Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

====Government spending is forced labor – it~’s a direct violation of self-ownership====

Nozick 74 – Robert, Professor of Philosophy at Harvard

"The Entitlement Theory of Justice," from Anarchy, State and Utopia, New York: Basic Books

Taxation of earnings from labor is on a par with forced labor. Some persons

AND

that presents an end-state or other pattern that must be realized.

====You have an a priori obligation to reject this violation of self-ownership – this comes before their consequentialist impacts====

Hoppe 93 – Hans-Hermann, Professor of Economics at UNLV

Mar 31, http://www.mises.org/store/Economics-and-Ethics-of-Private-Property-P288C0.aspx?AFID=1

First, it must be noted that the question of what is just or unjust

AND

on which cognition and truth rest is the recognition of private property rights. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A. captured CO2 is finite there is not enough to satisfy EOR requirements

Jennifer Larino 2012
(Limited CO2 access hampers enhanced oil recovery, New Orleans City Business, June 21, 2012joe)
New developments in the technology needed to extract oil from older fields could create more
AND
10 million cubic feet of carbon dioxide to produce a barrel of oil.

B. For EOR to work it assumes all CO2 is diverted to oil production

Herman Wang 2010
(Enhanced oil recovery study bolsters case for massive C02 pipeline, Electric Utility Week, March 15, 2010, pg. 7joe)
Bolstering the case for a proposed carbon dioxide pipeline, a study sponsored by Denbury
AND
"kick-start" from legislation that puts a price on carbon.

C. CO2 key to develop algae biofuels

Chemistry World 2011
(Rehabilitating captured CO2, February 2011, http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2011/February/RehabilitatingCapturedCO2.asp-http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2011/February/RehabilitatingCapturedCO2.asp//joe)
Rather than burying it underground, companies are developing processes that use carbon dioxide emissions
AND
algae are so full of oil that it’s very easy to extract.’ 

D. Algae key to planetary survival

John Sterlicchi 2008
(Microbe economics, London Guardian, June 27, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/jun/27/green.fuel.algae-http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/jun/27/green.fuel.algae//joe)
Already in the US there are almost 20 venture capital funded start-ups that
AND
, algae companies are developing products that are important to the planet’s survival.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Framing energy policy as a security issue makes environmental crisis, militarism, and extinction inevitable – their epistemology is the root cause of serial policy failure

Ahmed 11 – Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex
~"The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace %26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis~gw
The twenty-first century heralds the unprecedented acceleration and convergence of multiple, interconnected
AND
turn radicalising the processes of social polarisation that can culminate in violent conflict.

Reject the aff. We must challenge the linguistic blackmail of security by creating space for refusal

Burke, 02 ("Aporias of Security" PhD, Anthony Burke was appointed to UNSW@ADFA in February 2008, after three years in the School of Social Sciences and International Studies at UNSW Sydney (2005-7), Alternatives vol 27 (2002)). 

It is perhaps easy to become despondent, but as countless struggles for freedom,
AND
is a world after security, and what its shimmering possibilities might be. 

Assumptions are a prior issue.

Crawford 2002 Neta,PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at boston univ.   Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 19-21
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
AND
entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The United States federal government should provide a production tax credit for steam use in enhanced oil recovery in the united states.

Steam can easily replace CO2 in the EOR process

ArabianOilandGas.com 2012
(Enhanced oil recovery leaders in the Middle East, June 11, 2012joe)
The challenges in the Middle East which would require, or benefit significantly from EOR
AND
petroleum technologies advisor, exploration and production, Middle East division for Total.

CO2 doesn’t work in all oil fields, is very expensive to use and requires extensive infrastructure

WILLIAM ROBY 2008
(VICE PRESIDENT OCCIDENTAL OIL AND GAS CORPORATION, Testimony before the HOUSE NATURAL RESOURCES SUBCOMMITTEE: ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES, June 12, 2008joe)
Using CO2 to enhance the recovery of oil is technically challenging and costly. Some
AND
oil by more than 50% over typical primary and secondary recovery operations.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Politics

2013 is the key time for immigration before Obama’s political capital runs out

Green 12/19
(Spencer, Fixing Obama’s Second Term, The American Prospect Blogs, December 19, 2012joe)
Buoyed by his re-election and with key Republicans eager to soften their image
AND
wane and he slips into the lame-duck twilight of his presidency.

Reprocessing costs political capital

Coplan 6 – Karl S., Associate Professor of Law, Pace University School of Law
~Fordham Environmental Law Review, 2006, p. 240~gw
Congress has obliged the DOE proposal by providing %24 50 million for research and development
AND
be transported. Siting such facilities is likely to be a political impossibility.

Obama key to immigration

BABINGTON 12/24
~Charles, Associated Press Writer, Obama has long work list to tackle when he returns, Associated Press Online, December 24, 2012joe~
The political climate for sweeping immigration changes "is significantly better," Meissner said, "but that does not mean it will happen." Even with a full plate of challenges and a hostile party controlling the House, she said, "I think Obama absolutely has to go big on immigration."

Immigration key to the economy

Alden 2009
(Edward, Project Director, U.S. Immigration Policy, Independent Task Force Report No. 63, published by the Council of Foreign Relationsjoe)
Why is the country facing this crisis? Immigration should be seen as one of
AND
Maintaining American economic and political leadership depends on maintaining that flow of talent.

Economic growth checks extinction
Auslin %26 Lachman 9 ~Michael Auslin is a resident scholar and Desmond Lachman is a resident fellow at AEI, "The Global Economy Unravels," March 6, http://aei.org/publications/pubID.29502,filter.all/pub_detail.asp~

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Text: The executive branch should establish a Blue Ribbon Commission for the increase of market-fixed production cost incentives for electricity from Small Modular Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors for military facilities in the United States.

A Blue Ribbon Commission is the best way to deal with SMRs and SMRs for the military

Christine Parthemore %26 Will Rogers 2010
(Bacevich fellow at the Center for a New American Security %26 a CNAS researcher, Parthemore %26 Rogers: Nuclear Reactors on Military Bases May Be Risky, Roll Call, May 20, 2010, http://www.rollcall.com/news/-46456-1.html//joe)
On the other hand, opponents contend that sufficient numbers of military base personnel may
AND
small nuclear reactors on military bases must include examination of these important concerns. 

We recommend that this examination should be initially led by a blue ribbon commission, led by the Department of Energy and including relevant DOD officials who have been examining this option. A blue ribbon commission, by conducting a thorough and transparent cost-benefit analysis and examining the interests of all key stakeholders, is a necessary first step in determining the viability of small nuclear reactors for federal facilities, and especially for military bases. 

BRCs are a way for Presidents to build support for plans when they don’t want to spend political capital pushing through Congress

IIE 2005
~Institute for International Economics, http://www.iie.com/publications/chapters_preview/321/3iie2911.pdf~~
Few presidents during the past several decades have had much ongoing interest in foreign aid
AND
were willing to spend much personal or political capital with members of Congress. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Their invocation of terrorism justifies massive political violence – this militarization is the reason terrorism exists

Der Derian and Shapiro, 89  

Professor of Political Science at Brown University, Professor of Political Science at University of Hawaii at Manoa (James, Michael, "International/Intertextual Relations", pg. 189, JPW)
The language of antiterrorism is by now a well-established and rehearsed refrain,
AND
in fact, that "terrorist" acts are often designed to disrupt.

This feeds an endless cycle of enemy creation and identity formation

Wendt 92 – the Ralph D. Mershon Professor of International Security at Ohio State, also professor at Yale, Dartmouth, and University of Chicago (Alexander, "Social theory of international politics", pages 261-266, Google Books, WEA)

Enemy images have a long pedigree, and some states continue to position each other
AND
geography’s significance is itself subject to material changes in technology (nuclear weapons).

Reject the aff. We must challenge the linguistic blackmail of security by creating space for refusal

Burke, 02 ("Aporias of Security" PhD, Anthony Burke was appointed to UNSW@ADFA in February 2008, after three years in the School of Social Sciences and International Studies at UNSW Sydney (2005-7), Alternatives vol 27 (2002)). 

It is perhaps easy to become despondent, but as countless struggles for freedom,
AND
is a world after security, and what its shimmering possibilities might be. 

Assumptions are a prior issue.

Crawford 2002 Neta,PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at boston univ.   Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 19-21
Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on
AND
entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Apocalyptic warming impacts are drastic exaggerations – even scientists on their side concede this

Michaels 4 – Patrick, Research Professor of Environmental Sciences at University of Virginia
~Meltdown: the predictable distortion of global warming by scientists, politicians, and the media, p. 19-20~
As a result, scientists know quite precisely how much the climate will warm in
AND
that scientists exaggerating to draw public attention to global warming was just fine.

Environmental apocalypticism externalizes blame and obscures individual responsibility

Bobertz, 95 (Bradely C. Bobertz- assistant professor of law, University of Nebraska College of Law, Texas Law Review, "Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory," Lexis Nexis)

The theory advanced in this relocates federal environmental law, a relative newcomer to the
AND
of industrialization, but instead as an aberration from a norm of cleanliness.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A substantial increase in wind turbines would kill hundreds of thousands of avians

Driessen 12 – Paul
~Aug 7, "Wind-energy tax credits fund bird murder; Eagles being sliced back toward extinction," Washington Times, Lexis~sr
America’s turbines also are sending some of our most important and majestic sovereigns of the
AND
golden eagles have been killed by Altamont turbines in the past 25 years.

Wind turbine facilities kill trout

Dodds and Dodds Jr. No Date Given (Pamela C, Ph.D and Arthur W.; HUGE WINDMILL "PLANTS" FAIL AS "GREEN ENERGY" AND FAIL TO PROVIDE ANY SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY,;  http://www.laurelmountainpreservationassociation.org/laurel_mountain_preservation_association_003.htm ) (DS)
In the Appalachian mountains extending through West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania
AND
correct pH to be present in streams where there are naturally reproducing trout.

Avian deaths cause project uncertainty due to laws, opposition, and impact studies – takes out solvency

McKinsey 7 – John Arnold, attorney at Stoel Rives LLP, practices siting and development law
~"REGULATING AVIAN IMPACTS UNDER THE MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT AND OTHER LAWS: THE WIND INDUSTRY COLLIDES WITH ONE OF ITS OWN, THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MOVEMENT," Energy Law Journal, Vol 28:71~sr
The uncertainty brought on by unknown avian impacts, unknown possible consequences to the ability
AND
statute of limitations, leaving the uncertainty in place for all time. 85

Trout is a keystone Species risking ecosystem collapse

Payton, Fenner, and Lee ’02 (Ian J., Michael, William G.; Keyston species: the concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zeland; Science for Conservation 203; http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/SFC203.pdf ) (DS)
 The decline of much of the native fauna has been linked to introduced predators
AND
, demonstrating a keystone role for trout may not be a straightforward process. 

Biodiversity loss will cause planetary extinction

Diner 94 – Judge Advocate General’s Corps of US Army
~David N., Military Law Review, Winter, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, LN~ bg
No species has ever dominated its fellow species as man has. In most cases
AND
wings, ~hu~mankind may be edging closer to the abyss. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

PEOPLE ON INDIGENOUS LANDS SHOULD DEVELOP ~WIND~ ENERGY PROJECTS ON INDIGENOUS LANDS

If the affirmative is correct that indigionious peoples want wind projects then they should need permission to do what they want they should just do it.

This solves sovereignty 100% instead of relyng on the USFG for permission which still exerts control, That’s having sovereignty

Even if the affirmative wishes to help Natives, it views them as assimilated members of our public – that leads to homogenization and colonization

Endres, Assistant Professor of Communication at the University of Utah, 2009 ~Danielle, "The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision," Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies. March, Vol. 6, No. 1, Page 50~ 

Instead of explicitly naming American Indians as "savages" (a common strategy indentified
AND
be asked to sacrifice their lands for the greater good of the nation. 

Impacts perpetual violence

Santos, professor at the University of Coimbra, School of Economics, 2003 ~Sousa, professor at the University of Coimbra, School of Economics, April http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html-http://bad.eserver.org/issues/2003/63/santos.html~~

According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West has repeatedly been under the illusion that it
AND
The machine of democracy and liberty turns into a machine of horror and destruction

Solar energy production uses toxic cadmium and destroy the environment

Flux Energy GS 11
~June 08, http://sundial365.com/pdfs/EnvironmentalMyths_final.pdf~~
Operators of solar installations are currently under fire to find ways to reverse the negative
AND
air, drastically altering the ecology of what is often a desert biome.

Solar panel production produces hazardous wastes

Meier 10 – Jennifer, Daily Loaf
~December 09, http://cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/12/09/the-dark-side-of-renewable-energy-solar-panel-manufacturers-producing-hazardous-waste/~~%23.UGdJ5FHhwoE~~
Renewable energy isn’t perfect, it has a dark side: hazardous waste and toxic
AND
rank as one of the top three hazardous waste producers in the state.

Fossil fuels are used in the production of solar cells, releasing toxic chemicals

Underwood 09 – Kristin, TreeHugger
~January 14, http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/the-dark-side-of-solar-panels.html~~
The Los Angeles Times reports that we may be trading one evil for another with
AND
into groundwater, harmed the air or directly harmed people during the dismantling.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A. Libya’s economy is recovering now but a drop in oil price guts stability

Reuters 2012
~7/10/12, "Sees Libya economic growth doubling this year", http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-10/news/sns-rt-imf-libya-update-2l2e8ia9ae-20120710_1_libya-imf-mission-muammar-gaddafi-http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-10/news/sns-rt-imf-libya-update-2l2e8ia9ae-20120710_1_libya-imf-mission-muammar-gaddafi~~
Libya’s economy is likely to rebound sharply this year from a deep contraction in 2011
AND
would be pose challenges for Libya’s oil dependent economy, the IMF said.

B. Nuclear power solves the demand for oil

ANS 2012
(American Nuclear Society, Top 10 Myths about Nuclear Energy, June 27, 2012, http://www.new.ans.org/pi/resources/myths//joe)

Nuclear-generated electricity powers  
AND
synthetic liquid fuels

C. Oil revenues key to Libyan stability

UPI 2012
~Libya boosts oil output but dangers lurk, , 1/25/12, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2012/01/25/Libya-boosts-oil-output-but-dangers-lurk/UPI-28071327525246~~
"Security is key to production increases but oil revenue is key to achieving stability
AND
threat to security and stability as the NTC struggles to exert its authority. 

D. Libya instability escalates to WWIII

Stephen Lendman 2011
~7/6/11, Research Associate of the Center for Research on Globalization, Libya - Flashpoint For World Conflict, http://rense.com/general94/libya.htm-http://rense.com/general94/libya.htm~~
Scott told Progressive Radio News Hour listeners that he’s warned for months about Libya being
AND
. It’s no less implausible now than WW I seemed in early 1914. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Court ruling ensures compliance and change – 4 reasons

Devins 92 – Neal, Professor of Law and Lecturer in Government, College of William and Mary
~80 Calif. L. Rev. 1027~
Four things are not in debate, all of which speak to a significant —
AND
appointed special masters can work with community leaders to forge successful desegregation plans.

There won’t be backlash – CP doesn’t link to elections or politics

Ting 9 – Jan, Professor of Law @ Temple University and Former Assistant Commissioner @ INS
~June, http://www.cis.org/Transcript/PlenaryPowerPanel~~cn
And to me that’s sort of a backhanded way, and a much more sophisticated
AND
If they want to do that, that’s what they’ve got to do.

Posterity Clause ruling on the plan would establish intergenerational standing – key to prevent extinction

Davidson 3 – John Edward, J.D., Professor of Constitutional Law, Pioneer Pacific College; Senior Research Fellow, Constitutional Law Foundation
~"Tomorrow’s Standing Today: How the Equitable Jurisdiction Clause of Article III, Section 2 Confers Standing Upon Future Generations," 28 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 185, LEXIS~cn
We deplete freshwater aquifers many times faster than nature can replenish them. 4 We
AND
rights in the absence of any more specific congressional authorization than 1331. 26

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC Shell

A. At 11 o’clock this morning Secretary of Energy Chu resigned

AP 2/1
(Energy Secretary Steven Chu resigns, February 1, 10:51 AM, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/energy-secretary-steven-chu-resigns/2013/02/01/9809fd8a-6c8f-11e2-8f4f-2abd96162ba8_story.html//joe)
WASHINGTON — Energy Secretary Steven Chu is stepping down. The Energy Department said Friday
AND
, which later went bankrupt, laying off its 1,100 workers.

B. This sets up a highly confrontational confirmation hearing – political capital is key to get Obama’s nominee

Andrew Restuccia 2012
(November 7, 2012, Obama faces energy team shuffle, tough confirmation fights, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=BA31ED9E-42A5-4020-AFE7-156E799685D4//joe)
President Barack Obama won four more years in Washington Tuesday, but his energy team
AND
under "great pressure" not to resign to avoid messy confirmation conflicts.

C. ~insert political capital link card from other file~

D. Obama’s nominee will be Aston Carter – his nomination is key to preserving the military biofuels program

Darren Goode 1/9
(Chuck Hagel nomination may help Ash Carter succeed Energy Secretary Steven Chu, January 9, 2013, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=E97458F0-35AB-4B4B-BE00-867E6290AD8E-http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=E97458F0-35AB-4B4B-BE00-867E6290AD8E//joe)
President Barack Obama’s nomination of former Sen. Chuck Hagel to be defense secretary may
AND
to be potentially put in harm’s way during oil shipments in hostile areas. 

E. Algal oil solves dependency and the private sector – military R%26D would drive prices down.
Mark S. Danigole, Lt Col, USAF, December 2007, BIOFUELS: AN ALTERNATIVE TO U.S. AIR FORCE
PETROLEUM FUEL DEPENDENCY, http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA474843%26Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf ~ND~

Algae Fuel Production Just like terrestrial plants, algae can be grown to produce oil
AND
, algae produced jet fuel production could meet USAF and National biofuel demand.  

Hostile governments and terrorists ensure oil shocks – they’ll use supply to ruin the economy.
Gregory J. Lengyel, U.S. Air Force Colonel, August 2007, Department of Defense Energy Strategy
Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks, The Brookings Institution Foreign Policy Studies, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf ~ND~

"Our nation’s dependence on imported oil leaves it dangerously vulnerable to attack. A single well-designed attack on the petroleum infrastructure in the Middle East could send oil to well over %24100 per barrel and devastate the world’s economy."1
A recent Congressional Research Service report to Congress highlighted terrorists emphasis on exploiting oil vulnerabilities:
Al Qaeda leaders’ statements reveal sophisticated consideration of the economic and military vulnerabilities of the
AND
Bin Laden also has described economic boycotts as "extremely effective" weapons.
Instability and hostility towards the United States characterizes most of the oil-producing world
AND
production regions of the world and go beyond the scope of this paper.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A. Link – Failure to promote an all of the above energy policy re-entrenches the government’s role picking winners and losers
The Bismarck Tribune 2012
(Berg: All energy production is good, July 15, 2012, pg. 1Cjoe)
FARGO (AP) - Rep. Rick Berg said the North Dakota attitude is
AND
by encouraging an all-of-the-above approach to energy.

Government guarantees create moral hazards- creates risky market structures- causes instability and turns case
Gerdin ’11 (Erik Gerding, Associate Professor at University of Colorado Law School. His research interests include securities, banking law, financial regulation generally, and corporate governance, "The Inherent, Ineluctable Instability of Financial Institution Regulation", http://www.theconglomerate.org/2011/09/the-inherent-ineluctable-instability-of-financial-institution-regulation.html-http://www.theconglomerate.org/2011/09/the-inherent-ineluctable-instability-of-financial-institution-regulation.html, September 12, 2011)

Here is my second contribution to the Faculty Lounge Online Forum on the legislative and
AND
– moral hazard, distortion, cheap debt — leverage and capital arbitrage.

C. Impact – Government picking winners %26 losers distorts the markets, weakens the rule of law, %26 kills competiveness and job growth
Kathleen Hart 2012
(Obama, environmentalists assail VP candidate Ryan’s energy views, SNL FERC Power Report, August 22, 2012joe)
By picking winners and losers in the energy sector, the "government-as
AND
losing their jobs - in Solyndra’s case, 1,100 of them."

Alternative: The United States federal government should phase out all energy subsidies. The United States federal government should establish a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions in the United States.  The federal government should reduce the corporate income tax and business capital-gains taxes

EOR predictions assume Congress passes Cap %26 Trade the only thing that will provide enough carbon to do EOR
Herman Wang 2010
(Enhanced oil recovery study bolsters case for massive C02 pipeline, Electric Utility Week, March 15, 2010, pg. 7joe)
Bolstering the case for a proposed carbon dioxide pipeline, a study sponsored by Denbury
AND
"kick-start" from legislation that puts a price on carbon.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A. Putting an "S" at the end of a word makes it plural
Literacy Tools – No Date
(Making plurals by adding ’s’, http://www.literacytools.ie/files/pdfs/Making%20Plurals.pdf-http://www.literacytools.ie/files/pdfs/Making Plurals.pdfjoe)
Plural means more than one of something.
Most plurals are formed by adding an ’s’ to the singular, for example,
one shop becomes two shops
one car becomes ten cars
These are straightforward.

Incentive~s~ means plural
Wordhippo.com – No Date
~http://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-plural-of/incentive.html//joe~~
The plural form of incentive is incentives. 

B. Violation – The affirmative plan only increases one incentive.

C. Vote Negative
Grammar – using grammar sets a predictable limit compared to topic literature
Ground – Allowing the aff to be smaller than the resolution mandates kills our ground.  We lose links based off of increasing multiple incentive programs, and the ability to CP out of an incentive assuming the aff increases more than one.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Financial incentives are public fund disbursed for the purpose of inducing energy production
Webb, Ottawa, law lecturer, 1993
(Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501, lexis, ldg)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements18 of public
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives. 

Violation - R%26D isn’t tied to energy production—plan is an indirect incentive
EIA 1992
(Energy Information Administration, "Federal Energy Subsidies: Direct and Indirect Interventions in Energy Markets," ftp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/service/emeu9202.pdf-ftp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/service/emeu9202.pdf, DOA: 9-27-12, ldg)

Research and development. The budgetary cost of Government-funded research and development (
AND
energy prices and costs, and so could be considered an indirect subsidy.

Vote negative

1. Limits—- endless amount of things related to but not tied to production they could subsidize-overstretches our research burden and undermines preparedness for all debates

2. Ground—-Indirect incentives don’t guarantee energy production undermining all core strategies. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Hagel will be confirmed, but it will be close – any disruption tanks his chances
Madison 1/31 – Lucy, CBS News
~CBS News, Hagel grilled at confirmation hearing, defends record, January 31, 2013. (Lexis)~(NSB)
Even while a number of Democrats took Hagel to task for some of his controversial
AND
he will vote in favor of the president’s pick, according to MSNBC.
Massive conservative backlash to wind power – plan poisons the well
Suzanne Goldenberg 2012
(US environment correspondent, "Conservative thinktanks step up attacks against Obama’s clean energy strategy," 5-8-12, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/may/08/conservative-thinktanks-obama-energy-plans)
A network of ultra-conservative groups is ramping up an offensive on multiple fronts
AND
lobby groups connected to oil and coal interests and free-market ideologues.

Hagel’s key to restraint that prevents unsustainable U.S. power—-the alternative is Flournoy who would lock in a neocon foreign policy
Vlahos 12 – Kelley Beaucar, longtime political reporter for FoxNews.com and a contributing editor at The American Conservative, Washington correspondent for Homeland Security Today magazine
~12/25/12, "Give Us Chuck Hagel for Christmas," http://original.antiwar.com/vlahos/2012/12/24/give-us-hagel-for-christmas/-http://original.antiwar.com/vlahos/2012/12/24/give-us-hagel-for-christmas/~~gw
Now a Democratic President is reportedly mulling him for defense secretary and the same Republican
AND
who ended up running, and losing, in the last two elections).
Restraint’s key to prevent war with Russia and China—-defuses Georgia, Taiwan and the South China Seas
Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, November/December 2011, "The Wisdom of Retrenchment: America Must Cut Back to Move Forward," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 6
Curbing the United States’ commitments would reduce risks, but it cannot eliminate them.
AND
now temper its commitments and cultivate a lasting compromise with China over Taiwan.
US/Russia war would lead to extinction
Helfand and Pastore 2009 ~Ira Helfand, M.D., and John O. Pastore, M.D., are past presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility.
March 31, 2009, "U.S.-Russia nuclear war still a threat", http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_pastoreline_03-31-09_EODSCAO_v15.bbdf23.html~~

President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are scheduled to Wednesday in London during the
AND
. But, unknown to almost every inhabitant on the planet, a misunderstanding

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Immigration will pass—congress is on board

Samay 2/21—Sahara, journalist @ Samay Live
~2/21/13, http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/obama-encouraged-by-progress-made-on-immigration-reform_830500.html~~ab
US President Barack Obama is encouraged by the progress made in the US Congress on
AND
, enjoying that kind of support," the White House Press Secretary said.

PC is key to immigration

Houston Chronicle 2/13
~2/13/13, blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2013/02/analysis-obama-makes-the-economic-case-for-immigration-reform/~ab
President Barack Obama cast immigration reform in economic terms Tuesday as he prodded Congress to
AND
weight behind immigration reform. I think the president’s efforts are paying off."

Solar power is unpopular with republicans – growing partisanship

Las Vegas Review Journal 08 ("Solar-power lobby’s pressure has Ensign feeling alienated", June 14, http://www.lvrj.com/business/19939644.html)
WASHINGTON — Breaking with an industry that is growing significant in Nevada, Sen.
AND
expire, investment in solar will come to a halt, he said.

Immigration key to economy—multiple internals

De Los Santos 2/9—Michael, writer @ Policy Mic
~2/9/13, www.policymic.com/articles/25301/3-ways-immigration-reform-will-lead-to-a-stronger-american-economy~ab
Immigration, immigration, immigration: it seems that reform has become the hot topic
AND
policy. The economy and our country will be better because of it.

Economic growth checks extinction

Auslin %26 Lachman 9 ~Michael Auslin is a resident scholar and Desmond Lachman is a resident fellow at AEI, "The Global Economy Unravels," March 6, http://aei.org/publications/pubID.29502,filter.all/pub_detail.asp~

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
SSP can be used as a space weapon and will cause space to become weaponized.
Ramos 2k – US Air Force Major, Thesis submitted for the AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLL MAXWELL Air Force Base (Kim, "Solar Power Constellations: Implications for the United States Air Force," April, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA394928-http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA394928)
Force Application
United States Space Command developed four operational concepts to guide their vision
AND
now is generating enough power in space to energize the RF beam. 

Unilateral space-based solar power causes massive international backlash

Glaser 7 – Peter, fellow at the American Association of the Advancement of Science and American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics
~Ad Astra Magazine, http://www.nss.org/adastra/AdAstra-SBSP-2008.pdf~~ecl-http://www.nss.org/adastra/AdAstra-SBSP-2008.pdf%5decl
Ad Astra: Do you think the push to create space-based power systems
AND
prefer to see a network of power satellites built by an international effort.

SPS concepts are laser powered – the potential of weapons would trigger the link

Crapart et al 03 ~Laurent Crapart – Employed at Institute of Space and Telecommunications Law, Philippe Achilleas - (IDEST), Andre Farand – worked for the ESA, Elisabeth Marescaux (IDEST), Leopold Summerer – ESA advanced concept team, "Legal Aspects of Solar Powered Satellites"~ Foretich

Article IV of the Outer space treaty forbids the placement in outer space of any
AND
one of their combat functions, to cause permanent blindness to unenhanced vision".

Weaponization causes hair–trigger stance and accidental nuclear war

Mitchell 1 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at the University of Pittsburgh
(Dr. Gordon, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, "Missile Defence:  Trans–Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads", No. 6 July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html)

A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of ’peace through strength’ deterrence
AND
space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

Space weaponization causes an arms race with China, destroying cooperative efforts and causing war

Martel and Yoshiara 3 ~William C. Martel, professor of national security affairs at the Naval War College and Toshi Yoshihara, doctoral candidate at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, and a research fellow at the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Autumn 3, Washington Quarterly, pp. http://www.twq.com/03autumn/index.cfm?id=69~~

Some Chinese observers point to U.S. efforts to militarize space as evidence
AND
transparency has broader applications, such as preserving openness in global financial transactions.

US–China war would go global and nuclear

Hunkovic, 09 – American Military University ~Lee J, 2009, "The Chinese–Taiwanese Conflict
Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp–method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf~

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Bubble DA

Clean energy investments down globally

Downing 13 – Louise, Bloomberg News
~January 14, http://business.financialpost.com/2013/01/14/clean-energy-investment-fell-11-in-2012-as-governments-cut-subsidies/?__lsa=08a3-e519-http://business.financialpost.com/2013/01/14/clean-energy-investment-fell-11-in-2012-as-governments-cut-subsidies/?__lsa=08a3-e519~~ ap
Clean energy investment slid 11% last year after governments in industrial nations slashed subsidies
AND
, which rose 17% to US%247.6-billion.

Loan guarantees transfer risks to taxpayers, inhibit innovation, and increase costs

Rugy 12 – Veronique de, senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University
~June 19, http://mercatus.org/publication/assessing-department-energy-loan-guarantee-program-http://mercatus.org/publication/assessing-department-energy-loan-guarantee-program~~ ap
For obvious reasons, more than any other recent events, the waste of taxpayers’
AND
This is called cronyism, and it entails real economic costs.~2~

Guarantees create moral hazards, causing instability and turning case

Gerding 11 – Erik, Associate Professor at University of Colorado Law School. His research interests include securities, banking law, financial regulation generally, and corporate governance
~September 12, http://www.theconglomerate.org/2011/09/the-inherent-ineluctable-instability-of-financial-institution-regulation.html-http://www.theconglomerate.org/2011/09/the-inherent-ineluctable-instability-of-financial-institution-regulation.html~~ ap
In my last post, I concluded that the presence of government subsidies – particularly
AND
– moral hazard, distortion, cheap debt — leverage and capital arbitrage.

Financial incentives shatter economy

Grant %26 Singh 11 – Adam, Associate Professor %26 Jitendra, Saul P. Steinberg Professor of Management
~March 30, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2741-http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2741~~ ap
Enron. Tyco. WorldCom. The financial crisis. As corporate scandals and ethical
AND
before the recession, The Wall Street Journal reported in mid-March.

Econ collapse causes nuclear World War III

O’Donnell 9 – Sean, writer and Marine Corps Reserve squad leader
~Feb 26, http://www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III~cn
Could the current economic crisis affecting this country and the world lead to another world
AND
possibility of World War III is averted. However sometimes history repeats itself.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Backlog DA

The patent backlog is under control now, but a new influx would overwhelm the PTO

Carey 12 – David, Senior Economist in the OECD Economics Dept.; Christopher Hill, professor of public policy and technology at George Mason University; Brian Kahin, Fellow at the MIT Center for Digital Business and Senior Fellow at the Computer %26 Communications Industry Association
~"Strengthening Innovation in the United States", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1001, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k8zl62hxmf6-en~~cn
Passed in 2011, the America Invents Act aims to increase patent quality by providing
AND
without contributing meaningfully to innovation (Ewing and Feldman 2012; Ewing 2012).

Whatever new nuclear tech the plan creates will trigger a flood of new patents and a massive backlog

Westenhaus 12 – Brian, editor of New Energy and Fuel
~Jul 9, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Cold-Fusion-Progress-Report.html~~cn
The process of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) or Cold Fusion or your
AND
or legal battles just as soon as someone seems to be making money.

That collapses U.S. nanotech

Seattle Times 6
11/27, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003449208_btpatents27.html
As the time it takes to process patent applications now averages almost four years,
AND
their only asset, and to have uncertainty is problematic," Murdock said. 

U.S. leadership is key to developing safety measures – the impact is extinction

Bailey 3 – Ronald, Fellow in Environmental Journalism at the Competitive Enterprise Institute; Lecturer at Harvard, MIT
 ~Dec, http://reason.com/archives/2003/12/01/the-smaller-the-better/2~~cn
The second nanotechnology risk that worries ETC Group activists is runaway self-replication.
AND
made on purpose using very sophisticated technologies that would take years to develop.

Backlog turns the case

Ackerman 11 – Lily J., J.D. Candidate, 2012, University of California, Berkeley School of Law
~http://btlj.org/data/articles/26_1/Web%20PDFs/067-092%20Ackerman%20090811.pdf~~cn
The backlog frustrates the promotion of progress in science and technology because the average patent
AND
time, prioritization procedures could also incorporate protocols designed to improve patent quality.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Drilling in ANWR will harm multiple animals in multiple ways – polar bears, seals, and caribou

Koppel 03 – Holly, Founder of Wildlife Watchers
~April 06, http://www.wildlifewatchers.org/esReports/report50.html~~
One of the main problems with drilling in ANWR is that the drilling would have
AND
long-term movement-patterns, as generally outlined on the map."

Arctic developments jeopardize caribou, a keystone species

IPY 09 – International Polar Year
~May 01, http://classic.ipy.org/development/eoi/proposal-details.php?id=162~~
Presently there are over 4 million wild and 1.8 million domestic reindeer and caribou inhabiting the earth’s arctic regions. This keystone species has been an economic and cultural mainstay of nearly every indigenous group in the Arctic. Recent profound changes have been occurring in the North with the potential to jeopardize the relationship forged over countless generations between Rangifer, the land and the people.

Keystone species key to prevent ecosystem collapse and human extinction

Gershwin 5 – Peter, international fellow at Yale University and a graduate of Oxford’s Human Sciences Program
~Oct 25, LEXIS~
Plants and animals that flourish within a specific niche, and who depend upon it
AND
, and not vice versa, there may be hope for our species.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The plan spotlights light water SMRs, because they are slightly more developed than advanced reactors

Department of Commerce 2011 (February, U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration, Manufacturing and Services Competitiveness Report, "The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors", http://www.trade.gov/publications/pdfs/the-commercial-outlook-for-us-small-modular-nuclear-reactors.pdf, WEA)

Although SMRs have significant potential and ¶ the market for their deployment is growing,
AND
Reactor Concepts program, which ¶ focuses on metal-cooled reactor technologies.

SMR models are zero-sum—light water SMRs enable mixed oxide usage, which crushes prolif cred

Clements 2012 – Nonproliferation Policy Director at ANA (6/8, Tom, Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, "Documents Reveal Time-line and Plans for "Small Modular Reactors" (SMRs) at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Unrealistic and Promise no Funding", http://www.ananuclear.org/PressRoom/ANAPressReleases/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/558/Default.aspx, WEA)

The MOAs indicate that sale of electricity to SRS via "Purchase Power Agreements"
AND
campaign by SMR vendors to promote their specific models, according to ANA.

Nonprolif leadership solves prolif

Wallace %26 Williams, 4-17-12 
~Michael, Senior Adviser, U.S. Nuclear Energy Project – CSIS, Sarah, CSIS, "Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing It’s Early Demise," http://csis.org/files/publication/120417_gf_wallace_williams.pdf-http://csis.org/files/publication/120417_gf_wallace_williams.pdf~~
America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, financing hurdles
AND
.S. nuclear industry and take action to prevent its early demise. 

Extinction

Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division 02 of Institute for Defense Analysis (Victor A., Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90 Victor A Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90) 

In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Hedge funds and other institutions have skyrocketed their purchases of commodities

Campbell et al 12/18 - Elizabeth Campbell, Joe Richter %26 Nicholas Larkin, Attorneys and contributors at Bloomberg
 ~12/18/12, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-18/goldman-bullish-with-hedge-funds-amid-citi-warning-commodities.html~~ab
Investors almost doubled purchases of commodities this year, at a time when Goldman Sachs
AND
you’re seeing that disparity in the outlooks of many of these forecasting firms."

Switching to nuclear power collapses natural gas prices

Adams 9—Rod, Atomic Insights
~http://atomicinsights.com/2009/11/nuclear-energy-growth-might-turn-promises-of-low-natural-gas-prices-into-a-reality.html~~ab
Just yesterday, I wrote a lengthy piece talking about how natural gas suppliers are
AND
gas turbines and burned cheap gas looked like sage energy price prediction geniuses.

Low nat gas prices triggers a hedge fund sell-off

Krishnan and Silha 12—Reuters
~12/14/12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/14/us-funds-commodities-gas-idUSBRE8BD0YV20121214~~ab-http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/14/us-funds-commodities-gas-idUSBRE8BD0YV20121214%5dab
(Reuters) - David Coolidge may still be the king of U.S
AND
, analyst at Credit Suisse in New York.¶ FEAR CAUSING MISSED OPPORTUNITIES¶ 

Quick sell-offs create a cascading effect that collapses the global economy

Rocker 7 – David, retired hedge fund manager
~Sept 17, http://online.barrons.com/article/SB118981089018628145.html?mod=googlenews_barrons~~hs
The market’s rebound at the end of August was strong enough to overcome the severe
AND
increased and a real-time monitoring system must be put in place.

The impact is nuclear World War III

O’Donnell 9 – Sean, writer and Marine Corps Reserve squad leader
~Feb 26, http://www.examiner.com/x- 3108-Baltimore-Republican- Examiner~y2009m2d26-Will-this- recession-lead-to-World-War- III~cn
Could the current economic crisis affecting this country and the world lead to another world
AND
possibility of World War III is averted. However sometimes history repeats itself.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States should issue a national military strategy, and corresponding strategic concept focused on implementation, that the allocation of funding to the Department of Defense for the development of small gas-cooled nuclear reactors, small liquid metal-cooled nuclear reactors, and small molten salt-cooled nuclear reactors for the United States military is necessary to achieve that national security goals of the United States. We’ll clarify.

Competes – the CP doesn’t mandate the plan. It issues a recommendation that results in policy change.

Solves – NMS is a keystone document that shapes military policy – it integrates consultation between Congress and the DOD, building broad support for the plan

Meinhart 8 (Dr. Richard M., Professor of Defense and Joint Processes at the U.S. Army War College, "National Military Strategies: 1990 to 2007", National Security Policy and Strategy, Ed. Bartholomees, June, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTR Doc?AD=ADA482688%26Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

CONCLUSION The National Military Strategy is the keystone document of an overarching strategic planning system
AND
important in today’s volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous global security environment. 

NMS can effectively cause shapes operational planning, resource allocation, and future defense planning

Riley 94 (Don T., Lieutenant Colonel – United States Army, "A National Military Strategy Process for the Future", U.S. Army War College Study Project, 4-18, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%26AD=ADA279 522)

Should not the National Military Strategy provide this "strategic pull’? Is the Joint
AND
planning, and programming for the military 20 years from now begins today. 

Plan decimates CMR – the Joint Chiefs must be active leaders to avoid the perception of getting steam-rolled

Baker 8 (Anni P., Assistant Professor of History – Wheaton College, Life in the Armed Forces: (Not) Just Another Job, p. 192-195)

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MILITARY ON CIVILIAN SOCIETY
The institutional armed forces and the ideal of military service have exerted a great deal
AND
particular signifi¬cance is the influence of military leadership on civilian policymaking and politics.
Civil-military relations, or the interchange between civilian govern¬ment and military leadership,
AND
in combat. Civilian authorities depend on the military for advice and guidance.
But how much input is too much? Can top officers step over the line from legitimate communication to advocacy, pressure, even coercion of civilian leaders? As scholar and career officer Richard D. Hooker writes, "how to keep the military strong enough to defend the states and subser¬vient enough not to threaten it is the central question in civil-militarv relations."⁴*
This debate has gone on throughout American history. There have been times when military
AND
to speak up and give strong warnings about the direction of the war?
Even today scholars differ on the answer to this question, but many agree that the Johnson administration’s policymaking hierarchy did not allow the JCS a great deal of input into policy even if it had wanted to offer a strong critique. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara had his own civilian advisors on whom he relied, and the JCS stood outside his
close circle. To correct this imbalance, the 1986 Defense Reorganization Act strengthened the
AND
ever pressing their political leaders to lay out clear objectives for them."44
Unlike his predecessors, Powell insisted that four conditions be met before American military power could be used by civilian authorities. First, national interests must be at stake; second, objectives must be clearly laid out; third, overwhelming force must be used; and fourth, the American public must be solidly behind the effort. These conditions clearly show the impact of Vietnam on Powell’s thinking; none of them were met in the Vietnam conflict.
As commonsensical as it appeared to be, however, the Powell Doctrine also implied that the military would not carry out the president’s orders if a proposed military action did not meet the four conditions. This could be interpreted as an act of insubordination,⁴⁵ but in the wake of the success¬ful 1991 Gulf War, few objected to what was widely seen as a necessary and welcome exorcism of the ghosts of Vietnam.
A few years later, civil-military relations were again challenged. When newly elected president Bill Clinton tried to change the military’s policy toward gays in the service, military leaders, including Powell, defied him. It was not a matter of vital national security policy, but the issue poisoned Clinton’s already troubled relationship with the military and, many commentators have argued, weakened Clinton’s freedom to use the military as he saw fit.⁴⁶
Not only do the attitudes of military leaders toward civilian authorities influence civil-military
AND
as military pay raises and increased appropriations, than the Democratic Party.48
This maneuvering was well within the bounds of normal political partisanship, but some incidents
AND
saw a worrying move toward militarism on the part of civilian leaders.50
By the end of the 1990s, some commentators worried that the armed forces and
AND
it too raises the same issues of military involve¬ment in political affairs.51
One lesson of these examples of military participation in political debates is that beauty is
AND
has pointed out the potential conflict for abuse when soldiers participate in policymaking.
Another lesson is that the line between the military having too much or too little
AND
that military leaders would possess knowledge and expertise that no civilian could match.
In recent years, the military has embraced its expanded role in policy¬making with programs
AND
perspectives into their knowledge of tactics, strategy, and other military considerations.

1NC:
Crony Capitalism K
Ethics DA
Libyan Oil DA
T- Plural
Ptx DOE Nomination DA

2NC/1NR:
Ethics, K, Ptx, case turns

2NR:
Ptx, case turns

1NC:
Libyan Oil DA
T- RandD
Hagel Ptx DA
Algae CP
Security K

2NC/1NR
K
CP
Ptx
Central Asia impact turn

1NR
Ptx
impact turns

1NC:
Ptx DOE Nom
Courts CP
Keystone DA
Apocalypticism K
T- Plural

2NC/1NR
Ptx
Keystone
K

1NC:
Ptx Hagel
CP- Algae biofuels, STEM
Security K
Apocalypticism K
India exports DA
DoD trade-off DA

2NC/1NR:
Ptx
CP
K

1NC:
Immigration
Courts
T-Plural
Ethics DA
Patent Backlog DA
Security K
Bubble DA

2NC/1NR:
Ethics
Patents
Bubbles

2NR:
Patents

1NC:
T-US
Immigration
Keystone
Ethics
Courts
Space-Mil DA
Security

2NR:
Ethics
Ptx

1NC:
Oil
Immigration
Security
Courts
ANWR Animals DA
Heg turns
Bubble DA

2NR:
Pts
Heg Turns
Bubbles
Animals

1NC:
Futures DA
Backlog DA
T- Procurement
NMS CP
LWR DA
Ptx

2NC/1NR:
LWR DA
heg bad
Patents DA

2NR:
heg bad
Patents