Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge:
1nc
T-in
A. Definitions -
In indicates PLACE
Encarta, 9 (Encarta® World English Dictionary North American Edition © and (P)2009, http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620513) in in CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that something or somebody is within or inside something (prep) The dinner's in the oven. (adv) I stopped by, but you weren't in. Definition: 1. preposition indicates place: indicates that something happens or is situated somewhere He spent a whole year in Russia.
And In Means throughout
Words and Phrases 1904(Judicial and Statutory Definitions of Words and Phrases, Volume 4, pg. 3465) In the act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction “in” their respective counties to her and determine all complaints, etc., the word “in” should be construed to mean “throughout” such counties. Reynolds v. Larkin, 14 Pac. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.
the US consists of the 50 states and DC
US Census Bureau 2000 (http://www.census.gov/geo/www/geo_defn.html#US) UNITED STATES The United States consists of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
CP
Text
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration should:
release sulfate aerosols sufficient to increase Earth’s albedo by two percent, distributed over time, near the tropical upward branch of the stratospheric circulation system,
adjust albedo enhancement as necessary as data becomes available based on the results,
should not stop abruptly without taking into account the effect on carbon sinks, or without the ability to quickly restart if necessary.
and should implement the Reasonable Defense plan.
Counterplan solves warming- natural albedo enhancement and best climate science prove
Ikle, CSIS distinguished scholar, and Wood, Hoover Institute research fellow, 2008
Fred, undersecretary of defense for policy for President Ronald Reagan and director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency for Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, and Lowell, "Climatic Engineering," The National Interest, l/n, accessed 9-6-10, mss
Moreover, climate scientists now warn us we cannot be sure that the envisaged future
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upper stratospheric ozone layer than did the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991.
Prevents sequestration, which solves all military impacts –avoids politics
Nash-Hoff 11/6 (Michele Nash-Hoff, Author of 'Can American Manufacturing be Saved? Why We Should and How We Can', http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michele-nashhoff/lame-duck-congress_b_2084076.html, November 6, 2012)
The clock is ticking -- only 55 more days until sequestration takes effect on Jan
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Budget Control Act would cap defense at about $5.18 trillion.
CIR
CIR will pass – Obama pushing – momentum now.
Sink and Mali 3-25. Justin, Meghashyam, reporters, "Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress" The HIll -- thehill.com/video/administration/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform
Obama said he expects debate on an immigration bill to “begin next month”
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but their work has already received general support from leaders in both parties.
Capital is key to comprehensive bill.
Anniston Star, 3-27 Editorial Board, "On the offensive: Obama is wise to start anew the push for immigration reform," 3-27-13, annistonstar.com/view/full_story/22088295/article-On-the-offensive--Obama-is-wise-to-start-anew-the-push-for-immigration-reform?instance=opinion_lead, accessed 3-28-13, mss
The point: President Obama didn’t fulfill his promise of securing sweeping immigration-reform
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of those discussions until it’s produced,” White House spokesman Josh Earnest said.
Plan’s unpopular
Day 8 (Dwayne A., Program Officer – Space Studies Board of the National Research Council, “Knights in Shining Armor”, The Space Review, 6-9, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1147/1)
If all this is true, why is the space activist community so excited about
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that had no money, produced by an organization that has no clout.
Immigration reform is key to food security
ACIR ‘7 (December 4, 2007 THE AGRICULTURE COALITION FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM
Dear Member of Congress: The Agriculture Coalition for Immigration Reform (ACIR) is
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important reforms that would provide for a stable and legal farm labor force.
Food insecurity sparks World War 3
Calvin ’98 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist – U Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, Vol 281, No. 1, p. 47-64)
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
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longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.
CIR key to economy
Smith 12. Gerry, technology reporter, "Brain Drain: Why We're Driving Immigration Talent Overseas" Huffington Post -- November 5 -- www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/09/immigrant-entrepreneur_n_2077183.html
Stories like his are not unique. They’re also troubling for the U.S
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is because they are struggling to secure visas to remain in the country.
Economic decline causes nuclear war
Merlini 11
Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and
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World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
High skilled workers key to biotech
Mowad 7. Michelle, Doctor, “Cap on Visas for Skilled Foreign Workers Stifling Biotech, Tech”, San Diego Business Journal, 4-23, http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/immigration-law-passports-visas-employment/10582800-1.html
The local biotechnology and technology industries, highly dependent on very highly skilled workers,
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to garner support for reform to make life easier for biotechnology and technology.
Solves extinction
Trewavas 00 Anthony, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology – University of Edinburgh, “GM Is the Best Option We Have”, AgBioWorld, 6-5, http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html
But these are foreign examples; global warming is the problem that requires the UK
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accepting that technological advance may be the only buffer between us and annihilation.
Space Weap
Obama is pursuing space cooperation – US multilateral leadership is creating a framework against weaponization
Huntley, 11 - senior lecturer in the National Security Affairs department at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California (Wade, “The 2011 U.S. National Space Security Policy: Engagement as a Work in Progress”, Disarmament Times, Spring, http://disarm.igc.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=429:the-2011-us-national-space-security-policy-engagement-as-a-work-in-progressandcatid=154:disarmament-times-spring-2011andItemid=2)
As is well understood, the space policies of the Bush administration were decidedly oriented
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by other national priorities, in this case dominated by military security concerns.
This background is essential for appreciating how the space policies of the Obama administration are
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non-state actors in the pursuit of national security space objectives.3
Less broadly noticed was this policy’s clarity and coherence in articulating a vision for U
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prioritization of attention to space policy at higher levels of policy-making.
To some degree, a turn toward multilateral cooperation in U.S. space
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activities is more grounded in deliberate foresight than sailing the prevailing political winds.
The 2011 National Security Space Strategy, released February 4, is best interpreted against
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to implement this strategy, relevant to the preceding observations, include:8
• The strategy presents a full section on “Partnering with Responsible Nations, International Organizations, and Commercial Firms.” This category is not wholly multilateral in the traditional sense, displaying a symbiosis of alliance-building and collective cooperation not always carefully distinguished; i.e., “The United States will lead in building coalitions of like-minded space-faring nations and, where appropriate, work with international institutions to do so.”
• The strategy intends to “encourage responsible behavior in space and lead by the
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concord leads to more formal arms control arrangements in the longer-term.
• The Department of Defense is directed to “foster cooperative SSA relationships,” and to “expand provision of safety of flight services to U.S. Government agencies, other nations, and commercial firms.” Greater SSA information sharing has been a key suggestion for fostering international cooperation; the U.S. possesses globally superior SSA capabilities, but restricts the sharing of this information on the basis of national security concerns.9 Hence, this nominal commitment is significant in its own right.
• The strategy commits to reforming export controls. “In particular, as new
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. The strategy appears to acknowledge this connection and commit to remedy it.
• The most assertive passages of the statement are moderated with community-building intent
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United States is a party, and the inherent right of self defense.”
• The concluding and most conflict-oriented section of the strategy opens by noting
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, however, call for maintaining options to develop complementary space conflict capabilities.
Rather, the strategy asserts that the U.S. “must be prepared to ‘fight through’ a degraded environment,” and identifies “resilience” and “space protection” as the key criteria.
The preceding survey of elements of the 2011 National Security Space Strategy is deliberately selective
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years after Donald Rumsfeld’s notorious warning of a “space Pearl Harbor.”11
The most immediate significance of the National Security Space Strategy is likely the signals its
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over its provisions and its relationship to the Outer Space Treaty have intensified.
These policy movements toward multilateral engagement and commitment to behavioral standards (even if non
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greater international cooperation, but the terms of the debate remain the same.
In sum, the National Security Space Strategy appears to mark not only a swing
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remain to be developed.18 Many devils may lurk in these details.
The plan is perceived as weaponization
Pop, 2k – PhD Student, University of Glasgow Law School (Virgiliu, “SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF NON-TERRESTRIAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION”, http://www.geocities.com/virgiliu_pop/publications/security.pdf)
The SPS system, although not directly aimed at countering strategic ballistic missiles, might
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Use of the SPS for ABM purposes would hence be banned”24.
Nuclear war
Hitchens, 8 – president of the Center for Defense Information (Theresa, “Space Wars - Coming to the Sky Near You?”, Scientific American, February, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=space-wars-coming-to-the-sky-near-you)
Perhaps of even greater concern is that several other nations, including one of China’s regional rivals, India, may feel compelled to seek ¬offensive as well as defensive capabilities in space. The U.S. trade journal Defense News, for instance, quoted unidentified Indian defense officials as stating that their country had already begun developing its own kinetic-energy (nonexplosive, hit-to-kill) and laser-based antisatellite weapons.
If India goes down that path, its archrival Pakistan will probably follow suit. Like India, Pakistan has a well-developed ballistic missile program, including medium-range missiles that could launch an antisatellite system. Even Japan, the third major Asian power, might join such a space race. In June 2007 the National Diet of Japan began considering a bill backed by the current Fukuda government that would permit the development of satellites for “military and national security” purposes.
As for Russia, in the wake of the Chinese test President Vladimir Putin reiterated
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would be hard-pressed to forgo entering an arms race in space.
Given the proliferation of spacefaring entities, proponents of a robust space warfare strategy believe that arming the heavens is inevitable and that it would be best for the U.S. to get there first with firepower. Antisatellite and space-based weapons, they argue, will be necessary not only to defend U.S. military and commercial satellites but also to deny any future adversary the use of space capabilities to enhance the performance of its forces on the battlefield.
Yet any arms race in space would almost inevitably destabilize the balance of power and
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reliably distinguishing an intentional act from an accidental one would be highly problematic.
Hit-to-Kill Interceptors According to assessments by U.S. military
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lasted half a century. The likely alternative would be unacceptable to all.
War in space occurs through miscalculation, risks extinction
Mitchell, et al 1 -Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh
(Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)
A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence
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space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.
Solvency
We have reached a tipping point – space debris is increasing exponentially due to chain reactions and will destroy satellites
Carreau 12/1/11 (Mark Carreau, staff writer at Aviation Weekly, “Orbital Debris Expert Urges Retrieval,” Aerospace Daily and Defense Report, http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=spaceandid=news/asd/2011/12/01/11.xmlandheadline=Orbital%20Debris%20Expert%20Urges%20Retrieval)
Efforts over the past two decades to mitigate the growth through changes in the design
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prevent any one nation from sweeping away the debris from another country’s spacecraft.
plan causes 100,000 launches
Globus 08 (Al Globus, space expert, “On The Moon,” Ad Astra, Spring 2008, http://www.nss.org/adastra/AdAstra-SBSP-2008.pdf)
While it has been suggested that in the long term, space solar power (
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rate. There are two major issues with a very high launch rate.
Extinction
Thomas 06 (William Thomas, Investigative Journalist, 8-7-2006, “Scientist Says Chemtrails, Shuttle Launches Endangering Earth,” Chem Trails, http://www.chemtrails911.com/docs/Space%20Shuttle%20Launch-Ozone%20Layer.htm)
A Canadian atmospheric scientist warns that chemtrails, airliners and shuttle launches are weakening the
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to destroy not only Earth’s protective radiation shielding—but the stratosphere itself.
Makes bird flu inevitable
Harmon 09 (Katherine, News Reporter @ Scientific American “Satellites Used to Predict Infectious Disease Outbreaks,” 8/24, http://www.scientificamerican.com/author.cfm?id=1822)
Rather than searching for weird weather or enemy missiles, some satellites are helping researchers
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track the spread of the flu by estimating where the birds would be.
Extinction
Chandra, 4 — Deputy National Security Advisor of India (Satish, “Global Security: A broader concept for the 21st century”, Center for Strategic Decision Research, 5/7/2004, http://www.csdr.org/2004book/chandra.htm)
This scenario, as frightening as it is, pales in comparison with what could
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space of a few months—a 60 percent mortality rate is estimated.
SPS Fails
Fetter 04—PhD in energy and resources from UC Berkley and professor at the University of Maryland
(Fetter, Steve “Space Solar Power: An Idea Whose Time Will Never Come?”, http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/3992/1/2004-PandS-SSP.pdf , FS)
In summary, SSP could compete with earth-based solar power only if all
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funds for research and development on this concept would be unwise and unwarranted.
demonstration fails
Livingston 2k, - Dr. David M. Livingston, founder of the Mars society, lecturer on space business, doctorate in business administration, 2001 (“$pace: The Final Financial Frontier,” Space Future, Accessed online at http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/space_the_final_financial_frontier.shtml, Accessed on 6/29/11)
Conclusion Financiers pay attention to the bottom line-the payback period and the expected
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. There is much to be done before most NSI development can commence.
SPS is not practical for military applications – the tech not feasible and bases are too small
Jaffe, 10 – U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (1/28/10, Paul, AIP Conference Proceedings, SPACE, PROPULSION and ENERGY SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL FORMUM, “A Study of Defense Applications of Space Solar Power,” Vol. 1208, Is. 1, http://link.aip.org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/link/?APCPCS/1208/585/1)
It was observed that safe power densities for wireless energy transmission may generally restrict military
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a critical undertaking prior to implementing such a system (Johnson, 2008).
Military Operations Scenarios
Specifically regarding military operation scenarios, a number of observations were made. SBSP systems
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military application scenarios from the report are outlined and summarized in Table 1.
Forward Operating Base Power
A Forward Operating Base (FOB) exists to support a small number of reconnaissance and surveillance teams as well as for military power projection ahead of primary forces. As such, the FOB can be anywhere from 50 to 5,000 personnel because it is task-organized and scales accordingly.
Provision of electrical energy to the FOB must be viewed as a necessary commodity. The FOBs tend to be in remote, relatively inaccessible areas, due to both terrain and location of opposing forces (OPFOR). Resupply missions are tradeoffs between the risk of sending in an armed convoy and the risk, and substantial additional costs, of air resupply.
With basic assumptions of 1-3 kW/person at the FOB, generator
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temporarily powering the UOC, but it is inadequate for any larger installation.
Currently, sets of semi-permanent generators are used set some distance away from the Command Operations Center (COC) in order to provide both thermal and noise abatement. Fuel and ammunition (designated the Forward Ammunition and Refueling Point FARP) are likewise separated from the COC and living spaces for safety reasons.
Could SBSP credibly provide power to the FOB? Any replacement for the generators would
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surrounding countryside would likely also benefit from the power transfer – OPFOR included.
The size of the base in question is a critical factor. For microwave power
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posts, and supply depots may or may not be supportable with SBSP.
A point that needs to be clarified is the ultimate purpose of the power delivery
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must be stored for later delivery by another method. Some possible contexts:
Stationary facilities with large amounts of available real-estate – provide large amounts of continuous power to larger facilities. This scenario starts to look and feel like the power grid-type application that is typically posed for SBSP.
Direct delivery to a power storage/conversion facility – charge batteries or convert into other energystorage paradigms (fuels, stored mechanical potential energy, etc.).
Either contextual application is more suitable for a fairly secure area, relatively far away from any action. While potentially extremely useful to the personnel in action, the implementation is very different, and would seem to stretch the definition of “tactical”.
Millimeter-wave or laser delivery systems offer possible advantages as the decrease in wavelength
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of aircraft and vehicle fuel required by such installations (Johnson, 2008).
Power to Individual End Users
The prospect of reducing the need for soldiers and other users to carry numerous and
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to displace the need for them by providing power directly to the soldier.
Direct SBSP power delivery to daily patrols, either individuals or vehicles, seems problematic
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(about 1 W per sq ft) above 1.5 GHz.
Examples of end user consumption:
Radio transmitter: Considerable power needs to be available, for example, to operate a radio – 10’s to 100’s of Watts while transmitting.
Vehicle operation: A typical car only requires 10’s of horsepower to travel at reasonable speeds on a highway (much more when accelerating or traversing rough terrain). 1 HP is approximately 750 Watts, so even a 10 or 20 HP requirement becomes a requirement for 7.5 to 15 kW of power, even before considering the conversion efficiency between electrical and mechanical energy.
The preferred application of power to these problems would require the ability to directly beam energy to each recipient rather than blanketing the area for several reasons:
Only the people / vehicles need the power – a tremendous fraction of power is wasted if it is transmitted everywhere.
Transmitting power everywhere is like providing a natural resource – one’s enemies can also use it, greatly reducing the advantage one gains by developing and implementing the system
At radio frequency (RF) frequencies, it is extraordinarily difficult to directly point
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likely pose a safety hazard to the people in or near the beam.
Based on these statements, direct delivery of energy using microwave power to a final application to small, mobile units is not practically feasible with near-term foreseeable technology. (Johnson, 2008)
No tech – 40 years at best
Day 08 – program officer at the Space Studies Board of the National Research Council in Washington, D.C, American space historian and policy analyst, doctorate degree in political science from The George Washington University1 where he specialized in space policy and management of the national security bureaucracy (Dwayne, “Knights in shining armor,” The Space Review, 6/9, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1147/1)
The NSSO study is remarkably sensible and even-handed and states that we are
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The activists have ignored the message and fallen in love with the messenger.
It causes debris that make space unusable
Sénéchal 7 – Thierry Sénéchal, PhD from Columbia University, 2007, “Space Debris Pollution: A Convention Proposal,” Protocol for a Space Debris Risk and Liability Convention, http://www.pon.org/downloads/ien16.2.Senechal.pdf
The time is right for addressing the problem posed by orbital debris and realizing that
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and the liability it may cause may also poison relations between major powers.
High launch costs
Cox, 11 - retired prosecutor and public interest lawyer, author and political activist (William, “The Race for Space Solar Energy,” 3/26,
http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/26/the-race-for-space-solar-energy
The remaining problem is the expense of lifting equipment and materials into space. The last few flights of the space shuttle this year will cost $20,000 per kilogram of payload to move satellites into orbit and resupply the space station.
It has been estimated that economic viability of space solar energy would require a reduction in the payload cost to less than $200 per kilogram and the total expense, including delivery and assembly in orbit, to less than $3,500 per kilogram.
It’s not cost competitive to earth based solar power
Nelder 09 – Author, journalist, publisher, media talent and expert on energy issues, project manager with technical skills in the solar and software industries, Twelve years as a writer on energy issues. Recognized expert in the broad domain of energy, including oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, marine, and efficiency, wrote two book on peak oil and renewable energy (Chris, April 25th, http://turn.org/article.php?id=850) Jacome
To get an idea of what kind of bang for the buck SBSP might deliver, the Journal quoted a Pentagon report estimating that a 10 megawatt pilot satellite would run about $10 billion, or about $1 million per kilowatt of capacity.
By comparison, an off-the-shelf solar photovoltaic (PV) system
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that is in commercially operation today, not fantasy technology of the future.
A more apt comparison would be concentrating solar power (CSP) plants, which
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will soon be economically competitive with coal-fired and nuclear electrical generation.
Why would anyone be interested in space-based solar power when commercial utility scale solar technology on the ground today costs 0.3% of its price?
Technological efficiencies can’t solve that
Strauss 09 (Stephen Strauss, He won numbers of awards and fellowships as a science writer for the Globe and published three books. October 1, 2009 http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2009/09/30/vp-strauss-space-orbital-solar-power-generators.html)
No market advantage What the telegraph story says to me is that space-based
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fail because external circumstances mean other energy alternatives are more likely to succeed.
Warming
Investment in alternative energy causes OPEC to flood the market.
William Kole, 9/8/2007. Associated Press Writer. “Despite rising prices, OPEC appears to be in no rush to raise its output targets,” NWI Times, http://nwitimes.com/articles/2007/09/08/business/business/doc7e79bb33cb7ec6f28625734f00723bfd.txt.
If you remember what happened in the 1970's (look it up if you don't
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a bunch of junkies on drugs while making as much money as possible.
Saudi would flood the market in response to the plan and crash oil prices
HULBERT ’12 - Lead Analyst at European Energy Review; Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations; Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies (Hulbert, Matthew. “OPEC's Pending Bloodbath”. June 10, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/06/10/opecs-pending-bloodbath/)
That’s unlikely to happen, precisely because Riyadh can bring further pricing pressures to bear
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unless the cartel is absolutely determined to keep pricing itself out of existence.
Oil prices are key to Russian military modernization
BENNETT ‘12 – MA from the University of Chicago; Emory University School of Law (John T. “Oil Prices Fueling Russia's Disruption of U.S. Foreign Policy”. April 04, 2012. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/04/03/oil-prices-fueling-russias-disruption-of-us-foreign-policy)
Russia's return to the fore as a check against America's global whims has escalated in
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an economically weaker Russia would likely pick its spots to block Washington's desires.
Impact is Russian nuclear preemption—modernization key to lower nuclear reliance and Russian threat perception
RENZ AND THORNTON 12 – lectures on international security in the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nottingham (Bettina., Rod. “Russian Military Modernization Cause, Course, and Consequences” Problems of Post-Communism Volume 59, Number 1 / January / February 2012. P 52-54)
The perceived weakness of this triad means that the Kremlin was pleased with the START
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the latter. Hair triggers and tactical nuclear weapons are not comfortable bedfellows.
Turn – Manufacturing leads to increase in emissions
Decker ’08 – Creater of low-tech magazine, freelance journalist (Kris de, 3-20, “The Ugly Side of Solar Panels”, http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/03/the-ugly-side-o.html)
Solar panels don’t come falling out of the sky – they have to be manufactured
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brings about more air pollution, heavy metal emissions and also greenhouse gases.
The Link turn outweighs – we won’t be able to have enough satellites, but the construction wrecks the environment
Globus 08 – Bachelors in information science University of California at Santa Cruz in 1979, worked at NASA Ames Research Center (Al, “On The Moon,” Ad Astra, http://www.nss.org/adastra/AdAstra-SBSP-2008.pdf) Jacome
While it has been suggested that in the long term, space solar power (
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rate. There are two major issues with a very high launch rate.
The cost issue is obvious: the cheapest launches today run thousands of dollars per
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Ford Model-T was far cheaper than the previous generations of automobiles.
The environmental impact of these launches is also a concern. Today there are few
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problems won’t be severe, but the studies conducted so far are inadequate.
And even if they got the required satellites it would take 1000 years to solve
Hempsell 06 – senior lecturer in space technology at the University of Bristol, (Mark, Acta Astronautica, Volume 59, Issue 7, October, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576506001755)
The key contributor to global warming gases is anthropogenic carbon dioxide and its removal from
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to undo the few decades of heavy dependence on energy from fossil fuels.
Can’t solve warming
AP 9 (Associated Press, Six Degree Temperature Rise by 2100 is Inevitable: UNEP, September 24, http://www.speedy-fit.co.uk/index2.php?option=com_contentanddo_pdf=1andid=168)
Earth's temperature is likely to jump six degrees between now and the end of the
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He said seas should rise about a foot every 20 to 25 years.
Warming won’t cause extinction
Barrett ‘7 professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University, (Scott, Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)
First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
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defense, but we would have done much more about it by now.
CO2 isn’t key
Watts ’12 25-year climate reporter, works with weather technology, weather stations, and weather data processing systems in the private sector, 7/25/
(Anthony, http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/25/lindzen-at-sandia-national-labs-climate-models-are-flawed/)
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Richard Lindzen,
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rising, he said temperatures are always fluctuating by tenths of a degree.
Oceans resilient
Kennedy 2 (Victor, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Global Climate Change, http://www.pewclimate.org/projects/marine.cfm)
There is evidence that marine organisms and ecosystems are resilient to environmental change. Steele (1991) hypothesized that the biological components of marine systems are tightly coupled to physical factors, allowing them to respond quickly to rapid environmental change and thus rendering them ecologically adaptable. Some species also have wide genetic variability throughout their range, which may allow for adaptation to climate change.
Warming won’t cause wars
Burns ‘9 (October 25, 2009 Study challenges the idea of global warming wars Former Vice President Al Gore John Burns
Al Gore got a Nobel peace prize, in part, for helping to prevent
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In 2075, south Asia and west Africa may be stable and prosperous.”
Space Radar
Space Radar fails
Day 2007 (Dwayne A, as previously written about the history of space radar programs. See: “Radar Love: The Tortured History of American Space Radar Programs”. See also: “Tinker, Tailor, Radar, Spy: Early American Ferret and Radar Satellites,” Spaceflight, July, 2001, pp288-293. “Letter: solar power satellites and space radar,” Space Review July 23rd http://www.thespacereview.com/article/914/1)
Taylor Dinerman’s article about developing solar power satellites to power space radar satellites (
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challenges than to try and create new ones by pursuing beamed solar power.
Sps interferes with radio astronomy
Masatoshi Ohishi 11 - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (20 Aug. 2011 “Impact to the Radio Astronomy by the Interference caused by the Solar Power Satellite Systems” National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588 Japan, http://ursigass2011.org/abstracts/ursi/CHGBDJK-9.pdf Ajones)
Solar power satellite (SPS) systems generate electricity of about Giga Watts in
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preliminary study to assess interference caused by a SPS to radio astronomy observations.
Radio astronomy key to asteroid detection – key to solve potential impacts.
Irvine et. al. 05 – (2005, edited by William M. Irvine, PhD from Harvard, Professor of Astronomy at University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Esperanza Carrasco, PhD, researcher at INAOE, and Itziar Aretxaga, astronomer, astrophysicist, researcher at INAOE, written by joint panels and published jointly by Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), “Planetary Science and Astrobiology,” in The Large Millimeter Telescope Book, http://www.lmtgtm.org/book/lmtbook.html Ajones)
However, such transmitters for mm wavelengths are now becoming available. With such equipment
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LMT would not need to cease transmitting in order to monitor the echo).
Asteroid impacts cause the extinction of all life—outweighs the aff
Marusek 07 – (James, nuclear physicist and engineer, formerly with the US Navy, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, “Comet and Asteroid Threat Impact Analysis,” http://www.aero.org/conferences/planetarydefense/2007papers/P4-3~-~-Marusek-Paper.pdf ajones)
A deep impact produces two zones of destruction: one at the point-of
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are not random. Rather they occur with regularity in geological time.5
The US is so far ahead that this impact is a joke
Work 9 (Robert, VP of Strategic Studies @ Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, “Strategy for the Long Haul: the US Navy Charting A Course for Tomorrow’s Fleet”, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20090217.The_US_Navy_Charti/R.20090217.The_US_Navy_Charti.pdf)
On August 1, 2008, the TSBF numbered 280 ships of all types (
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seeks to foster and sustain cooperative maritime relationships with more international partners.12
Naval power not key to heg or stability
Goure 10 Daniel, Department of Defense Transition Team, “Can the Case be Made for Naval Power?” Lexington Institute, 2 July 2010, http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/can-the-case-be-made-for-naval-power-?a=1andc=1171
More broadly, it appears that the nature of the security challenges confronting the U
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commerce of other states in jeopardy, seem relatively unimportant in today’s world.
Can’t be deployed effectively
Watts ‘12 (Robert, graduate of the Coast Guard Academy, Captain Watts has served six sea tours with the Navy and Coast Guard, most recently commanding USCGC Steadfast (WMEC 623). A qualified Surface Warfare Officer and Cutterman, he holds advanced degrees from the Naval War College, Old Dominion University, American Military University, and the Naval Postgraduate School, and he is currently a doctoral candidate at the Royal Military College of Canada (War Studies). The New Normalcy-Sea Power and Contingency Operations in the Twenty-First Century, http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/87e866a1-24dd-4e91-9ffa-cb0f64f15144/The-New-Normalcy~-~-Sea-Power-and-Contingency-Operat.aspx, 2012)
The inherent mobility of sea power means largely what it does in the traditional role
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rapid response, and culture and bureaucracy can conspire to encourage just that.
Heg doesn’t solve conflict
Fettweis 10 – Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College (Chris, Georgetown University Press, “Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace” 173-75)
Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when
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global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
No Taiwan war
Rosenberg 9 (David, Professor of Political Science – Middlebury College and Research Fellow at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies – Australian National University, “Dire Straits: Competing Security Priorities in the South China Sea”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-20, http://japanfocus.org/-David-Rosenberg/1773)
There is a curious pattern of accommodation in PRC-Taiwan relations. On
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its most important creditors, suppliers, and markets -- rather than confrontation.
No Russian aggression
Ottens ‘11 (Nick Ottens, editor of the transatlantic news and commentary site the Atlantic Sentinel and contributing analyst for the geostrategic consultancy Wikistrat, “The Myth of Russia’s Resurgence,” August 20 2011, http://atlanticsentinel.com/2011/08/the-myth-of-russias-resurgence/)
Wikistrat‘s Thomas Barnett reminds readers of Russian fears of encirclement in his latest
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from more than two hundred army divisions to less than one hundred brigades.”
Zero risk of Russian nuclear escalation
Graham ‘7 (Thomas Graham, senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007, September 2007, "Russia in Global Affairs” July - September 2007, The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that “
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while laying the basis for more constructive lon-term relations with Russia.
No Korea war – its all posturing and international powers check escalation – history proves
Fisher ‘3-12
Max, the Post's foreign affairs blogger. Before joining the Post, he edited international coverage for TheAtlantic.com, The Washington Post, “ Why North Korea loves to threaten World War III (but probably won’t follow through)”
But is North Korea really an irrational nation on the brink of launching “all
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tantrum, it’s a power dynamic that oddly favors the weak and misbehaving.
US controls 50% of global naval power – no one else is even close
Crisher ’12 (Brian, Florida State University¶ Department of Political Science, 10/23, How Strong Is the U.S. Navy Really?
http://themonkeycage.org/2012/10/23/how-strong-is-the-u-s-navy-really/)
In the last debate, Governor Romney made the claim that the US Navy is
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the U.S. navy is far stronger now than in 1916.
2nc
T
AT: We Meet
Violation - The production of electricity occurs in space – THEN its transferred to stations ‘in the United States’
George Dvorsky (serves as Chair of the IEET (Institute for Emerging Ethics and Technology) Board of Directors and also heads our Rights of Non-Human Persons program) November 2012 “How space-based solar power will solve all our energy needs” http://io9.com/5963955/how-space+based-solar-power-will-solve-all-our-energy-needs
Back in the late 1960s, Peter Glaser proposed the idea of solar powered satellites
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receiving stations on Earth — what would be comprised of massive receiving dishes.
Production of electricity occurs in space – not on the ground – that is simply transmission
The Green Age (alternative energy information organization) no date “Solar Energy from Space” http://www.thegreenage.co.uk/greenfuture/future-power/solar-energy-from-space
Space Based Solar Power captures sunlight in Orbit where it is constant and stronger than
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grid, delivering approx 5-10GW of electrical power to the grid.
Specifically – SPS-ALPHA would consist of simply of tons of photovoltaic cells
George Dvorsky (serves as Chair of the IEET (Institute for Emerging Ethics and Technology) Board of Directors and also heads our Rights of Non-Human Persons program) April 2012 “Beaming Solar Power to Earth with Satellites” http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/dvorsky20120419
There’s no question that we need to seriously consider harvesting the sun’s energy in space
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photovoltaic cells affixed to the backside of the solar power satellite’s large array.
Those PV cells produce electricity DIRECTLY on the satellite - not after it is transmitted to earth
US Department of Energy 2013 “Photovoltaic Cells - electricity from sunlight” http://www.dasolar.com/solar-energy/photovoltaic-cells
What are photovoltaic cells?
Photovoltaic cells produce electricity directly from sunlight. Photovoltaic cells are also called PV cells
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arrays are set on special tracking devices to follow sunlight all day long.
A2 Production Counter Interp
in the United States’ excludes energy produced outside of US airspace
Rense (citing US code under the 14th amendment) February 2008 “McCain Not A US Citizen,
Can't Be President?” http://rense.com/general81/cain.htm
Excerpted from http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/86755.pdf 7 FAM 1116 KEY PHRASES USED IN THE 14th AMENDMENT AND IN LAWS DERIVED FROM IT 7 FAM 1116.1 "In The United States" 7 FAM 1116.1-1 States and Incorporated Territories (TL:CON-64; 11-30-95) a. The phrase "in the United States" as used in the 14th Amendment clearly includes States that have been admitted to the Union. Sections 304 and 305 of the INA provide a basis for citizenship of persons born in Alaska and Hawaii while they were territories of the United States. These sections reflect, to a large extent, prior statutes and judicial decisions which addressed the l4th Amendment citizenship implications of birth in these and other U.S. territories. Guidance on evidence on such births should be sought from CA/OCS. b. Sec. 101(a)(38) INA provides that, for the purposes of the INA, The term "United States",... when used in the geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.In addition, under Pub. L. 94-241, the "approving Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America", (Sec. 506(c)), which took effect on November 3, 1986, the Northern Mariana Islands are treated as part of the United States for the purposes of sections 301 and 308 of the INA. c. All of the aforenamed areas, except Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, came within the definition of "United States" given in the Nationality Act of 1940, which was effective from January 13, 1941 through December 23, 1952. d. Prior to January 13, 1941, there was no statutory definition of "the United States" for citizenship purposes. Thus there were varying interpretations. Guidance should be sought from the Department (CA/OCS) when such issues arise. Here are the exemptions... 7 FAM 1116.1-4 Not Included in the Meaning of "In the United States" (TL:CON-64; 11-30-95) a. A U.S.-registered or documented ship on the high seas or in the exclusive economic zone is not considered to be part of the United States. A child born on such a vessel does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of the place of birth (Lam Mow v. Nagle, 24 F.2d 316 (9th Cir., 1928)). b. A U.S.-registered aircraft outside U.S. airspace is not considered to be part of U.S. territory. A child born on such an aircraft outside U.S. airspace does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of the place of birth.
production is extraction of the resource, consumption is use
Ristinen, professor of physics – University of Colorado, and Kraushaar, professor of physics – University of Colorado, ‘99
(Robert A. and Jack J., Energy and the environment, p. 21)
The history of consumption and product of energy in the United States since 1950 is
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fuel is burned or when energy is put to use by the consumer.
Voter for limits—secondary production is a limitless category
Kim Woodard (Research Assistant at the Resource Systems Institute of the East-West Center, Chairman and CEO of Javelin Investments) 1980 “The International Energy Relations of China” p. 457
Secondary energy production can most easily be defined as the conversion of one energy fuel
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should be taken as a point of reference, not the final word.
Precision—our definition comes prior to their offense
Sara Øvergaard (Senior Executive Officer in the Department on Energy Statistics at Statistics Norway) September 2008 “Issue paper: Definition of primary and secondary energy” http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/londongroup/meeting13/LG13_12a.pdf
The ability to separate primary and secondary energy is important in energy statistics. The
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source, and that the electricity produced from this source is secondary energy.
at: solar affs
inclusion of solar energy is limitless and includes any possible renewable – solar power must occur in the US not energy -- accesses an external precision impact, because conflation of the terms destroys core resolutional meaning – this proves we maintain solar AFF’s on the topic
Sklar, ‘7 founder and president of The Stella Group, Ltd., in Washington, DC, is the Chair of the Steering Committee of the Sustainable Energy Coalition and serves on the Boards of Directors of the Sustainable Buildings Industry Council, the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, and the Renewable Energy Policy Project. The Stella Group, Ltd., a strategic marketing and policy firm for clean distributed energy users and companies using renewable energy (Scott Sklar, 23 October 2007, “What’s the Difference Between Solar Energy and Solar Power?” http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2007/10/whats-the-difference-between-solar-energy-and-solar-power-50358)//CC
Lee, this is a question I get often, and believe it is worth
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moon) are not solar, but we included these technologies as well.
AND, contextual ev proves the “power” portion of the res isn’t done in SPACE, not the US
Ramos 2k – US Air Force Major, Thesis submitted for the AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLL MAXWELL Air Force Base (Kim, “Solar Power Constellations: Implications for the United States Air Force,” April, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA394928)
Another project, which would benefit from integration with a solar power satellite, is a device, which would beam RF power to a particular geographic location to blind or disable any unprotected ground communications, radar, optical, and infrared sensors.30 As with the laser and other directed energy applications, the limiting factor right now is generating enough power in space to energize the RF beam.
Cp
Solvency Run
The counterplan injects sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere to counteract anthropogenic warming- this increases the earth’s reflection of sunlight. Just like carbon warms the planet, sulfates cool it. This solves 100% of the impact- that’s Ikle and Wood- 3 reasons:
- It reflects heat- the counterplan deflects a tiny but significant fraction of light back into space, preventing heating inside the atmostphere.
2. Nature proves- volcanic eruptions inject sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere, causing major cooling.
3. Best science is on our side- the National Academy of Sciences and a Nobel Prize winning climate scientist support geo-engineering through sulfate aerosols.
Counterplan solves warming- natural albedo enhancement and best climate science prove
Ikle, CSIS distinguished scholar, and Wood, Hoover Institute research fellow, 2008
Fred, undersecretary of defense for policy for President Ronald Reagan and director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency for Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, and Lowell, "Climatic Engineering," The National Interest, l/n, accessed 9-6-10, mss
Moreover, climate scientists now warn us we cannot be sure that the envisaged future
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upper stratospheric ozone layer than did the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991.
AND- Specific placement and method ensure solvency with no ecological costs- AND don’t evaluate any of their evidence unless its specific our exact mechanism
Crutzen, National Center of Atmospheric Research director and Nobel Prize-winning chemist, 2006
Paul, "ALBEDO ENHANCEMENT BY STRATOSPHERIC SULFUR INJECTIONS: A CONTRIBUTION TO Resolve a Policy Dilemma," http://www.cogci.dk/news/Crutzen_albedo enhancement_sulfur injections.pdf, accessed 9-3-10, mss
By far the preferred way to resolve the policy makers’ dilemma is to lower the
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modification method is whether it is environmentally safe, without significant side effects.
AND- Geo-engineering buys time
Demuth, American Enterprise Institute president, 2008
Christopher, “Geoengineering: A Revolutionary Approach to Climate Change,” transcription by Matt Struth, http://www.aei.org/events/eventID.1728,filter.all,type.upcoming/event_detail.asp, 6-3-2008, transcribed 2008, accessed 9-6-10, mss
But what geo-engineering does, is it potentially buys us time, several
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and from there, the political problems will fall away, I believe.
That’s key to tech and clean energy- solves the impact
Bailey, Reason Magazine science correspondent, 6-10-2008
Ronald, "An Emergency Cooling System for the Planet," http://reason.com/archives/2008/06/10/an-emergency-cooling-system-fo, accessed 9-6-10, mss
Why consider geoengineering in the first place? As Columbia University economist Jeffrey Sachs wrote
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could give humanity more time to resolve this collective action problem, too.
Even if it’s dangerous we can easily turn it off quickly before any damage is done
Gregory Benford, Contributing Editor and University of California physics professor, November 1997, "Climate Controls," http://www.reason.com/news/show/30433.html
Some geoengineering systems appear possible to deploy now, and at reasonable cost. They
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(glaciation, droughts) and can go into unstable modes, too.
2NC- Sequestration Jacks Hegemony
Sequestration jacks defense
Wright and Allen ‘12 (Austin Wright and Jonathan Allen, “White House: Sequester 'deeply destructive' to defense”, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0912/81224.html, August 14, 2012)
President Barack Obama on Friday detailed how roughly $120 billion in cuts to the
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and reductions in base services for military families,” the president’s aides wrote.
It jacks every internal link
Pellerin ‘12 (Cheryl Pellerin, AFPS Journalist, “Comptroller: Sequestration Would Devastate Defense Spending”, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123319134, September 21, 2012)
9/21/2012 - WASHINGTON (AFPS) -- Sequestration will devastate every
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key part of the debate as we move forward," the general added.
Jacks hard power- kills perception of deterrence- jacks credibility
Singer ‘12 (Peter W. Singer, Peter W. Singer is director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings, “Sequestration and What It Would Do to U.S. Military Power”, http://nation.time.com/2012/09/24/sequestration-and-what-it-would-do-to-u-s-military-power/, September 24, 2012)
In recent months, concerns over sequestration and its impact on the U.S
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screaming to the world that you expect to be weak and “toothless.”
AT Politics
Its popular- the counterplan is spun as a research experiment-
Eilperin ’10 (Juliet Eilperin, Washington Post Staff Writer, “Threat of global warming sparks U.S. interest in geoengineering”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/03/AR2010100303458.html, October 4, 2010)
It's come to this: Climate-conscious policymakers are beginning to contemplate the possibility
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covered by someone telling them to do it, because it's so controversial."
Geoengineering doesn’t link to politics
Bullis ‘9 (Kevin Bullis, Senior Editor, MIT Technology Review, “U.S. Congress Considers Geoengineering”, http://www.technologyreview.com/view/416187/us-congress-considers-geoengineering/, November 6, 2009)
Plans to purposefully re-engineer the world’s climate got their first serious committee hearing
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of geoengineering, someone will go off and do it on their own.
AT: Politics NB
Counterplan avoids politics- the defense plan is bipartisan- no Congressman wants sequestration- that’s Nash-Hoff
Avoids politics
Knight ’12 (Charles Knight, Charles Knight is the co-director of the Project on Defense Alternatives, a think tank which promotes consideration of a broad range of defense options and advocates resetting America’s defense posture along more sustainable, cost-effective lines, “A Smarter Way to Trim the Pentagon Budget”, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/24/a-smarter-way-to-trim-the-pentagon-budget/, August 24, 2012)
With the Afghan war winding down, it's time for a smarter retooling of U
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also provide ample military capacity to protect America and our core commitments abroad.
Avoids politics
PDA ’12 (Project on Defense Alternatives, “ New PDA report outlines a “Reasonable Defense” – Seeks to slim armed forces by 18% and Save $68 billion yearly”, http://pda-updates.blogspot.com/, November 14, 2012)
Washington, D.C., November 14, 2012 – The Project on Defense
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best balance the competing requirements of national security with those of national strength.
Solvo
Debris
SPS is impossible if we reach critical mass
Dunstan, et al, 9 – practices space and technology law at Garvey Schubert Barer. Berin Szoka is a senior fellow at The Progress and Freedom Foundation, a director of the Space Frontier Foundation 9and member of the FAA's Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (James, 17-17, Beware Of Space Junk, http://www.forbes.com/2009/12/17/space-junk-environment-global-opinions-contributors-berin-szoka-james-dunstan.html)
As world leaders meet in Copenhagen to consider drastic carbon emission restrictions that could require
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tipping point" where these collisions will cascade, making many orbits unusable.
Solvo invest
Procurement makes SPS economically feasible and catalyzes investment
NSSO 7 – National Security Space Office, Report to the Director, October 10, 2007, “Space-Based Solar Power As an Opportunity for Strategic Security; Phase 0 Architecture Feasibility Study” http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/final-sbsp-interim-assessment-release-01.pdf
FINDING:The SBSP Study Group found that industry has stated that the #1
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prizes or signaling its willingness to become the anchor customer for the product.
Their aff asks for the impossible
Mankins 12 – John C. Mankins, President of Artemis Innovation Management Solutions LLC
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/new-paradigm-for-space-based-solar.html
Question: How exactly has the technology evolved since the 1970s? ¶ There have
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mass-produced pieces, standard launch systems and robotic assembly in space.
xt – No Tech
No risk of short term solvency – early years will go to research, and development
Fan et al. 11 – M.A. from California Institute of Technology (William, Harold Martin, James Wu, Brian Mok, “Space Based Solar Power: Industry and Technology Assessment”, http://www.pickar.caltech.edu/e103/Final%20Exams/Space%20Based%20Solar%20Power.pdf,) Jacome
The objective is to create a space based solar power system that will be able
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to create a satellite capable of outputting 0.5-1 GigaWatts.
Don’t have the tech in the short term
a.) No energy transmission methods
Fan et al. 11 – M.A. from California Institute of Technology (William, Harold Martin, James Wu, Brian Mok, “Space Based Solar Power: Industry and Technology Assessment”, http://www.pickar.caltech.edu/e103/Final%20Exams/Space%20Based%20Solar%20Power.pdf,)
While hard to estimate, we believe currently that SBSP is not feasible for the
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SBSP, barring any large scale technological disruptions within the next 30 years.
Beam Diversion means it fails
Cowing 2k – is trained as a biologist (M.A. and B.A. degrees) and has a multidisciplinary background with experience and expertise that ranges from spacecraft payload integration and biomedical peer review to freelance writing and website authoring. (Keith, " Congress Gets an Update on Solar Power Satellites", September 7, 2000, http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=210.)
Another concern in earlier SPS studies has been the efficiency with which power is transmitted
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Lasers, however, have far less beam diversion and are very efficient.
Tests proves it fails
Evans 09 – contributor to Gizmag (Paul, Feb 23,“Solar power beamed from space within a decade?”, http://www.gizmag.com/solar-power-space-satellite/11064/)
February 23, 2009 The concept of Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP)
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power over twenty thousand times further than has ever been achieved to date.
b.) Launch infrastructure
Rouge 07 – Bachelor of Science degree in aerospace engineering, University of Southern California, Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering, University of Southern California, Master of Science degree in business administration, Auburn University, Program Management Course, Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Va., Distinguished graduate, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., Executive Program Management Course, Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Va. National Security Space Office, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C. He is responsible for leading a multiagency unit tasked to create unity of effort across all of National Security Space. (Joseph, 10/10, National Space Society, Report to the National Security Space Office, “Space-Based Solar Power As an Opportunity for Strategic Security”, http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/final-sbsp-interim-assessment-release-01.pdf) Jacome
Space Solar Power Satellites are very large structures and require substantially greater lift and in
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GT), and 23.2 million twenty foot equivalent units (TFUs).
c.) Protection Tech – or else radiation destroys the satellites
Taylor 07 – Chief of the Space and International Law Division at Headquarters United States Air Force Space Command; B.A, Berry College; J.D. University of Georgia; LL.M. (Air and Space Law), McGill University (Michael W. “Trashing the Solar System One Planet at a Time: Earth’s Orbital Debris Problem,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, Fall, 2007, Gale)
Without Earth's atmosphere to protect them, satellites are exposed to the full force
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. n19 The Van Allen radiation belts significantly limit the operation of satellites.
d.) No chemical efficiency, mass production methods, or orbiting platforms
Wegeng and Mankins 07 – Pacific Northwest National Laboratory AND Artemis Innovation Management Solutions (Rovbert and John, December 5, 2009, Mankins, “Space power systems: Producing transportation (and other chemical) fuels as an alternative to electricity generation,” ScienceDirect)
5.1. Technology development issues The technologies that are needed in order to
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as the launch systems that would place hardware in orbit at reasonable costs.
Prefer our claims, they wildly exaggerate the feasibility and are disconnected from actual expert opinion
Day 09 - program officer at the Space Studies Board of the National Research Council in Washington, D.C, American space historian and policy analyst, doctorate degree in political science from The George Washington University1 where he specialized in space policy and management of the national security bureaucracy (Dwayne, “Space fetishism: space activism’s obsession with technological and ideological saviors,” 12/21, The Space Review, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1534/1)
You don’t have to spend much time at space activist conferences or reading the comments
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that when you idealize your hammer, you look for things to pound.
Technology fetishism
With only a little bit of effort, it would be possible to produce a
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some activists believe, and most problems in the world will be solved.
But there are a multitude of other technological “solutions” fetishized within the space
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and “small = good” and therefore “really small = better.”
Perhaps the biggest fetishized technology category concerns propulsion. There are many different groups offering
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superficial connection to space, such as Polywell fusion and liquid salt reactors.
Now many of these technologies have some merit, and there is justification for spreading some development money around in order to see which ones can bear fruit. These technologies are not inherently invalid or stupid, but their enthusiastic advocates often dramatically overstate their utility, and ignore political or economic reality. Quite often, they are advocates talking to themselves, and failing to convince anybody outside of space activist circles.
Go to a conference on energy development, or read magazines and journals on energy
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a solution, the conference attendees would toss you out as a crank.
But more to the point, many of these technologies have limited respectability even within
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a magic technological capability that they reflexively applied to a proposed Mars mission.
Similarly, many of these technologies will require so much time, effort and money
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payoff is great, they’ll be willing to work on it for decades.
Its fantasy – the tech does not exist
Nelder 09 – Author, journalist, publisher, media talent and expert on energy issues, project manager with technical skills in the solar and software industries, Twelve years as a writer on energy issues. Recognized expert in the broad domain of energy, including oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, marine, and efficiency, wrote two book on peak oil and renewable energy (Chris, April 25th, http://turn.org/article.php?id=850)
Wild Claims And Hard Realities Then there are all the other niggling questions about how
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par with existing ground-based solar technology. Three, if it ever
gets off the ground, it will be plagued with technical problems, and in a post-fossil fuel world, it will become impossible to maintain. Four, the net energy of the whole project will be ridiculously low, and the energy payback period on it will be measured in decades.
A2 sat
Debris removal tech needs at least 5-10 years in development.
Ansdell 2010 Megan Ansdell is a second year graduate student in the Master in International Science and Technology Policy program at the George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, where she focuses on space policy., “Active Space Debris Removal: Needs, Implications, and Recommendations for Today’s Geopolitical Environment”, http://www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2010/Space-Debris-Removal.pdf, pg. 15
There are substantial technical, economic, political, and legal barriers to developing,
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size, take five to ten years to plan, develop, and launch
Solar storms can be deflected and change direction
NASA Science News – 10, “Solar Storms can Change Directions, Surprising Forecasters” 9/21/10, http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/21sep_zigzag/
"This really surprised us," says co-author Peter Gallagher of Trinity College
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Byrne, a graduate student at the Trinity Center for High Performance Computing.
Exts – Costs
Costs debate
a.) Launch Costs
Launch costs alone prevent successful development even if the technology works
Brown 09 - author focused on political, economic, and military strategy for the medium of space (Trevor, June 1, The Space Review, “SSP: a spherical architecture,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1383/1)
As SSP advocates are painfully aware, the high expense of launching numerous payloads into
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enormous, making it very difficult to compete in the broader energy marketplace.
Accordingly, SSP has been criticized for requiring large numbers of breakthroughs to become feasible. It has long been held that before a critical mass of interest from the private sector can be forthcoming there must be drastic improvements in space transportation, on-orbit construction techniques, and power transmission capabilities. The common wisdom has traditionally been that these developments must be attained before SSP can become commercially viable and competitively brought to energy markets en masse.
Lack of reusable launch system means solvency is doomed – plan can’t solve
Nansen 10-- led the Boeing engineers in the Satellite Power System Concept Development and Evaluation Program for the Department of Energy and NASA, and President Solar Space Industries (Winter 2010, Richard, Online Journal of Space Communication, “Low Cost Access to Space is Key to Solar Power Satellite Deployment”, Issue No. 16, http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue16/nansen.html )
The barrier to their development is still the lack of a low-cost space
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compatible with those of a commercial development program such as Solar Power Satellites.
SBSP not ready - launch and manufacturing infrastructure
Rouge 07 – *this is the NSSO article, Bachelor of Science degree in aerospace engineering, University of Southern California, Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering, University of Southern California, Master of Science degree in business administration, Auburn University, Program Management Course, Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Va., Distinguished graduate, Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., Executive Program Management Course, Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Va. National Security Space Office, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C. He is responsible for leading a multiagency unit tasked to create unity of effort across all of National Security Space. (Joseph, 10/10, National Space Society, Report to the National Security Space Office, “Space-Based Solar Power As an Opportunity for Strategic Security”, http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/final-sbsp-interim-assessment-release-01.pdf) Jacome
FINDING: The SBSP Study Group found that the nation’s existing EELV based space logistics
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or the operation of terrestrial launch sites in the interior of the country.
b.) Maintenance Costs
Ditto 08 - Fellow, NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (Thomas, reader comments on “Harvest the Sun — From Space”, 7/23, http://community.nytimes.com/article/comments/2008/07/23/opinion/23smith.html?permid=73#comment73)
O. Glenn Smith doesn't address the costs and complexity of maintaining solar panel farms
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worked at geostationary orbit where the transmission to fixed earth stations makes sense.
c.) Transportation Costs
Mankins 6 - Artemis Innovation Management Solutions LLC (22 December 2006, “New directions for space solar power,” ScienceDirect)
5.2. Space transportation Very low cost access to space, including transportation
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deal with long transit times and poor utilization of the fixed transport capacity.
Exts – Military Application Fails
We don’t have the tech – we would need to construct receivers 3 kilometers long
Desanti et al. 11 – Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology (2011, Brendan Desanti, Nicholas Picon, Carlos Rios, Shaan Shah, Narayanan Komerath,
Daniel Guggenheim – all students at the Georgia Institute of Technology, “A US-INDIA POWER EXCHANGE TOWARDS A SPACE POWER GRID,” http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/2011-US-IndiaPowerExchange.pdf)
The 1979 NASA/DOE studies concluded 4 that SSP was technically feasible
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per watt, putting them out of competition except for very special applications.
Exts – Launch Infrastructure
Also need a method to launch that we don’t have
Fan et al. 11 – M.A. from California Institute of Technology (William, Harold Martin, James Wu, Brian Mok, “Space Based Solar Power: Industry and Technology Assessment”, http://www.pickar.caltech.edu/e103/Final%20Exams/Space%20Based%20Solar%20Power.pdf,)
Right now, SPSP is not viable as a mainstream source of energy. In
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sunlight from reaching the Earth, increasing the efficiency gains from using SBSP.
Warming
SPS alone can’t cover the world’s energy needs – won’t create a complete shift
Mankins, 2007, October 12, 2007 (John C., former manager of NASA’s Advanced Concepts Studies Office of Space Flight 10-12-07, “Leading Scientists and Thinkers on Energy,” from an interview with Mankins conducted by David Houle, an analyst who advises companies on new developing technology, http://www.evolutionshift.com/blog/2007/10/12/leading-scientists-and-thinkers-on-energy-–-john-c-mankins/ )
Mankins: Solar power satellites will be very, very large. Of course,
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truly vast amount of renewable energy that is needed to support human civilization.
SPS can’t compete with other energy
David Boswell, 2004, speaker at the 1991 ISDC, International Space Development Conference, August 30, 2004, (The Space Review, Whatever happened to solar power satellites?, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/214/1)
Competing with other options Even if a solar power system was built and launched there would still be the economic problem of producing electricity at a cost that is comparable to other options. Government subsidies can help get this new industry on its feet but it will need to compete in the market in order to survive. This is a challenge for all emerging renewable energy solutions.
Can’t convert the energy
Donald Rapp, former professor, Fellow of the American Physical Society, and independent contractor for NASA, 2/18/07, “Assessment of Concepts for Utilizing Lunar Resources”, http://home.earthlink.net/~drdrapp/Space.solar.power.pdf,
Several technologies could be employed for converting electric power to microwave power. All of
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elements, and very-low-cost mass production of these elements.
Water Power Solves
Loose 11 Verne W. Loose works for Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration January 2011, http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/corporatedocuments/sectorpages/pdu/hydropower/Role%20of%20Hydropower%20in%20Existing%20Markets.pdf
The electrical power industry is facing the prospect of integrating a significant addition of variable
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, and production cost simulations aimed at quantifying the increased role of hydro.
a/t: Spillover – Mountainbrook
They don’t solve spillover – their author recommends actions – they do none of them – here are three separate quotes from their author
Kammen 7 – Professor of Public Policy @ UC Berkeley, (Daniel, "Green Jobs Created by Global Warming Initiative," September 25th, http://www.unep.org/civil_society/GCSF9/pdfs/karmen-senate.pdf) Jacome
Raise Clean Energy Research, Development, and Deployment Spending to Reasonable Levels
Provide Research Support Jointly to the Departments of Energy and Agriculture, and the Environmental Protection Agency to Study a Federal Low Carbon Fuel Standard
Build Jobs Across Socioeconomic Groups – the Green Jobs Program in the U. S. and Overseas
Now don’t buy any of their ‘logical’ claims – the aff and their card are radically different – they just demonstrate the feasibility of a power system – we’ve done that with every single renewable technology to date – that doesn’t equate to creating the thousands of clean jobs their evidence is talking about
Default negative – even if you think their analysis is logical – they need evidence indicates that china or ANY other country perceives the plan as a sufficient expansion of the united states renewable commitment – this is equivalent to us reading a disad and asserting a link – if it is missing, they need evidence
Prefer our evidence – it at least talks about the aff - more necessary analysis
Exts – Environment Turn
The launch emissions cause a gap in the ozone
Howard, 9 – chapter head of the National Space Society (1/30, George, “A Position Paper on Space Solar Power Satellite Technology”, National Space Society—Heart of America, http://www.nssheartofamerica.org/sspskc.html)
Each carrier vehicle with a 100 ton payload would be about the size of an
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. The affected area will vary based on the fuels and oxidizers used.
That turns warming
Thomas 6 – Investigative Journalist (William, 8-7, “Scientist Says Chemtrails, Shuttle Launches Endangering Earth,” Chem Trails, http://www.chemtrails911.com/docs/Space%20Shuttle%20Launch-Ozone%20Layer.htm)
Onboard a plant that is mostly seawater, the microscopic plants that underpin all life
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. Independent Jan 19/06; Guardian Apr 27/05
Independently leads to extinction
Thomas 6 – Investigative Journalist (William, 8-7, “Scientist Says Chemtrails, Shuttle Launches Endangering Earth,” Chem Trails, http://www.chemtrails911.com/docs/Space%20Shuttle%20Launch-Ozone%20Layer.htm)
A Canadian atmospheric scientist warns that chemtrails, airliners and shuttle launches are weakening the
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to tap into resources beyond those of the Earth. There have been some
Also turns case, space becomes unusable
Foust 9 – editor and publisher of The Space Review (Jeff, 6-15, “Space and (or versus) the environment,” The Space Review, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1395/1)
In an op-ed in last week’s issue of Space News, Ross urged
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effects data, the risk of idiosyncratic and overly restrictive regulation is high.”
Radar
Timeframe too long
Day 2007 (Dwayne A, as previously written about the history of space radar programs. See: “Radar Love: The Tortured History of American Space Radar Programs”. See also: “Tinker, Tailor, Radar, Spy: Early American Ferret and Radar Satellites,” Spaceflight, July, 2001, pp288-293. “Letter: solar power satellites and space radar,” Space Review July 23rd http://www.thespacereview.com/article/914/1)
The article also states that an initial test satellite could be launched immediately and an
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technology yet, and it therefore seems prudent to walk before we skip.
Too many alt causes to the space radar – solar power is miniscule
Day 7 (Dwayne, July 23rd, 2007 American Space Historian and Policy Analyst, Investigation Board for the Columbia Accident, The Space Review, “Letter: Solar Power Satellites and Space Radar”)
Taylor Dinerman’s article about developing solar power satellites to power space radar satellites (
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challenges than to try and create new ones by pursuing beamed solar power.
The cost is prohibitive – SPS is irrelevant
Day 7 (Dwayne, July 23rd, 2007 American Space Historian and Policy Analyst, Investigation Board for the Columbia Accident, The Space Review, “Letter: Solar Power Satellites and Space Radar”)
Finally, it is worth noting that Space Radar has experienced significant programmatic upheaval in
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CBO report is fascinating reading and recommended for anybody interested in the subject.
Difficulties with imagery distribution limit usefulness of radar
Taylor Dinerman, 3-28-2005, The Space Review, “Space Based Radar: the dilemma,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/344/1
One source claims that intelligence analysts find it very difficult to deal with the data
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these are the sorts of questions that Congress is asking behind closed doors.
1nr
CIR
Overview
Reform controls the internal link to the economy – more jobs, innovation, and market demand.
Krudy 13. Edward, correspondent, "Analysis: Immigration reform could boost U.S. economic growth" Reuters -- January 29 -- www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/29/us-usa-economyimmigration-idUSBRE90S06R20130129
The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
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points to the economic growth rate, currently stuck at about 2 percent.
Obama’s reform bill solves STEM workers.
Migration Expert 1-22-13. www.migrationexpert.com/visa/us_immigration_news/2013/Jan/0/679/obama_calls_for_u.s._highly_skilled_immigration_reform
The freshly reelected President Barack Obama in his inaugural address on January 21, 2013
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it difficult to fill positions because most applicants don't have the requisite skills.
Turns the internal links for the Aff – any space ventures are impossible without immigratnts
Pollack, 5 (Susan W., Ms. Pollack graduated as a member of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces class of 2005. Some of her assignments prior to attending ICAF include contracts specialist at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command and deputy director of the acquisition support cadre at the Missile Defense Agency. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree in international rela¬tions from Saint Joseph’s University and has completed the Advanced Program Management Course at the Defense Systems Management College., THE FUTURE OF OUR NATION’S SPACE INDUSTRY WORKFORCE, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA449454andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
“The harsh fact is that the US need for the highest quality human capital
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gets taught within the Earth science curriculum in the grades K-9.
Turns Navy
Council on Competitiveness 9. “Mobilizing a World Class Energy Workforce” December -- http://www.compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/CoC_-_Pillar_6_Handout_-_Mobilizing_a_World-Class_Energy_Workforce,_Dec09.pdf
America currently lacks an energy workforce of sufficient size and capabilities to meet the needs
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working closely with educational institutions as ¶ well as within their own organizations.
Immigration key to clean tech – turns warming.
Herman and Smith ‘10 (Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard
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, “Why Immigrants Can Drive the Green Economy,” Immigation Policy Center)
Raymond Spencer, an Australian-born entrepreneur based in Chicago, has a window
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that the current system is broken, and that action is required now.
Immigration reform solves cybersecurity preparedness
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, “U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force”, 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
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going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
That deters and solves the impact to cyberattacks
Saydjari 8 (O. Sami, Cyber Defense Agency, LLC, “Structuring for Strategic Cyber Defense: A Cyber Manhattan Project Blueprint”, 2008 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, http://www.acsac.org/2008/program /keynotes/saydjari.pdf)
As a step toward a security research plan that includes such capabilities, we should
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infrastructures. Currently, adversaries can attack critical systems without investing substantial resources.
External from their no war args- causes extinction
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, “Hacking Nuclear Command
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of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.
Solves US-India relations --- builds trade relationships
LA Times 12, 11/9/2012 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)
"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
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see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.
Relations are k2 solve every major impact, including US primacy in Asia, China rise, and Asian instability
Armitage et al 10. Richard is the President of Armitage International and former Deputy Secretary of State. R. Nicholas Burns is a Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and International Politics, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Richard Fontaine is the President of the Center for New American Security. “Natural Allies: A Blueprint for the Future of U.S.-India Relations,” October, Center for New American Security, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Burns%20-%20Natural%20Allies.pdf
A strengthened U.S.-India strategic partnership is thus imperative in this new
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transform a series of bilateral achievements into a lasting regional and global partnership.
Global nuclear war
Landay 00. (Jonathon, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent with 15 Years of Experience for Knight Ridder, “Top administration officials warn stakes for US are high in Asian conflicts,” March 11th, Lexis)
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
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no institutionalized security mechanism in place. There are elements for potential disaster."
high skilled workers key to defense industrial base.
Guay 7. Terrence, Clinical Assistant Professor of International Business at The Smeal College of Business, The Pennsylvania State University, where he teaches international business and the business environment of Europe, “GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE” Strategic Studies Institute -- http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB756.pdf
Globalization has impacted labor, too. Highly skilled workers are sought by technology and
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to the mobility of companies, globalization gradually is leveling this playing field.
That deters war with China and Russia and solves terrorism
Watts 8. Barry D, Senior Fellow @ The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments “The US Defense Industrial Base, Past, Present and Future,” CBA, http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/PubLibrary/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In/R.20081015._The_US_Defense_In.pdf
Since the 1950s, the US defense industrial base has been a source of long
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term advantage in the decades ahead as it has been since the 1950s.
AT: Won’t Pass
Will pass – bipart momentum
Xinhua 3-26-13. "Obama pushes Congress to put forward immigration bill next month" -- news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-03/26/c_124501794.htm
Bipartisan groups in both the House and Senate are moving closer to finalize their separate
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for the group' s plan, calling it "a pretty responsible solution."
It’ll pass by July.
Sheets 3-22. Connor Adams, reporter, "Immigration Reform Bill Suddenly Close: What Made Republicans Change Their Minds?" International Business Times -- www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763#
But immigration reform is turning out to be one area of policy where action is
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and a consensus about what to include in the bill is taking shape.
Obama push key.
Foley 3-25. Elise, reporter, "Obama On Immigration Reform: 'We've Got To Finish The Job'" Huffington Post -- www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/25/obama-immigration-reform_n_2949063.html
President Barack Obama said Monday that he wants to see movement in the Senate on
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has before, said this is the time to finally pass immigration reform.
Top of the docket – Obama has the GOP on board.
AFP 3-27. Agence France-Presse, "Obama expects Senate immigration bill next month" -- www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/03/27/obama-expects-senate-immigration-bill-next-month/
US President Barack Obama said Wednesday that he expected the Senate would start debating comprehensive
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to better secure US borders and the introduction of an employee verification program.
AT: Budget
Key framing issue for all thumpers – not card one on any of these thumpers preceding immigration – you have to win that to be relevant or not trade-off
Stop gap means no fight – immigration top of the docket.
Lawder 3-23. David, journalist, "Senate narrowly passes first budget in four years" Reuters -- www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/24/us-usa-fiscal-budget-idUSBRE92M02D20130324
Passage of a stop-gap government funding measure on Thursday lowered the temperature in
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work on simplifying the tax code, which is particularly important to Republicans.
AT: Guns
Obama not touching gun control.
Mendte 3/26. Larry, “Mendte: President Obama And Gun Control” KPLR News -- http://kplr11.com/2013/03/26/mendte-president-obama-and-gun-control/
NEW YORK, NY. (KPLR) – The nation is divided over gun
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obvious that there wasn`t the will or the votes in congress.
AT: Perez
GOP won’t fight Perez confirmation.
Turner 3-25. Douglas, News Washington Correspondent, "GOP unlikely to fight Perez's confirmation" Buffalo News -- www.buffalonews.com/Article/20130325/OPINION/130329681
GOP unlikely to fight Perez's confirmation In nominating Thomas Perez for secretary of labor,
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, look for the GOP to mount a structured, even muted opposition.
AT: XO Solves
Obama won’t do major immigration changes through XOs
Krikorian 12. Mark, executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, "The president's unconstitutional DREAM amnesty gets rolling" Center for Immigration Studies -- cis.org/OpedsandArticles/DREAM-Amnesty-Begins-Krikorian-National-Review
The president knows what he’s doing is unconstitutional. We don’t have to read his
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, I can go and do these things. It’s just not true.
XO can’t solve the impact
Ben Winograd, Immigration Impact, 8/15/12, Busting Myths About Deferred Action , immigrationimpact.com/2012/08/15/busting-myths-about-deferred-action/
Myth: Deferred action is “amnesty.” As we explained on Monday, deferred
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not in job competition with the vast majority of native-born workers.
AT: Military Shields
Plan has to go through Congress
TAYLOR 2011 Hunter - staff writer, "The part of Congress where money bills originate", http://www.ehow.com/facts_5200647_part-congress-money-bills-originate.html ttate
Voters often complain that either not enough money or too much money is spent on a national level. Congress controls how the money is spent. Appropriation bills, also known as "money bills," originate from the House of Representatives. An appropriation is an act of a legislature authorizing money to be paid from the Treasury for a specified use.
Military spending causes backlash – energy supercharges the link.
Gholz 12. Eugene, PhD, Associate Professor of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, senior advisor to the deputy assistant secretary of defense for manufacturing and industrial base policy, “The dynamics of military innovation and the prospects for defense-led energy innovation” in Energy Innovation at the Department of Defense: Assessing the Opportunities, White Paper – March -- http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Energy%20Innovation%20at%20DoD.pdf
The old saw that the Army would rather plan ¶ than fight may be an
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up-front cost of installing efficient or ¶ experimental energy technologies.¶ 96
The military installations ¶ that attract the most innovative spending are the installations ¶ where
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a ¶ low priority somewhere in the mix of desiderata in the budget.
Military energy debates are divisive and cause larger energy debates—-zero risk of a link turn even if the plan saves money
Snider 12
(E%26E reporter, 1/16, "Pentagon still can’t define ’energy security,’ much less achieve it," http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/16/1-http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2012/01/16/1)
But this is not a good time to be requesting money at the Pentagon.¶
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petroleum, but in the end they acquiesced, leaving the ban intact.
GOP frames energy shifts as forcing additional spending cuts in other areas
Davenport 12. Coral, energy reporter, "Obama Faces Tough Challenge in Virginia Over Energy" National Journal -- July 13 -- http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/obama-faces-tough-challenge-in-virginia-over-energy-20120713
But even here, Republicans – including the Romney campaign – have criticized Navy contracts to purchase biofuels that are more expensive than traditional fuels as the Pentagon prepares for spending cuts.¶ Speaking on Thursday to reporters on behalf of the Romney campaign, Former Navy Secretary John Lehman said, “If the president wants the taxpayer to subsidize alternative fuels, it shouldn’t be done on the Navy’s back.”
Media spin ensures military energy innovation incentives drawn into hyper partisan climate debate – regardless of political support
Nisbet 10. Matthew, Prof Comm @ American U, “Eye on 2012: A Post-Partisan Plan to Engage the Public on Climate Change” November 3 --¶ http://bigthink.com/age-of-engagement/eye-on-2012-a-post-partisan-plan-to-engage-the-public-on-climate-change?page=1
A number of promising climate policy proposals have emerged over the past several months.
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-serving by rallying the base, selling copy, and avoiding complexity.
Link Wall
Plan’s unpopular – zero Congressional support for SPS – it’s too expensive and tied to unpopular military space programs – that’s Day
No political will to pay for the plan
Boswell 4 David, was a speaker at the 1991 International Space Development Conference, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/214/1 (Andrew Giovanny Alvarado)
Another barrier is that launching anything into space costs a lot of money. A
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or more forms of direct or indirect government intervention in the capital market.”
Congress perceives power issues
Dinerman 7 Taylor, well-known and respected space writer regarding military and civilian space activities, part-time consultant for the US Defense Department., wrote a science textbook, "Solar power satellites and space radar," 7-16, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/910/1
One of the great showstoppers for the Space Radar (SR) program, formerly
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on a bipartisan basis, has been extremely reluctant to fund this program.
Fossil fuel lobbies will backlash
Glaser, 08 - aerospace engineer, vice president at Arthur D. Little, consulting on consulting projects in aerospace, solar energy, and materials science (Peter, Ad Astra, Interview, “An energy pioneer looks back”, Spring, http://www.nss.org/adastra/AdAstra-SBSP-2008.pdf) DH
Ad Astra: In light of the growing demand for dwindling hydrocarbons and the dangerous increases of greenhouse gases, do you think that the world is now primed to seriously consider space-based power systems?
Glaser: No, because people can still get gas for their cars too easily
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reasons for our representatives in Congress to reject limitless energy from the sun.
This internal outweighs
Preble, 06 - President of the Space Solar Power Institute (Darel, “Introduction to the motion to the National Space Society Board of Directors,” 12/15, http://www.sspi.gatech.edu/sunsatcorpfaq.pdf)
Changing our nation and our world’s baseload energy generation sources to introduce SSP is a
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website also. You can’t make an omelet without breaking a few eggs.
Congress opposes – no launch industry
Arnold, 06 - systems architect and engineer, recently focusing on energy systems and controls, at Silverthorn Engineering (Roger, comments posted to article: “NASA - Wrong mission for the right stuff,” http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=1285)
Having worked at Boeing in the '70s and hung out with the guys who did
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energy program would be a lot more credible, and easier to sell.
The only way solar power satellites are likely to get built is if a viable
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. It certainly can't happen as long as NASA is blocking the road.
We have empirics on our side
Nansen, 95 - led the Boeing team of engineers in the Satellite Power System Concept Development and Evaluation Program for the Department of Energy and NASA, and President Solar Space Industries (Ralph, Sun Power,
http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/sunpower/sunpower02.html)
The time finally arrived when the DOE/NASA contracts were completed and we all
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system should not be developed and that the potential benefits were very promising.
There should have been a great festive atmosphere of triumph, for the results of
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. America and the world would suffer the consequences for years to come.
Lobbyists empirically block the plan
John Gartner 06.22.04 Wired Magazine, “NASA Spaces on Energy Solution”
www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/06/63913
Neville Marzwell, advanced concepts innovation technology manager at NASA, spent five years researching
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political pressure, causing the program to be scrapped, according to Marzwell.
AT: No Spillover
This is a Neg card – says that budget and sequester don’t poison the well on THOSE SPECIFIC issues – proves thumpers don’t take out the DA
Spillover is real – Obama is intimately involved in dealmaking
Schier 10 – Congdon professor of political science at Carleton College and author of the award-winning "Panorama of a Presidency: How George W. Bush Acquired and Spent His Political Capital" (Steven E, 2/11. “Obama can learn from predecessors,” Politico.com, Lexis.)
Unlike Bush, Obama pushes a vast agenda, reflecting his campaign pledge to do
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this in his first year, and his popularity suffered as a result.
Second – Obama’s style guarantees spillover – party lines don’t stay strict
Reardon 9 – Professor, USC Marshall School of Business (Kathleen, 3/24. “What to Do Before the Hope Bubble Bursts.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kathleen-reardon/what-to-do-before-the-hop_b_178737.html)
Barack Obama, despite the massive problems he faces, is a popular president. Some of it may be the honeymoon of the first one hundred days, though these weeks have hardly deserved the term. It may be his infectious smile and determination and his tendency to come to us rather than to stay within the beltway hunkering down as many Republicans want him to do.
A good part of it may be that hope still lingers. On 60 Minutes
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don't want to now believe or admit that they might have been wrong.
AT: Infrastructure
Immigration reform on top of agenda – will pass – no thumpers.
Berger 3-4. Judson, journalist, "Recurring budget crises could put squeeze on Obama's second-term priorities" Fox News -- www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/04/recurring-budget-crises-could-put-squeeze-on-obama-second-term-priorities/
Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill., a vocal advocate for immigration reform
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work on gun control before the Senate Judiciary Committee last week was postponed.
This is about agency controversy backlashing vs Obama – not controversy in Congress – zero spillover
Doesn’t say top of agenda
AT: Taxes
There’s not even a bill.
Bernstein 3-27. Jonathan, political scientist and WaPo columnist, "Is tax reform the new “repeal and replace”?" Washington Post -- www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2013/03/27/is-tax-reform-the-new-repeal-and-replace/
We’re now one month out from the House Republican announcement that they were reserving H
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Means Committee has this year continued a series of hearings on tax reform.
AT: Capital Not Key/Winners Win
(Read Yellow)
Doesn’t say PC irrelevant just says it’s complex-evaluate our specific arguments
Hirsch ’13 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss
The point is not that “political capital” is a meaningless term. Often
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increasingly avoid any concessions that make him (and the Democrats) stronger.
Depends on picking the right issues --- links prove the plan is wrong
Hirsch ’13 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss
And then there are the presidents who get the politics, and the issues,
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policy is a good idea,” as the party suffers in the polls.
Capital’s key to comprehensive legislation – breaking it up kills the bill
Helderman and Nakamura 1/25, Rosalind S. Helderman covers Congress and politics for the Washington Post, staff writer for The Washington Post “Senators nearing agreement on broad immigration reform proposal,” 1/25, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/senators-nearing-agreement-on-broad-immigration-reform-proposal/2013/01/25/950fb78a-6642-11e2-9e1b-07db1d2ccd5b_story.html
But obstacles abound. For instance, Rubio has said he thinks immigrants who came
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for them to step up and engage and act together with the president.”
Obama toeing the line with Congress now – capital key to keep pressure on without politicizing the issue – plan causes Obama to overreach derailing reform.
Shear 2-16. Michael, reporter, "The White House Continues Working on Immigration Legislation of Its Own" New York Times -- www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/us/politics/white-house-moves-ahead-on-its-own-immigration-bill.html?_r=0
Mr. Obama’s administration has been working on immigration legislation for years. But the
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one thing. If it starts slipping three months, that’s a problem.”
Bargaining chips are independently limited and key
Bernstein 11. 8/20 - Jonathan Bernstein is a political scientist who writes about American politics, especially the presidency, Congress, parties and elections, http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/08/20/bernstein_presidential_power/index.html
Moreover, the positions of the president and most everyone else are, to look
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and where and how to use the various bargaining chips that are available.
Can’t build capital fast enough – even if it’s about presidential self-perception.
Gura 12. David, reporter, "A balance sheet of political capital" Marketplace -- November 7 -- www.marketplace.org/topics/elections/campaign-trail/balance-sheet-political-capital
Political capital can be very valuable. It gives a politician a sense that the
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really risky asset. A politician can spend more than he actually has.
Energy policies overload the agenda.
Mann 9 Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at Brookings
(Thomas E., “From Campaigning to Governing: Politics and Policymaking in the New Obama Administration”)
New presidents who get off to a good start almost always have agenda control.
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bill contained very generous allocations for health technology, renewable energy and education.
And energy policy is a no win issue.
Light 99 Paulette Goddard Professor of Public Service, New York University; Founding Director, Brookings Center for Public Service; Senior Adviser, National Commission on the Public Service; Senior Adviser, Brookings Presidential Appointee Initiative
(Paul C., “The President’s Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Clinton”, 3rd Edition, p. 34)
In the final chapter, I will take a deeper look at recent changes which
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be. It might look similar, but the relationships have all changed.
Can’t get a win
Matthew Daly and Dina Cappiello 12, AP, “Republicans, Democrats at odds on energy issues”, June 13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20120613/us-energy-poll-politics/
Republicans and Democrats seem to be living on different planets when it comes to how
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education programs aimed at consumers and allowing more drilling for oil and gas.
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