Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Version:1.0 StartHTML:0000000167 EndHTML:0000025272 StartFragment:0000001185 EndFragment:0000025256

Plan

The United States Department of Energy should establish a matching funds program to develop and build a Liquid Fluoride Thorium Nuclear Reactor in its national labs.

Advantage 1 – Prolif

Advantage 1 is Prolif

Nuclear renaissance is eminent – it’s the only viable electricity source worldwide

Marketwire 12 – Part of the Paragon Report on uranium ore stock future

[5/3/12, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/nuclear-renaissance-back-track-122000381.html]cs

NEW YORK, NY--(Marketwire -05/03/12)- Last year

AND

," Areva SA's Chief Commercial Officer Ruben Lazo said in a previous interview.

The spread of nuclear power facilitates weapons development, triggering wildfire prolif and nuclear war – deterrence fails in the new international system

Sokolski 9 – Henry, Executive Director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center

[Jul, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html]cs

Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next

AND

, would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

Prolif transforms existing conflicts into nuclear showdowns

Cimbala 8 – Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University – Brandywine

[Stephen J. Cimbala, “Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia,” Comparative Strategy, Volume 27, Issue 2 March 2008, pages 113 – 132Informaworld]gw

The spread of nuclear weapons in Asia presents a complicated mosaic of possibilities in this

AND

could overturn these expectations for the obsolescence or marginalization of major interstate warfare.

For theorists, the argument that thespread of nuclear weapons might be fully compatible with

AND

concepts might be inaccurate guides to the avoidance of war outside of Europe.

Escalation will happen – inadequate crisis management, multipolarity enhances the risks

Evans 9 – President of the International Crisis Group and Kawaguchi, Former Foreign Minister of Japan

[Gareth Evans (Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne) and Yoriko Kawaguchi (Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament), “Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers,” International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, December 15, 2009, pg. http://www.icnnd.org/ reference/reports/ent/ downloads.html]gw

3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nuclear

AND

enhanced fears of nuclear blackmail, and of irresponsible and unpredictable leadership behaviour.

3.2 In conditions of inadequate command and control systems, absence of confidence

AND

, historical – and for all those reasons, strongly emotive – dimensions.

3.3 The transitional period is likely to be most dangerous of all,

AND

fissile material coming into possession of non-state actors cannot be ignored.

3.4 The action–reaction cycle of nations on high alerts, of

AND

nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Terrorists have the motive and capacity to build a bomb with civilian nuclear materials

Barnaby 9 – Frank, Emeritus Consultant to the Oxford Research Group

[March, http://www.ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/nuclear_renaissance_1679.pdf]gw

There will also be a heightened risk that terrorists will acquire plutonium, fabricate a

AND

by terrorists to make nuclear explosives is an obvious threat to global security.

Nuke terrorism triggers global nuclear war with Russia and China

Ayson 10 – Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington

[“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld]cn

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by

AND

for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

Thorium’s fuel cycle is self-sustaining based on U233 – all fissile material is contained within the reactor

Sorensen 12 – Kirk, Founder and Chief Technologist at Flibe Energy, Grad student in Nuclear Engineering, former Chief Nuclear Technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering

[8/4, http://www.peakprosperity.com/podcast/79398/kirk-sorensen-detailed-exploration-thoriums-potential-energy-source]gw

Kirk Sorenson: Those are the best questions. The way thorium is used –

AND

neutrons to make new U233 from thorium – all U233 comes from thorium.

That substantially reduces the spread of fissile material

Sorensen 12 – Kirk, Founder and Chief Technologist at Flibe Energy, Grad student in Nuclear Engineering, former Chief Nuclear Technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering

[July, “Response to Oliver Tickell’s Anti-Thorium Article” http://energyfromthorium.com/tickell-rebuttal-jul-2012/]gw

LFTR’s end-to-end fuel cycle offers greatly reduced proliferation risks in large

AND

amenable to vitrification in an inert glassy form for long-term storage.

U233 can’t be used in weapons or be removed from the reactor – LFTRs also consume old fissile material and obviate the need for uranium enrichment facilities

Hargraves 10 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University, and Ralph Moir, published ten papers on molten salt reactors during his career at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ScD in nuclear engineering from MIT

[American Scientist98. 5 (Sep/Oct 2010): 364-365]gw

A commercial reactor will make just enough uranium to sustain power generation. Diverting any

AND

can increase prosperity and can reduce the potential for wars over resource competition.

The plan revives US nuclear leadership – that’s key to strengthen international non-prolif initiatives

Miller 12 – Warren “Pete” Miller, Ph.D., Co-chair, Bipartisan Policy Center Nuclear Initiative and Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy

[July, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf]gw

Strategic Goal: Continued strong U.S. leadership in global nuclear security matters

AND

framed commerce and security not as competing objectives but as “inextricably intertwined.”

Advantage 2 – Warming

Advantage 2 is Warming

Overwhelming scientific consensus indicates warming is accelerating and anthropogenic

Pearce 7 – Fred, environment consultant for New Scientist

[With speed and violence: why scientists fear tipping points in climate change, GoogleBooks, pp. 10-17]cn

First, the basic physics. As we have seen, much of this goes

AND

? Some of them can be heard making the case against climate change.

The impact is extinction

Heinberg 7 – Richard, Senior Fellow at Post Carbon Institute, recipient of the Award for Excellence and Energy Education

[Peak Everything, p. 19-22]cn

First, some problems are more critical than others. A patient may suffer simultaneously

AND

community involvement, intergenerational solidarity, and the other intangible goods listed earlier.

Warming turns and magnifies their impacts

Burke 8 – Sharon, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Project at the Center for New American Security

[Climatic Cataclysm: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Climate Change, GoogleBooks, pp. 157-161]cn

At the same time, however, the implications of both trends for human society

AND

, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, and Southeast Asia.

LFTRs solve – they’re cost-competitive and replace current sources of energy

Hargraves 11 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University, and Ralph Moir, published ten papers on molten salt reactors during his career at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ScD in nuclear engineering from MIT

[Jan, http://www.naturals.ukpc.net/TR/Hansen/liq1.pdf]gw

Burning coal for power is the largest source of atmospheric CO2 , which drives global

AND

, ending 10 billion tons per year of CO2 emissions from coal plants.

LFTRs substantially cut emissions and reverse warming trends

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University

[July, “THORIUM energy cheaper than coal”]gw

Taiwan's Taichung 4-4 GW coal power plant is the world's largest. The

AND

ocean C02 absorption and acidification, harmful to sea life and food supplies.

U.S. clean energy development key to global spillover

Roberts 4 – Paul, journalist, author, energy expert and writer for Harpers

[The End of Oil, pg. 325-6]cn

Politically, a new U.S. energy policy would send a powerful message

AND

business prospects in China that it now has its own vehicles in Beijing.”

[Competition spurs faster innovation – that’s key]

[Explicit a2 50/85]

Solvency

Government support for private initiatives is key to rapid development – matching funds programs generate massive investment in LFTRs

Martin 12 – Award-winning science and technology journalist, editorial director for Pike Research

[Richard Martin, Award-winning science and technology journalist and editorial director for Pike Research, SuperFuel: Thorium, the Green Energy Source for the Future, May 2012. (p. 232)](NSB)

WHILE A NEW MANHATTAN PROJECT is not going to happen, some form of government

AND

for a total of $ 4 billion to $ 10 billion a year.

A successful RandD project will spur commercialization by corporations

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University

[July, “THORIUM energy cheaper than coal”]gw

Governments have an opportunity to incentivize corporations to undertake LFTR research and development. Once

AND

emitting energy from coal and reduce demand for energy from other fossil fuels.

The use of national labs solve any tech barriers – giving businesses access to them is key to LFTR development

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University

[July, “THORIUM energy cheaper than coal”]gw

US National Laboratories are capable of developing LFTR. The US has many national laboratories

AND

step in to lead development, as is happening in China and France.

Advanced tech ensures LFTR development can be streamlined

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University

[July, “THORIUM energy cheaper than coal”]gw

Shorter projects cost less and have less cancellation risk. I recommend a high priority

AND

-based electric power plant was built at Shippingport PA in 39 months.

LFTRs are technologically feasible – the science is proven

Sorensen 12 – Kirk, Founder and Chief Technologist at Flibe Energy, Grad student in Nuclear Engineering, former Chief Nuclear Technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering

[July, “Response to Oliver Tickell’s Anti-Thorium Article” http://energyfromthorium.com/tickell-rebuttal-jul-2012/]gw

The primary uncertainty is bureaucratic, not technical. The fundamental physics, operation,

AND

fluid molten-salt reactor power station” such as the modern LFTR.

Public-private partnerships are successful at developing new tech and facilitating commercialization

Yin 12 – Clifton, Clean Energy Policy Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Masters in Public Policy with a focus on environmental and regulatory policy from the Georgetown Public Policy Institute

[7/31, http://theenergycollective.com/cliftonyin/98391/carbon-fiber-government-clean-tech-innovation-success-story]gw

Carbon fiber composites have been employed in racecars, sporting goods, and the aerospace

AND

, and nuclear power in the pantheon of government technology innovation success stories.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The United States federal government should establish a matching funds program to develop and build a Liquid Fluoride Thorium Nuclear Reactor in its National Laboratories.

Advantage 1 – Prolif

Advantage 1 is Prolif

Nuclear renaissance is coming now

TBI 12 – The Breakthrough Institute, think tank focused on innovation-centered approaches to national and global energy and climate challenges
~7/28, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog//2012/07/worldwide_nuclear_energy_expan-print.html~~gw
Global production of nuclear energy is expected to grow significantly in future years, despite
AND
its additional 14 planned reactors are much more likely to be advanced models.

The spread of nuclear power facilitates weapons development, triggering wildfire prolif and nuclear war – deterrence fails in the new international system

Sokolski 9 – Henry, Executive Director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center
~Jul, "Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd", Policy Review, June/July, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/46390537.html~~cs
Finally, several new nuclear weapons contenders are also likely to emerge in the next
AND
, would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

Multipolarity and inadequate crisis management ensure escalation

Evans 9 – President of the International Crisis Group %26 Kawaguchi, Former Foreign Minister of Japan
~Gareth Evans (Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and Professorial fellow in the School of Social and Political Sciences @ University of Melbourne) %26 Yoriko Kawaguchi (Co-chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament), "Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers," International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament Report, December 15, 2009, pg. http://www.icnnd.org/ reference/reports/ent/ downloads.html~gw
3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nuclear
AND
nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Terrorists have the motive and capacity to build a bomb with civilian nuclear materials

Barnaby 9 – Frank, Emeritus Consultant to the Oxford Research Group
~March, http://www.ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/nuclear_renaissance_1679.pdf~~gw
There will also be a heightened risk that terrorists will acquire plutonium, fabricate a
AND
by terrorists to make nuclear explosives is an obvious threat to global security.

Nuke terrorism triggers global nuclear war with Russia and China

Ayson 10 – Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington
~"After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld~cn
A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.

Thorium’s fuel cycle is self-sustaining based on U233 – all fissile material is contained within the reactor

Sorensen 12 – Kirk, Founder and Chief Technologist at Flibe Energy, Grad student in Nuclear Engineering, former Chief Nuclear Technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering
~8/4, http://www.peakprosperity.com/podcast/79398/kirk-sorensen-detailed-exploration-thoriums-potential-energy-source~~gw
Kirk Sorenson:  Those are the best questions. The way thorium is used –
AND
neutrons to make new U233 from thorium – all U233 comes from thorium.

That substantially reduces the spread of fissile material

Sorensen 12 – Kirk, Founder and Chief Technologist at Flibe Energy, Grad student in Nuclear Engineering, former Chief Nuclear Technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering
~July, "Response to Oliver Tickell’s Anti-Thorium Article" http://energyfromthorium.com/tickell-rebuttal-jul-2012/~~gw
LFTR’s end-to-end fuel cycle offers greatly reduced proliferation risks in large
AND
amenable to vitrification in an inert glassy form for long-term storage.

Their authors are wrong – thorium is prolif resistant

Hargraves 10 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University, and Ralph Moir, published ten papers on molten salt reactors during his career at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ScD in nuclear engineering from MIT
~American Scientist98. 5 (Sep/Oct 2010): 364-365~gw
A commercial reactor will make just enough uranium to sustain power generation. Diverting any
AND
can increase prosperity and can reduce the potential for wars over resource competition.

The plan revives US nuclear leadership – that’s key to strengthen international non-prolif initiatives

Miller 12 – Warren "Pete" Miller, Ph.D., Co-chair, Bipartisan Policy Center Nuclear Initiative and Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy
~July, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf~~gw
Strategic Goal: Continued strong U.S. leadership in global nuclear security matters
AND
framed commerce and security not as competing objectives but as "inextricably intertwined."

Advantage 2 – Warming

Advantage 2 is Warming

Warming is real and anthropogenic

Prothero 12 – Donald, Professor of Geology at Occidental College and Geobiology at California Institute of Technology
~3-1-2012, "How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused," Skeptic, 17.2, EBSCO~gw
How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There
AND
cannot be paid to endorse some scientific idea they know to be false..

Warming makes all impacts inevitable and causes extinction

Burke 8 – Sharon, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Project at the Center for New American Security
~Climatic Cataclysm: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Climate Change, GoogleBooks, pp. 157-161~cn
At the same time, however, the implications of both trends for human society
AND
, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, and Southeast Asia.

LFTRs solve – they’re cost-competitive and replace current sources of energy

Hargraves 11 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University, and Ralph Moir, published ten papers on molten salt reactors during his career at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ScD in nuclear engineering from MIT
~Jan, http://www.naturals.ukpc.net/TR/Hansen/liq1.pdf~~gw
Burning coal for power is the largest source of atmospheric CO2 , which drives global
AND
, ending 10 billion tons per year of CO2 emissions from coal plants.

LFTRs substantially cut emissions and reverse warming trends

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University
~July, "THORIUM energy cheaper than coal"~gw
Taiwan’s Taichung 4-4 GW coal power plant is the world’s largest. The
AND
ocean C02 absorption and acidification, harmful to sea life and food supplies. 

U.S. clean energy development key to global spillover

Roberts 4 – Paul, journalist, author, energy expert and writer for Harpers
~The End of Oil, pg. 325-6~cn
Politically, a new U.S. energy policy would send a powerful message
AND
business prospects in China that it now has its own vehicles in Beijing."

Advantage 3 – Water

Advantage 3 is water

Nuclear solves water wars

Palley 11 – Reese
~The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71~sr
The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for
AND
biblical ability to "strike any local rock and have water gush forth."

Thorium is key

Halper 12 – Mark, contributing editor, energy, Smart Planet
~6/26, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/intelligent-energy/us-partners-with-china-on-new-nuclear/17037~~gw
Many of those supporters urge the use of thorium reactors not only for generating electricity, but also for providing carbon-free heat to power industrial processes such as extracting oil from tar sands, or in the metals, chemicals and cement sectors, among others. They also point out that the reactors could power water desalination, and that they have valuable byproducts that could be used as fertilizers and for medical applications.

It’s economically viable

Seneviratne 7 – Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent
"Research projects show nuclear desalination economical", April, http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf-http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf)
The desalination of seawater using nuclear power is cost-effective compared with other primary
AND
~metric tons oil equivalent~ or %2421/bbl ~barrel~."

Water wars go global

Reilly 2 – Kristie, Editor for In These Times, a nonprofit, independent, national magazine published in Chicago, *Cites environmental thinker and activist Vandana Shiva Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke—probably North America’s foremost water experts
~"NOT A DROP TO DRINK," http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml~~sr-http://www.inthesetimes.com/issue/26/25/culture1.shtml%5dsr
The two books provide a chilling, in-depth examination of a rapidly emerging
AND
planet decreases, today’s low-level conflicts can only increase in intensity.

Water scarcity causes Central Asian war

Priyadarshi 12 – Nitish, lecturer in the department of environment and water management at Ranchi University in India
~"War for water is not a far cry", June 16, http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44~~sr-http://www.cleangangaportal.org/node/44%5dsr
That’s been a constant dilemma for the Central Asian states since they became independent after
AND
, the largest consumer of water in the region, is located downstream.

Extinction

Blank 2k – Stephen J, Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute
~"American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region", World Affairs. 9-22~sr
Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
AND
5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

Solvency

Solvency

Government support for private initiatives is key to rapid development – matching funds programs generate massive investment in LFTRs

Martin 12 – Award-winning science and technology journalist, editorial director for Pike Research
~Richard Martin, Award-winning science and technology journalist %26 editorial director for Pike Research, SuperFuel: Thorium, the Green Energy Source for the Future, May 2012. (p. 232)~(NSB)
WHILE A NEW MANHATTAN PROJECT is not going to happen, some form of government
AND
for a total of %24 4 billion to %24 10 billion a year.

A successful R%26D project will spur commercialization by corporations

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University
~July, "THORIUM energy cheaper than coal"~gw
Governments have an opportunity to incentivize corporations to undertake LFTR research and development. Once
AND
emitting energy from coal and reduce demand for energy from other fossil fuels.

The use of national labs solve any tech barriers – giving businesses access to them is key to LFTR development

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University
~July, "THORIUM energy cheaper than coal"~gw
US National Laboratories are capable of developing LFTR. The US has many national laboratories
AND
step in to lead development, as is happening in China and France.

Advanced tech ensures LFTR development can be streamlined

Hargraves 12 – Robert, teaches Energy Policy at the Institute for Lifelong Education at Dartmouth College, PhD in physics from Brown University
~July, "THORIUM energy cheaper than coal"~gw
Shorter projects cost less and have less cancellation risk. I recommend a high priority
AND
-based electric power plant was built at Shippingport PA in 39 months. 

LFTRs are technologically feasible – the science is proven

Sorensen 12 – Kirk, Founder and Chief Technologist at Flibe Energy, Grad student in Nuclear Engineering, former Chief Nuclear Technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering
~July, "Response to Oliver Tickell’s Anti-Thorium Article" http://energyfromthorium.com/tickell-rebuttal-jul-2012/~~gw
The primary uncertainty is bureaucratic, not technical. The fundamental physics, operation,
AND
fluid molten-salt reactor power station" such as the modern LFTR.

Public-private partnerships are successful at developing new tech and facilitating commercialization

Yin 12 – Clifton, Clean Energy Policy Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Masters in Public Policy with a focus on environmental and regulatory policy from the Georgetown Public Policy Institute
~7/31, http://theenergycollective.com/cliftonyin/98391/carbon-fiber-government-clean-tech-innovation-success-story~~gw
Carbon fiber composites have been employed in racecars, sporting goods, and the aerospace
AND
, and nuclear power in the pantheon of government technology innovation success stories.

Tournament: Georgia | Round: Octas | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: Atchison, Murray, Swanlek

Prolif

Nuclear weapons catalyze conventional war
Abraham 99
~Itty, "Nuclear Power and Human Security," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, v31 n2~cn
But "successful" nuclear deterrence does not make conventional warfare less likely. If
AND
weapons on both sides says nothing about the likelihood of peace breaking out. 

Rather, the presence of nuclear weapons may make policy-makers more sanguine about
AND
forgotten once the rational game played by theorists and strategic thinkers takes over.
Bioweaps are too difficult to use and ineffective
Mueller 99 – John Prof. Pol. Sci. @ Ohio State and Karl Mueller
~June, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 3, Council of Foreign Relations http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-240-2010-S3_IP/Syllabus/EReadings/10.3/10.3.MuellerMueller1999Sanctions.pdf-http://people.reed.edu/~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-240-2010-S3_IP/Syllabus/EReadings/10.3/10.3.MuellerMueller1999Sanctions.pdf~~ mz
Biological weapons seem a promising candidate to join nuclear ones in the wmd club because
AND
onto the attacker, and they can be countered with civil defense measures. 

Warming

Most recent studies conclude warming now
Goldblatt and Watson 12 – Colin, Assistant Professor of Earth System Evolution at the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, PhD from the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, and Andrew J., Fellow of the Royal Society, Professor at the School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, PhD from University of Reading
~Jan 8, Philosophical Translation of the Royal Society A, http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.1593~~cs-http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.1593%5dcs
The ultimate climate emergency is a "runaway greenhouse": a hot and water vapour
AND
their stars are detected, some will be in a runaway greenhouse state.
The plan only prevents the coming catastrophic impacts from increased warming – there’s already more than enough CO2 to prevent the Ice Age, which has a massively long timeframe
AFP 8 – Agence France Presse, Quoting Professor Crowley of U-Edinburgh and Dr. Hyde, U-Toronto
~Nov 13, http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/11/13/2418491.htm~~cn
Professor Thomas Crowley of the University of Edinburgh, and Dr William Hyde of the
AND
, translating into hunger, homelessness and other stresses for millions of people.
Warming triggers the ice age faster
ABC News 7 – quoting Timothy Barrows, Ph.D., paleoclimatologist
~"New northern ice age could send refugees to Aust." http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/05/2052408.htm~~cn
ANU paleoclimatologist Timothy Barrows and his fellow researchers used a new dating technique that measures
AND
feel the effects almost immediately and certainly within a century," he said.
Warming is overall worse for ag
EDF 9 – Environmental Defense Fund
~Jan 13, "Global Warming Myths and Facts," http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=1011~~cn
Any beneficial effects will be far outweighed by damage and disruption. Even a warming
AND
Less developed countries and natural ecosystems may not have the capacity to adapt.

A2: R%26D – 2AC

We Meet – The plan leads directly to the construction of working reactors – it’s also production
Consider plan text in a vacuum – anything else is mixing burdens
C/I – R%26D is a direct financial incentive by decreasing the cost of production – our evidence cites government definitions
EIA 1 – Mark Gielecki, U.S. Energy Information Administration
~Feb, http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm~~gw
Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
the commercial viability of the good(s) provided. (4)
C/I – Energy production is production of energy from each atom – their ev is about power production – We solve limits because we meet the most technical physics definition – they explode because electricity generation is not energy production
Touran 12 – Nick, PhD in Nuclear Engineering, Michigan
~"Power Basics (Terminology)"~cs
Before embarking on a meaningful discussion of nuclear power, we should touch base on
AND
reaching about 45 GWd/MT and fast reactors pushing 200GWd/MT.
And, this is not a reason to reject us:
1) There’s no in-round abuse – and we have a solvency advocate and pass the one-card test
2) Good is good enough – our interpretation provides predictable limits and fair ground,– "best interpretation" is a myth since marginal differences in limits and ground are subjective and outweighed by the loss in aff predictability and substantive crowd-out

A2: States CP – 2AC Frontlines

Perm: Do Both – shields the link – backlash will be focused at the most local actor, and total consensus means opponents think it’s hopeless
Perm shields the link to the n/b
Overby 3 – A. Brooke, Professor of Law, Tulane University School of Law
~Summer, 76 Temp. L. Rev. 297 Lexis~cn
We held in New York that Congress cannot compel the States to enact or enforce
AND
implementation does not erase these concerns with accountability, it does ameliorate them slightly
They wrote their CP text wrong – just because EPSCoR can give access to national labs, that doesn’t mean it does automatically – they’re key the Hargraves ev. in the 1ac says that’s key to solve because they have the best engineers and can streamline research by avoiding the NRC licensing process
Agencies still link to politics
Wallison 3 – Peter J., Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute
~1-1, http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.15652/pub_detail.asp~~cn
Control over independent regulatory agencies has traditionally resided with Congress, which created all of
AND
H. Donaldson, as a member of the Bush "economic team."
Perm: Do the Counterplan
CP fails- states are dependent on inadequate federal government financing
Berlin et al 12
(Ken Berlin, Reed Hundt, Mark Muro, and Devashree Saha). "State Clean Energy Finance Banks: New Investment Facilities for Clean Energy Deployment." Brookings- Rockerfeller.
Federal financial support for clean energy projects will likely decline. The first and most
AND
project development—will be pulling way back in the next few years.
50 State Fiat is a voting issue: There is zero lit on the 50 states acting in unison – no real world policy option skews education – lack of reciprocal ground explodes aff research burden and single agent counterplans solve all their offense
No offense – uniform 50 state fiat is not real world
Hartmann 85 – David, doctoral student in Sociology at the University of Chicago
~Winter, JOURNAL OF THE AFA, Volume 21~
First, normal uniform state policy adoption is incremental rather than simultaneous. For example
AND
allows some states to experiment with policies while others observe the results.4

SMRs CP

Perm do both
Permutation do the counterplan – LFTRs are SMRs – 1AC Hargraves ev says they’re modular and build as fast as a Boeing airplane
SMRs can’t solve warming – only thorium creates energy cheap enough to displace coal – that’s Hargraves
SMRs can’t solve – uranium shortages prevent widespread use and prove they can’t solve warming
NIRS 4 – Nuclear Information and Resource Service, the national information and networking center for citizens and environmental activists
~http://www.nirs.org/factsheets/climatenukes.pdf~~cn
Nuclear power can’t stop climate change Even though the Bush Administration stubbornly refuses to admit
AND
reactors to provide 70% of the world’s electricity, which we can’t.
SMRs don’t solve prolif or terrorism – they use uranium and MOX fuel, which is prolif capable – only shifting to non-proliferable fuels solves – that’s Barnaby and Sokolski
this also proves they link to reprocessing DAs – MOX uses reprocessed uranium and plutonium as fuel
This counterplan locks in unsafe fuels and ensures reprocessing
Clements 12 – Nonproliferation Policy Director at ANA (6/8, Tom, Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, "Documents Reveal Time-line and Plans for "Small Modular Reactors"
 (SMRs) at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Unrealistic and Promise no Funding", http://www.ananuclear.org/PressRoom/ANAPressReleases/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/558/Default.aspx, WEA)
The MOAs indicate that sale of electricity to SRS via "Purchase Power Agreements"
AND
campaign by SMR vendors to promote their specific models, according to ANA.

Links to politics – all of their reasons why the plan is unpopular link to conventional SMRs

Immigration 2AC

Aff solves motivation for terror attack
Terrorists don’t have sophisticated cyber capabilities and the power grid and nuke power plants are not targets
Jackson 3
~William, "Power Grid Not A Primary Terror Target" 09-06 ln~cn
The FBI is concerned about cyberterror, but bombs remain a bigger danger than bytes
AND
" against the power grid and no specific threats to nuclear power plants.
Skilled worker reform is inevitable
Calderon 1/31 – Sara, writer for Politics 365
~2013, http://politic365.com/2013/01/31/stem-visa-immigration-reform-most-likely-to-benefit-asians-not-latinos/~~cn
Immigration reform focused on highly skilled workers, specifically the H1B visa program, is
AND
the Senate in the fall, but not by both houses until 2014.
Immigration won’t pass the House – no majority of the majority party ensures failure – 2006 proves
Bland 1/29 – Scott, National Journal
~2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com//politics/why-immigration-reform-could-die-in-the-house-20130129~~cs-http://www.nationaljournal.com//politics/why-immigration-reform-could-die-in-the-house-20130129%5dcs
As immigration reform begins its journey through the byzantine halls of the Senate and Washington
AND
let it get to the floor, because their caucus didn’t support it.
There won’t even be a bill for a few months – and it won’t solve the impact for years
Simendinger 13 – Alexis, writer for Real Clear Politics
~Jan 30, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/01/30/obama_presses_congress_on_immigration_reform_116850.html~~cn
President Obama used a speech in Las Vegas on Tuesday to urge Congress to move
AND
a senior administration official told reporters who traveled with the president to Nevada.
Obama won’t push the plan
Budowsky 11 – Brent, LL.M. (London School of Economics), aide to former Sen. Lloyd Bentsen and Bill Alexander
~Mar 21, http://thehill.com/opinion/columnists/brent-budowsky/151033-a-disengaged-presidency~~cn
A disengaged presidency Let’s begin a thoughtful discussion about the about the dangers of a
AND
as small-minded partisans the post-partisan president elevates himself above.
Winners win
Marshall 11 – Bryan W, Miami University and Brandon C. Prins, Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy
~2011, "Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force", Sept, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3~cs
Presidents rely heavily on Congress in converting their political capital into real policy success.
AND
made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002).
Republicans love the plan
Dixon 10 – Darius, Politico
~12/29, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=102C9E6A-9EE9-0E98-28DC530092018995~~gw
But nuclear energy’s perceived benefits could outweigh the cost issue on Capitol Hill. Key
AND
press conference. "Is that an area where we can move forward?"
Now is the key time to get Republicans on board
Pilkington, 13 – The Guardian
~Ed Pilkington, The Guardian, Immigration reform: Obama pushes forward with warning to GOP, January 30, 2013.  http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/29/obama-immigration-reform-republicans.~~
The received wisdom is that the White House must achieve an immigration reform act within
AND
Republicans in 2016 hanging over them, Congress will finally come on side.
Not Intrinsic – a logical policymaker could do the plan and not backlash against the agenda
Political capital theory is false – there’s no data to support it
Dickinson 9 – Matthew, Professor at Political Science at Harvard
~May 26, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/~~cn
What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals
AND
has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee.
Fiat solves the link – the plan just IS, and Congress like it; the Disad is a "would" question
Sequestration comes first – it will be brutal
Slate 13
~Jan 30, http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/01/what_is_sequestration_the_budget_cuts_will_slam_government_spending_yet.html~~cn
With all feel-good talk about immigration reform, fans of conflict and dysfunction
AND
tried to bluff itself and now it’s prepared to call its own bluff.

A2: Kazakhstan Uranium DA – 2AC

Water makes this conflict inevitable
Uranium prices are trending down – Scale backs on production and termination of Russian HEU agreement
Seeking Alpha 13
~Jan 13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1089821-have-uranium-miners-hit-rock-bottom~~cs-http://seekingalpha.com/article/1089821-have-uranium-miners-hit-rock-bottom%5dcs
Almost two years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, uranium miners are still struggling.
AND
by the end of 2013 will remove 24 million pounds from global supply.
Internal demand key to Kazakhstan economy in 2013
Interfax 13 – KIYNews, Ukraine
~1/21, http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/kazakh-economy-will-grow-6-in-2013-319113.html~~cs-http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/kazakh-economy-will-grow-6-in-2013-319113.html%5dcs
ASTANA - Kazakhstan’s economy will grow 6% in 2013, the Kazakh Economy and
AND
% in 2012. In 2011, Kazakhstan’s GDP rose 7.5%.
No impact to Kazakhstan economy and oil revenues solve
Stratfor 12
~1/18/ "Annual Forecast 2012", global intelligence company, http://www.stratfor.com/forecast/annual-forecast-2012~~sr-http://www.stratfor.com/forecast/annual-forecast-2012%5dsr
Numerous factors will undermine Central Asia’s stability in 2012, but they will not lead
AND
contain it during 2012 by using the oil revenues it has saved up.
Central Asia is a low priority region for the Russia, China, and the U.S. – no risk of major conflict
Weitz 6 – Senior Fellow and Associate Director of Center for Future Security Strategies at Hudson Institute
~Richard, "Averting a New Great Game in Central Asia," Washington Quarterly, Summer, http://www.c4ads.org/files/weitz_twq_summer06_centasia.pdf~~
Fortunately, the fact that Central Asia does not represent the most important geographic region
AND
overtly competitive policies could undermine these opportunities for cooperation and should be avoided.
Empirically denied – there are multiple instances of instability in Afghanistan alone – proves no escalation
Kazakh diversifying economy now
Astana Times 12- Kazakhastan news source
~5/22/2012, "Nazarbayev urges investors to support development of alternative economic sectors in Kazakhstan," http://www.kazakhembus.com/sites/default/files/publications/The_Astana_Times_Jun_8_2012.pdf~~ip
The provision of oil and gas fields for the development by investors should be linked
AND
oil, gas and metallurgical resources, creation of new jobs and high tech
nologies in Kazakhstan. As an example, Nazarbayev mentioned the Chevron company, which
AND
"Kazakhstan - New Silk Road" before the end of the year.

Tournament: Georgia | Round: Octas | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: Atchison, Murray, Swanlek

Prolif escalates

Prolif transforms existing conflicts into nuclear showdowns
Cimbala 8 – Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University – Brandywine
~Stephen J. Cimbala, "Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia," Comparative Strategy, Volume 27, Issue 2 March 2008, pages 113 – 132Informaworld~gw
The spread of nuclear weapons in Asia presents a complicated mosaic of possibilities in this
AND
concepts might be inaccurate guides to the avoidance of war outside of Europe.

Conventional War

Nuclear weapons increase the chance for conventional war
Lavoy 95
~Peter, Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Security Studies, Summer, 1995, p. 737~cn
Some observers fear that nuclear weapons make the use of conventional military force more probable
AND
other state in an effort to alter the territorial or political status quo.
Nuclear weapons inspire conventional escalation which may spill over to nuclear use
Miller 93
~Steven, Director of Studies at the Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard, "The Case Against a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent," Foreign Affairs, June/July~cn
IT IS RARELY ARGUED that nuclear weapons will magically solve the problem of conflict in
AND
in a nuclear environment raises the risk not only of intentional nuclear escalation,
 which leaders will have incentives to avoid, but also of inadvertent nuclear escalation
AND
they will have the most difficult time building nuclear forces that can survive."

Bioweps

Organisms won’t survive delivery
Laqueur 99 – Walter, Cochairman, International Research Council, The Center for Strategic and International Studies
~The New Terrorism, 1999, pg. 69~
The attractions of biological weapons are obvious: easy access, low cost, toxicity
AND
offer better chances of success, but it is by no mens foolproof.

A2: Deterrence Prevents Attacks

Deterrence won’t prevent terrorism
Chyba %26 Crouch 9 – Christopher, professor of astrophysics and international affairs at Princeton University, and J.D., former deputy national security advisor
~Jul, http://www.twq.com/09july/docs/09jul_ChybaCrouch.pdf~~cn
There is broad agreement that at least some terrorist groups are unlikely to be deterred through the threat of punishment either because they have few assets to hold at risk, are too difficult to find or communicate with, or because they would view retaliation as furthering their cause.6 There is, however, disagreement over the role of nuclear deterrence with respect to certain ’’rogue’’ regimes.7

A2: Kazakhstan Uranium DA – Economy Diversifying 1AR

Finish this card — Kazakh diversifying economy now
Astana Times 12- Kazakhastan news source
~5/22/2012, "Nazarbayev urges investors to support development of alternative economic sectors in Kazakhstan," http://www.kazakhembus.com/sites/default/files/publications/The_Astana_Times_Jun_8_2012.pdf~~ip
The provision of oil and gas fields for the development by investors should be linked
AND
"Kazakhstan - New Silk Road" before the end of the year.
WTO ascension happens in 2013 – solves Kazakhstan economy
Dyakina 13 – Maya, Reuters
~1/17, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/17/us-kazakhstan-wto-idUSBRE90G0C620130117~~cs-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/17/us-kazakhstan-wto-idUSBRE90G0C620130117%5dcs
Kazakhstan may join the World Trade Organisation this year, WTO director general Pascal Lamy
AND
is expected to boost the Kazakh economy by opening it to foreign investors.
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan mutual cooperation solves the economy
Astana 12- Kazakhstan news source
~2/22, "Kazakhstan to build thermal, hydro power plants in Kyrgyzstan," Newswire, http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c154/349472.~~cs
Kazakhstan will take part in the construction of thermal and hydro power plants in Kyrgyzstan
AND
of Osh as a measure of support for our southern regions," he said

A2: Kazakhstan Uranium DA – A2: Central Asian War 1AR

2AC Weitz ev says that major players have no strategic interest in being drawn into a Central Asian war – resource dependence checks – means wars are small and contained
History disproves – Central Asia is never truly stable
Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs 2
~"Promoting Long-term Stability in Central Asia: U.S. Government Assistance One Year After 9/11," Nov. 27, US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/15560.htm~~
Nevertheless, the success of Operation Enduring Freedom is no guarantee of stability in Central
AND
management and law enforcement cooperation. Ongoing border disputes seriously impede regional trade.

Central Asian War – No Escalation EXT

No superpower has vital interests at stake in Cental Asia
Weitz 6 – Senior Fellow and Associate Director of Center for Future Security Strategies at Hudson Institute
~Richard, "Averting a New Great Game in Central Asia," Washington Quarterly, Summer, http://www.c4ads.org/files/weitz_twq_summer06_centasia.pdf~~
Central Asian security affairs have become much more complex than during the original nineteenth-
AND
opportunities for cooperative diplomacy in a region where bilateral ties traditionally have predominated.

Tournament: ADA Nats | Round: 4 | Opponent: Liberty EF | Judge: Weiner, Jake

Plan

Terrorism

Advantage 1 is Terrorism
Terrorist detonation escalates to full-scale nuke war and extinction
Morgan 9 – Dennis Ray, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
~Dec, "World on fire," 41 South Korea Futures 10, 683-693~cn
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
, to a life of unimaginable misery and suffering in a nuclear winter.
Terrorists have the means to steal and use a Russian nuke
Allison 7 – Graham, Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs and Professor of Government at Harvard
~Nov/Dec, LEXIS~cn
Mueller is entitled to his opinion that the threat of nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism
AND
target, remember: They could hide it in a bale of marijuana.
Terrorists still have a motive to use nukes. They have shifted goals to maximize death—no more stigmas exist
Ratter 12—Dan, journalist @ Acme, analyst at DWF
~10/12/12, http://www.acme-articles.com/article/Pure_Opinion/Will_Terrorist_Groups_Use_Weapons_Of_Mass_Destruction/87650~~ab
The former leader of Al Qaeda, Osama been Bin Laden asserted in 1998 that
AND
that there is increasing interest by these groups to acquire and use WMD.
Deterrence won’t prevent nuclear terror
Chyba %26 Crouch 9 – Christopher, professor of astrophysics and international affairs at Princeton University, and J.D., former deputy national security advisor
~Jul, http://www.twq.com/09july/docs/09jul_ChybaCrouch.pdf~~cn
There is broad …. their cause.6 There is, however, disagreement over the role of nuclear
No alt causes
Allison 5 – Graham, Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs and Professor of Government at Harvard
~Nuclear terrorism: the ultimate preventable catastrophe, GoogleBooks, pp. 65-6~cn
If a nuclear terrorist attack occurs tomorrow morning, the first question will be Who
AND
any other country in the world, much of it vulnerable to theft.
Technical safeguards don’t solve
Lambert %26 Miller 97 – Stephen and David, USAF Institute for National Security Studies
~Apr, http://www.usafa.af.mil/df/inss/OCP/ocp12.pdf~~cn
The size and relative simplicity of tactical nuclear weapons make them easier to use,
AND
and that Russian tactical weapons lack this type of modern security feature.24
Russian TNWs are the most probable scenario for theft
Nesnera 12 – Andre de, Russia expert, Senior Correspondent, VOA News
(Future of US, Russian Short-Range Nuclear Weapons Could Be on Negotiating Table, Voice of America News, April 5, 2012joe)
Complicating the issue is the question of security - making sure that the weapons are
AND
are talking about thousands of tactical weapons compared to hundreds of strategic weapons."

Relations

Advantage 2 is US-Russian Relations
US-Russian miscalc is the most probable scenario for nuclear war
Phillips 3 – Alan, M.D., Cambridge physicist, radar researcher for the British during WW2
~Jun, http://www.web.net/~~cnanw/nolowinterview.htm~~cn
At the present time, I think an accidental war is far more likely than
AND
in operation. It seems rather a miracle that it hasn’t happened already.
Relations are key to control escalation
Arbatov 1 – A. G., V. S. Delous, A.A. Pikaev, V. G. Baranovsky, Institute of International Economy and Foreign Relations at the the Russian Academy of Sciences
~http://www.ieer.org/russian/pubs/dlrtbk-e.html~~ rw
Experts in the area of complex systems notice a deep correlation between the probability of
AND
as by the high degree of combat readiness of the national nuclear forces.
Relations solve every impact
CFR 6 – Task Force
~Council on Foreign Relations Independent Task Force for Russia, Chaired by John Edwards and Jack Kemp, "RUSSIA’S WRONG DIRECTION: WHAT THE UNITED STATES CAN AND SHOULD DO," http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Russia_TaskForce.pdf~~cn
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, American presidents and policymakers have believed that
AND
to protect that arrangement if relations with Russia are on a positive track.
Relations key to prevent weapons sales that prompt Israeli strikes
Baker 10 – Peter, New York Times
~11/6, "U.S. Vote Could Derail Russia Ties," http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/europe/07policy.html?partner=rss%26emc=rss~~cs
If he fails to win approval before the old Senate adjourns, Mr. Obama’s
AND
in place, they would make it far more dangerous for attacking warplanes.
A unilateral Israeli strike will fail, triggers nuclear war and crush heg
Reuveny 10 – Prof in School of Public and Environmental Affairs @ Indian University
~8/6, http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/080610/opi_691670553.shtml~~gw
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III
Heg is key to prevent extinction – even if multipolarity is inevitable
Barnett 11 – Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis %26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense
~3/7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads~~cs-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads%5dcs
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.
Cooperation key to fight TB
State Department 12 – U.S. Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
~June 18, http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2012/06/201206187634.html~~%23axzz2LanfxX00-http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2012/06/201206187634.html~~ap
The United States and Russia continue to expand and advance their cooperation in health through
AND
and promote economic development in countries that are still burdened with this disease.
We are on the brink of an untreatable global outbreak of TB
National Post 2/12
~2/12/13, http://life.nationalpost.com/2013/02/12/totally-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-spreading-in-south-africa-as-researchers-warn-outbreak-of-bacteria-would-be-untreatable/~~ab-http://life.nationalpost.com/2013/02/12/totally-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-spreading-in-south-africa-as-researchers-warn-outbreak-of-bacteria-would-be-untreatable/%5dab
The world is facing outbreaks of "totally drug-resistant" tuberculosis if explosions
AND
particular concern for the spread of drug-resistant strains in vulnerable populations.
Drug-resistant disease causes extinction
Keating 9 – Joshua, Foreign Policy Editor
~11-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full~~cn
How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
AND
. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.
The plan makes the reset effective and prevent relations collapse – now is key
Pifer 12 – Steven, Brookings Arms Control Initiative and a senior fellow in the Center on the United States and Europe; former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine
~Nov 19, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/what-obamas-second-term-could-mean-for-us-russian-relations/265426/~~cn
I think we have passed the reset stage. The reset succeeded and we are
AND
Are they prepared to reengage in a more positive way on those questions?

Solvency

Solvency
The US will invest millions on nuclear reactors now
Bradford 2/4 – Ben, reporter featured on NPR, the BBC, and Public Radio International
~2/4/2013, Are Mini-Reactors The Future Of Nuclear Power?, NPR, http://www.npr.org/2013/02/04/170482802/are-mini-reactors-the-future-of-nuclear-power~~sr-http://www.npr.org/2013/02/04/170482802/are-mini-reactors-the-future-of-nuclear-power%5dsr
The U.S. government is investing millions of dollars in what it considers
AND
trying to build a Rolls Royce; we’re trying to build a Ford.
Nuclear power is inevitable – global demand
TBI 12 – The Breakthrough Institute, think tank focused on innovation-centered approaches to national and global energy and climate challenges
~7/28, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog//2012/07/worldwide_nuclear_energy_expan-print.html~~gw
Global production of nuclear energy is expected to grow significantly in future years, despite
AND
its additional 14 planned reactors are much more likely to be advanced models.
A bilateral deal solves
Nartker 4 – Mike, Nuclear Threat Initiative
~Western Nations Should Buy Russian Tactical Nuclear Weapons to Reduce Proliferation Risk, Experts Say, July 8, 2004, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/western-nations-should-buy-russian-tactical-nuclear-weapons-to-reduce-proliferation-risk-experts-say~~cs
Mary Beth Nikitin of the Center for Strategic and International Studies last week questioned IAEA
AND
might have helped to change the attitudes of U.S. lawmakers.
Russia says yes – multiple reasons
Pifer 12 – Steven, Director, Arms Control Initiative; Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Center on the United States and Europe – Brookings Institute
~Mar 21, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2012/03/21-arms-control-pifer~~cn
Third, Mr. Putin faces tough issues at home, both economically and politically
AND
S. military is far more likely to engage in than nuclear war.
Financial incentives solve
Miller and Larsen 4 — Mr. Miller is a senior analyst with Science Applications
AND
(2002), and The Future of Nuclear Weapons in Europe (1992)
~Naval War College Review, Spring 2004, Vol. LVII, No. 2~cs
To be rational, nuclear force postures ought to be derived from national and military
AND
it will take large amounts of money—money Russia does not have.
Non-treaty based arms control codifies structures and deployment patterns that cements relations
Acton 11 – senior associate in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace
~http://csis.org/files/publication/110824_Acton_BeyondNewSTART_WEB.pdf~~gw
Arms control can enhance U.S. national security in several ways. First
AND
do not, in fact, pose a threat to Russia’s strategic deterrent.
Arms control is key to predictability of the future trajectory of relations
Acton 11 – senior associate in the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace
~http://csis.org/files/publication/110824_Acton_BeyondNewSTART_WEB.pdf~~gw
Second, arms control can enhance appropriate transparency into each side’s nuclear forces. Appropriate
AND
Iran and allowing the United States to transit cargo through Russia to Afghanistan.
Talks now trigger their DA’s but not our aff
Russia Times 13
~Feb 2, http://ruvr.co.uk/2013_02_02/US-Russia-nuclear-weapons-talks/~~cn
US and ….." for Russia.

Plan: The United States Executive Branch should substantially increase financial incentives for the procurement of tactical nuclear weapons from Russia for the sole purpose of nuclear energy production in the United States