Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention [   ]: Military Capabilities
First is the impacts-
Hegemony solves nuclear war
Kagan ‘12 (Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why the World Needs America,” February 11th, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html)
With the outbreak of World War I, the age of settled peace and advancing
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what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.
Social science proves unipolarity generates stability
Wohlforth ‘9 (Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)
The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
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identity politics and grand strategies under unipolarity are consistent with the theory’s expectations.
 
American military engagement is inevitable
Dorfman ‘12 (Zach Dorfman, Zach Dorfman is assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, an online magazine of books, art, and culture, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605, May 18, 2012, LEQ)

The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
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come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

The plan solves-
First is the grid-
SMR’s “island” military bases from the grid- blackouts inevitable- this independently jacks space systems
Loudermilk ‘11 (Micah J. Loudermilk, Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters”, March 27, 2011, LEQ)
Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University released a
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fears that would surely arise from the distribution of reactors across the country.
 
Independently- space systems are key to US hegemony
Imburgia ‘11 (Lt. Col. and Judge Advocate in Air Force,
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Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk,” Scholar)
These gloomy prognostications about the threats to our space environment should be troubling to Americans
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well-being, the preservation of these space capabilities should also be vital
 
The second internal is operational vulnerability-
Military oil dependency jacks capabilities - SMR’s are key
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
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, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)
Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
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the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.
 
Dependency on oil risk collapsing the military
Voth ‘12 (Jeffrey M. Voth is the president of Herren Associates leading a team of consultants advising the federal government on issues of national security, energy and environment, health care and critical information technology infrastructure, George Washing University Homeland Security Policy Institute, “In Defense of Energy – A Call to Action”, http://securitydebrief.com/2012/04/11/in-defense-of-energy-a-call-to-action/, April 11, 2012, LEQ)
Last month, the Pentagon released its widely anticipated roadmap to transform operational energy security
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still as a military or as a nation, we are falling behind.”
Independently- fuel cost wrecks the DOD’s budget - spills over
Freed ‘12 (Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy, Third Way, “Improving capability, protecting 'budget”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 21, 2012, LEQ)
As Third Way explains in a digest being released this week by our National Security
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the Pentagon has decided to invest in these efforts. End of story.
 
Contention [   ]: Nuclear Industry
First the impacts-
Warming causes extinction- tipping point
Dyer ‘12 (London-based independent journalist, PhD from King's College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)
Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on
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- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth's history.
 
It will be rapid
Light ‘12 (Malcolm, PhD, University of London – Earth science and climate consultant, “Global Extinction within one Human Lifetime as a Result of a Spreading Atmospheric Arctic Methane Heat wave and Surface Firestorm,” http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/global-extinction-within-one-human.html)
Although the sudden high rate Arctic methane increase at Svalbard
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 effects of the fast building atmospheric methane concentration.
Its anthro- 500 studies go aff
Romm ‘10 (Jon, Editor of Climate Progress, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, former Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Disputing the “consensus” on global warming,” http://climateprogress.org/2010/06/16/scientific-consensus-on-global-warming-climate-science/,)
A good example of how scientific evidence drives our understanding concerns how we know that
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and “An introduction to global warming impacts: Hell and High Water“).
 
The global nuclear industry is dying now and fossil fuels are increasing- this makes solving warming impossible- but new Chinese power plants will thump any disads
Tat ‘12 (Chee Hong Tat, Chief Executive, Energy Market Authority of Singapore, “Singapore International Market Week Publication”, “SECURING OUR ENERGY FUTURE APRIL 2012”, LEQ)
Nuclear Faces The Long Road Back For the nuclear industry, recovery will depend on
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to decline in importance as other parts of the business grow more rapidly.
The plan solves-
SMR’s jump-start the US nuclear industry- DOD action is key to overcome market barriers and eliminate the nuclear stigma
Loudermilk and Andres ‘10 (Richard B. Andres is a Senior Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University and a Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College, Micah J. Loudermilk is a researcher at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Reactors and the Military's Role in Securing America's Nuclear Industry”, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm, April 23, 2010, LEQ)
Faced with the dual-obstacles of growing worldwide energy demand and a renewed push
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necessary for the federal government and the NRC to take more aggressive action.
 
SMR’s are an energy game changer- but purchasing agreements are key to jump-start the industry
Madia (Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the NAL at Stanford and was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) ‘12 (William Madia, Stanford Energy Journal, Dr. Madia serves as Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.  Previously, he was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2000-2004 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory from 1994-1999., “SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: A POTENTIAL GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY”, http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia, Spring 2012, LEQ)
There is a new type of nuclear power plant (NPP) under development that
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we must consider SMRs as a key component of our national energy strategy.
 
And an aggregate-output purchase-power agreement solves best- key to obtain private sector financing- this takes out any conditions CP- certain - the most qualified studies go aff- this comes from a 140 page U of Chicago research brief with over 100 authors that took 6 years
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)
6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
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can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.
 
And United States is the only country capable of mass producing SMR’s and they are the only technology sufficient to solve global emissions- US key to global spillover of tech
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)
As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
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Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Second- the Department of Defense is the key agency to fund Small Modular Reactors- a demonstration project coupled with purchasing will get the industry off the ground
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)
DoD as first Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most
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available in the future, then it should pursue a leadership role now.
 
DOD implementation is vital to get optimal capabilities- key to solvency- this takes out any free market or States counterplans
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)
Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.
 
Last- there are no disads
The DOE spent 450 million dollars on SMR and Obama gave a speech on it
Energy.gov ‘12 (Energy.gov, “Obama Administration Announces $450 Million to Design and Commercialize U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors”, http://energy.gov/articles/obama-administration-announces-450-million-design-and-commercialize-us-small-modular, March 22, 2012, LEQ)
Obama Administration Announces $450 Million to Design and Commercialize U.S. Small
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full spectrum of technologies, from advanced reactor concepts to enhanced safety design.
 
And DOD is performing 50 energy demonstrations now
Sarewitz et al ‘12 (Daniel Sarewitz and Samuel Thernstrom Co-Directors,
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At The Department Of Defense Assessing The Opportunities”, March 2012, LEQ)

 DoD began the Installation Energy Test Bed as a pilot program in 2009 with
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energy technologies beyond research and development and to overcome the Valley of Death.
Plan: The Department of Defense should initiate power-purchase agreements of Small Modular Reactors in the United States.
2ac case
Waste was solved
Conca ’12 (James Conca, Energy Contributor in Forbes, “Congress Goes Nuclear”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2012/04/28/congress-goes-nuclear/#, April 28, 2012, LEQ)
So much for the … problem for 30 more years.
Military oil doesn’t link
Kreutzer ’12 (David Kreutzer, Research Fellow in Energy Economics and Climate Change, Heritage Foundation, “Military Biofoolishness”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 21, 2012, LEQ)
The entire U.S. military ... The military needs to rethink its biofuels program.
Peak oil makes oil unsustainable
Hodge 11*Nick Hodge is editor of Energy and Capital an online journal specializing in investment analysis in the new energy economy [http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/2015-end-of-the-oil-age/1609, July 1st 2011, “2015: End of the Oil Age”]
If you're insolent enough to seek the truth, yo… more optimistic forecast of 105 mbd.
no Saudi prolif
Lippman ’11 [Thomas, senior adjunct scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington. His career in journalism at the Washington Post included four years as the Washington Post’s Middle East bureau chief, three years as the Post’s oil and energy reporter and a decade as the newspaper’s national security and diplomatic correspondent, he traveled extensively to Saudi Arabia, 8-5-11, “Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Policy,” http://www.susris.com/2011/08/05/saudi-arabia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-policy-lippman/]
It is highly unlikely, however, … internationally supervised region free of all weapons of mass destruction.
No Mideast prolif
Kane 09 – [Chen, senior research associate at the Monterey Institute's James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Foreign Policy, “The Middle East's Interrupted Atomic Dreams.” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/29/what_middle_east_nuclear_race]
The main factor driving the … has curbed its nuclear ambitions accordingly.
cp
uncertainty jacks investment
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir ’11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)
As illustrated in the previous discussion, … type of management model are discussed in the subsections that follow.
2ac japan exports
They shut down their nuclear industry
Tat ‘12 (Chee Hong Tat, Chief Executive, Energy Market Authority of Singapore, “Singapore International Market Week Publication”, “SECURING OUR ENERGY FUTURE APRIL 2012”, LEQ)
Nuclear Faces The Long Road Back For the nuclear … expects nuclear power to decline in importance as other parts of the business grow more rapidly.
 No Asian war – all factors prove peace is likely
Bitzinger and Desker 08 – senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)
The Asia-Pacific region can … – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.
US Solves escalation
Weissmann 09 – senior fellow at the Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies (Mikael Weissmann, “Understanding the East Asian Peace: Some Findings on the Role of Informal Processes,” Nordic Asia Research Community, November 2, 2009, http://barha.asiaportal.info/blogs/in-focus/2009/november/understanding-east-asian-peace-some-findings-role-informal-processes-mi)
Lastly, the USA has contributed … in the economic and other spheres.
Elite interactions and mutual understanding prevents all conflicts
Weissmann 09 - senior fellow at the Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies (Mikael Weissmann, “Understanding the East Asian Peace: Some Findings on the Role of Informal Processes,” Nordic Asia Research Community, November 2, 2009, http://barha.asiaportal.info/blogs/in-focus/2009/november/understanding-east-asian-peace-some-findings-role-informal-processes-mi)
Elite interactions – i.e. personal … is also important to be able to overcome the range of historical issues.
No risk of Asian war—countries seek conflict resolution
Mahbubani and Chesterman 10 (3/4. Kishore, dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, Simon, professor of law and director of the NYU School of Law Singapore Program at the National University of Singapore, “Pragmatic Asia can bolster global stability,” http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/eo20100304a1.html)
The key to understanding Asian … the appearance of consensus may merely mask the true politics at work.
2ac defense t.off
No link – plan saves money
Causbie and Hart ’12 (Lieutenant Colonel Steven Hart, Cadet Hanson Causbie, West Point, New York, United States Military Academy, “Deployable Nukes: The Future Of Nuclear Power In The Deployed Environment”, March 13, 2012, LEQ)
Ten years of operating in the deployed … technology has been tested and proven reliable should it be fielded to smaller FOBs closer to the tactical edge.
2ac obama good
Romney win now – momentum changing and swing states
KTVQ 9-19. ["It's not all over for Romney" KTVQ News Coverage  www.ktvq.com/news/it-s-not-all-over-for-romney/]
On Monday night, Romney was … to land some punches in the debates.
Romney will win – their polls are biased
Morris 9-21. [Dick, merican political author and commentator who previously worked as a pollster, political campaign consultant, and general political consultant., "Why the Polls Understate Romney Vote"  www.dickmorris.com/why-the-polls-under-state-romney-vote/]
Republicans are getting depressed …a view much closer to reality.
Euro crisis and Iran doom Obama
Hulsman 12, John, President and Co-Founder of John C. Hulsman Enterprises [“Obama’s foreign policy black swans,” 5/6, http://www.aspeninstitute.it/aspenia-online/article/obama%E2%80%99s-foreign-policy-black-swans
And here almost all the news is bad, … White House’s chance for a second term.
Silver’s long term polls aren’t accurate
Dickinson ‘10 – Professor of Political Science Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt. “Nate Silver Is Not A Political Scientist”. November 1, 2010
I’ve made this point before, most … you might want to look elsewhere.
no link – GoP won’t politicize the plan
Davenport ’12 (Coral Davenport is the energy and environment correspondent for National Journal. Prior to joining National Journal in 2010, Davenport covered energy and environment for Politico, and before that, for Congressional Quarterly, “Pentagon's Clean-Energy Initiatives Could Help Troops—and President Obama”, http://www.nationaljournal.com/pentagon-s-clean-energy-initiatives-could-help-troops-and-president-obama-20120411?mrefid=site_search, April 11, 2012, LEQ)
The Pentagon plans to roll out … cost up to $7 billion—will be privately financed.
Energy not key to voters
Farnam, 12  Washington Post politics and business reporter (T.W. "Energy issue gets jolt of ads," Washington Post, 6-29-12, l/n, accessed 8-27-12, mss)
Energy issues don't spark much … fewer than 1 percent mention energy.
Nuclear power popular
Brown ’12 (Dave Brown — Exclusive to Uranium Investing News, “United States Still Favors Nuclear Power”, http://uraniuminvestingnews.com/11008/united-states-still-favors-nuclear-power.html, March 28, 2012, LEQ)
According to the results …in nuclear industry stakeholders.
econ outweighs the plan
Pew 12. [Pew Research Center, “GOP Holds early turnout edge, but little enthusiasm for Romney” June 21 http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/21/section-2-assessing-obama-and-romneys-support/]
Economy Dominates Voter Concerns¶ Economic … Obama voters (26%) than either certain Romney (14%) or swing voters (15%).
Winners win
Halloran 10, Liz Halloran is a Washington correspondent for NPR “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made,” NPR April 6
Amazing what a win in a major …o wait and see what his efforts produce.
Obama legalizes pot as an October surprise
Mark Whittington, 6-14-2012, Obama’s October Surprise Could Be Legalizing Pot, Yahoo! News, p. http://news.yahoo.com/obamas-october-surprise-could-legalizing-pot-191100768.html, accessed 9-10-2012
The Atlantic Wire believes that it has … for pot growers. It may be his only hope.
Election too far off — Black Swans
PBS ’12
(“Black swan events”, 9-7-2012, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/video/video-black-swan-events/14768/)
Finally, it was more than 130 years … But you’ll know ‘em when you see ‘em.”
Relations are resilient, but the cooperation that their impacts assume is impossible
Harry Harding 11, founding dean of the School of Leadership and Public Policy at the University of Virginia, “Are China and the U.S. on a collision course?”, June 14, http://thinkingaboutasia.blogspot.com/2011/06/are-china-and-us-on-collision-course.html
In my judgment, it is highly …compel unification through the use of force.
Alt causes
Linfei 12/13 (Zhi Linfei and Ran Wei, Xinhua, “Yearender: China-U.S. relations witness gains, obstacles in 2011”, 12/13/2011, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2011-12/13/c_131304574.htm)
U.S. experts predict a bumpy … on the nature of U.S. perception of China's "threat."
Broader strategic cooperation outweighs
Jeffrey A. Bader 11, visiting scholar at the China Center at Brookings, “U.S.-China Senior Dialogue: Maintaining the Balance”, May 6, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2011/0506_strategic_economic_dialogue_bader.aspx
The SandED comes at a time when …Middle East, will be on the agenda of the SandED.
Environmentalists love the plan
VEIA ’12 (Virginina Energy Independence Alliance, 9/11/12, “Why liberals and environmentalists are embracing Nuclear Energy”)
In what is becoming a trend, liberals … the nay-saying of their less reasonable brethren.
1ar
US domestic natural gas prices are isolated from the world and local spikes are inevitable- means that nuclear energy will be cost competitive for the US
Richter ’12 (Wolf Richter is an entrepreneur, executive, and writer based in San Francisco, “Don't Believe This Gentle Forecast For Natural Gas Prices”, http://www.businessinsider.com/the-natural-gas-massacre-and-the-price-spike-2012-7, July 18, 2012, LEQ)
Forecasting the price of natural gas is … for Energy Resources Just Got Hotter.
And there is a market for SMRs- ensure rapid commercialization
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir ’11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)
“Market pull” can supplement the traditional “…Act compliance strategy in follow-up work.
Insert this graph here-
Wesoff ’12 (Eric Wesoff, Green Tech Media, “Radix Goes Mini on Nuclear Reactors”, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/radix-goes-small-on-nuclear-reactors/, February 29, 2012, LEQ)

No trade-off
Sarewitz et al ’12 (Daniel Sarewitz and Samuel Thernstrom Co-Directors, John Alic Technical Consultant, and Writer Travis Doom Research Assistant, A joint project of CSPO and CATF, We are grateful  for their time and their insights.  Fred Beach Postdoctoral Fellow,  University of Texas at Austin William Bonvillian Washington Office Director,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hanna Breetz PhD Candidate,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kay Sullivan Faith Graduate Fellow, RAND Erica Fuchs Assistant Professor of Engineering and Public Policy,  Carnegie Mellon University Ken Gabriel Deputy Director,  Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Anthony Galasso Director of Advanced Integration Capabilities,  Boeing Phantom Works David Garman Consultant Eugene Gholz Associate Professor of Public Affairs,  University of Texas at Austin Sherri Goodman Senior Vice President, Center for Naval Analysis Kevin Hurst Assistant Director for Energy RandD,  Office of Science and Technology Policy John Jennings Deputy Director for Innovation,  Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Operational Energy Todd Laporte Professor of Political Science,  University of California Berkley George Lea Military Branch Chief, Engineering and Construction,  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Sasha Mackler Bipartisan Policy Center Jeffrey Marqusee Executive Director, SERDP and ESTCP, U.S. Department of Defense William McQuaid Liaison for DoD Energy Conservation Programs,  Office of Management and Budget Srini Mirmira Commercialization,  Advance Research Projects Agency-Energy Dorothy Robyn Deputy Under Secretary of Defense,  Installations and Environment Richard Van Atta Institute for Defense Analyses Andrew Wiedlea Defense Threat Reduction Agency Aubrey Wigner Graduate Student,  Arizona State University Project Staff and Affiliates Daniel Sarewitz Co-Director,  Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes,  Arizona State University Samuel Thernstrom Senior Climate Policy Advisor,  Clean Air Task Force John Alic  Consultant Travis Doom Program Specialist,  Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes,  Arizona State University Joseph Chaisson Research and Technical Director,  Clean Air Task Force Armond Cohen Executive Director,  Clean Air Task Force Nate Gorence Associate Director for Energy Innovation,  Bipartisan Policy Center Suzanne Landtiser Graphic Designer, Fine Line Studio, “Energy Innovation At The Department Of Defense Assessing The Opportunities”, March 2012, LEQ)
Most of the dollars that … parallels to the sort of work almost exclusively supported by other federal agencies.
Sequestration coming
Hodge 9/20, Hope, reports on national security and defense issues for Human Events [“deadlock on defense cuts as deadline approaches,” 9/20, http://www.humanevents.com/2012/09/20/deadlock-on-defense-cuts-as-deadline-approaches/]
But apparently not prominent … session is almost, but not quite, laughable.”
That kills the asia pivot
Auslin 8/27, Michael, scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, columnist at wsj [“America Doesn't Need a Pivot to Asia,” 8/27, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444506004577614941100974630.html?mod=googlenews_wsj]
Further evidence for this reality … dominate the attention of American policy makers.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan solves military oil entanglement
Buis ’12 (Tom Buis, CEO, Growth Energy, Co-written by Buis and Growth Energy Board Co-Chair Gen. Wesley K. Clark (Ret.), “American Families Need American Fuel”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 23, 2012, LEQ)
Our nation is dangerously dependent …enhance American energy – and national – security.

These will risk wars that will escalate
Collina 5  (Executive Director of 20-20 Vision, Tom Z. Collina, Executive Director of 20-20Vision; testimony in front of Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs United States Senate “Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions”. October 19, 2005 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2005_hr/051020-collina.pdf)
More conflicts in the Middle East America … reducing our dependence on oil.

SMRs solve North Korean prolif
Goodby and Heiskanen 12¸ James,  former arms control negotiator and a Hoover Institution Fellow, Markku, Associate and Program Director of The Asia Institute at the Kyung Hee University in Seoul “The Seoul Nuclear Security Summit: New Thinking in Northeast Asia?” March 20th, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/the-seoul-nuclear-security-summit-new-thinking-in-northeast-asia/
The nuclear crises in the … such as India and China.

Nuclear war
Hayes and Hamel-Green ’10 *Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute (Peter and Michael, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1/5,  http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf
The consequences of failing to … priority consideration from the international community 

Sats key to disease monitoring
Harmon ‘9 (Katherine, News Reporter @ Scientific American “Satellites Used to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks” 8/24, http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1822)

Rather than searching for weird weather or … a pathogen can really remain isolated," he says.

Extinction
Yu ‘9 (Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)

In the past, humans have indeed … into a human-viable strain (10). 

Tournament: gsu | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Romney win now – momentum changing and swing states
KTVQ 9-19. "It's not all over for Romney" KTVQ News Coverage -- www.ktvq.com/news/it-s-not-all-over-for-romney/
On Monday night, Romney … land some punches in the debates.

default aff – polling bias
Barnes 9-18. Fred, executive editor of the Weekly Standard, "Weekly Standard: Why Obama's Ahead" NPR -- www.npr.org/2012/09/18/161340205/weekly-standard-why-obamas-ahead
— Polls. Polls often make Obama look .,.. Romney leading Obama, 48-to-47 percent.

Euro crisis and Iran doom Obama
Hulsman 12, John, President and Co-Founder of John C. Hulsman Enterprises “Obama’s foreign policy black swans,” 5/6, http://www.aspeninstitute.it/aspenia-online/article/obama%E2%80%99s-foreign-policy-black-swans
And here almost all the news is bad, only … paid to the White House’s chance for a second term.

Silver’s long term polls aren’t accurate
Dickinson ‘10 – Professor of Political Science Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt. “Nate Silver Is Not A Political Scientist”. November 1, 2010
I’ve made this point before, most … the weather, you might want to look elsewhere.

no link – GoP won’t politicize the plan
Davenport ’12 (Coral Davenport is the energy and environment correspondent for National Journal. Prior to joining National Journal in 2010, Davenport covered energy and environment for Politico, and before that, for Congressional Quarterly, “Pentagon's Clean-Energy Initiatives Could Help Troops—and President Obama”, http://www.nationaljournal.com/pentagon-s-clean-energy-initiatives-could-help-troops-and-president-obama-20120411?mrefid=site_search, April 11, 2012, LEQ)
The Pentagon plans to roll out a new … cost up to $7 billion—will be privately financed.

Energy not key to voters
Farnam, 12 -- Washington Post politics and business reporter (T.W. "Energy issue gets jolt of ads," Washington Post, 6-29-12, l/n, accessed 8-27-12, mss)
Energy issues don't spark much … percent mention energy.

Nuclear power popular
Brown ’12 (Dave Brown — Exclusive to Uranium Investing News, “United States Still Favors Nuclear Power”, http://uraniuminvestingnews.com/11008/united-states-still-favors-nuclear-power.html, March 28, 2012, LEQ)
According to the results of … well as in nuclear industry stakeholders.

econ outweighs the plan
Pew 12. Pew Research Center, “GOP Holds early turnout edge, but little enthusiasm for Romney” June 21 -- http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/21/section-2-assessing-obama-and-romneys-support/
Economy Dominates Voter  … voters (26%) than either certain Romney (14%) or swing voters (15%).

Winners win
Halloran 10, Liz Halloran is a Washington correspondent for NPR “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made,” NPR April 6
Amazing what a win in a … to wait and see what his efforts produce.

Obama legalizes pot as an October surprise
Mark Whittington, 6-14-2012, Obama’s October Surprise Could Be Legalizing Pot, Yahoo! News, p. http://news.yahoo.com/obamas-october-surprise-could-legalizing-pot-191100768.html, accessed 9-10-2012
The Atlantic Wire believes that …It may be his only hope.

Tournament: gsu | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Uncertainty jacks private investment in SMR
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir ’11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)
As illustrated in the previous discussion, until … are discussed in the subsections that follow.

Perm do both – solves best
Freeman 1, Jody, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Contracting State,” February 27th, last date referenced in past tense http://constitution.org/ad_state/freeman2.htm HURWITZ
Although the only truly indispensable … whether to issue the permit.166 

Here’s a description of the CP – it can’t solve the aff and isn’t competitive
Fox 2k, Professor of Law, Catholic University of America “Understand Administrative Law, Fourth Edition,” http://www.lexisnexis.com/lawschool/study/understanding/pdf/adminch1.pdf HURWITZ
Much like the current ferment in … of the agency dispute resolution process. 

CP’s illegal
Freeman 1, Jody, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Contracting State,” February 27th, last date referenced in past tense http://constitution.org/ad_state/freeman2.htm HURWITZ
Traditionally, we view regulation as a top-… partner. Conceptually, the two are mutually exclusive. 

Impact is war
Kathleen SULLIVAN, ’96 (PF LAW – STANFORD, 96, KATHLEEN, 17 Cardozo L. Rev. 691)
The very idea of a … with a few parking regulations thrown in.

also means the CP gets rolled back
Freeman 1, Jody, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Contracting State,” February 27th, last date referenced in past tense http://constitution.org/ad_state/freeman2.htm HURWITZ
Although most administrative law … intolerant of all things corporatist.184

Delay DA
Coglianese 97, Cary, Edward B. Shils Professor of Law and professor of political science, deputy dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School “Assessing Comments: The Promise and Performance of Negotiated Rulemaking” June, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2808/assessing_consensus.html HURWITZ
One advantage formal negotiated … using conventional notice-and-comment procedures. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention 1: Its Nuclear or Nothing
Scenario 1 is Coal and Oil:
SMR’s are the only sustainable method to solve global problems- SMR’s resolve dumping/ waste/ pollution and trades-off with COAL which is worse- this comes from James Hansen
Hansen ‘8 (James and Anniek Hansen, That really smart climate dude, http://www.pdfdownload.org/pdf2html/pdf2html.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~jeh1%2Fmailings%2F20081229_DearMichelleAndBarack.pdfandimages=yes, December 29, 2008, LEQ)

(3) Urgent RandD on 4 th generation nuclear power with international
AND
welcome technical cooperation aimed at rapid development of a reproducible safe nuclear reactor.

SMRs can burn uranium
Szondy 12, David, writes for charged and iQ magazine, award-winning journalist “Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?” February 16th, http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/

SMRs can help with proliferation, nuclear waste and fuel supply issues because, while
AND
it can provide power even to areas where security concerns have been raised.

Coal plants destroy low income neighborhoods and minority communities
NAACP, No Date. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, NAACP commends Agreement to Close Two Chicago Coal Plants, In between 2009- 2012. http://www.naacp.org/news/entry/naacp-commends-agreement-to-close-two-chicago-coal-plants
(Chicago, IL) – NAACP leaders commended the agreement between Midwest Generation,
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conducting voter mobilization and monitoring equal opportunity in the public and private sectors.

Pollution from Coal plants increase food insecurity in minority communities
NAACP 2011, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Coal Blooded: Putting Profits Before People, http://naacp.3cdn.net/343432b6ba7601f0c3_45m6bp9tn.pdf
Availability and affordability of nutritious foods are linked to agriculture production and markets, which
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on top of the direct assault through the pollution that communities ingest daily.

Coal plants dump waste on surrounding areas
BLF, SOC, GCPA, and Clear Air, 2002. Black Leadership forum- Black leaders to grapple with issues of the deepest significance to African Americans, particularly civil rights and major public policy issues, BLF sponsored two international forums in Durban, South Africa, Today focuses on environmental justice.  The Southern Organizing Committee for Economic and Social Justice- SOC was in the vanguard promoting community empowerment, capacity building and grassroots organizing, particularly in the South. Under the leadership of Connie Tucker who has served as the Executive Council of the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, its Waste and Facility Siting Sub-committee, The Georgia Coalition for The Peoples’ Agenda- an advocacy organization that includes all of the major Civil Rights/Human Rights/Peace and Justice organizations around the state of Georgia. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery is the convener of this coalition. Dr. Joseph E. Lowery is minister in the United Methodist Church and leader in the American civil rights movement and effectively became Martin Luther King’s Immediate successor , Clear the Air- A joint project of three tasks forces: Clean Air Task Force, National Environmental Trust and U.S. PIRG Education Fund. The Clean Air Task Force is a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring clean air and healthy environments through scientific research, public education and legal advocacy. The National Environmental Trust is a non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to applying modern communications and public education techniques to environmental education and advocacy. The U.S. PIRG Education Fund is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that conducts independent research, and educates and organizes the public about a wide variety of environmental, consumer and government reform problems. Air of injustice. http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Air_of_Injustice.pdf
People living near power plants can also be exposed to contaminants in power plant wastes
AND
can directly contaminate the soil and can contaminate nearby areas with windblown dust.
Scenario 2: Warming
Small Modular Reactors achieve significant GHG reductions- US can serve as a center for export
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
AND
Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

 
Only developing small reactors solve
Shellenberger 12, Michael, president of the breakthrough institute, Jessica Lovering, policy analyst at the breakthough institute, Ted Nordhaus, chairman of the breakthrough institute, “Out of the Nuclear Closet,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/07/out_of_the_nuclear_closet?page=0,0
To move the needle on nuclear energy to the point that it might actually be
AND
than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done.

 
The global nuclear industry is dying now and fossil fuels are increasing- its nuclear or fossil fuels- this makes solving warming impossible- Coal will just dominate
Tat ‘12 (Chee Hong Tat, Chief Executive, Energy Market Authority of Singapore, “Singapore International Market Week Publication”, “SECURING OUR ENERGY FUTURE APRIL 2012”, LEQ)

Nuclear Faces The Long Road Back For the nuclear industry, recovery will depend on
AND
to decline in importance as other parts of the business grow more rapidly.
 
Extinction
Dyer ‘12 -- London-based independent journalist, PhD from King's College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)
Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on
AND
- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth's history.

Ecosecurity discourse key to solvency
Matthew 2, Richard A, associate professor of international relations and environmental political at the University of California at Irvine, Summer (ECSP Report 8:109-124)
In addition, environmental security's language and findings can benefit conservation and sustainable development."
AND
1999). However, for the most part these efforts remain preliminary.'
Conclusions Efforts to dismiss environment and security research and policy activities on the grounds that
AND
and to build on the remarkable achievements of the entire environmental security field.

 
Turns any other alternative – it changes value structures that is a prerequisite to the alt
Dyer 8 Dr. H.C. Dyer, School of Politics and International Studies (POLIS) @ University of Leeds, “The Moral Significance of 'Energy Security' and 'Climate Security” Paper presented at WISC 2nd Global International Studies Conference, ‘What keeps us apart, what keeps us together? International Order, Justice, Values’ http://www.wiscnetwork.org/ljubljana2008/getpaper.php?id=60
There is already considerable concern and cooperative activity, but it must also cope with
AND
may yet help us cope with the challenges of energy and climate security.

We need to use the master’s tool – working within the system enables reformism
Schatz 12 (JL, Binghamton U, "The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-­‐Of-­‐ The-­‐World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism," The Journal of Ecocriticism: Vol 4, No 2 (2012))
Any hesitancy to deploy images of apocalypse out of the risk of acting in a
AND
where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet.

Climate change is coming now and bears a hugely disproportionate impact on those already at the greatest socioeconomic disadvantage, causing widespread physical displacement and death
Byravan and Rajan ’10 Sujatha Byravan and Sudhir Chella Rajan, “The Ethical Implications of Sea-Level Rise Due to Climate Change,” Ethics and International Affairs 24, No. 3, 9/20/2010, only accessible on some exclusive database
As scientific evidence for the adverse effects of human-induced climate change grows stronger
AND
is not always equivalent to an argument for making reparations for past injury. 

 
The consequences of climate change should not be underestimated or ignored for the sake of ‘theoretical purity.’ Social theory must redirect its analytical attention to climate science—refusal risks complicity with the worst violence
Lever-Tracy ‘8 Constance Lever-Tracy, “Global Warming and Sociology,” Current Sociology 56 (3), 2008, pp. 445-466, http://ireswb.cc.ku.edu/~crgc/NSFWorkshop/Readings/Lever-Tracy%20Current%20Sociology%202008.pdf
There is a mystery in this lack of interest in developments that could conceivably open
AND
worse – an effective complicity with the vested interests of fossil fuel corporations.

Material changes are necessary to reorient institutions and social relations in less violent fashions- they throw the baby out with the bathwater
Subjects, 7/18/2012, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/rsi-discursivity-critique-and-politics/
If I get worked up about these issues, then this is because I think
AND
, hitching everything on psychology, attachment, and identification. Well done!

Students interrogating environmental issues is critical to developing sustainable solutions – Must also be coupled with policy advocacy in order to succeed
Cotgrave and Alkhaddar 6 – Alison Cotgrave has a PhD in Sustainability Literacy, she is currently the Deputy Director of the School of the Built Environment and a researcher in construction education, she is also a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, Rafid Alkhaddar has a PhD in Civil Engineering and currently teaches at the School of the Built Environment John Moores University in Liverpool as a Professor of Water and Environmental Engineering (March 2006, “Greening the Curricula within Construction Programmes,” Journal for Education in the Built Environment, Vol.1, Issue 1, March 2006 pp. 3-29, http://131.251.248.49/jebe/pdf/AlisonCotgrave1(1).pdf)

Environmental education  
Many writers have determined that the main aim of environmental education is to change attitudes
AND
into more sustainable structures, we might as well forget the educational part.

Engaging the state is key- can’t solve environmental destruction without it
Eckersly ‘4 (Robyn Eckersly, professor of political science at the School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia, 2004 the green state: rethinking democracy and sovereignty, p.5-6

While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward the nation-state, and the
AND
ecological emancipation without also engaging with and seeking to transform state power. 

Scenario 3: Price Shocks
SMR’s check against natural gas spikes
McNelis ’11 (David N. Mcnelis, David N. McNelis is director of the Center for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economic Development in the Institute for the Environment at UNC-Chapel Hill, “Safer power from smaller reactors”, http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/06/24/1295895/safer-power-from-smaller-reactors.html, June 24, 2011, LEQ)

CHAPEL HILL -- Efforts to promote energy efficiency, encourage sustainable lifestyle changes and exploit
AND
source of energy that should be considered for use in the United States.

Price shocks coming now- inevitable
Richter ’12 (Wolf Richter is an entrepreneur, executive, and writer based in San Francisco, “Don't Believe This Gentle Forecast For Natural Gas Prices”, http://www.businessinsider.com/the-natural-gas-massacre-and-the-price-spike-2012-7, July 18, 2012, LEQ)

Forecasting the price of natural gas is easy. The US Energy Information Agency (
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in his excellent article.... The Race for Energy Resources Just Got Hotter.

And energy shocks devastate the poor- they are one of the main factors behind systemic poverty in America
Sharan et al ‘7 (Jamil Masud, Diwesh Sharan, and Bindu N. LohaniE, NERGY FOR A LL : A DDRESSING THE E NERGY , E NVIRONMENT , AND P OVERTY N EXUS IN A SIA, Asia Development Bank, ADB is an international development finance institution whose mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Headquartered in Manila, and established in 1966, ADB is owned and financed by its 67 members, of which 48 are from the region and 19 are from other parts of the globe, April 2007, http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:jUzBu96ZvqIJ:www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Energy-for-All/energy-for- all.pdf+%22fossil+fuel%22+Energy+consumption+disproportionately+impact+hurts+minorities+environmentandcd=17andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=us)

Energy Poverty  60.  Along with the monetary dimension of poverty, energy inputs are
AND
the right, the per capita electricity consumption (dark blue bars) increases

Oil dependence makes aggressive warfare inevitable – reduction of dependency encourages cooperation rather than warfare
COLLINA 2005 (Tom Z. Collina, Executive Director, 20/20 Vision, “Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions,” Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs United States Senate, October 19, 2005, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2005_hr/051020-collina.pdf, )
Bottom line: our economy and security are increasingly dependent on one of the most
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take a giant step toward that goal by reducing our dependence on oil.

And price shocks causes global food insecurity- cause poverty and devastate developing nations
Heinberg ‘11 - Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute (Heinberg, Richard. “How Oil Prices Affect the Price of Food”. December 2011. http://oilprice.com/Energy/Oil-Prices/How-Oil-Prices-Affect-The-Price-Of-Food.html)

The connection between food and oil is systemic, and the prices of both food
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whose immediate ancestors were subsistence farmers) that is chronically malnourished and hungry.
.   

 
Contention 2: Solvency
Thorium reactors reprocess existing stockpiles and waste ridding us of vulnerable fissile material in the process
Lerner 12 (George, president of Lerner Consulting, a consulting firm, "Can Use LFTRs to Consume Nuclear Waste," Jan 17, liquidfluoridethoriumreactor.glerner.com/2012-can-use-lftrs-to-consume-nuclear-waste/, jam)
A LFTR can use all three of the available nuclear fuels: uranium-235
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water and CO2, to make carbon-neutral car and truck fuel!
 
Formal mechanisms allow for international adoption
Johnson 6 (Brian, BS Nuclear Engineering from Oregon State U, later received a Ph.D. in Nuclear Science and Engineering from M.I.T., "Thorium for Use in Plutonium Disposition,Proliferation-Resistant Fuels for DevelopingCountries, and Future Reactor Designs,"  www.wise-intern.org/journal/2006/Johnson-ANS.pdf, jam)
As it stands, the joint plutonium disposition plans of the United State and Russia
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, the United States could become a leader in thorium-based technology. 

All existing reactors can run on thorium
Cox 11 (Patrick, two decades of experience in software, public policy, medical economics and biotechnology, editor of the Breakthrough Technology Alert and Technology Profits Confidential, studied at Boise State University and has written for USA Today, Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times and Reason Magazine, Sep 12, dailyresourcehunter.com/investing-thorium-interview-patrick-cox/, jam)
Rodricks: Patrick Cox, another question about thorium. If it’s so great,
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than what we have now operating in Japan, in the United States.

And purchase-power agreement solves best-
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
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can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

Text: The United States Federal Government should initiate power-purchase agreements of thorium small modular nuclear reactors. 

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan 7
Plan: The Department of Defense should initiate power-purchase agreements of Small Modular Reactors in the United States.
Contention    : Military Capabilities
First is the impacts-
Hegemony solves nuclear war
Kagan ‘12 (Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why the World Needs America,” February 11th, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html)

With the outbreak of World War I, the age of settled peace and advancing
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what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.
Social science proves unipolarity generates stability
Wohlforth ‘9 (Professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)

The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
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identity politics and grand strategies under unipolarity are consistent with the theory’s expectations.
 
American military engagement is inevitable
Dorfman ‘12 (Zach Dorfman, Zach Dorfman is assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, an online magazine of books, art, and culture, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605, May 18, 2012, LEQ)

The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world’s sole superpower.
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come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

A stable system of deterrence prevents nuclear war – it create a stable ontological context for interaction and expectations
Lupovici 8 (Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies, Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse, http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/ papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf, AD: 9/22/10) jl
‘
Since deterrence can become part of the actors’ identity, it is also involved in
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it strengthened the actors’ identities and created more stable expectations of avoiding violence. 

Predictions are possible and accurate – forecasting can provide an accurate basis for scenario planning especially in the case of the topic
de Mesquita  11 (Bruce Bueno de Mesquita is Silver Professor of Politics at New York University and a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution B.A. from Queens, M.A. from Michigan, PhD from Michigan, "FOX-HEDGING OR KNOWING: ONE BIG WAY TO KNOW MANY THINGS" July 18 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/07/18/bruce-bueno-de-mesquita/fox-hedging-or-knowing-one-big-way-to-know-many-things/)

Given what we know today and given the problems inherent in dealing with human interaction
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and evaluated through replicable tests of evidence, we progress toward better prediction.

Positivism is best – self correcting and it uses observable regularities to inform action – focus on epistemology causes a retreat from policy relevance
Houghton 8 (David Patrick Ass. Prof. of IR at UCF, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference? International Politics (2008) 45) 

As long ago as 1981, Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach effectively laid the influence
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, ought to be what divide the community of international relations scholars today.

Realism inevitable and good to solve war
Kaplan 11 (Robert, senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security and author "Libya, Obama and the triumph of realism" Aug 28, www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a76d2ab4-cf2d-11e0-b6d4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1WPqHMjK3andutm_source=twitterfeedandutm_medium=twitter, AD: 11/5/11) jl
Realism is dead, clamour the cheerleaders of the Arab spring. The collapse of
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system for those who, like Mr Obama, seek to wield power.

They can’t solve—violence is hardwired into our brains
Eisner 9—prof of Comparative and Developmental Criminology, Deputy Director of the Institute, Cambridge. Work revolves around macro-level historical patterns of violence and research on individual development and the causes and prevention of aggressive behavior. PhD in sociology, U Zurich (Manuel, The Uses of Violence: An Examination of Some Cross-Cutting Issues,http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewArticle/47, AMiles)

Research from all angles has produced convincing evidence that some features of violence are remarkably
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aggression, and reactions that deter longterm mates from sexual infidelity (jealousy).
Our epistemology is true-
Unipolarity solves war- all empirical studies prove
Wohlforth ‘9 (William Wohlforth (professor of government at Dartmouth College) 2009 “ Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War”Project Muse)

Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, research
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, Assyria, the Amarna system—appears consistent with the hypothesis.43 

*Deterrence is true- empirics prove
Moore ’04 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, page 27-31.
As so broadly conceived, there is strong evidence that deterrence, that is,
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behavior in decision making may be useful in considering and fashioning deterrence strategies. 

*Alt can’t solve- not real world and only increases war
Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, and Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, pages 41-2.
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
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in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

Only the willingness to use violent force can deter inevitable conflict and massive atrocities – their alternative causes worse violence
Schall ‘5 (James V. Schall, professor of government at Georgetown University, December 2004/January 2005, Policy Review, No. 128, “When War Must Be the Answer,” http://www.policyreview.org/dec04/schall.html)

In late spring, in Baltimore, I walked to the end of Chestnut Street
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two victories over Muslim forces: one at Tours, one at Vienna.

Threat construction is good – it allows us to anticipate and prevent danger
Berke 98 - Joseph Berke, Found. And Dir. Arbours Crisis Centre, 1998, Even Paranoids Have Enemies, p. 5-6
Internal and external persecution come together in the theoretical model of ‘the paranoid process’
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possibility of preparation for the group to face them and cope with them. 

Self-fulfilling prophecy is backwards – failure to express our fears causes them to occur
Macy 95- Joanna Macy, General Systems Scholar and Deep Ecologist, 1995, Ecopsychology
There is also the superstition that negative thoughts are self-fulfilling. This is
AND
holocaust is often made to feel guilty of contributing to that very fate. 

Confronting threats early prevents escalation—WWII proves.
Yoon 03 – Professor of International Relations at Seoul National University; former Foreign Minister of South Korea (Young-Kwan, “Introduction: Power Cycle Theory and the Practice of International Relations”, International Political Science Review 2003; vol. 24; p. 7-8)

In history, the effort to balance power quite often tended to start too late
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major war, not the nature of a particular type of international system. 

The security dilemma doesn’t apply to situations where states pose genuine threats
Schweller,
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the misplaced fear that others harbor aggressive designs that drive the security dilemma. 

Most wars are caused by deliberate threats, not spiraling insecurities
Schweller, 96
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not the decision to fight but the outcome of the fighting.” 98

Turn – War preparation deters aggression, the kritik prevents these efforts
Luttwak 97- Edward Luttwak, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, BOSTON REVIEW, October 1997, p.11. 

More generally, war-preparation by those actually willing to fight (not just
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interferes with concrete war-preparations, when it may be counterproductive.

Aggressive states, not security concerns, are the root of conflict
Kydd 97
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aggressive states are at the root of conflict, not security concerns.

The state of the world has never been better, we are increasing on all metrics- takes out any systemic impacts
Brookings Institute ’11 (Brookings Institute, Global Think tank, “Poverty in Numbers: The Changing State of Global Poverty from 2005 to 2015 by the Brookings Institute”, http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/02/poverty-in-numbers-changing-state-of.html, February 26, 2011, LEQ)

By 2015, we will not only have halved the global poverty rate, but
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percent—a rate China did not achieve until the mid-90s.
Military hard power is key to ANY AND ALL diplomatic efforts
Holmes ‘9 Kim, Ph.d., VP for Foreign and Defense Policy Studies and Director of the David Institute for International Studies at the Heritage Foundation, 6-1, “Sustaining American Leadership with Military Power”, http://s3.amazonaws.com/thf_media/2009/pdf/sr0052.pdf 

The consequences of hard-power atrophy will be a direct deterioration of America’s diplomatic
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just soft, diplomatic words murmured whilst strolling serenely along "Obama Beach." 

Hegemony is key to a stable nuclear deterrent
Thayer ‘7 (Bradley Thayer, professor of security studies at Missouri State, "Nuclear Deterrence and Hegemony: New Opportunities and Risks for the United States", http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p179261_index.html, February 28, 2007, LEQ)

This analysis explores the relationship between nuclear deterrence and changes in the international system.
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capabilities to advance its interests, and these must be explored as well. 

US hegemony is benign – all alternatives would be worse
Krauthammer 1 (Charles, The Weekly Standard, “The Bush Doctrine;ABM, Kyoto, and the New American Unilateralism”, Lexis)

The international environment is far more likely to enjoy peace under a single hegemon.
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the (at the time) weaker Kosovo Albanians against the dominant Serbs.  

A weak military is worse- risk rash behavior
Feaver ‘5 - Professor of Political Science at Duke (Peter, Armed servants: agency, oversight, and civil-military relations, p. 4-5)

The civil-military problematique is so vexing because it involves balancing two vital and
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leading them to rash behavior and then failing in the ultimate military contest.

Collapse of American military power would take globalization and the world down with it
Barnett ’11 (Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor @ Naval War College, 11 (Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
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in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.

The alternative won’t be multipolarity- an assertive China means nations won’t back down
Hadar '10 (Leon Hadar Washington Correspondent, "Welcome to the messy multi-polar world; Expect a very fluid and unstable future with short-term US deals with the Chinese (and the Russians) over critical foreign policy issues, and as emerging powers try to exploit the differences between Washington and Beijing", lexis, 5/28/10, LEQ)
THE Obama administration's concerns over North Korea and Iran, and China's response to US
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peace - and the unstable in-between - for a long time. 

Collapse would not lead to Multipolarity but more global competition- power is zero sum
Gray ‘9 (Colin, Reading University International Politics and Strategic Studies Professor, Former Advisor to US and British Gov't, National Institute for Public Policy, January 2009, "After Iraq: The Search for a Sustainable National Security," http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB902.pdf)

American global leadership, or hegemony, will be challenged. Americans must decide how
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security or for global order are in urgent need of a history lesson. 

And we will go down fighting- we have a security addiction- only a risk for stability
McDonough, 9 (David. S. McDonough, Fellow at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, “Beyond Primacy: Hegemony and ‘Security Addiction’ in U.S. Grand Strategy”, Winter 2009, Orbis, ScienceDirect)bs
The reason that the current debate is currently mired in second-order issues of
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rather than going ‘‘beyond primacy’’–for much of the Long War.

Opening up space for new ways of knowing won't affect international violence- only power matters
O'Callaghan ‘2 ( Lecturer in IR, 02  (Terry , lecturer in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia, International Relations and the third debate, ed: Jarvis, 2002, p. 80-81)

There are also a host of technological and logistical questions that plague George's scheme and
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creativity, and openness, George's postmodern musings have understandably attracted few disciples. 

The plan solves-
First is the grid-
SMR’s “island” military bases from the grid- blackouts inevitable- this independently jacks space systems
Loudermilk ‘11 (Micah J. Loudermilk, Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters”, March 27, 2011, LEQ)

Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University released a
AND
fears that would surely arise from the distribution of reactors across the country. 

 
Independently- space systems are key to US hegemony
Imburgia ‘11 (Lt. Col. and Judge Advocate in Air Force,
AND
Proposal for a Binding International Agreement to Clean Up the Junk,” Scholar)

These gloomy prognostications about the threats to our space environment should be troubling to Americans
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well-being, the preservation of these space capabilities should also be vital
 
The second internal is operational vulnerability-
Military oil dependency jacks capabilities - SMR’s are key
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
AND
, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)

Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
AND
the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives. 

 
Dependency on oil risk collapsing the military
Voth ‘12 (Jeffrey M. Voth is the president of Herren Associates leading a team of consultants advising the federal government on issues of national security, energy and environment, health care and critical information technology infrastructure, George Washing University Homeland Security Policy Institute, “In Defense of Energy – A Call to Action”, http://securitydebrief.com/2012/04/11/in-defense-of-energy-a-call-to-action/, April 11, 2012, LEQ)

Last month, the Pentagon released its widely anticipated roadmap to transform operational energy security
AND
still as a military or as a nation, we are falling behind.”
Independently- fuel cost wrecks the DOD’s budget - spills over
Freed ‘12 (Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy, Third Way, “Improving capability, protecting 'budget”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 21, 2012, LEQ)

As Third Way explains in a digest being released this week by our National Security
AND
the Pentagon has decided to invest in these efforts. End of story.

Plan solves military oil entanglement- key to sustainable military posture
Buis ’12 (Tom Buis, CEO, Growth Energy, Co-written by Buis and Growth Energy Board Co-Chair Gen. Wesley K. Clark (Ret.), “American Families Need American Fuel”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 23, 2012, LEQ)
Our nation is dangerously dependent on foreign oil. We import some 9 million barrels
AND
pertinent energy policies to best enhance American energy – and national – security.

These will risk wars that will escalate
Collina 5  (Executive Director of 20-20 Vision, Tom Z. Collina, Executive Director of 20-20Vision; testimony in front of Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs United States Senate “Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions”. October 19, 2005 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2005_hr/051020-collina.pdf)
More conflicts in the Middle East America imports almost 60% of its oil today
AND
take a giant step toward that goal by reducing our dependence on oil.

Contention    : Solvency
First is Small Modular Nuclear Reactor solves-
SMR’s are an energy game changer- but purchasing agreements are key to jump-start the industry
Madia (Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the NAL at Stanford and was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) ‘12 (William Madia, Stanford Energy Journal, Dr. Madia serves as Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.  Previously, he was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2000-2004 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory from 1994-1999., “SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: A POTENTIAL GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY”, http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia, Spring 2012, LEQ)

There is a new type of nuclear power plant (NPP) under development that has the potential to be a game changer in the power generation market: the small modular reactor (SMR).  Examples of these reactors that are in the 50-225 megawatt electric (MW) range can be found in the designs being developed and advanced by Generation mPower (http://generationmpower.com/), NuScale (http://nuscale.com/), the South Korean SMART reactor (http://smart.kaeri.re.kr/) and Westinghouse (http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/smr/index.htm/). Some SMR concepts are up to 20 times smaller than traditional nuclear plants Today’s reactor designers are looking at concepts that are 5 to 20 times smaller than more traditional gigawatt-scale (GW) plants. The reasons are straightforward; the question is, “Are their assumptions correct?” The first assumption is enhanced safety. GW-scale NPPs require sophisticated designs and cooling systems in case of a total loss of station power, as happened at Fukushima due to the earthquake and tsunami. These ensure the power plant will be able to cool down rapidly enough, so that the nuclear fuel does not melt and release dangerous radioactive fission products and hydrogen gas. SMRs are sized and designed to be able to cool down without any external power or human actions for quite some time without causing damage to the nuclear fuel. The second assumption is economics. GW-scale NPPs cost $6 billion to $10 billion to build. Very few utilities can afford to put this much debt on their balance sheets. SMRs offer the possibility of installing 50-225 MW of power per module at a total cost that is manageable for most utilities. Furthermore, modular configurations allow the utilities to deploy a more tailored power generation capacity, and that capacity can be expanded incrementally. In principle, early modules could be brought on line and begin producing revenues, which could then be used to fund the addition of more modules, if power needs arise. The third assumption is based on market need and fit. Utilities are retiring old fossil fuel plants. Many of them are in the few hundred MW range and are located near load centers and where transmission capacity currently exists. SMRs might be able to compete in the fossil re-power markets where operators don’t need a GW of power to serve their needs. This kind of “plug and play” modality for NPPs is not feasible with many of the current large-scale designs, thus giving carbon-free nuclear power an entry into many of the smaller markets, currently not served by these technologies. There are numerous reasons why SMRs might be viable today. Throughout the history of NPP development, plants grew in size based on classic “economies of scale” considerations. Bigger was cheaper when viewed on a cost per installed kilowatt basis. The drivers that caused the industry to build bigger and bigger NPPs are being offset today by various considerations that make this new breed of SMRs viable. Factory manufacturing is one of these considerations. Most SMRs are small enough to allow them to be factory built and shipped by rail or barge to the power plant sites. Numerous industry “rules of thumb” for factory manufacturing show dramatic savings as compared to “on-site” outdoor building methods. 

Continued
Continued

Significant schedule advantages are also available because weather delay considerations are reduced. Of course
AND
we must consider SMRs as a key component of our national energy strategy.

 
And an aggregate-output purchase-power agreement solves best- key to obtain private sector financing- this takes out any conditions CP- certain - the most qualified studies go aff- this comes from a 140 page U of Chicago research brief with over 100 authors that took 6 years
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
AND
LEAD and FOAK plants very competitive (prior to consideration of subsidies). 47 

Continued
Continued

Competitive pricing is an important, but not the sole, element to successful SMR
AND
can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

 
And United States is key- capable of quick mass producing SMR’s - US key to global spillover of tech- significant reduction of emissions
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
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Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Second- the Department of Defense is the key agency to fund Small Modular Reactors- a demonstration project coupled with purchasing will get the industry off the ground
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
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, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)

DoD as first Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most
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available in the future, then it should pursue a leadership role now. 

 
DOD implementation is vital to get optimal capabilities- key to solvency- this takes out any free market or States counterplans
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
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, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach
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leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory. 

Roleplaying is good - we are best served learning the language of the bureaucracy and using it for positive change - disengagement from the state empirically results in nothing
McClean 1, (David E. “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Am. Phil. Conf., www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

There are no prior questions to problem oriented IR- empirical validity is a sufficient justification for action. Meta-physical discussions kill problem/solution
Owen ‘2 (David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Don’t focus on representations
Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
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needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

This educational model is vital to policy and academia– prevents insular education- this answers FIAT isn’t real
Jentleson ‘2 (Bruce W. Jentleson, Source: International Security, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Spring, 2002), pp. 169-183, “Bringing  Policy  Relevance  Back In”, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3092106, Spring 2002, LEQ)

So, a Washington for- eign policy colleague asked, which of your models
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specialists have to offer? Four sets  of  questions  need  to be  considered.

Tournament: GSU  | Round: octos | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan: The Department of Defense should initiate aggregate-output power-purchase agreements of Small Modular Reactors in the United States.

Extinction inevitable – colonization solves
Schulze-Makuch and Davies ‘10 (Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and Paul Davies, Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University, “To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars”, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html) 

There are several reasons that motivate the establishment of a permanent Mars colony. We
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most favorable launch option takes about six months with current chemical rocket technology.
Reducing existential risk by even a tiny amount outweighs every other impact—the math is conclusively on our side.
Bostrom ‘11 — Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html, Accessed 07-04-2011)

Holding probability constant, risks become more serious as we move toward the upper-
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the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.13
 
Err affirmative—the availability heuristic and “good story bias” will make you undervalue our impact
Bostrom ‘11 — Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html, Accessed 07-04-2011)

Many kinds of cognitive bias and other psychological phenomena impede efforts at thinking clearly and
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succeed at the box office (although more likely to happen in reality).
Reducing the probability of existential disaster through space colonization is more valuable than preventing specific impact scenarios.  Overly detailed impact predictions are improbable and create false perceptions of security.
Yudkowsky ‘6—Co-founder and Research Fellow of the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence—a non–profit research institute dedicated to increasing the likelihood of, and decreasing the time to, a maximally beneficial singularity, one of the world’s foremost experts on Artificial Intelligence and rationality Eliezer Yudkowsky, “Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment Of Global Risks,” Draft of a chapter in Global Catastrophic Risks, edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic, August 31st, 2006, Available Online at http://singinst.org/upload/cognitive-biases.pdf, Accessed 11-11-2010

According to probability theory, adding additional detail onto a story must render the story
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well as misdirecting defensive investments into needlessly narrow or implausibly detailed risk scenarios.
 
Multiplying probability and magnitude is key to ethical risk assessment—the most serious threats to humanity are the unknown and unthinkable.
Rees ‘8 — Sir Martin J. Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and Leicester University, Director of the Institute of Astronomy, Research Professor at Cambridge, 2008 (“Foreward,” Global Catastrophic Risks, Edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic, Published by Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198570509, p. x-xi)

These concerns are not remotely futuristic - we will surely confront them within next 10
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readership - and deserve special attention from scientists, policy-makers and ethicists
 
And colonization would reduce existential risk—we need lifeboats for Spaceship Earth
Gott ‘11—Ph.D., professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, recipient of the Robert J. Trumpler Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, the Astronomical League Award, and Princeton's President's Award for Distinguished Teaching J. Richard Gott, III, “A One-Way Trip to Mars,” Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol 13, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars151.html

I've been advocating a one-way colonizing trip to Mars for many years (
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last 50 years. But will we be wise enough to do this?
 
SMRs solve colonization
O’Neil ‘11, Ian, PhD from University of Wales, founder and editor of Astroengine, space producer for Discovery News “'Suitcase' Nuclear Reactors to Power Mars Colonies,” August 30th, http://news.discovery.com/space/mars-colonies-powered-by-mini-nuclear-reactors-110830.html

Nuclear power is an emotive subject -- particularly in the wake of the Fukushima power
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versatile and affordable power resources to support manned exploration of the solar system.
Only SMRs have the versatility required for colonization
Casey ‘11, Tina, freelance writer, articles are reposted frequently on Reuters, Scientific American, and many other sites. Deputy Director of Public Affairs for the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, “NASA Testing Suitcase-Sized Nukes To Power Colonies On Remote Planets,” August 29th, http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/08/nasa-testing-suitcase-sized-nukes-to-power-colonies-on-remote-planets.php

NASA is developing a mini nuclear power-generating plant that is the size of
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be linked together as needed to provide more power for a growing colony.

We’ll preempt any confusion – SMRs fit on the shuttle
Chew ‘10 (Mark, MBA and Masters, MIT’s LGO program “Disrupting Coal with Modular Nuclear Reactors,” May 30th, http://miter.mit.edu/article/disrupting-coal-modular-nuclear-reactors)

Energy Secretary Steven Chu recently published an article in the Wall Street Journal advocating small
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energy such as power generation in remote locations and long-range rockets.

Tournament: gsu | Round: octos | Opponent:  | Judge:
econ collapse inevitable
Jacobe 9/18 (Dennis, Ph.D., is Chief Economist for Gallup, " Businesses Must Prepare for the Fiscal Cliff," http://businessjournal.gallup.com/content/157433/businesses-prepare-fiscal-cliff.aspx?utm_source=WWWandutm_medium=csmandutm_campaign=syndication)
Executives must prepare for the very … employees of any potential related layoffs.

No impact to econ collapse; recession proves.
Thomas P.M. Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” 8/25/2009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx

When the global financial crisis … international liberal trade order.

Plan locks in expetise
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)
DoD as first Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two … the industry could be dominated by foreign companies.

Tournament: gsu | Round: octos | Opponent:  | Judge:
Only SMR’s will commercialize
Biello ’12 (David Biello, Award-winning journalist writing primarily about the environment and energy. I’ve been writing for Scientific American since November 2005 and have written on subjects ranging from astronomy to zoology for both the Web site and magazine. I’ve been reporting on the environment and energy since 1999—long enough to be cynical but not long enough to be depressed. I am the host of the 60-Second Earth podcast, a contributor to the Instant Egghead video series and author of a children’s book on bullet trains. I also write for publications ranging from Good to Yale e360, speak on radio shows such as WNYC’s The Takeaway, NHPR’s Word of Mouth, and PRI’s The World as well as host the duPont-Columbia award winning documentary “Beyond the Light Switch” for PBS, “Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power”, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power, March 27, 2012, LEQ
FUTURE REACTOR: The Advanced Test Reactor at Idaho National …if we're not building new nuclear power plants."

SMRs are safe
Shellenberger 9/7, Michael, president of the breakthrough institute, Jessica Lovering, policy analyst at the breakthough institute, Ted Nordhaus, chairman of the breakthrough institute, “Out of the Nuclear Closet,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/07/out_of_the_nuclear_closet?page=0,0
To move the needle on nuclear … we will need to get that job done.

Navy proves
Loudermilk and Andres ’10 (Richard B. Andres is a Senior Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University and a Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College, Micah J. Loudermilk is a researcher at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Reactors and the Military's Role in Securing America's Nuclear Industry”, http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm, April 23, 2010, LEQ)
Faced with the dual-obstacles of growing worldwide energy … their adoption can be achieved. 
No impact
WNA ’11 World Nuclear Association, “Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors”, (updated December 2011), http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html

From the outset, there has been a ... Nuclear power plants are very robust.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
we meet – we give the industry money and tax credits
Epa.gov 12 “Solar Power Purchase Agreements,” May 24th, http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/buygp/solarpower.htm
A Solar Power Purchase Agreement (SPPA) is a financial arrangement in which a
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credits and income generated from the sale of electricity to the host customer.

DoE says we’re T
Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)
2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with
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or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

Interpretation – incentives are the disbursement of public funds
Gielecki 1, Mark, economist with the Energy Information Administration, Fred Mayes, Senior Technical Advisor for the coal, nuclear, and renewables program within the EIA, Lawrence Prete, retired from the EIA, “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy,” February, http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm
Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
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the commercial viability of the good(s) provided. (4)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Only smr’s solve the grid – renewables fail
Charles Barton 11, founder of the Nuclear Green Revolution blog, MA in philosophy, “Future storm damage to the grid may carry unacceptable costs”, April 30, http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html

Amory Lovins has long argued that the traditional grid is vulnerable to this sort of
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use of renewable electrical generation approaches may worsen rather than improved grid reliability.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
SMRs solve IAEA overstretch
C. Scherer, Los Alamos Natl Laboratory, et al. R. Bean, Idaho Natl Laboratory, M. Mullen, Los Alamos Natl Laboratory, and G. Pshakin, State Scientific Centre of the Russian Federation-Institute for Physics and Power Engineering, 2010 (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/Symposium/2010/Documents/PapersRepository/164.pdf)
Abstract: Incorporating safeguards early in the design process can enhance the safeguardability of a
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demonstrate this safeguards-by-design concept for advanced nuclear energy systems.

Plan solves rogue prolif
Goodby and Heiskanen 12¸ James,  former arms control negotiator and a Hoover Institution Fellow, Markku, Associate and Program Director of The Asia Institute at the Kyung Hee University in Seoul “The Seoul Nuclear Security Summit: New Thinking in Northeast Asia?” March 20th, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/the-seoul-nuclear-security-summit-new-thinking-in-northeast-asia/
The nuclear crises in the Middle East and Northeast Asia and the stalled promise of
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as well as in energy-starved economies such as India and China.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Cling to heg inev
Calleo 10, Director – European Studies Program and Professor @ SAIS, (David P, “American Decline Revisited,” Survival, 52:4, 215 – 227)
The history of the past two decades suggests that adjusting to a plural world is
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turns the dollar into an imperial instrument that threatens the world with inflation.

Monteiro’s wrong
Busby 12, Josh, assistant professor of public affairs at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs “Josh Busby on Unipolarity and International Relations,” January 6th, http://www.strausscenter.org/strauss-news/josh-busby-on-unipolarity-and-international-relations.html
Strauss Scholar, Joshua Busby, wrote a three-part piece on the blog
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rather than U.S. power alone, help explain recent conflicts. 

Monteiro agrees the alt doesn’t solve
Cambanis 12, Thanassis, journalist, expert on Mideast policy “The lonely superpower,” January 22nd, http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-22/ideas/30646076_1_cold-war-nuclear-war-arms-race/5
Not everyone agrees that the United States would benefit from having a major rival.
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bipolarity and unipolarity pose different kinds of dangers, but are equally problematic. 

Concedes heg is key to solve great power war
Monteiro 11 *Nuno P. Monteiro is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064, “Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is not Peaceful”
In addition, Wohlforth claims that wars among major powers are unlikely, because the
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decide to disengage, as Wohlforth implies, major power wars would be possible

Heg solves the impact
Brzezinski 12 - National Security Advisor in the Carter Administration, Professor of Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University (Zbigniew  2012 “Strategic Vision: America and the crisis for global power” book
Last but not least, even though China and India today maintain a responsible nuclear
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interstate rivalry, miscalculation, and eventually even perhaps of international nuclear terror. 

Won’t happen
Wohlforth 12, William, Assistant Professor of International Relations in the Edmund A. Walsh School of. Foreign Service at Georgetown University “How Not to Evaluate Theories,” International Studies Quarterly (2012) 56, 219–222
For nearly 20 years, Layne, Kenneth Waltz, and other balance-of
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balancing was likely to impede internal or external efforts to restore systemic equilibrium. 

Bad scholarship
Wohlforth 12, William, Assistant Professor of International Relations in the Edmund A. Walsh School of. Foreign Service at Georgetown University “How Not to Evaluate Theories,” International Studies Quarterly (2012) 56, 219–222
At issue are not the facts, but their implications for scholarship. How come
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Layne is only able to imply otherwise by committing four serious analytical missteps. 

heg causes bandwagoning solves balancing
Zhang and Shi 11  - 1/22 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
 Thus, the global distribution of power is shifting, and the inevitable result
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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Transition wars
Evans 10, Michael, Fellow at the Australian Defence College, Canberra “Power and Paradox: Asian Geopolitics and Sino-American Relations in the 21st Century,” Seapower: The Official Publication of the Navy League of the United States, vol 53. 2 (Feb. 2010), pp. 12-15
The primacist, or ‘‘strategic competition’’ school, takes a hard-edged realist
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more formidable, more determined competitor at sea than Germany ever was.’’28 

Heg solves Pakistan conflict
Brzezinski 12, National Security Advisor under US President Jimmy Carter “8 Geopolitically Endangered Species: Meet the weaker countries that will suffer from American decline,” Foreign Policy Issue January/February, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=0,0
Although Islamabad is armed with 21st-century nuclear weapons and held together by a
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rule, or a "state" with no centralized government at all.
At stake: Nuclear warlordism; a militant Islamic, anti-Western, nuclear-armed government similar to Iran's; regional instability in Central Asia, with violence potentially spreading to China, India, and Russia.

Nuclear war
Pitt, 9 - a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183) 

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
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has the real potential to crack open the very gates of Hell itself.

Recently, the Taliban made a military push into the northwest Pakistani region around the
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to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Waters wars escalate- newest scholarship concludes aff
Arsenault 8/26 (Chris, guest lecturer the University of Toronto, Queen’s University, York University, Laurentian, Saint Mary's University and the Universidad Anáhuac, BA in history and economics from Dalhousie University and an MA in history from the University of British Columbia,  “Risk of water wars rises with scarcity,” 8/26, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/06/2011622193147231653.html)

The author Mark Twain once remarked that "whisky is for drinking; water is
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same places where political conflicts are rife, leading to potentially explosive situations.
Water scarcity causes Pakistan collapse
RT ‘12 (Russia today, citing an intelligence report from The Office of the Director of National Intelligence “Global 'water war' threat by 2030 - US intelligence,” March 22nd, http://rt.com/news/water-conflict-terrorism-rivers-239/)

And while the prospect of “water wars” has been touted for decades,
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, with “more powerful upstream nations impeding or cutting off downstream flow.”
 
Pakistan instability causes nuclear war
Pitt ‘9 (New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183) 

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
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to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Water causes Indo-Pak war
Priyadarshi ‘12 (Nitish, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44)

Such is the deep nexus between water and global warming that the increased frequency of
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, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.

 
Goes nuclear – cooperation impossible
Zahoor ‘11 (Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, “Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia,” http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia)

South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
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dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means.

 
Scarcity breaks down the Indus Waters Treaty – causes war
CFR ’11 (report based on travel in the region by the Committee’s staff and the work of experts in government, academia, and other international institutions “Avoiding Water Wars: Water Scarcity and Central Asia’s Growing Importance for Stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” Feb 22nd, http://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/chair/release/?id=0b32e452-9c4c-4417-82ee-d201bcefc8ae download link at the bottom)

The National Intelligence Council echoed these concerns in their Global Trends 2025: A Trans
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treaty’s utility in resolving water conflicts could have serious ramifications for regional stability.
Best studies go aff – also jacks African stability
Montenegro ‘9 (Maywa, editor and writer at Seed magazine, “The Truth About Water Wars,” May 14, 2009 http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/the_truth_about_water_wars/)

It’s often been said that the next resource wars will be fought not over oil
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, conflicts will likely intensify, requiring new and rapid adaptive security strategies.”
Goes global
Glick ‘7 (Caroline Glick 7, deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post, Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Center for Security Policy, “Condi's African holiday”, December 11, http://www.rightsidenews.com/20071211309/editorial/us-opinion-and-editorial/our-world-condis-african-holiday.html)
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, which rage continuously, can easily escalate into big wars. Local conflicts have regional and global aspects. All of the conflicts in this tinderbox, which controls shipping lanes from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea, can potentially give rise to regional, and indeed global conflagrations between competing regional actors and global powers. 

 
Water scarcity triggers conflict and destabilizes food supply
Higgins ’12 (Alexander, citing an intelligence report from The Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Higgins is a Senior NJ ASP.Net Developer “Report: Water Shortages To Spark Global Unrest, US Privatizing Supplies,” March 22nd, http://blog.alexanderhiggins.com/2012/03/22/privatize-water-report-shortages-spark-global-unrest-102171/

An intelligence report based on classified information warns water shortages will soon lead to global
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and Iran; and the Nile Basin in northern Africa as “limited.”
Food insecurity escalates
Trudell ‘5 (Robert H., Fall, Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. and Com. 277, Lexis)

2. But, Is It Really an Emergency?  In his study on environmental
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emergency and we must put that fuse out before it is too late.
Central Asia
Priyadarshi 12 (Nitish, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44)

That's been a constant dilemma for the Central Asian states since they became independent after
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, the largest consumer of water in the region, is located downstream.
That escalates- no cooperation on water
Radin ’10 (Adam Radin 10, masters in security studies from the naval postgraduate school, “the security implications of water: prospects for instability or cooperation in south and central asia”, March, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA518674)

Water, an issue so important to numerous facets of each state’s economy and overall
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to provide for their populations, leading to domestic and potential regional instability.
Extinction
Blank 2k (Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22)

Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
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5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

 
Only SMR’s solve
IAEA ‘7 (“Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf)

Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5
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figures. These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

Key to deescalate conflicts
Palley ‘11 (Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71)

The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
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biblical ability to “strike any local rock and have water gush forth.”

It’s economically viable
Seneviratne ‘7 (Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent, “Research projects show nuclear desalination economical”, April, http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf)

The desalination of seawater using nuclear power is cost-effective compared with other primary
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metric tons oil equivalent or $21/bbl barrel.”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
First is Small Modular Nuclear Reactor solves-
SMR’s are an energy game changer- but purchasing agreements are key to jump-start the industry
Madia (Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the NAL at Stanford and was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) ‘12 (William Madia, Stanford Energy Journal, Dr. Madia serves as Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.  Previously, he was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2000-2004 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory from 1994-1999., “SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: A POTENTIAL GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY”, http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia, Spring 2012, LEQ)

There is a new type of nuclear power
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we must consider SMRs as a key component of our national energy strategy.

 
And a purchase-power agreement solves best- generates learning benefits - the most qualified studies go aff- this comes from a 140 page U of Chicago economic study with over 100 authors that took 6 years
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
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can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

 
And United States creates a massive export market for SMR’s – latent nuclear capability ensures speed- significant reduction of emissions
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
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Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.
 
Second- the Department of Defense is key - a demonstration project coupled with purchasing is best
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
AND
, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)

DoD as first Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most
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available in the future, then it should pursue a leadership role now. 

 
DOD implementation is vital to get optimal capabilities- key to solvency- this takes out any free market or States counterplans
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
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, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory. 

 
Third is the licensing process-
A DOD Power-Purchase Agreement is key to resolve NRC’s lack of licensing experience- this shapes the global future for nuclear power
Cunningham 10/16 (Nick, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project, “Small Modular Reactors: A Possible Path Forward for Nuclear Power,” October 16th, http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200087%20-%20Small%20Modular%20Reactors.pdf)

The most difficult challenge currently facing SMRs is the institutional barriers. Currently, the
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industry to book early orders, prove the concept and bring down costs.

 
That builds NRC expertise
CSPO ’10 (Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at ASU, “four policy principles for energy innovation and climate change: a synthesis”, June, http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Synthesis.pdf)

Government purchase of new technologies is a powerful way to accelerate innovation through increased demand
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innovation. Public procurement of other renewable energy technologies could be similarly important.

 
Fourth is waste-
Small modular reactors are built underground- solves waste, cost, and safety
Giraud et. al. ‘10 (Kellen M. Giraud is a nuclear
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,” Mechanical Engineering 132. 12 (Dec 2010): 30-34.)

There is an innovative solution to both the perception and safety problems—a solution
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new concept in power plant infrastructure, Such as the underground nuclear park.

Last- there are no disads
The DOE spent 450 million dollars on SMR and Obama gave a speech on it
Energy.gov ‘12 (Energy.gov, “Obama Administration Announces $450 Million to Design and Commercialize U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors”, http://energy.gov/articles/obama-administration-announces-450-million-design-and-commercialize-us-small-modular, March 22, 2012, LEQ)

Obama Administration Announces $450 Million to Design and Commercialize U.S. Small
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full spectrum of technologies, from advanced reactor concepts to enhanced safety design.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Iran prolif is likely and causes Israel-Iran war and destabilizing regional prolif
Montgomery ‘11 (Eric Edelman, distinguished fellow at the center for strategic and budgetary assessments, Andrew Krepinevich, President of the CSBA, evan montgomery, research fellow at the CSBA “Why Obama Should Take Out Iran's Nuclear Program,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136655/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/why-obama-should-take-out-irans-nuclear-program?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreignaffairs_co-111011-why_obama_should_take_out_iran-111011#)

The November 8 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) report casts further doubt on
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a rapidly expanding nuclear arsenal -- to become a nuclear power almost overnight.

 
Proxy conflicts and miscalc ensures Israeli conflict goes nuclear
Robb 10/10 (Charles, B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, J.D. at the University of Virginia Law School, Charles Wald, Master of Political Science degree in international relations, Troy State University, Bipartisan Policy Center Board Member “The Price of Inaction: Analysis of Energy and Economic Effects of a Nuclear Iran,” October 10th, 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/PriceofInaction.pdf)

A nuclear Iran would immediately encounter another nuclear state—even if an undeclared one
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as a much smaller country Israel has far less room for maneuver. xxvi

Saudi Arabia would proliferate leading to miscalc and accidental nuclear war
Edelman ’11 (Eric Edelman, Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Andrew F Krepinevich, President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Evan Braden Montgomery, Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran: The Limits of Containment,” January/February edition of Foreign Policy)

There is, however, at least one state that could receive significant outside support
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Middle East could lead to a new Great Game, with unpredictable consequences.

 
Specifically causes Iran-Saudi nuclear conflict – no defense
Robb 10/10 (Charles, B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, J.D. at the University of Virginia Law School, Charles Wald, Master of Political Science degree in international relations, Troy State University, Bipartisan Policy Center Board Member “The Price of Inaction: Analysis of Energy and Economic Effects of a Nuclear Iran,” October 10th, 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/PriceofInaction.pdf)

Saudi Arabia would be very likely to try to follow Iran across the nuclear threshold
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from the Cold War balance between the United States and the Soviet Union.

 
Government investment is key to US leadership, market share, and cradle to grave
Mandel ‘9 (Jenny – Scientific American, Environment and Energy Publishing, LLC, “Less Is More for Designers of "Right-Sized" Nuclear Reactors” September 9, 2009, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-nuclear-power-plant-station-mini-reactor)

Tom Sanders, president of the American Nuclear Society and manager of Sandia National Laboratories'
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is: Are we building them, or are we just importing them?"
 

SMRs solve Iran proliferation
Goodby and Heiskanen ‘12 (James,  former arms control negotiator and a Hoover Institution Fellow, Markku, Associate and Program Director of The Asia Institute at the Kyung Hee University in Seoul “The Seoul Nuclear Security Summit: New Thinking in Northeast Asia?” March 20th, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/the-seoul-nuclear-security-summit-new-thinking-in-northeast-asia/)

The nuclear crises in the Middle East and Northeast Asia and the stalled promise of
AND
as well as in energy-starved economies such as India and China.

 
This exposes Iran’s intent- solves proliferation and checks Israeli strikes
Ross ‘12 (Dennis, counselor at The Washington Institute, previously served as special assistant to President Obama and senior director for the central region at the National Security Council. “Calling Iran’s Bluff: It’s Time to Offer Tehran a Civilian Nuclear Program,” June 15th, http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/104085/calling-iran%E2%80%99s-bluff-its-time-offer-iran-civilian-nuclear-program?page=0,0)

It's clear what the diplomacy around such a comprehensive proposal would entail: We would
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diplomatic failure—with all that implies about our readiness to use force.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The DoD is key to keeping nuclear expertise in the US – that boosts US nuclear labs
Andres and Breetz ‘11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
AND
, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February 16, 2011, LEQ)

DoD as first Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most
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there is a chance that the industry could be dominated by foreign companies.

 
Only an unconditional federal commitment sends the signal necessary to revitalize interest in nuclear engineering
Unistar ‘10 (January, This UniStar Issue Brief is a publication of UniStar Nuclear Energy, a joint venture of Constellation Energy and EDF Group, "Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce," http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf)

The decades-long hiatus in construction of new nuclear energy facilities has contributed to
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also ensure that a trained workforce will be available to fill the demand.

 
Revitalized nuclear expertise vital to stockpile stewardship, nuclear forensics, and revolutions in disease containment
Mtingwa ‘9 (Chair of the POPA study on the Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges. He is an accelerator physicist and Senior Lecturer at MIT. "Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges," January, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200901/mtingwa.cfm)

On another front, the tragedy of September 11, 2001, has brought an
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and (5) preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for therapeutic and diagnostic medical applications.

 
Key to credible nuclear deterrence
Browne et al ‘8 (John C. Browne, Los Alamos National Laboratory (retired), Clark Murdock, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Francis Slakey, American Physical Society,  Benn Tannenbaum, American Association for the Advancement of Science,  Jessica Yeats, Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2008, Nuclear Weapons in 21st Century U.S. National Security, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081208_nuclear_weapons_report.pdf)

To maintain a credible nuclear deterrent, the United States should sustain the necessary human
AND
help recruit, retain, and sustain highly skilled and motivated scientists and engineers
Loss of U.S. nuclear primacy causes global nuclear war
Caves ‘10 (John P, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, January, Strategic Forum, No. 252, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,")

Perceptions of a compromised US nuclear deterrent as described above would have profound policy implications
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

 
Nuclear primacy controls escalation
Lieber and Press ‘9 (November-December 9 - Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, November-December 2009, “The Nukes We Need: Preserving the American Deterrent,” Foreign Affairs, p. 50-51)

A second criticism of the argument for retaining and improving certain counterforce capabilities is that
AND
—that the United States’ strategic position abroad rests largely on a bluff.
 
Nuclear forensics solve terrorism
Allison ‘9 (Graham, director of the Belfer Center at Harvard University, Newsweek, 3-23, http://www.newsweek.com/id/189260/page/1)

What is Kim Jong Il doing now? The question is foremost on the minds
AND
evidence, and it may soon be technically feasible to trace these samples.

 
Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Ayson ‘10 (Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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consultation from Washington that the latter found itself unable or unwilling to provide. 

 
Concentrating expertise in the US solves disease
D'Agostino ‘10 (U.S. Under Secretary for Nuclear Security (Thomas, former Stockpile Stewardship Program director, "NNSA Administrator Addresses Next Generation of Computational Scientists," 6-22-10, www.nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/speeches/csgfremarks062210, accessed 9-4-12, mss)

Since I spoke to this group last summer, a lot has changed. I
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poised to provide those solutions along with the rest of the Department. 
Extinction
Greger ‘8 (M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)

Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
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“might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard.”3154

Empirics go aff – disease can lead to extinction
Keirn ‘8 (Cciting PLOSONE study by Kelly B. Wyatt  - Biological Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America, Paula F. Campos and M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis and Rob DeSalle _{Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics and Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America Wayne H. Hynes, Biological Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America, Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Medicine, Wildlife Trust, New York, New York, United States of America, Ross D. E. MacPhee and Alex D. Greenwood, Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America, (Brandon, November 5, “Disease Can Cause Extinction of Mammals” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/11/yes-disease-can/)} 

Disease can drive a mammal species to extinction: this doesn’t seem surprising, but
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lived on an island; but the Earth is an island, too.

 
Nuclear labs key to science diplomacy – solves war
Heckler ‘11 (CISC codirector and former LANL director (Sig, Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, "Adventures in Scientific Nuclear Diplomacy," Physics Today, 64:7, July 2011, www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v64/i7/p31_s1, accessed 9-16-12, mss)

Twenty years after I started lab-to-lab contacts, I believe more
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leaders of the world to find other ways of solving the world’s problems.

 
Science diplomacy accesses every impact
Fedoroff ‘8 (Nina, Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary of State, “Making Science Diplomacy more Effective”, Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, 4-2, http://legislative.nasa.gov/hearings/4-2-08%20Fedoroff.pdf)

Science by its nature facilitates diplomacy because it strengthens political relationships, embodies powerful ideals
AND
a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Food wars cause extinction
Calvin ‘98 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist at the University of Washington, “The great climate flip-flop,” January, The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 281, No. 1)

The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
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longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.

Democracy checks extinction
Diamond ‘95 (Larry, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,” wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)

This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.
Bioweapons cause extinction
Ochs ‘2 (Former president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group Richard Ochs, , June 9, 2002, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately,” http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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also allow easier use of US bioweapons? How slippery is this slope?
Human Rights prevent extinction
Copelan ‘99 (Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

The indivisible human rights framework survived the Cold War despite U.S. machinations
AND
bring the human rights framework to bear on both domestic and foreign policy.
 
Independently, science diplomacy prevents conflicts from intensifying
Koppelman et al ‘10 (Ben, research officer at the foreign policy center
AND
USA “New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy,” January, the royal society)

Cooperation on the scientific aspects of sensitive issues may sometimes be the only way
AND
and channels of communication that can be used to support wider policy goals. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
SMRs solve Mars colonization
O’Neil 11, Ian, PhD from University of Wales, founder and editor of Astroengine, space producer for Discovery News “'Suitcase' Nuclear Reactors to Power Mars Colonies,” August 30th, http://news.discovery.com/space/mars-colonies-powered-by-mini-nuclear-reactors-110830.html
Nuclear power is an emotive subject -- particularly in the wake of the Fukushima power
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versatile and affordable power resources to support manned exploration of the solar system.

extinction
Schulze-Makuch and Davies 2010 (Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and Paul Davies, Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University, “To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars”, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html)
There are several reasons that motivate the establishment of a permanent Mars colony. We
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most favorable launch option takes about six months with current chemical rocket technology.

Plan solves military oil entanglement
Buis ’12 (Tom Buis, CEO, Growth Energy, Co-written by Buis and Growth Energy Board Co-Chair Gen. Wesley K. Clark (Ret.), “American Families Need American Fuel”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 23, 2012, LEQ)
Our nation is dangerously dependent on foreign oil. We import some 9 million barrels
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pertinent energy policies to best enhance American energy – and national – security.

These will risk wars that will escalate
Collina 5  (Executive Director of 20-20 Vision, Tom Z. Collina, Executive Director of 20-20Vision; testimony in front of Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs United States Senate “Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions”. October 19, 2005 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2005_hr/051020-collina.pdf)
More conflicts in the Middle East America imports almost 60% of its oil today
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take a giant step toward that goal by reducing our dependence on oil.

SMRs solve inevitable water wars
Palley ’11 Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71
The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
AND
biblical ability to “strike any local rock and have water gush forth.”

SMRs solve North Korean prolif
Goodby and Heiskanen 12¸ James,  former arms control negotiator and a Hoover Institution Fellow, Markku, Associate and Program Director of The Asia Institute at the Kyung Hee University in Seoul “The Seoul Nuclear Security Summit: New Thinking in Northeast Asia?” March 20th, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/the-seoul-nuclear-security-summit-new-thinking-in-northeast-asia/
The nuclear crises in the Middle East and Northeast Asia and the stalled promise of
AND
as well as in energy-starved economies such as India and China.

Nuclear war
Hayes and Hamel-Green ’10 *Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute (Peter and Michael, “-“The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia”, 1/5,  http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
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regional threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community 

Grid collapse causes nuclear lashout
Lawson 9 (Sean, Assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation, May 13th 2009, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477)
Introduction At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over
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hacker mercenaries.  How will deterrence play out in this kind of scenario? 

Drones solve pakistan instability.
Bergen and Tiedemann 11 – (July/Aug. 2011, Peter Bergen, the director of the national security studies program at the New America Foundation, and Katherine Tiedemann, Research Fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, “Washington’s Phantom War,” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67939/peter-bergen-and-katherine-tiedemann/washingtons-phantom-war?page=show)
Despite the drone program’s shortcomings, it is likely to continue–put simply,
AND
once said, the drone program is “the only game in town.”

Global nuclear war
Pitt, 9 - a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183) 

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
has the real potential to crack open the very gates of Hell itself.

Recently, the Taliban made a military push into the northwest Pakistani region around the
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Sats key to disease monitoring
Harmon ‘9 (Katherine, News Reporter @ Scientific American “Satellites Used to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks” 8/24, http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1822)

Rather than searching for weird weather or enemy missiles, some satellites are helping researchers
AND
on the globe that a pathogen can really remain isolated," he says.

Extinction
Yu ‘9 (Victoria, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate,” Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, May 22, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)
In the past, humans have indeed fallen victim to viruses. Perhaps the best
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10). 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Round 2: Vs. Michigan AP, with Johnathan Paul as the Judge.
1AC Advantages:

Plan/Advocacy:

2AC Strat:
desalinization strategy

1AR:

2AR Offense:

Round 4: Vs. Emporia SW, with Ricky Garner as the Judge.
1AC Advantages: Standard SMR aff on the Wiki, except only a warming advantage. Terminal impact was disproportionate effect on poor and minorities. The 1ac also contained a personal narrative written and performed by Lee about the effects of pollution and global warming on his native Birmingham. It was performed slowly and clearly.
Plan/Advocacy:
2AC Strat:Slow, but personal narrative was largely absent
1AR:Sped back up in response to a fast 2nc. No personal narrative was present.
2AR Offense:Institution good, link turns about engaging the state as a means to make it responsible for warming and structural violence
Round 6: Vs. Georgetown EM, with David Heidt as the Judge.
1AC Advantages:
Plan/Advocacy:
2AC Strat:
1AR:Condo
2AR Offense:Condo bad. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 1: Economy

Decline causes war

Green and Schrage ‘9(Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http:~/~/www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/html(%%))

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank

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a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.

Statistics agree- diversionary war theory

Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict

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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Collapse causes global transition wars – turns their impacts

Panzner‘8 (Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the

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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

US growth spills over globally

Caploe ‘9(David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have

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their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.

Certainty is key- green economy leadership solidifies economic growth

Jenkins 11-- Breakthrough Institute Energy Policy director (Jesse, "Is America Losing the Clean Energy Race?" National Journal, 10-26-11, energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php?comments=expandall#comments, accessed 10-17-12, mss)

The global market for clean energy products grew to $243 billion in 2010,

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cheap enough for widespread export to energy-hungry markets throughout the world.

Green innovation key to US economy primacy

Klarevas, 9-- NYU Center for Global Affairs professor (Louis, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony," Huffington Post, 12-15-9, www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html, accessed 10-19-12, mss)

As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to

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best approach for achieving this is to promote a national strategy of greengemony.

Economic strength key to American influence- largest internal link

Hubbard ’10(Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Analysis By: Jesse Hubbard Jesse Hubbard Program Assistant at Open Society Foundations Washington, District Of Columbia International Affairs Previous National Democratic Institute (NDI), National Defense University, Office of Congressman Jim Himes Education PPE at University of Oxford, 2010

Regression analysis of this data shows that Pearson’s r-value is -.836.

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fearsome, but it is vulnerable to even a short blast of wind.

Hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at

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. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far

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that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Plan solves

First- the plan solves the green economy

Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13^th, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Summary Congress should enact legislation that supports residential property assessed clean energy (PACE)

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at the same time making lasting energy improvements in the nation’s metropolitan areas.

Second is housing – it’s declining now and key to the economy

Hughes 11/15, Sam, intern with the Housing team at the Center for American Progress “A Strong Housing Market Is Critical to Our Economic Recovery,” 11/15, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/housing/news/2012/11/15/45042/a-strong-housing-market-is-critical-to-our-economic-recovery/

In reality, the housing market is where the Great Recession of 2007­–2009

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should put in place policies to get the market back to full strength.

Declining housing sector guarantees double dip recession that none of their impact defense assumes

Isidore ‘11

(Chris, writer at CNNMoney, “Recession 2.0 would hurt worse,” 2011, http:~/~/money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm)http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm%29

The risk of double dip recession is rising. And while economists disagree on just

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this new recession would likely have virtually no policy effort to counteract it.

The plan solves – increases property values and decreases default risk

Hale 10, Greg, Director of Efficiency Finance at NRDC's Center for Market Innovation “PACE program is good for banks and property owners,” March 29^th, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ghale/pace_program_is_good_for_banks.html

On March 25th, the Wall Street Journal published an article titled “Fannie and

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opportunity that PACE presents, and will help scale up this innovative program.

Contention 2: Warming

Warming causes extinction- tipping point

Dyer ‘12(London-based independent journalist, PhD from King's College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)

Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on

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- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth's history.

It will be rapid

Light ‘12(Malcolm, PhD, University of London – Earth science and climate consultant, “Global Extinction within one Human Lifetime as a Result of a Spreading Atmospheric Arctic Methane Heat wave and Surface Firestorm,” http:~/~/arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/html(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %))

Although the sudden high rate … methods need to be applied immediately if there is any faint hope of reducing the catastrophic heating effects of the fast building atmospheric methane concentration.

Its anthro- 500 studies go aff

Romm‘10 (Jon, Editor of Climate Progress, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, former Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Disputing the “consensus” on global warming,” http:~/~/climateprogress.org/2010/06/16/scientific-consensus-on-global-warming-climate-science/http://climateprogress.org/2010/06/16/scientific-consensus-on-global-warming-climate-science/||target="_blank",)

A good example of how scientific evidence drives our understanding concerns how we know that

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and “An introduction to global warming impacts: Hell and High org/2009/03/22/an-introduction-to-global-warming-impacts-hell-and-high-water/||target="_blank" title="An introduction to global warming impacts:  Hell and High Water "“).

Two internal links – the first is climate leadership

The plan is key

Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13^th, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Along these lines, a first priority for unleashing clean economy growth in the nation

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renewable energy industries  Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and so produce significant climate benefits

US action to undercut fossil fuels gets modeled to solve – the brink is now

Traub 12/14, James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy,” “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” December 14^th, http:~/~/gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/1118704

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,

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to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.

The second is the plan – it independently solves warming

Hoops 12, Jeffrey, J.D. Candidate (2012), Washington University School of Law; B.A. cum laude in English (2007), Truman State University “Setting The Pace For Energy Efficiency: The Rise, Fall, And (Potential) Return Of Property Assessed Clean Energy,” Volume 89 | Issue 4, http:~/~/lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/89/4/pdf

Concerns about climate change and future energy shortfalls have spurred energy conservation and efficiency initiatives

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therefore make energy efficiency improvements a winning proposition for both homeowners and municipalities.

Building integrated solar revitalizes the whole market

O’Connor 12, Mary Catherine, written for Fast Company, Wired, Outside, Entrepreneur, Earth2Tech, Earth Island Journal and The Bold Italic “Will building-integrated solar take off?” August 15^th, http:~/~/www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/will-building-integrated-solar-take-off/8189url:http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/will-building-integrated-solar-take-off/8189

The solar industry has been taking a beating in recent months, thanks to falling

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how architects and builders think, and what kind of products they want.”

Contention 3: Solvency

Property Assessed Clean Energy works and the tech is ready

Hidari 10, Jack, writer for the Harvard Business Review, Chairman of PrimaryInsight.com, National steering committee, PACENow.org “A Market Solution for Achieving “Green”, in The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2010,” HARV. BUS.  REV. 41, 50-51 (Jan./Feb. 2010).

The Problem It's easy to get excited about the promise of clean technology--especially

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a bank fire sale must immediately bring the tax payments up to date.

And, no risk of loan deficiency – the plan is a functional lifting of a federal restriction that is necessary to the program

Hiskes 10, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “PACE Rescue Bill Could Get Republican Help,” “Why won’t Team Obama save a clean-energy program from Fannie and Freddie?” August 5^th, http:~/~/grist.org/article/2010-08-05-why-wont-team-obama-save-a-clean-energy-program-from-fannie-and/http://grist.org/article/2010-08-05-why-wont-team-obama-save-a-clean-energy-program-from-fannie-and/

PACE works by letting homeowners pay for rooftop solar arrays and energy-saving retrofits

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energy retrofits, but that work can’t continue with programs stalled out.

Plan spills over to broader solar adoption even if not many people initially take up the program

Higgins 11/19, Ben, Director of Government Affairs for Mainstream Energy “The Psychology of Small-Scale Solar,” November 19^th, http:~/~/energy.aol.com/2012/11/19/the-psychology-of-small-scale-solar/?icid=com/2012/11/19/the-psychology-of-small-scale-solar/?icid=related4

Further evidence that consumer awareness is key to solar's growth comes from a recent Yale

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, we'll be making an enormous step towards our country's clean energy future.

Government incentives are key

Hiskes 11, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “Cost Savings Are Biggest Motivator for Commercial Retrofits,” June 22^nd, http:~/~/sustainableindustries.com/articles/2011/06/com/articles/2011/06/cost-savings-are-biggest-motivator-commercial-retrofits

Cash still rules when it comes to motivating commercial building owners to take on energy

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a tremendous opportunity to influence the achievement of their energy and environmental goals.”

However, the federal housing finance agency issued a ruling that ended state PACE programs

Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13^th, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

And yet, for all their promise, neither energy retrofit projects in general nor

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with the PACE guidelines released by the Department of Energy in May 2010.

FHA Mech – Harvard, Gtown

The Federal Housing Authority should provide loan guarantees for solar Property Assessed Clean Energy assessments levied on new or refinanced mortgages in the United States.

The FHA solves and doesn’t link to politics

Collins 12, Jordan M, Director of Government Relations at Mintz-Leven, “PACE-ing in Purgatory: Outlook for Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” January 19^th, http://www.mintz.com/newsletter/2012/Advisories/1578-0112-NAT-ECT_Collins/index.htm

Although FHFA has issued policy statements effectively barring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from insuring

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HUD and not in any way associated with FHFA, Fannie or Freddie.)

Growth solves warming – research, the California effect, the EKC, and better tech

Norberg, 03 – Fellow at Timbro and CATO Johan Norberg, In Defense of Global Capitalism, pg 225-237

All over the world, economic progress and growth are moving hand in hand with

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we can find theoretical risks of shortages occurring is both stupid and unjust.

Econ collapse doesn’t solve warming – try or die for growth

Elliot 8, Larry, economics editor at the Guardian “Can a dose of recession solve climate change?” August 24^th, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/25/economicgrowth.globalrecession

This may strike some as a strange way of looking at things. Sure,

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waiting for industrial capitalism to collapse under the weight of its own contradictions.

Won’t happen

Mead  09 – Walter Russell, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World. Lauren Gottlieb provided research assistance for this article. February 04, 2009  http:~/~/www.tnr.com/article/com/article/only-makes-you-stronger(%%) “Only Makes You Stronger: Why the recession bolstered America”url:http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2169866/posts||target="_self"

But, in many other countries where capitalism rubs people the wrong way, this

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list of wars is almost as long as the list of financial crises.

No theoretical or empirical defense of K-Waves             

North 9, Austrian School economic analyst, PhD in History, edited the financial newsletter, Remnant Review, formerly served as Research Assistant for Congressman Ron Paul (R-TX).  (Gary, “The Myth of the Kondratieff Wave,” June 27, http:~/~/www.lewrockwell.com/north/html(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %))

Pugsley = American conservative libertarian political and economics commentator, lecturer, and New York Times bestselling author

Kondratieff had at most two and a half cycles in his two papers. That

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analysts, but not in the real world. It is pure hokum.

No Resource Wars – Three Reasons

-          Trade

-          Low Benefit

-          Decline in nonrenewable costs

Deudney 99 – (Dan, Associate Professor of Political Science, Johns Hopkins, Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics, Eds. Deudneyand Matthews p 205-6)

The hypothesis that states will begin fighting each other as natural resources are depleted and

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to the benefit of Third World raw material suppliers, prices have fallen.

we meet – DoE says we’re topical

Waxman, 98 – Solicitor General of theUS (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http:~/~/www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.pdf(%%))2 

On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the … Secretary or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

counter-interpration – Financial incentives must commit public funds — solves limits

Webb, sessional lecture – Faculty of Law @ University of Ottawa, ‘93

(Kernaghan, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501)

One of the obstacles to intelligent discussion of this topic is the tremendous potential for

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In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

This CP makes no sense – the problem is the second mortgage market not the states

ASE 10, Alliance to Save Energy “Fannie and Freddie Drop the PACE,” June 29^th, http://ase.org/efficiencynews/fannie-and-freddie-drop-pace

Fannie and Freddie’s complaint is that PACE financing generally holds ‘senior status’ to a

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who hold conventional mortgages would be effectively blocked from participation in PACE programs.

Perm do both – shields the blame

Elkind 11, Ethan,  Bank of America Climate Change Research Fellow with a joint appointment at the UC Berkeley School of Law and the UCLA School of Law “The Tea Party Embraces Local Energy Efficiency Financing?,” August 11^th, http://legalplanet.wordpress.com/2011/08/11/the-tea-party-embraces-local-energy-efficiency-financing/

It looks like we’ve finally found an environmental issue that can attract strong bipartisan support

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that some energy efficiency measures pass muster in a Republican-controlled House.

Independent state action fails

Hoops 12, Jeffrey, J.D. Candidate (2012), Washington University School of Law; B.A. cum laude in English (2007), Truman State University “Setting The Pace For Energy Efficiency: The Rise, Fall, And (Potential) Return Of Property Assessed Clean Energy,” Volume 89 | Issue 4, http:~/~/lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/89/4/pdf

Another possible answer could come in the form of state PACE legislation that complies with

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states that provide that PACE assessments are senior to pre-existing liens.

solar power’s key to sustainable desalination – solves extinction

Al Gobaisi 12 (Darwish, http:~/~/www.desware.net/aspx, “Desalination Continuity in Human Civilization”, Darwish Al Gobaisi is a member of the International Study Group for Water and Energy Systems (ISGWES)  and International Centre for Water and Energy Systems (ICWES)

DESALINATION AND THE CONTINUITY OF HUMAN … to meet this requirement of faith in the survival of life on earth.

Hagel not key

Walt 12-26. Stephen, Robert and Renee Belfer professor of international relations @ Harvard, "What's at stake in the Hagel affair" Foreign Policy -- walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/12/26/whats_at_stake_in_the_hagel_affair?wp_login_redirect=0

Second, let's not lose sight of what is at stake here. Contrary to

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couple of years, this appointment may matter less than most people think.

Fiscal fights trigger the link

Benac, 1-24 -- covered government and politics in Washington for more than three decades

Nancy, "Obama's Uphill Agenda," Detroit News, 1-24-13, www.detroitnews.com/article/20130124/OPINION01/301240324/1008/opinion01/Obama-s-uphill-agenda, accessed 1-25-13, mss

Obama's uphill agenda: President's second term, the legacy-maker,will be over before we know it

It's a good thing President Barack Obama considers himself a congenital optimist. There are

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," Obama senior adviser David Plouffe acknowledged Sunday on ABC's "This Week."

Hagel confirmation inevitable – Schumer.

Baron 1-23. Kevin, Pentagon reporter, "Chuck Hagel’s unusual door-to-door sales pitch" Foreign Policy -- e-ring.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/01/23/chuck_hagel_s_unusual_door_to_door_sales_pitch

While the Senate holds the power … was Hagel’s only real roadblock.

Plan’s popular – no spending link

Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13^th, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Congressional action to support residential PACE programs would have no budgetary impact. If legislation

AND

to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchasing otherwise conforming mortgages with PACE assessments.

Plan doesn’t go through congress

Collins 12, Jordan M, Director of Government Relations at Mintz-Leven, “PACE-ing in Purgatory: Outlook for Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” January 19^th, http://www.mintz.com/newsletter/2012/Advisories/1578-0112-NAT-ECT_Collins/index.htm

Although FHFA has issued policy statements effectively barring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from insuring

AND

HUD and not in any way associated with FHFA, Fannie or Freddie.)

Pc not key

Edwards 9– Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas AandM University, holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies and has served as the Olin Professor of American Government at Oxford (George, “The Strategic President”, Printed by the Princeton University Press, pg. 149-150)

Even presidents who appeared to dominate Congress were actually facilitators rather than directors of change

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to issue, it will almost always be a minority in each chamber.

Winners win for Obama -~-- inaction burns capital

Kuttner 11 (Robert, Co-Founder and Co-Editor – American Prospect and Distinguished Senior Fellow – Demos (Think Tank), “Barack Obama’s Theory of Power”, The American Prospect, 5-16,http:~/~/prospect.org/cs/articles?article=barack_obamas_theory_of_org/cs/articles?article=barack_obamas_theory_of_power||target="_blank")

Obama’s critics contend that his prolonged fantasy of bipartisanship, his failure to lay the

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operating theory of power. For the most part, it hasn’t worked.

Framework – debate should be about the consequences of the plan were it to be done by the federal government – infinite number of assumptions and possible alt actors guts predictability

Key to avoid technocrat fill-in

Kuzemko 12Caroline Kuzemko, CSGR University of Warwick, Security, the State and Political Agency: Putting ‘Politics’ back into UK Energy, http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2012/381_61.pdf

Both Hay (2007) and Flinders and Buller (2006) suggest that there

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cf. Kuzemko 2012b: 61-66; Wood 2011: 7).

Representations don’t affect policymaking - overlooks agency and material structures

Tuathail, 96  (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns

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needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.

Perm do both

Vague alts are a voting issue – make stable offense impossible

No impact - Neoliberalism not oppressive or exploitive – empirically proven

Bhagvati ‘4 (University Professor at Columbia University and Senior Fellow in International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations JagdishBhagwati, “In Defense of Globalization”. 2004. Overview, http:~/~/www.cfr.org/publication/6769/in_defense_of_html

JagdishBhagwati takes conventional wisdom—that globalization is the cause of several social ills—

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further advance these social agendas, adding more glow to the human face.

Their link evidence flows aff – it says bottom up efficiency approaches are key – that’s the aff

Society’s getting better and it’s sustainable

Owen ‘11(John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated

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U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Neolib inevitable

Mead  09 – Walter Russell, Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World. Lauren Gottlieb provided research assistance for this article. February 04, 2009  http:~/~/www.tnr.com/article/com/article/only-makes-you-stronger(%%) “Only Makes You Stronger: Why the recession bolstered America”url:http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2169866/posts||target="_self"

But, in many other countries where capitalism rubs people the wrong way, this

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are quick to decide that capitalism is a failure and look for alternatives.

So far, such half-hearted experiments not only have failed to work;

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the consequences of a financial crisis than more established firms in wealthier societies.

As a result, developing countries and countries where capitalism has relatively recent and shallow roots tend to suffer greater economic and political damage when crisis strikes--as, inevitably, it does. And, consequently, financial crisesoften reinforce rather than challenge the global distribution of power and wealth. This may be happening yet again.

None of which means that we can just sit back and enjoy the recession.

AND

list of wars is almost as long as the list of financial crises.

Catastrophic warming reps are good and key to solve

Romm ‘12

(Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, which New York Times columnist Tom Friedman called "the indispensable blog" and Time magazine named one of the 25 “Best Blogs of 2010.″ In 2009, Rolling Stone put Romm #88 on its list of 100 “people who are reinventing America.” Time named him a “Hero of the Environment″ and “The Web’s most influential climate-change blogger.” Romm was acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy in 1997, where he oversaw $1 billion in RandD, demonstration, and deployment of low-carbon technology. He is a Senior Fellow at American Progress and holds a Ph.D. in physics from MIT., 2/26/2012, “Apocalypse Not: The Oscars, The Media And The Myth of ‘Constant Repetition of Doomsday Messages’ on Climate”, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/02/26/432546/apocalypse-not-oscars-media-myth-of-repetition-of-doomsday-messages-on-climate/#more-432546)

The two greatest myths about global warming communications are 1) constant repetition of doomsday

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by most of the rest of the media, intelligentsia and popular culture.

PACE solves brownfield redevelopment – key to the economy

Alpert and White 12, Isaac and Alicia, Northwestern University, “Using the Sun to Make Brownfields Green,” http://www.rooseveltcampusnetwork.org/sites/all/files/Energy2012.pdf#page=10

Brownfields represent a serious economic problem because potentially productive land sits empty, releasing toxic

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policy can be executed, the FHFA’s ruling against PACE financing must be overturned

War turns their impact- there is no root cause of war

Goldstein ‘2 Joshua S., Professor Emeritus of International Relations, American University (Washington, DC) Research Scholar, University of Massachusetts and Nonresident Sadat Senior Fellow, CIDCM, University of Maryland War and Gender , P. 412 2k2

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working

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on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Roleplaying is key

McClean‘1 (David E. “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Am. Phil. Conf., www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_htm(% lang="FR" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-language: FR" %))

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our

AND

critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

This educational model is vital to policy and academia– prevents insular education- this answers FIAT isn’t real

Jentleson ‘2 (Bruce W. Jentleson, Source: International Security, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Spring, 2002), pp. 169-183, “Bringing  Policy  Relevance  Back In”, http:~/~/www.jstor.org/stable/3092106url:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3092106, Spring 2002, LEQ)

So, a Washington for- eign policy colleague asked, which of your models

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specialists have to offer? Four sets  of  questions  need  to be  considered.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Decline causes war
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.
 
Statistics agree- diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
 
Collapse causes global transition wars – turns their impacts
Panzner ‘8 (Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
 
US growth spills over globally
Caploe ‘9 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.
 
Certainty is key- green economy leadership solidifies economic growth
Jenkins 11 -- Breakthrough Institute Energy Policy director (Jesse, "Is America Losing the Clean Energy Race?" National Journal, 10-26-11, energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php?comments=expandall#comments, accessed 10-17-12, mss)
The global market for clean energy products grew to $243 billion in 2010,
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cheap enough for widespread export to energy-hungry markets throughout the world.
Green innovation key to US economy primacy
Klarevas, 9 -- NYU Center for Global Affairs professor (Louis, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony," Huffington Post, 12-15-9, www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html, accessed 10-19-12, mss)
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
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best approach for achieving this is to promote a national strategy of greengemony.
Economic strength key to American influence- largest internal link
Hubbard ’10 (Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Analysis By: Jesse Hubbard Jesse Hubbard Program Assistant at Open Society Foundations Washington, District Of Columbia International Affairs Previous National Democratic Institute (NDI), National Defense University, Office of Congressman Jim Himes Education PPE at University of Oxford, 2010

Regression analysis of this data shows that Pearson’s r-value is -.836.
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fearsome, but it is vulnerable to even a short blast of wind.

Hegemony prevents multiple nuclear conflicts
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at
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. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85
 
Plan solves
First- the plan solves the green economy
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Summary Congress should enact legislation that supports residential property assessed clean energy (PACE)
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at the same time making lasting energy improvements in the nation’s metropolitan areas.

Second is housing – it’s declining now and key to the economy
Hughes 11/15, Sam, intern with the Housing team at the Center for American Progress “A Strong Housing Market Is Critical to Our Economic Recovery,” 11/15, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/housing/news/2012/11/15/45042/a-strong-housing-market-is-critical-to-our-economic-recovery/
In reality, the housing market is where the Great Recession of 2007­–2009
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should put in place policies to get the market back to full strength.

Declining housing sector guarantees double dip recession that none of their impact defense assumes
Isidore ‘11
(Chris, writer at CNNMoney, “Recession 2.0 would hurt worse,” 2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm)
The risk of double dip recession is rising. And while economists disagree on just
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this new recession would likely have virtually no policy effort to counteract it. 

The plan solves – increases property values and decreases default risk
Hale 10, Greg, Director of Efficiency Finance at NRDC's Center for Market Innovation “PACE program is good for banks and property owners,” March 29th, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ghale/pace_program_is_good_for_banks.html
On March 25th, the Wall Street Journal published an article titled “Fannie and
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opportunity that PACE presents, and will help scale up this innovative program.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Warming causes extinction- tipping point
Dyer ‘12 (London-based independent journalist, PhD from King's College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)

Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on
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- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth's history.

 
It will be rapid
Light ‘12 (Malcolm, PhD, University of London – Earth science and climate consultant, “Global Extinction within one Human Lifetime as a Result of a Spreading Atmospheric Arctic Methane Heat wave and Surface Firestorm,” http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/global-extinction-within-one-human.html)

Although the sudden high rate Arctic methane increase at Svalbard in late 2010 data set applies to only a short time interval, similar sudden methane concentration peaks also occur at Barrow point and the effects of a major methane build-up has been observed using all the major scientific observation systems. Giant fountains/torches/plumes of methane entering the atmosphere up to 1 km across have been seen on the East Siberian Shelf. This methane eruption data is so consistent and aerially extensive that when combined with methane gas warming potentials, Permian extinction event temperatures and methane lifetime data it paints a frightening picture of the beginning of the now uncontrollable global warming induced destabilization of the subsea Arctic methane hydrates on the shelf and slope which started in late 2010. This process of methane release will accelerate exponentially, release huge quantities of methane into the atmosphere and lead to the demise of all life on earth before the middle of this century. Introduction The 1990 global atmospheric mean temperature is assumed to be 14.49 oC (Shakil, 2005; NASA, 2002; DATAWeb, 2012) which sets the 2 oC anomaly above which humanity will lose control of her ability to limit the effects of global warming on major climatic and environmental systems at 16.49 oC (IPCC, 2007). The major Permian extinction event temperature is 80 oF (26.66 oC) which is a temperature anomaly of 12.1766 oC above the 1990 global mean temperature of 14.49 oC (Wignall, 2009; Shakil, 2005). Results of Investigation Figure 1 shows a huge sudden atmospheric spike like increase in the concentration of atmospheric methane at Svalbard north of Norway in the Arctic reaching 2040 ppb (2.04 ppm)(ESRL/GMO, 2010 - Arctic - Methane - Emergency - Group.org). The cause of this sudden anomalous increase in the concentration of atmospheric methane at Svalbard has been seen on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf where a recent Russian - U.S. expedition has found widespread, continuous powerful methane seepages into the atmosphere from the subsea methane hydrates with the methane plumes (fountains or torches) up to 1 km across producing an atmospheric methane concentration 100 times higher than normal (Connor, 2011). Such high methane concentrations could produce local temperature anomalies of more than 50 oC at a conservative methane warming potential of 25. Figure 2 is derived from the Svalbard data in Figure 1 and the methane concentration data has been used to generate a Svalbard atmospheric temperature anomaly trend using a methane warming potential of 43.5 as an example. The huge sudden anomalous spike in atmospheric methane concentration in mid August, 2010 at Svalbard is clearly evident and the methane concentrations within this spike have been used to construct a series of radiating methane global warming temperature trends for the entire range of methane global warming potentials in Figure 3 from an assumed mean start temperature of -3.575 degrees Centigrade for Svalbard (see Figure 2) (Norwegian Polar Institute; 2011). Figure 3 shows a set of radiating Arctic atmospheric methane global warming temperature trends calculated from the steep methane atmospheric concentration gradient at Svalbard in 2010 (ESRL/GMO, 2010 - Arctic-Methane-Emergency-Group.org). The range of extinction temperature anomalies above the assumed 1990 mean atmospheric temperature of 14.49 oC (Shakil, 2005) are also shown on this diagram as well as the 80 oF (26.66 oC) major Permian extinction event temperature (Wignall, 2009). Sam Carana (pers. com. 7 Jan, 2012) has described large December 2011 (ESRL-NOAA data) warming anomalies which exceed 10 to 20 degrees centigrade and cover vast areas of the Arctic at times. In the centres of these regions, which appear to overlap the Gakkel Ridge and its bounding basins, the temperature anomalies may exceed 20 degrees centigrade. See this html The temperature anomalies in this region of the Arctic for the period from September 8 2011 to October 7, 2011 were only about 4 degrees Centigrade above normal (Carana, pers. com. 2012) and this data set can be seen on this site: http://arctic-newsblogspot.com/p/arctic-temperatures.html Because the Svalbard methane concentration data suggests that the major spike in methane emissions began in late 2010 it has been assumed for calculation purposes that the 2010 temperature anomalies peaked at 4 degrees Centigrade and the 2011 anomalies at 20 degrees Centigrade in the Gakkel Ridge region. The assumed 20 degree Centigrade temperature anomaly trend from 2010 to 2011 in the Gakkel Ridge region requires a methane gas warming potential of about 1000 to generate it from the Svalbard methane atmospheric concentration spike data in 2010. Such high methane warming potentials could only be active over a very short time interval (less than 5.7 months) as shown when the long methane global warming potential lifetimes data from the IPCC (2007; 1992) and Dessus, Laponte and Treut (2008 ) are used to generate a global warming potential growth curve with a methane global warming potential of 100 with a lifespan of 5 years. Because of the high methane global warming potential (1000) of the 2011, 20 oC temperature anomalies in the Gakkel Ridge region, the entire methane global warming potential range from 5 to 1000 has been used to construct the radiating set of temperature trends shown in Figure 3. The 50, 100, 500 and 1000 methane global warming potential (GWP) trends are red and in bold. The choice of a high temperature methane peak with a global warming potential near 1000 is in fact very conservative because the 16 oC increase is assumed to occur over a year. The observed ESRL-NOAA Arctic temperature anomalies varied from 4 to 20 degrees over less than a month in 2011 (Sam Carana, pers. comm. 2012). … . This very narrow temperature range includes all the mathematically and visually determined extinction times and their means for the northern and southern hemispheres which were calculated quite separately (Figure 7; Table 1). Once the world's ice caps have completely melted away at temperatures above 22.49 oC and times later than 2051.3, the Earth's atmosphere will heat up at an extremely fast rate to reach the Permian extinction event temperature of 80oF (26.66 oC)(Wignall, 2009) by which time all life on Earth will have been completely extinguished. The position where the latent heat of ice melting curve intersects the 8 oC extinction line (22.49 oC) at 2051.3 represents the time when 100 percent of all the ice on the surface of the Earth will have melted. If we make this point on the latent heat of ice melting curve equal to 1 we can determine the time of melting of any fraction of the Earth's icecaps by using the time*temperature function at each time from 2051.3 back to 2015, the time the average Arctic atmospheric temperature curve is predicted to exceed 0 oC. The process of melting 1 kg of ice and heating the produced water up to a certain temperature is a function of the sum of the latent heat of melting of ice is 334 kilo Joules/kg and the final water temperature times the 4.18 kilo Joules/Kg.K (Wikipedia, 2012). This however represents the energy required over a period of one second to melt 1 kg of ice to water and raise it to the ambient temperature. Therefore the total energy per mass of ice over a certain time period is equal to (334 +(4.18*Ambient Temperature)*time in seconds that the melted water took to reach the ambient temperature. From the fractional time*temperature values at each ambient temperature the fractional amounts of melting of the total global icecaps have been calculated and are shown on Figure 9. The earliest calculated fractional volume of melting of the global ice caps in 2016 is 1.85*10^-3 of the total volume of global ice with an average yearly rate of ice melting of 2.557*10^-3 of the total volume of global ice. This value is remarkably similar to, but slightly less than the average rate of melting of the Arctic sea ice measured over an 18 year period of 2.7*10^-3 (1978 to 1995; 2.7% per decade - IPCC 2007).This close correlation between observed rates of Arctic ice cap and predicted rates of global ice cap melting indicates that average rates of Arctic ice cap melting between 1979 and 2015 (which represents the projected time the Arctic will lose its ice cover - Masters, 2009) will be continued during the first few years of melting of the global ice caps after the Arctic ice cover has gone in 2015 as the mean Arctic atmospheric temperature starts to climb above 0 oC. However from 2017 the rate of melting of the global ice will start to accelerate as will the atmospheric temperature until by 2049 it will be more than 9 times as fast as it was around 2015 (Table 2). The mean rate of melting of the global icecap between 2017 and 2049 is some 2*10^-2, some 7.4 times the mean rate of melting of the Arctic ice cap (Table 2). In concert with the increase in rate of global ice cap melting between 2017 and 2049, the acceleration in the rate of melting also increases from 7*10^-4 to 9.9*10^-4 with a mean value close to 8.6*10^-4 (Table 2). The ratio of the acceleration in the rate of global ice cap melting to the Arctic ice cap melting increases from 3.4 in 2017 to 4.8 by 2049 with a mean near 4.2. This fast acceleration in the rate of global ice cap melting after 2015 compared to the Arctic sea ice cap melting before 2015 is because the mean Arctic atmospheric temperature after 2017 is spiraling upward in temperature above 0 oC adding large amounts of additional energy to the ice and causing it to melt back more quickly. The melt back of the Arctic ice cap is a symptom of the Earth's disease but not its cause and it is the cause that has to be dealt with if we hope to bring about a cure. Therefore a massive cut back in carbon dioxide emissions should be mandatory for all developed nations (and some developing nations as well). Total destruction of the methane in the Arctic atmosphere is also mandatory if we are to survive the effects of its now catastrophic rate of build up in the atmospheric methane concentration However cooling of the Arctic using geoengineering methods is also vitally important to reduce the effects of the ice cap melting further enhancing the already out of control destabilization of the methane hydrates on the Arctic shelf and slope. • Developed (and some developing) countries must cut back their carbon dioxide emissions by a very large percentage (50% to 90%) by 2020 to immediately precipitate a cooling of the Earth and its crust. If this is not done the earthquake frequency and methane emissions in the Arctic will continue to grow exponentially leading to our inexorable demise between 2031 to 2051. • Geoenginering must be used immediately as a cooling method in the Arctic to counteract the effects of the methane buildup in the short term. However these methods will lead to further pollution of the atmosphere in the long term and will not solve the earthquake induced Arctic methane buildup which is going to lead to our annihilation. • The United States and Russia must immediately develop a net of powerful radio beat frequency transmission stations around the Arctic using the critical 13.56 MHZ beat frequency to break down the methane in the stratosphere and troposphere to nanodiamonds and hydrogen (Light 2011a) . Besides the elimination of the high global warming potential methane, the nanodiamonds may form seeds for light reflecting noctilucent clouds in the stratosphere and a light coloured energy reflecting layer when brought down to the Earth by snow and rain (Light 2011a). HAARP transmission systems are able to electronically vibrate the strong ionospheric electric current that feeds down into the polar areas and are thus the least evasive method of directly eliminating the buildup of methane in those critical regions (Light 2011a). The warning about extinction is stark. It is remarkable that global scientists had not anticipated a giant buildup of methane in the atmosphere when it had been so clearly predicted 10 to 20 years ago and has been shown to be critically linked to extinction events in the geological record (Kennett et al. 2003). Furthermore all the experiments should have already been done to determine which geoengineering methods were the most effective in oxidising/destroying the methane in the atmosphere in case it should ever build up to a concentration where it posed a threat to humanity. Those methods need to be applied immediately if there is any faint hope of reducing the catastrophic heating effects of the fast building atmospheric methane concentration.

Its anthro- 500 studies go aff
Romm ‘10 (Jon, Editor of Climate Progress, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, former Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Disputing the “consensus” on global warming,” http://climateprogress.org/2010/06/16/scientific-consensus-on-global-warming-climate-science/,)

A good example of how scientific evidence drives our understanding concerns how we know that
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and “An introduction to global warming impacts: Hell and High Water“).

 
Two internal links – the first is climate leadership
The plan is key
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Along these lines, a first priority for unleashing clean economy growth in the nation
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renewable energy industries • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and so produce significant climate benefits
US action to undercut fossil fuels gets modeled to solve – the brink is now
Traub 12/14, James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy,” “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” December 14th, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,
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to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.

 
The second is the plan – it independently solves warming
Hoops 12, Jeffrey, J.D. Candidate (2012), Washington University School of Law; B.A. cum laude in English (2007), Truman State University “Setting The Pace For Energy Efficiency: The Rise, Fall, And (Potential) Return Of Property Assessed Clean Energy,” Volume 89 | Issue 4, http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/89/4/hoops.pdf

Concerns about climate change and future energy shortfalls have spurred energy conservation and efficiency initiatives
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therefore make energy efficiency improvements a winning proposition for both homeowners and municipalities.

 
Building integrated solar revitalizes the whole market
O’Connor 12, Mary Catherine, written for Fast Company, Wired, Outside, Entrepreneur, Earth2Tech, Earth Island Journal and The Bold Italic “Will building-integrated solar take off?” August 15th, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/will-building-integrated-solar-take-off/8189

The solar industry has been taking a beating in recent months, thanks to falling
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Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention    is Finance

First is the impact:

Economic decline causes war
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
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a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets. 

Statistics agree- diversionary war theory
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Collapse causes global transition wars – turns their impacts
Panzner ‘8 (Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
 
US growth spills over globally
Caploe ‘9 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
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their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.

Few internal links

First is property values – they’re declining now and key to the economy
Hughes 11/15, Sam, intern with the Housing team at the Center for American Progress “A Strong Housing Market Is Critical to Our Economic Recovery,” 11/15, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/housing/news/2012/11/15/45042/a-strong-housing-market-is-critical-to-our-economic-recovery/
In reality, the housing market is where the Great Recession of 2007¬–2009
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should put in place policies to get the market back to full strength.

Declining housing sector guarantees double dip recession that none of their impact defense assumes
Isidore ‘11
(Chris, writer at CNNMoney, “Recession 2.0 would hurt worse,” 2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm)
The risk of double dip recession is rising. And while economists disagree on just
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this new recession would likely have virtually no policy effort to counteract it. 

The plan solves – increases property values and decreases default risk
Hale 10, Greg, Director of Efficiency Finance at NRDC's Center for Market Innovation “PACE program is good for banks and property owners,” March 29th, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ghale/pace_program_is_good_for_banks.html
On March 25th, the Wall Street Journal published an article titled “Fannie and
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opportunity that PACE presents, and will help scale up this innovative program.

Second is mortgage defaults – they collapse the economy
AFR 11, citing Joesph Tracy, Federal Reserve Governor, Americans For Financial Reform “We All Pay A Price For the Foreclosure Crisis,” 2-28, http://ourfinancialsecurity.org/blogs/wp-content/ourfinancialsecurity.org/uploads/2011/02/AFR-The-Price-of-Foreclosures-2-28-112.pdf
“The growing inventory of defaulted mortgages continues to weigh down any recovery in the
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” for the negative economic impacts of foreclosures. See Figure 1.

Mortgage defaults cause security clearance revocation
Aftergood 10, Steven, senior research analyst at the Federation of American Scientists, “Home Foreclosures and Security Clearances,” September 20th, http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2010/09/home_foreclosures.html
The crisis affecting the U.S. economy has made a discernible mark on
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growing trend, though the actual number of cases involved remains fairly small.

The squo will solve STEM shortages but security clearances are key
Sucio 12, “Cyber Security Expert Warns Of Shortage Of Security Pros In U.S.,” Peter, writer for redorbit, June 13th, http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1112554085/cyber-security-expert-warns-of-shortage-of-security-pros-in-u-s/
On Wednesday a leading cyber expert warned that a shortage of talented computer security experts
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– need the clearance, in some growing industries it is being required.

Key to air force effectiveness
Givhan, Trias and Allen, 11 Walter D. Givhan, Eric D. Trias, William H. Allen, QUALS, “The Criticality of Defense-Focused Technical Education,” Air and Space Power Journal, Vol XXVI, No. 2, Summer 2011 Edition, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/2011/2011-2/2011_2_02_givhan.pdf, DA 7/13/11RS
New Domains, New Challenges As the Air Force mission expands, the breadth and
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serves as a key resource in meeting the need for well qualified STEM professionals

Solves conflict in the south china sea
Stokes 11 (Mark,  Executive Director Project 2049 Institute Before The U.S.¬China Economic and Security Review Commission, “ Hearing on the Implications of China’s Military and Civil Space Program”, 5-11, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2011hearings/written_testimonies/11_05_11_wrt/11_05_11_stokes_testimony.pdf//greenhill-sb)
The PLA is investing in aerospace capabilities that may offset shortcomings in the face of
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China’s ability to conduct other missions, such as peacekeeping or humanitarian relief. 

That escalates
Rogers 12, Will, Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, “How to Neutralize Energy Competition in the South China Sea,” September 11th, http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/2012/09/11/how-to-neutralize-energy-competition-in-the-south-china-sea/
During her visit to the Asia Pacific last week, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
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that countries across the region can benefit from the sea’s potential resource wealth.

Also solves nuclear terrorism
Finel 99 (Dr. Bernard,  BA, Tufts University; MA, PhD, Georgetown University) is the associate director of the National Security Studies Program and visiting assistant professor of national security and international affairs at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. Dr. Finel has written extensively on proliferation, the revolution in military affairs, and international politics. He has coedited and contributed to a book titled Power and Conflict in the Age of Transparency, “ The Role of Aerospace Power in US Counterproliferation Strategy”, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj99/win99/finel.htm#finel//greenhill-sb)
The process of deterring WMD use is also likely to rely heavily on aerospace power
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to fly high and fast is itself a form of deterrence by denial. 

Extinction
Ayson 10, Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, 2010 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
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be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

The third is financial reform – Obama standing up to financial regulators is key
Merkley 10 – (Jeff, “Limits on Risky Trading Crucial to Righting American Financial System”, 1-21 Congressional Documents and Publications, l/n)
"For months, I've been pushing for the reestablishment of a firewall between risky
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the firewall between risky activities and depository lending and make banking boring again."

Plan is Obama standing up to financial regulators
Hiskes 10, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “PACE Rescue Bill Could Get Republican Help,” “Why won’t Team Obama save a clean-energy program from Fannie and Freddie?” August 5th, http://grist.org/article/2010-08-05-why-wont-team-obama-save-a-clean-energy-program-from-fannie-and/
Why isn’t the Obama team trying harder to save the promising PACE clean-energy
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run policy from the White House, at least openly,” she said.

Reform is key to the economy
Timimi 9 (Keith, Economy Watch, “Fix the banks – before they fix us completely,” 11/18/09, http://www.economywatch.com/economy-business-and-finance-news/fix-the-banks-before-they-fix-us-completely-18-11.html)
It is the way the banks control the western political and financial system, and
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of the world. The bailouts and guarantees have only made them bigger.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Property Assessed Clean Energy works and the tech is ready
Hidari 10, Jack, writer for the Harvard Business Review, Chairman of PrimaryInsight.com, National steering committee, PACENow.org “A Market Solution for Achieving “Green”, in The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2010,” HARV. BUS.  REV. 41, 50-51 (Jan./Feb. 2010).
The Problem It's easy to get excited about the promise of clean technology--especially
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a bank fire sale must immediately bring the tax payments up to date.

And, no risk of loan deficiency – the plan is a functional lifting of a federal restriction that is necessary to the program
Hiskes 10, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “PACE Rescue Bill Could Get Republican Help,” “Why won’t Team Obama save a clean-energy program from Fannie and Freddie?” August 5th, http://grist.org/article/2010-08-05-why-wont-team-obama-save-a-clean-energy-program-from-fannie-and/
PACE works by letting homeowners pay for rooftop solar arrays and energy-saving retrofits
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energy retrofits, but that work can’t continue with programs stalled out. 
Plan spills over to broader solar adoption even if not many people initially take up the program
Higgins 11/19, Ben, Director of Government Affairs for Mainstream Energy “The Psychology of Small-Scale Solar,” November 19th, http://energy.aol.com/2012/11/19/the-psychology-of-small-scale-solar/?icid=related4

Further evidence that consumer awareness is key to solar's growth comes from a recent Yale
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, we'll be making an enormous step towards our country's clean energy future.

Government incentives are key
Hiskes 11, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “Cost Savings Are Biggest Motivator for Commercial Retrofits,” June 22nd, http://sustainableindustries.com/articles/2011/06/cost-savings-are-biggest-motivator-commercial-retrofits

Cash still rules when it comes to motivating commercial building owners to take on energy
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a tremendous opportunity to influence the achievement of their energy and environmental goals.”

 
However, the federal housing finance agency issued a ruling that ended state PACE programs
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf
And yet, for all their promise, neither energy retrofit projects in general nor
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with the PACE guidelines released by the Department of Energy in May 2010. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The Federal Housing Authority should provide loan guarantees for solar Property Assessed Clean Energy assessments levied on new or refinanced mortgages in the United States.
The FHA solves and doesn’t link to politics
Collins 12, Jordan M, Director of Government Relations at Mintz-Leven, “PACE-ing in Purgatory: Outlook for Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” January 19th, http://www.mintz.com/newsletter/2012/Advisories/1578-0112-NAT-ECT_Collins/index.htm
Although FHFA has issued policy statements effectively barring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from insuring
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HUD and not in any way associated with FHFA, Fannie or Freddie.)

No disads – the FHA did something extremely similar to the aff but it didn’t solve
Farrell 11, John, Institute for Local Self-Reliance senior researcher, “FHA PowerSaver Loans – a PACE Replacement?” February 24th, http://grist.org/article/2011-02-24-fha-powersaver-loans-a-pace-replacement/
Late last year, the Federal Housing Administration announced a new PowerSaver loan program to
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improvements, but their offering will not provide the same power as PACE.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The President of the United States federal government should issue an executive order requiring the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation to provide loan guarantees for solar Property Assessed Clean Energy assessments levied on new or refinanced mortgages in the United States.

That’s key
Kelly 11, William J, staff correspondent for CaCurrent,“PACE Backers Eye Administrative Fix,” March 11th, http://www.cacurrent.com/storyDisplay.php?sid=5219

Property Assessed Clean Energy program proponents may pursue an administrative strategy to revive their innovative
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House for an executive order requiring the federal agency to modify its policy. 

Obama taking visible action is key to climate leadership – solves warming – the brink is now
Traub 12/14, James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy,” “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” December 14th, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,
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to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.

Obama’s environmental leadership’s key to solve the collapse of Biodiversity, Oceans, and Soil
Khosla 9 – Ashok, IUCN President, International Union for Conservation of Nature, A new President for the United States: We have a dream, 1-29-09, http://cms.iucn.org/news_events/?uNewsID=2595

A rejuvenated America, with a renewed purpose, commitment and energy to make its
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of pollutants from our wasteful industries, construction, agriculture and transport systems.

Biodiversity loss causes extinction
Young 10 – PhD coastal marine ecology, Ruth, “Biodiversity: what it is and why it’s important”, February 9th, http://www.talkingnature.com/2010/02/biodiversity/biodiversity-what-and-why/ 

Different species within ecosystems fill particular roles, they all have a function, they
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on this planet possible and that our protection of biodiversity maintains this service.

Ocean collapse causes extinction
Craig ‘3 – Assc Prof Law Indiana. (34 McGeorge Law Rev 155, 2003 ln)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
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kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

Soil erosion causes extinction
Globe and Mail 7- John Allemang, feature writer, 12 May 2007, “Planet Earth has a dirty little secret,” Journal: Globe and Mail, pg. F4

Dirt is disappearing, and when it goes, we go. It's a simple
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places on the planet that can produce agricultural surpluses and feed the world."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Aerospace takes out command systems which prevents all their impacts from escalating
Chun 2k1
(Clayton, PhD in public policy analysis, MS in systems management and MA in economics, Chair for the Department of Distance Education at the U.S. Army War College specializing in assignments to missile, space, acquisition, education, strategy development, and command positions, “Aerospace Power in the Twenty-First Century A Basic Primer” July 2001, Air University Press, pg online @ Proquestgreenhill-au)
Another mission that aerospace forces can readily accomplish is decapitation . Aerospace forces deliver lethal
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to function sufficiently to exist, it may no longer remain a threat.

Aerospace solves bioterror
Finel ’99 (Dr. Bernard I. Finel (BA, Tufts University; MA, PhD, Georgetown University) is the associate director of the National Security Studies Program and visiting assistant professor of national security and international affairs at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. Dr. Finel has written extensively on proliferation, the revolution in military affairs, and international politics. “The Role of Aerospace Power,” pg online @ http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj99/win99/finel.htm)
Detecting WMDs In terms of detecting the possession of WMDs and the intention to use
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to fly high and fast is itself a form of deterrence by denial.

solar solves brownfield redevelopment – key to the economy
Alpert and White 12, Isaac and Alicia, Northwestern University, “Using the Sun to Make Brownfields Green,” http://www.rooseveltcampusnetwork.org/sites/all/files/Energy2012.pdf#page=10
Brownfields represent a serious economic problem because potentially productive land sits empty, releasing toxic
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policy can be executed, the FHFA’s ruling against PACE financing must be overturned

solar power’s key to sustainable desalination – solves extinction
Al Gobaisi 12 (Darwish, http://www.desware.net/Desalination-Continuity-Human-Civilization.aspx, “Desalination Continuity in Human Civilization”, Darwish Al Gobaisi is a member of the International Study Group for Water and Energy Systems (ISGWES)  and International Centre for Water and Energy Systems (ICWES)
DESALINATION AND THE CONTINUITY … this requirement of faith in the survival of life on earth. 

Green innovation key to US economy primacy
Klarevas, 9 -- NYU Center for Global Affairs professor (Louis, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony," Huffington Post, 12-15-9, www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html, accessed 10-19-12, mss)
As national leaders from around the world are gathering in Copenhagen, Denmark, to
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best approach for achieving this is to promote a national strategy of greengemony.

Zhang and Shi 11  - 1/22 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)
 Thus, the global distribution of power is shifting, and the inevitable result
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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Mary Washington | Judge:
Plan
The Environmental Protection Agency should substantially reduce its restrictions on domestic natural gas production.
Contention    : Production {   }
Scenario 1 is Iran
MAD doesn’t apply to Iranian prolif – no second strike capability and diplomatic isolation
Henzel 12/29 (John is a Masters’ candidate at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International relations. He is specializing in international security and foreign policy analysis. Deconstructing Policy Responses to the Iranian Nuclear Program, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy (At Senton Hall University).http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2012/12/deconstructing-policy-responses-to-the-iranian-nuclear-program/, December 29, 2012)

Of foremost concern, is the question of if Iran should be allowed to acquire
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far less scruples in handling its nuclear materials than in other nuclear states.
 
Iran proliferation ensnares Israel-Iran into nuclear war through proxies
Robb 10/10 (Charles, B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, J.D. at the University of Virginia Law School, Charles Wald, Master of Political Science degree in international relations, Troy State University, Bipartisan Policy Center Board Member “The Price of Inaction: Analysis of Energy and Economic Effects of a Nuclear Iran,” October 10th, 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/PriceofInaction.pdf)

A nuclear Iran would immediately encounter another nuclear state—even if an undeclared one
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as a much smaller country Israel has far less room for maneuver. Xxvi
Israeli strikes escalate- success irrelevant
Goldberg ‘10 (Jeffrey Goldberg, National correspondent for the Atlantic, “The Point of No Return,” http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/09/the-point-of-no-return/8186/, September 2010)

When the Israelis begin to bomb the uranium-enrichment facility at Natanz, the
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once-admired refuge for a persecuted people into a leper among nations.

 
Pakistan is required to give Saudi Arabia nuclear weapons- rapid Middle East proliferation
Robb 10/10 (Charles, B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, J.D. at the University of Virginia Law School, Charles Wald, Master of Political Science degree in international relations, Troy State University, Bipartisan Policy Center Board Member “The Price of Inaction: Analysis of Energy and Economic Effects of a Nuclear Iran,” October 10th, 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/PriceofInaction.pdf)

Saudi Arabia would be very likely to try to follow Iran across the nuclear threshold
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from the Cold War balance between the United States and the Soviet Union.

 
Increased domestic natural gas production solves Iran nuclearization – decreases Iranian political influence
Medlock et al ‘11 (Kenneth B, Baker fellow in energy and resource economics, Baker institute for public policy, rice university, Amy Myers Jaffe, Wilson fellow in energy studies, Baker institute for public policy, rice university, Peter Hartley, Professor of economics, Rice University “Shale Gas and US National Security,” July 2011)

Greater shale gas production in the United States, and eventually Europe, will also
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—a potential source of tension between the United States and India.30
Sanctions are working – now is key
Gordon 2/5 (Michael, chief military correspondent for The New York Times, Alan Cowell, senior correspondent for NYTimes, “Iran Nuclear Talks to Resume This Month,” 2/5, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-talks-to-resume-this-month.html?_r=1and)

Breaking a deadlock over the location and timing of new talks on its disputed nuclear
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become a nuclear weapons state and indicated that military action is an option.
Gas is Iran’s key tool against sanctions
Dubowitz and Berman ‘10 (Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, Ilan, vice president of the American Foreign Policy Council (AFPC) and editor of the Journal of International Security Affairs “Fix Iran energy loophole,” May 12th, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0510/37094.html)

Iran's energy sector is the regime's lifeblood. Tehran is the world's fourth-largest
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ensure that gasoline sanctions, when they materialize, have considerably less bite.

Scenario 2 is Economy
Increased production is key to manufacturing
Bullis 1/9 (Kevin, MIT Technology Review’s senior editor, “Shale Gas Will Fuel a U.S. Manufacturing Boom,” 1/9, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/509291/shale-gas-will-fuel-a-us-manufacturing-boom/)

Shale Gas Will Fuel a U.S. Manufacturing Boom Chemical producers abandoned the
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S. a far more attractive place for a wide range of industries.
 
Natural gas production solves the economy- but federal intervention snuffs out the boom
Lange ‘12 (Jason, correspondent for reuters “Shale energy boom dangles prospect of leap in economic growth,” May 24th, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/24/us-usa-economy-energy-idUSBRE84N10O20120524)

America's reliance on fuel imports has sucked vigor from its economy for decades. Now
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attracting investment, freeing up capital for new projects and increasing corporate profits.
 
Natural gas growth is immune from external variables- no turns
EL 12/14 (Environmental Leader, “Natural Gas ‘Will Reshape American Manufacturing’,” https://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=newssearchandcd=4andcad=rjaandved=0CDwQqQIoADADandurl=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/12/14/natural-gas-will-reshape-american-manufacturing/andei=MunkUOvcLer7iwLsxoGwBwandusg=AFQjCNF80JTiuNQ0wYZzGiQozuIeBj3-Gwandsig2=PpTyyWc8q6q6FemReSfCbgandbvm=bv.1355534169,d.cGE, December 14, 2012)

Favorable oil-to-gas price ratios driven by the production of natural gas
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uncertainty driven by the euro zone crisis and a pronounced slowdown in China.
US growth spills over globally
Caploe ‘9 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
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their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.
 
Depression inevitably causing global warfare
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
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a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.
 
Statistics agree- power redistribution
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

 
Manufacturing is the basis of competitiveness- tech and hegemony
Boushey ‘12 (Heather Boushey, Senior Economist, Center for American Progress Action Fund, July 19th, 2012, "Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Meanson Tax Reform and the U.S. Manufacturing Sector" waysandmeans.house.gov/uploadedfiles/boushey_testimony.pdf)

Having a strong manufacturing industry in the United States should be at the top of
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ideas. How will we fare if those ideas originate somewhere else?”34 

 
 
Hegemony is the meta-impact
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

 
Contention    : Europe {   }
They’re is addicted to Russian gas
Daly ‘12 (John, writer for oilprice.com, “Nord Stream: Russia's Natural Gas Link to the West,” June 7th, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Nord-Stream-Russias-Natural-Gas-Link-to-the-West.html)

On 23 May, Gazprom deputy chief executive officer Vitali Markelov announced that the first
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1991 implosion of the USSR, the natural gas deliveries continued like clockwork.
The EU gas debate is at a tipping point- anti-drillers winning now
Downing ‘12 (Bob, writer for Akron Beacon Journal Online, “Fracking is a big topic in Europe, too,” July 24th, http://www.ohio.com/blogs/drilling/ohio-utica-shale-1.291290/fracking-is-a-big-topic-in-europe-too-1.322277)

Natural gas is an important resource for Europe, and the region has witnessed a
AND
between environmental safety and energy security, and between developed and developing nations.
 
Independently US gas frees up LNG for Europe
Fowler ‘11 (Tom, writer for Chron “Study says U.S. shale may weaken Iran, Russia,” July 21st, http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Study-says-U-S-shale-may-weaken-Iran-Russia-2080593.php)

The natural gas boom in the U.S. has weakened Russia's influence on
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and Eastern Europe assert greater foreign policy independence from Moscow," Medlock writes.
Europe models US gas production – solves dependence and decreases Russia’s gas leverage
O’sullivan and Jaffe ‘12 (Meghan, Jeane Kirkpatrick Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University, Amy Myers, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston “The Geopolitics of Natural Gas,” July, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/The%20Geopolitics%20of%20Natural%20Gas.pdf)

We begin Scenario 1 with global gas producers feverishly developing unconventional gas resources. In
AND
not only in Europe but looks poised to take place inside Russia itself.
 
Russian gas monopoly destroys NATO and causes imperialism
Ghalen ’11 (Alexander Ghaleb (US Army Captain, Ph.D in energy security from National Defense University), October 2011, Published by Strategic Studies Institute, Letort Paper, Natural Gas as an Instrument of Russian state Power, http://www.scribd.com/doc/69662541/Natural-Gas-as-an-Instrument-of-Russian-State-Power)

While in the 1980s oil was considered “the only commodity whose sudden cutoff would
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to rule over its traditional sphere of influence in Eastern and Central Europe.

 
NATO key to act as a counter-weight to global gravity shifts- solves nuclear war
Brzezinski ‘9 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S. National Security Adviser from 1977 to 1981. His most recent book is Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower, September 2009 - October 2009, (Foreign Affairs, SECTION: Pg. 2 Vol. 88 No. 5, HEADLINE: An Agenda for NATO Subtitle: Toward a Global Security Web, p. Lexis, 2009)

ADJUSTING TO A TRANSFORMED WORLD And yet, it is fair to ask: Is
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and focused aroused Muslim resentments on the United States and the West more generally
 
Russian imperialism ensures Central Asian instability
Asmus ‘8 (Ronald, Executive Director of the Transatlantic Center at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, in Brussels. From 1997 to 2000, he served as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, “Europe's Eastern Promise; Rethinking NATO and EU Enlargement,” Foreign Affairs. New York: Jan/Feb 2008. Vol. 87, Iss. 1; pg. 95)

In light of these new circumstances in Russia, enlargement needs to be rethought from
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from one in which an autocratic, nationalist Russia is on the rise. 

 
Extinction
Blank 2k (Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22)

Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
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5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)
 
Contention    : Solvency {X}
EPA restrictions on production of natural gas are going to destroy the industry
WT 12, Washington Times, “EDITORIAL: More fracking red tape,” 4/23, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/23/more-fracking-red-tape/

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on Wednesday finalized 588 pages of new restrictions
AND
especially for small businesses,” said Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Fred Upton.
 
EPA red-tape causes regulatory overkill and uncertainty- jacks production
Krancer ‘12 (Michael, lawyer, secretary at the department of environmental protection in Pennsylvania, “Rhetoric vs. Reality, Part II:  Assessing the Impact of New Federal Red Tape on Hydraulic Fracturing and American Energy Independence,” May 31st, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/5-31-12-Tech-IP-Krancer.pdf)

EPA’s Draft Diesel Fracking Guidance Raises Serious Questions About States’ Primacy—Mission Creep and
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environmental protection reason. This seems like regulation for the sake of regulation.

 
EPA intervention create regulatory uncertainty that threatens the industry – only states have the experience to solve
Waeckerlin and Green ‘12 (Eric, attorney in the Washington, D.C. office of the law firm Kelley Drye and Warren LLP, Joe, special counsel with the firm, “Hydraulic Fracturing and TSCA: EPA’s Surprising Move And Its Sweeping Implications,” February 24th, http://www.wlf.org/publishing/publication_detail.asp?id=2298)

On November 23, 2011, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (
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, one of the only robust job-creating sectors in the country. 

 
That uncertainty makes realizing the economic benefits of natural gas impossible
Griggs 2/4 (Ted, business writer for advocate, “Regulations could affect natural gas production,” 2/4, http://theadvocate.com/news/business/5035282-123/regulations-could-affect-natural-gas)

State and federal policies, including environmental regulations, are one of the big uncertainties
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well as real estate because all those workers will need places to stay.
That guts domestic production and crowds out small producers- gas cliff coming now
Hoover ‘12 (Kent, Washington Bureau Chief- Phoenix Business Journal, “Industry: EPA fracking rules would reduce oil, gas production,” March 23rd, http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2012/03/23/epa-fracking-rules-would-reduce.html?page=all)

New federal regulations for hydraulic fracturing would significantly reduce oil and natural gas production in
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of regulations can cause real harm, especially for small businesses and startups.”

 
New restrictions are a springboard into total industry control- snowball restrictions
O’Keefe ‘12 (William, CEO of the George C. Marshall Institute, “Unjustified EPA Intrusion into Fracking,” April 23rd, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/04/regulating-natural-gas-whats-t.php#2200456)

This proposal is not a once and for all action. It is just the
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, there is no logical stopping point for EPA’s reach and regulatory stringency.
 
Obama’s a second term president – he can and will use existing authority to regulate the industry into the ground
D’Angelo 11/13 (Wayne J, special counsel for Kelley Drye and Warren LLP Law, specializes in environmental counsel, “Hydraulic Fracturing Regulation in President Obama's Second Term,” 11/13, http://www.frackinginsider.com/hydraulic-fracturing-regulation-in-president-obamas-second-term/)

Before we even finished counting the votes in the 2012 presidential election, political pundits
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avenues (albeit flawed) for shoehorning new regulatory authority into old statutes. 

 
The EPA is terrible at technical details and ignores industry concerns – crushes independent producers
Elliott 12/5 (James, counsel for Spilman, Thomas, and Battle, primary areas of practice are civil and criminal environmental law with experience in appellate and district litigation, agency rulemaking, compliance counseling, and administrative adjudication with special emphasis on Clean Air Act matters, “Independent Natural Gas Producers Challenge EPA Air Rules,”,  http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/independent-natural-gas-producers-challe-13237/, December 5, 2012)

On October 15, 2012, Spilman Thomas and Battle, PLLC filed suit in
AND
associated with storage tank controls are also covered by the petition for reconsideration.
 
Independent producers are hurt hardest by restrictions- key to the industry
Banerjee ‘12 (Neela Banerjee, Writer for the Los Angeles Times, "New EPA rules target pollution at fracking sites" articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/18/business/la-fi-epa-drilling-20120419, April 18, 2012)

The rules are expected to affect about 11,000 new wells annually that undergo
AND
the economy and the national security has the "potential to be profound."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

The only difference from the most previous version is a different card or two on Warming

Plan: The Department of Defense should initiate power-purchase agreements of Small Modular Reactors in the United States.

Contention 1: Hegemony

First is the grid-

SMR’s "island" military bases from the grid- blackouts inevitable- this independently jacks space systems

Loudermilk ’11 (Micah J. Loudermilk, Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters", March 27, 2011, LEQ)

Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University released a
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fears that would surely arise from the distribution of reactors across the country.
 

Second is oil-

SMR’s solve in-theatre military oil dependency

Andres and Breetz ’11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
AND
, Costs, and Technological Implications", February 16, 2011, LEQ)

Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
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the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives. 

Dependency on oil collapses the military

Voth ’12 (Jeffrey M. Voth is the president of Herren Associates leading a team of consultants advising the federal government on issues of national security, energy and environment, health care and critical information technology infrastructure, George Washing University Homeland Security Policy Institute, "In Defense of Energy – A Call to Action", http://securitydebrief.com/2012/04/11/in-defense-of-energy-a-call-to-action/-http://securitydebrief.com/2012/04/11/in-defense-of-energy-a-call-to-action/, April 11, 2012, LEQ)

Last month, the Pentagon released its widely anticipated roadmap to transform operational energy security
AND
still as a military or as a nation, we are falling behind."

Independently- fuel cost wrecks the DOD’s budget - spills over

Freed ’12 (Josh Freed, Vice President for Clean Energy, Third Way, "Improving capability, protecting ’budget", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php-http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 21, 2012, LEQ)

As Third Way explains in a digest being released this week by our National Security
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the Pentagon has decided to invest in these efforts. End of story.

Now the impacts-

Boom goes security- new hotness

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at
AND
. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Nations aren’t nice

Kagan ’12 (Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, "Why the World Needs America," February 11th, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html)

With the outbreak of World War I, the age of settled peace and advancing
AND
what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.

Engagement is inevitable

Dorfman ’12 (Zach Dorfman, Zach Dorfman is assistant editor of Ethics %26 International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, an online magazine of books, art, and culture, "What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism", http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605-http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605, May 18, 2012, LEQ)

The idea that global military dominance and political hegemony is in the U.S
AND
come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

Contention 2: Warming

Coal is increasing globally now- only nuclear solves warming

Tat ’12 (Chee Hong Tat, Chief Executive, Energy Market Authority of Singapore, "Singapore International Market Week Publication", "SECURING OUR ENERGY FUTURE APRIL 2012", LEQ)

Nuclear Faces The Long Road Back For the nuclear industry, recovery will depend on
AND
to decline in importance as other parts of the business grow more rapidly. 

SMR’s jump-start the US nuclear industry- DOD key

Loudermilk and Andres ’10 (Richard B. Andres is a Senior Fellow at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University and a Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College, Micah J. Loudermilk is a researcher at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, "Small Reactors and the Military’s Role in Securing America’s Nuclear Industry", http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm-http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm, April 23, 2010, LEQ)

Faced with the dual-obstacles of growing worldwide energy demand and a renewed push
AND
necessary for the federal government and the NRC to take more aggressive action. 

Other countries model our technology- global demonstration

Traub 12/14 (James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy," "Transforming the future lies in our hands," http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704-http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704, December 14, 2012)

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,
AND
to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.

The plan cements US climate pledges- solves climate credibility

Eilperin ’13 (Juliety Eilperin, McGraw Professor of Journalism at Princeton University, magna cum laude from Princeton University, where she received a bachelor’s in Politics, Reporter for the Washington Times, "U.S. could fall short of 2020 climate goal, new study says, but target remains in reach", http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-could-fall-short-of-2020-climate-goal-new-study-says-but-target-remains-in-reach/2013/02/06/128f8f82-6f08-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story_1.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-could-fall-short-of-2020-climate-goal-new-study-says-but-target-remains-in-reach/2013/02/06/128f8f82-6f08-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story_1.html, February 6, 2013)

The United States is not on track to meet its international commitment to cut greenhouse
AND
of tons that get cut in the next eight years," he said.
 

Warming causes extinction- tipping point

Dyer ’12 (London-based independent journalist, PhD from King’s College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)

Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on
AND
- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth’s history.
 

Emissions cause extinction- ocean acidification

Payet et al. ’10 (Janot Mendler de Suarez, Biliana Cicin-Sain
AND
University in Environmental Science, where he undertook multidisciplinary research in sustainable tourism.

The global oceans play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth by generating half
AND
of this critical issue into the global climate change debate (UNEP 2010). 

Its anthro

Powell 2/25 (science author. He has been a college and museum president and was a member of the National Science Board for 12 years, appointed first by President Reagan and then by President George H. W. Bush (Jim, "Consensus: 99.84% of Peer-Reviewed Articles Support the Idea of Global Warming," http://thecontributor.com/why-climate-deniers-have-no-scientific-credibility-one-pie-chart-http://thecontributor.com/why-climate-deniers-have-no-scientific-credibility-one-pie-chart)

Polls show that many members of the public believe scientists substantially disagree about human-
AND
cause. These are known facts about which virtually all publishing scientists agree.

Contention 3: Solvency

First is Small Modular Nuclear Reactor solves-

SMR’s are an energy game changer- but purchasing agreements are key to jump-start the industry

Madia (Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the NAL at Stanford and was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) ’12 (William Madia, Stanford Energy Journal, Dr. Madia serves as Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.  Previously, he was the Laboratory Director at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2000-2004 and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory from 1994-1999., "SMALL MODULAR REACTORS: A POTENTIAL GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGY", http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia-http://energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia, Spring 2012, LEQ)

There is a new type of nuclear power plant (NPP) under development that
AND
we must consider SMRs as a key component of our national energy strategy.

And a purchase-power agreement solves best- generates learning benefits - the most qualified studies go aff- this comes from a 140 page U of Chicago economic study with over 100 authors that took 6 years

Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ’11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs %26 Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock %26 Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research %26 Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research %26 Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock %26 Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation %26 Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric %26 Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power", http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf-http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
AND
LEAD and FOAK plants very competitive (prior to consideration of subsidies). 47 

Continued

Continued

Competitive pricing is an important, but not the sole, element to successful SMR
AND
can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

And United States creates a massive export market for SMR’s – latent nuclear capability ensures speed- significant reduction of emissions

Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ’11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs %26 Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock %26 Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research %26 Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research %26 Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock %26 Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation %26 Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric %26 Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power", http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf-http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
AND
Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Second- the Department of Defense is key - a demonstration project coupled with purchasing is best

Andres and Breetz ’11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
AND
, Costs, and Technological Implications", February 16, 2011, LEQ)

DoD as first Mover Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most
AND
available in the future, then it should pursue a leadership role now. 

DOD implementation is vital to get optimal capabilities- key to solvency- this takes out any free market or States counterplans

Andres and Breetz ’11 (Richard B. Andres is professor of National Security
AND
, Costs, and Technological Implications", February 16, 2011, LEQ)

Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach
AND
leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory. 

Third is the licensing process-

A DOD Power-Purchase Agreement is key to resolve NRC’s lack of licensing experience- this shapes the global future for nuclear power

Cunningham 10/16 (Nick, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project, "Small Modular Reactors: A Possible Path Forward for Nuclear Power," October 16th, http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200087%20-%20Small%20Modular%20Reactors.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP Reports/Ref 0087 - Small Modular Reactors.pdf)

The most difficult challenge currently facing SMRs is the institutional barriers. Currently, the
AND
industry to book early orders, prove the concept and bring down costs.

That builds NRC expertise

CSPO ’10 (Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at ASU, "four policy principles for energy innovation %26 climate change: a synthesis", June, http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Synthesis.pdf-http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Synthesis.pdf)

Government purchase of new technologies is a powerful way to accelerate innovation through increased demand
AND
innovation. Public procurement of other renewable energy technologies could be similarly important.

Fourth is waste-

Small modular reactors are built underground- solves waste, cost, and safety

Giraud et. al. ’10 (Kellen M. Giraud is a nuclear
AND
," Mechanical Engineering 132. 12 (Dec 2010): 30-34.)

There is an innovative solution to both the perception and safety problems—a solution
AND
new concept in power plant infrastructure, Such as the underground nuclear park.

Thumper Pre-empts

SMR funding now

Hashem 3-20-13 ~[Heba, Nuclear Energy Insider, "NuScale competes for second SMR funding," http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/small-modular-reactors/nuscale-competes-second-smr-funding~~]
Taking the industry by complete surprise, the DOE’s second SMR Funding Opportunity Announcement (
AND
license our plant on the schedule required by the DOE," states McGough.

Energy battles now – keystone, drilling, and green investment

Geman 3-18. ~[Ben, Energy and environment reporter, "The week ahead: Budget battles, gas exports take center stage" The Hill — thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/288671-the-week-ahead-budget-battles-gas-exports-take-center-stage~]
This week is likely to bring floor debate in the House and Senate over competing
AND
they would boost domestic prices. Some environmentalists are also opposing the plans.

Budget

Japan Times 3-25. ~["Senate sets up budget battle" — www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/25/world/senate-sets-up-budget-battle/~%23.UVHdIVuk8yE~]
¶ The U.S. Senate reached a milestone Saturday when it overcame partisan
AND
, but the White House now says he will do so in April.

Gun control

Rusling 3/27. ~[Matthew, "News Analysis: Obama to take road trip in push for gun control amid divided Congress" — http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2013-03/27/c_132265589.htm.
WASHINGTON, March 26 (Xinhua) — U.S. President Barack Obama
AND
is the ideal opportunity for the president to motivate constituents," Trumble said. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

Hegemony

Military demo solves

Domestic military demonstration spills-over

Galloway 10 
(Brigadier General Gerald E, Former Dean of the Academic Board, US Military Academy and Dean of the Faculty and Academic Programs, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, "On the Need for Creative Energy Solutions", Summer, www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/WEB%2007%2027%2010%20MAB%20Powering%20America%27s%20Economy.pdf)

Based on the progress made in technology, and on the findings of a study
AND
reactors could be used to support overseas military operations or disaster recovery activities."

a/t: natural gas outcompetes

SMR key to help nuclear beat-out natural gas

Lamonica 12—Tech Review Writer.  20 years of experience covering technology and business (8/9/12, Martin, A Glut of Natural Gas Leaves Nuclear Power Stalled, www.technologyreview.com/news/428737/a-glut-of-natural-gas-leaves-nuclear-power/-http://www.technologyreview.com/news/428737/a-glut-of-natural-gas-leaves-nuclear-power/)
The nuclear renaissance is in danger of petering out before it has even begun,
AND
one basket because of the new kid on the block called shale gas."

a/t: workers

Not a problem

Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?" 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)
Section 332 of the FY2010 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), "Extension and
AND
of energy for our critical military facilities will leverage this knowledge and experience.

a/t: sequestration

New legislation solves the impact- flexibility

Attkisson, 3-21 — CBS News investigative correspondent
~Sharyl, "Congress takes some hurt out of sequester," 3-21-13, www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57575688/congress-takes-some-hurt-out-of-sequester/, accessed 3-28-13, mss~
Congress passed legislation Thursday that will allow many government agencies more leeway in deciding which
AND
, Commerce, Agriculture, NASA, Food and Drug Administration and Homeland Security

Sequestration is a drop in the bucket- their ev is hype

Sirota, 13 — nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, citing military experts
~David, "Don’t cry for the Pentagon," Salon, 2-14-13, www.salon.com/2013/02/14/dont_cry_for_the_pentagon/, accessed 3-28-13, mss~
A headline in Defense News, a trade publication, summarizes the CSIS findings well
AND
best for the country, not what’s best for some of these contractors."

Warming

SO2 causes warming

Mcnally 10, Jess, Stanford News ~"Best Hope for Saving Arctic Sea Ice Is Cutting Soot Emissions, Say Researchers," July 30^th,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100728092617.htm~~ HURWITZ
The quickest, best way to slow the rapid melting of Arctic sea ice is
AND
, the NASA high-end computing program and the National Science Foundation.

a/t: co2 screw

Limiting factors outweigh

Chandler and Lepage  2k7 (David and Michael, writer for New Scientist,  "Climate myths: Higher CO2 levels will boost plant growth and food production", http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/climate-change/dn11655)
However, while experiments on natural ecosystems have also found initial elevations in the rate
AND
such as the western US, the losses may greatly exceed the gains.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

We meet – we give the industry money and tax credits

Epa.gov 12 ~"Solar Power Purchase Agreements," May 24^th, http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/buygp/solarpower.htm-http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/buygp/solarpower.htm~~
A Solar Power Purchase Agreement (SPPA) is a financial arrangement in which a
AND
credits and income generated from the sale of electricity to the host customer.

DoE says we’re T

Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)
2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated "the authority, with
AND
or his delegate(s)." Pet. App. 111-113.

Financial incentives induce production using cash – that includes power purchasing

Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)
In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Aff ground – We are the topic - money for energy%21 Arbitrarily excluding one mechanism is unpredictable – last year proves weak mechanisms stink and only purchasing can defeat states

Good is good enough – competing interpretations forces a race to the bottom and judge intervention – this is no less arbitrary than deciding limits are key

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

2AC

Econ down- sequester causes economic uncertainty- kills consumer spending

AP 3/26 (Americans Lose Confidence in Economic Recovery, Shop Less http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/united-states/americans-lose-confidence-in-economic-recovery-shop-less-369131.html)
Americans are less confident in the economy than they were last month as massive government
AND
for elevated levels of discretionary spending," Christopher wrote in a research note.

Nukes jumpstart the economy

Rod Adams 12, runs the blog Atomic Insights and produces the Atomic Show Podcast. He recently started working in an engineering role on the B%26W mPower™ reactor development team. He gained his initial nuclear knowledge in the navy as a nuclear submarine engineering officer. In 1993, he founded a company called Adams Atomic Engines, Inc "Nuclear jobs, jobs, jobs", August 25, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/08/nuclear-jobs-jobs-jobs.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29%26utm_content=Google+Reader

The nuclear energy industry can play an important role in job creation and economic growth
AND
These jobs include design and engineering, manufacturing, information technology and transportation.

DOD budget cuts wreck the economy

Keller ’12 (John Keller, Writer for Military %26 Aerospace Electronics, "Consensus may be building in Congress to halt automatic defense budget cuts, says AIA president", http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2012/03/aia-comment-on-sequestration.html-http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/2012/03/aia-comment-on-sequestration.html, March 29, 2012, LEQ)
ARLINGTON, Va., 29 March 2012. Threatened automatic cuts in the U.
AND
in stealth flight, air defenses, unmanned vehicles and surveillance and reconnaissance."

No impact

Barnett ’9 (Thomas P.M. Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis," 8/25/2009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
great resilience of America’s post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Wind PTC thumps

Sweet, 13 – WSJ staff
~Cassandra, "Exelon CEO Expects U.S. Natural Gas, Power Prices to Rise," 2-7-13, WSJ, online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324590904578290402819297138.html, accessed 3-29-13, mss~

The wind-production tax credit is "costing consumers money," Mr. Crane
AND
power plants to shut down, including perhaps one or more Exelon plants.

EPA thumps

Hansen, 13 ~Keith, "Silence of the trains: EPA to shutter 200 coal-fired power plants," Brainer Dispatch, brainerddispatch.com/opinion/2013-01-30/silence-trains-epa-shutter-200-coal-fired-power-plants, accessed 3-29-13, mss~

Silence of the trains: EPA to shutter 200 coal-fired power plants A
AND
said Mike Duncan, president and CEO of ACCCE, in a statement.

1AR

Economic turmoil doesn’t translate into security conflicts- the 2008 collapse disproves- cooperation and trade prevail- that’s Barnett

Its 2013- proves global economic resilient- Sandy and EU prove

Eberly ’13 (Jan Eberly, Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy for the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, "Statement by Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy Jan Eberly for the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association", February 4, 2013)

WASHINGTON - Economic recovery in the U.S. continued at a moderate pace
AND
labor markets, and are evidence of a moderate and steady forward movement. 

Best studies prove

Brandt and Ulfelder ’11 (*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict, April, 2011, "Economic Growth and Political Instability," Social Science Research Network)

These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect
AND
of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.

No rational for war

Jervis ’11 (Robert Jervis, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425, December 2011)

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Trade still happens- wars don’t escalate

Lamy ’11 (Pascal Lamy, Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. "System Upgrade" BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly
AND
enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

Collapse doesn’t cause war- the upswing does

Ferguson ’6 (Niall, Professor of History – Harvard University, Foreign Affairs, 85(5), September / October, Lexis)

Nor can economic crises explain the bloodshed. What may be the most familiar causal
AND
economic catastrophe, and some severe economic crises were not followed by wars.

Other countries check US growth

The Economist ’7 (November 23, "America’s Vulnerable Economy", pg. 13)

The best hope that global growth can stay strong lies instead with emerging economies.
AND
), so they can boost spending to offset weaker exports if need be. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

Shortage inevitable

Plumer 13. ~Brad, energy and environment reporter, "We’re running out of farm workers. Immigration reform won’t help." Washington Post — January 29 — www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/29/the-u-s-is-running-out-of-farm-workers-immigration-reform-may-not-help/~
For years, one of the groups pushing hardest for immigration reform has been the
AND
and vegetables. Given the demand for fresh produce, that seems unlikely.

No ag impact

Allouche ’11 (Jeremy Allouche, research Fellow, water supply and sanitation @ Institute for Development Studies, former professor – MIT, PhD in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Studies ~"The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade," Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, Pages S3–S8, Science Direct, January 2011)
The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007~ and ~Kevane and Gray, 2008~).

Won’t pass, and XO solves reform, Obama not spending PC

Nakamura 3-28-13 ~David, David A. Nakamura is an International Affairs Fellow for the Council on Foreign Relations, has been a staff writer for the Washington Post since 1994, and he currently covers the administration of Washington, DC, mayor Adrian M. Fenty and city government. In 2005, David headed a team that won the %2435,000 Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html~~
A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
AND
will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus."

Dropped all the 1ac thumpers – SMR funding now, keystone, oil drilling, and budget battles all sap Obama’s capital

Obama putting gun control at the top of the agenda.

Martosko 3-28. ~David, "Obama goes all-in on gun control plans as a coterie of moms frames a White House speech about lives lost in gun violence" Daily Mail — www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2300586/Obama-goes-gun-control-plans-coterie-moms-frames-White-House-speech-lives-lost-gun-violence.html~
Obama goes all-in on gun control plans as a coterie of moms frames
AND
passed,’ and encouraging Americans to pester their elected representatives for action.

Plan has unanimous support

Press Action ’12 (3/12/12 ("US Nuclear Industry Operates as if Fukushima Never Happened") http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/nuclearsubsidies03122012/-http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/nuclearsubsidies03122012/
Both Democrats and Republicans have had a long love affair with commercial nuclear power,
AND
that the U.S. political system permits honest and real debate.

PC theory is wrong- winners win

Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
~Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss~
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Military shields

Davenport ’12 (Coral Davenport is the energy and environment correspondent for National Journal. Prior to joining National Journal in 2010, Davenport covered energy and environment for Politico, and before that, for Congressional Quarterly, "Pentagon’s Clean-Energy Initiatives Could Help Troops—and President Obama", http://www.nationaljournal.com/pentagon-s-clean-energy-initiatives-could-help-troops-and-president-obama-20120411?mrefid=site_search-http://www.nationaljournal.com/pentagon-s-clean-energy-initiatives-could-help-troops-and-president-obama-20120411?mrefid=site_search, April 11, 2012, LEQ)
The Pentagon plans to roll out a new slate of clean- and renewable-
AND
said could cost up to %247 billion—will be privately financed.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

2AC

Zero risk of terrorism- their impact is alarmism

Mueller ’12 (John, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security
AND
, No. 1, pp. 81–110, Summer 2012)
Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking has been internalized and institutionalized
AND
reasonably be considered "massive," particularly in comparison with nuclear ones. 52 

Terrorists could come from other places

Either alt causes outweigh or uniqueness overwhelms the link

The Guardian ’12 (Suzanne Goldenberg, US Environment Correspondent, "Obama launches fundraising campaign to win back environmental voters", April 23, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/apr/23/obama-launches-fundraising-environmental-voters~~%23start-of-comments)
Barack Obama has launched a new green re-election site hoping to make up
AND
offshore drilling and pushing for more oil and gas drilling in the Arctic.

Environmentalists love the plan

VEIA ’12 (Virginina Energy Independence Alliance, 9/11/12, "Why liberals and environmentalists are embracing Nuclear Energy")
In what is becoming a trend, liberals are starting to peel off the anti
AND
defend nuclear power against the nay-saying of their less reasonable brethren.

Environmental concerns spur plan supporters to lobby harder

Shellenberger 9/7, Michael, president of the breakthrough institute, Jessica Lovering, policy analyst at the breakthough institute, Ted Nordhaus, chairman of the breakthrough institute, ~"Out of the Nuclear Closet," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/07/out_of_the_nuclear_closet?page=0,0~
Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
AND
operational standards for the design, construction, and operation of nuclear plants.

Environmentalists don’t matter

Schor 12 ~Elana, Energy and Environment Daily reporter, "David vs. Goliath or even money? Greens weigh their election-year matchup" E%26E News — January 23 — http://www.eenews.net/public/EEDaily/2012/01/23/1~~
"Nobody’s afraid of the environmental community on Capitol Hill," this advocate said, noting that the president’s re-election campaign last week took charge of an ad response on energy jobs that greens are not yet positioned to amplify. "They don’t have political money ready at hand, but it’s not that they don’t have money."

1AR

environmental concerns spur plan supporters to lobby harder

Shellenberger 9/7, Michael, president of the breakthrough institute, Jessica Lovering, policy analyst at the breakthough institute, Ted Nordhaus, chairman of the breakthrough institute, ~"Out of the Nuclear Closet," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/07/out_of_the_nuclear_closet?page=0,0~
Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
AND
operational standards for the design, construction, and operation of nuclear plants.

They were never tryna moo nukes

Mueller ’11 (John, IR Professor at Ohio State, PhD in pol sci from UCLA, The Truth about Al Qaeda, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show, August 2, 2011)

As a misguided Turkish proverb holds, "If your enemy be an ant,
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3.5 million per year, even with 9/11 included.

No capabilities – Al Qaeda dead

Basit ’11 (Abdul Basit, Writer for Islamabad Pulse, "A threat assessment of Al-Qaeda’s strength and weaknesses-IV.", http://www.weeklypulse.org/details.aspx?contentID=1641%26storylist=2-http://www.weeklypulse.org/details.aspx?contentID=1641%26storylist=2, December 23, 2011)

A threat assessment of Al-Qaeda’s current status looking into its capabilities, intentions
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grew out of a conflict in Algeria between the government and Islamist militants. 

No arctic conflict

Dyer ’12 (Gwynne Dyer, OC is a London-based independent Canadian journalist, syndicated columnist and military historian., His articles are published in 45 countries, 8/4/2012, "Race for Arctic Mostly Rhetoric", www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/columnists/race-for-arctic-mostly-rhetoric-164986566.html)

Russian television contacted me last night asking me to go on a program about the
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levels worldwide by seven metres. But that’s a problem for another day.

No Russian War

Weitz ’11 (Richard, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor, "Global Insights: Putin not a Game-Changer for U.S.-Russia Ties," http://www.scribd.com/doc/66579517/Global-Insights-Putin-not-a-Game-Changer-for-U-S-Russia-Ties-http://www.scribd.com/doc/66579517/Global-Insights-Putin-not-a-Game-Changer-for-U-S-Russia-Ties, September 27, 2011)

Fifth, there will inevitably be areas of conflict between Russia and the United States
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of social communication, that will constrain whoever is in charge of Russia.

No impact to Nato

Walt 10, professor of international relations at Harvard University, (Stephen, " Is NATO irrelevant?" September 24, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/24/is_nato_irrelevant-http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/24/is_nato_irrelevant)  

Nonetheless, I share William Pfaff’s view that NATO doesn’t have much of a future
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.S. effort to build a balancing coalition against a rising China.

No impact to U.S.-China cooperation—-it’s impossible to sustain

Friedberg ’12 (Aaron L. Friedberg, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, "Bucking Beijing," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, p. 48-58, September/October 2012)

Recent events have raised serious doubts about both elements of this strategy. Decades of
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and ideological considerations that will continue to be valid into the foreseeable future.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

Perm- do both

Perm- do the counterplan

Case is a DA to the counterplan

1.) Hegemony – states have no jurisdiction on military bases

2.) Design lock-in – SMRs won’t be useful for the military and we’ll lose the specialists needed to operate them if the DoD isn’t in charge – that’s Andres and Breetz

3.) Valley of Death – only the DoD is radically innovative enough to commercialize reactors – that’s Andres and Breetz

4.) Nuclear stigma – integration on military bases changes public perception of nuclear power – that’s loudermilk

Turn- the States would get rocked by the NRC – only the military doesn’t get killed by regulation

King et. al. ’11 (Marcus King , LaVar Huntzinger , Thoi Nguyen, CNA Think Tank, Environment and Energy Team, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations", March 31, 2011, LEQ)
Certification and licensing issues The most basic licensing issue relates to whether NRC will have
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the reactor that operated aboard the Sturgis barge in the 1960s and 1970s.

This counterplan is a voting issue- no single actor controls both federal and state policies, no lit for uniform 50 state fiat makes offense impossible and kills educational research, and lack of a solvency advocate is a unique reason to reject the team

Only smr’s solve the grid – renewables fail

Charles Barton 11, founder of the Nuclear Green Revolution blog, MA in philosophy, "Future storm damage to the grid may carry unacceptable costs", April 30, http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html-http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html

Amory Lovins has long argued that the traditional grid is vulnerable to this sort of
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use of renewable electrical generation approaches may worsen rather than improved grid reliability.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

2AC

Perm do both

Geoengineering doesn’t solve warming—only effects surface temperature, kills biodiversity, trades off with adaptation

Jamison 10
Dale, director of Environmental Studies at New York University, "Can Space Reflectors Save Us?" Slate http://www.slate.com/id/2268034/
After lying dormant for more than a generation, geoengineering is back with a vengeance
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proposal, could have unpredictable climate effects and disastrous consequences for local ecosystems. 

Links to net benefit

Geoengineering research costs too much to be effective

Robock 8
Alan, director of the meteorology undergraduate program and associate director of the Center for Environmental Prediction in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University, 20 reasons why geoengineering may be a bad idea, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June http://www.thebulletin.org/files/064002006_0.pdf
13. Undermining emissions mitigation. If humans perceive an easy technological fix to global
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in solar power, wind power, energy efficiency, and carbon sequestration? 

Geoengineering makes warming worse—inevitable miscalculation causes failure, failure causes rapid warming

Robock 8
Alan, director of the meteorology undergraduate program and associate director of the Center for Environmental Prediction in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University, 20 reasons why geoengineering may be a bad idea, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June http://www.thebulletin.org/files/064002006_0.pdf
10. Rapid warming if deployment stops. A technological, societal, or political
AND
a much more complicated arrangement than these, built by the lowest bidder? 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

2ac k

Framework – debate should be about the consequences of the plan were it to be done by the federal government – infinite number of assumptions and possible alt actors guts predictability

No prior questions

Owen 2 – David, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Perm do both

Their method prioritizes observations without pragmatic strategy —— continues to re-entrench the squo

Bryant 12 (Levi, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
I must be in a mood today– half irritated, half amused –because
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.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt

Vague alts are a voting issue – makes stable offense impossible

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty LS | Judge: 

Colonization add-on

SMRs solve Mars colonization

O’Neil 11, Ian, PhD from University of Wales, founder and editor of Astroengine, space producer for Discovery News ~"’Suitcase’ Nuclear Reactors to Power Mars Colonies," August 30^th, http://news.discovery.com/space/mars-colonies-powered-by-mini-nuclear-reactors-110830.html~~
Nuclear power is an emotive subject — particularly in the wake of the Fukushima power
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versatile and affordable power resources to support manned exploration of the solar system.

Extinction

Schulze-Makuch and Davies 2010 (Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and Paul Davies, Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University, "To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars", http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html-http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html)
There are several reasons that motivate the establishment of a permanent Mars colony. We
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most favorable launch option takes about six months with current chemical rocket technology.

Oil entanglement add-on

Plan solves military oil entanglement

Buis ’12 (Tom Buis, CEO, Growth Energy, Co-written by Buis and Growth Energy Board Co-Chair Gen. Wesley K. Clark (Ret.), "American Families Need American Fuel", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php-http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/powering-our-military-whats-th.php, May 23, 2012, LEQ)
Our nation is dangerously dependent on foreign oil. We import some 9 million barrels
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pertinent energy policies to best enhance American energy – and national – security.

These will risk wars that will escalate

Collina 5  (Executive Director of 20-20 Vision, Tom Z. Collina, Executive Director of 20-20Vision; testimony in front of Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs United States Senate "Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy: Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions". October 19, 2005 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2005_hr/051020-collina.pdf-http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2005_hr/051020-collina.pdf)
More conflicts in the Middle East America imports almost 60% of its oil today
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take a giant step toward that goal by reducing our dependence on oil.

Water wars add-on

SMRs solve inevitable water wars

Palley ’11 Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71
The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
AND
biblical ability to "strike any local rock and have water gush forth."

North Korean prolif add-on

SMRs solve North Korean prolif

Goodby and Heiskanen 12¸ James,  former arms control negotiator and a Hoover Institution Fellow, Markku, Associate and Program Director of The Asia Institute at the Kyung Hee University in Seoul ~"The Seoul Nuclear Security Summit: New Thinking in Northeast Asia?" March 20^th, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/the-seoul-nuclear-security-summit-new-thinking-in-northeast-asia/-http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/the-seoul-nuclear-security-summit-new-thinking-in-northeast-asia/~~
The nuclear crises in the Middle East and Northeast Asia and the stalled promise of
AND
as well as in energy-starved economies such as India and China.

Nuclear war

Hayes %26 Hamel-Green ’10 ~*Victoria University AND Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute (Peter and Michael, "-"The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia", 1/5,  http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf~~
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments
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regional threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community 

Lashout add-on

Grid collapse causes nuclear lashout

Lawson 9 (Sean, Assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation, May 13^th 2009, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477)
Introduction At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over
AND
hacker mercenaries.  How will deterrence play out in this kind of scenario? 

Drones add-on

Drones solve Pakistan instability.

Bergen and Tiedemann 11 – (July/Aug. 2011, Peter Bergen, the director of the national security studies program at the New America Foundation, and Katherine Tiedemann, Research Fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, "Washington’s Phantom War," Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67939/peter-bergen-and-katherine-tiedemann/washingtons-phantom-war?page=show)
Despite the drone program’s shortcomings, it is likely to continue–put simply,
AND
once said, the drone program is "the only game in town."

Global nuclear war

Pitt, 9 - a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article%26cat=commentary%26article=2183) 

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
has the real potential to crack open the very gates of Hell itself.

Recently, the Taliban made a military push into the northwest Pakistani region around the
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
Scenario 1 is the economy
The economy will hit dip recession soon- best data proves
Lendman ’13 (received a BA from Harvard University and an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, worked seven years as a marketing research analyst, economic analyst who writes on major world and national issues , host of the Progressive Radio News Hour, Lendman is a 2008 Project Censored winner and 2011 Mexican Journalists Club international journalism award recipient., Stephen Lendman http://www.dailycensored.com/us-economy-troubled-or-alls-well/,  January 31, 2013,)

Not according to economist John Williams. Recovery is illusory, he says. It’s
AND
doesn’t now. It sparks decline and revolutions, not growth and prosperity.

Economic decline causes global warfare
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.
 
Statistics agree- diversionary wars and power transition
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
 
Decline now causes double dip which crushes resiliency
Isidore ‘11 (Chris, writer at CNNMoney, “Recession 2.0 would hurt worse,” 2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm)

The risk of double dip recession is rising. And while economists disagree on just
AND
this new recession would likely have virtually no policy effort to counteract it.
US growth spills over globally
Caploe ‘9 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.

 
Scenario 2: Warming
Warming causes extinction- tipping point
Dyer ‘12 (London-based independent journalist, PhD from King's College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)

Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on
AND
- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth's history.
 
Emissions cause extinction- ocean acidification
Payet et al. ’10 (Janot Mendler de Suarez, Biliana Cicin-Sain
AND
University in Environmental Science, where he undertook multidisciplinary research in sustainable tourism.

The global oceans play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth by generating half
AND
of this critical issue into the global climate change debate (UNEP 2010).
Its anthro
Powell 2/25 (science author. He has been a college and museum president and was a member of the National Science Board for 12 years, appointed first by President Reagan and then by President George H. W. Bush (Jim, “Consensus: 99.84% of Peer-Reviewed Articles Support the Idea of Global Warming,” http://thecontributor.com/why-climate-deniers-have-no-scientific-credibility-one-pie-chart)

Polls show that many members of the public believe scientists substantially disagree about human-
AND
cause. These are known facts about which virtually all publishing scientists agree.

 
Solar’s the only way to solve
Theel ’13 (Myths And Facts About Solar Energy Research January 24, 2013 10:13 AM EST ››› SHAUNA THEEL Shauna Theel graduated with high distinction from UC Berkeley in May 2010 with a degree in Political Science. She is currently Senior Researcher of Energy and Environment at Media Matters.

Conservative media have denigrated solar energy by denying its sustainability, ignoring its successes,
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(executive summary only), full version via George Washington University's Solar Institute 

Independently, warming is inevitable – carbon negative tech is key
Lavelle 11, Marianne, energy editor at national geographic, “Carbon Recycling: Mining the Air for Fuel,” August 10th, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/08/110811-turning-carbon-emissions-into-fuel/

Recycling carbon dioxide is a great deal more involved than setting out separate bins for
AND
we could be pulling the ingredients to make hydrocarbons out of thin air.
Solar expansion returns us to preindustrial carbon levels in 10 years
Zyga ‘10, Lisa, contributing writer for physorg.com, citing Stuart Licht, chemistry professor at the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences at the George Washington University “Solar-powered process could decrease carbon dioxide to pre-industrial levels in 10 years,” July 22nd, http://phys.org/news199005915.html

By using the sun's visible light and heat to power an electrolysis cell that captures
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diesel fuels, with the help of hydrogen generated by STEP water splitting.

 
Modeled globally
Traub 12/14, James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy,” “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” December 14th, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,
AND
to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.
 
The economy will collapse absent new solar support- best experts and studies prove
Denniger ‘12 Matt, Senior Marketing Manager at Adanced Energy, Joe Berwind, AEI Consulting David Tavianini, Air Products Alan Weber, Alan Weber Associates Nasreen Chopra, Alta Devices Cathy Boone, Applied Materials William Morin, Applied Materials Doyle Edwards, Brewer Science Helfried Weinzerl, CH2M Hill Stanley D. Merritt, DuPont Sunil K. Panda, DuPont Greg Bausch, Hemlock Semiconductor Group Scott Graybeal, Intevac Mike Corbett, Linx Consulting Frank Mannarino, Madico Bruce Adams, Matheson Jeff Alleman, NREL John Wohlgemuth, NREL Sarah Kurtz, NREL Ted Quinby, NREL Chris Constantine, Oerlikon Christopher L. O’Brien, Oerlikon Jim Easton, Q Renu Archie Flores, REC Group Mark Williingham, Schiller LLC Brian McMorris, SICK Gordon Brinser, SolarWorld USA Ben Santarris, SolarWorld USA Blair Swezey, SunPower Corporation Doug Rose, SunPower Corporation Julie Blunden, SunPower Corporation Paul Charrette, SunPower Corporation Polly Shaw, Suntech America Kevin Lally, TEL Bill Rever, Consultant Jim Moreland, Consultant, *All are on the advisory board of for Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International – the global industry association serving the nano—and microelectronics manufacturing supply chains. The SEMI North American PV Advisory Committee consists of representatives from equipment and materials suppliers, cell and module manufacturers, national laboratories and other entities, June 2012, “Manufacturing Solar Photovoltaic Products in the United States,” PV Group, http://www.pvgroup.org/sites/pvgroup.org/files/docs/SEMI-PVGrp_WhPpr_MnfctrngSlrPV.pdf

I. Executive Summary The objective of this White Paper is to articulate the necessity
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process engineering and manufac- turing will lose its ability to innovate.”22

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
The South China Sea’s on the brink – territorial disputes will draw in the US
Bandow 13, Doug, Senior Fellow at the CATO Institute, “Avoiding Conflict in the South China Sea,” 1/4, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/avoiding-conflict-in-the-south-china-sea/

The agenda is full.  Particularly important are territorial disputes in East Asia which could
AND
rightly insist that its interests not be compromised until the dispute is resolved.
 
That goes nuclear
Kulacki 12, Gregory, Senior Analyst and China Project Manager for the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Risk of Nuclear War with China,” 9/21, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gregory-kulacki/the-risk-of-nuclear-war-w_b_1903336.html

Last week two separate studies warned that China and the United States are pursuing military
AND
the conventional conflict that carries the risk of ending in a nuclear war.
 
Chinese sub aggression causes miscalc and escalation – relations are key
Glaser 12, Bonnie, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Armed Clash in the South China Sea,” April, http://www.cfr.org/east-asia/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883

The most likely and dangerous contingency is a clash stemming from U.S.
AND
intensifying bilateral strategic competition would likely make managing such a crisis more difficult.

Clean energy cooperation spills over to broader relations and prevents future energy fights
Shell ‘9 Orville, Director of the Asia Society Center on US-China Relations, Banning Garrett, Director, Initiative for U.S.-China Cooperation on Energy and Climate, Joanna Lewis, Initiative Research Director, Assistant Professor, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Jonathan Adams, Initiative Assistant Direct, “A Roadmap for U.S.-China Cooperation on Energy and Climate Change,” January, http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/US-China-Roadmap-Feb09.pdf

A new U.s.-China partnership on energy and climate could also help
AND
in meeting the broad range of strategic challenges of the 21 st century.

 
Those fights cause great power nuclear war – solar is key
Klare ‘8 Michael T. Klare, 5/1, Nation defense correspondent, is professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, The Nation, “The New Geopolitics of Energy”, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20080519/klare/print

These and other efforts by Russia and China, combined with stepped-up US
AND
a clash between American and Russian soldiers, sparking a much greater crisis. 

 
Trade relations overcome alt causes – perception of certainty is key
Marchick 12, David, Managing Director, Carlyle Group, “Fostering Greater Chinese Investment in the United States,” February, http://www.cfr.org/china/fostering-greater-chinese-investment-united-states/p27310

China recently became the world's second-largest economy and has emerged as the world's
AND
in the United States would help generate greater American support for Chinese investment.

 
Money talks in Chinese relations – squo cooperation is insufficient without increased funding
NAP 10, National Academies Press, “The Power of Renewables: Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States,” http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12987

As is apparent from the descriptions above, a good deal of cooperative activity has
AND
deviation from ongoing activities and thus able to have meaningful and transformational results.

That’s key to commercialization and overcomes alt causes
NAP 10, National Academies Press, “The Power of Renewables: Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States,” http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12987
U.S.-Chinese renewable energy cooperation can help cultivate a more productive foundation
AND
create an environment that encourages breakthroughs and accelerates the commercialization of promising technologies.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory coordinates Chinese renewable energy cooperation – key to BIPV
Wallace 12, W, and S Kurtz, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, W. Lin, China General Certification Center, “Collaboration on Renewable Energy Standards, Testing, and Certification under the U.S. China Renewable Energy Partnership ,” May 13-17th, 

Under the US-China Renewable Energy Partnership, the US Department of Energy through
AND
, and new system acceptance and grid interconnection standards for solar PV systems. 

BIPV’s key to the market
O’Connor 12, Mary Catherine, written for Fast Company, Wired, Outside, Entrepreneur, Earth2Tech, Earth Island Journal and The Bold Italic “Will building-integrated solar take off?” August 15th, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/will-building-integrated-solar-take-off/8189

The solar industry has been taking a beating in recent months, thanks to falling
AND
how architects and builders think, and what kind of products they want.”

 
NREL is key to commercialization – key to nanoscale solar
Solartac 10, “National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Dedicated to Advancing Clean Energy,” No date, but refers to 2010 funding as “current,” http://www.solartac.org/Documents/50578_NREL_Fact%20Sheet_Arvizu.pdf

The laboratory’s science and technology teams work in the full-range of research and
AND
renewable options and provide training to help build a skilled, green workforce.

Nanosolar solves commercialization
Bergeron 10, Louis, writer with the Stanford News Service, “Solar cells thinner than wavelengths of light hold huge power potential, Stanford researchers say,” September, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/september/nanoscale-solar-cells-092710.html

Solar cells thinner than wavelengths of light hold huge power potential, Stanford researchers say
AND
log as many miles as possible before it jumped off and ran away.

R and D resolves material bottlenecks and commercialization
Panayotov 12, Vladko, Professor, MEP (ALDE, Bulgaria), “Through the Glasses of Innovation: Solar energy technologies for a European solar future,” Autumn, http://www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu/Articles/Autumn2012/ThroughtheGlassesofInnovation.aspx

Energy supply from the sun is virtually inexhaustible. Harnessing this inexhaustible energy potential can
AND
commercialization of solar PV and will make them competitive with other energy technologies. 

 
Rare earth elements are key to all missile guidance systems for first-strike capabilities
Kennedy ‘10 (J. Kennedy, President of Wings Enterprises, March 2010, “Critical and Strategic Failure of Rare Earth Resources,” online: http://www.smenet.org/rareEarthsProject/TMS-NMAB-paperV-3.pdf)

The national defense issues are equally important. Rare earths are critical components for military
AND
components for weapons systems in favor of “the principles of free trade.”
Loss of U.S. nuclear primacy causes global nuclear war
Caves ‘10 (John P, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, January, Strategic Forum, No. 252, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent")

Perceptions of a compromised US nuclear deterrent as described above would have profound policy implications
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.
 
Increased funding is key –fluctuations cause layoffs
Chakrabarty 9, Gargi, reporter for the Denver Post, “Stimulus leaves NREL in cold,” 4/16, http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_12151611

But the stimulus plan, also known as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act,
AND
to return. Later that year, NREL got funds from the DOE.

Funding cuts devastate green energy
Plunkett 11, Chuck, reporter for the Denver Post, “National Renewable Energy Lab in Golden to cut 100-150 jobs through buyouts,” 10/4, http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_19034058

In both a symbolic and real-world blow to green energy development and the
AND
and asking, 'Are we getting our bang for the buck?' "

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for applied research and development of solar power energy production in the United States at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
Sino-Japan conflict’s likely and will escalate
Pritchard 3/24, Ambrose Evans, International Business Editor of The Daily Telegraph, “The dangerous drift towards world war in Asia,” 3/24, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/ambroseevans_pritchard/9950791/The-dangerous-drift-towards-world-war-in-Asia.html
This peace complex adds a strange twist to events. It inhibits Japan as a
AND
and the Soviet Union. No such hotline exists between Tokyo and Beijing.

Taiwan conflict is likely and goes nuclear
Lowther 3/16, William, staff reporter in Washington, “Taiwan could spark nuclear war: report,” 3/16, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/03/16/2003557211
Taiwan is the most likely potential crisis that could trigger a nuclear war between China
AND
uncertain endeavor, could be especially difficult in any conflict,” it says.
Ag

Limiting factors outweigh
Chandler and Lepage  2k7 (David and Michael, writer for New Scientist,  “Climate myths: Higher CO2 levels will boost plant growth and food production”, http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/climate-change/dn11655)
However, while experiments on natural ecosystems have also found initial elevations in the rate
AND
such as the western US, the losses may greatly exceed the gains.

No impact
Allouche ‘11 (Jeremy Allouche, research Fellow, water supply and sanitation @ Institute for Development Studies, former professor – MIT, PhD in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Studies “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, Pages S3–S8, Science Direct, January 2011)
The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
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Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).

Prefer our science
Attavanich and McCarl 11,  Witsanu, Ph.D. Candidate Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas AandM University, College Station Instructor Department of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand, Bruce A, Distinguished and Regents Professor Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas AandM University “The Effect of Climate Change, CO2 Fertilization, and Crop Production Technology on Crop Yields and Its Economic Implications on Market Outcomes and Welfare Distribution,” July 24th, http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/103324/2/SelectedPaper_Effect%20of%20Climate%20Change%20CO2%20and%20Technology%20on%20crop%20yield.pdf HURWITZ
Early studies related to the response of crop yield to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2
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of the most recent GCMs to reflect the uncertainty inherent in such projections.

2ac primacy

Nuclear primacy prevents nuclear war – independent bioweapons impact
Thayer 12, Bradley, professor of political science at Baylor University “THAYER: Preserving our nuclear deterrence,” February 17th, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/17/preserving-our-nuclear-deterrence/ HURWITZ
For deterrence purposes, nuclear weapons matter for six reasons. First, they help
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attack and to signal the risk of escalating violence to a higher level.

extinction
Ochs 2 former president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project, member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group Richard Ochs, , June 9, 2002, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately,” http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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also allow easier use of US bioweapons? How slippery is this slope?

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
( class="MsoNormal" )
We meet – applied R and D is for production

( class="MsoNormal" )
NSF, No Date (National Science Foundation, "Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources," http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/randdef/fedgov.cfm-http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/randdef/fedgov.cfm)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Definitions of basic and applied research and development are provided below... Basic research is

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
development, and improvement of prototypes and new processes to meet specific requirements.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
We meet – labs are independent of the government

( class="MsoNormal" )
Utt 99 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1999/09/improving-security-at-the-dept-of-energys-weapons-labs Heritage Foundation, Herbert and Joyce Morgan Senior Research Fellow

( class="MsoNormal" )
The 17 national laboratories … part of the federal civil service.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Counterinterpration – “a financial incentive is defined as a transfer of economic resources, reducing the cost of production, or creating a market”

( class="MsoNormal" )
EIA, 1 (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government. 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Applied RandD is uniquely T under this interpretation – we exclude basic RandD

( class="MsoNormal" )
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Federal energy-related RandD can be described as falling¶ into three

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of the¶ $30 million for new or improved nuclear power plants.

( style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" ) 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
shortage inevitable
Plumer 13. Brad, energy and environment reporter, "We’re running out of farm workers. Immigration reform won’t help." Washington Post -- January 29 -- www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/29/the-u-s-is-running-out-of-farm-workers-immigration-reform-may-not-help/
For years, one of the groups pushing hardest for immigration reform has been the
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and vegetables. Given the demand for fresh produce, that seems unlikely.

Solar’s key to ag
FBES 13, Footbridge energy services, staffing solutions company for the energy industry, “Agriculture’s Newest Crop…Solar?” 2/14, http://www.footbridgeenergy.com/2013/02/14/solar-farming-industry-jobs/
The rumors are true; agriculture has turned to solar energy as a new crop
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clear fields, solar farms are able to flourish naturally and cost effectively.

econ decline turns the disad
Taylor and Charlton 3/8/13 (J. Edward and Diane, Taylor is a Prof of Ag and Resource Economics and Director of the Center on Rural Economies of the Americans and Pacific Rim @ the U of California Davis, and Charlton is a PhD Student in Ag and Resource Economics @ UC Davis, Oxford University Press, “Why Are Mexicans Leaving Farm Work, And What Does This Mean for US Farmers”) http://blog.oup.com/2013/03/mexicans-farm-work-united-states/
Tighter border enforcement and drug-related violence along the border may deter migration,
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immigrant labor and a shift in the Mexican labor supply away from farmwork. 

Won’t pass, and XO solves reform, Obama not spending PC
 Nakamura 3-28-13 David, David A. Nakamura is an International Affairs Fellow for the Council on Foreign Relations, has been a staff writer for the Washington Post since 1994, and he currently covers the administration of Washington, DC, mayor Adrian M. Fenty and city government. In 2005, David headed a team that won the $35,000 Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, “Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill,” http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html
A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
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will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus.”

Gun controls thumps
Martosko 3-28. David, "Obama goes all-in on gun control plans as a coterie of moms frames a White House speech about lives lost in gun violence" Daily Mail -- www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2300586/Obama-goes-gun-control-plans-coterie-moms-frames-White-House-speech-lives-lost-gun-violence.html
Obama goes all-in on gun control plans as a coterie of moms frames
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passed,' and encouraging Americans to pester their elected representatives for action.

read in 1ac Solar R and D funding now thumps
Pesci 3-25-13 Don, Foothills Media Group, “Don Pesci: Chris Murphy on Energy - Who needs it?” http://www.foothillsmediagroup.com/articles/2013/03/25/opinion/doc515099f98c453267063849.txt?viewmode=fullstory

U.S Senator Chris Murphy has made a contribution “to the German Marshall
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-green missive at the German Marshall Fund think-tank in Belgium.

GOCO agency setup avoids politics
Miller 2/16/12 House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Hearing; governance, oversight, and management of the nuclear security enterprise to ensure high quality science, engineering, and mission effectiveness in an age of austerity.; Testimony by George Miller, Director Emeritus, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
The establishment of (what are now) the NNSA laboratories pioneered the concept of
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of the ordinary bureaucratic burdens placed on federal agencies and buffered from politics.

Plan’s bipartisan
REF 11, Renewable Energy Focus, “NREL Director Warns Against RandD Cuts,” March 1st, http://www.renewableenergyfocususa.com/view/16276/nrel-director-warns-against-r-d-cuts/
Arvizu also warned against political ideology getting … and are optimistic that will continue.”

PC theory is wrong- winners win
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
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right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Tournament:  | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
Russian gas is doomed now –Russia is losing every key market
Terletsky 1/21
(2013, Is Gazprom losing its market?, http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n1522.html, Vladimir Terletsky)

In 2012, Russian gas exports to Europe diminished. The Gazprom Group has not
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be able to increase its output by converting methane into liquified natural gas.

Domestic shale’s causing exports now – thumps the DA
Goho 1/2/13 (Shaun, “In U.S. the Lure of Export May Further Fuel Natural Gas Boom”) http://e360.yale.edu/feature/in_us_the_lure_of_export_may_further_fuel_natural_gas_boom/2605/
Several years ago, the Hess Corporation’s plan to build a liquefied natural gas (
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fuel and other liquids, primarily for use in the U.S. 

Relations will inevitably falter but remain resilient – no risk of conflict
Ivanov 3/12 (Oleg, chair of the Political Science Department, Diplomatic Academy, Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia-US relations tense, but no return to Cold War on the cards,
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/767601.shtml#.UVTtyaL-Pc9)

Today Russian-US relations are going through hard times, and may reach the
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, neither Russia nor the US will benefit but terrorists and extremists will. 

Tournament:  | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
Smart grid doesn’t solve bases
Loudermilk ‘11 (Micah J. Loudermilk, Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters”, March 27, 2011, LEQ)
Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University released a
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fears that would surely arise from the distribution of reactors across the country. 

No impact to grid collapse- segmented
Leger ’12 (Donna Leinwand Leger, USA Today, “Energy experts say blackout like India's is unlikely in U.S.,” http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-07-31/usa-india-power-outage/56622978/1, July 31, 2012

A massive, countrywide power failure like the one in India on Tuesday is "
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Reliability Corporation (NERC) to enforce reliability standards for bulk electricity generation.

Vc down now
Loki 12, Reynard, Justmeans staff writer for Sustainable Finance and Corporate Social Responsibility “With Uncertain Financial Future, Cloudy Skies Ahead for American Cleantech,” 9-19, http://www.justmeans.com/With-Uncertain-Financial-Future-Cloudy-Skies-Ahead-for-American-Cleantech/56050.html
Looking at 2011 VC investment figures, it seems like the cleantech industry in the
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3 The trend has sounded alarm bells about the state of cleantech innovation

 in the United States: If VCs are targeting re-investments in portfolio
AND
), while ending much-needed subsidies for wind and solar.17

Tournament:  | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
No CCP collapse—the government represses instability
Pei 09 – senior associate in the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (Minxin, March 12, “Will the Chinese Communist Party Survive the Crisis?” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64862/minxin-pei/will-the-chinese-communist-party-survive-the-crisis) 

It might seem reasonable to expect that challenges from the disaffected urban middle class,
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and-true practices to ward off any organized movement against the regime.

Inflation’s causing Chinese overheating – a new export market is key
Reuters 12, “Inflation China's key long-term risk: central bank chief,” 11/17, http://www.foxbusiness.com/news/2012/11/17/inflation-china-key-long-term-risk-central-bank-chief/#ixzz2MQAhpKz2
Inflation is the main long-term risk for China as the economy makes a
AND
lock up excess liquidity that fuelled speculative investments and drove up basic prices.

The investment the plan generates prevents chinese inflation
Hart 2/12, Melanie, Policy Analyst for Chinese Energy and Climate Policy at American Progress, “The Case for More Chinese Investment In U.S. Clean Energy,” 2/12, http://theenergycollective.com/josephromm/185056/chinese-direct-investment-us-clean-energy
President Obama’s administration made great strides in his first term toward building a sustainable U
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role in revitalizing economies worldwide, including the U.S. economy.

Chinese solar is unsustainable
Parker 12, James, Atlantic contributing editor “Lights Out For China’s Solar Power Industry?” December 8th, http://thediplomat.com/pacific-money/2012/12/08/lights-out-for-chinas-solar-power-industry/
China’s photo-voltaic (PV) industry, better known as the “solar
AND
the Chinese economy. Time will tell if these imbalances can be corrected.

Tournament:  | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School ’04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
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resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

Tournament:  | Round: 4 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
China econ’s resilient---government control checks
Katsenelson ‘9 (Vitaliy N., director of research at Investment Management Associates in Denver, Colo., and the author of Active Value Investing: Making Money in Range-Bound Markets, “The China Bubble's Coming -- But Not the One You Think”, Foreign Policy,  http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/23/the_china_bubbles_coming_but_not_the_one_you_think, July 23, 2009)

Despite everything, the Chinese economy has shown incredible resilience recently. Although its biggest
AND
and fast. That's why the country is producing such robust economic numbers.
No lashout- military wouldn’t follow orders
Gilley ‘5 (Bruce, Professor of International Affairs @ New School University and Former Contributing Editor @ the Far Eastern Economic Review, “China’s Democratic Future,” 2005)

More ominous as a piece of "last ditchism" would be an attack on
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about its future, the resort to nuclear confrontation would not make sense.

the biggest Chinese solar company declared bankruptcy yesterday
Daily impact 3/18, “Chinese Solar Industry Proves Unsustainable,” http://www.dailyimpact.net/2013/03/18/1707/
Yet another much-hyped energy “renaissance” — that of the global solar
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on the shoulders of people other than those who took the quick profits.

It’s only downhill from there
Young 13, Doug, journalist for Reuters writing about Chinese companies, teaches financial journalism at Fudan University, “Chinese Solar Stock Rally Looks Unsustainable,” http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/2013/01/chinese_solar_stock_rally_looks_unsustainable.html
After more than a year of coming under constant assault, shares of solar panel
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all of their money after a Beijing-led rescue plan gets announced.

China crash inevitable
Gruber ‘13 (James Gruber, I founded the investment newsletter, Asia Confidential
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at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, “Why A China Crash May Be Imminent
”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesgruber/2013/02/23/a-china-crash-may-be-imminent/, February 23, 2013)

Those silly enough to believe that China‘s economy has “recovered” should
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to maintain economic growth or they don’t and risk an immediate economic crash.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mo St GN | Judge:
Contention 1: Economy
The economy will hit dip recession soon- best data proves
Lendman ’13 (received a BA from Harvard University and an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, worked seven years as a marketing research analyst, economic analyst who writes on major world and national issues , host of the Progressive Radio News Hour, Lendman is a 2008 Project Censored winner and 2011 Mexican Journalists Club international journalism award recipient., Stephen Lendman http://www.dailycensored.com/us-economy-troubled-or-alls-well/,  January 31, 2013,)

Not according to economist John Williams. Recovery is illusory, he says. It’s
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doesn’t now. It sparks decline and revolutions, not growth and prosperity.
 
Decline causes war
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
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a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.
 
Statistics agree- diversionary war theory and power redistribution
Royal ‘10 (Director of CTR Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
 
Collapse causes global transition wars – turns their impacts
Panzner ‘8 (Faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase (Michael, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138, googlebooks)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
 
US growth spills over globally
Caploe ‘9 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.
 
Economic strength key to American influence- largest internal link
Hubbard ’10 (Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Analysis By: Jesse Hubbard Jesse Hubbard Program Assistant at Open Society Foundations Washington, District Of Columbia International Affairs Previous National Democratic Institute (NDI), National Defense University, Office of Congressman Jim Himes Education PPE at University of Oxford, 2010

Regression analysis of this data shows that Pearson’s r-value is -.836.
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fearsome, but it is vulnerable to even a short blast of wind.
 
That’s key to global stability
Gelb ’10 (“GDP Now Matters More Than Force”  Leslie H. Gelb is
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Contents A U.S. Foreign Policy for the Age of Economic Power 

Today, the United States continues to be the world's power balancer of choice.
AND
abroad cannot be adequately protected or advanced without an economic reawakening at home.

The economy will collapse absent new solar support- best experts and studies prove
Denniger ‘12 Matt, Senior Marketing Manager at Adanced Energy, Joe Berwind, AEI Consulting David Tavianini, Air Products Alan Weber, Alan Weber Associates Nasreen Chopra, Alta Devices Cathy Boone, Applied Materials William Morin, Applied Materials Doyle Edwards, Brewer Science Helfried Weinzerl, CH2M Hill Stanley D. Merritt, DuPont Sunil K. Panda, DuPont Greg Bausch, Hemlock Semiconductor Group Scott Graybeal, Intevac Mike Corbett, Linx Consulting Frank Mannarino, Madico Bruce Adams, Matheson Jeff Alleman, NREL John Wohlgemuth, NREL Sarah Kurtz, NREL Ted Quinby, NREL Chris Constantine, Oerlikon Christopher L. O’Brien, Oerlikon Jim Easton, Q Renu Archie Flores, REC Group Mark Williingham, Schiller LLC Brian McMorris, SICK Gordon Brinser, SolarWorld USA Ben Santarris, SolarWorld USA Blair Swezey, SunPower Corporation Doug Rose, SunPower Corporation Julie Blunden, SunPower Corporation Paul Charrette, SunPower Corporation Polly Shaw, Suntech America Kevin Lally, TEL Bill Rever, Consultant Jim Moreland, Consultant, *All are on the advisory board of for Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International – the global industry association serving the nano—and microelectronics manufacturing supply chains. The SEMI North American PV Advisory Committee consists of representatives from equipment and materials suppliers, cell and module manufacturers, national laboratories and other entities, June 2012, “Manufacturing Solar Photovoltaic Products in the United States,” PV Group, http://www.pvgroup.org/sites/pvgroup.org/files/docs/SEMI-PVGrp_WhPpr_MnfctrngSlrPV.pdf

I. Executive Summary The objective of this White Paper is to articulate the necessity
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process engineering and manufac- turing will lose its ability to innovate.”22
 
Plan solves
First- the plan solves solar market demand
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Summary Congress should enact legislation that supports residential property assessed clean energy (PACE)
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at the same time making lasting energy improvements in the nation’s metropolitan areas.

Second is housing – it’s declining now and key to the economy
Hughes ‘12 Sam, intern with the Housing team at the Center for American Progress “A Strong Housing Market Is Critical to Our Economic Recovery,” 11/15, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/housing/news/2012/11/15/45042/a-strong-housing-market-is-critical-to-our-economic-recovery/

In reality, the housing market is where the Great Recession of 2007­–2009
AND
should put in place policies to get the market back to full strength.
 
Declining housing sector guarantees double dip recession that none of their impact defense assumes
Isidore ‘11 (Chris, writer at CNNMoney, “Recession 2.0 would hurt worse,” 2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/10/news/economy/double_dip_recession_economy/index.htm)

The risk of double dip recession is rising. And while economists disagree on just
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this new recession would likely have virtually no policy effort to counteract it.
 
The plan solves – increases property values and decreases default risk
Hale 10, Greg, Director of Efficiency Finance at NRDC's Center for Market Innovation “PACE program is good for banks and property owners,” March 29th, http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ghale/pace_program_is_good_for_banks.html

On March 25th, the Wall Street Journal published an article titled “Fannie and
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opportunity that PACE presents, and will help scale up this innovative program.

Contention 2: Warming
Warming causes extinction- tipping point
Dyer ‘12 (London-based independent journalist, PhD from King's College London, citing UC Berkeley scientists (Gwynne, "Tick, tock to mass extinction date," The Press, 6-19-12, l/n, accessed 8-15-12, mss)

Meanwhile, a team of respected scientists warn that life on Earth may be on
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- dwelling species. This has happened many times in the Earth's history.

 
Emissions cause extinction- ocean acidification
Payet et al. ’10 (Janot Mendler de Suarez, Biliana Cicin-Sain
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University in Environmental Science, where he undertook multidisciplinary research in sustainable tourism.

The global oceans play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth by generating half
AND
of this critical issue into the global climate change debate (UNEP 2010).
Its anthro
Powell 2/25 (science author. He has been a college and museum president and was a member of the National Science Board for 12 years, appointed first by President Reagan and then by President George H. W. Bush (Jim, “Consensus: 99.84% of Peer-Reviewed Articles Support the Idea of Global Warming,” http://thecontributor.com/why-climate-deniers-have-no-scientific-credibility-one-pie-chart)

Polls show that many members of the public believe scientists substantially disagree about human-
AND
cause. These are known facts about which virtually all publishing scientists agree.

 
Two internal links – the first is climate leadership
The plan is key
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

Along these lines, a first priority for unleashing clean economy growth in the nation
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renewable energy industries • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and so produce significant climate benefits
 
US action to undercut fossil fuels gets modeled to solve – the brink is now
Traub 12/14, James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation. He writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy,” “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” December 14th, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,
AND
to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.
 
The plan cements US climate pledges- solves climate credibility
Eilperin ‘13 (Juliety Eilperin, McGraw Professor of Journalism at Princeton University, magna cum laude from Princeton University, where she received a bachelor's in Politics, Reporter for the Washington Times, “U.S. could fall short of 2020 climate goal, new study says, but target remains in reach”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-could-fall-short-of-2020-climate-goal-new-study-says-but-target-remains-in-reach/2013/02/06/128f8f82-6f08-11e2-ac36-3d8d9dcaa2e2_story_1.html, February 6, 2013)

The United States is not on track to meet its international commitment to cut greenhouse
AND
of tons that get cut in the next eight years,” he said.

Second is solar-
Solar’s the only way to solve
Theel ’13 (Myths And Facts About Solar Energy Research January 24, 2013 10:13 AM EST ››› SHAUNA THEEL Shauna Theel graduated with high distinction from UC Berkeley in May 2010 with a degree in Political Science. She is currently Senior Researcher of Energy and Environment at Media Matters.

Conservative media have denigrated solar energy by denying its sustainability, ignoring its successes,
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(executive summary only), full version via George Washington University's Solar Institute
 
Some warming is inevitable- solar is key
Lavelle ‘11, Marianne, energy editor at national geographic, “Carbon Recycling: Mining the Air for Fuel,” August 10th, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/08/110811-turning-carbon-emissions-into-fuel/

Recycling carbon dioxide is a great deal more involved than setting out separate bins for
AND
we could be pulling the ingredients to make hydrocarbons out of thin air.
Solar achieves pre-industrial carbon levels
Zyga ‘10, Lisa, contributing writer for physorg.com, citing Stuart Licht, chemistry professor at the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences at the George Washington University “Solar-powered process could decrease carbon dioxide to pre-industrial levels in 10 years,” July 22nd, http://phys.org/news199005915.html

By using the sun's visible light and heat to power an electrolysis cell that captures
AND
diesel fuels, with the help of hydrogen generated by STEP water splitting.
Building integrated solar revitalizes the whole market
O’Connor 12, Mary Catherine, written for Fast Company, Wired, Outside, Entrepreneur, Earth2Tech, Earth Island Journal and The Bold Italic “Will building-integrated solar take off?” August 15th, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/will-building-integrated-solar-take-off/8189

The solar industry has been taking a beating in recent months, thanks to falling
AND
how architects and builders think, and what kind of products they want.”
Contention 3: Solvency
Property Assessed Clean Energy works and the tech is ready
Hidari 10, Jack, writer for the Harvard Business Review, Chairman of PrimaryInsight.com, National steering committee, PACENow.org “A Market Solution for Achieving “Green”, in The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2010,” HARV. BUS.  REV. 41, 50-51 (Jan./Feb. 2010). 

The Problem It's easy to get excited about the promise of clean technology--especially
AND
a bank fire sale must immediately bring the tax payments up to date.

 
And, no risk of loan deficiency – the plan is a functional lifting of a federal restriction that is necessary to the program
Hiskes 10, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “PACE Rescue Bill Could Get Republican Help,” “Why won’t Team Obama save a clean-energy program from Fannie and Freddie?” August 5th, http://grist.org/article/2010-08-05-why-wont-team-obama-save-a-clean-energy-program-from-fannie-and/

PACE works by letting homeowners pay for rooftop solar arrays and energy-saving retrofits
AND
energy retrofits, but that work can’t continue with programs stalled out. 
Plan spills over to broader solar adoption even if not many people initially take up the program
Higgins 11/19, Ben, Director of Government Affairs for Mainstream Energy “The Psychology of Small-Scale Solar,” November 19th, http://energy.aol.com/2012/11/19/the-psychology-of-small-scale-solar/?icid=related4

Further evidence that consumer awareness is key to solar's growth comes from a recent Yale
AND
, we'll be making an enormous step towards our country's clean energy future.
Government incentives are key
Hiskes 11, Jonathan, staff writer at Grist.org “Cost Savings Are Biggest Motivator for Commercial Retrofits,” June 22nd, http://sustainableindustries.com/articles/2011/06/cost-savings-are-biggest-motivator-commercial-retrofits

Cash still rules when it comes to motivating commercial building owners to take on energy
AND
a tremendous opportunity to influence the achievement of their energy and environmental goals.”
 
However, the federal housing finance agency issued a ruling that ended state PACE programs
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf

And yet, for all their promise, neither energy retrofit projects in general nor
AND
with the PACE guidelines released by the Department of Energy in May 2010.
Plan

The Federal Housing Authority should provide loan guarantees for solar Property Assessed Clean Energy assessments levied on new or refinanced mortgages in the United States.
The FHA solves and doesn’t link to politics
Collins 12, Jordan M, Director of Government Relations at Mintz-Leven, “PACE-ing in Purgatory: Outlook for Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” January 19th, http://www.mintz.com/newsletter/2012/Advisories/1578-0112-NAT-ECT_Collins/index.htm

Although FHFA has issued policy statements effectively barring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from insuring
AND
HUD and not in any way associated with FHFA, Fannie or Freddie.)

 
No disads – the FHA did something extremely similar to the aff but it didn’t solve
Farrell 11, John, Institute for Local Self-Reliance senior researcher, “FHA PowerSaver Loans – a PACE Replacement?” February 24th, http://grist.org/article/2011-02-24-fha-powersaver-loans-a-pace-replacement/

Late last year, the Federal Housing Administration announced a new PowerSaver loan program to
AND
improvements, but their offering will not provide the same power as PACE.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mo St GN | Judge:
2ac warming real

Global Warming is real and anthropogenic – multiple warrants.
Romm 10 (Jon, Editor of Climate Progress, Senior Fellow at the American Progress, former Acting Assistant Secretary of Energy for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Disputing the “consensus” on global warming,” http://climateprogress.org/2010/06/16/scientific-consensus-on-global-warming-climate-science/,)
A good example of how scientific evidence drives our understanding concerns how we know that
AND
and “An introduction to global warming impacts: Hell and High Water“).

Warming’s real
Somerville 11 – Professor of Oceanography @ UCSD
Richard Somerville, Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Research Professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, Coordinating Lead Author in Working Group I for the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 3-8-2011, “CLIMATE SCIENCE AND EPA'S GREENHOUSE GAS REGULATIONS,” CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis
1n early 2007, at the time of the publication of WG1 of AR4,
AND
next five to ten years, reaching near zero well within this century.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mo St GN | Judge:
2ac incentive

we meet – DoE says we’re topical
Waxman, 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf) 2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with respect to actions valued at $50 million or less, to approve, execute, enter into, modify, administer, closeout, terminate and take any other necessary and appropriate action (collectively, ‘Actions’) with respect to Financial Incentive awards.” Pet. App. 68, 111-112. Citing DOE Order No. 5700.5 (Jan. 12, 1981), the delegation defines “Financial Incentives” as the authorized financial incentive programs of DOE, “including direct loans, loan guarantees, purchase agreements, price supports, guaranteed market agreements and any others which may evolve.” The delegation proceeds to state, “however, a separate prior written approval of any such action must be given by or concurred in by Keefe to accompany the action.” The delegation also states that its exercise “shall be governed by the rules and regulations of DOE and policies and procedures prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

we meet – we lift a restriction 

for indicates purpose
FOR (as a preposition) in Merriam Websters Dictionary 12 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/for)
a —used as a function word to indicate purpose a grant for studying medicine b —used as a function word to indicate an intended goal left for home acted for the best c —used as a function word to indicate the object or recipient of a perception, desire, or activity now for a good rest run for your life an eye for a bargain 

counter-interpration – Financial incentives must commit public funds — solves precision and limits
Webb, sessional lecture – Faculty of Law @ University of Ottawa, ‘93
(Kernaghan, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501)
One of the obstacles to intelligent discussion of this topic is the tremendous potential for
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Energy production must increase electricity generation
Direskeneli 10 (Haluk, Journal of Turkish Weekly, " On Thermal Power Plants at our Backyard," http://www.turkishweekly.net/columnist/3331/on-thermal-power-plants-at-our-backyard.html)
Energy production is essential, it is mandatory to increase electricity generation for everyone. Everybody wants more electricity, but no one wants power plants in his/her backyard, even wind power plants since they create a lot of noise.

Aff ground – if you want to hear a debate about anything other than SMRs you have to include the aff

Reasonability – good is good enough – competing interpretations is arbitrary and forces a race to the bottom

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mo St GN | Judge:
2ac regneg

PACE exists now – the regneg already happened

Perm do both

conditions counter plans are a voter

a.) Predictability – infinite number of conditions means we will never have in depth research or clash killing education

b.) Future fiat– CP takes time, killing offensive possibilities on the cp – no evidence assumes future uniqueness  

c.) Aff Ground – moots the 1ac and puts us 8 minutes behind killing offense

FHFA kills the process – best case is they change the liens status
Hoops 12, Jeffrey, J.D. Candidate (2012), Washington University School of Law; B.A. cum laude in English (2007), Truman State University “SETTING THE PACE FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY: THE RISE, FALL, AND (POTENTIAL) RETURN OF PROPERTY ASSESSED CLEAN ENERGY,” Volume 89 | Issue 4, http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/89/4/hoops.pdf
Shortly after the Statement was issued, the DOE, which has thus far strongly
AND
, it would appear that direct negotiations with the agency have broken down.

That kills solvency
Sichtermann 11, Jonathan R, J.D. Candidate, Valparaiso University School of Law (2012); B.S., Business Accounting, Purdue University, “Slowing the PACE of Recovery: Why Property Assessed Clean Energy Programs Risk Repeating the Mistakes of the Recent Foreclosure Crisis”, 46 Val. U. L. Rev. 263 (2011).
Aside from these general limitations on bond issues, each particular type of municipal bond
AND
This means that a bond’s value is directly related to a lien’s priority.

Links to politics

Counterplan enters into negotiations with millions of people

Uncertainty jacks investment
SEIA 12, Solar Energy Industries Association, “The Case for the Solar Investment Tax Credit,” http://www.seia.org/research-resources/case-solar-investment-tax-credit-itc
Due in large part to the availability of a multi-year ITC, the
AND
to drive innovation and cost reductions that lead to lower prices for consumers. 

Perm do the counterplan

First Not Severance
“Resolved” is “to express; to decide by a formal vote” that’s a quote from
Webster’s 98 – Revised Unabridged Dictionary, (dictionary.com)
Resolved:
5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

And “Should used in regular sense is not mandatory but permissive” that’s a quote from
Words and Phrases, 2002  (“Words and Phrases: Permanent Edition” Vol. 39 Set to Signed.  Pub. By Thomson West.  P. 370)
Cal.App. 5 Dist. 1976.  Term “should,” as used in statutory provision that motion to suppress search warrant should first be heard by magistrate who issued warrant, is used in regular, persuasive sense, as recommendation, and is thus not mandatory but permissive.  West’s Ann.Pen Code, § 1538.5(b).---Cuevas v. Superior Court, 130 Cal. Rptr. 238, 58 Cal.App.3d 406 ----Searches 191.

This is best – we determine what our plan does

a.) Normal means is arbitrary – the plan is our creation, and we’re the ones who decide what it mandates – this avoids millions of normal means CPs

b.) Cross-examination checks – had they asked us about the counterplan in cross-x, they would have known not to read it – don’t reward them for being lazy 

our interpretation is that a cp must be textually and functionally competitive 

Perm do both – solves best
Freeman 1, Jody, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Contracting State,” February 27th, last date referenced in past tense http://constitution.org/ad_state/freeman2.htm HURWITZ
Although the only truly indispensable parties in the HCP negotia-tion process are those
AND
to public comment, and then decide whether to issue the permit.166 

Perm do the plan and the counterplan in the world the condition is met 

CP’s illegal
Freeman 1, Jody, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Contracting State,” February 27th, last date referenced in past tense http://constitution.org/ad_state/freeman2.htm HURWITZ
Traditionally, we view regulation as a top-down and prescriptive exercise consisting of
AND
agency to a negotiating partner. Conceptually, the two are mutually exclusive. 

Impact is war
Kathleen SULLIVAN, ’96 (PF LAW – STANFORD, 96, KATHLEEN, 17 Cardozo L. Rev. 691)
The very idea of a Constitution turns on the separation of the legal and the
AND
government. Picture the Ten Commandments with a few parking regulations thrown in.

also means the CP gets rolled back
Freeman 1, Jody, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School “Contracting State,” February 27th, last date referenced in past tense http://constitution.org/ad_state/freeman2.htm HURWITZ
Although most administrative law scholars would surely acknowledge that informal negotiation, bargaining, and
AND
simply implausible in a political culture historically intolerant of all things corporatist.184

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mo St. GN | Judge:
2ac Politics

Relations are high and resilient
Sirohi ‘1-24-13 (senior journalist (Seema, “Obama's return could put wind in the sails of the India-US relationship,” http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/edit-page/36506384_1_india-us-relationship-pakistan-new-delhi)

WASHINGTON: As President Barack Obama begins his second term on the ascendant, stronger
AND
India devises, the greater the wind in the sails of the relationship.

Visa’s not key
Wadhwa ‘9 (Vivek Wadhwa, executive in residence/adjunct professor at the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University and a senior research associate with the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Spring 2009, “A Reverse Brain Drain,” Issues in Science and Technology, http://www.issues.org/25.3/wadhwa.html

To our surprise, visa status was not the most important factor determining their decision
AND
opportunities to launch their own business were significantly better in their home countries.

Plan’s popular – no spending link
Saha 11/13, Devashree, senior policy analyst and associate fellow at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program,” “Enact Legislation Supporting Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy Financing,” November 13th, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/13%20federalism/13%20housing%20energy%20efficiency.pdf
Congressional action to support residential PACE programs would have no budgetary impact. If legislation
AND
to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac purchasing otherwise conforming mortgages with PACE assessments. 

Agencies shield the link
White 12, Adam, contributor to the American Spectator, Attorney, “Reining In the Agencies,” Spring, http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/reining-in-the-agencies
The Boeing dispute illustrated two elements of a persistent trend under the Obama administration:
AND
recently by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
Plan causes agenda success
Davenport 3/25, Coral, energy and environment correspondent for National Journal, “Five Easy Pieces of Energy Legislation,” 3/25, http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/five-easy-pieces-of-energy-legislation-20130325?page=1
After half a decade in which the energy debate in Washington has been dominated by
AND
both sides, we can keep doing the harder bills as we grow.”

PC theory is wrong- winners win
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Solar is massively popular- key to Obama’s approval rating
Shahan ’12 (10-9 – Scientific American writer (Zachary, "People Love Solar Power (Even US Republican Voters…)," 10-9-12, planetsave.com/2012/10/09/people-love-solar-power-even-us-republican-voters)
People Love Solar Power (Even US Republican Voters…)
Everyone loves solar. Well, ok, not everyone, but the HUGE majority
AND
37%). Yes! And yes, please — give us more solar!

That’s key to Obama’s capital
Knecht and Weatherford '6 (International Studies Quarterly, T. Knecht, University of Denver professor, M. S. Weatherford, UC Santabarbra professor, "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: TheStages of Presidential Decision Making")
Presidents consider the potential reactions of the public when making foreign policy decisions for several
AND
current preferences, legislators rarely employ such methods outside of electoral campaigns.’’

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mo St GN | Judge:
2ac electricity prices

Solar’s key to food
FBES 13, Footbridge energy services, staffing solutions company for the energy industry, “Agriculture’s Newest Crop…Solar?” 2/14, http://www.footbridgeenergy.com/2013/02/14/solar-farming-industry-jobs/
The rumors are true; agriculture has turned to solar energy as a new crop
AND
clear fields, solar farms are able to flourish naturally and cost effectively.

solar doesn’t raise prices
Parkinson 2/8, Giles,  journalist of 30 years experience, a former Business Editor and Deputy Editor of the Financial Review, “100 pct renewables: it may be closer than we think,” 2/8, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/100-pct-renewables-it-may-be-closer-than-we-think-72252
The stunning set of data, cost profiles and market analysis produced in the first
AND
to turn the economics of power systems on its head,” he said.

No link – if the electricity the plan produces costs more no one would buy it

EPA thumps
Hansen, 13 Keith, "Silence of the trains: EPA to shutter 200 coal-fired power plants," Brainer Dispatch, brainerddispatch.com/opinion/2013-01-30/silence-trains-epa-shutter-200-coal-fired-power-plants, accessed 3-29-13, mss

Silence of the trains: EPA to shutter 200 coal-fired power plants A
AND
said Mike Duncan, president and CEO of ACCCE, in a statement.

PACE solves brownfield redevelopment – key to the economy
Alpert and White 12, Isaac and Alicia, Northwestern University, “Using the Sun to Make Brownfields Green,” http://www.rooseveltcampusnetwork.org/sites/all/files/Energy2012.pdf#page=10
Brownfields represent a serious economic problem because potentially productive land sits empty, releasing toxic
AND
policy can be executed, the FHFA’s ruling against PACE financing must be overturned

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention 1: Corn
We are on the brink of a corn crisis- will cascade into global turmoil
Kennedy ’12 Robert, Al Jazeera, “Food riots predicted over US crop failure,” 8-21-12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/20128218556871733.html

The world is on the brink of a food "catastrophe" caused by the
AND
could add further to the problems we have and create turmoil in markets." 

 
US corn is key to global food security
DeCapua ’12 “US Drought Impacts Global Food Security,” http://www.voanews.com/content/us-drought-food-security-8aug12/1475641.html

The United States is the leading producer of corn and soybeans – two commodities that
AND
in the U.S. will have global significance,” he said.  
And lack of arable land is the root cause of the coming corn shortage
Frankl ’12 (Max Frankel, Intern at the Center for American Progress, Climate Progress, “Corn Used to Create US Biofuel is Enough to Feed 412 Million People for a Year”, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Biofuels/Corn-Used-to-Create-US-Biofuel-is-Enough-to-Feed-412-Million-People-for-a-Year.html, July 16, 2012)

The US corn crop, in the in the height of its vulnerable pollination phase
AND
of hunger, with biofuels playing a significant role in exacerbating the problem.
 
Their impact defense doesn’t assume the magnitude of the coming corn crash
Pentland ’12 (William Pentland, Contributor, “The Coming Food Crisis: Blame Ethanol?”, http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2012/07/28/the-coming-food-crisis-blame-ethanol/, July 28, 2012)

A series of spikes in global food prices resulted in riots in 2008 and contributed
AND
that we can plant corn on. Especially, if the drought continues.

 
Collapse of arable land destroys the environment and causes global nuclear food wars
Lugar ‘4 – U.S. Senator (Richard, http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.
 
Food wars go nuclear
Brown ‘9 Lester R., United States environmental analyst, founder of the
AND
,” “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

 
Corn spikes destroy the economy
Gioia 10, Vincent, retired patent attorney, “Have you ever considered the importance of corn?” Last date referenced in the past tense, http://www.greatamericanjournal.com/archives/cols/Haveyoueverconsideredtheimportanceofcorn.htm

Last year corn prices rose substantially and in the short time of this year so
AND
is due to mere humans and not the planet's historical dynamics for that.

 
Decline goes nuclear
Green and Schrage ‘9 (Michael J Green is Senior Advisor and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Associate Professor at Georgetown University. Steven P Schrage is the CSIS Scholl Chair in International Business and a former senior official with the US Trade Representative's Office, State Department and Ways and Means Committee, Asia Times, 2009 http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Asian_Economy/KC26Dk01.html)

Facing the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, analysts at the World Bank
AND
a tempting precedent for other countries to put up barriers to close markets.
 
Solar farms are the root cause of arable land- collapse production
Cone 2/2 Tracy, Associated Press, “Solar development absorbing Calif. farmland,” http://www.kansas.com/2013/02/02/2660585/solar-development-absorbing-calif.html, Feb 2, 2013

There's a land rush of sorts going on across the nation's most productive farming region
AND
is on prime land that the county says lacks a reliable water supply.
 
US renewable tech is modeled globally
Traub 12-14-12 James, fellow of the Centre on International Cooperation, writes Terms of Engagement for Foreign Policy, “Transforming the future lies in our hands,” http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/transforming-the-future-lies-in-our-hands-1.1118704

Despite President Barack Obama’s vow, in his first post-reelection press conference,
AND
to do the impossible. He must, however, do the possible.

Contention 2: Water
Waters wars escalate- newest scholarship concludes aff
Arsenault 8/26 (Chris, guest lecturer the University of Toronto, Queen’s University, York University, Laurentian, Saint Mary's University and the Universidad Anáhuac, BA in history and economics from Dalhousie University and an MA in history from the University of British Columbia,  “Risk of water wars rises with scarcity,” 8/26, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/06/2011622193147231653.html)

The author Mark Twain once remarked that "whisky is for drinking; water is
AND
same places where political conflicts are rife, leading to potentially explosive situations.

Water scarcity causes Pakistan collapse
RT ‘12 (Russia today, citing an intelligence report from The Office of the Director of National Intelligence “Global 'water war' threat by 2030 - US intelligence,” March 22nd, http://rt.com/news/water-conflict-terrorism-rivers-239/)

And while the prospect of “water wars” has been touted for decades,
AND
, with “more powerful upstream nations impeding or cutting off downstream flow.”

 
Goes nuclear
Pitt ‘9 (New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183) 

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
AND
to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
 
Water shortage causes Indo-Pak war
Priyadarshi ‘12 (Nitish, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India, “War for water is not a far cry”, June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44)

Such is the deep nexus between water and global warming that the increased frequency of
AND
, with several bilateral agreements and rounds of talks failing to produce results.

 
Goes nuclear – cooperation impossible
Zahoor ‘11 (Musharaf, is researcher at Department of Nuclear Politics, National Defence University, Islamabad, “Water crisis can trigger nuclear war in South Asia,” http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?77008-Water-Crisis-can-Trigger-Nuclear-War-in-South-Asia)

South Asia is among one of those regions where water needs are growing disproportionately to
AND
dialogue will leave no option but to achieve the ends through military means.
Scarcity breaks down the Indus Waters Treaty – causes war
CFR ’11 (report based on travel in the region by the Committee’s staff and the work of experts in government, academia, and other international institutions “Avoiding Water Wars: Water Scarcity and Central Asia’s Growing Importance for Stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan,” Feb 22nd, http://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/chair/release/?id=0b32e452-9c4c-4417-82ee-d201bcefc8ae download link at the bottom)

The National Intelligence Council echoed these concerns in their Global Trends 2025: A Trans
AND
treaty’s utility in resolving water conflicts could have serious ramifications for regional stability.
 
Central Asia
Stratfor 11/12 (Stratfor, “Central Asia’s Looming Conflict Over Water, Part 1: The Upriver Countries,” 11/12)

Two of Central Asia's poorest countries, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, are attempting to leverage
AND
the countries there, particularly Uzbekistan, from emerging as a regional hegemon.
 
Extinction
Blank 2k (Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22)

Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
AND
5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

 
US is the global model for water policy- new tech developments and more exports are vital
DNI ‘12 U.S. Director of National Intelligence, multi-agency study based on previously published Intelligence Community (IC) products, peer-reviewed research, and consultations with outside experts, “Global Water Security,” Feb. 2, http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Press%20Releases/ICA_Global%20Water%20Security.pdf

Many states turn to the developed world to find   alternative ways to meet their infrastructure   
AND
product), providing numerous opportunities for engagement with the rest of the   world.

Water agencies are having budget problems now
Muller ‘11 Marissa Muller is the senior manager at SPG Solar. SPG Solar has been delivering innovative solar power solutions to water agencies, water treatment, and sanitation facilities since 2002, “Solar Power Keeps Water Agencies and Wastewater Treatment Facilities Afloat,” September/October, http://www.nacleanenergy.com/articles/11656/solar-power-keeps-water-agencies-and-wastewater-treatment-facilities-afloat

With electricity costs increasing by nearly 22% in the past five years—with
AND
and solutions for lower-cost and cleaner electricity become even more imperative.

 
Floating solar solves agency capital and improve water quality
Muller ‘11 Marissa Muller is the senior manager at SPG Solar. SPG Solar has been delivering innovative solar power solutions to water agencies, water treatment, and sanitation facilities since 2002, “Solar Power Keeps Water Agencies and Wastewater Treatment Facilities Afloat,” September/October, http://www.nacleanenergy.com/articles/11656/solar-power-keeps-water-agencies-and-wastewater-treatment-facilities-afloat

Floating solar systems offer water agencies the following added benefits:  • Frees up land
AND
, algae growth is reduced, minimizing the associated treatment and labor costs.

Contention 3: Environment
We’re approaching an environmental tipping point, but it’s avoidable now- new data proves
Morello ’12 Lauren, writer for The Scientific American, “Is Earth Nearing an Environmental "Tipping Point"?” June 7, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-earth-nearing-environmental-tipping-point

Human activities are pushing Earth toward a "tipping point" that could cause sudden
AND
the next century to improve human well-being and protect the environment.
 
Ecosystem collapse causes extinction
Coyne and Hoekstra ‘7 Jerry and Hopi, professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago and Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying

But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. Healthy
AND
just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.
 
US ecosystems are globally important- unparalleled biodiverse regions
NatureServe ‘2 NatureServe is a non-profit organization   dedicated to providing the scientific   knowledge that forms the basis for effective   conservation action “States of the Union:   Ranking America’s Biodiversity,” April 2002, http://www.natureserve.org/library/stateofunions.pdf

Pride in place is a powerful impulse. And with its dazzling array of wild
AND
provides new insights into the scale of the nation’s conservation challenges and  opportunities.

 
Two internals-
Current solar expansion ruins wetlands in key areas- collapses resiliency
ANJEC ’12 Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions, “Solar Siting and Sustainable Land Use,” http://www.anjec.org/pdfs/SolarWhitePaper2012.pdf

Developers should be restricted from locating solar  panels in wetlands. Even if supported by
AND
www.nj.gov/dep/landuse/fww.html).

Solar land use causes deforestation- destroys key biodiverse regions
ANJEC ’12 Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions, “Solar Siting and Sustainable Land Use,” http://www.anjec.org/pdfs/SolarWhitePaper2012.pdf

In many regions, upland forests and  trees are of key importance to the  hydrologic
AND
Heritage Priority Sites, threatened and endangered species habitat and critical grassland habitat.
 
Biodiversity collapse causes extinction
Young ‘10 (PhD coastal marine ecology, 10 Ruth, “Biodiversity: what it is and why it’s important”, February 9th, http://www.talkingnature.com/2010/02/biodiversity/biodiversity-what-and-why/ 

Different species within ecosystems fill particular roles, they all have a function, they
AND
on this planet possible and that our protection of biodiversity maintains this service.
 
Third- Floating solar voltaics solve uncontrolled algae growth, purifies water and prevents evaporation
WaterWorld ‘12 WaterWorld Magazine is an online news and technology source covering the water industry and serving engineers, managers, and consultants in the Water/Wastewater Industry Worldwide, “Floating Solar Systems Provide Power, Environmental Benefits,” http://www.waterworld.com/articles/print/volume-27/issue-9/editorial-features/floating-solar-systems-provide-power-environmental-benefits.html

Water and wastewater utilities can benefit from new floating solar power systems offered by SPG
AND
, algae growth is reduced, minimizing the associated treatment and labor costs.
 
Algae blooms cause mass extinction- studies prove- triggers water wars
Science Daily ’9 Citing James Castle, Dept. of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, and John Rodgers, professor of aquatic toxicology at Clemson University, “Killer algae a key player in mass extinctions,” Oct. 19, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091019134716.htm

Supervolcanoes and cosmic impacts get all the terrible glory for causing mass extinctions, but
AND
humans, as algae increasingly invade reservoirs and other sources of drinking water.

Contention 4: Solvency
The plan causes a switch to floating solar- perceived as cheaper and more efficient
Lynn ‘9 Kevin Lynn has been with Social Enterprise Associates since February and graduated from Willamette University with a degree in Politics, “Innovation in renewable energy: floating solar arrays,” http://www.socialenterprise.net/blog/solararray.html

This simple addition to traditional solar technology adds extensive value. Solar panels rotate,
AND
and thoughtful solution to many of the issues that solar energy installations face.
 
Extending 1603 grants solves tax equity which is key to any new tech
Mendelsohn and Harper ‘12 Michael Mendelsohn, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, John Harper   Birch Tree Capital, LLC, “§1603 Treasury Grant  Expiration: Industry Insight on  Financing and Market Implications,” June, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/53720.pdf

In the United States, the growth of the renewable energy sector is dependent on
AND
increase the   cost to utilities and end-users who procure renewable power.

1603 grants are vital to effective solar- auditing fears mean alternatives fail
Cather ’12 Chris Cather is founder of bluecrab solar, a developer and industry advocate based in Annapolis, Maryland, contributor to Renewable Energy World, “Are Solar Developer Fees Declining?” http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/11/are-solar-developer-fees-declining

Despite dramatic reductions in hard costs, principally solar modules, solar energy remains in
AND
as ‘brain damage’ – over how to appropriately price in their fees.
 
Current tax equity destroys solar financing for many reasons- the plan solves all of them
Limited investors
Debt accumulation
High costs
Fisher et al ‘11 Scott Fisher, Director, Policy Coordination and Management, NRG Energy, Inc.,   Steve Corneli, SVP Sustainability, Policy and Strategy, NRG Energy, Inc. and Steve Taub, Senior   Vice President, Investment Strategy, GE Energy Financial Services, “Tax Credits, Tax Equity and Alternatives   To Spur Clean Energy Financing,” http://uspref.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Tax-Credits-Tax-Equity-for-Clean-Energy-Financing.pdf

Tax equity investment, while critical to clean energy development, does have significant   limitations
AND
solar projects, and thus may   support a higher appetite for tax benefits.
 
Floating solar tech is feasible, safe, and cost-competitive- new grants free up land
Muller ‘11 Marissa Muller is the senior manager at SPG Solar. SPG Solar has been delivering innovative solar power solutions to water agencies, water treatment, and sanitation facilities since 2002, “Marissa Muller is the senior manager at SPG Solar. SPG Solar has been delivering innovative solar power solutions to water agencies, water treatment, and sanitation facilities since 2002,” September/October, http://www.nacleanenergy.com/articles/11656/solar-power-keeps-water-agencies-and-wastewater-treatment-facilities-afloat

A hybrid solution is now available to further extend the options for solar at water
AND
operating costs can be reduced, as can future rate increases to customers.  
 
Solar is inevitable, but land shortages make it ineffective- floating panels are key to solve siting, cost reductions, and NIMBY battles
Sims ’12 David, TMCnet Contributing Editor (Technology Marketing Corporation), “Solar Island May Be More Than Just Fantasy,” 11-28-12, http://news.thomasnet.com/green_clean/2012/11/28/solar-island-may-be-more-than-just-fantasy/

One fairly constant criticism of solar energy not being able to provide significant chunks of
AND
easily than on land, where a solar installation can’t simply be moved.

 
Floating panel tech is durable and mobile- frees up farmland and solves electricity needs
Smith 12/22-12 Gordon, MSC in Alternative Energy Technology from Wayne State University, Director of Global Manufacturing Energy Conservation at Electrolux Major Appliances, Cofounder of SolarThermalMagazine.com, “The First Large-Scale Floating Solar Power Generation System,” http://www.solarthermalmagazine.com/2012/12/22/the-first-large-scale-floating-solar-power-generation-system/

This partnership was set up as part of IFPEN’s technological support policy to help SMEs
AND
confirm the viability of the system for all climates during 20+ years.
 
Plan
Plan: The United States Department of Treasury should substantially increase cash grants for floating solar panels in the United States. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

1ac thumper wall

Solar support now thumps
Sandoval 3-25-13 ~Michael, investigative reporter for The Heritage Foundation, "Obama Administration Plans to Spend %24150 Million for Green Energy Projects (Because It’s Worked So Well Before)," http://blog.heritage.org/2013/03/25/doe-plans-to-spend-150-million-for-green-energy-projects-because-its-worked-so-well-before/~~

The Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Internal Revenue
AND
for electric or hybrid vehicles; and carbon dioxide capture and sequestration equipment.

Energy battles now – keystone, drilling, and green investment
Geman 3-18. ~Ben, Energy and environment reporter, "The week ahead: Budget battles, gas exports take center stage" The Hill — thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/288671-the-week-ahead-budget-battles-gas-exports-take-center-stage~
This week is likely to bring floor debate in the House and Senate over competing
AND
they would boost domestic prices. Some environmentalists are also opposing the plans.

Campaign fundraising thumps
Hughes 3-30. ~Brian, White House correspondent, "Obama launches fundraising blitz at delicate time for his agenda" Washington Times — washingtonexaminer.com/obama-launches-fundraising-blitz-at-delicate-time-for-his-agenda/article/2525841~
It’s a classic conundrum for presidents: how to balance raising political cash with governing
AND
warned, "it’s at the expense of his agenda on the Hill."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

Accidents

No impact
WNA ’11 ~World Nuclear Association, "Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors", (updated December 2011), http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html-http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf06.html~~
From the outset, there has been a strong awareness of the potential hazard of
AND
compared with other commonly accepted risks. Nuclear power plants are very robust.

No impact
Rod Adams 12, Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., "Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?", May 2, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29-http://atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AtomicInsights+%28Atomic+Insights%29
Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with
AND
and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

Solvency

Federal incentives are key to make solar competitive- otherwise private companies won’t invest
Theel 1-24-13 ~Shauna, Senior Researcher and Editor, Energy and Environment at Media Matters, "Myths And Facts About Solar Energy," http://mediamatters.org/research/2013/01/24/myths-and-facts-about-solar-energy/192364~~
Private Sector Overlooks The Value Of Solar’s Longevity. Ken Zweibel of George Washington University’s
AND
fossil fuels. ~Wall Street Journal, 10/8/12~

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

Dedev

Collapse causes global transition wars – turns their impacts
Panzner 8, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

No theoretical or empirical defense of decline causing war  
North 9, Austrian School economic analyst, PhD in History, edited the financial newsletter, Remnant Review, formerly served as Research Assistant for Congressman Ron Paul (R-TX).  (Gary, "The Myth of the Kondratieff Wave," June 27, http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north725.html-http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north725.html)
Pugsley = American conservative libertarian political and economics commentator, lecturer, and New York Times bestselling author
Kondratieff had at most two and a half cycles in his two papers. That
AND
, but not in the real world. It is pure hokum. 

Complexity and diminishing returns don’t cause collapse—-this is the author their evidence quotes
Tainter 9 – Joseph A. Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, interviewed by Kazys Varnelis, the Director of the Network Architecture Lab at the Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, November 3, 2009, "Interview with Joseph Tainter on Collapse," online: http://varnelis.net/blog/interview_with_joseph_tainter_on_collapse
Today we are living in the most complex society that has ever existed, yet
AND
in fossil fuels is the most important thing we should be worrying about.

Complexity is sustainable—-it’s key to energy innovation and problem-solving that make even highly complex societies sustainable
Tainter 9 – Joseph A. Tainter, Global Institute of Sustainability and School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University, September 9, 2009, "Human Resource Use: Timing and Implications for Sustainability," online: http://www.theoildrum.com/node/5745
In conclusion, sustainability is not the achievement of stasis. It is not a
AND
perpetually addressing new or ongoing problems and securing the resources to do so.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

2ac t incentive

We meet- we give the industry money to produce energy
Green Light ’11 ~Energy solutions company, "INCENTIVES AND REBATES," http://www.greenlightslo.com/incentives.php~~
The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed
AND
advantages to those who choose to deploy clean, solar energy in 2011. 

Counterinterp – financial incentives are the disbursement of public funds disbursing public funds
Webb, sessional lecture – Faculty of Law @ University of Ottawa, ’93
(Kernaghan, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501)

One of the obstacles to intelligent discussion of this topic is the tremendous potential for
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Aff ground – outweighs because it’s a prerequisite to clash – they create the SMR topic – only mech diversity can defeat states

Mixing burdens DA to their interp

Their interp is self-serving – the rez doesn’t mandate we increase production – there’s no right to this ground

reasonability

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

2ac California

Perm – do both – shields the link
Overby 3 – A. Brooke, Professor of Law, Tulane University School of Law, "Our New Commercial Law Federalism." Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Temple Law Review, Summer, 2003  76 Temp. L. Rev. 297 Lexis
We held in New York that Congress cannot compel the States to enact or enforce
AND
does not erase these concerns with accountability,  it does ameliorate them slightly.

Tax equity is key-
Cather says that developers won’t commercialize if they can’t price in their profit margins in the long-term- CP only solves short-term concerns

Mendelsohn says solar growth depends on the tax code- lack of liability means investors can’t monetize tax benefits which kills capital investment

Federal 1603 action is key - California fails – patchwork, leakage, and certainty – this ev is comparative
Rosten ’11, Keith, a former consultant on numerous international development projects in over 20 countries in Europe and Eurasia, currently serves on the board of directors for the Mid Atlantic Solar Energy Society (MASES), a non-profit organization furthering the development of solar energy in the mid-Atlantic region, "Why the US Needs a National Solar Energy Policy," http://www.solartown.com/blog/2011/10/why-the-us-needs-a-national-solar-energy-policy/
What makes the solar energy industry special is the extent to which it has had
AND
in the interest of the country to forge this policy sooner than later.

This counterplan is a voting issue- no single actor controls both federal and state policies, no lit for uniform 50 state fiat makes offense impossible and kills educational research, and lack of a solvency advocate is a unique reason to reject the team

States links to politics
Kiely 12 ~Eugene Kiely-http://www.factcheck.org/author/eugene-kiely/, Washington assignment editor USA today, February 17, 2012 Factcheck.org "Did Obama ’Approve’ Bridge Work for Chinese Firms?" http://www.factcheck.org/2012/02/did-obama-approve-bridge-work-for-chinese-firms/~~
Who’s to blame, if that’s the right word, if the project ends up
AND
spending taxpayer money on Chinese firms to build U.S. bridges.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

2ac advantage counterplan

Perm do both

Doesn’t solve any advantage – floating solar’s key to water and the environment – can’t just fund agencies

Links to politics – Environmental lobby key
Eilperin 11/9, Juliet, joined The Washington Post as the House of Representatives reporter, "Environmentalists play key role in 2012 races," http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/environmentalists-play-key-role-in-2012-races/2012/11/09/67c1fd78-29bc-11e2-96b6-8e6a7524553f_story.html
For years, environmentalists have been seen as marginal players in presidential and congressional elections
AND
from the now two-term senator, thanking him for environmentalists’ support.

Algea blooms collapse the ocean – that’s science daily 

Ocean collapse causes extinction
Craig ’3 – Assc Prof Law Indiana. (34 McGeorge Law Rev 155, 2003 ln)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
kill ourselves, and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

condo

Wetlands drive the hydrological cycle- planetary extinction
Ramsar Convention ’96 ~Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Wetlands and Biodiversity, Executive Summary, http://www.ramsar.org/about/about_biodiversity.htm-http://www.ramsar.org/about/about_biodiversity.htm~~
Wetlands - including (inter alia) rivers, lakes, marshes, estuaries,
AND
transition zones between aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems such as forests and grasslands.

American forests are key to the carbon cycle
National Science ’98, America’s Amazing Carbon Sink, http://naturalscience.com/ns/articles/comment/ns_com07.html
An article in the October 16, 1998 issue of Science (see also ABSNews
AND
the global carbon cycle and in the maintenance of biodiversity has been clarified.
 
extinction
Mutel ’98 ~Connie Mutel, University of Iowa Historian and Archivist, "Rebalancing the Carbon Cycle," Fall 1998, http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C11Links/www.cgrer.uiowa/edu/newsletters/fall1998/feature.html-http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C11Links/www.cgrer.uiowa/edu/newsletters/fall1998/feature.html~~
Carbon. From the time when the first living organisms coalesced in a sea permeated
AND
the earth’s thin film of carbon-dependent life can continue to flourish.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

2ac politics

Relations are high and resilient
Sirohi ’1-24-13 (senior journalist (Seema, "Obama’s return could put wind in the sails of the India-US relationship," http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/edit-page/36506384_1_india-us-relationship-pakistan-new-delhi)

WASHINGTON: As President Barack Obama begins his second term on the ascendant, stronger
AND
India devises, the greater the wind in the sails of the relationship.

Visa’s not key
Wadhwa ’9 (Vivek Wadhwa, executive in residence/adjunct professor at the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University and a senior research associate with the Labor and Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Spring 2009, "A Reverse Brain Drain," Issues in Science and Technology, http://www.issues.org/25.3/wadhwa.html-http://www.issues.org/25.3/wadhwa.html

To our surprise, visa status was not the most important factor determining their decision
AND
opportunities to launch their own business were significantly better in their home countries.

Immigration’s a done deal
Politico 3-31. ~"Graham: Immigration reform accord at hand" — www.politico.com/blogs/politico-live/2013/03/graham-immigration-reform-plan-rollout-next-week-160552.html?hp=r2~
Sen. Lindsey Graham said on Sunday that senators have agreed to a conceptual deal
AND
it will be long, and it will be hard," Graham said.

Obama’s not spending capital, and XOs solve
Nakamura 3-28-13 ~David, David A. Nakamura is an International Affairs Fellow for the Council on Foreign Relations, has been a staff writer for the Washington Post since 1994, and he currently covers the administration of Washington, DC, mayor Adrian M. Fenty and city government. In 2005, David headed a team that won the %2435,000 Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html~~
A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
AND
will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus."

Dropped thumpers
Campaign fundraising thumps
Hughes 3-30. ~Brian, White House correspondent, "Obama launches fundraising blitz at delicate time for his agenda" Washington Times — washingtonexaminer.com/obama-launches-fundraising-blitz-at-delicate-time-for-his-agenda/article/2525841~
It’s a classic conundrum for presidents: how to balance raising political cash with governing
AND
warned, "it’s at the expense of his agenda on the Hill."

Solar support now thumps
Sandoval 3-25-13 ~Michael, investigative reporter for The Heritage Foundation, "Obama Administration Plans to Spend %24150 Million for Green Energy Projects (Because It’s Worked So Well Before)," http://blog.heritage.org/2013/03/25/doe-plans-to-spend-150-million-for-green-energy-projects-because-its-worked-so-well-before/~~

The Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Internal Revenue
AND
for electric or hybrid vehicles; and carbon dioxide capture and sequestration equipment.

Turn – Plan’s bipartisan
Industrial Info ’11 ~"’Rush to Renewables’ and ’Dash to Gas’ Expected to Continue in 2011," http://www.industrialinfo.com/radio/navigating.jsp?industry=power10~~

The level of activity for renewable power project development will depend on whether the Section
AND
the clock in Washington as the days ticked down to Dec. 31. 

IRS shields the link
Berkshire Eagle, 12 ("IRS failures go under the radar," 8-18-12, l/n, accessed 10-20-12, mss)
IRS failures go under the radar On Aug. 2, the websitemoney.cnn
AND
see. Apparently, they are more concerned with politics than our dollars.

PC theory is wrong- winners win
Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
~Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss~
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Solar is massively popular- key to Obama’s approval rating
Shahan ’12 (10-9 – Scientific American writer (Zachary, "People Love Solar Power (Even US Republican Voters…)," 10-9-12, planetsave.com/2012/10/09/people-love-solar-power-even-us-republican-voters)
People Love Solar Power (Even US Republican Voters…)
Everyone loves solar. Well, ok, not everyone, but the HUGE majority
AND
37%). Yes%21 And yes, please — give us more solar%21

That’s key to Obama’s capital
Knecht and Weatherford ’6 (International Studies Quarterly, T. Knecht, University of Denver professor, M. S. Weatherford, UC Santabarbra professor, "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: TheStages of Presidential Decision Making")
Presidents consider the potential reactions of the public when making foreign policy decisions for several
AND
current preferences, legislators rarely employ such methods outside of electoral campaigns.’’

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

2ac gas

Their internal link ev concedes European shale htumps
Mead, Professor of Foreign Affairs at Bard, 12
(North American Shale Gas Gives Russia Serious Headache, blogs.the-american-interest.com/wrm/2012/04/25/north-american-shale-gas-gives-russia-serious-headache/)
North America’s shale gas boom is chipping away at the market for gas producers like
AND
market would be a major check on Russian economic growth and political influence.

Gas prices low now
Greenberger, Executive Director of NAATBatt, a trade association of companies in the advanced battery industry,  3-31  ~James, "Game-changing Natural Gas and Energy Storage", http://theenergycollective.com/jim-greenberger/203846/game-changing-natural-gas-and-energy-storage~~
While I do not know Dr. Moniz’s intentions, it certainly does not follow
AND
far more rapidly than renewable energy sources could ever have hoped to do.

Existing solar should’ve triggered the link

Russian gas is doomed now –Russia is losing every key market
Terletsky 1/21
(2013, Is Gazprom losing its market?, http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n1522.html-http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n1522.html, Vladimir Terletsky)

In 2012, Russian gas exports to Europe diminished. The Gazprom Group has not
AND
be able to increase its output by converting methane into liquified natural gas.

Existing solar triggers the link

Domestic shale’s causing exports now – thumps the DA
Goho 1/2/13 (Shaun, "In U.S. the Lure of Export May Further Fuel Natural Gas Boom") http://e360.yale.edu/feature/in_us_the_lure_of_export_may_further_fuel_natural_gas_boom/2605/**
Several years ago, the Hess Corporation’s plan to build a liquefied natural gas (
AND
fuel and other liquids, primarily for use in the U.S. 

No impact to Russian economy
Blackwill, 09 – former associate dean of the Kennedy School of Government and Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning (Robert, RAND, "The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution", http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf, WEA)
Now on to Russia. Again, five years from today. Did the global
AND
are likely to be changed in any serious way by the economic crisis.

The impact’s empirically denied
Stokes, 08 (Bruce Stokes. "Don’t Ignore the Russian Bear." Council on Foreign Relations,  http://www.cfr.org/publication/3225/dont_ignore_the_russian_bear.html-http://www.cfr.org/publication/3225/dont_ignore_the_russian_bear.html)
A little less than a year ago, August 17 to be precise, the
AND
-directed lending, industrial subsidies or government reliance on simply printing money.

EU shale development thumps
Michta, 12 — German Marshall Fund senior transatlantic fellow
(Andrew, Ph.D. from the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, . Rhodes College M. W. Buckman Distinguished Professor of International Studies, former Woodrow Wilson Center Senior Scholar and  George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies National Security Studies professor, "Shale Storm," American Interest, Jan/Feb 2012, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1168, accessed 5-28-12, mss)
Lobbying is only part of the unfolding struggle over the future of unconventional gas in
AND
renewables down the line while also dramatically improving energy security in the meantime.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: 

2ac consumption

Framework – debate should be about the consequences of the plan were it to be done by the federal government – infinite number of assumptions and possible alt actors guts predictability

No prior questions
Owen 2 – David, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

perm do both 

their method prioritizes observations without pragmatic strategy —— continues to re-entrench the squo
Bryant 12 (Levi, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
I must be in a mood today– half irritated, half amused –because
AND
.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alt

vague alts are a voting issue – makes stable offense impossible

There’s always value to life
Frankl (Holocaust Survivor) 46 (Victor Frankl, Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Vienna, Man’s Search for Meaning, 1946, p. 104)
But I did not only talk of the future and the veil which was drawn
AND
to find us suffering proudly—not miserably—knowing how to die.

Alt can’t change consumptive practices
Jackson, 2012 (Tim, Fairly bright guy, Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet, Kindle Locations 2803-2854)
The downshifting movement now has a surprising allegiance across a number of developed economies.
AND
extending this behaviour across society are negligible without changes in the social structure.

Fossil fuel dependence makes democratic and ecological collapse inevitable
Scheer 2 – Former Asst. Prof. of Economics @ Technical Univ. of Stuttgart, Member of German Parliament, General Chairman of the World Council for Renewable Energy, President of EUROSOLAR (Hermann, The Solar Economy: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future, Pg. 60)  
Fossil-fuelled power corporations present more than just an acute environmental danger. Their
AND
do not oppose this development, but are even seeking to advance it.

McClean

Roleplaying is key

McClean ’1 (David E. "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Am. Phil. Conf., www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm-http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion papers/david_mcclean.htm)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty’s Achieving Our
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

K

No shortage and no link – solar doesn’t use REE’s – the DA’s made up by journalists
Elmes 13, Stuart, founder and Chief Executive of Viridian Solar, a company that manufactures solar water heating and solar photovoltaic panels, "Down to Earth – Will Scarce Rare Earths Impact the Solar Industry?," January 12^th, http://www.solarblogger.net/2013/01/down-to-earth-will-scarce-rare-earths.html
So, is it right to worry that the solar industry is built on shaky
AND
suggest we’re going to run out of the raw materials for solar PV. 

1ac - heg and water wars
2ac add-ons:
grid collapse causes nuclear lashout
colonization
oil entanglement
nk prolif