
the facility or for use other than in the operation of the facility.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC- K
Energy production policy is grounded within a global system of inequality and militarism – Enables continued reactionary violence and environmental destruction
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
AND
a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
are the enemies. The living organism demands a life-sustaining environment.
The impact is Extinction – The K turns and solves the root cause of their environment/resources impacts – the aff causes error replication
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected
AND
turn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict.
Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff – strict policy focus creates a myth of objectivity that sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The way in which energy policy is “framed” refers to the underlying assumptions
AND
Dryzek et al., 2003—these are explored in detail further below).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
NC – Lopez
The United States supreme court should devolve authority of Department of Energy natural gas applications to the states ruling federal authority unconstituonal based on the commerce clause. The 50 states, Washington D.C. and all relevant territories should approve pending applications to export natural gas
The Supreme Court should give power to the states on energy- key to federalism
- Learner ‘8 (Copyright  2008  by  Northwestern  University  School  of  Law Printed  in  U.S.A.  Northwestern  University  Law  Review Vol.  102,  No.  2 649  RESTRAINING FEDERAL PREEMPTION WHEN  THERE IS AN “EMERGING CONSENSUS”  OF STATE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND  POLICIES  Howard A. Learner*  INTRODUCTION, President and Executive Director, Environmental Law and Policy Center; Adjunct Professor,  Northwestern University School of Law)
The model of cooperative federalism, which engages both the federal  and state governments in
AND
of citizens to sue a state agency for violations of federal environmental law.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Text: The United States federal government should provide all necessary technical support, export licenses, and information for Integral Fast Reactors in the United Kingdoms.
The CP solves the case and avoids politics avoids politics. UK is already pioneering the technology- US can cover any solvency deficits with linking
Pearce ’12 (Fred Pearce is a freelance author and journalist based in the UK. Originally published at Yale Environment 360, “Are Fast-Breeder Reactors A Nuclear Power Panacea?”, http://theenergycollective.com/breakthroughinstitut/99946/are-fast-breeder-reactors-nuclear-power-panacea, August 6, 2012)

Plutonium is the nuclear nightmare. A by-product of conventional power-station
AND
costly failures researches yet another much-hyped but still theoretical new technology."
UK first developing key to UK leadership- key to plutonium disposition
Hibbert ’12 (Lee Hibbert, “Has Prism cracked the plutonium problem?”, http://profeng.com/cover-story/has-prism-cracked-the-plutonium-problem, July 31, 2012)

Experts at the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority are busy poring over a 1,000-
AND
touting the technology as a “peaceful nuclear solution to the energy crisis”.

Plutonium disposition is key to solve multiple extinction scenarios
Sancton ‘5 (Dispositioning military plutonium to promote nuclear non-proliferation Robert Sancton Security and Armed Conflict, Pax Christi International, Rue du Vieux Marché aux Grains, 21, B1000 Brussels, Belgium; rsancton@hotmail.com ISYP Journal on Science and World Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2005 103-112 © 2005 

Nuclear proliferation includes both horizontal and vertical proliferation activities. Horizontal proliferation occurs when states
AND
or the capability to develop them, this approach does not address vertical proliferation

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
IFRs take decades to build- the tech isn’t ready and has to be re-designed for adoption
Diesendorf ’10 Mark Diesendorf, deputy director of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of New South Wales, “Nuclear power: no solution to climate change,” http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/43636

The integral fast reactor which promises to use existing stockpiles of nuclear waste to
AND
from the other high-level nuclear waste. Safeguards are grossly inadequate.

No IFR adoption- empirics prove, costs are too high, and their advocates are biased
Lovins ‘09 Amory, Cofounder and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, 1993 MacArthur Fellow, one of the TIME 100 most influential people and Foreign Policy 100 Influential thinkers, "’New’ Nuclear Reactors: Same Old Story,” Nuclear Monitor, June 26, http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/lovinsonifretc.pdf-http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/lovinsonifretc.pdf

The dominant type of new nuclear power plant, light-water reactors (LWRs
AND
energy, climate, and proliferation problems, led by business for profit.  

Can’t solve- export restrictions and licensing barriers
Platts, 10/1/2012. “Export reform needed to increase US nuclear market share: NEI,” http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/6666149.
Export controls on technology related to nuclear power should be reformed to allow US companies
AND
of permission for the export because the buyer looks elsewhere, he said.

Manufacturing barriers block solvency
ITA’ 11 – International Trade Administration (U.S. Department of Commerce, February. Manufacturing and Services Competitiveness Report. “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors.” http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf)

There are also domestic policies that hinder U.S. SMR competitiveness, with
AND
to retool and rebuild capacity can require a lead time of several years.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
IFRs don’t solve warming
Green ‘09 Jim, PhD in Science and Technology Studies, Australian Coordinator of the Beyond Nuclear Initiative, Senior Vice President for Resource Development, United Way of the Greater Triangle, “Nuclear Weapons and 'Fourth Generation' Reactors,” Friends of the Earth Australia, July, http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw

'Integral fast reactors' and other 'fourth generation' nuclear power concepts have been gaining attention,
AND
at the expense of coal) would reduce Australia's emissions by just 4%.

We’d need 400 new plants to displace coal- AFF author
Kirsch ‘09 Steve, Bachelor of Science and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, American serial entrepreneur who has started six companies: Mouse Systems, Frame Technology, Infoseek, Propel, Abaca, and OneID, “The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) project: QandA,” page last modified April 21, 2009, http://skirsch.com/politics/globalwarming/ifrQandA.htm

Q. How many IFR plants do we need to replace all the coal plants in the US? There are 200 nuclear plants now supplying 20% of our power. Coal provides about half our power. So you'd need about 400 new nuclear plants to displace all the coal plants.

Fast reactors are too slow to solve warming, and construction
Diesendorf ‘07 Dr. Mark Diesendorf teaches and researches ecologically sustainable development and ¶ greenhouse response strategies at the Institute of Environmental Studies, University of¶ New South Wales, “Is nuclear energy a possible solution to global warming?” July 10, http://www.ceem.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/NukesSocialAlternativesMD.pdf

Slow deployment¶ With growing evidence that global climate change may be accelerating, it
AND
nuclear power is also not a short-term solution to global warming.

Tournament: USC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge:
Tech isn’t zero sum
Galama and Hosek 8 (Titus, PhD and Physical Scientist at the RAND Institute, James PhD and Director of Forces and Resources Policy Center at the Rand National Security Research Division, “U.S. Competitiveness in Science and Technology,” Feb 8th, www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG674.pdf)

A future in which a significant share of new technologies is invented elsewhere will benefit
AND
a well-educated, low-wage SandT labor force.

Alt causes – 

A) Labor gaps
Bartlett 6 (David L., President – Global Economics Company, “Building a Competitive Workforce: Immigration  and the US Manfacturing Sector”, 8-23, http://www.ilw.com/articles/2006,0823-bartlett.shtm)

Shortages of skilled labor constitute the foremost challenge confronting U.S. manufacturers who
AND
more difficult for highly skilled professionals from abroad to enter the United States.  

B) Outsourcing
Sneider 5 (Daniel, Foreign Affairs Writer – Mercury  News, “Hand-Wringing Over China Misses True Economic Problem”, Mercury News, 4-24, http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/11476832.htm)

“In this global market, the U.S. is a leader,
AND
research-and-development facilities to China makes this even more difficult.
Nuclear market lead key to Indian leadership - plan prevents this
K1 Team ’12 (The K1 Criticality Project is a think-tank led by Emlyn Hughes and Dr. Ivana Nikolic Hughes @ Columbia University, Citing Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, http://k1project.org/energy/fissile-material-indias-investments-in-new-nuclear/, July 2012)

With a population of 1.2 billion that is expected to multiply over the
AND
domestic development of nuclear power reactors and showcase its civilian nuclear capabilities abroad.”
Indian leadership solves extinction
Kamdar ‘7 (Mira Kamdar, World Policy Institute, 2007, Planet India: How the fastest growing democracy is transforming America and the world, p. 3-5)

No other country matters more to the future of our planet than India. There
AND
, multipolar world.  India’s gambit is truly the venture of the century.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Immigration reform will pass – Obama is pushing, GOP on board, top of the agenda.
CSM 12-28. Christian Science Monitor "Immigration reform likely to be at the top of Congress’ agenda in 2013" -- www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/12/28/immigration-reform-likely-to-be-at-the-top-of-congress-agenda-in-2013/

The momentum of President Obama's resounding victory in November's election – with a big push
AND
who was involved in immigration reform efforts in the 1980s and early '90s.

Nuclear funding kills PC- even if they like nuclear, hate funding
Hopf ’12 (Jim Hopf, Jim Hopf is a senior nuclear engineer with more than 20 years of experience in shielding and criticality analysis and design for spent fuel dry storage and transportation systems. He has been involved in nuclear advocacy for 10+ years, and is a member of the ANS Public Information Committee. He is a regular contributor to the ANS Nuclear Cafe.
Post-election outlook for nuclear energy, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/u-s-congress/, November 21, 2012)

In my September post at the ANS Nuclear Cafe, I discussed the Democratic and
AND
, especially if a serious global warming policy is (eventually) implemented.

Capital is critical to get a deal
Shifter 12/27/12 (Michael, President of the Inter-American Dialogue, “Will Obama Kick the Can Down the Road?”) 

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
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needed -- would take away energy and time from other priorities like immigration. 

Immigration reform is key to food security
ACIR ‘7 (December 4, 2007 THE AGRICULTURE COALITION FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM 

Dear Member of Congress: The Agriculture Coalition for Immigration Reform (ACIR) is
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important reforms that would provide for a stable and legal farm labor force. 

Food insecurity sparks World War 3
Calvin ’98 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist – U Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, Vol 281, No. 1, p. 47-64)

The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
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longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.
The GOP will get in line
Foley and Stein 1/2/13 (Elise and Sam, “Obama’s Immigration Reform Push To Begin This Month”) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/obama-immigration-reform_n_2398507.html
Lofgren expressed hope that immigration reform would be able to get past partisan gridlock,
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, without worrying about a majority of the majority," the aide continued.

Immigration reform will pass – momentum, GOP support
POLITICO 1/2/13 (“New Congress With Same Old Problems” Seung Min Kim”) http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/new-congress-with-the-same-old-problems-85706.html
Historians need to write more about what’s happened to the Republican Party, why it’s
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‘Get it together,’ or we’re destined for a minority party.”

No thumpers- its fast- Obama is pushing for immigration reform –
The Atlantic (“Obama’s Push For Immigration Reform Starts Now”) http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/01/obamas-push-immigration-reform-starts-now/60525/
Everybody knew that Obama was going to tackle immigration reform in his second term.
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reform, as well as gun control, and advocates couldn't be happier. 

Obama is pushing CIR – it’s the top priority
Volsky 12/30/12 (Igor, Think Progress Online, “Obama to Introduce Immigration Reform Bill in 2013”)
President Obama reiterated his call for comprehensive immigration reform during an interview on Meet The
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the president.” Cabinet secretaries and lawmakers from both parties are already holding initial

Obama isn’t pushing gun control AND  Task Force and public opinion shield gun control from controversy
Klein 12/30/12 (Philip, Senior Editorial Writer for the Washington Examiner, “Obama Says Gun Control Will be Dictated by Public Opinion”)
President Obama has indicated that he won’t stick his neck out to push for gun
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public opinion, there’s very little you can get done in this town.

Fiscal issues won’t drain momentum
Foley and Stein 1/2/13 (Elise and Sam, “Obama’s Immigration Reform Push To Begin This Month”) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/obama-immigration-reform_n_2398507.html
Despite a bruising fiscal cliff battle that managed to set the stage for an even
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to fund the government and a debt ceiling that will soon be hit. 

Obama won’t be drawn in
The Washington Post 12/31/12 (After a Fiscal Cliff Deal, What Next?)
“I think if we insist on changes like that, we’ll get them,”
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to play that game next year,” Obama told business leaders last month.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Link overwhelms the link turns- The plan gets tied with energy spending- funding backlash
Nelson and Northey ’12 (Gabriel Nelson and Hannah Northey, EandE reporters, Greenwire, “DOE funding for small reactors languishes as parties clash on debt”, http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/09/24/3, September 24, 2012) 

It's not just wind and solar projects that are waiting for federal help as Congress
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can't stand here and tell you that I know how to do that."
Nuclear energy massively unpopular- no cooperation- saps capital
Trembath ’11 (Alex Trembath, Policy Fellow in AEL’s New Energy Leaders Project, “Nuclear Power and the Future of Post-Partisan Energy Policy,” Lead Energy, http://leadenergy.org/2011/02/the-nuclear-option-in-a-post-partisan-approach-on-energy/, February 4, 2011)

Nuclear power is unique among clean energy technologies in that Democrats tend to be more
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, but the road for forging bipartisan legislation is not an impassable one.

IFR’s get politicized- huge partisan backlash
Dardenon 9 (Steve is a writer for The Seeker Blog. “How The Integral Fast Reactor Was killed,” http://nuclearstreet.com/nuclear_power_industry_news/b/nuclear_power_news/archive/2009/10/21/how-the-integral-fast-reactor-was-killed-10214.aspx, October 21, 2012)

Here’s a concise history of the Integral Fast Reactor, including how Sen. John
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few more weeks its development almost certainly would have gone on to completion.

Tournament: Fullerton  | Round: Sems | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: 

Impact Calc

Unchecked sequestration power projections – turns heg, Korea, terrorism, and China
Skelton ’12 ((Ike Skelton, Husch Blackwell LLP partner, 9-20-12 , former Armed Services Committee chairmen, “Skelton: Sequestration Means Cuts We Can't Afford”)

Sequestration will also erode America's military superiority over the next decade by cutting even the
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reduce order numbers, thereby increasing unit costs and eliminating economies of scale.

Obama losing over Hagel crushes his perception of resolve abroad
Financial Times 12/27, 2012 “Hagel for defence” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ad8eba06-503d-11e2-9b66-00144feab49a.html#axzz2HH2u4ZZI
Yet ever since Mr Hagel emerged as the clear frontrunner, he has come under
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would send a message at home and abroad that Mr Obama lacks resolve. 

Makes global power wars inevitable
Hanson ‘9 (Victor Davis Hanson (professor of classics at California State University, Fresno, and is currently the Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution) December 2009 Change, Weakness, Disaster,Obama” http://pjmedia.com/blog/change-weakness-disaster-obama-answers-from-victor-davis-hanson/

BC: Are we currently sending a message of weakness to our foes and allies
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tiger and now no one quite knows whom it will bite or when.

U

Will get nominated now- pol cap is key
Wall Street Journal 1/6, 2013 “White House to Go on Offense for Hagel Pick” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323482504578225532918927080.html

Those officials acknowledge they have a bruising confirmation fight ahead. They also say they
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Republicans would go so far as to block consideration of the nomination entirely.

Prefer our ev—it cites their warrants and proves pol cap will still get the vote count needed
Kornacki ‘1-7 (Steve Kornacki (staff writer for Salon) 1/7, 2013 “Hagel: Obama picks a fight he’ll win” http://www.salon.com/2013/01/07/the_fight_obama_is_picking/

It looks like President Obama is about to spark a nomination fight by selecting Chuck
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“no” just to prove a point, that won’t be fatal.

Hagel will be confirmed but it’ll be a fight- Feinstein key
CanIndia 1-9-13. canindia.com/2013/01/barack-obamas-defense-pick-faces-rough-going-in-senate/
President Barack Obama‘s pick of Chuck Hagel to run the Pentagon faces rough
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Hagel’s confirmation. Democrats hold a 55-45 advantage in the Senate.

Big program creates fear of waste- plan is too fast- unique link to to feinstein
Wang 11.  (Herman, Global Power Report, 7/28 -- http://www.wusa9.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=159418)
But DOE's SMR program, championed by Energy Secretary Steven Chu, may not receive
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these things have been designed with those things in mind," Kelly said.

AT: Military shields
Military energy debates aren’t shielded
Snider 12  
(E%26E reporter, 1/16, "Pentagon still can’t define ’energy security,’ much less achieve it," http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/16/1-http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/16/1)

But this is not a good time to be requesting money at the Pentagon.¶
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petroleum, but in the end they acquiesced, leaving the ban intact.

Yes Pol cap

Low PC inevitable and not key to Hagel
Schier 11 Steven E. Schier is the Dorothy H. and Edward C. Congdon professor of political science at Carleton College, The contemporary presidency: the presidential authority problem and the political power trap. Presidential Studies Quarterly December 1, 2011 lexis

Obama has the capital – fighting for Hagel now.
Kumar and Lightman 1-7. Anita, David, McClatchy reporters, "Obama picks fight as he selects Hagel for Defense, Brennan for CIA" The Olympian -- www.theolympian.com/2013/01/07/2376333/obama-picks-fight-as-he-selects.html
Presidents tend to avoid battles over nominations as they try to kick off their terms
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figures he can muscle his way through,” said political analyst Stuart Rothenberg.

Every ounce of Obama’s political capital is key to getting Hagel across the finish line
Scott Wong and Manu Raju (writers for Politico) January 6, 2013 “Chuck Hagel takes fire from Capitol Hill” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/chuck-hagel-takes-fire-from-capitol-hill-85805.html?hp=t1
And despite heaping praise on Hagel when he retired from the Senate after the 2008
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has to get him across the finish line. Dems will hate this.”

AT: Winners Wn

It’s empirical – energy policy is NEVER a win for Obama
Eisler ’12 (4/2/12 (Matthew, Research Fellow at the Center for Contemporary History and Policy at the Chemical Heritage Foundation”) 

Conservatives take President Obama’s rhetoric at face value. Progressives see the president as disingenuous
AND
either the left or the right by the end of his first term. 

Winners win is wrong now- AND Obama thinks its wrong so it can never be a win
Calmes 11-12-12 (Jackie, NYTimes, 2012, In Debt Talks, Obama Is Ready to Go Beyond Beltway, mobile.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/us/politics/legacy-at-stake-obama-plans-broader-push-for-budget-deal.xml

That story line, stoked by Republicans but shared by some Democrats, holds that
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, when the opposition typically takes seats from the president's party in Congress.

Empirics disprove winners win, and it’s too slow to matter
Lashof 10 – director of the National Resource Defense Council's climate center, Ph.D. from the Energy and Resources Group at UC-Berkeley (Dan, “Coulda, Shoulda, Woulda: Lessons from Senate Climate Fail.” NRDC Switchboard Blog. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dlashof/coulda_shoulda_woulda_lessons.html)

Lesson 2: Political capital is not necessarily a renewable resource. Perhaps the most
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political capital in time to help push climate legislation across the finish line. 

Hagel Key
Only hagel has the political stature
Lobe 12. Jim, Washington bureau chief for the Inter Press Service, “Hagel Update: Crocker Endorses Hagel, Flournoy Signed PNAC Letter” May 9 --  http://www.lobelog.com/hagel-update-crocker-endorses-hagel-flournoy-signed-pnac-letter/
Meanwhile, outgoing Democratic Rep. Barney Frank denounced Hagel in categorical terms based on
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for the most part unsuccessfully) to mobilize LGBT groups against Hagel’s nomination.

Hagel Nomination key to Obama’s second term agenda – it’s the defining moment
Wright 12/26 Robert Wright is a senior editor at The Atlantic and the author, most recently, of The Evolution of God, a New York Times bestseller and a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, Chuck Hagel Gets His Second Wind, DEC 26 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/12/chuck-hagel-gets-his-second-wind/266631/, mccarty

Hagel has now drawn support from liberals all across the foreign policy spectrum, from
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moment for President Obama. I'll let Andrew Sullivan have the last word.

Second term agenda key to solve Climate Change – the impact is extinction
Goldenberg 11/14 Wednesday 14 November 2012, Obama vows to take personal charge of climate change in second term, Suzanne Goldenberg, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/14/obama-climate-change-second-term, mccarty

Barack Obama claimed climate change as a personal mission of his second term on Wednesday
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the first time Obama said he would take personal charge of climate change.

Hagel key to prevent war with Iran
Brün 12-30. (Michael, visiting assistant professor of Economics at the Illinois State University) December 30, 2012 “Israel lobby should not have veto over US president's cabinet” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/12/20121230652285915.html
Now comes Chuck Hagel, a Republican Senator who would normally also be easy to
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November. He now has a tougher battle against people who nobody elected.

Extinction
The Nation, 2005  8/6, Lexis
The above analysis vividly indicates US aggressive intentions on some pretext against Iran. US
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would amount to mass destruction and elimination of most of the global civilisation.    

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: Sems | Opponent: NU LV | Judge:
2NC – Solvency – DOD – Commercialization
DOD SMR testing commercialize the market – sparks widespread adoption of SMRs – Avoids the links to all the net benefits
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712
DOD as First Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most
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available in the future, then it should pursue a leadership role now.
DOD leadership catalyzes the SMR industry – key to making it commercially viable
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
The preceding analysis suggests that DOD should seriously consider taking a leadership role on small
AND
in the future for either U.S. military or commercial use.
DOD investment in SMRs causes spill over – assumes their solvency deficits
Daniel Sarewitz 12, Co-Director, Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes, Arizona State University; and Samuel Thernstrom Senior Climate Policy Advisor, Clean Air Task Force, March 2012, “Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities,” p. 3
DoD’s ability to house supply and demand under one roof, and to produce lasting
AND
to the prospects for other proposals to enhance our national energy innovation systems.
2NC – Solvency – DOD Test Bed – Barriers/Commercialization
DOD Test-bed projects solve – overcomes barriers and creates momentum for SMR development for the military
Matt Stepp et al. 11, specialist in clean energy innovation at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, formerly Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, et al, May 2011, “Ten Principles for Creating a New U.S. Clean Energy Policy,” http://www.itif.org/files/2011-guiding-principles.pdf
Clean energy innovation includes bridging technologies across the “valleys of death.” The first
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are enforced at the agency level without a national strategy or Congressional mandate.

2NC – Solvency – DARPA – Commercialization  
DARPA demonstrations spark commercialization – operates at the frontend of the innovation process
Sarewitz and Thernstrom 12 (Daniel and Samuel - Consortium for Science, Policy, and Outcomes at Arizona State University, "ENERGY INNOVATION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: ASSESSING THE OPPORTUNITIES,")
Role as First Adopter/Initial-Market Creator In addition to ties to demonstration
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to align with the follow-on back end of the innovation system.
AT: Perm – Do the CP
Severs Plural – CP builds one reactor – plan acquires more – the CP is plan minus
Meridith.edu No date ("Plural and Possessive," http://www.meredith.edu/grammar/plural.htm)
The plural form of a noun indicates simply that there are more than one of the person or thing in question. For most nouns, the plural form includes the letter "s" at the end of the word:
The CP is distinct – it gradually builds military support for energy technology – innovation creates confidence in new technologies within the DOD – Solves commercialization
Sarewitz and Thernstrom 12 (Daniel and Samuel - Consortium for Science, Policy, and Outcomes at Arizona State University, "ENERGY INNOVATION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: ASSESSING THE OPPORTUNITIES,")
DARPA has repeatedly launched related technologies that complement each other and that help build support
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innovation elements in DoD, often implementing its technologies through service procurement programs.
2NC – Politics Shield
DARPA testing has empirically gradually eroded DOD opposition to new technology – the CP mechanism alone provides cover for SMR adoption  
Sarewitz and Thernstrom 12 (Daniel and Samuel - Consortium for Science, Policy, and Outcomes at Arizona State University, "ENERGY INNOVATION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: ASSESSING THE OPPORTUNITIES,")
DARPA at times has invaded the territory occupied by powerful companies or bureaucracies. It
AND
implementation of the F-117A stealth program directly out of his office.
Status quo nuclear power unpopular with the military – Perception of lacking utility and safety concerns – the CP mechanism allays military concerns
Wong ’12 (Kelvin Wong, Kelvin Wong is an Associate Research Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. He is with the Military Studies Programme at the School’s constituent unit, the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, “The Military’s Quest for Nuclear Power”, http://rolandsanjuan.blogspot.com/2012/05/beyond-weapons-militarys-quest-for.html, May 18, 2012
Military forces have also been stung by peacetime nuclear incidents. In March 2008,
AND
destruction and sabotage are likely, should give military planners cause to pause.

2NC – NIMBY – Turns Case
NIMBYism means the military won’t adopt it
King et al ’11 Marcus King, Research Analyst And Project Director At CAN Corporation’s Center For Naval Analyses, LaVar Huntzinger, Center for Naval Analyses, Thoi Nguyen, Center for Naval Analyses, “Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations,” March, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf

DoD will have to take the views of stakeholders such as state and local¶
AND
¶ applications are currently under review in Texas and New Jersey 47.

2NC – Accidents – Links
Focus on industry trades off with safety
Gilinsky – previous NRC commissioner, 8 (Victor,  independent consultant--primarily on matters related to nuclear energy. He was a two-term commissioner of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission from 1975-1984, and before that Head of the Rand Corporation Physical Sciences Department. He holds an Engineering Physics degree from Cornell University and a Ph.D. in Physics from the California Institute of Technology, which granted him its Distinguished Alumni Award. “Pro-industry priorities derail NRC's public-safety mission”, Bulletin of the atomic scientists, 30 May, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/the-future-of-the-nuclear-regulatory-commission?order=asc#rt2324
The Nuclear Rgulatory Commission's (NRC) problems lie in the priorities at the top
AND
while, it insists it's holding fast to design-in-depth.

2NC – Accidents – Turns Case
New disasters kill the nuclear industry- signals lack of reform
New Scientist 3-9-12 “Fukushima's dirty inheritance,” http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21328552.100-fukushimas-dirty-inheritance.html
These shutdowns will add to a problem that has been growing, largely ignored,
AND
"). That is why decommissioning has to be done now - and done right
2NC – Accidents – AT: All SMRs Safe
No basis for optimism – empirically new technological promises fall short and move at a snails pace – you should prefer our specific link evidence over their tech optimism
Biello ‘12 - Associate Editor at Scientific American (David, March 27, "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power", http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power)

But multiple reactor sites proved problematic at Fukushima Daiichi, where an accident in one
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saying it would be too cheap to meter. We found out otherwise."

Korea Missile Answers
No Korea missile impact – tech hurdles
AP 12-13
North Korea missiles could threaten U.S., but not yet
WASHINGTON--North Korea's successful long-range rocket shot raised a nightmarish specter for
AND
Soviet Union which are more easily concealed and ready to launch within minutes.

No Korea missile threat – regime propaganda
Ramstad 12-13
December 13, 2012, 1:03 PM After First Glance, North Korea’s Missiles Not As Fearsome By Evan Ramstad – WSJ Asia

North Korea’s rocket shot on Wednesday may have been the greatest success it has yet
AND
air. “They still have several issues,” Mr. Bechtol said.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: Sems | Opponent: NU LV | Judge:
1NC – Centralization K
Nuclear power centralizes energy – becomes a counter-weight to democratic forces and an instrument of political control
Montague 7 (Peter, executive director of Environmental Research Foundation, Ph.D in History and Specializes in Environmental Justice History and Research “Why is Uncle Sam so committed to reviving nuclear power?”, http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2007/9/30/81452/0397, )
 So why is Uncle Sam hell-bent on reviving nuclear power? I
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of local communities or even households. Who knows where that could lead?
Energy centralization makes extinction inevitable – exacerbates structural violence – Tech Optimism makes the aff epistemologically suspect
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
AND
a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
facilitating the abstraction of production and consumption from non-economic social values.
Their cyberattack arguments are produced from the scholarship of paranoia – this justifies unending threat construction and elimination of those threats
Hart 11 (Catherine, Masters in Communications at Simon Fraser U, "Mobilizing the Cyberspace Race: the Securitization of the Internet and its Implications for Civil Liberties," Cyber-Surveillance in Everyday Life: An International Workshop * May 12-15, 2011 * University of Toronto, http://www.digitallymediatedsurveillance.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Hart-Mobilizing-the-Cyberspace-race.pdf)

In this paper I seek to explore the way in which the increasing regulation of
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civil liberties and the positive potential of the Internet, will win out.
Fear of military decline results in endless cycles of antagonistic violence
Lifton 3 (Robert Jay, Visiting Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, 2003, Superpower Syndrome: America’s Apocalyptic Confrontation with the World, pg 174-178)

The world's only superpower is haunted by a fear of weakness. From psychiatric experience
AND
and absolute invulnerability. But the fear of weakness will not go away.
Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff – strict policy focus creates a myth of objectivity that sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The way in which energy policy is “framed” refers to the underlying assumptions
AND
Dryzek et al., 2003—these are explored in detail further below). 

DA
Hagel will be confirmed but political capital is crucial
Herb ‘1-9 Jeremy, defense reporter, "Hagel backers confident nominee will be confirmed by Senate to lead Pentagon" The Hill -- thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/276195-hagel-backers-confident-nominee-will-be-confirmed-

The race is on to win over the Chuck Hagel fence-sitters.¶ Supporters
AND
are good in a Senate where 55 members caucus on the Democratic side.

SMRs unpopular – opposition due to fear of waste, contamination and terror targets.
Smith ’10 (Rebecca, Contributor, “Small Reactors Generate Big Hopes”, The Wall Street Journal, 2-18-10,
http://www.generatorsystems.com/pdf/Small%20Reactors%20Generate%20Big%20Hopes%20WSJ%2002-18-2010.pdf, accessed 8-1-12)

"We see significant benefits from the new, modular technology," said Donald Moul
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progressively bigger, ending up at about 1,000 megawatts of capacity. 

Hagel is key to soft landing on a litany of critical transitions—the impact is multiple scenarios for global conflict- also turns cyber
Daniels ’13 (Jessie Daniels (Truman National Security Project Fellow, worked in the US Senate) 1/7, 2013 “Chuck Hagel Nomination: A Look At the Security Threats He Will Face” http://www.policymic.com/articles/21946/chuck-hagel-would-be-a-defense-secretary-for-the-21st-century

As President Obama heads into his second term, and a new cabinet comes into
AND
the next Pentagon chief will find a full plate of challenges upon arrival.
DA
India is winning the SMR race in the status quo- the US is still behind
CSIS ‘10 “India’s Nuclear Push” http://csis.org/blog/india%E2%80%99s-nuclear-push

“In India's statement to the 54th General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency
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also lack the extensive transmission grids to accommodate large, centralized electricity generators.

Nuclear market lead key to Indian leadership
K1 Team ’12 (The K1 Criticality Project is a think-tank led by Emlyn Hughes and Dr. Ivana Nikolic Hughes @ Columbia University, Citing Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, http://k1project.org/energy/fissile-material-indias-investments-in-new-nuclear/, July 2012)

With a population of 1.2 billion that is expected to multiply over the
AND
domestic development of nuclear power reactors and showcase its civilian nuclear capabilities abroad.”
Indian leadership solves extinction
Kamdar ‘7 (Mira Kamdar, World Policy Institute, 2007, Planet India: How the fastest growing democracy is transforming America and the world, p. 3-5)

No other country matters more to the future of our planet than India. There
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, multipolar world.  India’s gambit is truly the venture of the century.

1NC – Counter-Plan
TEXT: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency should construct and operate a small modular nuclear reactor at the Department of Defense Installation Energy Test Bed.
The test bed increases safety, overcomes barriers to deployment and commercializes SMRs
Sarewitz and Thernstrom 12 (Daniel and Samuel - Consortium for Science, Policy, and Outcomes at Arizona State University, "ENERGY INNOVATION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE: ASSESSING THE OPPORTUNITIES,")
The centerpiece of DoD’s innovation model for facilities energy is its Installation Energy Test Bed
AND
its long-established culture of test and evaluation and early technology adoption.

DARPA operations lead to commercialization and DOD adoption
Hayward et al. 10 (Steven - American Enterprise Institute, Mark Muro - Brookings Institution, Ted Nordjaus and Michael Shellenberger - Breakthrough Institute, "How a limted a direct approach to energy innovation can deliver clean, cheap energy, economic productivity and national prosperity," http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Post-Partisan%20Power.pdf)

In addition to fostering stronger linkages between government-funded research centers and private sector
AND
and demonstrate small modular reactors at DOE nuclear facilities and DOD military bases.

1NC – Solvency
Government acquisition creates risky market structures- causes instability and turns case
Gerdin ’11 (Erik Gerding, Associate Professor at University of Colorado Law School. His research interests include securities, banking law, financial regulation generally, and corporate governance, “The Inherent, Ineluctable Instability of Financial Institution Regulation”, http://www.theconglomerate.org/2011/09/the-inherent-ineluctable-instability-of-financial-institution-regulation.html, September 12, 2011)

Here is my second contribution to the Faculty Lounge Online Forum on the legislative and
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– moral hazard, distortion, cheap debt -- leverage and capital arbitrage.

SMR siting on bases causes NIMBY battles – kills local community relations
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712
Small reactors used on domestic military bases are likely to face a number of additional
AND
and determining whether Permissive Action Links technology could be used to safeguard them.
Community relations key to prevent encroachment – undermines training and readiness.
Amanda Boccuti, Lauren Faul, and Lauren Gray, 5/21/2012. Analyst for Marstel-Day, LLC, providing analysis and GIS support for U.S. Marine Corps projects; analyst for Marstel-Day, LLC, specializing in Strategic Communications. Her primary responsibilities entail the development of engagement plans for the U.S. Marine Corps which will provide them a framework to sustain the missions through community outreach and engagement; and researcher at Marstel-Day, LLC, offering research and analysis of environmental issues for encroachment control plans and communications, outreach and engagement strategies for the U.S. Marine Corps. “Establishing Creative Strategies for Effective Engagement Between Military Installations and Communities,” Engaging Cities, http://engagingcities.com/article/establishing-creative-strategies-effective-engagement-between-military-installations-communi.
Throughout the Nation’s history, military installations and ranges were historically established in undeveloped areas
AND
open, strong relationship in which those nexuses can be explored is key.
Readiness key to deter global conflict.
Spencer 0 (Jack, Policy Analyst for Defense and National Security in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies at The Heritage Foundation. “The Facts About Military Readiness,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2000/09/bg1394-the-facts-about-military-readiness)
Military readiness is vital because declines in America's military readiness signal to the rest of
AND
from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.
Accelerating SMR development will cause devastating accidents
Wang 12
Ucilia, Forbes, 1-20, “Feds To Finance Small Nuclear Reactor Designs,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2012/01/20/feds-to-finance-small-nuclear-reactor-designs/
Just because small nuclear reactors promise many economic and environmental benefits (they don’t produce
AND
that nuclear power should remain an important part of the country’s energy mix.
Accidents turn case – kills SMR industry
Reynolds ‘10 - Mechanical Engineering Professor WSU Tri-Cities (Roger S., "APPLICABILITY OF THE NRC LIGHT WATER REACTOR LICENSING PROCESS TO SMRs," July 2010, https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf)

Small and Medium Sized Reactors (SMRs) of a Light Water design differ in
AND
issues must be resolved to the satisfaction of the NRC and the public.

New

Current nuclear primacy is sufficient
Ross ‘5 Robert S., Staff Writer for the National Interest, Fall, (Assessing the China Threat. The National Interest. Lexis)
- Deterrence checks
- Differentiation in capabilities means no china first strike

At the strategic level, after decades of research and testing, China is preparing
AND
. nuclear capabilities ever provided for our European allies during the Cold War.

Their glaser ev agrees current deterrence checks
Glaser 11 (Charles, Professor of PoliSci and International Affairs and Director of the Institute for Security and Conflict Studies @ George Washington University, “Will China’s Rise Lead to War?” March/April Foreign Affairs, 

What does all this imply about the rise of China? At the broadest level
AND
and thus help head off a downward political spiral fueled by nuclear competition. 

No US-China war
Rosecrance et al ‘10 (Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War?  If one accepts the previous analysis
AND
to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

High costs across board means no escalation
Saunders, 9 —Senior research professor @ National Defense University (Phillip, Managing strategic competition with China, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QZY/is_242/ai_n35574297/?tag=content;col1_ )

The impact of greater U.S. military vulnerability on U.S
AND
to produce more restrained behavior and may dampen competitive military dynamics to some degree

No draw-in arguments—China has no willing allies
Jeffrey Record, Professor at the US Air War College, Senior Fellow at CISP, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis at Brookings, Winter, 2001 (Thinking About China and War. Aerospace Power Journal. Infotrac)

In addition to naval and air inferiority, China would approach war with the United
AND
invite its own destruction on behalf of promoting Chinese interests in East Asia.

At worst, war is limited—constraints on both sides
Jeffrey Record, Professor at the US Air War College, Senior Fellow at CISP, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis at Brookings, Winter, 2001 (Thinking About China and War. Aerospace Power Journal. Infotrac)

Assuming the absence of mindless escalation to a general nuclear exchange, a war between
AND
the US position on the ground would have been untenable without air dominance.)

1NC – Grid Adv
Status quo solves islanding---the military figured out their advantage and fixed it  
Michael Aimone 9-12, Director, Business Enterprise Integration, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), 9/12/12, Statement Before the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Security Technologies, http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20-%20Aimone.pdf
DoD’s facility energy strategy is also focused heavily on grid security in the name of
AND
, to Keesler Air Force Base in Mississippi, to support base recovery.
Zero impact to grid failures, even ones caused by cyber attacks
Douglas Birch 10-1, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy, 10/1/12, “Forget Revolution,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full
Government officials sometimes describe a kind of Hieronymus Bosch landscape when warning of the possibility
AND
that even a large-scale blackout would not necessarily have catastrophic consequences.

No grid attacks and safeguards check
Condliffe ’12 (2-21-12 Jamie, freelance writer and editor with a focus on science, technology, Contributing Editor at gizmodo.com, “NSA: Anonymous Could Cause Power Outages Through Cyberattacks,” http://gizmodo.com/5886805/nsa-anonymous-could-cause-power-outages-through-cyberattacks

While up to now Anonymous has largely been in the habit of embarrassing large corporations
AND
to emerging cyber threats," one electric-industry official told the WSJ.
Grid is resilient and sustainable
Clark 12, MA candidate – Intelligence Studies @ American Military University, senior analyst – Chenega Federal Systems, 4/28/’12
(Paul, “The Risk of Disruption or Destruction of Critical U.S. Infrastructure by an Offensive Cyber Attack,” American Military University)

In 2003, a simple physical breakdown occurred – trees shorted a power line and
AND
.S. Senate¶ Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs 2012).

Alt causes overwhelm
Copley ’12 (June 2012 (Gregory R., editor of Defense and Foreign Affairs’ Strategic Policy, Strategic Policy in an Age of Global Realignment, lexis)

3. Strategic Recovery by the US. The US will not, in 2012
AND
. Banks are as afraid of such investment as are manufacturing investors themselves.

The only comprehensive study proves no impact
MacDonald and Parent 11—Professor of Political Science at Williams College and Professor of Political Science at University of Miami Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Spring 2011), pp. 7–44

In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
that failed to retrench recovered their relative position. Pg. 9-10

Missile defense completely fails
Freeman 2003 (Published on Thursday, May 20, 2004 by CommonDreams.org , National Missile Defense: The Secrets the Pentagon Doesn't Want You to Know Robert Freeman, Defense analyst)

Second: Can it work? The tests to date have been more comical than
AND
of a ship or the bed of a truck bypasses the entire system. 

No korean war—it’s all rhetoric
Kang ‘10 (David Kang, professor of international relations and business and director of the Korean Studies Institute at the University of Southern California. His latest book is East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute (Columbia University Press, 2010). 12/31/2010

However, despite dueling artillery barrages and the sinking of a warship, pledges of
AND
and muscle-flexing aside—keep smaller incidents in their proper perspective.

Chol’s job is to lie about the North Korean threat – he’s the spin-doctor of the regime
Straits Times 2 (11-18, Lexis)

DO YOU hear the knives sharpening? As the scraping gets louder while outraged parties
AND
my spiritual and physical homeland is Korea and in particular North Korea.'

Tournament: NU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Minnesota CP | Judge: Patrick Kennedy
1NC

Bonds CP with Oceans NB
CIR Politics - Democracy Impact
Energy Production K
High Oil Prices Good DA
Case D

2NC
K

1NR
Case

2NR
K
Case

Tournament: NU | Round: 4 | Opponent: GU | Judge: Hester
1NC
Framework
Cap K
Centralization Bad

2NC
Framework

1NR
Centralization Bad

2NR
Framework

Tournament: NU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan CM | Judge:
Bonds CP with Oceans NB
CIR Politics - Democracy Impact
Energy Production K
Renewables DA
Case D

2NC
K

1NR
Case

2NR
K

Tournament: NU | Round: 7 | Opponent: UK GR | Judge:
1AC - CFIUS

1NC
T - Restrictions
CIR - Democracy Impact
Courts CP
Energy Production K
Case D

2NC
K

1NR
T

2NR
T

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
Increase is to make greater
MLA 11 (“Increase,” Modern Language Association, July 12, 2011,Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/increase)
1.to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: to increase taxes.
2.to become greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality: Sales of automobiles increased last year.
3.to multiply by propagation.
4.to wax, as the moon.
5.growth or augmentation in numbers, size, strength, quality, etc.: the increase of crime.
6.the act or process of increasing.
It requires baseline
STATE OF NEW YORK 5. (PETITIONERS v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, RESPONDENT, NSR MANUFACTURERS ROUNDTABLE, ET AL., INTERVENORS, UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
June 24 2005, page LN)
 Relying on two "real world" analogies, government petitioners contend that the
AND
car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

1NC
CIR will pass – top Democrats.
Reuters 2-3. "Reid predicts Congress will pass immigration legislation" -- news.yahoo.com/reid-predicts-u-congress-pass-immigration-legislation-172812947.html
The top Senate Democrat on Sunday predicted that Congress will pass and send to President
AND
Obama in the November election, appear more willing to accept an overhaul.

Extension of the Wind PTC is massively unpopular with Republicans– legislation barely got through the fiscal cliff
The Wall Street Journal 1/1/13 (“Renewable Energy Tax Breaks Pass Despite Headwind”) http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323635504578215790054677734.html
The fiscal-cliff deal approved in the Senate included a $12 billion extension
AND
What we find missing from it is any kind of reasonable spending reductions." 

PC is key
The Washington Post 1/25/13 (“Senators Nearing Agreement on Broad Immigration Reform Proposals”)
White House officials said they welcome the bipartisan Senate group’s deliberations and do not think
AND
engage and act together with the president. But it’s their choice. ”

Immigration is key to Mexican democracy- that’s modeled globally
Castaneda ‘3 (Castañeda, Jorge G. Source: Foreign Affairs; May/Jun2003, Vol. 82 Issue 3, p67-81, 15p, 4 Black and White Photographs 

Dealing with Mexico is in many ways the most important regional task facing the Bush
AND
by demonstrating that it can construct alliances beyond its traditional circle of friends. 

Democracy solves extinction
Diamond ‘95 Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, December, PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990S, 1995, p. http://www.carnegie.org//sub/pubs/deadly/diam_rpt.html

Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons continue to proliferate.  The very source of life
AND
their own citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. 

1NC
Renewable energy covers up the root causes of environmental destruction – Reject the aff – the plan locks-in an unsustainable energy system that co-opts alternatives
Byrne et al 9
(John, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, the Center is a leading institution for interdisciplinary graduate education, research, and advocacy in energy and environmental policy, Member of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1992, 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with the Panel's authors and review editors, http://bst.sagepub.com/content/29/2/81.full.pdf+html)
Contesting the imagery is difficult. Big Wind resisters cite noise, bird mortality,
AND
climate change continually because of the core properties of the modern institutional design.

Energy centralization makes extinction inevitable – exacerbates structural violence – Tech Optimism makes the aff epistemologically suspect
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
AND
a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
facilitating the abstraction of production and consumption from non-economic social values.
Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff – strict policy focus creates a myth of objectivity that sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The way in which energy policy is “framed” refers to the underlying assumptions
AND
Dryzek et al., 2003—these are explored in detail further below). 

1NC
China’s leading clean tech development now---it’s zero-sum---key to Chinese growth, CCP stability, soft power, and warming
McMahon 13 Tamsin is a reporter for the National Post. “How China is going to save the world,” 1/27, http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/01/27/business/
China’s ongoing struggles with pollution have been a blight on the country’s international reputation.
AND
of them related in some way to environmental protection and renewable energy technology.
China’s economic rise prevents CCP instability and lashout --- decline tubes the global economy, US primacy, and Sino relations
Mead 9 Walter Russell Mead, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/9, http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8
The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power
AND
modernization and change; nobody knows what will happen if the growth stops.
CCP instability causes extinction
Yee and Storey 2 Herbert is a Professor of Politics and IR @ Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian is a Lecturer in Defence Studies @ Deakin University. “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p. 5
The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

1NC

The 50 states of the United States, Washington D.C. and all relevant territories should substantially increase tax credits equivalent to the federal production tax credit extension for wind power facilities that have commenced construction in the United States after January 1, 2014.

50 state energy policy solves better, sparks federal modeling, and solves leadership warrants
Northrop ‘8 (States Take the Lead on Climate, Michael Northrop, 06.03.08, director of the Sustainable Development Program at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.)

The federal government in the Bush era has done little to tackle our most pressing
AND
committed to responsible climate action and ready to support a needed national response.

Econ
World econ thumps the adv  
Schneider 1/15 (Howard, Washingon Post, "World Bank trims growth forecast," http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/world-bank-trims-growth-forecast/2013/01/15/f5fafc0e-5f48-11e2-b05a-605528f6b712_story.html)
The World Bank has sharply reduced its estimate of global economic growth in 2013,
AND
the proper balance of budget-cutting austerity and programs to rebuild growth.
Manufacturing resilient – newest data – manufacturing jobs don’t solve the economy
Mallaby 1/8 (Sebastian, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "American industry is on the move," http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6709cc5c-58ed-11e2-b59d-00144feab49a.html#axzz2ILjNAQfA)
The more important technological jolt comes under the heading of “big data”. On
AND
durables has scarcely budged while the cost of services has more than doubled.
US manufacturing up – energy irrelevant
Mallaby 1/8 (Sebastian, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "American industry is on the move," http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6709cc5c-58ed-11e2-b59d-00144feab49a.html#axzz2ILjNAQfA)
If Sweden sounds impressive, here is the surprise: over the same period American
AND
not much production in these sectors is likely to shift to US shores.
Domestic renewables not key to competitiveness
Bhide, 9
Amar,  Glaubinger Professor of Business at Columbia University, editor of Capitalism and Society, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and author of The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses, “ The Venturesome Economy: How Innovation Sustains
Prosperity in a More Connected World,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance • Volume 21 Number 1, Winter 2009

 The techno-nationalist claim that U.S. prosperity requires that the
AND
started it on the road to becoming a household name in consumer electronics.
Moreover, if patent holders choose not to grant licenses but to exploit their inventions on their own, this does not mean that the country of origin secures most of the benefit at the expense of other countries. Suppose IBM chooses
to exploit internally, instead of licensing, a breakthrough from its China Research Laboratory
AND
number in the tens of millions, are located all over the world.
In a world where breakthrough ideas easily cross national borders, the origin of ideas
AND
the foreign origins of these innovations harm the U.S. economy? 

Plan doesn’t boost the economy
Green 11
Kenneth, The Myth of Green Energy Jobs: The European Experience. D.Env., environmental science and engineering, University of California, Los Angeles. Chief Scientist, Director of Centre for Studies in Risk, Regulation, and Environment, Fraser Institute, 2002-2005
M.S., molecular genetics, San Diego State University
http://www.aei.org/files/2011/02/15/EEO-2011-02-No-2-updated-g.pdf 

To understand the fallacy of the government creating green jobs through subsidies and regulations,
AND
and probably windmills, solar-power installations, and other green technologies.

Competitiveness theory wrong
Bhide, 9 Amar,  Glaubinger Professor of Business at Columbia University, editor of Capitalism and Society, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and author of The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses, “ The Venturesome Economy: How Innovation Sustains
Prosperity in a More Connected World,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance • Volume 21 Number 1, Winter 2009

 The techno-nationalist claim that U.S. prosperity requires that the
AND
the foreign origins of these innovations harm the U.S. economy? 

Econ resilient, US isn’t key, and impact empirically denied
Lamy ’11(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. “System Upgrade” BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly
AND
enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

US not key to global economy
Economist ’10 (The odd decouple Theories about why some rich-world economies are doing better than America’s don’t stand up Sep 2nd 2010 | from the print edition http://www.economist.com/node/16943853

AMERICA is used to making the economic weather. It has the world's largest economy
AND
GDP rose at its fastest rate for three years in the second quarter.

Impact empirically denied
Barnett ‘9 (Thomas P.M. Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” 8/25/2009)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
great resilience of America's post-World War II international liberal trade order.

The economy is resilient
Lamy ’11(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. “System Upgrade” BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly
AND
enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

US not key to global economy
Economist ’10 (The odd decouple Theories about why some rich-world economies are doing better than America’s don’t stand up Sep 2nd 2010 | from the print edition http://www.economist.com/node/16943853

AMERICA is used to making the economic weather. It has the world's largest economy
AND
GDP rose at its fastest rate for three years in the second quarter.

There is no causal relationship between the economy and conflict—the best study proves.
Brandt and Ulfelder ‘11 (*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict, April, 2011, “Economic Growth and Political Instability,” Social Science Research Network)

These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect
AND
of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.
 
History disproves causality between crisis and war
Ferguson 6 (Niall, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard, a Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College at Oxford, and a Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, “The War of the World”, Penguin Books, pg. xxxviii)

Nor can economic crises explain all the violent upheavals of the century. As noted
AND
period of extraordinary global economic integration with relatively high growth and low inflation.

Warming
Conventional power ensures that wind energy doesn’t cool the planet -
Bryce 10 (Robert, August 24th 2010, Senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, The Global Warming Policy Foundation, “Wind Power Won’t Cool down the Planet”)
None of it will lead to major cuts in carbon emissions, for two reasons
AND
has had minimal, if any, impact on carbon dioxide" emissions.

Can’t solve fast warming –any emissions reduction will take a decade
Science Daily 2/16/12 (“Low-carbon technologies ‘No Quick-Fix”: May Not Lessen Global Warming Until Late This Century”)
These power plants were compared to wind power, nuclear power, hydroelectric power,
AND
and nuclear, and possibly carbon capture and storage," the researchers write. 

New studies prove
Science Daily 2/16/12 (“Low-carbon technologies ‘No Quick-Fix”: May Not Lessen Global Warming Until Late This Century”)
Furthermore, it states that technologies that offer only modest reductions in greenhouse gases,
AND
level greater than if we continued to use conventional coal-fired plants.

The transiton leads to a massive emissions debt
Science Daily 2/16/12 (“Only the Lowest Carbon Dioxide Emitting Technologoies Can Avoid a Hot End-of-Century”)
"It takes a lot of energy to make new power plants -- and it
AND
take decades to pay that off. Meanwhile, the temperature keeps rising."

They have no effect on CO2
Carnegie Institute 12
Carnegie Institute of Science, February 16, 2012, "Only the lowest CO2 emitting technologies can avoid a hot end-of-century", http://carnegiescience.edu/news/only_lowest_co2_emitting_technologies_can_avoid_hot_endofcentury

Washington, D.C.— Could replacing coal-fired electricity plants with generators fueled by natural gas bring global warming to a halt in this century? What about rapid construction of massive numbers of solar or wind farms, hydroelectric dams, or nuclear reactors—or the invention of new technology for capturing the carbon dioxide produced by fossil-fueled power plants and storing it permanently underground? Nathan Myhrvold of Intellectual Ventures teamed up with Carnegie Institution’s Ken Caldeira to calculate the expected climate effects of replacing the world’s supply of electricity from coal plants with any of eight cleaner options. The work was published online by Environmental Research Letters on February 16. When published, it will be available at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/1/014019. In each case, Myhrvold and Caldeira found that to achieve substantial benefit this century, we would need to engage in a rapid transition to the lowest emitting energy technologies such as solar, wind, or nuclear power – as well as conserve energy where possible. The researchers found that it takes much longer to curtail the warming of the Earth than one might expect. And in the case of natural gas—increasingly the power industry’s fuel of choice, because gas reserves have been growing and prices have been falling—the study finds that warming would continue even if over the next 40 years every coal-fired power plant in the world were replaced with a gas-fueled plant. “There is no quick fix to global warming,” Caldeira said. “Shifting from one energy system to another is hard work and a slow process. Plus, it takes several decades for the climate system to fully respond to reductions in emissions. If we expect to see substantial benefits in the second half of this century, we had better get started now.” Researchers have previously conducted studies projecting the long-term climate effects of rolling out a single new energy technology. But this work from Myhrvold and Caldeira is the first to examine all the major candidate technologies for replacing coal power—including conservation—and to examine wide ranges of possible assumptions about both the emissions each technology generates and also the scope and duration of the build-out. “It takes a lot of energy to make new power plants—and it generally takes more energy to make those that use cleaner technology--like nuclear, solar, and wind--than it does to make dirty ones that burn coal and gas,” Myhrvold added. “You have to use the energy system of today to build the new-and-improved energy system of tomorrow, and unfortunately that means creating more emission in the near-term than we would otherwise. So we incur a kind of ‘emissions debt’ in making the transition to a better system, and it can take decades to pay that off. Meanwhile, the temperature keeps rising.” The study used widely accepted models relating emissions to temperature. The two researchers also drew on a rich literature of studies, called life-cycle analyses, that total up all the greenhouse gases produced during the construction and operation of, say, a natural gas plant or a hydroelectric dam or a solar photovoltaic farm. It also examined the potential that technological improvements, such as advances in carbon capture and storage or in solar panel efficiency, could have on outcomes. “It was surprising to us just how long it takes for the benefit of a switch from coal to something better to show up in the climate in the form of a slowdown in global warming,” Caldeira said. “If countries were to start right away and build really fast, so that they installed a trillion watts of gas-fired electricity generation steadily over the next 40 years,” Myhrvold said, “that would still add about half a degree Fahrenheit to the average surface temperature of the Earth in 2112—that’s within a tenth of a degree of the warming that coal-fired plants would produce by that year.”

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett, professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, ‘7
(Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now. 

CO2 isn’t key
Watts, 25-year climate reporter, works with weather technology, weather stations, and weather data processing systems in the private sector, 7/25/’12
(Anthony, http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/25/lindzen-at-sandia-national-labs-climate-models-are-flawed/)

ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Richard Lindzen, a global warming skeptic, told about 70 Sandia researchers in June that too much is being made of climate change by researchers seeking government funding. He said their data and their methods did not support their claims.
“Despite concerns over the last decades with the greenhouse process, they oversimplify the effect,” he said. “Simply cranking up CO2 carbon dioxide (as the culprit) is not the answer” to what causes climate change.
Lindzen, the ninth speaker in Sandia’s Climate Change and National Security Speaker Series,
AND
and a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society.
For 30 years, climate scientists have been “locked into a simple-minded identification of climate with greenhouse-gas level. … That climate should be the function of a single parameter (like CO2) has always seemed implausible. Yet an obsessive focus on such an obvious oversimplification has likely set back progress by decades,” Lindzen said.
For major climates of the past, other factors were more important than carbon dioxide. Orbital variations have been shown to quantitatively account for the cycles of glaciations of the past 700,000 years, he said, and the elimination of the arctic inversion, when the polar caps were ice-free, “is likely to have been more important than CO2 for the warm episode during the Eocene 50 million years ago.”
There is little evidence that changes in climate are producing extreme weather events, he said. “Even the IPCC says there is little if any evidence of this. In fact, there are important physical reasons for doubting such anticipations.”
Lindzen’s views run counter to those of almost all major professional societies. For example, the American Physical Society statement of Nov. 18, 2007, read, “The evidence is incontrovertible: Global warming is occurring.” But he doesn’t feel they are necessarily right. “Why did the American Physical Society take a position?” he asked his audience. “Why did they find it compelling? They never answered.”
Speaking methodically with flashes of humor — “I always feel that when the conversation turns to weather, people are bored.” — he said a basic problem with current computer climate models that show disastrous increases in temperature is that relatively small increases in atmospheric gases lead to large changes in temperatures in the models.
But, he said, “predictions based on high (climate) sensitivity ran well ahead of observations.”
Real-world observations do not support IPCC models, he said: “We’ve already seen almost the equivalent of a doubling of CO2 (in radiative forcing) and that has produced very little warming.”
He disparaged proving the worth of models by applying their criteria to the prediction of past climatic events, saying, “The models are no more valuable than answering a test when you have the questions in advance.”
Modelers, he said, merely have used aerosols as a kind of fudge factor to make their models come out right. (Aerosols are tiny particles that reflect sunlight. They are put in the air by industrial or volcanic processes and are considered a possible cause of temperature change at Earth’s surface.)
Then there is the practical question of what can be done about temperature increases even if they are occurring, he said. “China, India, Korea are not going to go along with IPCC recommendations, so … the only countries punished will be those who go along with the recommendations.”
He discounted mainstream opinion that climate change could hurt national security, saying that “historically there is little evidence of natural disasters leading to war, but economic conditions have proven much more serious. Almost all proposed mitigation policies lead to reduced energy availability and higher energy costs. All studies of human benefit and national security perspectives show that increased energy is important.”
He showed a graph that demonstrated that more energy consumption leads to higher literacy rate, lower infant mortality and a lower number of children per woman.
Given that proposed policies are unlikely to significantly influence climate and that lower energy availability could be considered a significant threat to national security, to continue with a mitigation policy that reduces available energy “would, at the least, appear to be irresponsible,” he argued.
Responding to audience questions about rising temperatures, he said a 0.8 of a degree C change in temperature in 150 years is a small change. Questioned about five-, seven-, and 17-year averages that seem to show that Earth’s surface temperature is rising, he said temperatures are always fluctuating by tenths of a degree.

Adaptation means no catastrophic impact to warming
Kenny 12 April 9, 2012, Charles, senior fellow at the Center for Global Development, a Schwartz fellow at the New America Foundation, and author, most recently, of Getting Better: Why Global Development Is Succeeding and How We Can Improve the World Even More., “Not Too Hot to Handle,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/09/not_too_hot_to_handle?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full

But for all international diplomats appear desperate to affirm the self-worth of pessimists
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all hope like a steerage class passenger in the bowels of the Titanic.
Start with the economy. The Stern Review, led by the distinguished British economist
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for Afghanistan, a little more than six times as rich for Ethiopia.
It's worth emphasizing that the Stern report suggests that the costs of dramatically reducing greenhouse
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economy would keep on expanding, according to the data that Stern uses.
And what about the impact on global health? Suggestions that malaria has already spread
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a small factor in the toll of malaria deaths into the foreseeable future.
What about other diseases? Christian Zimmermann at the University of Connecticut and Douglas Gollin
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for the consequences of climate change." We can deal with this one.
It's the same with agriculture. Global warming will have many negative (and a
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increase in rice yields in Indonesia between 1970 and 2006, for example.
Again, while climate change will make extreme weather events and natural disasters like flooding
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use regulations, and public infrastructure like flood defenses that lower death tolls.
Let's also not forget how human psychology works. Too many environmentalists suggest that dealing
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like that -- or at the very least, isn't like that yet.
So, if you're really just looking for a reason to strap on the "end of the world is nigh" placards and go for a walk, you can find better excuses -- like, say, the threat of global thermonuclear war or a rogue asteroid. The fight to curb greenhouse gas emissions is one for the hard-nosed optimist.

No resource or water wars
Allouche 11, research Fellow – water supply and sanitation @ Institute for Development Studies, frmr professor – MIT
(Jeremy, “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, Vol. 36 Supplement 1, p. S3-S8, January)

The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
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Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).
No bio-d impact
Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, senior fellow at the New Republic, “We're All Gonna Die!”, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=)

If we're talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
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as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.
Their impact is based on flawed science, and it’s empirically denied
Campbell 11 (Hank, Science Writer for Science 2.0, “I Wouldn't Worry About The Latest Mass Extinction Scare,” March 8th, http://www.science20.com/science_20/i_wouldnt_worry_about_latest_mass_extinction_scare-76989, EMM)

You've seen it everywhere by now - Earth's sixth mass extinction: Is it almost
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."  It's a double negative, bad logic and questionable science, though.
No extinction from disease
Malcolm Gladwell 95, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32

Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy
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, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
Burn out
Joshua Lederberg, professor of genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine, 1999, Epidemic: The World of Infectious Disease, p. 13

The toll of the fourteenth-century plague, the "Black Death," was
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easily disturbed, often in the wake of large-scale ecological upsets.

*2NC*

AT: Framework
4. Interrogating dominant policy frameworks creates space for new ways of approaching energy policy – our role as energy policy researchers should be to interrogating the framing of our policies
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
This paper has provided several examples where central elements of energy policy have been discursively
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framing, interpreting and implementing energy policy in the decades to come.2
Short-termism link turns effective policy making – becomes self-defeating and crowds out true strategic thinking
Pinar Bilgin 4 IR @ Bilikent AND Adam David MORTON Senior Lecturer and Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice IR @ Nottingham“From ‘Rogue’ to ‘Failed’ States? The Fallacy of Short-termism” Politics 24 (3) p. Wiley Interscience

Calls for alternative approaches to the phenomenon of state failure are often met with the
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lasting and delicate attention from practitioners across the academy and policymaking communities alike.
LW
Alt energy fails – it only encourages increased consumption
Zehner 12
Green illusions,
Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar at the University
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media outlets. He also serves on the editorial board of Critical Environmentalism.
Zehner primarily researches the social, political and economic conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes. His work also incorporates symbolic roles that energy technologies play within political and environmental movements. His other research interests include consumerism, urban policy, environmental governance, international human rights, and forgeries.
Zehner attended Kettering University (BS -Engineering) and The University of Amsterdam (MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies). His research was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.
If we were gunslingers, we'd be in trouble. Several sinister energy challenges are
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it turns out, they aren't free at all—they're enormously expensive.
Alternative energy production is re-appropriated by dominant economic structures to sidestep genuine criticism – traditional politics is co-opted – the permutation can’t solve  
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
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a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
The Sustainable Energy Quest The problems of the conventional energy order have led some to
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sustainable energy initiative with social movements to address a comprehensive agenda of change.
AT: Perm Cat Duffy
Permutation co-opts the alt – reaffirms the discoursive hegemony of the 1AC and prevents critical interrogaton of failed methods
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
This perspective begins by seeing politics as a struggle for ‘discursive hegemony’ in which
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environmental impacts of industrial emissions (Hajer, 1995, p. 268).
That forces the alt to take a backseat to dominant ways of expressing energy knowledge
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
All too often, however, the subjective roles of specialist knowledge, ideas,
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experts, but they can equally constitute contests within local or specialist communities.
Rejection is key – reformism leaves root causes untouched – Tech optimism is self-deception that prevents critical inquiry
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
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a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)

Democratic Authoritarian Impulses and Uncritical Capitalist Assumptions When measured in social and political-economic
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victories or diminish the central role of ‘energy’ in the movement’s quest?
Warming
Apocalyptic environmental rhetoric causes eco-authoritarianism and political apathy – turns the case
Buell 3 (Frederick, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books,  From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pages 185-186)

Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of  liabilities
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give up, or even cut off ties to clearly  terminal “nature.”

Crisis discourse causes conservative backlash – makes their politics indefensible and labeled as hyperbole
Buell 3 (Frederick, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books,  From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pages 2-4) 

Something happened to strip environmental crisis of what seemed in the 1970s to be its
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at quickly refuting disinformation as well as at researching issues and uncovering new information

Framing warming as an existential threat causes extinction
Brzoska 8 (Michael Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security,” Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention 2008)
In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it
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military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races.
Econ
Economic crisis rhetoric causes a self-fulfilling prophecy – rhetoric and framing circumscribes the possibilities for political action
Hanan 10 (Joshua Stanley, PHD communication studies, professor of communication at Temple University (“Managing the Meltdown Rhetorically: Economic Imaginaries and the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008” dissertation The University of Texas at Austin)
“Economic crisis rhetoric” describes the art of mitigating or exacerbating crises in capitalism
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purpose of this literature review is to substantiate the basis for making such claims
AT: Human Nature
Human nature can be changed- its not set in advance and pedagogical transformation in this debate can change economic preference formation
Schor ‘10
(Julie, Prof. of Economics @ Boston College, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth, pgs. 11-12)
And we don't have to. What's odd about the narrowness of the national economic
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to find a way forward that addresses both. That’s what plenitude offers.

Jevs
Plan is one step forward and two steps back – energy production exponentially compounds consumption – turns the case
Foster et al, 10 (JOHN B. is editor of Monthly Review and professor of sociology, University of Oregon. BRETT CLARK is assistant professor of sociology, North Carolina State University. RICHARD YORK is co-editor of Organization and Environment and associate professor of sociology, University of Oregon, “Capitalism and the Curse of Energy Efficiency: The Return of the Jevons Paradox”, Monthly Review, November 2010. Vol. 62, Iss. 6; pg. 1, 12 pgs, proquest)
The Jevons Paradox was forgotten in the heyday of the age of petroleum during the
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equality, human development, community, and sustainability are the explicit goals.
Increased energy spurs consumptions – doesn’t trade off with other energy
Zehner 12 (Ozzie, Author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar at the
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and Technology Studies). His research was awarded with honors at both institutions.
The Rebound Effect Phantom The nineteenth century brought us a collection of ghoulish and chilling
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to move from a consumption-based economy to one grounded in sufficiency.
Structural Violence DA
The 1AC displaces the perspective of those most violently affected by the plan – they bracket the debate to US benefits while erasing the ecological violence done against the periphery –Your ballot should forefront environmental justice – the impact is extinction
Bryant 95 (Bunyan, Professor in the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and an adjunct professor in the Center for Afro-American and African Studies at the University of Michigan, Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions, p. 209-212
Although the post-World War II economy was designed when environmental consideration was not
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the production cycle, we should at least have that as a goal.  
Violence against the peripehery produces global warfare and obscures its root causes in neutrality
Rodriguez 7 (Dylan, Professor, Dept. of Ethnic Studies @ University of California Riverside, November Kritika Kultura, Issue 9, “AMERICAN GLOBALITY AND THE U. S. PRISON REGIME: STATE VIOLENCE AND WHITE SUPREMACY FROM ABU GHRAIB TO STOCKTON TO BAGONG DIWA”, Available online at http://www.ateneo.edu/ateneo/www/UserFiles/121/docs/kkissue09.pdf,)
Variable, overlapping, and mutually constituting white supremacist regimes have in fact been fundamental
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American globality and constitute the common sense that is organic to its ordering.
Structural violence is the proximate cause of all war- creates priming that psychologically structures escalation
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization). 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced
Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf

The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
AND
to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures.

Restrictions that are TARGETED toward an area are not necessarily a DIRECT restriction on production
Karapinar ‘10 (Export restrictions on natural resources: policy options and opportunities for Africa Baris Karapinar World Trade Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland http://www.wti.org/fileadmin/user_upload/nccr-trade.ch/news/TRAPCA%20Paper%20%28Submitted1711%29_BK.pdf)

 In case of non‐compliance, the enterprise may face a suspension of
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(Andrews‐Speed, et al. 2007; Wright, 2004).
Vote neg –

Limits- Including regulations is a limits disaster- makes debate impossible
Doub 76 (Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy Annual Review of Energy Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976) DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President's Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970. He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council. Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. 

FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in
AND
agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Oil production is grounded within a global system of inequality and militarism – Enables continued reactionary violence and environmental destruction
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
AND
a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
are the enemies. The living organism demands a life-sustaining environment. 

The impact is Extinction – The K turns the aff – the aff causes error replication – Can’t address the root cause
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected
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turn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict. 

Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff – strict policy focus creates a myth of objectivity that sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The way in which energy policy is “framed” refers to the underlying assumptions
AND
Dryzek et al., 2003—these are explored in detail further below). 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Immigration will pass- Obama is pushing
Sink and Mali 3-25. Justin, Meghashyam, reporters, "Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress" The HIll -- thehill.com/video/administration/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform

Obama said he expects debate on an immigration bill to “begin next month”
AND
but their work has already received general support from leaders in both parties.

New drilling forces political fights- saps capital
Geman 10
Ben, The Hill, 4/1/10, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/90137-drilling-push-shakes-up-climate-fight-

While most of the drilling proposal can be undertaken using executive power, expanded drilling
AND
Sierra Club and the Natural Resources Defense Council — also slammed the proposal.  

PC key
Anniston Star, 3-27 Editorial Board, "On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform," 3-27-13, annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive--Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, accessed 3-28-13, mss

The point: President Obama didn’t fulfill his promise of securing sweeping immigration-reform
AND
of those discussions until it’s produced,” White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.

Only comprehensive reform solves Mexican relations- that’s key to solving terrorism
Castaneda et al. ‘5 (NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JULY 12, 2005 Castaneda, Hon. Jorge, Global Distinguished Professor of Politics and Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University, and former Foreign Minister, Mexico City, Mexico............... Obama, Hon. Barack, U.S. Senator from Illinois................... 37 Biden, Hon. Joseph R., Jr., U.S. Senator from Delaware
I think that attitudes in Mexico have changed in relation to drugs and I think
AND
President Fox has made an effort to educate Mexican society about these issues.

Leads to WMD terrorism on US soil
Associated Press ‘8 – citing a veteran CIA analyst
(US Officials Fear Terrorist Links With Drug Lords, http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=5986948)

There is real danger that Islamic extremist groups such as al-Qaida and Hezbollah
AND
"The threats in this hemisphere are real. We cannot ignore them."

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Hellman ‘8 (Martin Hellman, Stanford Professor Emeritus, 2008, “Why worry about nuclear weapons now? Isn’t the Cold War over?”, http://nuclearrisk.org/1why_now.php,)

One of the possible triggers for a full-scale nuclear war is an act
AND
the chance for error, theft or illicit sale is much too high. 

Bioterror causes extinction
Steinbruner ’97 (John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac

Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons
AND
for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NR- Impact Calc

Immigration key to manufacturing
Goodbaum ’13 (Can Immigration Reform Boost High-Skilled Manufacturing? by Beth Goodbaum | January 29th, 2013 Writer @ThomasNetNews, covering industry market trends, manufacturing and events. Lead writer for IMT Career Journal covering jobs and education.
A comprehensive immigration reform policy that provides improved access to visas for high-skilled
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tomorrow,” NAM President and CEO Jay Timmons said in a coalition announcement.

Comprehensive reform is crucial to Latin American influence
Coates ’10 (Posted by David Coates at 1:38 pm August 25,
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extensively on UK labor politics, contemporary political economy and US public policy. 

The diplomatic case for comprehensive immigration reform needs also to be factored in. The
AND
also provides negative diplomatic ammunition to avowed enemies of the U.S. 

US influence in Latin America is crucial to PREVENT CHINESE AGRESSION and maintain US power
Burton ’5 (Dan, R-IN, Ranking Member of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/109/20404.pdf)

China’s return on its investments in Latin America goes beyond securing China’s dominant trade position
AND
property violations. We must work in earnest to prevent this from happening. 

1NR- Yes Bioterror
Risk of CBW attack is growing- causes extinction
Kellman 8 (Barry Kellman is the director of the International Weapons Control Center, “Bioviolence: A Growing Threat”, The Futurist, May-June 2008, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf)

A looming danger confronts the world—the threat of bioviolence. It is a
AND
thing in response to these challenges could have dire consequences for all humanity. 

1NR- Yes Terror
It’s the biggest threat- staging ground means state sponsors in our backyard
Meehan, 11 -- US Rep., Subcommittee on Counter-terrorism and Intelligence chair
Patrick, "Hezbollah in Latin America," 7-7-11, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg72255/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg72255.pdf, accessed 1-27-13, mss

Today we will dive deeper into Hezbollah’s growing operation in Latin America and what the
AND
accessible terrorist network with a ready capacity to act, if so inclined.

Guarantees WMD terror
Farah, 11 -- International Assessment and Strategy Center senior fellow
Douglas, "Hezbollah in Latin America," 7-7-11, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg72255/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg72255.pdf, accessed 1-27-13, mss

In order to understand the threat Hezbollah poses, it is important to understand the
AND
, I believe it is a real and growing threat in the hemisphere.

1NR- Uniqueness

Immigration reform will pass because Obama’s spending capital
Castaldi 3-27 (Charles, Take Two | KPCC – California Public Radio, March 27th, 2013, “LA Archbishop Gomez keeps Mahony's promise to push for immigration reform,”
President Obama said he expects Congress to introduce an immigration reform bill next month.
AND
, Gomez’s low key lobbying might be a better fit for the times.

Support for pathway now – bill will pass by July.
Sheets 3-22. Connor Adams, reporter, "Immigration Reform Bill Suddenly Close: What Made Republicans Change Their Minds?" International Business Times -- www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763#

A Path To Citizenship¶ One of the biggest sticking points on immigration reform legislation
AND
surprised if this hard-fought battle has finally come to a close.

Bipart momentum now – includes pathway.
Khimm 3-19. Suzy, reporter, "Five reasons why immigration reform is moving forward" Washington Post -- www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/19/five-reasons-why-immigration-reform-is-moving-forward/

When the Senate’s “Gang of Eight” came out with a bipartisan framework for
AND
), and more prominent Republicans have come around to a path to citizenship.

Will Pass – border security and path to citizenship getting resolved
Silverleib 3-28. Alan, CNN Congressional Producer, "Immigration tops agenda as senators tour border" CNN Newswire -- www.12newsnow.com/story/21819421/immigration-tops-agenda-as-senators-tour-border

Immigration tops agenda as senators tour border A bipartisan group of U.S.
AND
is also working on a revamped guest worker program, the source noted.

They just went to the border- security concerns aren’t going to derail passage
Silva 3-28. Cristina, AP reporter, "Odds for immigration reform package look good" Columbus Dispatch -- www.dispatch.com/content/stories/national_world/2013/03/28/odds-for-immigration-reform-package-look-good.html

Odds for immigration reform package look good
A group of influential U.S. senators shaping and negotiating details of an
AND
focused on the issue, immigration reform faces its best odds in years.

Businesses and Unions have reached an agreement – their evidence is an exaggeration
Sarlin 3/22 (Benjy, AP, “A Huge Fight Between Big Business And Big Labor Is Threatening To Derail Immigration Reform,” http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/chamber-of-commerce/)
Long-simmering tensions between labor and business over importing new workers are spilling out
AND
temporary workers to eventually obtain green cards, another key demand from labor.

Compromise now on work visas
Fawn Johnson 3-26
“Why the Fight Over Work Visas Won't Doom the Immigration Bill,” NationalJournal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/why-the-fight-over-work-visas-won-t-doom-the-immigration-bill-20130325
Make no mistake. The immigration bill being crafted by the “Gang of Eight
AND
worker. The business community has indicated it can live with those parameters.

1NR- Link
Dems key to immigration
AP, 2/6/13, Obama presses Senate Democrats on strategy for tough fights ahead at annual retreat, www.washingtonpost.com/business/obama-trying-to-sell-senate-democrats-at-annual-retreat-on-a-strategy-for-tough-fights-ahead/2013/02/06/c6f7ace8-7034-11e2-b3f3-b263d708ca37_story.html

With a big to-do list at the start of his second term,
AND
delay steps toward citizenship until certain border-security measures are in place.

Oil lobby weak – congress hates them
Learsy ’12 (9/10 (Raymond J., "No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act': A Presidential Issue And A Test Of Political Integrity", Politics Daily, lexis)
Yet some years ago, in 2007, there was a genuine effort to change
AND
clear that he would veto the bill should it land on his desk.

Politicians aren’t swayed- proves no support
NFN, 12 (News From Nowhere, “The Politics of Energy”, July 6, http://newsfromnowhere.info/archive/issue-15-april-20-2012/the-politics-of-energy)
The oil industry is one of America's biggest recipients of corporate welfare, sucking up
AND
River Basin, was appointed Assistant Secretary in charge of Lands and Minerals.

No one likes the plan
Bryan Walsh, TIME Senior editor, 11/9/11, Why Obama’s Offshore Drilling Plan Isn’t Making Anyone Happy, http://science.time.com/2011/11/09/why-obamas-offshore-drilling-plan-isnt-making-anyone-happy/#ixzz26snhDbbI

Nonetheless, Obama has set a target of reducing U.S. oil imports
AND
with so many other issues for Obama, it’s lonely at the center.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should impose escalating surcharges on land in the United States that oil companies are leasing but not using and prohibit companies from obtaining additional leases unless they demonstrate that they are producing or diligently developing leases they already hold.

Idle leases contain a vast amount of oil- solves the aff
Weiss, 12 -- Center for American Progress Action Fund senior fellow
Daniel, “The American Energy Initiative,” congressional testimony, 9-13-12, www.americanprogressaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/WeissTestimony.pdf, accessed 1-31-13, mss

Despite their demand to open fragile, previously protected places for oil and gas production
AND
billion barrels of oil and 50 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. 91

Counterplan solves and avoids politics
Mufson, 12 – Washington Post chief economic policy writer
Steven, staff writer covering energy and other financial news, "Study: 20 million acres of federal oil, gas leases in Gulf of Mexico idle," Washington Post, 10-22-12, articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-10-22/business/35501614_1_gas-leases-oil-companies-massive-oil-spill, accessed 1-18-13, mss

Oil and natural gas companies are not exploring, developing or producing on more than
AND
leases by imposing a system of escalating surcharges as idle leases get older.

Counterplan is sufficient – onshore oil development potential is miniscule compared to offshore resources
Humphries 2008 – Analyst in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division (Marc, “Oil Development on Federal Lands and the Outer Continental Shelf,” http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/109517.pdf)
Over the past year, crude oil prices have nearly doubled, reaching record levels
AND
development concerns on federal lands, both onshore and on the OCS.2
2 Federal lands include those lands with potential for oil and gas development onshore (279 million acres) and the OCS (1.76 billion acres).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Multiple alt causes to drilling on federal land- restrictions not key
Humphries 3/7 (Marc Humphries Specialist in Energy Policy mhumphries@crs.loc.gov, 7-7264 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production in Federal and Non-Federal Areas http://www.hsdl.org/?viewanddid=732623) 

A number of concerns may arise in the oil and gas leasing process that could
AND
federal agencies to ensure protection of federal areas encompassing coastal and marine sanctuaries.

Federal lands aren’t key- newest ev and trends prove
Goad 3/6 (Jessica is the Manager of Research and Outreach for the Public Lands Project at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.Despite Industry Efforts To Blame Administration, There’s A Geologic Reason Most Drilling Occurs On Nonfederal Lands http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/03/06/1677051/geology-drilling-public-land/)

But a new report released today by the Denver-based Center for Western Priorities
AND
industry in the end is “following the oil” to nonfederal lands. 

The plan is woefully insufficient and takes decades to solve
Colagiovanni ’12 (8-18 Lou, activist, journalist, and political consultant for the Detroit Examiner – citing a CBO report, “CBO report finds 'drill baby drill' in practice produces little revenue or oil”

It has been confirmed in a new report by the non-partisan Congressional Budget
AND
generate enough oil or revenue to cover the US for a single year.

US oil doesn’t matter
Menenburg ‘12 (Aaron graduate student in international relations at The Maxwell School of Syracuse University. "Let’s Get Real: Energy Independence is an Unrealistic and Misleading Myth" http://www.economonitor.com/policiesofscale/2012/09/06/lets-get-real-energy-independence-is-a-unrealistic-and-misleading-myth/

By 2030, the world is expected to consume over 100 million barrels of oil
AND
cost of domestic production would be more expensive than OPEC production by multiples.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2NC- Can’t Solve
Can’t solve– microscopic production levels and inevitable uncertainty
Leonard ‘9
Whitney Angell -- Carnegie Endowment for International peace -- graduated from Williams College in 2008 and was a 2008–2009 junior fellow.
Climate Program. Number 103 http://carnegieendowment.org/files/alternatives_offshore_oil.pdf
Quantitative estimates of OCS resources have varied widely and are cur- rently based on
AND
.S. oil dependence or to bring down oil prices for consumers.

Fossil fuel lobby pays millions for fake research- makes it impossible to assign truth value to the aff
Safina, 12 -- Stony Brook University‘s School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences professor
Carl, SBU Center for Communicating Science professor, PhD in ecology from Rutgers University, honorary doctorates from Long Island University and the State University of New York, MacArthur Fellow, n elected member of The Explorers Club, World Wildlife Fund Senior Fellow, a recipient of the Pew Scholar’s Award in Conservation and the Environment, and a recipient of Chicago’s Brookfield Zoo’s Rabb Medal, "Opposition to Clean Energy," Blue Ocean Institute, 6-30-12, blueocean.org/issues/opposition-to-clean-energy/, accessed 2-6-13, mss

Given the negative impact of fossil fuels on so many aspects of modern life,
AND
stakes are too high.  Healthy oceans and healthy people depend on it.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The status quo solves Asia heg, and pivot isn’t key
Innocent ‘12 Malou Innocent is a foreign policy analyst at the libertarian Cato Institute, “Talk of a U.S.-Asia 'Pivot' Is Overblown,” http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/12/13/talk-of-a-us-asia-pivot-is-overblown

The greatest misperception surrounding Washington's "pivot" to Asia is that America's dominant presence
AND
Asia ever sold was the intimation that we do not already have it.
 
No Asia or China War
Carlson ’13 (Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department.
AND
at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn't Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

At times in the past few months, China and Japan have appeared almost ready
AND
or especially conducive to improving Sino-Japanese relations, will be enduring.

No Korea war- just rhetoric
Menon ‘3-28 (Rajan is the Anne and Bernard Spitzer Professor of Political Science at the City College of New York/City University of New York, nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and the author, most recently, of The End of Alliances. The National Interest. “The Measured Madness of North Korea.”

You’ve got to hand it to North Korea’s young leader Kim Jong-un:
AND
up economically—but that won’t listen when it’s urged to eschew brinksmanship.

Alt causes to heg overwhelm
Copley ’12 (June 2012 (Gregory R., editor of Defense and Foreign Affairs’ Strategic Policy, Strategic Policy in an Age of Global Realignment, lexis)

3. Strategic Recovery by the US. The US will not, in 2012
AND
. Banks are as afraid of such investment as are manufacturing investors themselves.

The only comprehensive study proves no heg impact
MacDonald and Parent 11—Professor of Political Science at Williams College and Professor of Political Science at University of Miami Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Spring 2011), pp. 7–44

In this article, we question the logic and evidence of the retrenchment pessimists.
AND
that failed to retrench recovered their relative position. Pg. 9-10

No Asia prolif cascades and long timeframe – their ev is biased
Kahl 13 – Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (Colin H., Melissa G. Dalton, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, Matthew Irvine, Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security, February, “If Iran Builds the Bomb, Will Saudi Arabia Be Next?” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AtomicKingdom_Kahl.pdf)
*cites Jacques Hymans, USC Associate Professor of IR*

I I I . LESSONS FROM HISTORY Concerns over “regional proliferation chains,” “
AND
number of states initiating programs with possible military dimensions has markedly declined.26 

No Straits of Malacca impact
Rosenberg 9 (David, Professor of Political Science – Middlebury College and Research Fellow at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies – Australian National University, “Dire Straits: Competing Security Priorities in the South China Sea”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-20, http://japanfocus.org/-David-Rosenberg/1773)

From the Taiwan Strait to the Strait of Malacca, security concerns are growing around
AND
a Chinese meltdown, as many regional monetary authorities are quick to note.

No correlation between trade and peace
MARTIN, et al ‘8 (Phillipe, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research; Thierry MAYER, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, Mathias THOENIG, University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics, The Review of Economic Studies 75)

Does globalization pacify international relations? The “liberal” view in political science argues
AND
, even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.

Crushes Russia econ
SHELIN ’12 – Political Columnist (Shelin, Sergey. “Putin Without Oil “. April 30, 2012. http://en.novayagazeta.ru/business/52381.html)

Russia’s economic dependence on the oil trade is not just important, it is critical
AND
the ruble, a drop in consumer confidence and a surge in inflation.

Extinction
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author and Writer @ the Huffington Post, Former VP for Resource Development at New York’s United Way, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction,” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

China can’t catch up and no risk of war
Zenko and Cohen ‘12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive
AND
yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety)

As the threat from transnational terrorist groups dwindles, the United States also faces few
AND
Beijing will continue to prefer a strong United States to a weak one.

No impact to Asian arms races
Feng ‘10 (professor at the Peking University International Studies. Zhu, “An Emerging Trend in East Asia: Military Budget Increases and Their Impact”, http://www.fpif.org/articles/an_emerging_trend_in_east_asia?utm_source=feed

As such, the surge of defense expenditures in East Asia does not add up
AND
Senkaku Islands to the Spratly Islands to the India-China border dispute. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Asia- Pivot Not Key

Pivot not key
Auslin ‘12 Michael, scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, columnist at wsj “America Doesn't Need a Pivot to Asia,” 8/27, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444506004577614941100974630.html?mod=googlenews_wsj

It is time to bury the Obama administration's pivot to Asia. This reallocation of
AND
political and security realities of the Asia-Pacific for the foreseeable future.
China Collapse Answers
China unsustainable- collapse inevitable
Dickson ’12 (Micah Dickson, SeekingAlpha, Investor Trading Online News, “The Cracks In The Great Economic Wall Of China”, November 27, 2012)

China has just gone through their once in a decade power transition. While the
AND
Great Wall that is the rising Chinese economy may have a mighty fall.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Econ up- stocks, homeowner prices, manufacturing- nothing can derail it
Reuters 3/26 (US STOCKS-Economy lifts Wall St, drives SandP 500 near record http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/markets-usa-stocks-idUSL2N0CI1KZ20130326)

U.S. stocks rose on Tuesday, driving the SandP 500
AND
at 1,565.15, set Oct. 9, 2007.

Drilling won’t create jobs – global market checks
Jones ‘12
Forrest, writing about Pau Krugmanl, Nobel economist,: More Oil Drilling Won't Help Economy by Creating Jobs

Drilling for more oil in the United States won't lower prices at the pump and
AND
in the state’s extractive sector is a really big deal," Krugman says.

Plan can’t solve trade deficit
Rusnak ‘12
Karl, writer for Economyincrisis.org  non-profit corporation dedicated to educating legislators and the American public and publish critical but overlooked facts and figures, keeping our readers up-to-date with daily articles regarding the U.S. economy. B.A., Economics and Political Science, The Ohio State University. May 9. Drilling Won’t Fix Our Trade Deficit

In a recent post on Forbes.com, contributor Tim Worstall put forth the
AND
fix our economy than pretending that we can drill our way to prosperity.

Plan won’t impact manufacturing
Levi ‘12– Senior Fellow (at CFR) for Energy and the Environment and Director of the Program on Energy Security and Climate Change (Michael, July/August, "Think Again: The American Energy Boom (Michael, "Oil and Gas Euphoria Is Getting Out of Hand"http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/05/07/oil-and-gas-euphoria-is-getting-out-of-hand/- ) 

But there is more. Ignatius’s column isn’t just about energy; it’s also about the resurgence of U.S. manufacturing. Here’s how he links the two:
“Energy security would be one building block of a new prosperity. The other
AND
close to what’s needed for U.S. manufacturing to broadly thrive.

Econ resilient and US isn’t key
Lamy ’11(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. “System Upgrade” BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly
AND
enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

No impact to econ- best and most recent data proves
Drezner ’12 (Daniel W. Drezner 12, Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, October 2012, “The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked,” http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf

The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
AND
II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate.”42

Their part of the Royal evidence is just a review of other peoples arguments- the conclusion votes neg
Royal ‘10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer) 

CONCLUSION
The logic of ECST supports arguments for greater economic interdependence to reduce the likelihood of
AND
and Schweller (I999) provide excellent insights into this body of literature.

Best study proves no conflict from econ decline
Brandt and Ulfelder ‘11 (*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict, April, 2011, “Economic Growth and Political Instability,” Social Science Research Network)

These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect
AND
of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2NC- Econ Up

Housing and manufacturing make the economy sustainable
AP 3/26 (Housing, Manufacturing Give US Economy Lift http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/housing-manufacturing-give-us-economy-lift-18816371#.UVIO-zchHag)

Gains in housing and manufacturing propelled the U.S. economy over the winter
AND
and is finally restoring some of the wealth lost during the Great Recession.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing resilient – newest data – manufacturing jobs don’t solve the economy
Mallaby ‘13 (Sebastian, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "American industry is on the move," http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6709cc5c-58ed-11e2-b59d-00144feab49a.html#axzz2ILjNAQfA)
The more important technological jolt comes under the heading of “big data”. On
AND
durables has scarcely budged while the cost of services has more than doubled.

US manufacturing up –conventional irrelevant
Mallaby ‘13 (Sebastian, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "American industry is on the move," http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6709cc5c-58ed-11e2-b59d-00144feab49a.html#axzz2ILjNAQfA)
If Sweden sounds impressive, here is the surprise: over the same period American
AND
not much production in these sectors is likely to shift to US shores.

---Econ- Resilient

Empirics prove resiliency- new durable institutions make downturns completely different
Tarini 3/20 (Staff writer for the heights. Daniel Drezner, a professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University Drezner Highlights Role Of Economic Governance http://www.bcheights.com/drezner-highlights-role-of-economic-governance-1.3012689#.UVPI1TchHag)

“The global economy has rebounded much better during the 2008 financial crisis than during
AND
to expectations,” Drezner said. “Simply put, the system worked.”

Shocks last year prove resiliency
Eberly ’13 (Jan Eberly, Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy for the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, “Statement by Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy Jan Eberly for the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association”, February 4, 2013)

WASHINGTON - Economic recovery in the U.S. continued at a moderate pace
AND
labor markets, and are evidence of a moderate and steady forward movement.
---Econ- No War

Best study proves no conflict from econ decline
Brandt and Ulfelder ‘11 (*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict, April, 2011, “Economic Growth and Political Instability,” Social Science Research Network)

These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect
AND
of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.

2NC No Asia War
No Asia war – no scenario for conflict and multilateral institutions check
Bitzinger and Desker ‘9 Richard, Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Barry, Dean of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies and Director of the Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, “ Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival | vol. 50 no. 6 | December 2008–January 2009

 The Asia-Pacific region can be regarded as a zone of both relative
AND
worth taking seriously, is not quite as threatening as some might argue. 

No Asian War- weak military forces and interdependence solves
Alagappa 8 (Muthia, Distinguished Fellow @ Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy @ Tufts, “The Long Shadow,” International Affairs p. 512)

Despite this, the role of force in Asian international politics is becoming more limited
AND
strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic costs and risks are high.
---Heg- No Transition Wars

Hegemonic decline will not result in great power wars.
Ikenberry 11 (G. John – Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, A World of Our Making, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Summer, p. http://www.democracyjournal.org/21/a-world-of-our-making-1.php?page=all)

There are four reasons to think that some type of updated and reorganized liberal international
AND
politics, there are deep forces that keep the system anchored and stable.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stanford GS | Judge:
1nc
T
Energy production is limited to extraction- the aff allows affs that impact the entire energy sector
Sagar, PhD materials science, Oliver, PhD engineering, and Chikkatur, PhD physics, ‘5
(Ambuj, Hongyan, and Ananth, all three are research fellows – Kennedy School of Govt @ Harvard, 7 Vt. J. Envtl. L. 1)

The energy sector encompasses activities relating to the production, conversion, and use of
AND
in industrial, residential, commercial, transportation and other end-uses.

Vote neg-
1- limits- allows any aff that affects energy production in some way- makes predictable neg prep impossible
2- ground- avoids the core of the topic, which is energy production itself- spikes out of links to oil, coal, and nat gas da’s

T
Plans a fiscal incentive not a financial incentive
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
AND
import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

Vote neg-
1- limits- makes any mech potentially topical- can’t predict a huge combo of new mechs
2- ground- links out of core da’s based off loan guarantees and other topical mechs

K

Oil energy production policy is grounded within a global system of inequality and militarism – Enables continued reactionary violence and environmental destruction
Byrne and Toley 6 (John – Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental
AND
a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse,” p. 1-32)
From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
are the enemies. The living organism demands a life-sustaining environment. 

The impact is Extinction – The K turns the aff and the aff causes error replication.  They can’t address the root cause
Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected
AND
turn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict. 

Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff –policy focus sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The way in which energy policy is “framed” refers to the underlying assumptions
AND
Dryzek et al., 2003—these are explored in detail further below). 

Politics

Immigration will pass- Obama is pushing
Sink and Mali 3-25. Justin, Meghashyam, reporters, "Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress" The HIll -- thehill.com/video/administration/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform

Obama said he expects debate on an immigration bill to “begin next month”
AND
but their work has already received general support from leaders in both parties.

Plan is a political disaster
Mills ‘11 Robin, MSc in Geological Sciences at Cambridge, “Capturing Carbon: The New Weapon in the War Against Climate Change,” Google Book

CCS already labours under something of a public relations disadvan¬tage, due to its association
AND
, and this may crimp funding for new technologies, however environmentally vital.

PC key
Anniston Star, 3-27 Editorial Board, "On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform," 3-27-13, annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive--Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, accessed 3-28-13, mss

The point: President Obama didn’t fulfill his promise of securing sweeping immigration-reform
AND
of those discussions until it’s produced,” White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.

Only comprehensive reform solves Mexican relations- that’s key to solving terrorism
Castaneda et al. ‘5 (NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JULY 12, 2005 Castaneda, Hon. Jorge, Global Distinguished Professor of Politics and Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University, and former Foreign Minister, Mexico City, Mexico............... Obama, Hon. Barack, U.S. Senator from Illinois................... 37 Biden, Hon. Joseph R., Jr., U.S. Senator from Delaware
I think that attitudes in Mexico have changed in relation to drugs and I think
AND
President Fox has made an effort to educate Mexican society about these issues.

Leads to WMD terrorism on US soil
AP ‘8 – citing a veteran CIA analyst
(US Officials Fear Terrorist Links With Drug Lords, http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=5986948)

There is real danger that Islamic extremist groups such as al-Qaida and Hezbollah
AND
"The threats in this hemisphere are real. We cannot ignore them."

Nuke terrorism causes extinction
Hellman ‘8 (Martin Hellman, Stanford Professor Emeritus, 2008, “Why worry about nuclear weapons now? Isn’t the Cold War over?”, http://nuclearrisk.org/1why_now.php,)

One of the possible triggers for a full-scale nuclear war is an act
AND
the chance for error, theft or illicit sale is much too high. 

Bioterror causes extinction
Steinbruner ’97 (John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac

Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons
AND
for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit.

1NC – States
Washington D.C., the fifty states, and all relevant territories should
- provide a tax credit for enhanced oil recovery that uses industrial carbon dioxide in the United States.
- substantially reduce restrictions on state property laws for Carbon Capture and Storage producers in the United States.
- assume long-term liability protection for Carbon Capture and Storage producers in the United States.
- amend their constitutions to extend their balanced budget horizon from one to five years.
- establish a dedicated funding stream for tax credit for enhanced oil recovery that uses industrial carbon dioxide in the United States.
- issue memorandums to energy producers that tax credits for enhanced oil recovery that uses industrial carbon dioxide are available for energy producers in the United States.

States solve
NEORI 12
The National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative (NEORI), formed by Center for
Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) and the Great Plains Institute (GPI), Feb 2012, CARBON DIOXIDE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: A CRITICAL DOMESTIC ENERGY, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL OPPORTUNITY, http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf
OVERVIEW OF MODEL STATE INCENTIVES FOR CO2-EOR DEPLOYMENT TO COMPLEMENT FEDERAL SUPPORT Several
AND
complement federal policy and encourage commercial deployment of CO2 capture and transport technologies.

Balanced Budget horizon plank solves state budget shortfalls
Ruffini 9 (Patrick, Republican online strategist, “The Solution to the state fiscal crisis: a five year balanced budget?”, Next Right, 2/22/09, http://www.thenextright.com/patrick-ruffini/the-solution-to-the-state-fiscal-crisis-a-five-year-balanced-budget)
Back in the Contract with America days, a Balanced Budget Amendment was a major
AND
Washington needing to bail out the states when they run off the rails.

Solv

Impact is too slow and tiny at best
Ozzie Zehner, visiting scholar at Berkeley, Energy policy analayst on issues of social, political and economic conditions, PhD, Science and Technology studies, 12 “Green illusions” Non-Profit book

Scientists and legislators may ultimately decide that the risks and costs of carbon sequestration are
AND
impressive given the costs and risks that such an undertaking would involve.24
Plan takes too long, and it can only be applied to 20% of U.S. plants – their author
Moniz and Tinker 10 – Professor of Physics and Engineering Systems @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology @ University of Texas at Austin Ernest J. Moniz and Scott W. Tinker “Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery in Accelerating the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration,” An MIT Energy Initiative and Bureau of Economic Geology at UT Austin Symposium, July 23, 2010

• It takes time to scale-up any industrial enterprise, including EOR,
AND
of a 2009 MITEI Symposium, web.mit.edu/mitei).

Can’t solve pipelines and tons of regulatory barriers – their author
Moniz and Tinker 10 – Professor of Physics and Engineering Systems @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology @ University of Texas at Austin Ernest J. Moniz and Scott W. Tinker “Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery in Accelerating the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration,” An MIT Energy Initiative and Bureau of Economic Geology at UT Austin Symposium, July 23, 2010

• Infrastructure Federal CCS programs have paid relatively little attention to the CO2 transportation infrastructure
AND
regulatory landscape in case the value proposition becomes attractive sooner rather than later.

CCS fails without a climate policy – no incentive
Brian Handwerk, Energy Expert – National Geographic, 12 “Amid Economic Concerns, Carbon Capture Faces a Hazy Future,” National Geographic, May 22, pdf

Carbon capture and storage could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing CO2 where it's produced
AND
carbon reduction targets, there is nothing to bring down the cost of."

Warming

U.S can’t solve warming
Grose ‘3-15
(Thomas K., National Geographic News Writer, “As U.S. Cleans Its Energy Mix, It Ships Coal Problems Abroad”

Ready for some good news about the environment? Emissions of carbon dioxide in the
AND
producers have made clear that they aim to tap into that growing market.

Their Moniz and Tinker article says there are tons of alt causes to CO2 confinement – no well integrity standards, monitoring system, or verification protocol
Moniz and Tinker 10 – Professor of Physics and Engineering Systems @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Director of the Bureau of Economic Geology @ University of Texas at Austin Ernest J. Moniz and Scott W. Tinker “Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery in Accelerating the Deployment of Carbon Capture and Sequestration,” An MIT Energy Initiative and Bureau of Economic Geology at UT Austin Symposium, July 23, 2010

A key issue for gauging the appropriateness of government support of a major EOR-
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complicated by the declining demand for CO2 during a well’s EOR operating period.

Plan massively increases CO2 emissions
Romm 7 (Rule Four of Offsets: No Enhanced Oil Recovery, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2007/08/23/201801/rule-four-of-offsets-no-enhanced-oil-recovery/) 

Capturing CO2 and injecting it into a well to squeeze more oil out of the
AND
then charging the public for offsets that are essentially subsidies of oil production. 

Warming is irreversible and cuts can’t solve
AP 9 (Associated Press, Six Degree Temperature Rise by 2100 is Inevitable: UNEP, September 24, http://www.speedy-fit.co.uk/index2.php?option=com_contentanddo_pdf=1andid=168)

Earth's temperature is likely to jump six degrees between now and the end of the
AND
He said seas should rise about a foot every 20 to 25 years.

Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett ‘7 professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, (Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now. 

Ocean acidification will be slow and stable, proven by 1000 studies- it improves ocean resiliency
Codling ‘11 Jo, received a Bachelor of Science first class and won the FH Faulding and the Swan Brewery prizes at the University of Western Australia. Her major was microbiology, molecular biology. Nova received a Graduate Certificate in Scientific Communication from the Australian National University in 1989,4 and she did honours research in 1990, prize-winning science graduate, Jo has has done over 200 radio interviews, many on the Australian ABC.  She was formerly an associate lecturer in Science Communication at the ANU and is based in Perth, Western Australia, , “Ocean Acidification — a little bit less alkalinity could be a good thing,” Sept. 11, http://joannenova.com.au/2011/09/ocean-acidification-a-little-bit-less-alkalinity-could-be-a-good-thing/

Studies of how marine life copes with less alkaline conditions include many experiments with water
AND
will be slightly more likely to grow, survive, and be fertile.

Sea level rise is junk science—models empirically fail
Gupta ’12 (Alexander Sen, Climate Change Research Centre @ University of New South Wales, et al., “Climate Drift in the CMIP3 Models,” Journal of Climate Vol. 25, Issue 13, p. 4621-4640, 2012)

As discussed above, drift in temperature and salinity dominates 20C3M trends throughout most of
AND
temperature and salinity, changes sign once the drift is taken into account.

No methane impact
Revkin ‘11
Methane Time Bomb in Arctic Seas – Apocalypse Not -By ANDREW C. REVKIN -New york Times -December 11)

But read this summary of the paper from the American Geophysical Union, which publishes
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brunt of the sub-sea methane won’t be affected in this millennium.
 

China

The conclusion of their Logan article says the squo solves U.S.-China energy cooperation – Future Gen, sequestration power plant, AP6 provides framework for future action
Logan et al. 7 – Senior associate @ World Resources Institute Logan, Joanna Lewis (Senior international fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change), and Michael B. Cummings (JD candidate @ Georgetown University and former Business/Solutions Fellow @ Pew Center on Global Climate Change), “For China, the shift to climate-friendly energy depends on international collaboration,” Boston Review, January/February 2007, pg. http://bostonreview.net/BR32.1/loganlewiscummings.php

*EMORY”S CARD BEGINS*

All these factors combined call into question the Chinese central government’s ability to move down
AND
infrastructure that might otherwise have to wait for a more comprehensive climate policy.

*EMORY’S CARD ENDS*

Once more, international partnerships can help. A new U.K.-led
AND
doesn’t yet seem to offer much interest for developing countries such as China.
Their Zha and Hu evidence says the plan has to do a bunch of other stuff to solve, and there are alt causes to tech transfers – have to do nuclear power, renewable energy, coal and oil production, improve energy efficiency, replace obsolete plants, and improve power price systems, urban planning, and energy conservation; IPR protection and low-cost competition alt causes
Zha and Hu 7 – Professors of International Studies @ Renmin University and Professor of Politics @ University of Hong Kong Zha Daojiong and Hu Weixing, “Promoting Energy Partnership in Beijing and Washington,” Washington Quarterly • 30:4 Autumn 2007, pp.105–115

*EMORY’S ENTIRE CARD *

Policy dialogues are certainly useful. Yet, as is true of so many other
AND
energy cooperation in the spirit of partnership can help improve the status quo.

Multiple barriers ensure energy cooperation fails and undermines cooperation
Segal ‘9 (The G-2 Mirage. By: Economy, Elizabeth C., Segal, Adam, Foreign Affairs, 00157120, May/Jun2009, Vol. 88, Issue 3 By Elizabeth C. Economy and Adam Segal  Elizabeth C. Economy is C. V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director for Asia Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. Adam Segal is Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. 

But elevating the bilateral relationship is not the solution. It will raise expectations for
AND
enforcement capacity and official accountability that does not exist within the Chinese government. 

US China CCS cooperation trades off with Japan coop- that solves the aff better
Segal ‘9 (The G-2 Mirage. By: Economy, Elizabeth C., Segal, Adam, Foreign Affairs, 00157120, May/Jun2009, Vol. 88, Issue 3 By Elizabeth C. Economy and Adam Segal  Elizabeth C. Economy is C. V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director for Asia Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. Adam Segal is Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. 

Despite insistent calls for a bilateral U.S.-Chinese effort to address climate
AND
training programs, as has happened with past cooperative energy and environmental ventures.  
 
The conclusion of their Herberg article says new multilateral institutions and regional power cooperation are key, not just oil
Herberg 11 - Senior Lecturer of International Relations and Pacific Studies @ University of California–San Diego Dr. Mikkal E. Herberg (Research Director on Asian energy security at the National Bureau of Asian Research), “China’s Energy Rise and the Future of U.S.-China Energy Relations,” New America Foundation, June 21, 2011 |pg.  http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/china_s_energy_rise_and_the_future_of_us_china_energy_relations

*EMORY”S CARD BEGINS*

Competing Visions of Energy Security On the vexing challenge of energy security there remains a
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the same time aggravating energy security fears and distrust of key nearby powers.

*EMORY”S CARD ENDS*

Moreover, new multilateral institutions for energy security are needed; the IEA no longer
AND
, Russia, and India.  This needs to be revived and reinvigorated.

No Senkaku or Asian conflict- empirically denied, economic interdependence checks, and China avoids nationalism
Carlson ’2-21-13 (Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell
AND
at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn't Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

At times in the past few months, China and Japan have appeared almost ready
AND
or especially conducive to improving Sino-Japanese relations, will be enduring.

No risk of Chinese maritime disputes
Fravel ’12 (M. TAYLOR FRAVEL is an associate professor of political science and a member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All Quiet in the South China Sea Why China is Playing Nice (For Now) M. Taylor Fravel March 22, 2012 

Little noticed, however, has been China's recent adoption of a new -- and
AND
in addition to starting talks over the demarcation of the Gulf of Tonkin.

No US-China war
Rosecrance et al ‘10 (Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War?  If one accepts the previous analysis
AND
to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

No cooperation and no conflict—structural issues overwhelm
Harding ’11 (Harry Harding 11, founding dean of the School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia, “Are China and the U.S. on a collision course?”, June 14, http://thinkingaboutasia.blogspot.com/2011/06/are-china-and-us-on-collision-course.html

In my judgment, it is highly unlikely for the relationship between the US and
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risk that China would try to compel unification through the use of force.
2nc
AT: Brugado
Solves China – tax credits still spur tech which solves the cooperation internal link 

Logan et al. 07 – Senior associate @ World Resources Institute Logan, Joanna Lewis (Senior international fellow at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change), and Michael B. Cummings (JD candidate @ Georgetown University and former Business/Solutions Fellow @ Pew Center on Global Climate Change), “For China, the shift to climate-friendly energy depends on international collaboration,” Boston Review, January/February 2007, pg. http://bostonreview.net/BR32.1/loganlewiscummings.php
Developing incentives for accelerated technology transfer, particularly for the private sector, are also crucial. Many of these efforts are already underway, and Chinese government officials are open to proposals

CP sufficiently solves the aff – federal oil only accounts for 7 percent of oil
Goad 3/6 (Jessica is the Manager of Research and Outreach for the Public Lands Project at the Center for American Progress Action Fund.Despite Industry Efforts To Blame Administration, There’s A Geologic Reason Most Drilling Occurs On Nonfederal Lands http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/03/06/1677051/geology-drilling-public-land/)

But a new report released today by the Denver-based Center for Western Priorities
AND
across the country, and where the industry is “following the oil”:
 

Additionally, economics are playing a role in driving drilling from public lands to nonfederal
AND
industry in the end is “following the oil” to nonfederal lands.
There’s no quantifiable solvency deficit- only comparative evidence
Markey, 12 -- Rep., House Committee on Natural Resources ranking member
Edward, "Hearing on Offshore Drilling," CQ Transcriptions, 5-9-12, l/n, accessed 1-31-13, mss

The majority has also opposed Democratic efforts to get oil companies to start drilling on
AND
up and down the East and West Coasts of the United States. 

AT: Caperton
CP is key to investor certainty – property issue are an alt cause only solve by the aff
Richards and Barnes, ‘9 (A. James, Professor School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Kenneth R. , Associate Professor School of Public and Environmental Affairs, “Toward “Climate Friendly” Coal”, May 2009, http://www.indiana.edu/~spea/faculty/policy_briefs/coal_barnes.pdf )
States Must Participate in the Design of Regulations for CCS
While the federal government will bear the primary responsibility for establishing incentives for CCS by
AND
and participating companies will face complex permitting, operational, and closure processes. 

AT: Willson 

States solve CCS liability questions – fed action not key and state liability is an alt cause
ITFCCS 10. Report of the Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage -- August -- www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ccs/CCS-Task-Force-Report-2010.pdf
As discussed in Section IV.C.1.1, there already exist
AND
, have already adopted various forms of  legislation that would achieve this result. 

China
No cooperation and no conflict—structural issues overwhelm
Harding ’11 (Harry Harding 11, founding dean of the School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia, “Are China and the U.S. on a collision course?”, June 14, http://thinkingaboutasia.blogspot.com/2011/06/are-china-and-us-on-collision-course.html

In my judgment, it is highly unlikely for the relationship between the US and
AND
risk that China would try to compel unification through the use of force.

No risk of Chinese maritime disputes
Fravel ’12 (M. TAYLOR FRAVEL is an associate professor of political science and a member of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All Quiet in the South China Sea Why China is Playing Nice (For Now) M. Taylor Fravel March 22, 2012 

Little noticed, however, has been China's recent adoption of a new -- and
AND
in addition to starting talks over the demarcation of the Gulf of Tonkin.

No US-China war
Rosecrance et al ‘10 (Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War?  If one accepts the previous analysis
AND
to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

AT: C02-EOR Reverses Warming (by sucking already emitted C02 out of the ozone)

This is ludicrous – carbon capture and storage stops Co2 at the point of emission – it has no method to vacuum Co2 out of the atmosphere. Lols. 

CCS traps emissions as they exit smokestacks. Can’t pull it out of the ozone once it’s emitted.
CSL ‘8
Carbon sequestration leadership forum. http://www.cslforum.org/education/index.html
Carbon sequestration is the capture, from power plants and other facilities, and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere. The gases can be captured at the point of emission and can be stored in underground reservoirs (geological sequestration), injected in deep oceans (ocean sequestration), or converted to rock-like solid materials (advanced concepts).

xt - Kyoto Necessary

Carbon regulation key to adoption in US

Holton – the Director of the only successful carbon capture tech in the US – 12
(Steve Holton the Director of Environmental Systems Development at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, 

GELLERMAN: Well, the big question is: Can you do it at a
AND
the carbon capture down because of competition and economies of scale, etcetera.

xt – Too Costly
No company or lender is willing to invest in CCS – even after regulations

Johnson 6-11
Steve, “Co-op Rep: EPA Off Base on Carbon,” http://www.ect.coop/public-policy-watch/energy-environment/electric-cooperative-epa-carbo-reduction-rule/45194

A Mid-Atlantic GandT official told a congressional panel that a federal
AND
unlikely to be commercially viable within a decade, as the agency insists.

---EXT Can’t Solve

Asia pollution offsets any US action – global warming is inevitable
Knappenberger ‘12 (Paul Knappenberger, Assistant Director of the Cato Institute’s Center for
AND
, June 7, 2012)

“The whims of foreign nations, not to mention Mother Nature, can completely
AND
our lead. Both outcomes seem dubious at time scales that make a difference

1nr
Overview
Immigration is key to climate leadership
Madrid ’10 (www.americanprogress.org AP Photo/Seth Perlman From a
AND
California and is a former graduate fellow with the Congressional Hispanic Caucus institute. 

We need leadership and solutions, not scapegoats To reiterate: The United States will
AND
the United States lead the global charge toward a cleaner and greener future. 

Lack of workforce turns the aff – only reform solves.
Council on Competitiveness 9.  “Mobilizing a World Class Energy Workforce” December  -- http://www.compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/CoC_-_Pillar_6_Handout_-_Mobilizing_a_World-Class_Energy_Workforce,_Dec09.pdf
America currently lacks an energy workforce of sufficient size and capabilities to meet the needs
AND
working closely with educational institutions as ¶ well as within their own organizations.

Immigration turns china energy coop
Herman and Smith ‘10 (Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard
AND
, “Why Immigrants Can Drive the Green Economy,” Immigation Policy Center)

Raymond Spencer, an Australian-born entrepreneur based in Chicago, has a window
AND
that the current system is broken, and that action is required now.

No 1AR args are allowed to a couple of claims
- No link D. CCS causes massive backlash from every side of the energy debate- crushes political capital- Mills
- No internal link d to mexico or terrorism- High risk of terrorism, only COMPREHENSIVE reform can solve it
- No impact d- nuke terror and bioterror cause miscalc and extinction- that's hellman and steinbrunner

Block choice dependent on 2AC Coverage - can’t allow new arguments
AT: ALtman
Immigration reform will pass soon because Obama’s spending capital
Castaldi 3-27 (Charles, Take Two | KPCC – California Public Radio, March 27th, 2013, “LA Archbishop Gomez keeps Mahony's promise to push for immigration reform,”
President Obama said he expects Congress to introduce an immigration reform bill next month.
AND
, Gomez’s low key lobbying might be a better fit for the times.

House republicans are on board CIR – momentum
Le 3/20 (Van, “BREAKING NEWS: MORE CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICANS IN HOUSE MAKING SENSE ON IMMIGRATION,”
Picture this, if you can: A roomful of House Republicans have nothing but
AND
it leads to real reform with a real, achievable path to citizenship.

Businesses and Unions have reached an agreement – their evidence is an exaggeration
Sarlin 3/22 (Benjy, AP, “A Huge Fight Between Big Business And Big Labor Is Threatening To Derail Immigration Reform,” http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/chamber-of-commerce/)
Long-simmering tensions between labor and business over importing new workers are spilling out
AND
temporary workers to eventually obtain green cards, another key demand from labor.
Compromise now on work visas
Fawn Johnson 3-26
“Why the Fight Over Work Visas Won't Doom the Immigration Bill,” NationalJournal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/why-the-fight-over-work-visas-won-t-doom-the-immigration-bill-20130325
Make no mistake. The immigration bill being crafted by the “Gang of Eight
AND
worker. The business community has indicated it can live with those parameters.
Dems on board now with bipartisan bill
Khimm 3-19. Suzy, reporter, "Five reasons why immigration reform is moving forward" Washington Post -- www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/03/19/five-reasons-why-immigration-reform-is-moving-forward/
When the Senate’s “Gang of Eight” came out with a bipartisan framework for
AND
), and more prominent Republicans have come around to a path to citizenship.

Immigration before budget debates
Hook, 3-24 -- Wall Street Journal Washington bureau political reporter
Janet, she has covered Congress and national politics since 1995, "Congress Set to Alter Focus After Passing Two Budgets," WSJ, 3-24-13, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323466204578380820319800066.html, accessed 3-28-13, mss

Congress Set to Alter Focus After Passing Two Budgets
After the Senate passed its budget this weekend, Congress is expected to pivot to issues such as immigration and guns before attempting a broader deal on taxes, spending and the national debt later this year.
The budget is resolved – Obama is investing PC on Immigration
Ford 3/28 (John, Policymic, "Why Obama Signing Sequestration Into Law Was a Strategic Move,")
President Barack Obama finally signed the Sequester into law, locking the infamous spending cuts
AND
raise to the minimum wage, immigration, and housing, for example.

AT: 2014

Will Pass next month– top of the agenda.
Silverleib 3-28. Alan, CNN Congressional Producer, "Immigration tops agenda as senators tour border" CNN Newswire -- www.12newsnow.com/story/21819421/immigration-tops-agenda-as-senators-tour-border

Immigration tops agenda as senators tour border A bipartisan group of U.S.
AND
is also working on a revamped guest worker program, the source noted.

Top of the docket – Obama has the GOP on board.
AFP 3-27. Agence France-Presse, "Obama expects Senate immigration bill next month" -- www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/03/27/obama-expects-senate-immigration-bill-next-month/

US President Barack Obama said Wednesday that he expected the Senate would start debating comprehensive
AND
to better secure US borders and the introduction of an employee verification program.

AT: Backfires

Will pass—Obama push resolves labor union issue
Sarlin 3/29. Benjy, reporter,“Business And Labor Closing In On Immigration Deal” http://livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/entry/business-labor-closing-in-on-immigration-deal

Business and labor leaders believe they are close to a deal on how to handle
AND
talks, hoping to bring both interest groups together in supporting a bill.
Obama is carefully managing his approach to avoid backlash
Sink ‘3-26-13 (After taking hit in the polls, Obama pivots back to immigration reform By Justin Sink - 03/26/13 05:00 AM ET
Obama faces a delicate high-wire act on guns and immigration: Claim too
AND
bad blood among the House GOP that direct presidential involvement drives away support.”

Obama is walking a tightrope – pushing it now carefully- avoiding backlash
Parker 2-14. Ashley, reporter, "On Immigration, Obama Draws Bipartisan Praise" New York Times -- www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/us/politics/senate-panel-tackles-immigration.html?_r=0
President Obama’s nonconfrontational tone on an immigration overhaul in his State of the Union address
AND
“no complaints — actually I thought it was good for the process.”
Obama is doing a balancing act on immigration – this strategy will be successful
Grant 2-13. David, staff writer, "Immigration reform: Why many GOP lawmakers applauded Obama speech" Christian Science Monitor -- www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0213/Immigration-reform-Why-many-GOP-lawmakers-applauded-Obama-speech
Many Republicans said Obama had handled the immigration issue deftly.¶ “I thought on
AND
a few more days of his campaign yet. Don’t sell him short.”

AT: Gun Control

Obama’s not spending capital on gun control – there’s rhetorical support but no legislative support
Chris Cillizza 3-22, “Newtown didn’t change the politics of guns,” Washington Post, 3-22-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/03/22/newtown-didnt-change-the-politics-of-guns/
The decision this week by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to drop the assault weapons
AND
much of what we already knew about the difficulties of limiting gun rights.
Obama not touching gun control.
Mendte 3/26. Larry, “Mendte: President Obama And Gun Control”  KPLR News -- http://kplr11.com/2013/03/26/mendte-president-obama-and-gun-control/
NEW YORK, NY. (KPLR) – The nation is divided over gun
AND
obvious that there wasn`t the will or the votes in congress.

Obama not spending capital on gun control.
Stirewalt 3-25. Chris, Politics Editor, "Gun Laws Highlight Deepening Democratic Disarray" Fox News -- www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/25/gun-laws-highlight-deepening-democratic-disarray/

What the measure needs is not support in the abstract, but actual presidential clout
AND
own political capital on behalf of this cherished liberal cause will only deepen.

No movement on gun control.
Guthrie 3-22. Katherine, "March 23: Immigration, guns, Obama in Israel" MSNBC -- tv.msnbc.com/2013/03/22/march-23-immigration-guns-obama-in-israel/

On Saturday’s Up w/ Chris Hayes, we’ll discuss two of President Obama’s main
AND
is backing away from strong universal background check legislation, despite Reid’s assurances.

AT: XO

Obama won’t do an XO, even if CIR fails
Hamilton ‘3-26-13 (How Obama Could (but Probably Won't) Stop Deporting Illegal Immigrants Today The government spends $5 billion a year detaining and deporting immigrants who may soon be eligible for amnesty over minor infractions. Why not just pardon them instead? KEEGAN HAMILTON, MAR 26 2013, 8:01 AM ET

But even if executive-branch lawyers could put forth a legal rationale for the
AND
says. "I don't think he wants that to be his legacy."
Obama won’t do major immigration changes through XOs – prefer our ev – it actually cites Obama – theirs is just posturing from Democratic senators with a political incentive to scare the opposition.
Krikorian 12. Mark, executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, "The president's unconstitutional DREAM amnesty gets rolling" Center for Immigration Studies -- cis.org/OpedsandArticles/DREAM-Amnesty-Begins-Krikorian-National-Review
The president knows what he’s doing is unconstitutional. We don’t have to read his
AND
, I can go and do these things. It’s just not true.

Congress key to visas- set quota levels
Endelman 9 (Gary, Ph.D. in History – University of Delaware and JD – University of Houston, and Cyrus D. Mehta, JD – Columbia Law School and Managing Member – Mehta and Associates, “The Path Less Taken: Is There an Alternative to Waiting for Comprehensive Immigration Reform?”, 2-25, http://www.cyrusmehta.com/Print_Prev .aspx?SubIdx=ocyrus200922512947
There are those who argue that only Congress can make immigration policy in this fundamental
AND
the dark cloud of recession lifts without creating a single new immigrant visa. 

All XO’s have been small scale- large scale XO action will never happen
Stein ’10 (Sam Stein stein@huffingtonpost.com | HuffPost Reporting Become a Fan Get Email Alerts from this Reporter 'Smoking Gun Amnesty Memo' Prompts GOP To Demand Hearings  First Posted: 08- 4-10 11:09 AM   |   Updated: 08- 5-10 12:45 PM 

Senate Republicans are demanding hearings into a leaked Department of Homeland Security memo that has
AND
the executive branch could give blanket amnesty to an entire class undocumented workers. 

AT: Hirsch

Hirsch- doesn’t say PC irrelevant just says it’s complex-evaluate our specific arguments
Hirsch, 2-7-13
(Michael National Journal chief correspondent, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital”, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, DOA: 2-9-13) 

The point is not that “political capital” is a meaningless term. Often
AND
increasingly avoid any concessions that make him (and the Democrats) stronger.

Hirsh says it DEPENDS on picking the right issues --- links prove the plan is wrong
Hirsch, 2-7-13
(Michael National Journal chief correspondent, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital”, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, DOA: 2-9-13) 

And then there are the presidents who get the politics, and the issues,
AND
policy is a good idea,” as the party suffers in the polls.

Energy is an irredeemable fight-disrupts his push on immigration
Harder, National Journal, 2-6-13
(Amy, “In Washington, Energy and Climate Issues Get Shoved in the Closet”, www.nationaljournal.com/columns/power-play/in-washington-energy-and-climate-issues-get-shoved-in-the-closet-20130206, DOA: 2-9-13)
At a news conference where TV cameras in the back were nearly stacked on top
AND
a big win on immigration reform while striking a political blow to Republicans.”
PC key to force a vote- history proves
Brownstein 13 (National Jouranl, 1/31/13, On Immigration, What Obama Can Learn From Bush's Failed Efforts, www.nationaljournal.com/columns/political-connections/on-immigration-what-obama-can-learn-from-bush-s-failed-efforts-20130131)
The prospects for major immigration reform are now the brightest in years, but for
AND
should expect much more public heat, because Obama won’t be as deferential.

Obama PC key on immigration---persuasion and ability to bargain are key
Bernstein 1-28 (Jonathan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at UTSA, 1/28/13, “On immigration, Obama should opt for a persuasive vagueness,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/01/28/on-immigration-obama-should-opt-for-a-persuasive-vagueness/)
Ezra Klein made an excellent point about Barack Obama and immigration reform today:¶ Republicans
AND
? Interest groups? Again, which ones? Parts of the bureaucracy?). 

Best political science research disproves Hirsch- PC is key and finite
Beckmann and McGann ‘8 (http://jtp.sagepub.com  Journal of Theoretical Politics  DOI: 10.1177/0951629807085818   2008; 20; 201  Journal of Theoretical Politics  Matthew N. Beckmann and Anthony J. McGann Navigating the Legislative Divide: Polarization, Presidents, and Policymaking in the United States, MATTHEW N. BECKMANN is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the  University of California, Irvine. He is currently working on a book-length project  that explains and tests a new theory of presidents’ influence on Capitol Hill,  1953–2004. ANTHONY J. MCGANN is Associate Professor of Political Science at theUni-  versity of California, Irvine and Reader in Government at the University of Essex.)
A second question focuses on presidents’ role in polarized politics. Even as  empiricists have
AND
member increases, thereby granting  presidents a positive role in the policymaking process. 

Empirically winners win fails
Politico ’12 (10 quotes that haunt Obama Published: Tuesday, October 02, 2012, 4:51 AM Updated: Tuesday, October 02, 2012, 5:48 AM By Politico , POLITICO - TOP Full Stories
Obama's errant assumptions about the politics of health care shaped his presidency in other ways
AND
result is that Obama has had few big domestic policy achievements since 2010.

Winners win doesn’t apply to immigration- using a more effective nuanced approach
Parnes and Stanage ‘3-4-13 (http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/285909-new-obama-strategy-taking-no-prisoners New Obama strategy: Take no prisoners By Niall Stanage and Amie Parnes, Writers for the Hill- 03/04/13 06:00 AM ET

While Obama’s overall approach at the card table is more aggressive, the president’s strategy
AND
said. “It’s very tactical in the way they deal with issues.” 

Empirics disprove winners win, and it’s too slow to matter
Lashof 10 – director of the National Resource Defense Council's climate center, Ph.D. from the Energy and Resources Group at UC-Berkeley (Dan, “Coulda, Shoulda, Woulda: Lessons from Senate Climate Fail.” NRDC Switchboard Blog. http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dlashof/coulda_shoulda_woulda_lessons.html)

Lesson 2: Political capital is not necessarily a renewable resource. Perhaps the most
AND
political capital in time to help push climate legislation across the finish line. 

It’s empirical – energy policy is NEVER a win for Obama
Eisler ’12 (4/2/12 (Matthew, Research Fellow at the Center for Contemporary History and Policy at the Chemical Heritage Foundation”)
Conservatives take President Obama’s rhetoric at face value. Progressives see the president as disingenuous
AND
either the left or the right by the end of his first term. 

Winners win is wrong now- AND Obama thinks it’s wrong so the strategy will fail
Calmes 11-12-12 (Jackie, NYTimes, 2012, In Debt Talks, Obama Is Ready to Go Beyond Beltway, mobile.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/us/politics/legacy-at-stake-obama-plans-broader-push-for-budget-deal.xml

That story line, stoked by Republicans but shared by some Democrats, holds that
AND
, when the opposition typically takes seats from the president's party in Congress.

Winners lose specifically for Obama’s second term
Walsh 12 Ken covers the White House and politics for U.S. News. “Setting Clear Priorities Will Be Key for Obama,” 12/20, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/12/20/setting-clear-priorities-will-be-key-for-obama
And there is an axiom in Washington: Congress, the bureaucracy, the media
AND
that would limit his power and credibility for the remainder of his presidency.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T

Incentives have to be a quid pro quo
DeLaHunt 6 (John DeLaHunt, Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department , July-August 2006 , ( Journal of Chemical Health and Safety    Volume 13, Issue 4, , Page 42 sciencedirect)
Incentives work on a
AND
 separate from incentives. 

Nuclear PRODUCTION must be for the PURPOSE of energy generation
IAEA ‘7 (International Atomic Energy Agency 7 http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1290_web.pdf 

Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to
AND
, as is normally the case,incidentally.
Financial incentives are transfers of resources to external actors, actions to reduce costs, or expand markets – they are targeted at creating commercial markets
US Energy Information Administration, 1 (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration,  “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)
Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government.

Have to be commercial 104 reactors
Matuzan and Walker 85
 Controlling the Atom:
The Beginnings of Nuclear Regulation, 1946-1962
 George T. Mazuzan is Assistant Professor of History at State University of New York at Geneseo. University of Vermont awarded him his B.S. and M.A., and his Ph.D. was conferred by Kent State University. He has published several articles. 

 Sections of the 1954 act reflected the state of the technology by establishing two
AND
regulation that would lead to major advances in power-reactor technology.34

T-

production means for the purpose energy itself- that’s IAEA 7- 2ac doesn’t have a counter def of production. results in energy production explodes limits

Nuclear energy production exclusively focuses on electricity  
Herrsnz, Linares, and Moratilla 8 (L.E. - Unit of Nuclear Safety Research, J.I. and B.Y - Rafael Marino Chair of New Energy Technologies Comillas Pontifical U, "Power cycle assessment of nuclear high temperature gas-cooled reactors," http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/users/papers/engr/ernesto/millav/EP/References/Applied%20Thermal%20Engineering%20%5B6%5D.pdf)

Nonetheless, at present nuclear energy production is almost exclusively focused on electricity generation,
AND
systems become competitive only for a thermal production of a few thousand MWs.

Anything that affects energy production is hugely unlimiting and not energy production itself
EIA, Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, U.S. DOE, ‘92
(“Federal Energy Subsidies: Direct and Indirect Interventions in Energy Markets,” ftp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/service/emeu9202.pdf)

In some sense, most Federal policies have the potential to affect energy markets.
AND
through financial incentives, regulation, public enterprise, or research and development.

Financial incentives must be targeted at energy use itself
Summerfield ‘7 (SUMMERFIELD 07, Brian, Senior Editor of Talent Management Magazine http://www.talentmgt.com/newsletters/compensation_perspectives/2007/March/282/index.php 

Specifically, an incentive is any monetary or nonmonetary reward that aims to encourage a
AND
., "If you do X, then you'll get Y in return.") 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
K
Energy production policy is deeply gendered and racialized – The plans economic rationality co-opts alternatives, creates ideological blindspots in energy decision-making and accelerates an unsustainable system of global inequality
Holleman 12 (Hannah, Assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon, Sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, “Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy, ” https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1)
As Marilyn Waring noted twenty years ago, under this system, when there is
AND
, and waste disposal, documenting energy ¶ injustice through various theoretical lenses.
Economic rationality causes extinction – you can’t trust the knowledge production of the 1AC – rejection is key to mapping new strategies to avert biosphere collapse  
Plumwood 2 (Val, Prof of Women’s Studies, Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University, Environmental Culture The ecological crisis of reason, p. 1-3)
The Titanic is a story of technological hubris and decision-making disaster in the
AND
the dysfunc- tional ecological and ethical relationships we have created with nature.
Reject the gendered economic rationality of the 1AC – Opens space for a feminists ethic of interdependence – The ballot should foreground a method of process oriented thinking to expose the false neutrality of the aff
Plumwood 2 (Val, Prof of Women’s Studies, Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University, Environmental Culture The ecological crisis of reason, p. 32-37)
Neo-liberalism has succeeded in passing itself off as rational largely because it plays
AND
of us into Others to ourselves, into less than we could be.

*2NC
2NC – Framework
The ballot should foreground process oriented critiques – their obsession on the product of our method reproduces gendered economic rationality and causes symptom-focused scholarship
*PBL = Problem-Based Learning
Spencer and Nichols 5 (Spencer M.E. – Professor at U of Montevallo - Majors bodies of work on Eco-feminism, embodiment, and elementary science education, Sherry E. – Associate Professor, Science Education Department of Curriculum and Instruction, “Exploring Environmental Education Through Ecofeminism: Narratives of Embodiment of Science,” The Inclusion of Environmental Education in Science Teacher Education)
Just as there are many forms of feminism, so too are there many philosophies
AND
parallel to what and how we could envision learning in and about environment.
Their symptom-focused scholarship causes serial policy failure – sequencing the alt and rejecting the neutral portrayal of the 1AC is key to effective energy policy
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
There is a dominant conception of policy-making as an objective, linear process
AND
consistently favoured new nuclear power while purporting to be undecided on the issue.
Our role as energy policy researchers should be critiquing dominant conceptions of the policy process – it’s key to opening space for new ways of approaching energy policy
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233)
The demonstration of the value of a discourse analytic approach in this paper, together
AND
framing, interpreting and implementing energy policy in the decades to come.2

2NC – AT: Perm
The perm assimilates feminist analysis – coopts genuine alternative practices – Rejection is key to reconfigure gendered power relationships
Bensimon and Marshall 3 (Estela, professor at the University of Southern California, Catherine, professor at the University of North Carolina, “Like It Or Not Feminist Critical Policy Analysis Matters”, The Journal of Higher Education, Volume 74, Issue 3, Project Muse)
Earlier we said that the master's preoccupation is how to absorb feminism into policy analysis
AND
challengers from the fringes, trying to get the hegemonic center to lisen.
Deterrence
The theory of deterrence is wrong- they ignore cognative bias and relative perspectives- empirical examples like Pearl Harbor prove miscalculation
Larkin ’11 (Colonel Sean P. Larkin, USAF, is Commander of the Global Threat Analysis Group, National Air and Space Intelligence Center, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, “The Limits of Tailored Deterrence”, issue 63, 4th quarter 2011 / JFQ 47) 

Deterrence is back. Although the Cold War concept lost its centrality in security policy
AND
the United States can influence world events, but cannot dictate them. JFQ
Terrorism Link
The fight against terrorism is a fight against the uncivilized, irrational danger—this justifies endless war and intervention to protect the masculine order
Wilcox 3 Lauren, PhD in IR @ University of Minnesota, BA @ Macalester College, MA @ London School of Economics, “Security Masculinity: The Gender-Security Nexus”, RCB
These statements give several clues as to the implications of ”barbaric‘ behavior.
AND
, but a feminized ”other‘ that American masculinity is defined against.
Navy
Pursuit of naval power is a form of perpetual crisis management – transforms the ocean into an externalized object in the pursuit of economic and political dominance
De Oliveira 12 (Gilberto, “Naval Peacekeeping and Pirace: Time for a Critical Turn in the Debate”, International Peacekeeping, 19:1, 48-61)
Second, the debate did not reflect the last decade’s critical developments concerning the liberal
AND
order to manage them through exceptional measures in a problem-solving framework.

Nhanenge
The 1ACs conflict mapping causes a self-fulfilling prophecy – patriarchy rationalizes violent responses – guarantees extinction
Nhanenge 7 (Jytte, Masters @ U South Africa, paper submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in the subject Development Studies, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT”)
The androcentric premises also have political consequences. They protect the ideological basis of exploitative
AND

3233; Schumacher 1993: 20, 126, 128, 130).
AT: Case Outweighs
4. Case outweighs is the link -  Obsession with short-time frame impacts obscures ongoing violence and ecological collapse – we control the root cause of why your conflicts escalate
Nixon 10 (Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pp 1-14)
When Lawrence Summers, then president of the World Bank, advocated thai the bank
AND
how our rhetorical conventions for bracketing violence routinely ignore ongoing, belated casualties.
AT: No Impact
The alt is try or die – Structural mechanisms make Global warfare inevitable – quantitative assessments erase escalating violence against the global South
Gregory ’10 (Derek Gregory , Prof. of Geography @ U. of British Columbia, “War and peace,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 35.2)
Ferguson is not alone in his silence. Many of those who regarded those continuing
AND
fin de siècle (Chojnacki and Reisch 2008; Harbom and Wallensteen 2009).

AT: RC
Goldstein’s methodology is wrong – concludes that societies shape war – Goldstein has a reductive understanding of gender– our intersectional approach solves
D'Amico 3 (Francine, Asst. Prof. of Pol Science @ the Maxwell School "Review of Joshua S. Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, H-Minerva, H-Net Reviews, http://www.hnet.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=237351067805773.
The wealth of literature written to date on war and gender, which Goldstein appears
AND
Relations (2002). Attention to Postcolonial Feminist perspectives would enhance Goldstein's analysis.
AT: Essentialism
Ecofeminism strategically utilizes the woman-nature connection as a vantage point for new knowledge production – avoids the essentialism turn
Gallacher 8 (Susan, PH.D in Philosophy from Murdoch University, PHD Thesis: Technopagans: Hybrids on the new edge, http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/706/2/02Whole.pdf)
The essentialist debate must be careful not to reinforce the order it seeks to dismantle
AND
and materiality should not be ignored in the pursuit of anti-essentialism.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
DA

Immigration will pass- PC is key
Sink and Mali 3-25. Justin, Meghashyam, reporters, "Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress" The HIll -- thehill.com/video/administration/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform

Obama said he expects debate on an immigration bill to “begin next month”
AND
but their work has already received general support from leaders in both parties.

PC key
Anniston Star, 3-27 Editorial Board, "On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform," 3-27-13, annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive--Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, accessed 3-28-13, mss

The point: President Obama didn’t fulfill his promise of securing sweeping immigration-reform
AND
of those discussions until it’s produced,” White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.

CIR key to cyber security
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber attack causes nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control”, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

The technical details of VLF submarine communication methods can be found online, including PC
AND
the authority to launch if they believe the central command has been destroyed.  

Mexican relations depend on immigration- key to global democracy
Castaneda ‘3 (Castañeda, Jorge G. Source: Foreign Affairs; May/Jun2003, Vol. 82 Issue 3, p67-81, 15p, 4 Black and White Photographs 

Dealing with Mexico is in many ways the most important regional task facing the Bush
AND
by demonstrating that it can construct alliances beyond its traditional circle of friends. 

Democracy solves extinction
Diamond ‘95 Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, December, PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990S, 1995, p. http://www.carnegie.org//sub/pubs/deadly/diam_rpt.html

Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons continue to proliferate.  The very source of life
AND
their own citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. 

Immigration key to ag
Serrano ’12 (Alfonso Serrano 12, Bitter Harvest: U.S. Farmers Blame Billion-Dollar Losses on Immigration Laws, Time, 9-21-12, http://business.time.com/2012/09/21/bitter-harvest-u-s-farmers-blame-billion-dollar-losses-on-immigration-laws/

The Broetjes and an increasing number of farmers across the country say that a complex
AND
up to $9 billion, according to the American Farm Bureau Federation.

US ag solves extinction
Lugar ‘2K (Richard Lugar, US Senator from Indiana, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, 2000)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
DA

Immigration will pass- PC is key
Sink and Mali 3-25. Justin, Meghashyam, reporters, "Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress" The HIll -- thehill.com/video/administration/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform

Obama said he expects debate on an immigration bill to “begin next month”
AND
but their work has already received general support from leaders in both parties.

PC key
Anniston Star, 3-27 Editorial Board, "On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform," 3-27-13, annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive--Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, accessed 3-28-13, mss

The point: President Obama didn’t fulfill his promise of securing sweeping immigration-reform
AND
of those discussions until it’s produced,” White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.

CIR key to cyber security
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html) 

We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.

Cyber attack causes nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command and Control”, Study Commissioned on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, July, www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.doc)

The technical details of VLF submarine communication methods can be found online, including PC
AND
the authority to launch if they believe the central command has been destroyed.  

Mexican relations depend on immigration- key to global democracy
Castaneda ‘3 (Castañeda, Jorge G. Source: Foreign Affairs; May/Jun2003, Vol. 82 Issue 3, p67-81, 15p, 4 Black and White Photographs 

Dealing with Mexico is in many ways the most important regional task facing the Bush
AND
by demonstrating that it can construct alliances beyond its traditional circle of friends. 

Democracy solves extinction
Diamond ‘95 Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, December, PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990S, 1995, p. http://www.carnegie.org//sub/pubs/deadly/diam_rpt.html

Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons continue to proliferate.  The very source of life
AND
their own citizens, who organize to protest the destruction of their environments. 

Immigration key to ag
Serrano ’12 (Alfonso Serrano 12, Bitter Harvest: U.S. Farmers Blame Billion-Dollar Losses on Immigration Laws, Time, 9-21-12, http://business.time.com/2012/09/21/bitter-harvest-u-s-farmers-blame-billion-dollar-losses-on-immigration-laws/

The Broetjes and an increasing number of farmers across the country say that a complex
AND
up to $9 billion, according to the American Farm Bureau Federation.

US ag solves extinction
Lugar ‘2K (Richard Lugar, US Senator from Indiana, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, 2000)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
States
Washington D.C., the fifty states, and all relevant territories should substantially increase funding for downblending surplus highly enriched uranium to low enriched uranium for use in a nuclear reactor

50 state energy solves better and sparks federal modeling
Northrop ‘8 (States Take the Lead on Climate, Michael Northrop, 06.03.08, director of the Sustainable Development Program at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.)
The federal government in the Bush era has done little to tackle our most pressing
AND
committed to responsible climate action and ready to support a needed national response.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Russia

No Russia loose nukes
John Mueller, Department of Political Science @ Ohio State University, January 1, 2008, The Atomic Terrorist: Assessing the Likelihood, p. http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/APSACHGO.PDF

There has been a lot of worry about "loose nukes," particularly in post
AND
storage locations and available for purchase in some way (2007, 56).

Security measures prevent Russia nuclear misuse.
John Mueller, Department of Political Science @ Ohio State University, January 1, 2008, The Atomic Terrorist: Assessing the Likelihood, p. http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/APSACHGO.PDF

 It might be added that Russia has an intense interest in controlling any weapons
AND
easily be detected by passive sensors at ports and other points of transmission. 

Cooperation is impossible
Bovt ’12 (9/12 (Columnist-Moscow Times, “Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead,” http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html#ixzz274U7VOyl 

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

Putin makes cooperation impossible
Weiss ’12 (6-19 – Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Weiss Asset Management, a Boston-based investment firm,2 and Professor Emeritus Boston University  (Andrew, 2012, “Putin's Waiting Game” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/06/19/waiting_game?page=full)

The most important yet overlooked aspect of the current situation, however, may be
AND
price to pay if it breathes new life and legitimacy into his rule. 

No terrorism impact – groups are too weak and law enforcement solves
Zenko and Cohen 12, (Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety

 NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major
AND
the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies.

No risk of nuclear terror—means and motive
Chapman 12 Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune “The Implausibility of Nuclear Terrorism” May 17 http://reason.com/archives/2012/05/17/the-implausibility-of-nuclear-terrorism

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.

No impact to radiation
Adams 12 - Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., (Rod “Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?”, May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29)

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
AND
and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Deterrence

Nuclear stockpile will be stable now—nuclear primacy creates security dilemma and miscalculation—net worse for stability
Elkind ’12 (David J. is a research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues “American Nuclear Primacy: the End of MAD or a New START?” May 22 http://csis.org/blog/american-nuclear-primacy-end-mad-or-new-start

These results show that the United States cannot reasonably claim to have obtained nuclear primacy
AND
States – and we can rest easier knowing that this is the case.

Deterrence is sufficient in the status quo – primacy is a paper tiger
Bin 06 (Li Bin, a Chinese physicist, works on arms control and international security, professor of the Department of International Relations and Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University, directs the Arms Control Program at Tsinghua University, 2006, “Paper Tiger with Whitened Teeth”, Issue 4, http://www.chinasecurity.us/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=213andItemid=8andlang=zh)

The Lieber and Press paper also raises the concern that China might use nuclear weapons
AND
would make little contribution to the U.S. minimum nuclear deterrence. 

No modernization now, and nukes not key
WaPo 9-15 Washington Post “Aging U.S. nuclear arsenal slated for costly and long-delayed modernization”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nationa l-security/us-nuclear-arsenal-is-ready-for-overhaul/2012/09/15/428237de-f830-11e1-8253-3f495ae70650_story.html

There is no official price tag for the effort to upgrade and maintain the 5
AND
scope and cost of maintaining and refurbishing the nuclear stockpile underlying the debate.

Nukes not key to deterrence
Gerson ‘9 (CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE RETHINKING U.S. NUCLEAR POSTURE MODERATOR: JAMES ACTON, ASSOCIATE, NONPROLIFERATION PROGRAM, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT SPEAKERS: MICHAEL S. GERSON, RESEARCH ANALYST, CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES Transcript by Federal News Service Washington, D.C.

The National Academy of Sciences report on the future of U.S. nuclear
AND
in favor of no-first-use advocated one set of use.

Extinction impossible and ahistorical
Posner 5 (Richard A., Judge U.S. Court of Appeals 7th Circuit, Professor Chicago School of Law, January 1, 2005, Skeptic, Altadena, CA, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html#abstract) 

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
through gene splicing into a far more lethal pathogen than smallpox ever was.

Extinction claims are hype
Fitzpatrick ’10 Michael Fitzpatrick, General Practitioner @ Barton House Health Center, November 2010. “Pandemic  Flu: Public Health and the Culture of Fear”
http://www.rsis.edu.sg/NTS/resources/research_papers/NTS%20Working%20Paper2.pdf

Projections by leading public health officials of rates of disease and death from pandemic flu
AND
real social problems, politicians and public health officials engage in dramatic posturing. 

No EMP impact
Farley ‘9 (The EMP Threat: Lots of Hype, Little Traction  By Robert Farley | Posted: October 16, 2009 Robert Farley is an assistant professor at the University of Kentucky’s Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce and a contributor to PRA’s Right Web (http://rightweb.irc-online.org/). 

Uncertainty regarding the effect of EMP has fed alarmist predictions about overall impact. For
AND
as a splendid political opportunity, or as their latest conservative litmus test. 

The US is so far ahead in Naval power that this impact is a joke
Work 9 (Robert, VP of Strategic Studies @ Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, “Strategy for the Long Haul: the US Navy Charting A Course for Tomorrow’s Fleet”, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20090217.The_US_Navy_Charti/R.20090217.The_US_Navy_Charti.pdf)

On August 1, 2008, the TSBF numbered 280 ships of all types (
AND
seeks to foster and sustain  cooperative maritime relationships with more international partners.12

Naval power is good for nothing
Reed 8 John T. Reed, West Point Graduate and platoon leader in the 82nd Airborne Division., June, 2008."Are U.S. Navy surface ships sitting ducks to enemies with modern weapons?"http://www.johntreed.com/sittingducks.html

I have read media stories that said whenever the U.S. Navy did
AND
useful for action against backward enemies like Afghanistan and Iraq or drug smugglers.

1NC: Keystone Politics DA, Idle Wells CP, Energy Production K, Navy DA, Oceans DA, Case
2NC: Idle Wells CP, Case
1NR: Navy DA
2NR: Everything