Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should allow for proliferation resistant commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing for nuclear power generation.

The President of the United States should issue a Presidential Decision Directive to the Department of Energy that alters its existing restrictions on domestic commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing for nuclear power generation to allow for nuclear utilities to utilize proliferation resistant reprocessing techniques.

Proliferation Advantage

Nuke Advantage (A) [1]

First, the impacts—

We’re at the tipping point of nuclear proliferation—further proliferation will degrade into global nuclear war

Rosenbaum ‘11 (Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, “How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III,” March 2nd, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)

And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and

AND

multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age.

Nuke Advantage (A) [2]

And, proliferation is much easier and faster now—this is explicitly due to new fuel cycle tech

Heisbourg 4-4-12 [François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171andrtid=2]

Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era

AND

non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

Nuke Advantage (A) [3]

And, domino theory is true—empirics prove

Kroenig 5-26-12 [Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2]

Further proliferation. Nuclear proliferation poses an additional threat to international peace and security because

AND

, giving us all good reason to fear the spread of nuclear weapons.

Nuke Advantage (A) [4]

Prolif causes nuclear war in the short-term—motivates first strikes and creates use or lose pressures

Kroenig 5-26-12 (Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2)

The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and

AND

that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Nuke Advantage (A) [5]

Deterrence is flawed in a highly proliferated world—uncertainty and overconfidence guarantee breakdowns

Gartzke ’10 (Erik, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Iowa, associate professor of political science at UC San Diego, “Nuclear Proliferation Dynamics and Conventional Conflict,” May 1, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~egartzke/papers/nuketime_05032010.pdf)

A third possibility is that uncertainty about nuclear weapons status increases the hazard of militarized

AND

Once demands are made, underestimation can lead to bargaining failures and warfare.

Nuke Advantage (A) [6]

And, accidental nuclear war is likely—even rational leaders will lose control of the escalation ladder

Kroenig 5-26-12 [Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2]

The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems

AND

war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

Nuke advantage (A) [7]

And, proliferation makes nuclear terrorism more likely—it’s easier for states to transfer and for terrorists to steal

Kroenig 5-26-12 (Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2)

Nuclear terrorism. The spread of nuclear weapons also increases the risk of nuclear terrorism

AND

in authority forced us to worry about the fate of Iran’s nuclear arsenal.

Nuke Advantage (A) [8]

That independently causes miscalc and great power nuclear wars

Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a

AND

of pressure on them, what conclusions might it then draw about their culpability

Nuke Advantage (A) [9]

Contention 1: Proliferation

DOE stopped commercial reprocessing

WNA 12 – World Nuclear Association, international organization that represents the global nuclear industry

(International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation, (formerly Global Nuclear Energy Partnership), April 2012, http://www.world nuclear.org/info/inf117_international_framework_nuclear_energy_cooperation.html)

A significant setback for the US leadership of GNEP was related to funding by Congress

AND

which was the primary focus of the prior Administration's domestic GNEP program."4

Nuke Advantage (A) [10]

And, other countries have filled the void—the U.S. has been reduced to irrelevance on questions of the fuel cycle

Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin

(Gary Rasp, “Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste”, Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)

Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for

AND

recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

Nuke Advantage (A) [11]

We’ll isolate three internal links

Subpoint A is Fuel Leasing

Lack of U.S. reprocessing undermines the credibility of future fuel leasing offers

Bengelsdorf et al 07

[HAROLD BENGELSDORF, currently a Principal with the consulting firm of Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, held numerous senior positions in the U.S. government, including the Energy Department and its predecessor agencies, the State Department, and the U.S. Mission to the IAEA. Among his appointments, he served as the director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs. Throughout his career, Mr. Bengelsdorf contributed significantly to the development and implementation of U.S. international fuel cycle and nonproliferation policies, having participated in several White House and National Security Council studies, He was involved in the negotiation of numerous bilateral and multilateral nuclear and nonproliferation agreements, including the development of full-scope IAEA safeguards (INFCIRC/153) to implement the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). He retired from government service in 1982. FRED MCGOLDRICK, currently a Principal with the consulting firm of Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, has been involved in the field of nuclear nonproliferation and international nuclear cooperation for over 25 years. From 1973 until 1982, he served in the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies where he played a major part in formulating and implementing U.S. nonproliferation and international nuclear fuel cycle policy. In 1982, Dr. McGoldrick joined the U.S. State Department where he negotiated peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements with China, the European Atomic Energy Agency, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland, Argentina and Brazil. He also played a key role in U.S. policy to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons in countries in South Asia, Latin America, South Africa and the Middle East. He participated in developing and implementing U.S. policy toward the NPT and the fissile material cutoff treaty. Dr. McGoldrick also served as Minister Counselor in the U.S. Mission to the IAEA. He retired from the State Department in 1998. MICHAEL SCHWARTZ is a Principal with the Washington, D.C. based consulting firm of Energy Resources International, Inc., which he cofounded in 1989. Mr. Schwartz has provided consulting services to electric utility companies, suppliers, industry associations and governments on an international basis since the mid 1970s. His areas of involvement have included market analyses for all components of the nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium supply, conversion services, uranium enrichment 30services, fuel fabrication, and spent fuel storage and disposal. In each of these areas, Mr. Schwartz has provided a broad range of assistance to his clients in policy formulation, strategic planning, commercial and economic evaluation, and technical analyses. In the course of these activities he has also performed viability assessments and due diligence reviews of major fuel supply companies. Mr. Schwartz has supported applicants in both federal and state regulatory hearings associated with matters such as the need for new uranium enrichment facilities and at-reactor spent fuel storage, THE U.S. DOMESTIC CIVIL NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY, American Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness, May 2007, http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf]

During the late 1970s the U.S. made a notable change in its

AND

could be a valuable tool for discouraging the spread of sensitive nuclear technologies.

Nuke Advantage (A) [12]

Fuel leasing is critical to the credibility of U.S. nonproliferation objectives

Bengelsdorf et al 07

(HAROLD BENGELSDORF, currently a Principal with the consulting firm of Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, held numerous senior positions in the U.S. government, including the Energy Department and its predecessor agencies, the State Department, and the U.S. Mission to the IAEA. Among his appointments, he served as the director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, THE U.S. DOMESTIC CIVIL NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY, American Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness, May 2007, http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf)

In this connection, one the of the most severe challenges facing the nonproliferation regime

AND

initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.

Nuke Advantage (A) [13]

Subpoint B is Verification

IAEA verification lacks capacity detecting dual-use—fuel cycle is key

CFR ’12

(Council on Foreign Relations, “The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime”, 7-5-2012, http://www.cfr.org/proliferation/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984#p2)

Some analysts note that the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which guarantees states' rights

AND

how such a development could affect regional security dynamics in the Middle East.

Nuke Advantage (A) [14]

Using proliferation-resistant reprocessing allows the U.S. to get a foot in the market of advanced reprocessing

Lagus 05

(Todd P. Lagus, WISE Intern, “Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Policy Analysis”, WISE Journal, ASME, 8-4-2005, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2005/Lagus.pdf)

Instead of sitting back and watching other nations practice reprocessing in ways which the U

AND

the United States to detect those who fail to comply with the treaty.

Nuke Advantage (A) [15]

And, transitioning to new advanced fuel cycle technology would solve verification difficulties

Carlson ‘9 – director general of the Australian Safeguards and Non-proliferation Office

(John Carlson, “New Verification Challenges”, research paper has been commissioned by the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, 6-4-2009)

The verification challenges for the FMCT are expected to be: having to implement verification

AND

verification; • establishing a reliable capability for detecting undeclared fissile material production.

Nuke Advantage (A) [16]

Subpoint C is Fuel Cycle Competitiveness

Failure to reprocess has caused the U.S. to become uncompetitive with other nuclear suppliers

Klein 11 – vice chancellor for research at the University of Texas

(Dale Klein, Ph.D., is associate vice chancellor for research at the University of Texas System and Associate Director of the Energy Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. He was a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission from 2006-2010 and served as its chairman from 2006-2009, “Nuclear Reprocessing: Waste not, want not”, The Energy Collective, 3-10-2011, http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/53270/waste-not-want-not)

Stubborn resistance to the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, driven by some long-

AND

not do with their nuclear waste when we refuse to take action ourselves?

Nuke Advantage (A) [17]

That crushes nonproliferation influence—U.S. power in the market is key to the development of norms in dual-use ENR tech

American Nuclear Society 12

(“ANS adopts position statement on U.S. global nuclear leadership through export-driven engagement”, 7-2-2012, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/nuclear-fuel-cycle/spent-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing/)

ANS believes the U.S. should remain committed to facilitating an expansion of

AND

and responsive to the needs of the U.S. nuclear industry.

Nuke Advantage (A) [18]

And, there’s no risk of turns—reprocessing can only help nonproliferation objectives

Lee 10

(Nathan R. Lee, WISE Intern and B.S.E. in Materials Science and Engineering from UPenn, Sustainability Of U.S. Nuclear Energy: Waste Management And The Question Of Reprocessing American Nuclear Society, 2010, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2010/NathanLeeWISE2010.pdf)

No matter how much some nuclear energy proponents might play down the dual purpose of

AND

-time monitoring of material flows to detect and prevent proliferation attempts. 40

Waste Advantage

Waste Advantage [1]

Utilities currently store waste in interim storage on site - The ban on reprocessing forces them

Alvarez ‘11 – former DOE Secretary

(Robert Alvarez, former secretary in the DOE, “Spent Nuclear Fuel Pools in the U.S.: Reducing the Deadly Risks of Storage”, Institute for Policy Studies, May 2011)

This tragic event is casting a spotlight on the spent fuel pools at U.

AND

fuel... This has become a fact of life for nuclear power stations.”

Waste Advantage [2]

U.S. spent fuel pools are a unique risk for mass radiation leaks due to poor protection

Alvarez ‘11 – former DOE Secretary

(Robert Alvarez, former secretary in the DOE, “Spent Nuclear Fuel Pools in the U.S.: Reducing the Deadly Risks of Storage”, Institute for Policy Studies, May 2011)

Nearly 40 percent of the radioactivity in U.S. spent fuel is cesium

AND

proper containment and several have large cavities beneath them which could exacerbate leakage.

Waste Advantage [3]

Two internal links—

Subpoint A is Earthquakes

An accident is likely now—the majority of U.S. spent fuel pools are in earthquake zones

Alvarez ‘11 – former DOE Secretary

(Robert Alvarez, former secretary in the DOE, “Spent Nuclear Fuel Pools in the U.S.: Reducing the Deadly Risks of Storage”, Institute for Policy Studies, May 2011)

There are 104 U.S. commercial nuclear reactors operating at 64 sites in

AND

. nuclear reactors — nearly half of them — are in earthquake zones.

Waste Advantage [4]

Timeframe is fast—there’d be no time to contain a U.S. waste spill due to an earthquake

Dutzik ‘11

[Tony Dutzik, “What Are the Risks Posed by Spent Fuel Pools in the United States?”, Frontier Group, 3-17-2011, http://www.frontiergroup.org/blogs/blog/fg/what-are-risks-posed-spent-fuel-pools-united-states]

The risks of radiation releases from the loss of coolant from spent fuel pools are

AND

the simplifications assumed for the loss-of-pool-coolant scenario.”

Waste Advantage [5]

Subpoint B is Terrorism

Terrorists have multiple means to cause a spent fuel pool fire

Zhang ‘3 – senior research associate at INESAP

[Hui Zhang, Senior Research Associate, “Radiological Terrorism: Sabotage of Spent Fuel Pools”, INESAP: International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation, issue 22, pages 75-78, 2003]

Until today, no accident or sabotage happened to cause the release of radioactivity from

AND

engine could penetrate and drain a spent fuel storage pool. [15]

Waste Advantage [6]

And, it’s highly likely—spent fuel pools are the largest U.S. security vulnerability

Hargreaves ’11

(Steve, “Nuclear waste: America's 'biggest security threat'”, CNN Money, 4-1-2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/04/01/news/economy/nuclear_waste/index.htm)

NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- In the United States, 63,000 tons

AND

pools are designed to prevent radiation leaks, not to stop a missile.

Waste Advantage [7]

Reprocessing reduces toxic quantity of nuclear waste

Lee 10

(Nathan R. Lee, WISE Intern and B.S.E. in Materials Science and Engineering from UPenn, Sustainability Of U.S. Nuclear Energy: Waste Management And The Question Of Reprocessing American Nuclear Society, 2010, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2010/NathanLeeWISE2010.pdf)

In the long term, one begins to see the true benefits of the recycling

AND

.3 to 5.4 and thereby further reducing repository demand. 36

Waste Advantage [8]

Allowing reprocessing increases the chance for a long-term geological repository

Jenkins-Smith et al ‘12

(Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Carol L. Silva, Kerry G. Herron, Sarah R. Trousset, and Rob P. Rechard, “Enhancing the Acceptability and Credibility of a Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel”, National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies, The Bridge on Managing Nuclear Waste, Summer 2012, Volume 42, Number 2, http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/59220/59232.aspx)

The effects of combining a repository with a reprocessing facility are shown in Table 2

AND

), thus attaching resource value to SNF, prospects for public acceptance improve.

Waste Advantage [9]

Reprocessing nuclear fuel reduces the size of geological repositories needed—it can double the capacity

Dennis et al ‘9

[Kate J. Dennis, Jason Rugolo, Lee T. Murray, and Justin Parrella, PhD candidate at Harvard in Engineering and Earth/Planetary Sciences, “The case for reprocessing”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2009]

Reprocessing saves valuable repository space. For long-term geologic storage, reductions in

AND

can effectively double the capacity of a Yucca Mountain-sized permanent repository.

Waste Advantage [10]

Massive ionizing radiation release causes extinction—it’s a linear risk

Bertell ‘00

(Dr. Rosalie Bertell, American physician and epidemiologist and winner of several awards, including the Hans-Adalbert-Schweigart-Medal (1983), Right Livelihood Award (1986) World Federalist Peace Award, Ontario Premier's Council on Health, Health Innovator Award, the United Nations Environment Programme Global 500 award, and the Sean MacBride International Peace Prize[3] “Part One: The Problem: Nuclear Radiation and its Biological Effects”, No Immediate Danger, Prognosis for a Radioactive Earth, The Book Publishing Company, 2000)

In 1964 Hermann Müller published a paper, `Radiation and Heredity', spelling out

AND

a process leads to selective genocide of families or species suicide.[19].

Waste Advantage [11]

Environmental impact of a nuclear war

Ayala ‘3

(Leah Ayala, “Nuclear Power Companies the Department of Energy: A Legal Remedy Magnifying Nuclear Ends”, Nevada Law Journal, Winter 2002, LexisNexis)

A very small amount of nuclear waste can be disastrous. If an amount of

AND

activist and member of the San Luis Obispo County Nuclear Waste Management Committee).

Waste Advantage [12]

The fallout would spread well beyond the U.S.

Science Daily ‘12

[“Severe Nuclear Reactor Accidents Likely Every 10 to 20 Years, European Study Suggests”, 5-22-2012, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm]

Subsequently, the researchers determined the geographic distribution of radioactive gases and particles around a

AND

that reactor accidents are likely to cause radioactive contamination well beyond national borders.

Waste Advatnage [13]

U.S. nuclear spent fuel storage is worse than Japan—has four times the quantity of spent fuel

Klump and Lee ‘11

[Edward Klump and Mike Lee, “Atomic Fuel Stored At U.S. Plants Poses Risks Similar To Japan Facilities”, Bloomberg, 3-18-2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-19/atomic-fuel-stored-at-u-s-plants-poses-risks-similar-to-japan-facilities.html]

U.S. nuclear power plants that store thousands of metric tons of spent

AND

2009 after 20 years of planning and a cost of $9 billion.

Solvency

Solvency [1]

Allowing proliferation-resistant reprocessing technology re-engages the U.S. in international discussions

ANS ‘11

(American Nuclear Society “American Nuclear Society Issue Paper on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy”, 2011, http://www2.ans.org/pi/ip/pdfs/nonproliferation.pdf)

U.S. nonproliferation policy is set forth in Presidential Decision Directive-13

AND

nonproliferation policy, it is necessary to enable effective implementation of that policy.

Solvency [2]

Fed key – needs to send the market signal

Duarte ‘11

(Gary J. Duarte, “US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing”, U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)

To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive

AND

success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

Solvency [3]

Finally, certainty in government regulatory environments is critical to reprocessing

Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy

(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability”, University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)

The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.

AND

how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 and 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The President of the United States should issue a Presidential Decision Directive to amend Clinton Administration Presidential Decision Directive 13 to allow commercial pyroprocessing of commercial spent nuclear fuel in the United States on the basis that it is distinct from conventional reprocessing due to its proliferation resistance.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1-3-5 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

DOE stopped commercial reprocessing

WNA 12 – World Nuclear Association, international organization that represents the global nuclear industry

(International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation, (formerly Global Nuclear Energy Partnership), April 2012, http://www.world nuclear.org/info/inf117_international_framework_nuclear_energy_cooperation.html)

A significant setback for the US leadership of GNEP was related to funding by Congress

AND

which was the primary focus of the prior Administration~’s domestic GNEP program."4

===Proliferation (B) ~~2~~===

Other countries have filled the void ——— we lost reprocessing leadership

Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin

(Gary Rasp, "Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste", Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)

Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for

AND

recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

===Proliferation (B) ~~3~~===

We~’ll isolate three internal links

Subpoint A is Fuel Leasing

Plan solves credibility and capacity of future fuel leasing offers

Bengelsdorf et al 07

~~HAROLD BENGELSDORF, currently a Principal with the consulting firm of Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, held numerous senior positions in the U.S. government, including the Energy Department and its predecessor agencies, the State Department, and the U.S. Mission to the IAEA. Among his appointments, he served as the director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs. Throughout his career, Mr. Bengelsdorf contributed significantly to the development and implementation of U.S. international fuel cycle and nonproliferation policies, having participated in several White House and National Security Council studies, He was involved in the negotiation of numerous bilateral and multilateral nuclear and nonproliferation agreements, including the development of full-scope IAEA safeguards (INFCIRC/153)  to implement the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). He retired from government service in 1982. FRED MCGOLDRICK, currently a Principal with the consulting firm of Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, has been involved in the field of nuclear nonproliferation and international nuclear cooperation for over 25 years. From 1973 until 1982, he served in the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies where he played a major part in formulating and implementing U.S. nonproliferation and international nuclear fuel cycle policy. In 1982, Dr. McGoldrick joined the U.S. State Department where he negotiated peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements with China, the European Atomic Energy Agency, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland, Argentina and Brazil. He also played a key role in U.S. policy to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons in countries in South Asia, Latin America, South Africa and the Middle East. He participated in developing and implementing U.S. policy toward the NPT and the fissile material cutoff treaty. Dr. McGoldrick also served as Minister Counselor in the U.S. Mission to the IAEA. He retired from the State Department in 1998. MICHAEL SCHWARTZ is  a Principal with the Washington, D.C. based consulting firm of Energy Resources  International, Inc., which he cofounded in 1989.  Mr. Schwartz has provided consulting services to electric utility companies, suppliers, industry associations and governments on an international basis since the mid 1970s.  His areas of involvement have included market analyses for all components of the nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium supply, conversion services, uranium enrichment 30services, fuel fabrication, and spent fuel storage and disposal.  In each of these areas, Mr. Schwartz has provided a broad range of assistance to his clients in policy formulation, strategic planning, commercial and economic evaluation, and technical analyses.  In the course of these activities he has also performed viability assessments and due diligence reviews of major fuel supply companies.  Mr. Schwartz has supported applicants in both federal and state regulatory hearings associated with matters such as the need for new uranium enrichment facilities and at-reactor spent fuel storage, THE U.S. DOMESTIC CIVIL NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY, American Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness, May 2007, ~http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf-http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf~~

During the late 1970s the U.S. made a notable change in its

AND

could be a valuable tool for discouraging the spread of sensitive nuclear technologies.

===Proliferation (B) ~~4~~===

Fuel leasing is critical to the credibility of U.S. nonproliferation objectives

Bengelsdorf et al 07

(HAROLD BENGELSDORF, currently a Principal with the consulting firm of Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, held numerous senior positions in the U.S. government, including the Energy Department and its predecessor agencies, the State Department, and the U.S. Mission to the IAEA. Among his appointments, he served as the director of both key State and Energy Department offices that are concerned with international nuclear and nonproliferation affairs, THE U.S. DOMESTIC CIVIL NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY, American Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness, May 2007, http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf)

In this connection, one the of the most severe challenges facing the nonproliferation regime

AND

initiatives designed to discourage the spread of sensitive nuclear facilities to other countries.

===Proliferation (B) ~~5~~===

Subpoint B is Verification

IAEA lacks verification capacity detecting dual-use technology ——- fuel cycle key

CFR ~’12

(Council on Foreign Relations, "The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime", 7-5-2012, http://www.cfr.org/proliferation/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984~~%23p2)

Some analysts note that the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which guarantees states~’ rights

AND

how such a development could affect regional security dynamics in the Middle East.

===Proliferation (B) ~~6~~===

Plan gets the US~’s foot in the market ——- prolif-resistant reprocessing key

Lagus 05

(Todd P. Lagus, WISE Intern, "Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Policy Analysis", WISE Journal, ASME, 8-4-2005, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2005/Lagus.pdf)

Instead of sitting back and watching other nations practice reprocessing in ways which the U

AND

the United States to detect those who fail to comply with the treaty.

===Proliferation (B) ~~7~~===

New fuel tech solves verification difficulties

Carlson ~’9 – director general of the Australian Safeguards and Non-proliferation Office

(John Carlson, "New Verification Challenges", research paper has been commissioned by the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, 6-4-2009)

The verification challenges for the FMCT are expected to be: having to implement verification

AND

verification; • establishing a reliable capability for detecting undeclared fissile material production.

===Proliferation (B) ~~8~~===

Subpoint C is Fuel Cycle Competitiveness

US lost fuel cycle competitiveness —— plan solves this —— reprocessing key

Klein 11 – vice chancellor for research at the University of Texas

(Dale Klein, Ph.D., is associate vice chancellor for research at the University of Texas System and Associate Director of the Energy Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. He was a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission from 2006-2010 and served as its chairman from 2006-2009, "Nuclear Reprocessing: Waste not, want not", The Energy Collective, 3-10-2011, http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/53270/waste-not-want-not)

Stubborn resistance to the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel, driven by some long-

AND

not do with their nuclear waste when we refuse to take action ourselves?

===Proliferation (B) ~~9~~===

Key to solve proliferation—U.S. power in the market solves ENR prolif norms

ANS 12

("ANS adopts position statement on U.S. global nuclear leadership through export-driven engagement", 7-2-2012, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/nuclear-fuel-cycle/spent-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing/)

ANS believes the U.S. should remain committed to facilitating an expansion of

AND

and responsive to the needs of  the U.S. nuclear industry.

===Proliferation (B) ~~10~~===

And, there~’s no risk of turns—reprocessing can only help nonproliferation objectives

Lee 10

(Nathan R. Lee, WISE Intern and B.S.E. in Materials Science %26 Engineering from UPenn, Sustainability Of U.S. Nuclear Energy: Waste Management And The Question Of Reprocessing American Nuclear Society, 2010, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2010/NathanLeeWISE2010.pdf)

No matter how much some nuclear energy proponents might play down the dual purpose of

AND

-time monitoring of material flows to detect and prevent proliferation attempts. 40

===Proliferation (B) ~~11~~===

We~’re at the tipping point of global nuclear proliferation – global nuclear war

Rosenbaum ~’11 (Ron, journalist, graduated Yale~’s English Literature Graduate Program, "How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III," March 2^^nd^^, ~http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III-http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)

And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and

AND

multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age.

===Proliferation (B) ~~12~~===

Prolif is easier and faster ——- plan solves——— new fuel cycle tech key

Heisbourg 4-4-12 ~~François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, "How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171%26rtid=2~~

Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era

AND

non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

===Proliferation (B) ~~13~~===

Prolif causes nuclear war in the short-term—motivates first strikes and creates use or lose pressures

Kroenig 5-26-12 (Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense~’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" ~http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2)

The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and

AND

that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

===Proliferation (B) ~~14~~===

Accidental nuclear war is likely—even rational leaders will lose control of the escalation ladder

Kroenig 5-26-12 ~~Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense~’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" ~http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2~~

The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems

AND

war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

===Proliferation (B) ~~15~~===

Prolif makes nuclear terrorism more likely—states can transfer and terrorists can steal

Kroenig 5-26-12 (Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense~’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" ~http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2)

Nuclear terrorism. The spread of nuclear weapons also increases the risk of nuclear terrorism

AND

in authority forced us to worry about the fate of Iran~’s nuclear arsenal.

===Proliferation (B) ~~16~~===

That independently causes miscalc and great power nuclear wars

Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a

AND

pressure on them, what conclusions might it then draw about their culpability.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1-3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

===SK Advantage (B) ~~1~~===

====Contention ____: South Korea====

SK can~’t pyroprocess because of the nuclear agreement

Pomper et al ~’10 – Senior Research Associate at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (Miles, Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress, Stephanie Lieggi, and Lawrence Scheinman, Nuclear Power and Spent Fuel in East Asia: Balancing Energy, Politics and Nonproliferation, The Asia-Pacific Journal, 25-2-10, http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/nuclear-power-and-spent-fuel-in-east-asia-balancing-energy-politics-and-nonproliferation/)

ROK is limited by pre-existing agreements with the United States about what it

AND

)— the Obama Administration has been explicit in its doubts about the techniques.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~2~~===

They~’re going to push for pyroprocessing in negotiations

Kane et al. ~’11 – scholars with the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies

(Chen Kane, Stephanie C. Lieggi, and Miles A. Pomper, Going global: issues facing South Korea as an Emerging Nuclear Exporter, KEIA, 2011, http://www.keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/jukas_2011-05_kane_lieggi_pomper.pdf)

Pyroprocessing treats spent fuel to remove its extremely radioactive but relatively short-lived beta

AND

may be considered separately after completion of the joint study (Hwang 2010).

===SK Advantage (B) ~~3~~===

====Negotiations will fail now—Obama considers pyroprocessing as reprocessing====

NTI ~’11 – non-profit nonproliferation group

(The Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization with a mission to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and to work to build the trust, transparency, and security that are preconditions to the ultimate fulfillment of the Non-Proliferation Treaty~’s goals and ambitions, "U.S. Sees Pyroprocessing as Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: Official", 4-5-2011, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-sees-pyroprocessing-as-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing-official/)

A senior U.S. State Department official last week said the Obama administration

AND

as any extracted weapon-usable plutonium would remain combined with other materials.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~4~~===

Plan solves alliance – 3 internal links

Subpoint A is Hypocrisy

SK perceives discrimination —— we let other countries reprocess

Goldrick ~’12 – expert in nuclear nonproliferation and international nuclear policy

(Fredrick, a partner in Bengelsdorf, McGoldrick, and Associates, LLC and has held senior positions in the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of State, "Nuclear nonproliferation", The U.S. South Korea Alliance: Meeting New Security Challenges, 2012, Lynne-Rienner Publishers, pg. 90-91)

The ROK will press the United States hard for advance, long-term consent

AND

peninsula is a region that is no more politically unstable than South Asia.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~5~~===

Subpoint B is Nuclear Sovereigny

Negotiations will be a test case. Only the Aff solves —- impact is Korean nationalists will take over

Sheen ~’11 – assistant professor at Seoul National University

(Seongho, was an assistant research professor at Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS), Honolulu, Hawaii, and a research fellow at Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (IFPA), "Nuclear Sovereignty versus Nuclear Security: Renewing the ROK-U.S. Atomic Energy Agreement", The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol. 23, No. 2, June 2011, 273–288)

The most important challenge for Washington and Seoul is to prevent the issue from becoming

AND

" nuclear option until the complete resolution of North Korea~’s nuclear issue. 40

===SK Advantage (B) ~~6~~===

Subpoint C is Distrust—US reluctance makes SK distrust

Lee ~’12 – senior fellow at the Institute for Peace and Cooperation in Seoul

(Byong-Chul, "US Must Rethink Stance on Korea Nuke Pact", Asia Sentinel, 6-12-2012, http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content%26task=view%26id=4586%26Itemid=395)

The US administration, however, is trying to dissuade South Korea from producing its

AND

. This is about the fundamental question: What is America to us? 

===SK Advantage (B) ~~7~~===

Alliance credibility key to deterring NK conflict

McDevitt ~’11 – vice president and director of the CNA Strategic Studies

(Michael McDevitt, "Deterring North Korean Provocations", Brookings Institution, February 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/02/north-korea-mcdevitt)

Since the Armistice that ended the fighting in Korea in 1953, the U.

AND

necessary for a credible deterrent, capability and political will, are met.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~8~~===

Perception key———the weaker the signal of alliance strength, the greater the emboldenment

BAE AND KU ~’10 – Jung-Ho Bae is director of the Center for International Relations Studies at KINU; M.A. and a Ph. D. in Political Science from University of Tokyo; AND*** Jae H. Ku is director of USKI at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies; Ph. D. from the Johns Hopkins School (Bae, Jung Ho. Jae H. Ku."Nuclear Security 2012". December, 2010. ~http://www.kinu.or.kr/upload/neoboard/DATA05/ns2012-e.pdf-http://www.kinu.or.kr/upload/neoboard/DATA05/ns2012-e.pdf)

North Korean nuclear weapon possession has been the primary issue of the ROK-U

AND

2006, and conducted its second nuclear weapons test in May 2009. 1

===SK Advantage (B) ~~9~~===

The chance for escalation is high—North Korea will provoke South Korea to test its new leadership

Cha ~’12- professor at Georgetown University; senior advisor and Korea chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies

(Cha, Victor D. "Kim Jong Un Is No Reformer". August 21, 2012. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/21/kim_jong_un_is_no_reformer)

Let me be blunt: The North Korean regime will not change because Little Kim

AND

-minded Kim trying to usurp power from the hard-line military.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~10~~===

Korean war goes nuclear—extinction

Hayes and Green ~’10 – Victoria University and Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute

(Peter and Michael, "-"The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia", 1/5, http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)

The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments

AND

threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~11~~===

Alliance solves cooperative Asian regionalism and a peaceful Chinese rise

Twining ~’10 – Senior Fellow for Asia at the German Marshall Fund of the United States

(Daniel, Strengthening the U.S.-Korea Alliance for the 21st Century: The Role of Korean-American Partnership in Shaping Asia~’s Emerging Order, German Marshall Fund of the United States, 4-1-2010)

Where do South Korea~’s interests lie in light of each of these possible pathways for

AND

Washington to shape Asia~’s developing regional order and their respective roles within it.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~12~~===

Chinese aggression will escalate

Kaplan ~’11 – senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security

(Robert D. Kaplan, national correspondent for the Atlantic and a member of the U.S. Defense Department~’s Defense Policy Board, "The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict", Foreign Policy, Sept/Oct 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_south_china_sea_is_the_future_of_conflict?page=0,4)

The South China Sea presages a different form of conflict than the ones to which

AND

in East Asia, largely due to China~’s geographical centrality to the region.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~13~~===

====Escalation is likely now====

**Buszynski ~’12 – visiting fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University**

**(Leszek, "The South China Sea: Oil, Maritime Claims, and U.S.-China Strategic Rivalry", Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/twq12springbuszynski.pdf)**

The risk of conflict escalating from relatively minor events has increased in the South China

AND

Asia Pacific and strengthened security relations with the ASEAN claimants in the dispute.

===SK Advantage (B) ~~14~~===

====That escalation would lead to a great power war====

Summers 12 (Dave, co-founder of The Oil Drum and professor emeritus of mining at Missouri S%26T, Tech Talk - Tensions Over Oil in the South China Sea, 8/12/12, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9396)

The disputes are now moving to possibly bring in additional players, with China already

AND

for even the smallest piece of land projecting from the sea more critical.

Extinction

Hunkovic 9 – American Military University (Lee J., "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America," http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate

AND

in which the United States and China are the two most dominant members.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1-3-5 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Allowing proliferation-resistant reprocessing technology re-engages the U.S. in international discussions

ANS ~’11

(American Nuclear Society "American Nuclear Society Issue Paper on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy", 2011, http://www2.ans.org/pi/ip/pdfs/nonproliferation.pdf)

U.S. nonproliferation policy is set forth in Presidential Decision Directive-13

AND

nonproliferation policy, it is necessary to enable effective implementation of that policy.

===Solvency ~~2~~===

Fed key – needs to send the market signal

Duarte ~’11

(Gary J. Duarte, "US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing", U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)

To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive

AND

success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

===Solvency ~~3~~===

Finally, certainty in government regulatory environments is critical to reprocessing

Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy

(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, "Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability", University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)

The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.

AND

how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Russia Advantage 1

Plan sparks reprocessing cooperation ---- puts the US and Russia back on the same side

Pifer et al ’10

(Steven, Joseph Cirincione, Clifford Gaddy, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Leadership on Nuclear Arms Reductions and Non-Proliferation”, Brookings Institution, January 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/1/us%20russia%20nuclear%20pifer/01_us_russia_nuclear_pifer.pdf)

Reprocessing (recycling) of spent nuclear fuel is highly contentious. Proponents cite a

AND

suppliers in the nuclear industry. They should remove barriers to such collaboration.

Can’t cooperate right now ---~-- ban on reprocessing

Dewey et al ’10

(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http:~/~/joinsurf.com/news/62/16/com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8(%%))

The US government is pursuing several international nuclear energy programs, including the development of

AND

usable material and will help discourage the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technologies.

Russia Advantage 2

Starting cooperation over reprocessing is critical to advanced fuel cycles

Einhorn et al ‘8

(Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Daniel Poneman, Jon Wolfsthal, “The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement A Framework for Cooperation”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080522-einhorn-u.s.-russia-web.pdf)

Advanced Fuel-Cycle Research and Spent Fuel Storage Technologies. Russia is seeking to

AND

, voted unanimously to extend an offer of membership to China and Russia.

Russia Advantage 3

Plan sends the key signal to jumpstart cooperation—they’ll say yes

Rojansky ’10 – deputy director Russia and Eurasia Program at Carnegie

(Matthew Rojansky, “As New START Debate Rages, Quiet Nuclear Progress With Russia”, U.S. News and World Report, 12-9-2010, http:~/~/www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/as-new-start-debate-rages-quiet-nuclear-progress-with-russia)

Beyond benefiting relations, cooperation on peaceful nuclear energy makes financial sense. The United

AND

a powerful symbol that both sides can move beyond the Cold War legacy.

Russia Advantage 4

Plan is critical to overwhelm alt causes

Weitz ’12 – senior fellow at the Hudson Institute

(Richard, World Politics Review Senior Editor, “Global Insights: U.S.-Russia Arms Control Prospects Under Putin”, World Politics Review, 3-6-2012, http:~/~/www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11681/com/articles/11681/global-insights-u-s-russia-arms-control-prospects-under-putin(%%))

This weekend’s election in Russia has unsurprisingly returned Vladimir Putin to the country’s presidency.

AND

could lead to progress in the areas where the two sides’ interests overlap.

Russia Advantage 5

Nuclear cooperation with Russia solves their economy – they want the plan

Dewey et al ’10

(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http:~/~/joinsurf.com/news/62/16/com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8(%%))

Russia is currently pursuing the strategy of expanding its global role as an energy provider

AND

experience may be of real value as Russia works to meet its targets.

Russian economic collapse causes extinction

Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author and Writer @ the Huffington Post, Former VP for Resource Development at New York’s United Way, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction,” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that

AND

the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Russia Advantage 6

Russia decline triggers miscalculation and accidental nuclear war

Mosher and Schwartz 03

(David E. and Lowell H., “Excessive Force: Why Russian and U.S. Nuclear Postures Perpetuate Cold War Risks”, RAND, Fall 2003, http:~/~/www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/fall2003/html(%%))

Despite these positive steps, the grave risk of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear

AND

the risk that nuclear forces could be launched by terrorists or rogue commanders.

Russia Advantage 7

Miscalculation guarantees quick nuclear war ---- extinction

Blair ‘8

(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and former Minuteman launch officer, February 27, “Increasing Warning and Decision Time (‘De-Alerting’)” http:~/~/disarmament.nrpa.no/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/Paper_pdf)

A high degree of vigilance suffuses the entire U.S. and Russian chains

AND

second strike whose essential course would be run in less than one hour.

Russia Advantage 8

Nuclear cooperation solves the broader Russian relationship

Pifer et al ’10

(Steven, Joseph Cirincione, Clifford Gaddy, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Leadership on Nuclear Arms Reductions and Non-Proliferation”, Brookings Institution, January 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/1/us%20russia%20nuclear%20pifer/01_us_russia_nuclear_pifer.pdf)

Vice President Biden announced the Obama administration’s intention to reset relations with Russia in a

AND

and cooperative bilateral relationship as well as reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation.

Plan creates resiliency and motivation to maintain relations

Einhorn et al ‘8

(Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Daniel Poneman, Jon Wolfsthal, “The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement A Framework for Cooperation”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080522-einhorn-u.s.-russia-web.pdf)

Russian officials and industry representatives also expect, rightly or wrongly, that a 123

AND

to additional civil facilities and into new areas of work related to counterterrorism.

Russia Advantage 9

Effective relations solve nuclear war

Lukyanov ’11

(Fyodor, editor-in-chief of Russia in Global Politics magazine, “Nuclear destruction remains the basis of relations”, The Telegraph, 1-5-2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/opinion/8241050/Nuclear-destruction-remains-the-basis-of-Russia-US-relations.html)

When President Dmitry Medvedev warned in his latest state-of-the-nation

AND

to a model of the Cold War – albeit a wittingly senseless one.

Russia Advantage 10

Moving away from the Cold War legacy solves Arctic conflict

Zysk ’12

(KATARZYNA ZYSK is a Senior Fellow at the Department¶ for International Security Policy

AND

AN ASSESSMENT, Russia in the Artic, Strategic Studies Institute, 2012)

However, an increasing military presence in the region, even if not intended primarily

AND

Arctic may increase the inclination of foreign naval elements toward Arctic deployments.88

Cooperation with Russia reverses the link—causes it to move away from aggressive postures

Trent 11 Packard C. Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., United States Merchant Marine Academy, 2003 “AN EVALUATION OF THE ARCTIC—WILL IT BECOME AN AREA OF COOPERATION OR CONFLICT?” Naval Postgraduate School March 2011 http:~/~/edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2011/March/11Mar_pdf(% style="font-size:8.0pt" %) DR accessed: 6/25/12

As mentioned, Russia is implementing the measures necessary in order to reap the benefits

AND

peacefully with all sides in agreement, the potential for conflict will remain.

Russia Advantage 11

US-Russian Arctic conflict goes nuclear

Cohen 10 Ariel Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies “From Russian Competition to Natural Resources Access: Recasting U.S. Arctic Policy” The Heritage Foundation 6/15/10 http:~/~/www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/org/research/reports/2010/06/from-russian-competition-to-natural-resources-access-recasting-us-arctic-policy(% style="font-size:8.0pt" %) DR accessed: 6/25/12

To advance its position, Russia has undertaken a three-year mission to map

AND

, Russia backtracked and began to seek foreign investors for Arctic gas development.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern HM | Judge: Heather Walters

Fuel Cycle Advantage

Contention ___: Fuel Cycles

We lost fuel cycle leadership ---- other countries are filling in

Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin

(Gary Rasp, “Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste”, Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)

Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for

AND

recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

Domestic PUREX solves credibility and leadership for fuel cycles

NNSA ‘8

(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

In the U.S. defense nuclear complex, the PUREX process was used

AND

as a role model and its ability to influence the decisions of others.

Fuel cycle leadership will set international market standards

NNSA ‘8

(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

Policy Impact: By taking an active role in spent fuel recycling, the United

AND

how those partnerships functioned to meet shared nonproliferation objectives through full actinide recycle.

Fuel cycle leadership is key to US global exports

ANS 12

(American Nuclear Society, “ANS adopts position statement on U.S. global nuclear leadership through export-driven engagement”, 7-2-2012, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/nuclear-fuel-cycle/spent-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing/)

ANS believes the U.S. should remain committed to facilitating an expansion of

AND

and responsive to the needs of  the U.S. nuclear industry.

Vietnam reprocessing inevitable -~-- fuel cycle leadership key to access their market

NEI 12

Nuclear Energy Institute, H.R. 1280: A Misguided Attempt to Control Enrichment and Reprocessing Technologies, June 2012

The H.R. 1280 report states that there is “no evidence to

AND

separate reactor deal with Japan for the supply of two additional reactors.9

Industrial cooperation on fuel cycle crafts a broader U.S.-Vietnam relationship

Jha 10

Saurav Jha, author of 'The Upside Down Book Of Nuclear Power'' (HarperCollins India 2010). He researches global energy and security issues and writes regularly for World Politics Review, Deccan Herald and Geopolitics, “Why a US-Vietnam Nuclear Deal?”, The Diplomat, 9-15-2010, http:~/~/thediplomat.com/2010/09/15/why-a-us-vietnam-nuclear-deal/?all=com/2010/09/15/why-a-us-vietnam-nuclear-deal/?all=true

ENR technology is anyway a closely guarded secret that only a handful of countries have

AND

, it would likely embrace having a more diversified portfolio of weapon suppliers.

Vietnam cooperation solves Chinese expansionism in the South China Sea

Jha 10

Saurav Jha, author of 'The Upside Down Book Of Nuclear Power'' (HarperCollins India 2010). He researches global energy and security issues and writes regularly for World Politics Review, Deccan Herald and Geopolitics, “Why a US-Vietnam Nuclear Deal?”, The Diplomat, 9-15-2010, http:~/~/thediplomat.com/2010/09/15/why-a-us-vietnam-nuclear-deal/?all=com/2010/09/15/why-a-us-vietnam-nuclear-deal/?all=true

So why is the United States so interested in making an India-like exception

AND

Vietnam is potentially an indispensable ally in any possible regional flare-up.

That escalation would lead to a great power war

Summers 12 (Dave, co-founder of The Oil Drum and professor emeritus of mining at Missouri SandT, Tech Talk - Tensions Over Oil in the South China Sea, 8/12/12, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9396)

The disputes are now moving to possibly bring in additional players, with China already

AND

for even the smallest piece of land projecting from the sea more critical.

Extinction

Hunkovic 9 – American Military University (Lee J., “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate

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in which the United States and China are the two most dominant members.

Obama’s trying to pursue fuel-leasing

Grossman ’12 - reporter with GSN; MA International Affairs – Columbia University

(Elaine M., “Administration Letter Promises ‘Case-by-Case’ Approach to Nuclear Trade Deals”, NTI, 1-23-2012, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/administration-letter-promises-case-case-approach-nuclear-trade-deals/)

At issue: Whether pursuing a so-called nonproliferation “gold standard” --

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own fuel capabilities that could be used to produce nuclear-weapon material.

Fuel cycle leadership key to solve fuel-leasing

NNSA ‘8

(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

Direct Impact: The main drawback of a once-through fuel cycle in the

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fuel cycle practices through consent rights on U.S. exports. 82

Plan solves global demand for uranium enrichment

NNSA ‘8

(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

Direct Impact: The most attractive feature of these fuel cycle alternatives is that they

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United States would have to decide on priorities for addressing those international needs.

This solves the biggest internal to prolif ---- enrichment key ---- fastest route to weapons-grade uranium, can be easily hidden, and there’s no barrier that separates dual-use

NNSA ‘8

(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

The proliferation risk of once-through fuel cycles arises primarily at the front end

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risk may be marginally greater for the once-through fuel cycle alternatives.

We’re at the tipping point of global nuclear proliferation – global nuclear war

Rosenbaum ‘11 (Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, “How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III,” March 2^nd, http:~/~/www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)

And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and

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multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age.

Prolif is easier and faster ---~-- plan solves------ enrichment key

Heisbourg 4-4-12 François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171andrtid=2

Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era

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non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

Prolif causes nuclear war in the short-term—motivates first strikes and creates use or lose pressures

Kroenig 5-26-12 (Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” http:~/~/www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2url:http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2(% style="font-size:5.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" %))

The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and

AND

that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

PDMA Advantage

PMDA cooperation coming now ---- MOX fuel is key

DTRIP ’12

(Defense Treaty Inspection Readiness Program, “Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement”, 2012, http://dtirp.dtra.mil/tic/synopses/pmda.aspx)

The Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA), long title: Agreement Between

AND

finished, including a new electrical substation which was completed in September 2010.

No MOX coming online now

Clements ’12

(Tom, Nonproliferation Policy Director with the Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, “Plutonium Fuel (MOX) Program at Savannah River Site Hit with Major Setback”, The Aiken Leader, 9-17-2012, http://aikenleader.villagesoup.com/blog/blogpost/plutonium-fuel-mox-program-at-savannah-river-site-hit-with-major-setback/897688)

Swofford’s position and TVA’s reluctance to look seriously into MOX use will likely have a

AND

MOX testing and use without a much more lengthy and rigorous public process.

Russians want us to use MOX in PDMA implementation

Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,

(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest column in the Augusta Chronicle, “Don’t Believe Environmental Groups About SRS MOX project”, 3-25-2012,  http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)

ANOTHER PERPLEXING statement in the article is: "The groups contend the MOX program's

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no other plutonium disposition option has any recovery-of-cost option.

MOX is key to Russian trust and credibility

Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,

(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)

I would like to first consider his reference to cost vs. the alternative.

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suspicious of proposed disposition paths that left the plutonium in a recoverable state.

Credible commitment to commercial MOX key ---- stops South Carolina from shutting down the plant

Bunn ‘7

(Matthew, “Troubled Disposition: Next Steps in Dealing With Excess Plutonium”, Arms Control Association, April 2007, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007_04/Bunn)

A wide range of other obstacles have contributed to these slowing schedules and escalating costs

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substantial fines to the state if it does not meet plutonium disposition deadlines.

Immediacy is key—parallel implementation with Russia is a key tenant of the agreement

American Journal of International Law ’10

(United States, Russia Conclude New Agreement on Plutonium Disposal, Vol. 104, No. 4 (October 2010), pp. 680-681, LexisNexis)

Weapon-grade plutonium, unlike weapon-grade uranium, cannot be blended with

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both countries are to seek to proceed in parallel to the extent practicable.

Plan keeps the agreement intact even after PMDA expires

Sokova ’10 – research associate at the Monterey Institute of International Studies

(Elena, “Plutonium Disposition”, NTI, 9-16-2010, http:~/~/www.nti.org/analysis/articles/plutonium-disposition-14/http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/plutonium-disposition-14/(%%))

The 2010 protocol to the PMDA represents a significant step forward, but the agreement

AND

the existence of an operational infrastructure for MOX fuel fabrication makes this possible.

PMDA is key to nonproliferation cooperation with Russia—solves broader cooperation

D’Agostino ‘9

(Thomas, Administrator for the NNSA, “Testimony on ‘Addressing a New Generation of WMD Threats’ Before the House Armed Services Committee”, 7-15-2009, http://www.nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/congressionaltestimony/07.15.09)

NNSA’s future plans rely upon expanding key partnerships. One such key partnership is our

AND

dispose of enough weapons plutonium for at least 17,000 nuclear weapons.

Plutonium cooperation solves broader relationship

Luongo ‘7 -- executive director of the Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council

(Kenneth N., “Improving U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cooperation”, Partnership for Global Security, 2007, http:~/~/www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/publications/Articles%20and%20Commentary/improving_nuc_html(%%))

Expediting fissile material disposition and elimination. Although programs that support the disposal of excess

AND

in fighting future threats is what the United States and Russia truly seek.

Effective relations solve nuclear war

Lukyanov ’11

(Fyodor, editor-in-chief of Russia in Global Politics magazine, “Nuclear destruction remains the basis of relations”, The Telegraph, 1-5-2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/opinion/8241050/Nuclear-destruction-remains-the-basis-of-Russia-US-relations.html)

When President Dmitry Medvedev warned in his latest state-of-the-nation

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to a model of the Cold War – albeit a wittingly senseless one.

Plutonium cooperation mitigates conflicts with Russian neighbors

Pifer ‘9

(Steven, fellow at Brookings, “Russia and Eurasia”, Global Trends, October 2009, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2009/10/global%20trends%20russia%20eurasia%20pifer/10_global_trends_russia_eurasia_edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2009/10/global%20trends%20russia%20eurasia%20pifer/10_global_trends_russia_eurasia_pifer(%%))

Monitoring Russian demographics and the Russian economy should be relatively straightforward. Following trends in

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reductions in U.S. systems) could alleviate the nuclear concern.

Those will go nuclear

AP ’11 (Associate press, “Top Russian general: NATO expansion raises danger of nuclear conflict,” http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/top-russian-general-nato-expansion-raises-danger-of-nuclear-conflict-1.396185)

Russia is facing a heightened risk of being drawn into conflicts at its borders that

AND

ally, or a large-scale conventional attack that threatens Russia's existence.

Plutonium cooperation will build on START

Clinton and Lavrov ’10

(Secretary of State and Russian Foreign Minister, “Signing of the Plutonium Disposition Protocol”, Mission of the United States Geneva Switzerland, 4-13-2010, http:~/~/geneva.usmission.gov/2010/04/14/signing-pmda/http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/04/14/signing-pmda/(%%))

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, good afternoon, and let me state the obvious.

AND

and I join the Secretary in thanking the teams which negotiated this agreement.

Cooperative threat reduction secures Russian loose nukes

NTI ’12

(“Success Touted in Securing Former Soviet Nukes”, 1-9-2012, http:~/~/www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-touts-success-securing-former-soviet-nukes/http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-touts-success-securing-former-soviet-nukes/(%%))

Former U.S. officials and experts are taking stock of a successful collaborative

AND

the fact that the nuclear weapons have been maintained in a secure way."

Russian loose TNWs are the most likely source of terrorist theft

Conolly ’12

(Catherine, MA candidate at King’s College London, “The Threat To The West From Soviet Nukes”, 2-12-2012, http://theriskyshift.com/2012/02/threat-to-west-from-soviet-nukes-html/#ixzz28GLMDMoR)

Fissile Materials Russia produces the world’s largest stockpile of weapons-grade plutonium and highly

AND

of tactical nuclear weapons being stolen or sold is little cause for comfort.

Terrorist theft of Russian TNWs leads to nuclear first strikes and destroys Moscow

Dunlop and Smith, 2006 (William, scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and Harold, distinguished visiting scholar and professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California at Berkeley, “Who did it? Using international forensics to detect and deter nuclear terrorism,” Arms Control Today, October 1, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_10/CVRForensics

Among these, Moscow perhaps presents the most compelling case for international cooperation on post

AND

the United States following the 1996 TWA Flight 800 airline disaster.5 

That would trigger the Dead Hand—makes nuclear war inevitable

CNANW, 09 (Canadian Network to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, “Questions and Answers on "RLOAD" and De-alerting”, http:~/~/www.web.net/~~cnanw/htm, Accessed 10/6)

On the Russian side, command of nuclear weapons is said to be very centralized

AND

of Perimetr is better described in our recent paper "Replace LoW Policy"

Dead hand guarantees Russian retaliation and nuclear war

Rosenbaum, 07 (Ron, award winning journalist and author, “The Return of the Doomsday Machine?”,  8/31/2007, Slate Magazine, http:~/~/www.slate.com/id/2173108/pagenum/all/http://www.slate.com/id/2173108/pagenum/all/)

In Strangelove, the doomsday machine was a Soviet system that automatically detonated some 50

AND

It went fully operational in January 1985. It is still in place."

Plan

The United States federal government should remove its restrictions on the creation and use of mixed oxide fuel in commercial nuclear power generation.

Solvency

Contention ___: Solvency

Removing restrictions key—TVA would use MOX first. That solves the treaty and provides a future model for utilities to start reprocessing

Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,

(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)

As the need for nuclear power grows, we must pursue serious efforts toward converting

AND

placed in a repository. These are opportunities too good to pass up.

Fed key – needs to send the market signal

Duarte ‘11

(Gary J. Duarte, “US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing”, U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)

To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive

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success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

Finally, certainty in government regulatory environments is critical to reprocessing

Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy

(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability”, University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)

The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.

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how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3-6 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention 1 Nuclear Colonialism

Obama will increase our reliance on nuclear power now. However, excluded from these discussions are recognitions of the disproportionate burdens imposed by nuclear waste disposal upon under-resourced communities.
Endres ‘9 Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power’s environmental injustices,” Local Environment Vol. 14, No. 10, November 2009, 917–937)
With increasing attention being paid to mitigating the effects of global warming, there has
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of nuclear technologies (e.g. Thorpe 1996, LaDuke 1999).

The uranium mining and waste disposal that are integral parts of the nuclear power fuel cycle come at the expense of marginalized communities globally. Nuclear colonialism knows no borders—whether domestically mined or imported, it environmental and health devastation to the communities it affects.
Endres 2009 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power’s environmental injustices,” Local Environment Vol. 14, No. 10, November 2009, 917–937)
All nuclear power production must begin with Uranium mining, which is inextricably linked with
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a nuclear waste site would be sited in an affluent, white neighbourhood.

This nuclear colonialism is environmental racism and colonialism in of itself—the shifting of burdens from whites to underprivileged communities is resource exploitation of those communities.
Endres 2009 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power’s environmental injustices,” Local Environment Vol. 14, No. 10, November 2009, 917–937)
The phenomenon of nuclear colonialism is empirically documented. The book Nuclear Wastelands, edited
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colonialism that faces Native Americans in the USA and other indigenous peoples worldwide.

Nuclear colonialism constructs those marginalized populations as sacrificial zones to sustain a vision of national security that renders those communities disposable. Supposedly sovereign communities and underprivileged peoples are seen as a means to the end of preserving federal interests.
Endres 2009 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power’s environmental injustices,” Local Environment Vol. 14, No. 10, November 2009, 917–937)
Resistance to nuclearism comes in many forms, one of which is the body of
AND
nuclear waste is such a complex controversy is its connection with nuclear colonialism.
Nuclear communication criticism has focused on examination of the ‘‘practices and processes of communication’’
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entities whose national interest may not include storing nuclear waste on their land.
A second theme in nuclear discourse is its ability to constrain public debate through invoking
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for the benefit of the colonizer at the expense of their colonial targets.
Nuclear Colonialism, Discourse, and Yucca Mountain
Nuclear colonialism is inextricably linked to the concept of rhetorical exclusion. According to John
AND
actions those in power deem necessary to control challenges to its legitimacy.’’48

Plan
The United Sates Federal Government should allow for spent fuel reprocessing as a means of nuclear waste disposal.
Contention 2 Solvency

Reprocessing reduces toxicity and quantity of high level nuclear waste
Lee 10
Nathan R. Lee, WISE Intern and B.S.E. in Materials Science and Engineering from UPenn, Sustainability Of U.S. Nuclear Energy: Waste Management And The Question Of Reprocessing American Nuclear Society, 2010, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2010/NathanLeeWISE2010.pdf
In the long term, one begins to see the true benefits of the recycling
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.3 to 5.4 and thereby further reducing repository demand. 36

Adoption of reprocessing would solve the need for uranium mining
Stanford et al. ‘9 – reactor physicist retired from Argonne National Laboratory
(George S. Stanford, a member of the American Nuclear Society, a past member of the American Physical Society, and has served on the National Council of the Federation of American Scientists, Gerald E. Marsh, retired from Argonne National Laboratory. He was a consultant to the Defense Department on strategic nuclear technology and policy issues in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations, and served with the U.S. START delegation, as served in various high-level positions at the Energy Department, including as head of nuclear physics development and as director of the first U.S. high-level waste processing demonstration. He also served as deputy director-general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Nuclear Energy Agency, “Reprocessing is the answer”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 8-31-2009, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/reprocessing-the-answer)
A technology that's much closer to being fully realized is advanced nuclear power. To
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PUREX is very expensive and far from optimal for recycling in fast reactors.
Federal neglect is exemplified by deliberations of waste disposal—the option of reprocessing isn’t even considered a choice; it’s dumping or nothing.
Endres 9 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power’s environmental injustices,” Local Environment Vol. 14, No. 10, November 2009, 917–937)
One aspect of energy justice focuses on nuclear power. From cradle to grave,
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to the NRC for the Yucca Mountain High-Level Nuclear Waste Repository).
Our criticism of the restrictions in the Nuclear Waste Policy Act is key to interrogate assumptions of federal energy production at the heart of nuclear colonialism
Endres 2009 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39-60)
A second theme in nuclear discourse is its ability to constrain public debate through invoking
AND
for the benefit of the colonizer at the expense of their colonial targets.
Nuclear Colonialism, Discourse, and Yucca Mountain
Nuclear colonialism is inextricably linked to the concept of rhetorical exclusion. According to John
AND
actions those in power deem necessary to control challenges to its legitimacy.’’48
Despite the nuanced analysis offered by Sanchez, Stuckey and Morris, their articulation of
AND
This study aims to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of rhetorical exclusion.
The nuclear waste controversy provides a good context for studying rhetorical exclusion. Although the
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it is important to establish that there were indeed arguments against the site.
Focus on US policy is key – nuclear colonialism is sustained by excluding marginalized communities from policy discussions
Endres 2009 – Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah (Danielle, “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 39-60)
Nuclear weapons and nuclear power have devastating consequences for local populations surrounding the sites of
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health of indigenous peoples, their cultural survival and their self-determination.
Although there is sufficient evidence that nuclear colonialism is an empirically verifiable phenomenon, previous
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of indigenous nationhood and the public’s benign neglect of indigenous lands and peoples.
The first section of this essay illustrates nuclear colonialism as an historical and empirical phenomenon, particularly in the US. Next, I illustrate nuclear colonialism’s reliance on two interconnected sets of discourse practices: colonialism and nuclearism. In the third section, I examine the 2002 Yucca Mountain high-level nuclear waste site authorization controversy to reveal the rhetorical strategies of nuclear colonialism, their consequences, and their continuing legacies.

Reprocessing is not some technocratic solution to the problem of waste – it’s just common sense
Byrd ’11
(Ricardo C. Byrd, Executive Director of the National Association of Neighborhoods, Testimony to the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, October 2011)
Good Afternoon. My name is Ricardo C. Byrd. I am the Executive
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this fight for safe, reliable, and affordable sources of clean energy.

Academia must prioritize questions of environmental justice not only to solve, but to understand the disastrous foundations that made new energy and environmental policies necessary in the first place. Our method lays the groundwork for political action anemic to injustice
Rodriguez 6 – Ph.D., Social Science Prof @ The University of Puerto Rico (Jose, RE-VALUING NATURE:¶ ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE PEDAGOGY,¶ ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ECOCRITiCISM AND¶ THE TEXTUAL ECONOMIES OF NATURE”, 2006, )
For various educators, the act of teaching environmental justice¶ ¶ should not stray
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inequalities while proposing¶ ¶ alternatives that promote justice, equality and democracy.^

“Not in my backyard” is more than a refusal of accepting the burden of nuclear waste, it’s an analogy for how debates over nuclear power refuse to acknowledge the implications of the fuel cycle, and just abandoning nuclear power is more of the same—a collective forgetfulness.
Rather than say, “not in my debate space”, the plan’s starting point forces the issue into our conversations.
Martin-Schramm ‘5 (Jim, “Skull Valley: Nuclear Waste, Tribal Sovereignty, and Environmental Racism,” Journal of Lutheran Ethics (JLE) Volume 5, Issue 10 http://www.elca.org/What-We-Believe/Social-Issues/Journal-of-Lutheran-Ethics/Issues/October-2005/Skull-Valley-Nuclear-Waste-Tribal-Sovereignty-and-Environmental-Racism.aspx)
24 From this overview, it is clear that the storage and ultimate
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will still try to externalize the costs by dumping the problem on others?

Tournament: USC | Round: Octas | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge:
Mexico 1

Adv 1 – Mexico
Drilling along US-Mexico border inevitable ----- only a question of cooperation or unilat
Urdaneta ’10 – associate at Grau Garcia Hernandez and Monaco (Law Firm)
(Karla, “TRANSBOUNDARY PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS: A RECOMMENDED APPROACH FOR THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO IN THE DEEPWATERS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO”, Houston Journal of International Law, Volume 32, Number 2, Spring 2010)
In view of this, Mexico is primarily concerned with reservoirs located outside the Western
AND
has led to beneficial results among other countries that have faced similar dilemmas.

Mexico 2
PEMEX is failing now – the 2008 reforms couldn’t save the industry
Melgar ’12 – director of the Center for Sustainability and Business at EGADE Business School of the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
(Lourdes, “The Future of PEMEX”, Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3781)
Exploration and Production: The Keys to Deeper Reform The 2008 Energy Reform initiated the
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services companies such as the United Kingdom’s Petrofac Facilities Management winning the auction.

Mexico 3
Western Gap key to PEMEX production
Iliff ’12
(Laurence, “Pemex Makes Its First Big Oil Find in Deep Gulf”, The Wall Street Journal, 8-29-2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444914904577619712736497598.html)
Mexican state-owned oil firm Petroleos Mexicanos, or Pemex, has made its
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Mexican side of the Gulf, but only under shared-risk contracts.

Mexico 4
But, PEMEX doesn’t have the expertise in deepwater drilling to exploit those resources
Melgar ’12 – director of the Center for Sustainability and Business at EGADE Business School of the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
(Lourdes, “The Future of PEMEX”, Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3781)
The challenge for PEMEX is to increase reserves and oil and gas production in areas
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nor does it have the legal authority to force PEMEX to wait.

Mexico 5
The plan solves—the Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreement would cause PEMEX reforms by giving Mexico an overwhelming economic incentive
Melgar ’12 – director of the Center for Sustainability and Business at EGADE Business School of the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
(Lourdes, “The Future of PEMEX”, Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3781)
Deepwater drilling is likely to take center stage with the signing of the U.
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The Mexican oil industry can no longer thrive on amendments to distorted schemes.

Mexico 6
PEMEX is critical to the Mexican economy ---- THA reforms key to solve
Samples and Vittor ’12 – associate and partners at Hogan Lovells US LLP
(Tim R. and Jose Luis, “Energy Reform and the Future of Mexico’s Oil Industry: The Pemex Bidding Rounds and Integrated Service Contracts”, Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 6-21-2012, http://tjogel.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Samples-Formatted_Final_June13.pdf)
In recent years, Latin America has seen an uptick in interest as a destination
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Mexican oil industry was passed in November 2008 (the Energy Reforms). 14

 
Mexico 7

PEMEX decline will trigger instability throughout Mexico – timeframe is 10 years
Kohl 11-27-12 (Keith, “Crisis of Consumption,” http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/mexican-oil-crisis/2833) JH
Of course, we all know the story behind the Cantarell field's downfall. Once
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I believe the country will be a net oil importer within ten years.

 
Mexico extra cards

Mexican instability spills over to the US, sparking civil war.
Steven David, professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, January/February 1999, Foreign Affairs, p. lexis
CONFLICTS FOUGHT within the borders of a single state send shock waves far beyond their
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might take sides in the fighting, sparking violence within the United States.

Extinction
James Pinkerton, fellow at the New America Foundation, 2003, Freedom and Survival, p. http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2003/freedom_and_survival
Historically, the only way that the slow bureaucratic creep of government is reversed is
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." The next big war could kill everybody, free and unfree alike.
 
Mexico 8
Mexican stability is critical to U.S. power
Kaplan ’12 – chief geopolitical analyst at Stratfor
(Robert D., With the Focus on Syria, Mexico Burns, Stratfor, 3-28-2012, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/focus-syria-mexico-burns)
While the foreign policy elite in Washington focuses on the 8,000 deaths in
AND
can continue to focus on serious moral questions in places that matter less.

Mexico 9
Global nuclear war
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at
AND
. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
Usually carried out in dyadic terms, the debate over the stability of proliferation
Mexico 10

CARD CONTINUED WITHOUT DELETION
 changes as the numbers go up. Proliferation optimism rests on assumptions of rationality
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

 
Mexico 11
Nations aren’t nice
Kagan ‘12 (Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why the World Needs America,” February 11th, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213262856669448.html)

With the outbreak of World War I, the age of settled peace and advancing
AND
what the world looked like right before the American order came into being.

 
Mexico 12
Engagement is inevitable
Dorfman ‘12 (Zach Dorfman, Zach Dorfman is assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, an online magazine of books, art, and culture, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605, May 18, 2012, LEQ)
The idea that global military dominance and political hegemony is in the U.S
AND
come and go, but the national security state appears here to stay.

Mexico 13
PEMEX solvency and reform are critical to battling drug cartels in Mexico
O’Sullivan ’12 – professor of international affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government
(Meghan, served on the National Security Council from 2004 to 2007, and was deputy national security advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan, “Mexican Oil Reforms Are Vital on Both Sides of the Border”, reprinted from CFR at Bloomberg, 7-30-2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-30/mexican-oil-reforms-are-vital-on-both-sides-of-the-border.html)
In recent days a coalition of Mexican advocacy groups has been protesting in front of
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oil by 2020, ceasing exports to the U.S. altogether.

Drug cartels instability will spill over throughout Latin America
Bonner ’10 – senior principal of the Sentinel HS Group
(Robert C., former administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, “The New Cocaine Cowboys”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2010, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66472/robert-c-bonner/the-new-cocaine-cowboys)
The recent headlines from Mexico are disturbing: U.S. consular official gunned
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powerful transnational drug cartels that threaten the stability of Central and South America.
 
Mexico 14
That causes nuclear war and extinction
Manwaring 05 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez
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and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65
Mexico 15
Independently, plan sets a precedent -- solves resilient US-Mexico energy cooperation
Wood ’12 – senior associate in the Americas program at CSIS
(Duncan, also director of the international relations program at Mexico’s Autonomous Institute of Technology, “Global Insider: U.S.-Mexico Energy Deal Sets Important Precedent”, World Politics Review, 4-24-2012, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/11880/global-insider-u-s-mexico-energy-deal-sets-important-precedent)
WPR: What is the history of energy cooperation between the U.S.
AND
as a consensus emerges over the pressing need to reform the oil sector.

Mexico 16
That’s key to move U.S. companies away from corn ethanol to Mexican biofuels
Wood ’10 – senior associate in the Americas program at CSIS
(Duncan, also director of the international relations program at Mexico’s Autonomous Institute of Technology, Environment, Development and Growth: U.S.-Mexico Cooperation in Renewable Energies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, December 2010, http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Renewable%20Energy%20report.pdf)
To date, however, there has been only minor cooperation between the United States
AND
as paper, textiles, and rope, and is common across Mexico.
Mexico 17

Biofuel production using corn is the largest cause of global food price increases
Boston Herald 8
(UN expert faults US, EU biofuel use in food crisis http://www.bostonherald.com/news/international/europe/view.bg?articleid=1118150)
A United Nations expert said Wednesday that recent studies indicate that U.S.
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Washington and Brussels: "They should without further delay revise their policies."

That causes extinction
Trudell ‘5 (Robert H., Fall, Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. and Com. 277, Lexis)
2. But, Is It Really an Emergency?  In his study on environmental
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emergency and we must put that fuse out before it is too late.

Gulf 1

Adv 2 – Gulf
Deepwater oil accident inevitable in the Gulf of Mexico
Shields ’12 – independent energy consultant
(David, “QandA: Is Mexico Prepared for Deepwater Drilling in the Gulf?”, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin American Energy Advisor, 2/20/2012, http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/20477/Is%20Mexico%20Prepared%20for%20Deepwater%20Drilling%20in%20the%20Gulf.pdf?sequence=1)
They say that if a country does not defend its borders, then others will
AND
has come and gone. The next disaster is just waiting to happen.

Gulf 2
Gulf’s ecosystems on the brink—plan key to solve another accident
Craig ’11 – Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University
(Robin Kundis, “Legal Remedies for Deep Marine Oil Spills and Long-Term Ecological Resilience: A Match Made in Hell”, Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011, http://lawreview.byu.edu/articles/1326405133_03craig.fin.pdf)
These results suggest that we should be very concerned for the Gulf ecosystems affected by
AND
that accomplish no less than a fundamental transformation of its safety culture.” 173

Gulf 3
The plan solves ------ the THA leads to safety coordination between the U.S. and Mexico
Broder and Krauss ’12 – business correspondents at the New York Times
(John M. and Clifford, “U.S. in Accord With Mexico on Drilling”, The New York Times, 2-20-2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/21/world/americas/mexico-and-us-agree-on-oil-and-gas-development-in-gulf.html?_r=1andref=americas)
WASHINGTON — The United States and Mexico reached agreement on Monday on regulating oil and
AND
to argue that his policies have led to a surge in domestic production.

Gulf
XX Plan solves shortfalls in Mexico drilling safety resources
Philbin ’12 – director of crisis management at Regester Larkin Energy
(John P. Philbin, “QandA: Is Mexico Prepared for Deepwater Drilling in the Gulf?”, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin American Energy Advisor, 2/20/2012, http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/20477/Is%20Mexico%20Prepared%20for%20Deepwater%20Drilling%20in%20the%20Gulf.pdf?sequence=1)
Pemex is not prepared for risks such as a spill or other serious accident that
AND
step toward safer Gulf operations—for both Mexico and the United States."

Gulf 4
Joint inspection solves oversight --- key to safety even if there’s no Western Gap development
Padilla ’12 – managing director at IPD Latin America
(John D. Padilla, “QandA: Is Mexico Prepared for Deepwater Drilling in the Gulf?”, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin American Energy Advisor, 2/20/2012, http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/20477/Is%20Mexico%20Prepared%20for%20Deepwater%20Drilling%20in%20the%20Gulf.pdf?sequence=1)
"The plan at issue is Pemex's intent to drill in the Perdido Foldbelt area
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compliance with safety and environmental laws. Will Mexico's Senate approve the accord?"

Plan spills over past the border to environmental standardization in the entire Gulf of Mexico
Velarde ’12 – attorney and counselor-at-law
(Rogelio Lopez, held various positions at Pemex during 1988-1993, including that of Financial Advisor to the Finance Department, In-House Counsel in Houston, Texas, In-House Counsel in New York, and Head of the International Legal Department of Pemex. He was honored with the “Most Distinguished Attorney Award” of Pemex for the period 1990-1991, former Chairman of the Energy Committee of the Mexican Bar Association, and currently he is the President for the Latin America Chapter of the Association of the International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN), as Visiting Professor of Judicial Process on the Mexican Legal Studies Program at the University of Houston Law Center, and he is currently the director of the Energy Law Seminar organized between the Universidad Iberoamericana and the Mexican Bar Association. “US-Mexican treaty on Gulf of Mexico transboundary reservoirs”, International Law Office, 3-19-2012, http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/Detail.aspx?g=b9326bf8-f27f-43ff-b45a-1b2b70ccb217andredir=1)
Pemex has indicated that it has no information to confirm the existence of a transboundary
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) would agree to harmonise applicable standards only in respect of transboundary reservoirs.

Gulf 5

Redundant inspection teams solve ---- US doesn’t need enviro regs
Baker ’12 – publisher of Mexico Energy Intelligence
(George, “QandA: Is Mexico Prepared for Deepwater Drilling in the Gulf?”, Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin American Energy Advisor, 2/20/2012, http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/20477/Is%20Mexico%20Prepared%20for%20Deepwater%20Drilling%20in%20the%20Gulf.pdf?sequence=1)
"The serious issues of corporate governance and regulation in the shadow of the Macondo
AND
safety and occupational safety to be carried out separately, by different teams."

Gulf ecosystems are critical biodiversity hotspots and have a key effect on the world’s oceans
Brenner ‘8 –
(Jorge Brenner, “Guarding the Gulf of Mexico’s valuable resources”, SciDevNet, 3-14-2008, http://www.scidev.net/en/opinions/guarding-the-gulf-of-mexico-s-valuable-resources.html)
The Gulf Of Mexico is rich in biodiversity and unique habitats, and hosts the
AND
in the North Atlantic that helps to regulate the climate of western Europe.

Gulf 6
Ocean biod key to survival
Craig 3 - Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University
(Robin Kundis Craig, “ARTICLE: Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii,” McGeorge Law Review, Winter 2003, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
Biodiversity and ecosystem function arguments for conserving marine ecosystems also exist, just as they
AND
its territory relatively pristine marine ecosystems that may be unique in the world.

Gulf 7
Resiliency is wrong specifically for the Gulf of Mexico—any shock can be the tipping point
Craig ’11 – Attorneys’ Title Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs at Florida State University
(Robin Kundis, “Legal Remedies for Deep Marine Oil Spills and Long-Term Ecological Resilience: A Match Made in Hell”, Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011, http://lawreview.byu.edu/articles/1326405133_03craig.fin.pdf)
Ecological resilience and resilience theory acknowledge that ecosystems are dynamic—not, as prior
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oil spill in U.S. waters, however, suggests otherwise.
Plan
The United States Federal Government should ratify the Agreement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico.
Solvency
Contention 3 – Solvency
THA was just negotiated between the U.S. and Mexico—it just needs ratification on both sides
Danish et al ’12  
(KYLE, SHELLEY FIDLER, TOMÁS CARBONELL, KAITLIN GREGG, HAROLD BULGER, TRACY NAGELBUSH, “Climate, Energy, and Air Weekly Update – Feb 20-24 2012, VanNess Feldman LLP, 2-27-2012, http://www.vnf.com/news-policyupdates-683.html)
US, Mexico Reach Agreement on Regulation of Cross-Boundary Offshore Drilling.  A
AND
an agreement between the two countries that was due to expire in 2014.

The Mexican Senate has already ratified the THA—its effectiveness is only a question of U.S. ratification
Velarde ’12 – attorney and counselor-at-law
(Rogelio Lopez, held various positions at Pemex during 1988-1993, including that of Financial Advisor to the Finance Department, In-House Counsel in Houston, Texas, In-House Counsel in New York, and Head of the International Legal Department of Pemex. He was honored with the “Most Distinguished Attorney Award” of Pemex for the period 1990-1991, former Chairman of the Energy Committee of the Mexican Bar Association, and currently he is the President for the Latin America Chapter of the Association of the International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN), as Visiting Professor of Judicial Process on the Mexican Legal Studies Program at the University of Houston Law Center, and he is currently the director of the Energy Law Seminar organized between the Universidad Iberoamericana and the Mexican Bar Association. “US-Mexican treaty on Gulf of Mexico transboundary reservoirs”, International Law Office, 3-19-2012, http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/Detail.aspx?g=b9326bf8-f27f-43ff-b45a-1b2b70ccb217andredir=1)
The treaty will become effective 60 days after the last notification of approval has been made by Mexico or the United States. In this regard, the Mexican Senate ratified the treaty in April 2012; therefore, the treaty's effectiveness is subject to approval and publication by the United States, which to date has neither ra

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Stone, Corey
PU 1AC – Impacts 1

First the impacts—
Collapse of the biosphere causes extinction
Coyne and Hoekstra 7 – professors of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
(Jerry and Hopi, *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying)
But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. Healthy
AND
just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.

PU 1AC – Impacts 2
Brink for biosphere collapse now ---- plan can solve it
Sanders ’12
(Robert, “Scientists uncover evidence of impending tipping point for Earth”, UC Berkeley News Center, 6-6-2012, http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/06/06/scientists-uncover-evidence-of-impending-tipping-point-for-earth/)
The authors of the Nature review – biologists, ecologists, complex-systems theoreticians
AND
unpleasant surprises, we want to stay away from that 50 percent mark.”

PU 1AC – Impacts 3
Disease causes extinction ---- impact defense is wrong
Viegas 08
(Jennifer – writer for Discovery News and MSNBC. “How disease can wipe out an entire species”, 11-5-2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27556747/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/how-disease-can-wipe-out-entire-species/ 11/5/2008)
Disease can wipe out an entire species, reveals a new study on rats native
AND
species-level losses during the past 500 years have occurred on islands.
PU 1AC – Impacts 4
Mars col solves extinction ---- springboards into further exploration ---- de-escalates all impacts
Schulze-Makuch and Davies ’10 – professor of earth and environmental science and theoretical physicist
(Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., and Paul Davies, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and the Beyond Center, Arizona State University, Journal of Cosmology, October-November 2010, Vol 12, 3619-3626)
There are several reasons that motivate the establishment of a permanent Mars colony. We
AND
, and serve as a strong unifying and uplifting theme for all humanity.

PU 1AC – Impacts 6

Space miscalculation risks extinction
Mitchell, et al 1 -Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh
(Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, “Missile Defence:  Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)

A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence
AND
space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

PU 1AC – Impacts 7
Space is getting weaponized now --- risks space war
Kramnik 10-RIA Novotsi (think tank) military commentator, military commentator for the Russian News Service Ilya, Space War, “Possible Space Wars in the Near Future,” January 18, http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Possible_Space_Wars_In_The_Near_Future_999.html
The U.S. media suspects China and India of developing anti-satellite
AND
the influence of such programs on the subsequent development of military space systems.

PU 1AC – Impacts 8
Space law prevents extinction
Hays 10 (Peter, PhD and director of the U.S. Air Force Institute for National Security Studies, “Space Law and the Advancement of Spacepower” December 13, 2010, NDU Press Chapter 28, http://www.ndu.edu/press/space-Ch28.html
Other impediments to further developing space law are exacerbated by a lack of acceptance in
AND
first focus on improving and refining the foundation provided by the OST regime. 

PU 1AC – Impacts 9

That prevents accidental nuclear war
Lewis ‘4 – postdoctoral fellow in the Advanced Metods of Cooperative Study Program
(Jeffrey, also worked in the office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Center for Defense Information, “What if Space were Weaponized?” July 2004, http://www.cdi.org/PDFs/scenarios.pdf)
This is the second of two scenarios that consider how U.S. space
AND
is corrosive to the confidence that allows national nuclear forces to operate safely.

PU 1AC – Impacts 10

Science leadership prevents conflicts from intensifying
Koppelman et al 10, Ben, research officer at the foreign policy center,
AND
and develop stronger linkages with science-related policies in other government departments.

PU 1AC – Inherency 1

Contention 2: Inherency

Congress jacked funding for Pu-238 production --- kills space exploration
Corley ’12 – correspondent at the New Scientist
(Anne-Marie, “So long, plutonium”, New Scientist, 8-11-2012, LexisNexis)
MORE than 18 billion kilometres from home, Voyager 1 is crossing the very edge
AND
keen, Congress has so far refused to hand over the necessary funds.

PU 1AC – Inherency 2

DOE trying to restart production now --- more funding key
Azriel ’12 – managing editor at Space Safety Magazine
(Merryl, “Plutonium Production Restart Prepared”, Space Safety Magazine, 4-24-2012, http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2012/04/24/plutonium-production-restart-prepared/)
NASA has powered deep space missions with Plutonoum-238 (Pu-238)
AND
of Pu-238 for as long as possible, just in case.

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 1

Contention 3: Planetary Sciences
Planetary science mission is on the brink --- they’ve got one trip left
Wall ’12
(Mike, SPACE.com Senior Writer, “Plutonium Production May Avert Spacecraft Fuel Shortage”, 4-6-2012, http://www.space.com/15184-plutonium238-spacecraft-fuel-production.html)
While the DOE doesn't publicly disclose the size of the nation's plutonium-238 stores
AND
the DOE's funding request for three years in a row, Carroll said.
Restarting plutonium-238 production is critical to planetary science
Squyres et al ’12 – Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey
(Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf)
Radioisotope Power Systems are necessary for powering spacecraft at large distances from the Sun;
AND
country, to conduct certain important types of planetary missions after this decade.

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 2

Now is key—delays are the same as killing planetary science
Squyres et al ’12 – Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey
(Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf)
The recommended program cannot be carried out without new plutonium-238 production or completed
AND
program, eliminating future science missions whose implementation is dependent on this technology.

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 3

Planetary science is critical to mitigating biosphere destruction
Squyres et al ’12 – Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey
(Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf)
In the past, scientists had only one planet to study in detail. Our
AND
shape Earth’s desert dunes operate on Mars and even on Saturn’s moon Titan.

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 4
NASA planetary science is critical to Earth observation
Squyres et al ’12 – Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey
(Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf)
Planetary science also has strong scientific links to SMD’s Earth Science Division (ESD).
AND
study Earth are typically incompatible with the more limited capacities of planetary spacecraft.

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 5

Earth observation is key to contain and check disease outbreaks
Wigbels ’11 -- senior associate for space initiatives in the CSIS Technology and Public Policy
Program
(Lyn D., also serves as a senior fellow at the Center for Aerospace Policy Research, School of Public Policy, George Mason University, and is president of RWI International Consulting Services. She has more 15 years experience as a senior government executive at NASA in policy and programmatic areas and more than 25 years experience in developing and managing international programs, “Using Earth Observation Data to Improve Health in the United States accomplishments and future challenges”, 2011, http://dw.crackmypdf.com/0974189001350417568/110927_Wigbels_UsingEarthObserHealth_WEB.pdf)
Environmental factors such as water and land surface temperatures, rainfall, water depth,
AND
and in anticipating changes in both short- and long-term risk.

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 6

Unmanned spaceflight is key to human missions to Mars
Chow ’11 – associate producer at NPR’s Science Friday
(Denise, “What’s Next for Mars Exploration?”, SPACE.com, 11-26-2011, http://www.space.com/13739-nasa-mars-exploration-future.html)
NASA launched its newest, largest and most sophisticated rover yet to Mars on Saturday
AND
via robotic, uncrewed mission samples of Mars would really facilitate human exploration."

PU 1AC – Sciences Advantage 7

NASA is actively pursuing human settlement on Mars now
Wrenn ’12
(Eddie, “The Hundred Year Starship: The Nasa mission that will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever”, Mail Online UK, 5-25-2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1324192/Hundred-Year-Starship-Mars-mission-leave-astronauts-planet-forever.html)
The mission is to boldly go where no man has gone before – on a
AND
planet. He claims that humans could be on Mars' moons by 2030.

NASA key
Seedhouse ‘9 – aerospace scientist
(Erik, Ph.D, Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on Mars, p.10, Springer Publishing, 2009)
The cautious approach of NASA has been evident over the last three decades as astronauts
AND
achievement akin to what will be required for a manned mission to Mars.

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 1

Contention 4: Leadership
NASA focused on unmanned space missions ---- key to restart human missions
Folger ’11 – winner of the 2007 American Institute of Physics Science Writing Award
(Tim, American science and nature writer, contributing editor at Discover Magazine and series editor of The Best American Science and Nature Writing, “One Giant Leap for Machine Kind”, Discover Magazine, September 2011, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/sep/11-one-giant-leap-for-machine-kind/article_view?b_start:int=1and-C=)
In the meantime, NASA is planning some 30 new robotic missions to explore cosmic
AND
or tramping the sands of Mars, robots will have been there first.

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 2
RPS key ---- squo will kill space leadership
Hoover and McNutt et al ‘9 – co-chairs of the Radioisotope Power Systems Committee
(William H., US Air Force, Ralph L., Applied Physics Laboratory at
AND
.S. Leadership in Space Exploration, National Academies Press, 2009)
Through an investment of considerable resources— engineering and scientific knowledge, human capital,
AND
be essential to the U.S. space science and exploration program.

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 3
Robotic missions key to space leadership ---- perception key
AIA ’12
(Aerospace Industry Association, “Continued U.S. Leadership in Deep Space Exploration Depends on Restarting Plutonium Fuel Production”, 2012, http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/2012%20AIA%20Pu-238%20White%20Paper%20-%20SC%20FINAL.pdf)
The United States has a proud history of success with deep space science missions to
AND
238 production could be incredibly costly to U.S. space leadership. 

Plan creates cooperative frameworks – solves weaponization
Rendleman and Faulconer, 10 – *retired USAF Colonel  AND President of Strategic Space Solutions, over 31 years in the aerospace industry (James and Walter, “Improving international space cooperation: Considerations for the USA,” Space Policy 26 (2010) 143-151, Science Direct)
For thousands of years, tribes, then cities, states, and nations,
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that such engagement shapes their future space and engineering activities in positive directions.

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 4

Cooperative framework key to preventing weaponization, miscalculation, first strike incentives and global war
Hitchens, 8 – president of the Center for Defense Information (Theresa, “Space Wars - Coming to the Sky Near You?”, Scientific American, February, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=space-wars-coming-to-the-sky-near-you)

Perhaps of even greater concern is that several other nations, including one of China’s
AND
lasted half a century. The likely alternative would be unacceptable to all.

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 5

Space Leadership is key to successful space law
Maniscalcoy et al, 9 – Matthew P., Aerospace Systems Engineer, with Noel M. Bakhtian and Alan H. Zorn – Ph.D. Candidates at Stanford University (“The Eighth Continent: A Vision for Exploration of the Moon and Beyond,”  American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA Space 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 2009)
International considerations include preventative politics and global cooperation. With space law currently in its
AND
the prosperity, influence, and safety of those countries who are not. 

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 6

Space leadership is vital to solve space debris
Newton and Griffin ’11 – director for Space Policy in the Center for System Studies at the University of Alabama in Huntsville
(Elizabeth and Michael, , former strategist at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, AND physicist and space engineer, former Administrator of NASA, eminent scholar and professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville Space Policy, “United States space policy and international partnership” ScienceDirect)
What are the current conditions? From a historical point of view, the domestic
AND
on commercial weather forecasting without a National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA).

PU 1AC – Leadership Advantage 7

PU-238 generation funding key to signal re-commitment to science-leadership
AIA ’12
(Aerospace Industry Association, “Continued U.S. Leadership in Deep Space Exploration Depends on Restarting Plutonium Fuel Production”, 2012, http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/2012%20AIA%20Pu-238%20White%20Paper%20-%20SC%20FINAL.pdf)
Plutonium-238 has been an excellent source of electric power for U.S
AND
ensure the future of U.S. exploration and discovery is bright.

Plan
The United States Federal Government should provide all necessary funding to the Department of Energy for energy production from Plutonium-238 in the United States.
PU 1AC – Solvency 1
Contention _: Solvency
PU-238 key ---- only isotope for RPS power generation in robotic spacecraft
Hoover and McNutt et al ‘9 – co-chairs of the Radioisotope Power Systems Committee
(William H., US Air Force, Ralph L., Applied Physics Laboratory at
AND
.S. Leadership in Space Exploration, National Academies Press, 2009)
For nearly 50 years, the United States has led the world in the scientific
AND
. This is a proven, highly reliable technology with no moving parts.

PU 1AC – Solvency 2
Funding DOE production key
Hoover and McNutt et al ‘9 – co-chairs of the Radioisotope Power Systems Committee
(William H., US Air Force, Ralph L., Applied Physics Laboratory at
AND
.S. Leadership in Space Exploration, National Academies Press, 2009)
Plutonium-238 does not occur in nature. Unlike 239Pu, it is unsuitable
AND
minimize the disruption in NASA’s space science and exploration missions powered by RPSs.

PU 1AC – Solvency 3

DOE key – best approach
Hoover and McNutt et al ‘9 – co-chairs of the Radioisotope Power Systems Committee
(William H., US Air Force, Ralph L., Applied Physics Laboratory at
AND
.S. Leadership in Space Exploration, National Academies Press, 2009)
In summary, there are many different options that, in principle, could be
AND
proven processes and technologies to a much larger extent than any other option.

PU 1AC – Solvency 4

DOE has the best expertise
Hoover and McNutt et al ‘9 – co-chairs of the Radioisotope Power Systems Committee
(William H., US Air Force, Ralph L., Applied Physics Laboratory at
AND
.S. Leadership in Space Exploration, National Academies Press, 2009)
Production of 238Pu is a complex process. At the top level, this process
AND
at INL and the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at ORNL.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan solves asteroid deflection—prevents extinction
Benson ’12
(Michael, author of “Beyond: Visions of the Interplanetary Probes” and “Far Out: A Space-Time Chronicle”, “Exploring the Planets Enriches Us At Home”, International Herald Tribune, reprinted in the New York Times, 8-11-2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/11/opinion/exploring-the-planets-enriches-us-at-home.html)
Many other wholly pragmatic reasons exist to pursue a vigorous program of interplanetary space exploration. These range from the utility of understanding the climatological stories of our neighboring terrestrial planets Venus and Mars (one of which swelters under a runaway greenhouse effect enforced by its dense atmosphere, with the other being a frigid desert world), to the usefulness of investigating the geology of near-Earth asteroids, and thus how they could potentially best be deflected from Earth-intersecting, and potentially civilization-ending, trajectories.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
We meet—plan is a financial incentive, it transfers funding to the DOE to enable production of plutonium-238, an action they want to take but can’t—that’s the Chow evidence

We meet—plan’s a grant
DSIRE, 12 – Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (Glossary, “Financial Incentives”
http://www.dsireusa.org/glossary/)
States offer a variety of grant programs to encourage the use and development of renewables
AND
and energy efficiency projects for end-users. Grants are usually competitive.

No ground loss—Aff is an expenditure of direct funding, guarantees they get their link to to any politics or process based DAs

Counter-interpretation—financial incentives are disbursements of public funds linked to energy production—it includes funding.
Webb93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa
(Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)
In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
accountability apply to differing degrees depending upon the type of incentive under consideration.

We meet—the plan is a disbursement of public funds for plutonium-238 production

Prefer our interpretation—
a) Exclusive limit—we have the most predictive exclusive definition, “incentive effect” Affs like regulations or bailouts are excluded
Webb93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa
(Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online)
By limiting the definition of financial incentives to initiatives where public funds are either disbursed
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.
b) Ensures Neg ground—forces the Aff to actually take tangible action in expending public funds, prevents “perception” only Affs from no-linking the best incentives DAs
c) Fed key warrants—necessary to maintain Congressional direct funding warrants, jurisdiction warrants are the few arguments insulated from the states CP

Default to reasonability—no real terms of art in the resolution means only vote Neg if our Aff made debate impossible, not if it makes it hard.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Gate way issues are a voter—can claim anything is, it’s just a shadow form of condo which is worse b/c there is no way to hold them accountable
Floating PICs bad—steals 2AC by changing one word and rhetoric, unpredictable, reject the team, deters Neg strategy calculus
No link to the K and its bad scholarship—they have it wrong
Coleman 3 (Herb, Contributor, Tips; March 04, http://www.mail-archive.com/tips@acsun.frostburg.edu/msg06298.html, JM)
Although, I could see how the connotation would seem sexists,  from my early
AND
man to man"  but instead it actually means "hand and hand".
No impact—their claim is seriously that using the term “manned” is the root casue of prolif, war, and environmental destruction; either the threshold is so small any gendered language triggers it or no link
Punishing offensive language makes it worse—censorship only drives it underground where its effects are more acutely felt
Roskoski and Peabody 91
Matthew Joe, “A Linguistic and Philosophical Critique of Language ‘Arguments,’” 1991, http://debate.uvm.edu/Library/DebateTheoryLibrary/RoskoskiandPeabody-LangCritiques, accessed 10/17/02
If language "arguments" become a dominant trend, debaters will not change their
AND
inevitably be long periods between rounds during which further dialogue can take place. 

Discourse doesn’t shape reality
Mearsheimer 1995
John J., R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago, Theories of war and peace: an international security reader By Michael E. Brown
FLAWS IN THE CAUSAL LOGIC. The main goal of critical theorists is to change
AND
, but which appear to be compatible with the theory they are challenging.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Framework—Aff should be weighed against the squo or a competing policy option
a) Aff offense—other frameworks allow arbitrary exclusion of the Aff
b) Topic education—other frameworks ignore topic-specific research 

Perm—do both. If the alternative can overcome the link to the Aff and the performative contradictions of the Neg, it can overcome the link to the Perm

Our approach to the 1AC is valid
Owen ‘2
(David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a
AND
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

No root cause to the Aff
Curtler ’97 – PhD Philosophy
(Hugh, “rediscovering values: coming to terms with postnmodernism” 44-7)
The second and third concerns, though, are more serious and to a degree
AND
instincts to get us out of the hole we have dug for ourselves.

Extinction first—every being has life, have to save the most lives possible
BERNSTEIN ‘2
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, “Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation”, p. 188-192)
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "
AND
wholeness of Man among the objects of your will." (IR 11)

Capitalist consumption is good and the alternative is worse and doesn’t solve
Bartiaux 09
Francoise Bartiaux, Institute of Demography at the Universite catholique de Louvain (UCL), Changing energy-related practices and behaviours in the residential sector: Sociological approaches, 2009
Consumers are definitely members of societies and not individual consumers, rational or not,
AND
choice” that would be conflicting with social normality, as contextually defined.
Capitalism is sustainable—market forces, human ingenuity, and resource evolution
Matthews 11
Richard Matthews, eco-entrepreneur, eco-investor, sustainable writer, “Is Capitalism Sustainable?”, The Green Market, 5-12-2011, http://thegreenmarket.blogspot.com/2011/05/is-capitalism-sustainable.html
Business has created the environmental crisis and now the same capitalist system that was behind
AND
. One such arrangement involves the new partnerships between corporations and environmental organizations.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm—do both
Doesn’t solve the Aff—large capital investments are necessary in the hundreds of millions of dollars, the states don’t have the money to sustain that investment
Doesn’t solve the Aff—Congressional appropriations are key
a) NASA won’t proceed without Congressional resolution of co-funding
Weiler ’11 – associate administrator for Science Mission Directorate
(Edward J., Letter to Dr. Charles F. Kennel, Chair of the Space Studies Board at the National Research Council, NASA, 7-29-2011, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/PSD_response_to_DS_Final.pdf)
NASA believes that the domestic production of Pu-238 is central to continued leadership
AND
with the commitment of NASA and/or DOE resources by Congressional appropriators.

b) Congressional funding of DOE stops Atomic Energy Act fights that delay Pu238 production
Foust ’11 – senior analyst with Futron Corporation, focusing on space policy
(Jeff, “Planetary exploration’s radioactive decay”, The Space Review, 9-26-2011, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1937/1)
However, the same appropriations committees declined to provide the same funding to the DOE
AND
funding because of a lack of plutonium-238 needed to power them.

States links to politics
Kiely ‘12 EUGENE KIELY, Washington assignment editor USA today, February 17, 2012 Factcheck.org “Did Obama ‘Approve’ Bridge Work for Chinese Firms?” http://www.factcheck.org/2012/02/did-obama-approve-bridge-work-for-chinese-firms/

Who’s to blame, if that’s the right word, if the project ends up
AND
spending taxpayer money on Chinese firms to build U.S. bridges.

DOE has the nuclear reactors capable of producing Plutonium-238—that’s Hoover and McNutt. Means the CP has to have the states build a new one—that’s a massive delay that independently kills solvency
Hoover and McNutt et al ‘9 – co-chairs of the Radioisotope Power Systems Committee
(William H., US Air Force, Ralph L., Applied Physics Laboratory at
AND
.S. Leadership in Space Exploration, National Academies Press, 2009)
In addition to the four options described earlier, other, less practical options also
AND
satisfy NASA’s future needs without a long hiatus in RPS-powered missions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Competitiveness isn’t key to heg or the economy
Krugman 94 (Paul, Professor of Economics – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obession”, Foreign Affairs, March / April, Lexis)

Unfortunately, his diagnosis was deeply misleading as a guide to what ails Europe,
AND
, domestic and foreign, whether it be in health care or trade.

No impact to the transition

IKENBERRY ‘8   professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University (John, The Rise of China and the Future of the West Can the Liberal System Survive?, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb)

Some observers believe that the American era is coming to an end, as the
AND
, but the Western order -- if managed properly -- will live on.

Immigration reform won’t pass – GOP won’t get on board with a liberal bill
Munro 12/31/12 (Neil, “Obama Promises New Immigration Plan But Keeps Endgame Close to His Vest”)
President Barack Obama promised Dec. 30 to introduce an immigration bill during 2013,
AND
40 percent of the Latino vote in 2004, during the housing boom.

Immigration reform won’t pass – divides over piecemeal vs comprehensive
The Hill 12/17/12 (Niall Stanage and Jonathan Easley, Republican Leaders Balance Politics and Principle on Immigration Reform”)
Senior Republicans say the party is struggling to thread the needle on immigration reform,
AND
a sudden get 44 percent, like Bush. That’s not the case.”

Gun control thumps
Peterson 1/3/13  (Hayley, Globe and Mail Online, “Obama Will Introuce Broad Immigration Reform as Early As January”)
Advocates for immigration reform on the left believe that the government should provide a path
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by ongoing battles on Capitol Hill over the budget and the debt limit.
Debt ceiling thumps
Sarlin 1/3/12 (Benjy, Reporter for Talking Points Memo, “Debt Fights Threatens to Overshadow Obama’s Immigration Push”)
President Obama may be celebrating a victory on taxes over the House GOP this week
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domestic energy production, protecting our kids from the horrors of gun violence.” 

Nominations thump
Washington Post 1-4-13. www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/01/04/5-reasons-gridlock-will-seize-congress-again/
5. Cabinet fights: Senate Republicans haven’t been shy about expressing their displeasure with
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Rest assured: More spats over cabinet confirmations will only fuel partisan divisions. 

Disaster relief thumps
Sherman and Palmer 11. Jake, congressional reporter, Anna,  Roll Call reporter, “Budget politics cloud hurricane aid” Politico – August 11
Hurricane Irene is forcing Washington to contemplate two unpalatable options for disaster aid: add
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emergency relief become a casualty of the relentless budget battle that we’re having.”

The disad’s not intrinsic. Rational policymakers can pass both bills – key to real world education. It’s the best form of policymaking and reciprocal – they can test the intrinsicness of advantages with counterplans. 

Obama doesn’t have any PC – can’t keep the dems in line or persuade the GOP
McGregor 1/2/13  (Richard, “Fiscal Fights Threaten US Policy Goals”) http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8f8ef804-5501-11e2-a628-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=published_links%2Frss%2Fworld_us%2Ffeed%2F%2Fproduct#axzz2GqOXSIPo
Many Republicans are less diplomatic in private, and see the debt ceiling fight as
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with declining political capital will face an uphill battle to shift their views.

Plan builds PC
Press Action 3/12/12 (“US Nuclear Industry Operates as if Fukushima Never Happened”) http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/nuclearsubsidies03122012/
Both Democrats and Republicans have had a long love affair with commercial nuclear power,
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that the U.S. political system permits honest and real debate.
Plan is popular—Curiosity proves
Pinchefsky ’12
(Carol, Contributor at Forbes, “NASA (Finally) Inspires the Public with Curiosity”, 8-6-2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/08/06/nasa-finally-inspires-the-public-with-curiosity/)
Some fans of space are so dedicated that they can tell you the names of
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all…as will the industries that will eventually develop as a result.

Public opinion is key to the agenda
NYT (blog) 8/5/10 (8/5/10, " A Broken Senate, or an Unpopular Agenda? ", http://douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/a-broken-senate-or-an-unpopular-agenda/)
In a recent bloggingheads conversation with Matt Yglesias, I tried to make the point
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— but I'd also associate myself with this comment, from David Frum:
To the … opinion altogether?

Winner’s win – passing tough policies boosts capital
Ornstein ‘11 (8-15-11, Norman, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a weekly columnist at Roll Call, 2011, “How to Win When You’re Unpopular: What Obama Can Learn From Truman”, http://www.tnr.com/articles/Politics?page=2)
But it was Truman’s triumph to realize that the hyper-partisan Congress was as
AND
of the do-nothings in Congress can only lead to something worse.

Political capital theory is false
Klein ‘3-19
(Ezra Klein is the editor of Wonkblog and a columnist at the Washington Post, as well as a contributor to MSNBC and Bloomberg, , “The Unpersuaded, Who listens to a President?”, March 19, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/03/19/120319fa_fact_klein?currentPage=all)
The experience helped to crystallize something that Lee had been thinking about. “Most
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might have the perverse effect of making it harder for him to govern.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Adv 1 – Proliferation
U.S. influence in reprocessing is declining—status quo restrictions kill the technological capability to compete
Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin
(Gary Rasp, “Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste”, Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)
Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for
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recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

Taking an active role on reprocessing reestablishes U.S. influence and allows us to shape global norms on recycling
NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)
Policy Impact: By taking an active role in spent fuel recycling, the United
AND
how those partnerships functioned to meet shared nonproliferation objectives through full actinide recycle. 

Other nuclear nations’ exports undermine any unilateral ENR restrictions—only getting competitive in the fuel cycle market bolsters nonproliferation
ANS 12
(American Nuclear Society, “ANS adopts position statement on U.S. global nuclear leadership through export-driven engagement”, 7-2-2012, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/nuclear-fuel-cycle/spent-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing/)
ANS believes the U.S. should remain committed to facilitating an expansion of
AND
and responsive to the needs of  the U.S. nuclear industry.

There is no alternative to U.S. nonproliferation leadership—it leads to a vacuum that encourages brinkmanship, weak regimes, and crisis escalation
Ogilvie-White ’12 – senior analyst in international strategy at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute
(Dr. Tanya, “Position Vacant: Nonproliferation and Disarmament Leader, Asia”, PacNet, a publication of CSIS, Number 77A, 12-5-2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/Pac1277A.pdf)
During the past few weeks, there have seen some striking discussions in the international
AND
difficult to manage and even harder to sustain over the longer-term. 

The brink for nuclear proliferation is now
Rosenbaum ‘11
(Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, “How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III,” March 2nd, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)
And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and
AND
of multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age

And, proliferation would be fast
Heisbourg ’12 – chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies
François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171andrtid=2
Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era
AND
non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

Proliferation causes nuclear war—motivates first strikes and deterrence breakdowns
Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown
(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2)
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

And, accidental war is likely, even if an intentional one never happens
Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown
(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2)
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems
AND
war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

The plan solves—having a domestic reprocessing capability allows for direct engagement over fuel cycle decisions globally
NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)
Direct Impact: The most attractive feature of these fuel cycle alternatives is that they
AND
United States would have to decide on priorities for addressing those international needs.

We overwhelm other alternate causalities—enrichment technology is the largest internal link to proliferation
NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)
The proliferation risk of once-through fuel cycles arises primarily at the front end
AND
risk may be marginally greater for the once-through fuel cycle alternatives.

Adv 2 – Russia
PMDA cooperation with Russia coming now at DOE’s Savannah River Site ---- but a commercial MOX capability is key
DTRIP ’12
(Defense Treaty Inspection Readiness Program, “Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement”, 2012, http://dtirp.dtra.mil/tic/synopses/pmda.aspx)
The Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA), long title: Agreement Between
AND
finished, including a new electrical substation which was completed in September 2010.

Commercial MOX is critical to satisfy Russia in PDMA implementation
Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest column in the Augusta Chronicle, “Don’t Believe Environmental Groups About SRS MOX project”, 3-25-2012,  http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)
ANOTHER PERPLEXING statement in the article is: "The groups contend the MOX program's
AND
no other plutonium disposition option has any recovery-of-cost option.
That’s vital to our credibility on nuclear issues with Russia
Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)
I would like to first consider his reference to cost vs. the alternative.
AND
suspicious of proposed disposition paths that left the plutonium in a recoverable state.

Just having the Savannah River Site isn’t enough—without a credible commitment to commercial MOX South Carolina will shut down the plant
Bunn ‘7
(Matthew, “Troubled Disposition: Next Steps in Dealing With Excess Plutonium”, Arms Control Association, April 2007, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007_04/Bunn)
A wide range of other obstacles have contributed to these slowing schedules and escalating costs
AND
substantial fines to the state if it does not meet plutonium disposition deadlines.

Immediacy is key—parallel implementation with Russia is a key tenant of the agreement
American Journal of International Law ’10
(United States, Russia Conclude New Agreement on Plutonium Disposal, Vol. 104, No. 4 (October 2010), pp. 680-681, LexisNexis)
Weapon-grade plutonium, unlike weapon-grade uranium, cannot be blended with
AND
both countries are to seek to proceed in parallel to the extent practicable.

Plan spills over after the PMDA expires
Sokova ’10 – research associate at the Monterey Institute of International Studies
(Elena, “Plutonium Disposition”, NTI, 9-16-2010, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/plutonium-disposition-14/)
The 2010 protocol to the PMDA represents a significant step forward, but the agreement
AND
the existence of an operational infrastructure for MOX fuel fabrication makes this possible.

Plutonium cooperation solves broader relations
Luongo ‘7 -- executive director of the Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council
(Kenneth N., “Improving U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cooperation”, Partnership for Global Security, 2007, http://www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/publications/Articles%20and%20Commentary/improving_nuc_coop.html)
Expediting fissile material disposition and elimination. Although programs that support the disposal of excess
AND
in fighting future threats is what the United States and Russia truly seek.

That prevents nuclear war
Lukyanov ’11
(Fyodor, editor-in-chief of Russia in Global Politics magazine, “Nuclear destruction remains the basis of relations”, The Telegraph, 1-5-2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/opinion/8241050/Nuclear-destruction-remains-the-basis-of-Russia-US-relations.html)
When President Dmitry Medvedev warned in his latest state-of-the-nation
AND
to a model of the Cold War – albeit a wittingly senseless one.

And, plutonium cooperation is key to cooperative threat reduction
Clinton and Lavrov ’10
(Secretary of State and Russian Foreign Minister, “Signing of the Plutonium Disposition Protocol”, Mission of the United States Geneva Switzerland, 4-13-2010, http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/04/14/signing-pmda/)
SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, good afternoon, and let me state the obvious.
AND
and I join the Secretary in thanking the teams which negotiated this agreement.

That’s key to secure Russian loose nukes
NTI ’12
(“Success Touted in Securing Former Soviet Nukes”, 1-9-2012, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-touts-success-securing-former-soviet-nukes/)
Former U.S. officials and experts are taking stock of a successful collaborative
AND
the fact that the nuclear weapons have been maintained in a secure way."

Russian loose TNWs are the most likely source of terrorist theft
Conolly ’12
(Catherine, MA candidate at King’s College London, “The Threat To The West From Soviet Nukes”, 2-12-2012, http://theriskyshift.com/2012/02/threat-to-west-from-soviet-nukes-html/#ixzz28GLMDMoR)
Fissile Materials Russia produces the world’s largest stockpile of weapons-grade plutonium and highly
AND
of tactical nuclear weapons being stolen or sold is little cause for comfort.

Terrorist theft of Russian TNWs leads to nuclear first strikes and destroys Moscow
Dunlop and Smith, 2006 (William, scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and Harold, distinguished visiting scholar and professor at the Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California at Berkeley, “Who did it? Using international forensics to detect and deter nuclear terrorism,” Arms Control Today, October 1, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_10/CVRForensics
Among these, Moscow perhaps presents the most compelling case for international cooperation on post
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the United States following the 1996 TWA Flight 800 airline disaster.5  

That would trigger the Dead Hand—makes nuclear war inevitable
CNANW, 09 (Canadian Network to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, “Questions and Answers on "RLOAD" and De-alerting”, http://www.web.net/~cnanw/index.htm, Accessed 10/6)
On the Russian side, command of nuclear weapons is said to be very centralized
AND
of Perimetr is better described in our recent paper "Replace LoW Policy"

Extinction
Rosenbaum, 07 (Ron, award winning journalist and author, “The Return of the Doomsday Machine?”,  8/31/2007, Slate Magazine, http://www.slate.com/id/2173108/pagenum/all/)
In Strangelove, the doomsday machine was a Soviet system that automatically detonated some 50
AND
It went fully operational in January 1985. It is still in place." 

Credibility on arms control with Russia is key to an Artic Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
Wallace and Staples ’10
(Michael Wallace and Stephen Staples, “Ridding the Artic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue”, Canadian Pugwash and the Rideau Institute, March 2010)
Might there be other reasons for the Russians to abandon their Northern Fleet bases?
AND
answer, one way or the other, in the next few months.

That prevents Arctic war
Wallace and Staples ’10
(Michael Wallace and Stephen Staples, “Ridding the Artic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue”, Canadian Pugwash and the Rideau Institute, March 2010)
Most of the preceding discussion – and indeed, nearly all discussion of the problems
AND
to assure the well-being of the oft-neglected original inhabitants.

Cooperation with Russia reverses the link—causes it to move away from aggressive postures
Trent 11 Packard C. Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., United States Merchant Marine Academy, 2003 “AN EVALUATION OF THE ARCTIC—WILL IT BECOME AN AREA OF COOPERATION OR CONFLICT?” Naval Postgraduate School March 2011 http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2011/March/11Mar_Trent.pdf DR accessed: 6/25/12
As mentioned, Russia is implementing the measures necessary in order to reap the benefits
AND
peacefully with all sides in agreement, the potential for conflict will remain.

US-Russian Arctic conflict goes nuclear
Cohen 10 Ariel Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies “From Russian Competition to Natural Resources Access: Recasting U.S. Arctic Policy” The Heritage Foundation 6/15/10 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/from-russian-competition-to-natural-resources-access-recasting-us-arctic-policy DR accessed: 6/25/12
To advance its position, Russia has undertaken a three-year mission to map
AND
, Russia backtracked and began to seek foreign investors for Arctic gas development.

Cooperative Threat Reduction with Russia key to solve loose bioweapons
Pellerin ‘12
(Cheryl, “Reduction Focus Shifts From Nukes to Bio Threats”, American Forces Press Service, 6-13-2012, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116727)
WASHINGTON, June 13, 2012 – The 21-year-old program to
AND
of dealing with deadly pathogens at sites left unprotected and vulnerable to theft.

Bioweapons will cause extinction
Matheny ‘7
(Jason G. Matheny, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction”, Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2007)
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
to respond to pandemics (Lam, Franco, and Shuler, 2006).

Plan
The United States Federal Government should remove its restrictions on the creation and use of mixed oxide fuel produced utilizing plutonium-uranium extraction for electricity generation from commercial nuclear power in the United States.

Contention 3 – Solvency
Removing restrictions and demo project are key—TVA demo solves the treaty and provides a future model for utilities to start reprocessing
Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)
As the need for nuclear power grows, we must pursue serious efforts toward converting
AND
placed in a repository. These are opportunities too good to pass up.

Fed key – needs to send the market signal
Duarte ‘11
(Gary J. Duarte, “US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing”, U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)
To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive
AND
success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

Finally, certainty in government regulatory environments is critical to reprocessing
Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy
(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability”, University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)
The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.
AND
how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Inherency
PUREX reprocessing is banned now
Fertel ‘5 – president of the NEI
(Marvin S., chief executive officer of the Nuclear Energy Institute, “Economic Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing”, 7-12-2005, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy Committee on Science House of Representatives)
Until the mid-1970s, the U.S. Government encouraged reprocessing using
AND
The ban was reinstated under President Bill Clinton and remains in effect today.
Despite the ban, reprocessing is a global market—no uniqueness for any DAs
ANS ‘11
(American Nuclear Society “American Nuclear Society Issue Paper on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy”, 2011, http://www2.ans.org/pi/ip/pdfs/nonproliferation.pdf)
U.S. nonproliferation policy is set forth in Presidential Decision Directive-13
AND
limited nuclear resources and ensure adequate fuel supplies for the long-term...”
Plan
The United States Federal Government should remove its restrictions on the creation and use of mixed oxide fuel produced utilizing plutonium-uranium extraction for electricity generation from commercial nuclear power in the United States.

 
Prolif 1

Adv 1 – Proliferation
U.S. influence in reprocessing is declining—status quo restrictions kill the technological capability to compete
Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin
(Gary Rasp, “Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste”, Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)
Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for
AND
recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

Prolif 2
Taking an active role on reprocessing reestablishes U.S. influence and allows us to shape global norms on recycling
NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)
Policy Impact: By taking an active role in spent fuel recycling, the United
AND
how those partnerships functioned to meet shared nonproliferation objectives through full actinide recycle. 

Other nuclear nations’ exports undermine any unilateral ENR restrictions—only getting competitive in the fuel cycle market bolsters nonproliferation
ANS 12
(American Nuclear Society, “ANS adopts position statement on U.S. global nuclear leadership through export-driven engagement”, 7-2-2012, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/category/nuclear-fuel-cycle/spent-nuclear-fuel-reprocessing/)
ANS believes the U.S. should remain committed to facilitating an expansion of
AND
and responsive to the needs of  the U.S. nuclear industry.

Prolif 3
There is no alternative to U.S. nonproliferation leadership—it leads to a vacuum that encourages brinkmanship, weak regimes, and crisis escalation
Ogilvie-White ’12 – senior analyst in international strategy at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute
(Dr. Tanya, “Position Vacant: Nonproliferation and Disarmament Leader, Asia”, PacNet, a publication of CSIS, Number 77A, 12-5-2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/Pac1277A.pdf)
During the past few weeks, there have seen some striking discussions in the international
AND
difficult to manage and even harder to sustain over the longer-term. 

Prolif 4
The brink for nuclear proliferation is now
Rosenbaum ‘11
(Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, “How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III,” March 2nd, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)
And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and
AND
of multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age

Prolif 5
And, proliferation would be fast
Heisbourg ’12 – chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies
François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171andrtid=2
Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era
AND
non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

Prolif 6

Proliferation causes nuclear war—motivates first strikes and deterrence breakdowns
Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown
(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2)
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Prolif 7
And, accidental war is likely, even if an intentional one never happens
Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown
(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2)
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems
AND
war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

Prolif 8
The plan solves—having a domestic reprocessing capability allows for direct engagement over fuel cycle decisions globally
NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)
Direct Impact: The most attractive feature of these fuel cycle alternatives is that they
AND
United States would have to decide on priorities for addressing those international needs.

Prolif 9
We overwhelm other alternate causalities—enrichment technology is the largest internal link to proliferation
NNSA ‘8
(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)
The proliferation risk of once-through fuel cycles arises primarily at the front end
AND
risk may be marginally greater for the once-through fuel cycle alternatives.
 
Russia 1

Adv 2 – Russia
PMDA cooperation with Russia coming now at DOE’s Savannah River Site ---- but a commercial MOX capability is key
DTRIP ’12
(Defense Treaty Inspection Readiness Program, “Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement”, 2012, http://dtirp.dtra.mil/tic/synopses/pmda.aspx)
The Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA), long title: Agreement Between
AND
finished, including a new electrical substation which was completed in September 2010.
 
Russia 2
Commercial MOX is critical to satisfy Russia in PDMA implementation
Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest column in the Augusta Chronicle, “Don’t Believe Environmental Groups About SRS MOX project”, 3-25-2012,  http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)
ANOTHER PERPLEXING statement in the article is: "The groups contend the MOX program's
AND
no other plutonium disposition option has any recovery-of-cost option.
That’s vital to our credibility on nuclear issues with Russia
Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)
I would like to first consider his reference to cost vs. the alternative.
AND
suspicious of proposed disposition paths that left the plutonium in a recoverable state.

Russia 3
Without a credible commitment to commercial MOX South Carolina will shut down the plant
Bunn ‘7
(Matthew, “Troubled Disposition: Next Steps in Dealing With Excess Plutonium”, Arms Control Association, April 2007, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2007_04/Bunn)
A wide range of other obstacles have contributed to these slowing schedules and escalating costs
AND
substantial fines to the state if it does not meet plutonium disposition deadlines.

Immediacy is key—parallel implementation with Russia is a key tenant of the agreement
American Journal of International Law ’10
(United States, Russia Conclude New Agreement on Plutonium Disposal, Vol. 104, No. 4 (October 2010), pp. 680-681, LexisNexis)
Weapon-grade plutonium, unlike weapon-grade uranium, cannot be blended with
AND
both countries are to seek to proceed in parallel to the extent practicable.
 
Russia 4
Plan spills over after the PMDA expires
Sokova ’10 – research associate at the Monterey Institute of International Studies
(Elena, “Plutonium Disposition”, NTI, 9-16-2010, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/plutonium-disposition-14/)
The 2010 protocol to the PMDA represents a significant step forward, but the agreement
AND
the existence of an operational infrastructure for MOX fuel fabrication makes this possible.

Plutonium cooperation solves broader relations
Luongo ‘7 -- executive director of the Russian-American Nuclear Security Advisory Council
(Kenneth N., “Improving U.S.-Russian Nuclear Cooperation”, Partnership for Global Security, 2007, http://www.partnershipforglobalsecurity.org/publications/Articles%20and%20Commentary/improving_nuc_coop.html)
Expediting fissile material disposition and elimination. Although programs that support the disposal of excess
AND
in fighting future threats is what the United States and Russia truly seek.
 
Russia 5
Relations are key to avoid U.S.-Russia nuclear war—largest mag, probability, and timeframe
Baum ’12 – co-founder and executive director of the Catastrophic Risk Institute
(Seth, Ph.D in Geography from Penn State and former research scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute, “Nuclear War Group Discusses Ongoing Risk of US-Russia Nuclear War”, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, 12-30-2012, http://gcrinstitute.org/nuclear-war-group-discusses-ongoing-risk-of-us-russia-nuclear-war/)
The reason for focusing on US-Russia nuclear war is simple: the US
AND
The intelligence community refers to this as “mirror imaging” 4:

 
Russia 6
Relations solve incentives for Arctic conflict
Zysk ’12
(KATARZYNA ZYSK is a Senior Fellow at the Department¶ for International Security Policy
AND
AN ASSESSMENT, Russia in the Artic, Strategic Studies Institute, 2012)
However, an increasing military presence in the region, even if not intended primarily
AND
Arctic may increase the inclination of foreign naval elements toward Arctic deployments.88
 
Russia 7
It’s reverse causal – only convincing Russian changes in posture de-escalates Arctic conflict
Trent 11 Packard C. Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., United States Merchant Marine Academy, 2003 “AN EVALUATION OF THE ARCTIC—WILL IT BECOME AN AREA OF COOPERATION OR CONFLICT?” Naval Postgraduate School March 2011 http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2011/March/11Mar_Trent.pdf DR accessed: 6/25/12
As mentioned, Russia is implementing the measures necessary in order to reap the benefits
AND
peacefully with all sides in agreement, the potential for conflict will remain.

Russia 8
US-Russian Arctic conflict goes nuclear
Cohen 10 Ariel Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies “From Russian Competition to Natural Resources Access: Recasting U.S. Arctic Policy” The Heritage Foundation 6/15/10 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/from-russian-competition-to-natural-resources-access-recasting-us-arctic-policy DR accessed: 6/25/12
To advance its position, Russia has undertaken a three-year mission to map
AND
, Russia backtracked and began to seek foreign investors for Arctic gas development.
Russia 9
Plutonium disposition is also critical to maintaining threat reduction programs
Clinton and Lavrov ’10
(Secretary of State and Russian Foreign Minister, “Signing of the Plutonium Disposition Protocol”, Mission of the United States Geneva Switzerland, 4-13-2010, http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/04/14/signing-pmda/)
SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, good afternoon, and let me state the obvious.
AND
and I join the Secretary in thanking the teams which negotiated this agreement.

 
Russia 10
The brink is now ---- CTR expires this year. Cementing future U.S.-Russia threat reduction is key
Tobey ’12 – senior fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
(William, former deputy administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006-2009, “Boost Phase”, Foreign Policy, 10-19-2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/19/boost_phase)
Last week, alarm bells rang as the first headlines ran about Moscow's "bombshell
AND
So next year, American and Russian negotiators should get on with it.

Russia 11

Future threat reduction key to solve loose bioweapons from Russia
Pellerin ‘12
(Cheryl, “Reduction Focus Shifts From Nukes to Bio Threats”, American Forces Press Service, 6-13-2012, http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=116727)
WASHINGTON, June 13, 2012 – The 21-year-old program to
AND
of dealing with deadly pathogens at sites left unprotected and vulnerable to theft.
 
Russia 12
Loose Russian bioweapons cause extinction
Zacher and Lewis ’12 – Board Member of the Council for a Livable World and manager of the biological and chemical weapons portfolio for the Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation.
(Jules, JD from Temple University, and James, “"Want to Hear Something Really Scary? Zombies Are Real" Or at Least Could Be”, Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation, 10-31-2012, http://armscontrolcenter.org/publications/op-eds/zombies_real/)
In September, just a few weeks before Halloween, Paul W. S.
AND
to catch cheaters pursuing weapons with the capacity to kill thousands or more.
 
Russia 13
And, removing the ban is key to private sector cooperation with Russia on reprocessing
Pifer et al ’10
(Steven, Joseph Cirincione, Clifford Gaddy, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Leadership on Nuclear Arms Reductions and Non-Proliferation”, Brookings Institution, January 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/1/us%20russia%20nuclear%20pifer/01_us_russia_nuclear_pifer.pdf)
Reprocessing (recycling) of spent nuclear fuel is highly contentious. Proponents cite a
AND
suppliers in the nuclear industry. They should remove barriers to such collaboration.
 
Russia 14
And, it forms new nuclear business ties
Rojansky ’10 – deputy director Russia and Eurasia Program at Carnegie
(Matthew Rojansky, “As New START Debate Rages, Quiet Nuclear Progress With Russia”, U.S. News and World Report, 12-9-2010, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/as-new-start-debate-rages-quiet-nuclear-progress-with-russia)
Beyond benefiting relations, cooperation on peaceful nuclear energy makes financial sense. The United
AND
a powerful symbol that both sides can move beyond the Cold War legacy.
 
Russia 15
Nuclear cooperation with Russia solves their economy – they want the plan
Dewey et al ’10
(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http://joinsurf.com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8)
Russia is currently pursuing the strategy of expanding its global role as an energy provider
AND
experience may be of real value as Russia works to meet its targets.
 
Russia 16
Russian economic collapse causes extinction
Filger 9 (Sheldon, Author and Writer @ the Huffington Post, Former VP for Resource Development at New York’s United Way, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction,” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.
 
Russia 17
And, reprocessing cooperation builds resiliency into U.S.-Russia relations
Weitz ’12 – senior fellow at the Hudson Institute
(Richard, World Politics Review Senior Editor, “Global Insights: U.S.-Russia Arms Control Prospects Under Putin”, World Politics Review, 3-6-2012, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11681/global-insights-u-s-russia-arms-control-prospects-under-putin)
This weekend’s election in Russia has unsurprisingly returned Vladimir Putin to the country’s presidency.
AND
could lead to progress in the areas where the two sides’ interests overlap.
 
Solvency 1

Contention 3 – Solvency
Removing restrictions and demo project are key—TVA demo solves the treaty and provides a future model for utilities to start reprocessing
Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy's Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm#GN1208)
As the need for nuclear power grows, we must pursue serious efforts toward converting
AND
placed in a repository. These are opportunities too good to pass up.

Solvency 2
Fed key – needs to send the market signal
Duarte ‘11
(Gary J. Duarte, “US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing”, U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)
To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive
AND
success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

Solvency 3

Finally, certainty in government regulatory environments is critical to reprocessing
Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy
(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability”, University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)
The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.
AND
how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: Octas | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge:
Disputes 1AC 1

Contention 1 – Arctic Disputes
Arctic drilling inevitable—no barriers
Smith ’10 – associate with Covington and Burling L.L.P.
(Angelle C. Smith, J.D. from George Washington Law School, “Frozen Assets: Ownership of Arctic Mineral Rights Must Be Resolved to Prevent the Really Cold War”, George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 41, 2010)
While global warming will melt enough of the polar ice cap to make the extraction
AND
the “skills and technology necessary to successfully drill in the Arctic.” 76

Specifically, production is inevitable in US and Canada
Papp ’12 – U.S. Coast Guard Admiral
(Robert J. Papp Jr., “The Emerging Arctic Frontier”, U.S. Naval Institute, February 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-02/emerging-arctic-frontier)
The economic promise of oil and gas production in the Arctic is increasingly attractive as
AND
commercial stocks may migrate north, luring the commercial fishing industry with them.

Disputes 1AC 2
Jurisdictional battles inevitable—effective dispute resolution models key to de-escalate miscalculation
Smith ’10 – associate with Covington and Burling L.L.P.
(Angelle C. Smith, J.D. from George Washington Law School, “Frozen Assets: Ownership of Arctic Mineral Rights Must Be Resolved to Prevent the Really Cold War”, George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 41, 2010)
Forget the Cold War; the really cold war is lurking. The looming debate
AND
high Arctic seas ensues. UNCLOS, therefore, is not the answer.
 
Disputes 1AC 3

Plan key to solve effective Arctic dispute leadership between US and Canada
Bergh ’12 – Researcher with the SIPRI Armed Conflict and Conflict Management Programme
(Kristofer, holds a master’s degree in social sciences with a major in peace and conflict studies from Uppsala University. “The Arctic Policies of Canada and the United States: Domestic Motives and International Context”, SIPRI Institute, Insights on Peace and Security, 2012)
While Canada has fairly comprehensive strategies to deal with its own Arctic areas as well
AND
, have set a positive example and created a model for future delimitations.

Disputes 1AC 4
Joint development zones key to resolving Arctic disputes peacefully --- best model
Jelinski ’10 – MA Candidate at the University of British Columbia
(Cameron, “Diplomacy and the Lomonosov Ridge: Prospects for International Cooperation in the ¶ Arctic”, University of British Columbia, August, 2010, https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/28128/ubc_2010_fall_jelinski_cameron.pdf?sequence=1)
While this paper focuses on interim solutions that may help lead to final delimitation of
AND
could further enhance the prospects of ¶ dealing with overlaps peacefully and fairly.
Disputes 1AC 5
U.S.-Canada dispute resolution sets a model for other Arctic boundary disputes
Bergh ’12 – Researcher with the SIPRI Armed Conflict and Conflict Management Programme
(Kristofer, holds a master’s degree in social sciences with a major in peace and conflict studies from Uppsala University. “The Arctic Policies of Canada and the United States: Domestic Motives and International Context”, SIPRI Institute, Insights on Peace and Security, 2012)
The two ongoing disagreements between Canada and the USA over maritime boundaries are affecting the
AND
the only settlement in recent years has been that between Norway and Russia.

Joint development zone would be modeled
Baker ’10 – associate professor and senior fellow for Oceans and Energy at the Institute for Energy and the Environment
(Betsy B. Baker, “Filling an Arctic Gap: Legal and Regulatory Possibilities for Canadian-U.S. Cooperation in the Beaufort Sea”, Vermont Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series,
Research Paper No. 10-37, 3-26-2010)
In a May 2008 speech, the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jonas Gahr
AND
international and regional norms can provide a working model for other Arctic states.
Arctic disputes cause extinction
Smith ’10 – associate with Covington and Burling L.L.P.
(Angelle C. Smith, J.D. from George Washington Law School, “Frozen Assets: Ownership of Arctic Mineral Rights Must Be Resolved to Prevent the Really Cold War”, George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 41, 2010)
Without a new regime for the coastal states to peacefully and effectively extract the Arctic’s minerals, chaos could ensue on the Arctic’s cold seas. It is not hard to envisage a world with vastly increasing energy demands where developed and developing nations are battling for access to oil and gas. Nuclear winter has been avoided before and a new Arctic regime may be necessary to prevent a permanent winter from enveloping the world again.
Disputes 1AC 6
Specifically, US-Russian Arctic conflict goes nuclear
Cohen 10 Ariel Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies “From Russian Competition to Natural Resources Access: Recasting U.S. Arctic Policy” The Heritage Foundation 6/15/10 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/06/from-russian-competition-to-natural-resources-access-recasting-us-arctic-policy DR accessed: 6/25/12
To advance its position, Russia has undertaken a three-year mission to map
AND
, Russia backtracked and began to seek foreign investors for Arctic gas development.

Disputes 1AC 7
Joint development zones lead to better Arctic ecosystems management
Baker ’10 – associate professor and senior fellow for Oceans and Energy at the Institute for Energy and the Environment
(Betsy B. Baker, “Filling an Arctic Gap: Legal and Regulatory Possibilities for Canadian-U.S. Cooperation in the Beaufort Sea”, Vermont Law School Legal Studies Research Paper Series,
Research Paper No. 10-37, 3-26-2010)
In the Beaufort Sea triangle, the joint management structures typically found in JDZ agreements
AND
standard for the area than would be required in one legal system.311

Arctic is key to global biodiversity
Arctic Council ‘11 (Intergovernmental Council of Arctic States (“Arctic Biodiversity”, 5/2/11; http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/biodiversity/124-arctic-biodiversity)
The Arctic contains many species not found elsewhere, and many habitats and ecological processes
AND
the Arctic is a significant component of the diversity of life on Earth.

Biodiversity key to prevent extinction
Science Daily ‘11 (ScienceDaily, online science newsletter, 8/11/12 “Biodivserity Key to Earth’s Life-Support Functions in a Changing World” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110811084513.htm)
The biological diversity of organisms on Earth is not just something we enjoy when taking
AND
diversity is thus a crucial factor in maintaining Earth's life-support functions.

Canada 1AC 1
Contention 2 – Canada
Canada relations are on the brink now—status quo concessions like Keystone are inadequate
Clark ’12
(Campbell, “What will U.S.-Canada relations look like in the next four years?”, The Globe and Mail, 11-7-2012, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-election/what-will-us-canada-relations-look-like-in-the-next-four-years/article5035946/)
Is there room for a reset of U.S.-Canadian relations in Barack
AND
I think the Harper government is looking elsewhere,” Mr. Nossal said.

Canada 1AC 2
Relations inevitable, but effectiveness key --- need to mend relations over the Arctic
Burney and Hampson ’12 – senior strategic adviser at Norton Rose Canada
 (Derek H. Burney and Fen Osler Hampson, “How Obama Lost Canada”, Foreign Affairs, 6-21-2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137744/derek-h-burney-and-fen-osler-hampson/how-obama-lost-canada?page=2)
Permitting the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline should have been an easy diplomatic and
AND
, Russia and China are aggressively asserting their own interests in the region.

Canada 1AC 3
Beaufort key to relations—affects nearly all other U.S.-Canada Arctic issues
Lewis-Koskinen ’10 – program associate at SeaWeb
(Simone, Teaching Assistant at American University¶ External Affairs Intern at Consortium for Ocean Leadership¶ Research Intern at Oceans Research, “U.S. - Canada Dispute Over Offshore Territory”, ICE Case Studies, No. 228, December 2010)
The Beaufort Sea dispute is a conflict between the United States (U.S
AND
and the U.S. each vie to claim their sovereign rights.
Plan key to de-escalating permanent damage to our relations
Huebert ‘9 – associate professor of political science at the University of Calgary
(Rob, UNITED STATES ARCTIC POLICY:¶ THE RELUCTANT ¶ ARCTIC POWER, University of Calgary School of Public Policy SPP Briefing Papers Focus on the United States, Volume 2, Issue 2, May 2009, http://policyschool.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/research/sppbriefing-huebertonline.pdf)
The Beaufort Sea dispute centres on how the United States and Canada divide their territorial
AND
was perceived to compromise US energy security¶ also would face domestic difficulties.

Canada 1AC 4
It outweighs all other disputes—including the Northwest Passage
Crist ‘7 – program associate at the Wilson Center
(Ken, “Canada and the Arctic: The Issue of Northern Sovereignty”, The Wilson Center, 12-11-2007, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/canada-and-the-arctic-the-issue-northern-sovereignty)
Despite the environmental risks, economic development in the Arctic is expected to move forward
AND
issues are allowed to fester the more difficult they will be to solve."
Plan is a mutual win for the U.S. and Canada ---- fixes diplomatic escalation
Huebert ‘9 – associate professor of political science at the University of Calgary
(Rob, UNITED STATES ARCTIC POLICY:¶ THE RELUCTANT ¶ ARCTIC POWER, University of Calgary School of Public Policy SPP Briefing Papers Focus on the United States, Volume 2, Issue 2, May 2009, http://policyschool.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/research/sppbriefing-huebertonline.pdf)
As mentioned earlier, Canada is on record as stating that it opposes the development
AND
¶ the Arctic or its energy security. All sides would emerge winners.

Canada 1AC 5 

Cooperation with Canada key to cyber-security
Carafano et al 2010 – James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., is Deputy Director of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies and Director of the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Davis Institute, at The Heritage Foundation. Jena Baker McNeill is Policy Analyst for Homeland Security and Ray Walser, Ph.D., is Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Allison Center at The Heritage Foundation. Richard Weitz, Ph.D., is Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political–Military Analysis at Hudson Institute (“Expand NORAD to Improve Security in North America,” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/07/expand-norad-to-improve-security-in-north-america)
Addressing the wide range of threat s confronting America’s security interests in North America will
AND
by creating the Working Group on Cyber-Security in 2004.25

Canada 1AC 6
Cyber attack would destroy critical infrastructure and ensure US retaliation --- expands arid lands and ag collapse
Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 13-15)
There is strong evidence to suggest that al Qaeda has the ability to conduct cyberterror
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Canada 1AC 7
Independently, Expansion of arid lands results in extinction
Barlow 2001(Maude, National Chairperson, Council of Canadians Chair, IFG Committee on the Globalization of Water, "Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World's Water Supply")
However, if the earth's surface is paved over, denuded of forests and meadows
AND
vast territories, massive continental desertification and, eventually, "global collapse." 

Ag collapse results in global conflict
Calvin 1998 (William, Theoretical Neurophysiologist – U Washington, Atlantic Monthly, January, Vol 281, No. 1, p. 47-64)
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
AND
longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.

Public will blame Russia and China
WSJ 2010 (Wall Street Journal, “Grid Is Vulnerable to Cyber-Attacks,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704905004575405741051458382.html)
Computer networks controlling the electric grid are plagued with security holes that could allow intruders
AND
foreign country could shut down power in parts of the U.S.

Canada 1AC 8
US lashout escalates to global nuclear war
Lawson, 5/13/2009 (Sean - assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict, p. http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477)
At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over the
AND
lethal agent is regarded with the same or greater seriousness.” 7 

Canada 1AC 9

Cooperation with Canada is key to U.S. nuclear waste storage
Sands 2009 – Senior Fellow at Hudson Institute, where he specializes on Canada and U.S.-Canadian relations, as well as North American economic integration (Christopher, “Toward a New Frontier: Improving the U.S.-Canadian Border,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Events/2009/3/25%20us%20canada/20090325_sands.PDF)
Canada is also the largest generator of nuclear power in North America, and the
AND
trade facilitation between the United States and Canada that has worked remarkably well. 

Canada 1AC 10
U.S. spent fuel pools are a unique risk for mass radiation leaks due to poor protection
Alvarez 11
Robert Alvarez, former secretary in the DOE, “Spent Nuclear Fuel Pools in the U.S.: Reducing the Deadly Risks of Storage”, Institute for Policy Studies, May 2011
Nearly 40 percent of the radioactivity in U.S. spent fuel is cesium
AND
proper containment and several have large cavities beneath them which could exacerbate leakage.

Mass nuclear waste release has the same impact as nuclear war
Ayala 03
(Leah Ayala, “Nuclear Power Companies the Department of Energy: A Legal Remedy Magnifying Nuclear Ends”, Nevada Law Journal, Winter 2002, LexisNexis)
A very small amount of nuclear waste can be disastrous. If an amount of
AND
activist and member of the San Luis Obispo County Nuclear Waste Management Committee).

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce restrictions on energy production of crude oil and natural gas for companies engaged in joint ventures with Canadian based energy producers in the United States area of the Beaufort Sea.
Solvency 1AC 1
No joint development zone now—the U.S. position makes it impossible to compromise
Menage 12 – MA Candidate
(Kim K., “High Ideals in the High North, ¶ Interdependence in a Territory Sui Generis”, http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2012-0419-200416/Final%20version%20Thesis_K.K.Menage.pdf)
During the negotiations, Canada was prepared to accept a compromise jurisdictional boundary along the
AND
US staunchly rejected¶ any compromise (‘Disruptive diplomatic exchange’) (-1).

Solvency 1AC 2
Plan fixes all previous attempts at compromise --- Past attempts at a joint development zone have failed due to lack of unilateral compromise—the plan takes advantage of the changing status quo to reverse the moratorium in the Beaufort Sea
Baker and Byers ’12 – professors of political science at the University of British Columbia
(James S. Baker and Michael Byers, also experts on Artic affairs and international law, Department of Political Science at the University of British Columbia, “Crossed Lines: The Curious Case of the Beaufort Sea Maritime Boundary Dispute”, Ocean Development and International Law, 43:1, 70-95)
Canada and the United States sought to resolve the Beaufort Sea dispute along with their
AND
one meeting with U.S. officials had already taken place. 31

Solvency 1AC 3
Only the concession of the plan solves—leads to the implementation of a joint development zone
Petkunaite ’11 – master’s candidate at CUNY
(Dovile, “Cooperation or Conflict in the Arctic? UNCLOS and the Barents and Beaufort Sea Disputes”, The City College of New York, June 2011, http://digital-archives.ccny.cuny.edu/gallery/thesis/2011SpSs13.pdf)
It is common in maritime boundary disputes for both parties to advocate the use of
AND
tensions, but a step forward on cooperation would already have been taken.

Solvency 1AC 4
Plan solves tensions without having to resolve the actual maritime border
Baker and Byers ’12 – professors of political science at the University of British Columbia
(James S. Baker and Michael Byers, also experts on Artic affairs and international law, Department of Political Science at the University of British Columbia, “Crossed Lines: The Curious Case of the
Beaufort Sea Maritime Boundary Dispute”, Ocean Development and International Law, 43:1, 70-95)
As McDorman explains, the “Beaufort Sea boundary dispute area has long been seen
AND
pay the United States a proportion of the profits from exploitation activities there.

Solvency 1AC 5
Unilateral action key ----- no compromise will be possible without it, Canada is too concerned about giving up its oil and gas
Lorenz ‘7 – associate editor of Oil Week
(Andrea W. Lorenz, producer of industry leading monthly trade magazines in oil and gas, “Polar politics¶ Sovereignty tussles over Arctic territory threaten to impede oil and gas exploration”, Oil Week, 2007, Subscription Service, Article found here: http://oilsandstruth.org/sovereignty-tussles-over-arctic-territory-threaten-impede-oil-and-gas-exploration)
Competition to secure oil and gas leases is already raising red flags amongst scientists like
AND
the implications of an adverse boundary decision in the Beaufort Sea are enormous.”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Round 1: Vs. West Georgia GM, with Carly Wunderlich as the Judge.
1AC Advantages: Warming, Waste
1AC Plan Text:
Plan/Advocacy:The United States Federal Government should not have restrictionson commercial nuclear reprocessing in the United States.

2AC:Case, Warming + Waste outweigh K, K defense

2AR Offense:Warming is extinction, Waste is extinction, Perm. 

Round 3: Vs. Michigan DH, with David Cram-Helwich as the Judge.
1AC Advantages:
Plan/Advocacy:
2AC Strat:
1AR:
2AR Offense:

AFF ROUND REPORT FORMAT:

Round 6: Wake BM Vs. Minnesota CE, with Rashad Evans as the Judge.

1AC Advantages:
Mexico Stability
Gulf

Plan/Advocacy:

2AC Strat:
Grid add on

1AR:

2AR Offense:

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Drilling along US-Mexico border inevitable ----- only a question of cooperation or unilat
Urdaneta ’10 – associate at Grau Garcia Hernandez and Monaco (Law Firm)
(Karla, “TRANSBOUNDARY PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS: A RECOMMENDED APPROACH FOR THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO IN THE DEEPWATERS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO”, Houston Journal of International Law, Volume 32, Number 2, Spring 2010)
In view of this, Mexico is primarily …results among other countries that have faced similar dilemmas.

PEMEX is failing now – the 2008 reforms couldn’t do it
Melgar ’12 – director of the Center for Sustainability and Business at EGADE Business School of the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
(Lourdes, “The Future of PEMEX”, Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3781)
Exploration and Production: The Keys to Deeper Reform …United Kingdom’s Petrofac Facilities Management winning the auction.

Western Gap key to PEMEX production
Iliff ’12
(Laurence, “Pemex Makes Its First Big Oil Find in Deep Gulf”, The Wall Street Journal, 8-29-2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444914904577619712736497598.html)
Mexican state-owned oil firm Petroleos Mexicanos…the Gulf, but only under shared-risk contracts.

But, PEMEX doesn’t have the expertise in deepwater drilling to exploit those resources
Melgar ’12 – director of the Center for Sustainability and Business at EGADE Business School of the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
(Lourdes, “The Future of PEMEX”, Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3781)
The challenge for PEMEX is to increase reserves … legal authority to force PEMEX to wait.

The plan solves—the THA would cause PEMEX reforms by giving Mexico an overwhelming economic incentive
Melgar ’12 – director of the Center for Sustainability and Business at EGADE Business School of the Tecnológico de Monterrey.
(Lourdes, “The Future of PEMEX”, Americas Quarterly, 2012, http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/3781)
Deepwater drilling is likely to take center stage …thrive on amendments to distorted schemes.

PEMEX is critical to the Mexican economy ---- THA reforms key to solve
Samples and Vittor ’12 – associate and partners at Hogan Lovells US LLP
(Tim R. and Jose Luis, “Energy Reform and the Future of Mexico’s Oil Industry: The Pemex Bidding Rounds and Integrated Service Contracts”, Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 6-21-2012, http://tjogel.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Samples-Formatted_Final_June13.pdf)
In recent years, Latin America has seen …in November 2008 (the Energy Reforms). 14

PEMEX decline will trigger instability throughout Mexico – timeframe is 10 years
Kohl 11-27-12 (Keith, “Crisis of Consumption,” http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/mexican-oil-crisis/2833) JH
Of course, we all know the story behind the Cantarell field's downfall… importer within ten years.

Mexican stability is critical to U.S. power
Kaplan ’12 – chief geopolitical analyst at Stratfor
(Robert D., With the Focus on Syria, Mexico Burns, Stratfor, 3-28-2012, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/focus-syria-mexico-burns)
While the foreign policy elite in Washington focuses on the 8,000 …questions in places that matter less.

Solves global nuclear war
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College “Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)

A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents …rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85
 
U.S. engagement is inevitable – only a question if it’s effective or not
Dorfman ‘12 (Zach Dorfman, Zach Dorfman is assistant editor of Ethics and International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, and co-editor of the Montreal Review, an online magazine of books, art, and culture, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism”, http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=605, May 18, 2012, LEQ)
The idea that global military dominance and political hegemony is in the U.S. national interest…the national security state appears here to stay.

PEMEX solvency and reform are critical to battling drug cartels in Mexico
O’Sullivan ’12 – professor of international affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government
(Meghan, served on the National Security Council from 2004 to 2007, and was deputy national security advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan, “Mexican Oil Reforms Are Vital on Both Sides of the Border”, reprinted from CFR at Bloomberg, 7-30-2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-30/mexican-oil-reforms-are-vital-on-both-sides-of-the-border.html)
In recent days a coalition of Mexican …exports to the U.S. altogether.

Drug cartels instability will spill over throughout Latin America
Bonner ’10 – senior principal of the Sentinel HS Group
(Robert C., former administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, “The New Cocaine Cowboys”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2010, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66472/robert-c-bonner/the-new-cocaine-cowboys)
The recent headlines from Mexico…Central and South America.
 
That causes nuclear war and extinction
Manwaring 05 – adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, pg. PUB628.pdf)
President Chávez also understands… endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Domestic stability key to Mexican global engagement- including TPP
Johnson, 12 -- CSIS Americas program director
Stephen, "Mexico: Prospects for a New Foreign Policy," CSIS, 11-15-12, csis.org/files/publication/121115_Johnson_MexicoForeignPolicy.pdf, accessed 1-24-13, mss

Foreign policy is not an area where one wants or expects to see a lot of fireworks… its impact is likely to be global.

That’s critical to the TPP’s success
Palacios, 12 -- University of Guadalajara political studies professor Juan, "Mexico and the Trans-Pacific Partnership," East Asia Forum, 9-26-12, www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/09/26/mexico-and-the-trans-pacific-partnership/, accessed 1-24-13, mss

Claude Barfield noted that … correspond to high-technology goods.

That’s key to solve greater Asia engagement
Stimson Center ’12
(Sheryl Tibung, A Primer On The Trans-Pacific Partnership, Stimson, 10-9-2012, http://www.stimson.org/summaries/a-primer-on-the-tpp/)
The Obama Administration …trade aspirations in the region.

Pivot key to solve Asian war
Friedberg, 11 -- Princeton international affairs and politics professor
Aaron, "China’s Challenge at Sea," NY Times, 9-5-11, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/opinion/chinas-challenge-at-sea.html?_r=2and, accessed 12-2-12

If the United States and its Asian friends look to … challenge posed by China’s relentless military buildup.
Nuclear great power war
Medcalf, 11 -- Lowy Institute International Security Programme director
Rory, and Raoul Heinrichs is Sir Arthur Tange Scholar at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, and editor of the Lowy Institute Strategic Snapshot series, "Asia's Maritime Confidence Crisis," The Diplomat, 6-27-11, thediplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia’s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 12-2-12

To the casual observer, recent security… regional peace and stability

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
PLAN
The United States Federal Government should reduce restrictions on energy production of crude oil in the United States as specified by the Agreement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico.

T Cards
We meet—the Western Gap is “in the U.S.”
Vaca ’12 – Head of the International Legal Department at Petróleos Mexicanos.
(Jose Luis Herrera, attorney that graduated from Universidad Panamericana with a Licenciatura en Derecho (JD equivalent) and from Georgetown University Law Center (LLM), “The new legal framework for oil and gas activities near the maritime boundaries between Mexico and the U.S.: Comments on the Agreement between the United Mexican States and the United States of America concerning transboundary hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico”, Oxford Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 7-18-2012, http://jwelb.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/07/18/jwelb.jws015.full)
The countries … derives from the international legal regime.
Counter-interpretation—“in the U.S.” is anywhere the U.S. has jurisdiction
Department of Defense 5 (Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. US Department of Defense 2005., http://www.thefreedictionary.com/United+States)
UNITED STATES: … authority or defense responsibility.

Maritime borders and asserted areas meet that interpretation
Urdaneta ’10
(Karla, “TRANSBOUNDARY PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS: A RECOMMENDED APPROACH FOR THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO IN THE DEEPWATERS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO”, Houston Journal of International Law, Volume 32, Number 2, Spring 2010)
Therefore, what international law regulates … established by UNCLOS. (187)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Inherency
Funding and Obama’s support for the American Centrifuge Project is strong and increasing now --- no loan gurantee coming
Shesgreen ’13 – congressional correspondent for USA Today
(Deirdre, she has covered campaign finance, health care, and lobbying, and she is a two-time winner of the David Lynch Memorial Reporting Award for regional coverage of Congress, “Fate of Ohio centrifuge project murky in 2nd Obama term”, USA Today, 2-3-2013, Accessed 2-25-2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/02/02/usec-centrifuge-plant-piketon-uranium/1881243/)
As the 113th Congress gets underway and President Obama begins a second term, some
AND
. But as folks in Piketon will remind you, time's a wasting."

No DAs – DOE loan guarantees for uranium enrichment in the U.S. increasing now
Korte ’12
(Gregory Korte, “Politics stands in the way of nuclear plant's future”, USA Today, 4-27-2012, http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-13/usec-centrifuges-loan-guarantees/54560118/1)
The DOE has supported other centrifuges. In 2010, it gave a conditional $
AND
of the market is large enough for multiple suppliers to be playing in."

No perception links – Obama is already perceived to support the plan
USEC 08
(“Presidential candidate Barack Obama writing to Ohio Governor Ted Strickland”, 9-2-2008, http://www.usec.com/support/administration/presidential-candidate-barack-obama-writing-ohio-governor-ted-strickland)
"Under my administration, energy programs that promote safe and environmentally-sound technologies and are domestically produced, such as the enrichment facility in Ohio, will have my full support. I will work with the Department of Energy to help make loan guarantees available for this and other advanced energy programs that reduce carbon emissions and break the tie to high cost, foreign energy sources."

Plan

The United States Department of Energy should approve the United States Enrichment Corporation’s currently pending application for a $2 billion loan guarantee for the American Centrifuge Project.

Solvency

USEC failure collapses domestic enrichment capability ---- Federal loan guarantee for USEC key to third party financing and credibility—no barriers
Schmidt ‘9 – Former U.S. Representative
(Jean Schmidt, speech from Congress, “Where are the Jobs?”, 7-29-2009, http://votesmart.org/public-statement/445368/where-are-the-jobs)
The United States Enrichment Corporation, called USEC, is deploying American Centrifuge technology to
AND
, not just for the 2,000 jobs that will be lost.

Unconditional plan is key—further delays or roadblocks means USEC would pull out of the project
USEC ‘12
(“Funding”, 2012, http://www.usec.com/american-centrifuge/what-american-centrifuge/plant/funding)
USEC needs significant additional financing in order to complete the American Centrifuge Plant. USEC
AND
for obtaining a loan guarantee and other financing needed to deploy the project.

DOE key—without its backing key investors would pull out of the project
Duffy ’11 – investment expert at Motley Fool
(Aimee, “Will the Government Guarantee Your Uranium Stock?”, The Motley Fool, 10-7-2011, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2011/10/07/will-the-government-guarantee-your-uranium-stock.aspx#lastVisibleParagraph)
The U.S. Department of Energy can be such a tease sometimes --
AND
informed employees that layoffs may or may not be just around the bend.

Fed action now key --- solves worker layoffs
Koss ’12 – CQ Staff
(Geof Koss, “Tug of War Over Uranium Prompts Odd Alliances”, Congressional Quarterly, 3-3-2012, http://public.cq.com/docs/weeklyreport/weeklyreport-000004039687.html)
As a result, the Kentuckians’ rescue plan has hit a brick wall, raising
AND
uranium enrichment for the first time since the dawn of the atomic age.”

Free market solutions mean USEC fails and no other commercial entity fills the void—only continued government intervention works
Rothwell ‘9 – professor of economics at Stanford
(Geoffrey, “Market Power in Uranium Enrichment”, Science and Global Security, 17:132–154, 2009)
With the retirement of diffusion capacity during the next decade, the artificially high price
AND
uranium at reasonable prices, particularly for U.S. electric utilities.

Deterrence

Tritium requirements for the nuclear deterrent won’t be met now – only increasing tritium production solves
GAO ’10
(“NUCLEAR WEAPONS National Nuclear  Security  Administration Needs  to Ensure Continued  Availability of Tritium  for the Weapons  Stockpile”, October 2010, http://www.gao.gov/assets/320/311092.pdf)
DOD is responsible for implementing the U.S. nuclear deterrent strategy,  which
AND
fill what they  estimate will be a steady tritium demand in the future.

The ACP key to domestic tritium in our nuclear arsenal
Holt and Nikitin ’12 – specialist in energy policy and specialist in nuclear nonproliferation
(Mark and Mary Beth, “Potential sources for nuclear fuel for tritium production”, Congressional Research Service, 5-15-2012, http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/documents/2012_0515_CRS_TritiumFuelOptions.pdf)
Tritium, produced in nuclear reactors, is an essential ingredient in U.S
AND
jeopardized because of a lack of alternative fuel from a solely domestic source.

Foreign suppliers creates uncertainty and vulnerability in the arsenal
Rowny ’12 – retired Lieutenant General
(Edward Rowny, was chief negotiator with the rank of ambassador in the START arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union and has served as an arms control adviser and negotiator for five presidents, Roll Call, 3-29-2012, http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_118/edward-rowny-safe-uranium-enrichment-should-be-us-priority-213505-1.html)
Oil may grab headlines, but nuclear power for civilian use is growing, as
AND
uranium needed to produce tritium, our national security will be at risk.

Foreign suppliers can’t and won’t provide the tech
Holt and Nikitin ’12 – specialist in energy policy and specialist in nuclear nonproliferation
(Mark and Mary Beth, “Potential sources for nuclear fuel for tritium production”, Congressional Research Service, 5-15-2012, http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/documents/2012_0515_CRS_TritiumFuelOptions.pdf)
The European consortium Urenco is one of USEC’s major competitors. Urenco recently began operating
AND
its deployment in support of nuclear weapons programs or for any military purpose.
Perception of federal leadership key to effective nuclear deterrence
Schneider ‘8 – chairman of the Defense Science Board
(Dr. William Jr., “Nuclear Deterrence Skills”, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force, September 2008, http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/dsb%20nuclear%20deterrence%20skills%20chiles.pdf)
As long as anyone in the world has or can acquire nuclear weapons, America
AND
Energy, Intelligence Community (IC), and the Department of  Homeland Security.
The nuclear deterrent is critical to prevent nuclear war, terrorism, and allied prolif – best research and Neg authors are biased
Blackwill ’13 – special advisor to the Air Force’s assistant Chief of Staff for strategic deterrence and nuclear integration
(James, “Nuclear Weapons Critics Suffer Cold War Brain Freeze; Deterrence Works, Argues Top Air Force Official”, AOL Defense, 2-20-2013, Accessed 2-25-2013, http://defense.aol.com/2013/02/20/nuclear-weapons-critics-suffer-cold-war-brain-freeze-deterrence/)
There is an unsettling paradox in much of the recent debate over nuclear weapons in
AND
War thinking to make sure that today, nuclear weapons are never used.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
of pressure on them, what conclusions might it then draw about their culpability

Weak credibility means allies proliferate --- nuke war
Millot 94 – president of the Educational Entrepreneurs Fund
(Marc Dean, President of Education Entrepreneurs Fund, Washington Quarterly, “Facing the Emerging Reality of Regional Nuclear Adversaries,” 1994, lexis)
If the allies of the United States come to believe that it no longer shares
AND
confront that choice should be the goal of U.S. policy.

Nuclear primacy stabilizes nuclear conflict with Russia and China
Delpech ’12 – former head of strategic studies at France’s Atomic Energy Commission
(Thérèse, expert on nuclear deterrence and non-proliferation, foreign affairs analyst, “Nuclear  Deterrence  in the 21st  Century Lessons from the Cold War  for a New Era of Strategic Piracy”, RAND Corporation, 2012, Accessed 2-26-2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf, pg 134-139)
Any practical scenario involving nuclear weapons looks highly unrealistic except  in the context of a
AND
, coinciding with a more sober view of China in the Obama  administration.

China and Russia would exploit weakness in our nuclear deterrent to gain power
Delpech ’12 – former head of strategic studies at France’s Atomic Energy Commission
(Thérèse, expert on nuclear deterrence and non-proliferation, foreign affairs analyst, “Nuclear  Deterrence  in the 21st  Century Lessons from the Cold War  for a New Era of Strategic Piracy”, RAND Corporation, 2012, Accessed 2-26-2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf, pg 117-119)
With China now a major rising power, considerably more difficult challenges  than those posed
AND
(who are also U.S. allies and often EU  members).

Deterrence between the U.S. China and Russia works – communication and nuclear learning are increasing – just a question of U.S. technical capability to maintain deterrence
Delpech ’12 – former head of strategic studies at France’s Atomic Energy Commission
(Thérèse, expert on nuclear deterrence and non-proliferation, foreign affairs analyst, “Nuclear  Deterrence  in the 21st  Century Lessons from the Cold War  for a New Era of Strategic Piracy”, RAND Corporation, 2012, Accessed 2-26-2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf, pg 159-161)
In 1956, Paul Nitze made an interesting analogy between a nuclear world and a
AND
whether there will even be any rules at all in the nuclear future.

Nuclear primacy deters bioweapons attack
Thayer 12, Bradley, professor of political science at Baylor University “THAYER: Preserving our nuclear deterrence,” February 17th, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/17/preserving-our-nuclear-deterrence/
Finally, nuclear weapons deter the use of other weapons of mass destruction, such
AND
attack and to signal the risk of escalating violence to a higher level.

And, it prevents bioweapons transfer to non-state actors
Malet and Rogers ’12 – assistant professor of political science at Colorado State and B.A. candidate at Colorado State
(David and Herman, also director of the Center for the Study of Homeland Security at Colorado State University, “Biological Weapons and Security Dilemmas”, Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations,
If pathogens make poor weapons of war, why do states continue to pursue biological
AND
they are therefore unlikely to proliferate to non-state actors 1 6.

Bioweapons will cause extinction
Matheny ‘7
(Jason G. Matheny, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction”, Risk Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2007)
Of current extinction risks, the most severe may be bioterrorism. The knowledge needed
AND
to respond to pandemics (Lam, Franco, and Shuler, 2006).

U.S. leaders will cling to nuclear deterrence inevitably – only a question of how credible and effective it is
Thompson ’11 – Chief Operating Officer of the non-profit Lexington Institute
(Loren, was Deputy Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and taught graduate-level courses in strategy, technology and media affairs at Georgetown. I have also taught at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, holds doctoral and masters degrees in government from Georgetown University and a bachelor of science degree in political science from Northeastern University, “Nuclear Paradox: Shrinking U.S. Arsenal Requires Huge New Expenditures”, Forbes, 6-13-2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2011/06/13/nuclear-paradox-shrinking-u-s-arsenal-requires-huge-new-expenditures/)
The anti-nuclear rhetoric coming out of the White House during Obama’s early days
AND
a great deal of money on items you wish didn’t exist at all.

U.S. nuclear deterrence is key to NATO cohesion
Thranert 11
Oliver Thranert, Senior Fellow, “Nuclear Arms and Missle Defense in Transatlantic Security”, NATO’s Role in European Security – and Beyond”, European Security and the Future of Transatlantic Relations, 2011, http://www.iai.it/pdf/Quaderni/iairp_01.pdf
More than twenty years after the end of the Cold War, extended deterrence is
AND
in collective defense planning on nuclear roles and basing of nuclear forces.4
NATO solves Balkan wars and Greece-Turkey conflict
BMI, 10-17
(Business Monitor International - Risk Watchdog, "Would The Eurozone’s Collapse Lead To War?," 10-17-12, www.riskwatchdog.com/2012/10/17/would-the-eurozone’s-collapse-lead-to-war/, accessed 10-21-12, mss)
Dissolution or neutralisation of NATO: Some European doomsayers forget that NATO still exists,
AND
or push for the de jure separation of Moldova’s separatist region of Transdniestria.
Balkan conflict spurs great power war
Paris, 2 -- University of Colorado Political Science and International Affairs professor
(Roland Paris, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 117, Issue 3, Fall, Proquest)

Nevertheless, the phrase "powderkeg in the Balkans" would have carried historical significance
AND
conflict, just as it did in World Wars I and II. "
Greece-Turkey conflict causes great power nuclear war
Barber, 97 – writer for the Independent
(Tony, "Europe's coming war over Cyprus," Independent, 1-23-97, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/europes-coming-war-over-cyprus-1284661.html, accessed 10-21-12, mss)

May 1998. Europe is getting twitchy. Twelve months of stop-start talks
AND
. This issue brought Greece and Turkey close to war in January 1996.

Perception of credible U.S. nuclear deterrent is key to Asian stability
Medcalf ’13 – directs the international security program at the Lowy Institute in Sydney and is also a non-resident Senior Fellow with the Brookings Institution
(Rory, “A Nuclear Pivot to Asia?”, The Diplomat, 3-5-2013, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/03/05/a-nuclear-pivot-to-asia/)
The 2010 U.S. Nuclear Posture Review made sensible, logical steps towards
AND
will rise – whether President Obama and disarmament visionaries like it or not.

Asian instability causes nuclear war
Landay ’00 – national security and intelligence correspondent
(Jonathan S. Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, “Top Administration Officials Warn Stakes for U.S. Are High in Asian Conflicts”, Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, March 10, p. Lexis)
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: Perkins, Severson, Kanellopoulos
( style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:solid windowtext 3.0pt; padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt" )

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase its applied research and development for nuclear reprocessing in the United States.

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Inherency

US closed reprocessing in short-term ---- randd is still continuing

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )McMahon ’13 – contributor to Forbes Environment and Energy Coverage

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Jeff McMahon, “U.S. To Bury Almost All Existing Nuclear Waste; Recycling Deferred At Least 20 Years”, Forbes, 1-28-2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2013/01/28/deferring-recycling-u-s-to-bury-almost-all-existing-nuclear-waste/)

( class="MsoNormal" )
There’s little hope that the 70,000 metric tons of used nuclear fuel dispersed

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
about the merits and commercial viability of different fuel cycle and technology options.”

But, that research will fail long-term – there’s no strategy for transitioning to applied reprocessing RandD

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Aloise ’11 – director of the Natural Resources and Environment at GAO

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Gene, “Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options: DOE Needs to ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Enhance Planning for ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Technology ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Assessment and ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Collaboration with ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Industry and Other ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Countries”, GAO, October 2011, pg. 34-35, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1270.pdf)

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DOE’s RandD plan states that it is necessary to assess the readiness of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, such as the life-cycle costs of a nuclear fuel cycle.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Contention _ Solvency

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Switching focus to applied RandD solves DOE’s long-term research plan – leads to long-term collaboration with the industry and other nations

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Aloise ’11 – director of the Natural Resources and Environment at GAO

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Gene, “Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options: DOE Needs to ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Enhance Planning for ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Technology ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Assessment and ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Collaboration with ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Industry and Other ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Countries”, GAO, October 2011, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1270.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
To its credit, DOE has taken a systematic approach to planning for the ¶

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
countries to more efficiently and effectively ¶ meet its RandD goals.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:10.0pt;text-align:justify;mso-pagination: widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after:avoid;mso-outline-level:4" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )Fed  key – needs to send the market signal for nuclear industry cooperation

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Duarte ‘11

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
(Gary J. Duarte, “US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing”, U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)

( class="MsoNormal" )
To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) 

Certainty and credible commitment is key to nuclear industry cooperation

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, “Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability”, University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Contention _ Russia

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Relations with Russia are declining now – expanded areas of cooperation are key

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Gearan ’13

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Anne, “Sour U.S.-Russia Relations Threaten Obama’s Foreign Policy Agenda”, IRIB World Service, 1-15-2013, http://english.irib.ir/voj/analyses/commentaries/item/84492-sour-us-russia-relations-threaten-obama)

( class="MsoNormal" )
A poisonous unraveling of U.S. relations with Russia in recent months represents

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
areas of cooperation, despite genial relations with Putin’s predecessor, Dmitry Medvedev.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

Relations are neither resilient nor inevitable – only building new sources of trust into relations saves then

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Migranyan ’13 – director of the Institute for Democracy and Cooperation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Andranik, professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow, “Russia and Obama's Second Term”, The National Interest, 1-30-2013, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/russia-obamas-second-term-8037)

( class="MsoNormal" )
First, the problem here is that it is unrealistic to expect large, sovereign

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
or entirely competitive relations between two large countries with intersecting and conflicting interests.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

Cooperation on nuclear energy is the key issue – it builds stakeholders, leverage, and bridges the trust gap – solves alt causes, and this evidence assumes Putin

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Weitz ’12 – senior fellow at the Hudson Institute

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Richard, World Politics Review Senior Editor, “Global Insights: U.S.-Russia Arms Control Prospects Under Putin”, World Politics Review, 3-6-2012, http:~/~/www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11681/com/articles/11681/global-insights-u-s-russia-arms-control-prospects-under-putin())

( class="MsoNormal" )
This weekend’s election in Russia has unsurprisingly returned Vladimir Putin to the country’s presidency.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
could lead to progress in the areas where the two sides’ interests overlap.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

Applied RandD on reprocessing builds sustainable U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Einhorn et al ‘8

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Daniel Poneman, Jon Wolfsthal, “The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement A Framework for Cooperation”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080522-einhorn-u.s.-russia-web.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Advanced Fuel-Cycle Research and Spent Fuel Storage Technologies. Russia is seeking to

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, voted unanimously to extend an offer of membership to China and Russia.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

But, DOE’s current research plan will jeapordize coop with Russia – an applied RandD focus is key

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Aloise ’11 – director of the Natural Resources and Environment at GAO

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Gene, “Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options: DOE Needs to ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Enhance Planning for ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Technology ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Assessment and ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Collaboration with ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Industry and Other ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Countries”, GAO, October 2011, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1270.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
According to DOE’s RandD plan, DOE recognizes that international RandD

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
countries to more efficiently and effectively ¶ meet its RandD objectives.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

The plan would build government-industry coordination between the U.S. and Russia

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Pifer et al ’10

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Steven, Joseph Cirincione, Clifford Gaddy, “Resetting U.S.-Russian Leadership on Nuclear Arms Reductions and Non-Proliferation”, Brookings Institution, January 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/1/us20russia20nuclear20pifer/01_us_russia_nuclear_pifer.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Vice President Biden announced the Obama administration’s intention to reset relations with Russia in a

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
and cooperative bilateral relationship as well as reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

That sends a new signal of improving relations

( class="MsoNormal" )
Rojansky ’10 – deputy director Russia and Eurasia Program at Carnegie

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Matthew Rojansky, “As New START Debate Rages, Quiet Nuclear Progress With Russia”, U.S. News and World Report, 12-9-2010, http:~/~/www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/as-new-start-debate-rages-quiet-nuclear-progress-with-russia)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Beyond benefiting relations, cooperation on peaceful nuclear energy makes financial sense. The United

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
a powerful symbol that both sides can move beyond the Cold War legacy.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; border: solid windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none" ) 

That resiliency and motivation that spills up to policymakers

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Einhorn et al ‘8

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Daniel Poneman, Jon Wolfsthal, “The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement A Framework for Cooperation”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080522-einhorn-u.s.-russia-web.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Russian officials and industry representatives also expect, rightly or wrongly, that a 123

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
to additional civil facilities and into new areas of work related to counterterrorism.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

Declining relations causes nuclear war – makes miscalculation more likely and deterrence doesn’t check

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Barrett et al ’13 – researchers at various risk think tanks

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(Anthony M. Barrett, Seth D. Baum, and Kelly R. Hostletler, prominent members/researchers at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia, and the Department of Geography at Penn State, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 6pt;" )¶ ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )and Russia”, forthcoming in Science and Global Security. This version dated 6 January 2013.)

( class="MsoNormal" )
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
likely to misinterpret events as attacks.¶ 60,61,62,63

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

And, U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation would accelerate Rosatom’s nuclear modernization plans

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Dewey et al ’10

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http:~/~/joinsurf.com/news/62/16/com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8())

( class="MsoNormal" )
Russia is currently pursuing the strategy of expanding its global role as an energy provider

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
experience may be of real value as Russia works to meet its targets.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

That’s key to Russia’s economy

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )World Nuclear News ’12

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(“Russia speeds up nuclear investment”, 11-22-2012, http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP_Russia_speeds_up_nuclear_investment_2211121.html)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Russian leaders have affirmed the strategic and economic importance of nuclear technology to the country

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
share rising to 70-80 by the end of the century.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Russian economic collapse causes extinction

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Filger ‘9

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Sheldon, Author and Writer @ the Huffington Post, Former VP for Resource Development at New York’s United Way, “Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction,” http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)

( class="MsoNormal" )
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Finally, it would transition Russia away from PUREX – prevents more loose material

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Dewey et al ’10

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http:~/~/joinsurf.com/news/62/16/com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8())

( class="MsoNormal" )
The US government is pursuing several international nuclear energy programs, including the development of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
usable material and will help discourage the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technologies.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

That spent nuclear fuel would be vulnerable to theft – and terrorists would have the means and motive to launch an attack on the U.S.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Menesick ’11 – public policy analyst

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Stephen, “Preventing the Unthinkable: An ()Overview of Threats, Risks, and US Policy Response to Nuclear Terrorism,” Global Security Studies, p. 5-6, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Menesick20Nuclear20Final.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The outlook in Russia is bleaker. After the Cold War, many Russian nuclear

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
people willing to make it into a usable weapon if they cannot themselves.

Extinction—nuclear terrorist attack on the U.S. would cause retaliation, especially during tensions with Russia

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Ayson 10() - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of pressure on them, what conclusions might it then draw about their culpability

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Contention _ Proliferation

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

U.S. influence in fuel cycles is declining – need to reengage in commercialization research

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
(Gary Rasp, “Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste”, Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Plan increases leverage – commercial RandD allows us set fuel cycle standards

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NNSA ‘8

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Policy Impact: By taking an active role in spent fuel recycling, the United

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
how those partnerships functioned to meet shared nonproliferation objectives through full actinide recycle.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Plan solves signal – ensures prolif resistant tech is adopted, bolsters U.S. nonprolif leadership, and no risk of tech diversion

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
ANS ‘11

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
(American Nuclear Society “American Nuclear Society Issue Paper on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy”, 2011, http://www2.ans.org/pi/ip/pdfs/nonproliferation.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
U.S. nonproliferation policy is set forth in Presidential Decision Directive-13

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
nonproliferation policy, it is necessary to enable effective implementation of that policy.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

U.S. nonprolif leadership key – alternative is ambivalence and nuclear brinkmanship

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Ogilvie-White ’12 – senior analyst in international strategy at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Dr. Tanya, “Position Vacant: Nonproliferation and Disarmament Leader, Asia”, PacNet, a publication of CSIS, Number 77A, 12-5-2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/Pac1277A.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
During the past few weeks, there have seen some striking discussions in the international

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
difficult to manage and even harder to sustain over the longer-term.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Brink is now – bipolar deterrence will fail in multipolarity

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Rosenbaum ‘11

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
(Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, “How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III,” March 2^nd, http:~/~/www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)

( class="MsoNormal" )
And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Prolif would be fast – cheaper and newer tech makes it easier to hide

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Heisbourg ’12 – chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?” http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171andrtid=2

( class="MsoNormal" )
Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Prolif causes first strikes, use-or-lose pressures, and deterrence breakdowns

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( style="font-size:9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” ( style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )http:~/~/www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2url:http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2( style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ))

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The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

( class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:115" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Prolif causes accidental nuclear war – high-alert and delegation increase the risk

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( style="font-size:9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, “The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?” ( style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" )http:~/~/www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2url:http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2( style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ))

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The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:solid windowtext 3.0pt; padding:1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt" )

Solvency

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Utilities would reprocess – concerns about spent nuclear fuel

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Beattie ’11

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Jeff, “Areva Exec: U.S. Utilities Rallying Behind Reprocessing.”, Energy Daily, Issue 108, p.3, 6-7-2011, accessed on EbscoHost)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Despite questions raised about the near-term feasibility of the technology by the Obama

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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jobs and economic growth it could provide, both during construction and operation.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Proliferation

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PUREX is inevitable globally

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Paviet-Hartmann et al ’11

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Patricia, Gary Cerefice, Marcela Riveros Stacey, Steven Bakhtiar, “Analysis of Nuclear Proliferation Resistance Reprocessing and Recycling Technologies”, Idaho National Laboratory, 2011, http://www.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/5025962.pdf)

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The selection of strategy for UNF management is a complex decision with many factors to

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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abandoned or dismantled their nuclear weapon programs altogether. (Lauvergeon, 2009)

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

Any signal of reprocessing won’t affect the global market

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
Lee 10

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(Nathan R. Lee, WISE Intern and B.S.E. in Materials Science and Engineering from UPenn, Sustainability Of U.S. Nuclear Energy: Waste Management And The Question Of Reprocessing American Nuclear Society, 2010, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2010/NathanLeeWISE2010.pdf)

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No matter how much some nuclear energy proponents might play down the dual purpose of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
-time monitoring of material flows to detect and prevent proliferation attempts. 40

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

States haven’t pursued reprocessing because of economic constraints, not U.S. policy—and the economic climate is changing

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NNSA ‘8

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Policy Impact: Proponents of a once-through policy argue that the U.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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the economic picture is changing and those factors may not continue to prevail.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

The net effect of the Aff is positive for nonproliferation, even if they win their signal or diversion arguments

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NNSA ‘8

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(“Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives”, December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)

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One potential drawback of deploying a full actinide recycle fuel cycle in the United States

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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, 98 those customers might be more inclined to rely on such services.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

T

Counter-interpretation—

For means “in support of”

( class="MsoNormal" )
OED 11

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Oxford English Dictionary, "for", http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk-http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )in support of() or in favour of (a person or policy):

Financial incentives are resource transfers to lower the cost of production – RandD meets

( class="MsoNormal" )
EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable¶ energy have been used to

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
thus enhancing the commercial viability of the good(s)¶ provided.¶ 4

Applied RandD is uniquely T under this interpretation – we exclude basic RandD

( class="MsoNormal" )
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Federal energy-related RandD can be described as falling¶ into three

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of the¶ $30 million for new or improved nuclear power plants.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

Prefer this interpretation –

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1" )

a)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Limits – ====

( class="MsoNormal" )
REPP ‘99 (copyright © 1999 by Renewable Energy Policy Project “Selected Finance

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
Industry Cluster for Mesa Del Sol 5. Selected Finance Programs for Sustainable Energy17

( class="MsoNormal" )
This section discusses financial incentives for renewable energy development, which are currently offered by

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
credits, property tax exemptions, and excise tax exemptions. For example:

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

We meet – nuclear fuel cycle counts as energy production, including electricity generation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )International Trade Association ’12

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(“The Nuclear Fuel Cycle”, http://trade.gov/mas/ian/nuclear/tg_ian_003164.asp)

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The nuclear fuel cycle is the series of industrial processes which involve the production of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
nuclear waste which cannot be re-used and must be disposed of).

Unlimiting is inevitable for nuclear power –

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l57 level1 lfo2" )

a)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Massive number of Generation-III reactor designs that could be their own separate topics—not even the NRC can keep up ====

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Union of Concerned Scientists ‘7

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(“Nuclear Power in a Warming World: Assessing the Risks, Addressing the Challenges”, 2007, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Until recently, designers of new U.S. reactors have focused on evolutionary

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
to evaluate unfamiliar reactor concepts when it is unclear whether they are viable.

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l57 level1 lfo2" )

b)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()And, there will always be new reactors for the Aff to pick—DOE Generation IV research proves ====

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Union of Concerned Scientists ‘7

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(“Nuclear Power in a Warming World: Assessing the Risks, Addressing the Challenges”, 2007, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
In addition to the Generation III and III+ designs of commercial reactor vendors,

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
-usable materials and provide increased physical protection against acts of terrorism. 127

Counter-interpretation—energy production is the production of electricity or combustible or nuclear fuels

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NASA ‘11

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(NASA Scientific and Technical Information. Scope and Subject Category Guide, http://www.scribd.com/doc/80662465/sscg)

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua; mso-highlight:aqua" )Energy Production—The production of electricity, combustible fuels, nuclear and thermonuclear fuels( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ), and heating and cooling by renewable resources( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ).

Their interp is energy conversion – that’s a subset of energy production

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NASA ’11

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(()NASA Scientific and Technical Information. Scope and Subject Category Guide, http://www.scribd.com/doc/80662465/sscg)

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Energy Conversion – The change of a working substance or natural power into a more useable form of energy such as electricity( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) or mechanical motion(). NASA Thesaurus, Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Our interpretation is best—

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l40 level1 lfo3" )

a)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Has a brightline limit—it excludes “tech of the week” Affs; those are energy conversion, which is distinct from production ====

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NASA ’11

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(()NASA Scientific and Technical Information. Scope and Subject Category Guide, http://www.scribd.com/doc/80662465/sscg)

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:aqua;mso-highlight:aqua" )Energy Conversion – The change of a working substance or natural power into a more useable form of energy such as electricity( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) or mechanical motion(). NASA Thesaurus, Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

( class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-top:10.0pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;page-break-after: avoid;mso-outline-level:4;mso-list:l40 level1 lfo3" )
( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )b)( style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt" )     ( style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )Best debate—our interpretation opens the best and most real world discussions on nuclear power because each stage of the fuel cycle has different consequences. This turn any marginal limit they create

( class="MsoNormal" )
MIT ’11

( class="MsoNormal" )
(“The Future of Nuclear Power”, Chapter 4 – Fuel Cycles, 2011, http:~/~/web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The description of a possible global growth scenario for nuclear power with 1000 or so

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
will significantly reduce the long-term radioactivity of the nuclear waste.4

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l40 level1 lfo3" )

c)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Best caselist— ====

Only three cases for uranium enrichment

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NRC ‘12

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac/ur-enrichment.html)

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:lime; mso-highlight:lime" )The uranium enriched in uranium-235() (U235) ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" )is required() in commercial light-water reactors ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )to produce a controlled nuclear reaction. Several ( style="background:lime;mso-highlight: lime" )different processes may be used to enrich uranium(), as described on this page style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ()Enriching Uranium( style="font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶ ( style="background:lime;mso-highlight:lime" )Gaseous Diffusion¶ Gas Centrifuge¶ Laser Separation

Only three cases for reprocessing/waste management

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )IAEA ‘12

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1587_web.pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Three types of technologies are considered( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) here():

( class="MsoNormal" )
− ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Hydrometallurgical( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) processes() (aqueous technologies) as the reference route nowadays for

( class="MsoNormal" )
industrial scale spent fuel reprocessing. They have a high potential of optimization to

( class="MsoNormal" )
further address minor actinides, global actinides or fission products partitioning. All these

( class="MsoNormal" )
issues will be covered in different sections of this TECDOC (Sections 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

( class="MsoNormal" )
respectively).

( class="MsoNormal" )
This is the only mature process (fully closed cycle) to deal both with:

( class="MsoNormal" )
• The separation of major actinides such as U and Pu;

( class="MsoNormal" )
• The treatment and conditioning of ultimate waste for long-term storage.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The processes derived from PUREX are able to deal with a large variety of spent fuels

( class="MsoNormal" )
(oxides, carbides, nitrides) whatever are the nature and shape of the fissile composite. They

( class="MsoNormal" )
can also be adapted to the co-laminated fuel (U Mo, U Si, U Al, Pu Al).

( class="MsoNormal" )
− ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )Pyrometallurgical( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) processes() (non aqueous technologies) as another promising RandD route

( class="MsoNormal" )
for the reprocessing of:

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri" )ƒ() Metallic fuel (electro refining process);

( class="MsoNormal" )
( style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri" )ƒ() Very radioactive fuels (early-processing of spent fuel) or fuel with a high content of

( class="MsoNormal" )
minor actinides (transmutation fuels for ADS targets in heterogeneous recycling

( class="MsoNormal" )
mode, or fuels assemblies dedicated to transmutation in fast systems in homogeneous

( class="MsoNormal" )
recycling mode)

( class="MsoNormal" )
These methods are also aiming at the global actinide separation. This issue is addressed in a

( class="MsoNormal" )
specific section of this TECDOC (3.3).

( class="MsoNormal" )
− Other ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )non-aqueous technologies(): this section is dealing with a fluid (CO2 or Freon)

( class="MsoNormal" )
dissolution and extraction process, fluorination, etc...

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

K

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

No prior questions – our justification for the 1AC is true

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Owen ‘2 – ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )reader of political theory

( class="MsoNormal" )
(David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

Extinction first – always VTL

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Bernstein ‘2

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, “Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation”, p. 188-192)

( class="MsoNormal" )
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, include the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will."

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Capitalism is self-correcting and sustainable

( class="MsoNormal" )
Matthews 11

( class="MsoNormal" )
Richard Matthews, eco-entrepreneur, eco-investor, sustainable writer, “Is Capitalism Sustainable?”, The Green Market, 5-12-2011, http://thegreenmarket.blogspot.com/2011/05/is-capitalism-sustainable.html

( class="MsoNormal" )
Business has created the environmental crisis and now the same capitalist system that was behind

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
. One such arrangement involves the new partnerships between corporations and environmental organizations.

CP

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Reprocessing solves Pu-238 shortages

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Packard ’12 – member of the James Randi Educational Foundation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Steven, ()“The U.S. Space Program’s Plutonium-238 Crisis”, Depleted Cranium, 1-6-2012, http://depletedcranium.com/americas-plutonium-238-crisis/)

( class="MsoNormal" )
The plutonium that can be extracted from light water spent fuel contains significant amounts of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
required to produce the highly concentrated neptunium necessary for plutonium-238 production.

Solves planetary science

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Squyres et al ’12 – Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:5.0pt" )(Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf)

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Radioisotope Power Systems are necessary for powering spacecraft at large distances from the Sun;

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AND

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country, to conduct certain important types of planetary missions after this decade.

Solves biosphere destruction

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Squyres et al ’12 – Chair of the Planetary Science Decadal Survey

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:5.0pt" )(Steering Group STEVEN W. SQUYRES, Cornell University, Chair LAURENCE A. SODERBLOM, U.S. Geological Survey, Vice Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno DALE CRUIKSHANK, NASA Ames Research Center PASCALE EHRENFREUND, George Washington University G. SCOTT HUBBARD, Stanford University WESLEY T. HUNTRESS, JR., Carnegie Institution of Washington (retired) (until November 2009) MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles B. GENTRY LEE, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory JANE LUU, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute RALPH L. McNUTT, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired) (from January 2010) AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) Inner Planets Panel ELLEN R. STOFAN, Proxemy Research, Inc., Chair STEPHEN MACKWELL, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Vice Chair BARBARA A. COHEN, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center MARTHA S. GILMORE, Wesleyan University LORI GLAZE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center DAVID H. GRINSPOON, Denver Museum of Nature and Science STEVEN A. HAUCK II, Case Western Reserve University AYANNA M. HOWARD, Georgia Institute of Technology CHARLES K. SHEARER, University of New Mexico DOUGLAS S. STETSON, Space Science and Exploration Consulting Group EDWARD M. STOLPER, California Institute of Technology ALLAN H. TREIMAN, Lunar and Planetary Institute Mars Panel PHILIP R. CHRISTENSEN, Arizona State University, Chair WENDY M. CALVIN, University of Nevada, Reno, Vice Chair RAYMOND E. ARVIDSON, Washington University ROBERT D. BRAUN, Georgia Institute of Technology (until February 2010) GLENN E. CUNNINGHAM, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (retired) DAVID DES MARAIS, NASA Ames Research Center (until August 2010) LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology FRANCOIS FORGET, Université de Paris 6 JOHN P. GROTZINGER, California Institute of Technology PENELOPE KING, University of New Mexico PHILIPPE LOGNONNE, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris PAUL R. MAHAFFY, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center LISA M. PRATT, Indiana University Giant Planets Panel HEIDI B. HAMMEL, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., Chair AMY SIMON-MILLER, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University JOHN R. CASANI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory JOHN CLARKE, Boston University BRIGETTE HESMAN, University of Maryland WILLIAM B. HUBBARD, University of Arizona MARK S. MARLEY, NASA Ames Research Center PHILIP D. NICHOLSON, Cornell University R. WAYNE RICHIE, NASA Langley Research Center (retired) KUNIO M. SAYANAGI, California Institute of Technology Satellites Panel JOHN SPENCER, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Chair DAVID J. STEVENSON, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair GLENN FOUNTAIN, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory CAITLIN ANN GRIFFITH, University of Arizona KRISHAN KHURANA, University of California, Los Angeles CHRISTOPHER P. McKAY, NASA Ames Research Center FRANCIS NIMMO, University of California, Santa Cruz LOUISE M. PROCKTER, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory GERALD SCHUBERT, University of California, Los Angeles THOMAS R. SPILKER, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ELIZABETH P. TURTLE, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory J. HUNTER WAITE, JR., Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio Primitive Bodies Panel JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University, Chair HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Vice Chair ERIK ASPHAUG, University of California, Santa Cruz MICHAEL E. BROWN, California Institute of Technology DONALD E. BROWNLEE, University of Washington MARC BUIE, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder TIMOTHY J. McCOY, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History MARC D. RAYMAN, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory EDWARD REYNOLDS, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory MARK SEPHTON, Imperial College London JESSICA SUNSHINE, University of Maryland FAITH VILAS, Planetary Science InstituteCopyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 vii Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Senior Program Officer, Study Director DWAYNE DAY, Senior Program Officer ABIGAIL SHEFFER, Associate Program Officer CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor DIONNA WILLIAMS, Program Associate LEWIS GROSWALD, Research Associate RODNEY HOWARD, Senior Program Assistant ELENA AMADOR, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) GABRIELE BETANCOURT-MARTINEZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) JORDAN BOCK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) DARA FISHER, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ABIGAIL FRAEMAN, Space Policy Intern (2009) ANDREAS FRICK, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2010) ANGIE WOLFGANG, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern (2009) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022, The National Academies Press, 2012, http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2012/08/29/Planetary_DS.pdf)

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In the past, scientists had only one planet to study in detail. Our

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AND

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shape Earth’s desert dunes operate on Mars and even on Saturn’s moon Titan.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Environmental destruction causes extinction

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Coyne and Hoekstra 7() (Jerry and Hopi, *professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago AND Associate Professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, New Republic, “The Greatest Dying,” 9/24, http://www.truthout.org/article/jerry-coyne-and-hopi-e-hoekstra-the-greatest-dying)

( class="MsoNormal" )
But it isn't just the destruction of the rainforests that should trouble us. Healthy

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
just another Great Dying, but perhaps the greatest dying of them all.

Plan solves U.S.-China reprocessing cooperation

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Lyons et al ‘9

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(Blythe J. Lyons, John R. Lyman, Mihaela Carstei, and General Richard L. Lawson (USAF), “United States-China Cooperation On Nuclear Power: An Opportunity for Fostering Sustainable Energy Security”, Atlantic Council, 3-4/3-6 2009, http:~/~/www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/pdf)

( class="MsoNormal" )
Cooperation on the development of advanced fuel cycle technologies, already underway in U.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
with the challenges to realize the burgeoning nuclear trade between the two countries.

( class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify" )
 

Solves U.S.-China relations

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Gardner and Rascoe 11

( class="MsoNormal" )
(Timothy Gardner and Ayesha Rascoe, “Clean energy seen as ‘bright spot’ in U.S.-China relations”, Reuters, 1-19-2011, http:~/~/www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/com/article/2011/01/19/us-usa-china-energy-idUSTRE70H5WB20110119)

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Cooperation on clean energy could be a high point in U.S.-China

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
of the bright spots in our future cooperation," Wan said on Tuesday.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Prevents extinction

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Wittner 11 – professor of history emeritus at SUNY Albany

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(Lawrence Wittner, Huffington Post World, 11-30-2011, http:~/~/www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/nuclear-war-china_b_1116556.html)

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While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Immigration – Impact Level NEED THIS INSERT HERE

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

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Heg doesn’t solve conflict

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Fettweis 10( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) – ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri" )Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) (Chris, Georgetown University Press, “Dangerous times?: the international politics of great power peace” 173-75)

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" ) 

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Simply stated, the hegemonic stability theory proposes that international peace is only possible when

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

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global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Econ resilient, US isn’t key, and impact empirically denied

( class="MsoNormal" )
Lamy ’11( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" )(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. “System Upgrade” BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

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The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Best study proves no conflict from econ decline

( class="MsoNormal" )
Brandt and Ulfelder ‘11 ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )(*Patrick T. Brandt, Ph.D. in Political Science from Indiana University, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. **Jay Ulfelder, Ph.D. in political science from Stanford University, is an American political scientist whose research interests include democratization, civil unrest, and violent conflict, April, 2011, “Economic Growth and Political Instability,” Social Science Research Network)

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

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These statements anticipating political fallout from the global economic crisis of 2008–2010 reflect

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AND

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of the expected and apparent uptick in social unrest associated with the crisis.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

No internal link – legalization won’t solve the deficit

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hill et al. 10. ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Laura E., research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, a National Institute of Aging postdoctoral fellow, Magnus Lofstrom, a research fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, Joseph M. Hayes, a research associate at the Public Policy Institute of California, where he studies migration and population change throughout the state, “Immigrant Legalization Assessing the Labor Market Effects,” Public Policy Institute of California, www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_410LHR.pdf#ppic

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Legalization of the estimated 12 million unauthorized immigrants residing in the United States would lead

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AND

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tax revenues resulting from increased earnings among the formerly unauthorized would be modest.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

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Won’t pass, Obama won’t use capital, and XO solves reform

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 Nakamura 3-28-13 David, David A. Nakamura is an International Affairs Fellow for the Council on Foreign Relations, has been a staff writer for the Washington Post since 1994, and he currently covers the administration of Washington, DC, mayor Adrian M. Fenty and city government. In 2005, David headed a team that won the $35,000 Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, “Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill,” http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute

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AND

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will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus.”

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Obama not pushing immigration reform

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )ABC Local 3/28.() ( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )ABC Local, newspaper, “Obama says immigration reform bill could pass by summer” http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/politicsandid=9044119

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
While overhauling America's patchwork immigration laws is a top second term priority for the president

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AND

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table, Obama has stayed relatively quiet on immigration over the last month.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

No vote or bill – their ev is hype.

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )USA Today 3-25( style="font-size: 8.0pt" )-13. "Obama wants immigration overhaul 'as soon as possible'" -- www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/25/obama-immigration-naturalization-ceremony/2016247/

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( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Obama's hopes to get a bill done quickly might be hard to meet( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ).( style="font-size:6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )¶( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Last week, Sen. Patrick ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )Leahy( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ), D-Vt., chairman of the Senate Judiciary committee, ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" )criticized Obama and fellow lawmakers for moving too slowly on legislation( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt" ). ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background:yellow; mso-highlight:yellow" )Leahy( style="font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) said ( style="font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11pt; background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow" )he ( class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="background: yellow;mso-highlight:yellow" )doubted the committee could complete work on a bill by the end of April.

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( class="MsoNormal" )
 

PC not key

( class="MsoNormal" )
Soto 1/4, ( style="font-size:8.0pt" )Dr. Victoria M. DeFrancesco Soto, NBC Latino and MSNBC contributor, Senior Analyst for Latino Decisions and Fellow at the Center for Politics and Governance at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas, at Austin, “Opinion: Immigration reform will not be easy, but it’s not impossible,” January 4^th, http://nbclatino.com/2013/01/04/opinion-immigration-reform-will-not-be-easy-but-its-not-impossible/

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Unlike in his first administration, the president seems to be on board and ready

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AND

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president from crossing off immigration reform from his 2013 to-do list.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Obama has no PC

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )The Hill 3-20( style="font-size: 8.0pt" ). "Obama honeymoon may be over" -- thehill.com/homenews/administration/289179-obama-honeymoon-may-be-over

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The second-term honeymoon for President Obama is beginning to look like it is

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AND

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to the ambitious plans outlined in the early weeks of his second term.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Energy battles in Congress now thump the link

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Geman 3-18( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). Ben, Energy and environment reporter, "The week ahead: Budget battles, gas exports take center stage" The Hill -- thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/288671-the-week-ahead-budget-battles-gas-exports-take-center-stage

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
This week is likely to bring floor debate in the House and Senate over competing

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
they would boost domestic prices. Some environmentalists are also opposing the plans.

Keystone thumps –

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l47 level1 lfo4" )

a)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Decision within weeks. ====

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Geman 3-13( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). Ben, energy and environment reporter, "Obama: Pipeline decision coming soon" The Hill -- thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/287967-obama-tells-gop-that-keystone-pipeline-decision-coming-soon

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
President Obama told House Republicans that a decision on the Keystone XL oil sands pipeline

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
had a wide-ranging meeting with Obama in the Capitol on Wednesday.

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l47 level1 lfo4" )

b)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()It costs capital ====

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Walsh 3-25( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). Kenneth, White House correspondent, "Domestic Backlog Greets Obama Upon Return from the Mideast" US News and World Report -- www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2013/03/25/domestic-backlog-greets-obama-upon-return-from-the-mideast

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleBoldUnderline" ) 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Keystone XL pipeline: The Senate voted 62-37 on Friday in favor of

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
howls of protest no matter which way his administration goes on this issue.

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

Budget thumps

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Japan Times 3-25( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). "Senate sets up budget battle" -- www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/25/world/senate-sets-up-budget-battle/#.UVHdIVuk8yE

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
¶ The U.S. Senate reached a milestone Saturday when it overcame partisan

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
, but the White House now says he will do so in April.

Gun control thumps –

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6" )

a)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Pushing now ====

( class="MsoNormal" )
( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Washington Post 3/26.() “Obama to Congress: Finish the job on gun control”--  http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/03/23/obama-to-congress-join-me-in-finishing-the-job/

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( class="MsoNormal" )
Three months after an elementary school massacre in Connecticut reignited a debate over the nation’s

( class="MsoNormal" )
AND

( class="MsoNormal" )
urge the Senate and the House to give each of them a vote.”

( class="MsoNormal" )
 

( style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l28 level1 lfo5" )

b)( style

"font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt;" )     ()Costs capital ====

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Stirewalt 2-12( style="font-size: 8.0pt" ). Chris, politics editor, "Gun Control Will Crowd Out Other Obama Policy Points" Fox News -- www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/12/gun-control-will-crowd-out-other-obama-policy-points/

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How much political capital is President Obama willing to spend to achieve gun control?¶

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AND

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sacrifice much of the rest of his agenda to make this a reality.

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DOE just announced millions in SMR funding – thumps the link

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SmartMeters.com 3-21-13 “DOE Announces Funding for Small Modular Reactors,” http://www.smartmeters.com/the-news/renewable-energy-news/3897-doe-announces-funding-for-small-modular-reactors.html

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The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has issued a new funding opportunity

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AND

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with BandW providing at least 50 percent of the total cost.”

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PC theory is wrong- winners win

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Hirsh, 2-7() – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists

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Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss

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There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital

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The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly

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AND

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right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

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Matt note: gender paraphrased

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Korea DA

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123 agreements are prolif-resistant enough—no ENR pledge not key

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McGoldrick 10

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Fred McGoldrick, CSIS, spent 30 years at the U.S. State and Energy Departments and at the U.S. mission to the IAEA, negotiated peaceful nuclear cooperation agreements with a number of countries and helped shape the policy of the United States to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, 11/30/10, The U.S.-UAE Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: A Gold Standard or Fool’s Gold?, http://csis.org/files/publication/101130_McGoldrick_USUAENuclear.pdf

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( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) 

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Finally, while we have many ways to promote nonproliferation objectives, one important nonproliferation

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AND

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to-institution contacts and collaboration that can help advance our nonproliferation objectives.

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Completing the agreement is inevitable – and there’ll be no disagremenet

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Squassoni ’13( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" ) – director and senior fellow with the Proliferation Prevention Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )(Sharon, “U.S.-South Korean Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreement”, CSIS, 2-19-13, http://csis.org/publication/us-south-korean-peaceful-nuclear-cooperation-agreement)

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Will the United States and South Korea overcome their differences in time so the agreement

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AND

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into force only upon China’s meeting certain requirements, which took thirteen years.

South Korea’s given up on pyroprocessing in the new agreement—no impact

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )NTI 12

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size: 13pt;" )“U.S. Reluctant to Permit South Korean Fuel Reprocessing, Envoy Says”, NTI, 3-8-2012, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/south-korea-not-expecting-us-permit-fuel-reprocessing-envoy-says/

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The United States remains reluctant to permit South Korea to recycle used atomic fuel due

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AND

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of whether the revised accord would include the pyroprocessing technology," he said.

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Middle East prolif is uniquely destabilizing- causes miscalc, adventurism, first-strikes and nuclear war

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Bar ‘11 Dr. Shmuel Bar is Director of Studies at the Institute of Policy and Strategy in Herzliya, Israel. He served for thirty years in the Israeli intelligence community, has headed research groups on proliferation and deterrence, “Can Cold War Deterrence Apply to a Nuclear Iran?” Strategic Perspectives, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, number 7, 2011, http:~/~/www.herzliyaconference.org/eng/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Bar_pdf

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A nuclear Middle East will be very different from the Cold War in a wide

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AND

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brandish their nuclear weapons not only rhetorically but through nuclear alerts or nuclear tests

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 in order to deter their enemies, leading to situations of multilateral nuclear escalation

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AND

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strike capability may well strengthen the tendency to opt for a first strike.

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Korea

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Put that 2ac card back into the record

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Sheen ’11 – assistant professor at Seoul National University

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Seongho, was an assistant research professor at Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS), Honolulu, Hawaii, and a research fellow at Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis (IFPA), “()Nuclear Sovereignty versus Nuclear Security: Renewing the ROK-U.S. Atomic Energy Agreement( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol. 23, No. 2, June 2011, 273–288)

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The most important challenge for Washington and Seoul is to prevent the issue from becoming

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AND

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” nuclear option until the complete resolution of North Korea’s nuclear issue. 40

Momentum for nationalists means they’d be successful in changing the South Korean public’s mind on nuclear weapons—causes breakout

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Lee ’11 – senior fellow at the Institute for Peace and Cooperation in Seoul

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(Byong-chul, served on the foreign and national security policy planning staff of South Korean President Kim Young-sam, “South Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Temptation”, 10-14-2011, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/south-koreas-nuclear-weapons-temptation)

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This has only added to a rising chorus among the mainstream media and conservative politicians

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AND

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actual nuclear warheads, South Korea would feel compelled to acquire a deterrent stockpile

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 independently despite America’s committed nuclear umbrella policy. The North’s third nuclear test could

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AND

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of Plato’s cave – the same paranoid mindset the North has insisted upon.

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Energy

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Energy battles in Congress now thump the link

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Geman 3-18( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). Ben, Energy and environment reporter, "The week ahead: Budget battles, gas exports take center stage" The Hill -- thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/288671-the-week-ahead-budget-battles-gas-exports-take-center-stage

DOE just announced millions in SMR funding – thumps the link

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SmartMeters.com 3-21-13 “DOE Announces Funding for Small Modular Reactors,” http://www.smartmeters.com/the-news/renewable-energy-news/3897-doe-announces-funding-for-small-modular-reactors.html

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The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has issued a new funding opportunity

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AND

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with BandW providing at least 50 percent of the total cost.”

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1AR: Budget Thumper

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Japan Times 3-25( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). "Senate sets up budget battle" -- www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/25/world/senate-sets-up-budget-battle/#.UVHdIVuk8yE

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Temporary bill sets up bigger budget battle – coming now

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( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )Daily Political 3-27( style="font-size:8.0pt" ). "Obama signs stopgap bill to prevent government shurtdown" -- lexis

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Barack Obama signed the temporary spending bill that will prevent a government shutdown. The

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AND

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Republicans want to slash funding for social programs that are favored by Democrats.

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Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: 

Contention 1 Inherency

US closed reprocessing in short-term —— r%26d is still continuing

McMahon ’13 – contributor to Forbes Environment and Energy Coverage
(Jeff McMahon, "U.S. To Bury Almost All Existing Nuclear Waste; Recycling Deferred At Least 20 Years", Forbes, 1-28-2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2013/01/28/deferring-recycling-u-s-to-bury-almost-all-existing-nuclear-waste/)**
There’s little hope that the 70,000 metric tons of used nuclear fuel dispersed
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about the merits and commercial viability of different fuel cycle and technology options."

But, that research will fail long-term – there’s no strategy for transitioning to applied reprocessing R%26D

Aloise ’11 – director of the Natural Resources and Environment at GAO
(Gene, "Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options: DOE Needs to ¶ Enhance Planning for ¶ Technology ¶ Assessment and ¶ Collaboration with ¶ Industry and Other ¶ Countries", GAO, October 2011, pg. 34-35, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1270.pdf)**
DOE’s R%26D plan states that it is necessary to assess the readiness of
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, such as the life-cycle costs of a nuclear fuel cycle.

Contention 2 Proliferation

U.S. influence in fuel cycles is declining – need to reengage in commercialization research

Rasp 11 – communications director for the Energy Institute at the University of Texas-Austin
(Gary Rasp, "Spent nuclear fuel is anything but waste", Energy Institute at University of Texas at Austin, 2-20-2011, http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/teia-snf021611.php)
Time has come revive long-dormant reprocessing program Failure to pursue a program for
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recycling of spent nuclear fuel would appear to be a particularly good fit."

Plan increases leverage – commercial R%26D allows us set fuel cycle standards

NNSA ’8 
("Nonproliferation Impact Assessment for the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Programmatic Alternatives", December 2008, http://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/GNEP_NPIA.pdf)**
Policy Impact: By taking an active role in spent fuel recycling, the United
AND
how those partnerships functioned to meet shared nonproliferation objectives through full actinide recycle. 

Plan solves signal – ensures prolif resistant tech is adopted, bolsters U.S. nonprolif leadership, and no risk of tech diversion

ANS ’11
(American Nuclear Society "American Nuclear Society Issue Paper on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy", 2011, http://www2.ans.org/pi/ip/pdfs/nonproliferation.pdf)
U.S. nonproliferation policy is set forth in Presidential Decision Directive-13
AND
nonproliferation policy, it is necessary to enable effective implementation of that policy.

U.S. nonprolif leadership key – alternative is ambivalence and nuclear brinkmanship

Ogilvie-White ’12 – senior analyst in international strategy at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute
(Dr. Tanya, "Position Vacant: Nonproliferation and Disarmament Leader, Asia", PacNet, a publication of CSIS, Number 77A, 12-5-2012, http://csis.org/files/publication/Pac1277A.pdf)**
During the past few weeks, there have seen some striking discussions in the international
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difficult to manage and even harder to sustain over the longer-term. 

Brink is now – bipolar deterrence will fail in multipolarity

Rosenbaum ’11
(Ron, journalist, graduated Yale’s English Literature Graduate Program, "How The End Begins: The Road To A Nuclear World War III," March 2^nd, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III-http://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/134203232/Ron-Rosenbaum-World-On-The-Brink-Of-World-War-III)
And so by the time the Israeli jets reached the northeast corner of Syria and
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of multipolar chain reactions that could reach critical mass in our new nuclear age

Prolif would be fast – cheaper and newer tech makes it easier to hide

Heisbourg ’12 – chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies
~François, chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, special adviser at the Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique, "How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1171%26rtid=2~~
Ongoing proliferation differs from that of the first half-century of the nuclear era
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non-state device does not need to be as well-paved.

Prolif causes first strikes, use-or-lose pressures, and deterrence breakdowns

Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown
(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2)
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Prolif causes accidental nuclear war – high-alert and delegation increase the risk

Kroenig ’12 – assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown
(Matthew, assistant professor in the Department of Government at Georgetown University and a research affiliate with The Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, he served as a strategist on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense where he received the Office of the Secretary of Defense’s Award for Outstanding Achievement. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations and has held academic fellowships from the National Science Foundation, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the University of California, "The History of Proliferation Optimism:  Does It Have A Future?" http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2-http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26rtid=2)
The proliferation optimist position, while having a distinguished pedigree, has several major problems
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war in an attempt to force less-resolved opponents to back down.

Contention 3 Russia

Relations with Russia are declining now – expanded areas of cooperation are key

Gearan ’13
(Anne, "Sour U.S.-Russia Relations Threaten Obama’s Foreign Policy Agenda", IRIB World Service, 1-15-2013, http://english.irib.ir/voj/analyses/commentaries/item/84492-sour-us-russia-relations-threaten-obama)**
A poisonous unraveling of U.S. relations with Russia in recent months represents
AND
areas of cooperation, despite genial relations with Putin’s predecessor, Dmitry Medvedev.

Relations are neither resilient nor inevitable – only building new sources of trust into relations saves then

Migranyan ’13 – director of the Institute for Democracy and Cooperation
(Andranik, professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow, "Russia and Obama’s Second Term", The National Interest, 1-30-2013, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/russia-obamas-second-term-8037)**
First, the problem here is that it is unrealistic to expect large, sovereign
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or entirely competitive relations between two large countries with intersecting and conflicting interests.

Cooperation on nuclear energy is the key issue – it builds stakeholders, leverage, and bridges the trust gap – solves alt causes, and this evidence assumes Putin

Weitz ’12 – senior fellow at the Hudson Institute
(Richard, World Politics Review Senior Editor, "Global Insights: U.S.-Russia Arms Control Prospects Under Putin", World Politics Review, 3-6-2012, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11681/global-insights-u-s-russia-arms-control-prospects-under-putin-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11681/global-insights-u-s-russia-arms-control-prospects-under-putin)
This weekend’s election in Russia has unsurprisingly returned Vladimir Putin to the country’s presidency.
AND
could lead to progress in the areas where the two sides’ interests overlap.

Applied R%26D on reprocessing builds sustainable U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation

Einhorn et al ’8
(Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Daniel Poneman, Jon Wolfsthal, "The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement A Framework for Cooperation", Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080522-einhorn-u.s.-russia-web.pdf)**
Advanced Fuel-Cycle Research and Spent Fuel Storage Technologies. Russia is seeking to
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, voted unanimously to extend an offer of membership to China and Russia.

But, DOE’s current research plan will jeapordize coop with Russia – an applied R%26D focus is key

Aloise ’11 – director of the Natural Resources and Environment at GAO
(Gene, "Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options: DOE Needs to ¶ Enhance Planning for ¶ Technology ¶ Assessment and ¶ Collaboration with ¶ Industry and Other ¶ Countries", GAO, October 2011, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1270.pdf)**
According to DOE’s R%26D plan, DOE recognizes that international R%26D
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countries to more efficiently and effectively ¶ meet its R%26D objectives.

The plan would build government-industry coordination between the U.S. and Russia

Pifer et al ’10 
(Steven, Joseph Cirincione, Clifford Gaddy, "Resetting U.S.-Russian Leadership on Nuclear Arms Reductions and Non-Proliferation", Brookings Institution, January 2010, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2010/1/us%20russia%20nuclear%20pifer/01_us_russia_nuclear_pifer.pdf)**
Vice President Biden announced the Obama administration’s intention to reset relations with Russia in a
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and cooperative bilateral relationship as well as reducing the risks of nuclear proliferation.

That sends a new signal of improving relations

Rojansky ’10 – deputy director Russia and Eurasia Program at Carnegie
(Matthew Rojansky, "As New START Debate Rages, Quiet Nuclear Progress With Russia", U.S. News and World Report, 12-9-2010, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/as-new-start-debate-rages-quiet-nuclear-progress-with-russia-http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/12/09/as-new-start-debate-rages-quiet-nuclear-progress-with-russia)
Beyond benefiting relations, cooperation on peaceful nuclear energy makes financial sense. The United
AND
a powerful symbol that both sides can move beyond the Cold War legacy.

That resiliency and motivation that spills up to policymakers

Einhorn et al ’8
(Robert, Rose Gottemoeller, Fred McGoldrick, Daniel Poneman, Jon Wolfsthal, "The U.S.-Russia Civil Nuclear Agreement A Framework for Cooperation", Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 2008, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080522-einhorn-u.s.-russia-web.pdf)**
Russian officials and industry representatives also expect, rightly or wrongly, that a 123
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to additional civil facilities and into new areas of work related to counterterrorism.

Declining relations causes nuclear war – makes miscalculation more likely and deterrence doesn’t check

Barrett et al ’13 – researchers at various risk think tanks
(Anthony M. Barrett, Seth D. Baum, and Kelly R. Hostletler, prominent members/researchers at the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia, and the Department of Geography at Penn State, "Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States¶ and Russia", forthcoming in Science and Global Security. This version dated 6 January 2013.)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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likely to misinterpret events as attacks.¶ 60,61,62,63

And, U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation would accelerate Rosatom’s nuclear modernization plans

Dewey et al ’10 
(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http://joinsurf.com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8-http://joinsurf.com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8)
Russia is currently pursuing the strategy of expanding its global role as an energy provider
AND
experience may be of real value as Russia works to meet its targets.

That’s key to Russia’s economy

World Nuclear News ’12
("Russia speeds up nuclear investment", 11-22-2012, http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP_Russia_speeds_up_nuclear_investment_2211121.html)**
Russian leaders have affirmed the strategic and economic importance of nuclear technology to the country
AND
share rising to 70-80% by the end of the century.

Russian economic collapse would cause a nuclear war

Filger ’9
(Sheldon, Author and Writer @ the Huffington Post, Former VP for Resource Development at New York’s United Way, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction," http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Finally, it would transition Russia away from PUREX – prevents more loose material

Dewey et al ’10 
(Taylor, Logan Ensign, Stanford University, Natalya Matytsyna, The Higher School of Economics, Polina Beresneva, Moscow State University, Stanford U.S. Russia Forum Journal 2009-2010, http://joinsurf.com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8-http://joinsurf.com/news/62/16/SURF-2009-2010-Journal-Article-4-of-8)
The US government is pursuing several international nuclear energy programs, including the development of
AND
usable material and will help discourage the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technologies.

That spent nuclear fuel would be vulnerable to theft – and terrorists would have the means and motive to launch an attack on the U.S.

Menesick ’11 – public policy analyst
(Stephen, "Preventing the Unthinkable: An Overview of Threats, Risks, and US Policy Response to Nuclear Terrorism," Global Security Studies, p. 5-6, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Menesick%20Nuclear%20Final.pdf)
The outlook in Russia is bleaker. After the Cold War, many Russian nuclear
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people willing to make it into a usable weapon if they cannot themselves.

Extinction—nuclear terrorist attack on the U.S. would cause retaliation, especially during tensions with Russia

Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects." Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a
AND
of pressure on them, what conclusions might it then draw about their culpability

Contention 4 Solvency

Switching focus to applied R%26D solves DOE’s long-term research plan – leads to long-term collaboration with the industry and other nations

Aloise ’11 – director of the Natural Resources and Environment at GAO
(Gene, "Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options: DOE Needs to ¶ Enhance Planning for ¶ Technology ¶ Assessment and ¶ Collaboration with ¶ Industry and Other ¶ Countries", GAO, October 2011, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d1270.pdf)**
To its credit, DOE has taken a systematic approach to planning for the ¶
AND
countries to more efficiently and effectively ¶ meet its R%26D goals.

Fed  key – needs to send the market signal for nuclear industry cooperation

Duarte ’11
(Gary J. Duarte, "US Nuclear Energy Foundation A little of our opinion about nuclear fuel reprocessing", U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation, 10-12-2011, http://usnuclearenergy.org/REPROCESSING.htm)
To begin with the massive upfront costs related to the nuclear energy industry and exhaustive
AND
or different methods for reprocessing, basically introducing yet another decision dilemma.

 This is why such intense projects have to be decided by the "science
AND
success potential for such projects which have been unfairly brutalized in the past.

Certainty and credible commitment is key to nuclear industry cooperation

Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy
(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, "Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability", University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)
The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.
AND
how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: 

Reprocessing reduces toxicity and quantity of nuclear waste

Lee 10
~Nathan R. Lee, WISE Intern and B.S.E. in Materials Science %26 Engineering from UPenn, Sustainability Of U.S. Nuclear Energy: Waste Management And The Question Of Reprocessing American Nuclear Society, 2010, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2010/NathanLeeWISE2010.pdf~~
In the long term, one begins to see the true benefits of the recycling
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.3 to 5.4 and thereby further reducing repository demand. 36

Environmental impact of nuclear war

Ayala 03
(Leah Ayala, "Nuclear Power Companies the Department of Energy: A Legal Remedy Magnifying Nuclear Ends", Nevada Law Journal, Winter 2002, LexisNexis)
A very small amount of nuclear waste can be disastrous. If an amount of
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activist and member of the San Luis Obispo County Nuclear Waste Management Committee).

It’s economical

Peltier 10
~Robert Peltier, editor of POWER magazine, "U.S. Spent Nuclear Fuel Policy: Road to Nowhere ~Part V: Lessons~", Master Resource, Free-Market Energy Blog, 7-13-2010, http://www.masterresource.org/2010/07/spent-nuke-fuel-policy-5/~~**
The closed fuel cycle option that involves reprocessing and recycling SNF has gradually gained recognition
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, if not better than, those of a once-through strategy.

Spent fuel concerns outweigh economics – and this ev assumes their authors

Beattie ’11
(Jeff, "Areva Exec: U.S. Utilities Rallying Behind Reprocessing.", Energy Daily, Issue 108, p.3, 6-7-2011, accessed on EbscoHost)
But he suggested multiple U.S. communities now suffering in the economic downturn
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to advocate much more loudly for a reprocessing center in the United States." 

Ban was lifted

UC Irvine ’11
(http://www.uci.edu/features/2011/05/feature_nilsson_110531.php)
President Ford suspended commercial plutonium recycling in 1976 due to fears the material could be stolen for nuclear weapons proliferation. President Carter banned all commercial reprocessing a few months later. President Reagan lifted the ban, but no public subsidies were granted for costly start-ups. That may be changing.

Nobody has stolen plutonium from reprocessing plants

Tucker 10
~William Tucker, author of "Terrestrial Energy: How Nuclear Power Will Lead the Green Revolution and End America’s Energy Odyssey", "Obama’s Nuclear Power Breakthrough", The Wall Street Journal, 2-26-2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703787304575075413484405770.html~~
We can’t reprocess because that will lead to nuclear proliferation. The conceit of the
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their plutonium. Reprocessing American fuel has nothing to do with nuclear proliferation.

Even if they get plutonium, terrorists couldn’t create the mechanisms necessary

Mark and Stanford ’6
~Gerald E. Marsh is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, who has worked and published widely in the areas of science, nuclear power, and foreign affairs. He was a consultant to the Department of Defense on strategic nuclear technology and policy in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations, and served with the U.S. START delegation in Geneva. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. His most recent book is: "The Phantom Defense: America’s Pursuit of the Star Wars Illusion" (Praeger Press). George S. Stanford is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory. B.Sc. with Honours, Acadia University; M.A.,Wesleyan University; Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics, Yale University. He is a member, American Nuclear Society, and a past member of the American Physical Society. He has served on the National Council of the Federation of American Scientists. Co-author: Born Secret: The H-Bomb, the Progressive Case, and National Security (Pergamon, 1981), and Nuclear Shadowboxing: Contemporary Threats from Cold-War Weaponry (Fidlar Doubleday, 2004). His technical publications have pertained mainly to experiments in nuclear physics, reactor physics, and fast-reactor safety, "Bombs, Reprocessing, and Reactor Grade Plutonium", Forum on Physics %26 Society of The American Physical Society April 2006 Vol. 35, No. 2, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/2006/april/article2.html-http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/2006/april/article2.html~~
The possibility of getting a yield does not mean a terrorist group could readily do
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are simply beyond any reasonable estimate of what a terrorist group could do.

Terrorists can’t reprocess, and no state would transfer it

Rizer 11
(Arthur Rizer, prosecutor with the United States Department of Justice, Criminal
Division. Mr. Rizer is also an Adjunct Professor of Law at Georgetown University’s Law
Center, "The National Security Threat of Energy Dependence: A Call for a Nuclear Renaissance", Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2, 2011)
The primary concern with nuclear proliferation is the scenario in which a terrorist organization acquires
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terrorists gaining nuclear material from a peaceful power reactor could be minimized. 258

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: 

For means "in support of"

OED 11
(Oxford English Dictionary, "for", http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk-http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)
in support of or in favour of (a person or policy):

Financial incentives are resource transfers to lower the cost of production – R%26D meets

EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration
(Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)
Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable¶ energy have been used to
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thus enhancing the commercial viability of the good(s)¶ provided.¶ 4

Applied R%26D is uniquely T under this interpretation – we exclude basic R%26D

EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)
Federal energy-related R%26D can be described as falling¶ into three
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of the¶ %2430 million for new or improved nuclear power plants.

We meet – nuclear fuel cycle counts as energy production, including electricity generation

International Trade Association ’12 
("The Nuclear Fuel Cycle", http://trade.gov/mas/ian/nuclear/tg_ian_003164.asp)**
The nuclear fuel cycle is the series of industrial processes which involve the production of
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nuclear waste which cannot be re-used and must be disposed of).

Counter-interpretation—energy production is the production of electricity or combustible or nuclear fuels

NASA ’11 
(NASA Scientific and Technical Information. Scope and Subject Category Guide, http://www.scribd.com/doc/80662465/sscg)
Energy Production—The production of electricity, combustible fuels, nuclear and thermonuclear fuels, and heating and cooling by renewable resources.

Their interp is energy conversion – that’s a subset of energy production

NASA ’11 
(NASA Scientific and Technical Information. Scope and Subject Category Guide, http://www.scribd.com/doc/80662465/sscg)
Energy Conversion – The change of a working substance or natural power into a more useable form of energy such as electricity or mechanical motion. NASA Thesaurus, Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Best debate—our interpretation opens the best and most real world discussions on nuclear power because each stage of the fuel cycle has different consequences. This turn any marginal limit they create

MIT ’11
("The Future of Nuclear Power", Chapter 4 – Fuel Cycles, 2011, http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-ch4-9.pdf-http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-ch4-9.pdf)
The description of a possible global growth scenario for nuclear power with 1000 or so
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because each involves different technical, economic, safety, and environmental consequences.

 A vast number of different fuel cycles appear in the literature, and many
AND
will significantly reduce the long-term radioactivity of the nuclear waste.4

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: 

Perm—do both. It shields the link to politics

Overby 3 – A. Brooke, Professor of Law, Tulane University School of Law, "Our New Commercial Law Federalism." Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education Temple Law Review, Summer, 2003  76 Temp. L. Rev. 297 Lexis
We held in New York that Congress cannot compel the States to enact or enforce
AND
does not erase these concerns with accountability,  it does ameliorate them slightly.

Federal credibility key

Berry and Tolley 10 – professors of energy and economic policy
(Professors R. Stephen Berry and George S. Tolley, "Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Future Prospects and Viability", University of Chicago Humanities, 11-29-2010, http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf)
The American and French nuclear power industries developed along divergent paths. The U.
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how these unique situations have created varying transaction costs for their respective industries.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: 

No prior questions – our justification for the 1AC is true

Owen ’2 – reader of political theory
(David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Extinction first – always VTL

Bernstein ’2
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, "Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation", p. 188-192)
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "
AND
, include the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will."

Instrumentalism is good—allows us to understand we are just interacting with nature and allows productive uses of it for the benefits of humanity

Dusch ’09
(Michael Dusch, M.A. Candidate in Philsoophy at LSU, "Heidegger and Dewey: Science in a Post MetaPhysical World", etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04092009-111949/.../Dusch_thesis.pdf)
Dewey’s critique of substance is derived from science. Evolution holds living thing on the
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environment toward the improvement of the total experience in that environment is natural.

No impact—we never lose our relation to being as a result of instrumentalism

Dusch ’09
(Michael Dusch, M.A. Candidate in Philsoophy at LSU, "Heidegger and Dewey: Science in a Post MetaPhysical World", etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04092009-111949/.../Dusch_thesis.pdf)
While both thinkers view subjectivity and substance as arising out of the metaphysical assumptions of
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metaphysical, resulting in objectification and subjectivity and therefore ought to be overcome. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: 

2AC

Econ resilient, US isn’t key, and impact empirically denied

Lamy ’11(Pascal Lamy  is the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Lamy is Honorary President of Paris-based think tank Notre Europe. Lamy graduated from the prestigious Sciences Po Paris, from HEC and ÉNA, graduating second in his year of those specializing in economics. "System Upgrade" BY PASCAL LAMY | APRIL 18, 2011)

The bigger test came with the 2008-2009 Great Recession, the first truly
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enabling these countries to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.

No STEM shortages

Redd 12 – director of creative content for Beelineweb.com, former magazine editor and art director, cites the National Science Board and leading experts on the STEM workforce, including Richard Freeman of Harvard, Michael Teitelbaum of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Paula Stephan of Georgia State University, Hal Salzman of Rutgers, Lindsay Lowell of Georgetown, and Norman Matloff of the University of California-Davis (Luke, 09/24, "The STEM Myth: Is There Really a High-Tech Skills Shortage in America?" http://www.trade-schools.net/blog/post/high-tech-skills-shortage-myth.aspx)
The CJR report states: Leading experts on the STEM workforce, including Richard Freeman
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their degrees. And this was the case even before the economy imploded.

Won’t pass, Obama won’t use capital, and XO solves reform

 Nakamura 3-28-13 ~David, David A. Nakamura is an International Affairs Fellow for the Council on Foreign Relations, has been a staff writer for the Washington Post since 1994, and he currently covers the administration of Washington, DC, mayor Adrian M. Fenty and city government. In 2005, David headed a team that won the %2435,000 Selden Ring Award for Investigative Reporting, "Guest-worker program dispute may delay immigration bill," http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/free/20130328immigration-reform-guest-worker-program-dispute-may-delay-bill.html~~

A bipartisan deal on immigration is at risk of stalling because of a worsening dispute
AND
will throw business to the wolves and throw future immigrants under the bus."

No vote or bill – their ev is hype.

USA Today 3-25-13. ~"Obama wants immigration overhaul ’as soon as possible’" — www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/25/obama-immigration-naturalization-ceremony/2016247/~

Obama’s hopes to get a bill done quickly might be hard to meet.¶ Last week, Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., chairman of the Senate Judiciary committee, criticized Obama and fellow lawmakers for moving too slowly on legislation. Leahy said he doubted the committee could complete work on a bill by the end of April.

Obama has no PC

The Hill 3-20. ~"Obama honeymoon may be over" — thehill.com/homenews/administration/289179-obama-honeymoon-may-be-over~
The second-term honeymoon for President Obama is beginning to look like it is
AND
to the ambitious plans outlined in the early weeks of his second term.

Energy battles in Congress now thump the link

Geman 3-18. ~Ben, Energy and environment reporter, "The week ahead: Budget battles, gas exports take center stage" The Hill — thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/288671-the-week-ahead-budget-battles-gas-exports-take-center-stage~

This week is likely to bring floor debate in the House and Senate over competing
AND
they would boost domestic prices. Some environmentalists are also opposing the plans.

PC theory is wrong- winners win

Hirsh, 2-7 – National Journal chief correspondent, citing various political scientists
~Michael, former Newsweek senior correspondent, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital," National Journal, 2-9-13, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, accessed 2-8-13, mss~
There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital
The idea of political capital—or mandates, or momentum—is so poorly
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.

" ALL THE WAY WITH LBJ Sometimes, a clever practitioner of power can get
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)
~Matt note: gender paraphrased~

Plan changes perception of waste—studies and polls show big support for reprocessing

Jenkins-Smith et al 12
~Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Carol L. Silva, Kerry G. Herron, Sarah R. Trousset, and Rob P. Rechard, "Enhancing the Acceptability and Credibility of a Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel", National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies, The Bridge on Managing Nuclear Waste, Summer 2012, Volume 42, Number 2, http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/59220/59232.aspx~~**
The effects of combining a repository with a reprocessing facility are shown in Table 2
AND
), thus attaching resource value to SNF, prospects for public acceptance improve.

Public opinion is key to the agenda

NYT (blog) 8/5/10 (8/5/10, " A Broken Senate, or an Unpopular Agenda? ", http://douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/a-broken-senate-or-an-unpopular-agenda/)
In a recent bloggingheads conversation with Matt Yglesias, I tried to make the point
AND
— but I’d also associate myself with this comment, from David Frum:
To the extent that the ~Obama~ agenda has not passed, the causes are bigger than the slow motion of the Senate. Look again at George Packer’s list of stalled initiatives. On how many is the American public clamoring for immediate action? On how many is the Obama agenda on the wrong side of public opinion altogether?

Plan’s massively popular in Congress

Press Action 3/12/12 ("US Nuclear Industry Operates as if Fukushima Never Happened") http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/nuclearsubsidies03122012/-http://www.pressaction.com/news/weblog/full_article/nuclearsubsidies03122012/
Both Democrats and Republicans have had a long love affair with commercial nuclear power,
AND
that the U.S. political system permits honest and real debate.

1AR

Uniqueness

Guest workers, business fights, etc - Here’s our framing issue —- all of the questions kill

Stanton 3-21. ~[John, staff writer, "How Washington’s Immigration Momentum Could Collapse At Any Moment" Buzz Feed — www.buzzfeed.com/johnstanton/how-immigration-reform-could-collapse-at-any-moment~]

Opponents were even more blunt in their warning.¶ "Some of the people who
AND
to map out. Each one could easily derail the entire process.¶ "

Any one of these things could undo all of this," a senior House GOP
AND
. His entire leadership team would get thrown out," the aide warned.

Thumper

DOE is expanding SMR support now

Hopf 3-21-13 ~[Jim Hopf is a senior nuclear engineer with more than 20 years of experience in shielding and criticality analysis and design for spent fuel dry storage and transportation systems. He has been involved in nuclear advocacy for 10+ years, and is a member of the ANS Public Information Committee. He is a regular contributor to the ANS Nuclear Café, "Update and Perspective on Small Modular Reactor Development," http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2013/03/21/update-and-perspective-on-smr-development/~~]

The US Department of Energy has a %24452 million program to share development and
AND
The status of development and licensing for several SMR designs are summarized below.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan

The United States Department of Energy should approve the United States Enrichment Corporation’s currently pending application for a %242 billion loan guarantee for the American Centrifuge Project.

Contention 1 Solvency

ACP key to domestic uranium enrichment capability

Holt and Nikitin ’12 – specialist in energy policy and specialist in nuclear nonproliferation
(Mark and Mary Beth, "Potential sources for nuclear fuel for tritium production", Congressional Research Service, 5-15-2012, http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/documents/2012_0515_CRS_TritiumFuelOptions.pdf)
Tritium, produced in nuclear reactors, is an essential ingredient in U.S
AND
jeopardized because of a lack of alternative fuel from a solely domestic source.

Foreign suppliers can’t solve —— treaty obligations and they won’t supply military-purpose uranium

Holt and Nikitin ’12 – specialist in energy policy and specialist in nuclear nonproliferation
(Mark and Mary Beth, "Potential sources for nuclear fuel for tritium production", Congressional Research Service, 5-15-2012, http://markey.house.gov/sites/markey.house.gov/files/documents/2012_0515_CRS_TritiumFuelOptions.pdf)**
The European consortium Urenco is one of USEC’s major competitors. Urenco recently began operating
AND
its deployment in support of nuclear weapons programs or for any military purpose.

Foreign sources kill credibility of our nuclear arsenal

Jones ’12 – senior fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center
(James L., retired general and co-chairman of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Energy Project and was national security adviser to President Obama from January 2009 to November 2010, "US must remain leader in nuclear enrichment", The Hill, 1-17-2012, http://thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/204711-us-must-remain-leader-in-nuclear-enrichment-)
The disappearance of a domestically owned capability would not only undermine U.S.
AND
— a role that has always, appropriately, received overwhelming bipartisan support. 

Domestic production key to reduce vulnerabilities of the supply chain

Rowny ’12 – retired Lieutenant General
(Edward Rowny, was chief negotiator with the rank of ambassador in the START arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union and has served as an arms control adviser and negotiator for five presidents, Roll Call, 3-29-2012, http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_118/edward-rowny-safe-uranium-enrichment-should-be-us-priority-213505-1.html)**
Oil may grab headlines, but nuclear power for civilian use is growing, as
AND
uranium needed to produce tritium, our national security will be at risk.

Granting USEC the loan guarantee is critical to third party financing and credibility for the ACP—technical feasibility and other hurdles have already been met
Schmidt ’9 – Former U.S. Representative
(Jean Schmidt, speech from Congress, "Where are the Jobs?", 7-29-2009, http://votesmart.org/public-statement/445368/where-are-the-jobs)
The United States Enrichment Corporation, called USEC, is deploying American Centrifuge technology to
AND
, not just for the 2,000 jobs that will be lost.

Unconditional plan is key—further delays or roadblocks means USEC would pull out of the project
USEC ’12
("Funding", 2012, http://www.usec.com/american-centrifuge/what-american-centrifuge/plant/funding)
USEC needs significant additional financing in order to complete the American Centrifuge Plant. USEC
AND
for obtaining a loan guarantee and other financing needed to deploy the project.

DOE key—without its backing key investors would pull out of the project
Duffy ’11 – investment expert at Motley Fool
(Aimee, "Will the Government Guarantee Your Uranium Stock?", The Motley Fool, 10-7-2011, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2011/10/07/will-the-government-guarantee-your-uranium-stock.aspx~~%23lastVisibleParagraph)
The U.S. Department of Energy can be such a tease sometimes —
AND
informed employees that layoffs may or may not be just around the bend.

Contention 2 Deterrence

First, deterrence controls the escalation of conflicts and disputes to nuclear war

Robinson ’1 – president of the DOE Sandia National Laboratory
(C. Paul Robinson, president and director of the Department of Energy Sandia National Laboratories, "A White Paper: Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century," 3/22/2001, http://www.nukewatch.org/importantdocs/resources/pursuing_a_new_nuclear_weapons_p.html)
I served as an arms negotiator on the last two agreements before the dissolution of
AND
attack with nuclear weapons; but the choice would be in our hands.

Deterrence between powers work – communication and nuclear learning are increasing – just a question of U.S. technical capability to maintain deterrence

Delpech ’12 – former head of strategic studies at France’s Atomic Energy Commission
(Thérèse, expert on nuclear deterrence and non-proliferation, foreign affairs analyst, "Nuclear  Deterrence  in the 21st  Century Lessons from the Cold War  for a New Era of Strategic Piracy", RAND Corporation, 2012, Accessed 2-26-2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf-http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf**, pg 159-161)
In 1956, Paul Nitze made an interesting analogy between a nuclear world and a
AND
whether there will even be any rules at all in the nuclear future.

Presumption flips Aff – empirical behavior of states proves the validity of deterrence. It’s unethical to risk a failure, even if the probability is low.

John S. Foster, Jr., Chairman of the Board of GKN Aerospace Transparency Systems, former Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Director of Defense Research and Engineering, and Keith Payne, president of the National Institute for Public Policy department head at the Graduate Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University, chairman of the Policy Panel of the US Strategic Command’s Senior Advisory Group, co-chair of the Nuclear Strategy Forum, and a member of the Department of State’s International Security Advisory Board, 2007.  Forum on Physics and Society, "What are Nuclear Weapons For?"  http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/2007/october/foster-payne.html
Deterrence:  The value of effective deterrence did not end with the Cold War;
AND
increased risk of deterrence failure, and the probability may not be low.

A specific scenario is irrelevant – intent and capability can change quickly. We should maintain the capability of deterrence

Peter Huessy, Washington Times, "Keep U.S. nukes; Deterrence is job number one," 7/21/2008, lexis

At a June 27 Washington seminar, Gen. Larry Welch, USAF (ret
AND
under all conditions - and this never changes," said Gen. Welch.

Deterrence is the only security logic that applies to multiple groups of people and has historically prevented war and violence.

Clark Murdock, Ph.D., senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.  CSIS, "The Department of Defense and the Nuclear Mission in the 21st Century," p. 13 

From a systemic perspective, nuclear deterrence suppressed the level of violence associated with major
AND
to each new member, the logic of nuclear deterrence holds fast.19

A stable system of deterrence prevents nuclear war – it create a stable ontological context for interaction and expectations

Lupovici 8 (Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies, Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse, http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/ papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf-http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf, AD: 9/22/10) jl
Since deterrence can become part of the actors’ identity, it is also involved in
AND
it strengthened the actors’ identities and created more stable expectations of avoiding violence. 

Only deterrence can provide competing nations with stable, peaceful identities – this de-escalates all violence and creates a global norm against hostility

Lupovici 8 (Amir, Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies, Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse, http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/ papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf-http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf, AD: 9/22/10) jl
I suggest that deterrence norm not only regulates actors’ behavior but constitutes their (role
AND
see Lupovici, 2008). 3.4 Deterrence Norm and Ontological Security. 

You must weigh the consequences of any action that affects deterrence.

Keith Payne, president of the National Institute for Public Policy department head at the Graduate Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University, chairman of the Policy Panel of the US Strategic Command’s Senior Advisory Group, co-chair of the Nuclear Strategy Forum, and a member of the Department of State’s International Security Advisory Board, 2009.  Strategic Studies Quarterly, "On Nuclear Deterrence and Assurance."  

A common problem with recent and past nuclear disarmament initiatives is that they emphasize the
AND
the value of nuclear weapons and the related downside of losing that value.

Subjective violence should precede systemic violence in your calculus

Linden ’12 
(Harry van der, Butler University, "On the Violence of Systemic Violence: A Critique of Slavoj Zizek", 1-1-2012, http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1249%26context=facsch_papers%26sei-redir=1%26referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dstructural%2520violence%2520coady%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D6%26ved%3D0CEUQFjAF%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1249%2526context%253Dfacsch_papers%26ei%3D445nUNPLGon49QTQpoHIBA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHAtwi4GF88kWuuxN3ymbIA8Y3Ggw~~%23search=%22structural%20violence%20coady%22)**
The "force" at the endpoint of the process of subjective violence, however
AND
up with more conceptual and practical confusion and questionable support of revolutionary violence. 

Quantitative studies and a variety of methodological tests verify the theory of nuclear deterrence

Rauchhaus ’9 - Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara
(Rauchhaus, Robert. "Evaluating the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis: A Quantitative Approach," Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2/5/09 jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/53/2/258)
In recent years, neo-liberal explanations of the Long Peace have received the
AND
their possessors by shifting conflict to the lower end of the intensity spectrum.

These studies show the basic assumption of nuclear deterrence is correct

Rauchhaus 09
(Rauchhaus, Robert. "Evaluating the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis: A Quantitative Approach," Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2/5/09 jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/53/2/258)
Although the Cold War was often fierce, especially in the developing world where it
AND
both states possess nuclear weapons, then the odds of war precipitously drop. 

Deterrence is ethical—it forces responsibility and is fundamentally a defensive posture

Colby ’7
(Elbridge. IOrbis v. 51 no3 Summer 2007)
In between these two extremes, deterrence is a security policy that offers a way
AND
rather, narrows our profile, and thereby reduces our exposure to risk.

And, ethical or psychological flaws don’t deny the truth of deterrence

Rauchhaus 09
(Rauchhaus, Robert. "Evaluating the Nuclear Peace Hypothesis: A Quantitative Approach," Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2/5/09 jcr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/53/2/258)
Scholars who are critical of nuclear deterrence have generally avoided questioning whether nuclear weapons make
AND
potential problems associated with nuclear deterrence, their pacifying effects are seldom challenged.

We don’t need absolute certainty to conclude deterrence is good. As long as we establish some correlative relation, that’s good enough

Welsh 03
(Welsh, John. USAWC Strategy Research Project US army War College Publications "Nuclear Deterrence is Here to Stay" 2003, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTFDoc?AD=ADA414501%26Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTFDoc?AD=ADA414501%26Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)
Deterrence is a complex concept.  The word deter derives from a Latin root,
AND
the dinosaurs by destroying the Earth and the exterminating the entire human race.

U.S. leaders will cling to nuclear deterrence inevitably – only a question of how credible and effective it is

Thompson ’11 – Chief Operating Officer of the non-profit Lexington Institute
(Loren, was Deputy Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and taught graduate-level courses in strategy, technology and media affairs at Georgetown. I have also taught at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, holds doctoral and masters degrees in government from Georgetown University and a bachelor of science degree in political science from Northeastern University, "Nuclear Paradox: Shrinking U.S. Arsenal Requires Huge New Expenditures", Forbes, 6-13-2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/beltway/2011/06/13/nuclear-paradox-shrinking-u-s-arsenal-requires-huge-new-expenditures/)**
The anti-nuclear rhetoric coming out of the White House during Obama’s early days
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a great deal of money on items you wish didn’t exist at all.

Spaces like this debate are critical to confirm public confidence in nuclear deterrence and prevent nuclear war

Delpech ’12 – former head of strategic studies at France’s Atomic Energy Commission
(Thérèse, expert on nuclear deterrence and non-proliferation, foreign affairs analyst, "Nuclear ¶ Deterrence ¶ in the 21st ¶ Century¶ Lessons from the Cold War ¶ for a New Era of Strategic Piracy", RAND Corporation, 2012, Accessed 2-26-2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf-http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2012/RAND_MG1103.pdf**, ¶ pg 9-11)
One of its most important tasks is to keep humanity within the boundaries of acceptable
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are only just now entering it, sometimes with masks on their faces.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Case

Empirics de facto prove U.S. nuclear deterrence works – hold the Neg ev to a high standard – leaders lie and correlation is enough

Culp ’12 – Research Associate at Columbia University National Center for Disaster Preparedness
(Derrin, PART I: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF¶ "THE MYTH OF NUCLEAR DETERRENCE", The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 51-68, 2012)
In the final sections of his paper, Wilson pulls together various strands of evidence
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, and make avoidance of global¶ or total war their ultimate objective.

Default to deterrence explanations – the Neg’s standard is too high and alternative explanations for no war are inadequate

Culp ’12 – Research Associate at Columbia University National Center for Disaster Preparedness
(Derrin, PART I: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF¶ "THE MYTH OF NUCLEAR DETERRENCE", The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 51-68, 2012)
Wilson repeats his ’’chicken and egg’’ conundrum when he notes that ’’there is
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the scope of Wilson’s essay, but acknowledging it should not have been.

Security is life-affirming

Booth ’5
(Ken Booth, Prof. of IR @ Wales, ’5 ~Critical Security Studies and World Politics, p. 22~
The best starting point for conceptualizing security lies in the real conditions of insecurity suffered
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process by which the human species can reinvent itself beyond the merely biological.

Structural violence makes the perfect the enemy of the good—their totalizing understanding of violence ignores that certain ideals are independent of each other. Preventing war is a good thing, even if it allows structural conflict to continue

Coady ’7 
(C.A.J, Australian philosopher with an international reputation for his research in both epistemology and political and applied philosophy, Morality and Political Violence, pg. 28, 2007, Cambridge University Press)
First, let us look briefly at the formulation of his definition, which has
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peace, or of less general prosperity in the interests of greater equality.

Actors are generally rational – claiming they aren’t creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that makes conflict inevitable

Roger Myerson, winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics and Glen A. Lloyd Distinguished  Service Professor of Economics at the University  of Chicago, 2007.  "Force and Restraint in Strategic Deterrence: A Game Theorist’s Perspective," http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/
Game-theoretic analysis is based on an assumption that people are rational. Of
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deterrent strategy when our resolve and restraint are both made clear to them.  

Fracturing ideas of masculinity only results in more conflict

Marysia Zalewski, Reader in the Centre for Women’s Studies, and Jane Parpart, professor of Gender Studies at University of Dalhousie, 98 ~The ’Man’ Question in International Relations, Westview Press, Boulder, p76~
Central though this binary conception of gender is to much of Western thought, it
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and which should be regarded as inferior and feminine (subjective and normative)

Post-Cold War conceptions of peace are false → the world is inevitably realist

Ikenberry 01
(G. John, reviewing John J. Mearsheimer, "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics", November/December 2001, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57267/g-john-ikenberry/the-tragedy-of-great-power-politics) SLS

Mearsheimer boldly states that great-power rivalry is not over. The major powers
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act in this way — even if it is a sophisticated power maximizer. 

No link– there is no one form of ’manhood’ in IR that we reinforce
Marysia Zalewski, Reader in the Centre for Women’s Studies, and Jane Parpart, professor of Gender Studies at University of Dalhousie, 98 ~The ’Man’ Question in International Relations, Westview Press, Boulder, p203-4~
The assertion that international politics and relations is a "man’s affair" of course
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images of soft and effeminate or warriorlike but technically "backward" colonial males

Linear thinking is about anticipation, not explanation—allows us to become resilient in the face of complexity

Kent ’11 — directs the Humanitarian Futures Programme at Kings College, London.
(Dr. Randolph C., "Planning from the future: an emerging agenda", International Review of the Red Cross, 2011, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2011/irrc-884-kent.pdf-http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2011/irrc-884-kent.pdf)
The art of anticipation is not about prediction; it is about promoting a sense
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and track them through different worlds, to provide an array of possibilities.

Complexity cannot be applied to the social sciences—it’s nothing more than a metaphor

Ford ’11 
(Christopher, "Policymaking at the Edge of Chaos: Musings on Political Ideology Through the Lens of Complexity", Hudson Institute, January 2011, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Conceptualizing%20Ideology.pdf-http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Conceptualizing Ideology.pdf)
How might one respond to this predicament? Despair, of course, is one
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reasoning" and conventional methods of social scientific data collection and analysis. 31

Policymaking is possible in complex systems

(Christopher, "Policymaking at the Edge of Chaos: Musings on Political Ideology Through the Lens of Complexity", Hudson Institute, January 2011, http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Conceptualizing%20Ideology.pdf-http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/Conceptualizing Ideology.pdf)
It is important to keep such concerns in mind when attempting to leap from the
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some hope of deliberately achieving transformative effects in a complex adaptive social system.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No epistemology is perfect, but we can use empiricism and logic to reason through our actions.  
Loewy ’91 (Erich, associate professor of medicine at the University of Illinois and associate professor of humanities, "Suffering and the Beneficent Community: Beyond Libertarianism," p. 17-21)

All of our judgments and decisions ultimately must be grounded in nonverifiable assumptions. The
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with, shaped and developed as we experience, learn, and grow.

No prior questions – our justification for the 1AC is true

Owen ’2 – reader of political theory
(David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7)
Commenting on the ’philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ’~a~
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the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Extinction first – always VTL

Bernstein ’2
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, "Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation", p. 188-192)
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "
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, include the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will."

Alt doesn’t solve the Aff –

The aff’s method prioritizes observations without pragmatic strategy —— continues to re-entrench the squo

Bryant 12 (Levi, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)
I must be in a mood today– half irritated, half amused –because
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Here I’m reminded by the "underpants gnomes" depicted in South Park:
The underpants gnomes have a plan for achieving profit that goes like this:¶
Phase 1: Collect Underpants¶ Phase 2: ?¶ Phase 3: Profit%21¶ They even have a catchy song to go with their work:¶
Well this is sadly how it often is with the academic left. Our plan seems to be as follows:
¶ Phase 1: Ultra-Radical Critique¶ Phase 2: ?¶ Phase 3: Revolution and complete social transformation%21¶
Our problem is that we seem perpetually stuck at phase 1 without ever explaining what
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.  Instead we prefer to shout and denounce.  Good luck with that.

Despite every flaw in calculating risk of human existence, we are still right: you have to weigh survival as an a priori question and sculpt deliberate policies to protect humanity.

Matheny, 7—~Jason, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction." Risk Analysis. Vol 27, No 5, 2007, http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/resources/publications/2007_orig-articles/2007-10-15-reducingrisk.html~~
9. Conclusion We may be poorly equipped to recognize or plan for extinction risks
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seen as an essential part of a portfolio of risk-reducing projects.

The Aff deploys risk in a fundamentally different means than what they criticize – the point is to imagine alternative futures, not fear them out of anxiety

Wimbush ’8 – director of the Center for Future Security Strategies
(S. Enders, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and the author of several books and policy articles, "A Parable: The U.S.-ROK Security Relationship Breaks Down", Asia Policy, Number 5 (January 2008), 7-24)
What if the U.S.-ROK security relationship were to break down?
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with luck avoiding having to say: "I never thought about that."

Apocalyptic imagery is key to genuine resistance to problematic security structures

Schatz 12 (JL, Binghamton U, "The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-­‐Of-­‐ The-­‐World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism," The Journal of Ecocriticism: Vol 4, No 2 (2012))

Any hesitancy to deploy images of apocalypse out of the risk of acting in a
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where multitudes, and not governments, guide the fate of the planet.

Perm solves best – combination allows for better explanation of IR

Lake and Jacobs ’11 – professor of social science and distinguished professor of political science
(David A. Lake is the Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego.., Why "isms" are Evil: Theory, Epistemology and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress, International Studies Quarterly 55, 465-480,  weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeWhyIsmsareevil.pdf~)
Rather than forming sects and debating theology, imagine the contributions that we as scholars
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of sectors pursuing their material interests without fear of being criticized for inconsistency. 

Realism defines security of energy issues

Stephan et al. 11
~Hannes R. Stephan, John Vogler, and Fariborz Zelli, "Energy Security and Climate Security: Synergy or Conflict?", Paper presented at the Third Global International Studies Conference (17-20 August 2011, Porto, Portugal), August 17-20, 2011~
Historically, realist theoretical assumptions have dominated thinking on energy security. Widespread recognition of
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the costs – could achieve a degree of autarchy in this sector too.