Tournament: SFSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: CSUN | Judge: Jared Anderson
1AC – SFSU
Plan
Plan: The United States Federal Government should provide Section 1603 Cash Grants to nontaxable entities and individuals for community and residential solar power.

Blackouts
Advantage 1: The Grid
We solve three scenarios for blackouts:
A – Grid Strain: Environmental regulations are forcing older units to retire and pulling units offline for upgrades putting increasing strain on the grid in the next 5 years.
IER 12 “Electric Grid Reliability Problems: The Result of EPA Regulations?” Institute for Energy Research Jan 5 http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2012/01/05/electric-grid-reliability-problems-the-result-of-epa-regulations/
The Obama administration has a long, anti-coal, oil, and natural
AND
every power plant in the state of North Carolina or Indiana.iii

Tanks the econ
CNN 12 “How the U.S. can avoid a blackout like India's” August 8 http://money.cnn.com/2012/08/08/news/economy/blackout-india/index.htm
I'd be remiss not to mention the need for the U.S. to
AND
to remember that we can't remain a superpower if our lights aren't on.

DG solves grid reliability.
Bluvas 7 Kristin Bluvas J.D., Albany Law School, 2007 “Distributed Generation: A Step Forward In United States Energy Policy” Albany Law Review 2007 70 Alb. L. Rev. 1589, lexis

Our current electricity grid has major reliability problems that will only worsen as demand increases
AND
. This puts even less stress on the transmission system and decreases prices.

B – Climate Change: Natural disasters and freak weather events from climate change are increasing exponentially- adaptation is key to prevent more frequent and prolonged blackouts from climate events.
McAllister 11 Lesley K. McAllister, Professor of Law, University of San Diego School of Law; Associate Adjunct Professor, School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California San Diego. “Adaptive Mitigation in the Electric Power Sector” Brigham Young University Law Review 2011 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 2115

An adaptation benefit is also provided when a mitigation approach is chosen that increases the
AND
system in which large-scale service disruptions could be less frequent. 115
DG solves- key to local adaptation.
Breese and Room 5 (Jennifer Bresee and David Room . “Powering down America: local government's role in the transition to a post-petroleum world.” Global Public Media, Thu, 10/20/2005 Original article: http://www.globalpublicmedia.com/articles/533 or http://www.energybulletin.net/print/9999)
Relocalization is the process of bringing production closer to consumption obviating the need to rely
AND
in subsequent months that will provide opportunities for citizens to learn more.26

C – Cyber-Attacks Cyber attack is likely- hackers have already planted malware they can use to shut down the system.
Niller 12 Eric “ENERGY GRID: SAFE FROM CYBER ATTACK?” Discovery News May 9 http://news.discovery.com/tech/smart-grid-cyber-attacks-110901.html
The Department of Homeland Security reports that an unidentified group of hackers has been targeting
AND
is a digital box, which provides new vectors to exploit those networks."
Cyber-terrorist attack would target transformers- causes blackouts for over a year – key vulnerability
Bloomberg 12 “Power-Grid Cyber Attack Seen Leaving Millions in Dark for Months” Jan 31 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-01/cyber-attack-on-u-s-power-grid-seen-leaving-millions-in-dark-for-months.html
A blackout that swept parts of North America in August 2003, leaving 50 million
AND
Iran, where officials said systems used to enrich uranium were the targets.

DG reduces the impact of grid disruption by increasing critical infrastructure’s ability to island
DOE 7 (“THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED ¶ GENERATION AND RATE-RELATED ISSUES ¶ THAT MAY IMPEDE THEIR EXPANSION¶ A STUDY PURSUANT TO SECTION 1817¶ OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005” http://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf)

To address the vulnerabilities of the electric system to intentional disruptions, particularly those ¶
AND
to increasing the amount of distributed generation in the system (Zerriffi 2004).”  

An attack on the grid would cause global chaos – just the potential decks heg and causes great power wars
Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Heg solves wars and a peaceful transition to multipolarity is impossible – realism, power politics, and interventionism are inevitable. There is no alternative to American power.
Brzezinski 12 (2/1/2012, Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor in the Carter Administration, Professor of Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University, “Global stability depends on America not collapsing: Superiority of Washington's military and economic power creates order where there would normally be conflict,” Washington Post, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/global-stability-depends-on-america-not-collapsing-1.974027)
Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
AND
policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil. 

Financial Speculation
Advantage 2: Financial Speculation
Current tax credits for renewables bolster the tax equity industry of banks and Wall Street firms who reap all the profit

Farrell 12 John Farrell is an Institute for Local Self-Reliance (ILSR) senior researcher specializing in energy policy developments that best expand the benefits of local ownership and dispersed generation of renewable energy. Energy Self Reliant States, 4-19 

A regular tax credit reduces the amount of taxes a business or person pays dollar
AND
project owners wouldn’t require big tax bills or Wall Street to finance projects.

Now is the time to pay attention. NEW INVESTORS ARE CREEPING INTO THE THIRD-PARTY SOLAR FINANCING MARKET

Linder and Di Capua 12 -- Stefan Linder, Analyst, Clean Energy Economics, Michel Di Capua, Head of Research, North America, Bloomberg New Energy Finance. US SOLAR – WHITE PAPER, 6-4

US solar financing US solar projects have historically been bankrolled by some combination of energy
AND
some utilities may seek solar portfolios to offset revenue loss from distributed generation.

Financial trading of energy ensures future Enrons -  high prices and bankrupt states

Coile 4   Zachary, SF Gate, New evidence of Enron schemes /
6-15, http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/New-evidence-of-Enron-schemes-Documents-tapes-2713873.php#ixzz25SsxruqA

Enron, which was once a natural gas pipeline company, expanded into virtually every
AND
million...," Belden said in the Aug. 8, 2000, call.

ENRON SHORTAGES empirically have caused higher energy prices and cost billions of dollars

Hildyard et al 12 Nicholas, The Corner House, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012

Market manipulation and outright criminality are frequent features of the increased use of financial markets
AND
dramatically in the wake of the Enron scandal, the practices still continue.

Independently, depending on third party Wall Street financing jacks up the cost of energy

Farrell 10  John, GRIST, How renewable incentives affect project ownership, 12-7

It’s not just the owner who benefits when projects don’t require complex partnerships to get
AND
impact by a multiplier, whereas local ownership would keep most revenues local.

As companies financialize their debt, they are creating the conditions for another recession – high energy means consumers can’t pay mortgages and can’t pay for food

Lipson 11  Daniel N. Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at SUNY New Paltz, New Political Science Volume 33, Issue 4, pages 555-575

At the macro level, home construction and sales were two sectors that kept economic
AND
primarily because of rises in energy costs) for most goods and services. 

Rising energy prices cause resource wars, inhumane austerity measures, famine, pandemics and turn America into Detroit

Lipson 11  Daniel N. Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at SUNY New Paltz, New Political Science Volume 33, Issue 4, pages 555-575

Peak oil experts predict that volatile but sharply rising energy costs along with supply disruptions
AND
gas hydrofracking as leaders perceive pressure from the voters to lower gas prices. 

A cash grant prevents banks from upping the price of energy

Farrell 11 (John, “Democratizing the Electricity System: A Vision for the 21st Century Grid” The New Rules Project, June 2011)

In addition to limiting participation in renewable energy development, the federal tax incentives also
AND
million of dollars in overpayments of federal tax credits to bankers.10

Continued economic decline causes geopolitical instability worldwide.
Blair 9 Dennis C. Blair Director of National Intelligence 12 February 2009 Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community for the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence http://intelligence.senate.gov/090212/blair.pdf
The financial crisis and global recession are likely to produce a wave of economic crises
AND
obligations. Potential refugee flows from the Caribbean could also impact Homeland security.  

Solvency
The current tax code discriminates against local and public entities that want to produce residential solar- only shifting away from tax credits solves.
Farrell 12 John Farrell directs the Energy Self-Reliant States and Communities program at the Institute for Local Self-Reliance and he focuses on energy policy developments that best expand the benefits of local ownership and dispersed generation of renewable energy. “Rooftop Revolution Changing Everything with Cost-Effective Local Solar” Institute for Local self-reliance, march http://www.ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/rooftop-revolution-ilsr.pdf

But keeping solar subsidies unchanged also seems senseless. Solar developers in sunny regions like
AND
solar for each dollar of solar subsidy given in cash rather than credit.

People will say yes- multiple examples prove there is a growing grassroots movement for DG.
Bronin 10 Sara C. Bronin Associate Professor of Law, University of Connecticut “Curbing Energy Sprawl with Microgrids” December, 2010 Connecticut Law Review 43 Conn. L. Rev. 547 lexis

Lower infrastructure costs, flexible configurations, and the ability to use waste heat result
AND
to capitalize on this movement by facilitating the proliferation of microgrids is now.

Localist politics is overly simplified by mainstream and radical politics in the squo. Localism creates critical sites of resistance to large corporations and social inequality and injustice.

Hess 9 David J. professor of sociology at Vanderbilt University and member of the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment. Localist Movements in a Global Economy, Sustainability, Justice, and Urban Development in the United States

The continuities of localism with socialist, communalist, neoliberal, and liberal politics should
AND
other parts of American cities have become largely abandoned to the nonprofit sector.

Installation will take only a few months. 

Pursley and Wiseman 11  -- Garrick B. Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law. Hannah J. Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law. Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877

Small-scale renewables on rooftops, parking garages, factories, and in yards
AND
these promising technologies to a point of greater prominence within the energy system.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: ASU CM | Judge: Alex McVey

1AC – Swing

Plan

Plan: The United States Federal Government should provide Section 1603 Cash Grants to nontaxable entities and individuals for community and residential solar power and require just compensation for the excess power they place on the grid.

Blackouts

Advantage 1: The Grid

We solve three scenarios for blackouts:

A – Grid Strain: Environmental regulations are forcing older units to retire and pulling units offline for upgrades putting increasing strain on the grid in the next 5 years.

IER 12 “Electric Grid Reliability Problems: The Result of EPA Regulations?” Institute for Energy Research Jan 5 http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2012/01/05/electric-grid-reliability-problems-the-result-of-epa-regulations/

The Obama administration has a long, anti-coal, oil, and natural

AND

every power plant in the state of North Carolina or Indiana.iii

Tanks the econ

CNN 12 “How the U.S. can avoid a blackout like India's” August 8 http://money.cnn.com/2012/08/08/news/economy/blackout-india/index.htm

I'd be remiss not to mention the need for the U.S. to

AND

to remember that we can't remain a superpower if our lights aren't on.

DG solves grid reliability.

Bluvas 7 Kristin Bluvas J.D., Albany Law School, 2007 “Distributed Generation: A Step Forward In United States Energy Policy” Albany Law Review 2007 70 Alb. L. Rev. 1589, lexis

Our current electricity grid has major reliability problems that will only worsen as demand increases

AND

. This puts even less stress on the transmission system and decreases prices.

B – Climate Change: Natural disasters and freak weather events from climate change are increasing exponentially- adaptation is key to prevent more frequent and prolonged blackouts from climate events.

McAllister 11 Lesley K. McAllister, Professor of Law, University of San Diego School of Law; Associate Adjunct Professor, School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California San Diego. “Adaptive Mitigation in the Electric Power Sector” Brigham Young University Law Review 2011 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 2115

An adaptation benefit is also provided when a mitigation approach is chosen that increases the

AND

system in which large-scale service disruptions could be less frequent. 115

DG solves- key to local adaptation.

Breese and Room 5 (Jennifer Bresee and David Room . “Powering down America: local government's role in the transition to a post-petroleum world.” Global Public Media, Thu, 10/20/2005 Original article: http://www.globalpublicmedia.com/articles/533 or http://www.energybulletin.net/print/9999)

Relocalization is the process of bringing production closer to consumption obviating the need to rely

AND

in subsequent months that will provide opportunities for citizens to learn more.26

C – Cyber-Attacks. Current grid infrastructure guarantees complete grid collapse and major blackouts within three years.

Huff 12 Ethan, “Hacking Expert David Chalk says 100 percent certainty of catastrophic failure of smart energy grid within three years” Natural News. Web, Acc 9/27/2012) http://www.naturalnews.com/035755_power_grid_failure_blackouts.html

For at least the past five years, the federal government has been pushing utility

AND

Internet, and effectively without any protection, is insanity at its finest.”

Cyber attack is likely- hackers have already planted malware they can use to shut down the system.

Niller 12 Eric “ENERGY GRID: SAFE FROM CYBER ATTACK?” Discovery News May 9 http://news.discovery.com/tech/smart-grid-cyber-attacks-110901.html

The Department of Homeland Security reports that an unidentified group of hackers has been targeting

AND

is a digital box, which provides new vectors to exploit those networks."

Cyber-terrorist attack would target transformers- causes blackouts for over a year – key vulnerability

Bloomberg 12 “Power-Grid Cyber Attack Seen Leaving Millions in Dark for Months” Jan 31 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-01/cyber-attack-on-u-s-power-grid-seen-leaving-millions-in-dark-for-months.html

A blackout that swept parts of North America in August 2003, leaving 50 million

AND

Iran, where officials said systems used to enrich uranium were the targets.

An attack on the grid would cause global chaos – just the potential decks deterrence and causes great power wars

Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)

However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to

AND

based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Small grid failure brings down the entire system – impact is chemical plant explosions, worse than atom bomb

Latynina 3 World Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm

The scariest thing about the cascading power outages was not spoiled groceries in the fridge

AND

in power, and finally a cascading outage of the entire grid system.

Even if there isn’t a large-scale blackout, electricity unreliability costs $500 billion of the GDP, massive unemployment, and decreased competitiveness in trade.

EDR 11 Economic Development Research Group, Inc. (EDR Group), is a consulting firm focusing specifically on applying state-of-the-art tools and techniques for evaluating economic development performance, impacts, and opportunities. La Capra Associates is an independent consulting firm which has specialized in the electric, natural gas and water industries for over 30 years. This report was prepared for the American Society of Civil Engineers by Economic Development Research Group, Inc. in association with La Capra Associates. FAiluRE to ACt The economic impacT of current Investment trends In ElEctr icity Infrastructure http://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/Infrastructure/Failure_to_Act/energy_report_FINAL2.pdf

If annual investments in electric energy infrastructure through 2040 continue to average $63 billion

AND

S. industries. Figure 13 indicates which industries will be most harmed.

DG reduces the impact of grid disruption by increasing critical infrastructure’s ability to island

DOE 7 (“THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED ¶ GENERATION AND RATE-RELATED ISSUES ¶ THAT MAY IMPEDE THEIR EXPANSION¶ A STUDY PURSUANT TO SECTION 1817¶ OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005” http://www.ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf)

To address the vulnerabilities of the electric system to intentional disruptions, particularly those ¶

AND

to increasing the amount of distributed generation in the system (Zerriffi 2004).” 

Natural Gas

Advantage 2: Natural Gas

First, over implementation of natural gas on the grid is a death trap- causes blackouts.

NCR, July 31 2012 (North Carolina Renegade, “Growing Risk of Massive Electric Power Outages” Web, Acc 9/27/2012)

http://ncrenegade.com/editorial/growing-risk-of-massive-electric-power-outages/

Is this our future in the US? It is a very reasonable question –

AND

formula for wide-spread fear, suffering, chaos, and death.

A false price cushion exists now that will burst by the winter- laundry list of reasons.

Finger, managing partner of Ariadne Capital, a Houston-based investment advisory firm, 7/22/2012 (Richard, “We're Headed To $8 Natural Gas” Forbes. Web, Acc 9/27/2012)

There is a glut of natural gas. Everybody knows that. There’s so much

AND

us to $8.00 mcf natural gas by the approaching winter.

Economy collapses-

a) Low prices now are a mirage- the impending strike destroys the economy. 

Adams, Former submarine Engineer Officer. Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, com/(% class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" %), 8/30/2012 (Rod, “Look out—natural gas prices in north America will skyrocket by end of 2014” Atomic Insights. Web, Acc 9/27/2012) http://atomicinsights.com/2012/08/look-out-natural-gas-prices-in-north-america-will-skyrocket-by-end-of-2014.html

In the publications that I regularly read, it is impossible to avoid noticing that

AND

a very large ship can be a lonely way to spend the midwatch.

b) Manufacturing- High prices destroy it

Sullivan, 07 (John, Natural Gas Week, 5/14, “Survey: Investors Concerned over Impact of Increased Energy Costs”, lexis)

Paul Cicio , president of the Industrial Energy Consumers of America, brought his concerns and those of the businesses his group represents to Congress. Cicio testified before Congress about the impact of higher energy prices.

"The US remains in a serious natural gas crisis that started in mid-

AND

this trend will continue so long as high relative natural gas prices exist."

Jobs go overseas- that kills the economy. 
IECA 2003 – Industrial Energy Consumers of America 12-3, http://www.ieca-us.com/downloads/natgas/$111bilion.doc

The impact of high energy costs on manufacturing is significant and it contributed greatly to

AND

average and makes two-thirds of all U.S. exports.

Economic crisis causes war–strong statistical support

Royal, 10 (Jedediah, director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict

AND

As such the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Manufacturing key to competitiveness

Shih 12 (Willy C, professor of management practice at Harvard Business School, “Just How Important Is Manufacturing?” Harvard Business Review, February 21, http:~/~/blogs.hbr.org/hbsfaculty/2012/02/html, Acc: 8/2/12, og)

Having a strong domestic manufacturing base is vital to the United States maintaining its world

AND

me, that is why we have to manufacture in the United States.

Competitiveness decline tanks U.S. hegemony – tech manufacturing is especially key

Segal 4 (Adam, Senior Fellow in China Studies at the C.F.R. “Is America Losing Its Edge?” http:~/~/yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/edu/content/america-losing-its-edge, Acc: 8/2/12, og)

The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new

AND

, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.

Heg solves wars and a peaceful transition to multipolarity is impossible – interventionism is inevitable. There is no alternative to American power.

Brzezinski 12 (2/1/2012, Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor in the Carter Administration, Professor of Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University, “Global stability depends on America not collapsing: Superiority of Washington's military and economic power creates order where there would normally be conflict,” Washington Post, http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/global-stability-depends-on-america-not-collapsing-1.974027)

Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had

AND

policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Plan solves price spikes- renewable integration keeps gas from being overused.

Doran and Reed, 8/13/2012 Kevin Doran, left, is an institute fellow and assistant research professor at the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), a joint institute of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Colorado at Boulder. His research focuses on the legal, regulatory and public policy dimensions of energy development. Adam Reed is a research associate at RASEI. He researches and writes on the legal, policy, and regulatory issues surrounding the deployment of sustainable energy technologies.

 (Kevin and Adam, “Natural Gas and Its Role in the US Energy Endgame” Environment 360. Web, Acc 9/26/2012) http://e360.yale.edu/feature/natural_gas_role_in_us_energy_endgame/2561/

First, we should gradually utilize natural gas as the generation backbone for much of

AND

such expansions are strategically and legislatively coupled to the deployment of natural gas.

Solvency

The current tax code discriminates against local and public entities that want to produce residential solar- only shifting away from tax credits solves.

Farrell 12 John Farrell directs the Energy Self-Reliant States and Communities program at the Institute for Local Self-Reliance and he focuses on energy policy developments that best expand the benefits of local ownership and dispersed generation of renewable energy. “Rooftop Revolution Changing Everything with Cost-Effective Local Solar” Institute for Local self-reliance, march http://www.ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/rooftop-revolution-ilsr.pdf

But keeping solar subsidies unchanged also seems senseless. Solar developers in sunny regions like

AND

solar for each dollar of solar subsidy given in cash rather than credit.

People will say yes- multiple examples prove there is a growing grassroots movement for DG.

Bronin 10 Sara C. Bronin Associate Professor of Law, University of Connecticut “Curbing Energy Sprawl with Microgrids” December, 2010 Connecticut Law Review 43 Conn. L. Rev. 547 lexis

Lower infrastructure costs, flexible configurations, and the ability to use waste heat result

AND

to capitalize on this movement by facilitating the proliferation of microgrids is now.

Requiring just compensation would incentivize customer generators.

Baker-Branstetter 11 (Shannon, “ARTICLE: DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE GENERATION: THE TRIFECTA OF ENERGY SOLUTIONS TO CURB CARBON EMISSIONS, REDUCE POLLUTANTS, AND EMPOWER RATEPAYERS”. Villanova Environmental Law Journal. Shannon Baker-Branstetter serves as policy counsel for Consumers Union and is a member of the California Bar. She earned her undergraduate degree from Yale University, Master's in Public Policy from the University of California, Los Angeles, and J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center.) Lexis.

Congress should institute minimum federal standards for net metering to set a floor of protection

AND

the maximum value for excess generation that does not burden other customer classes.

Localist politics is overly simplified by mainstream and radical politics in the squo. Localism creates critical sites of resistance to large corporations and social inequality and injustice.

Hess 9 David J. professor of sociology at Vanderbilt University and member of the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment. Localist Movements in a Global Economy, Sustainability, Justice, and Urban Development in the United States

The continuities of localism with socialist, communalist, neoliberal, and liberal politics should

AND

other parts of American cities have become largely abandoned to the nonprofit sector.

Installation will take only a few months.

Pursley and Wiseman 11  -- Garrick B. Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law. Hannah J. Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law. Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877

Small-scale renewables on rooftops, parking garages, factories, and in yards

AND

these promising technologies to a point of greater prominence within the energy system.

Only FERC has jurisdiction

Baker-Branstetter, 2011 (Shannon, “ARTICLE: DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE GENERATION: THE TRIFECTA OF ENERGY SOLUTIONS TO CURB CARBON EMISSIONS, REDUCE POLLUTANTS, AND EMPOWER RATEPAYERS”. Villanova Environmental Law Journal. Shannon Baker-Branstetter serves as policy counsel for Consumers Union and is a member of the California Bar. She earned her undergraduate degree from Yale University, Master's in Public Policy from the University of California, Los Angeles, and J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center.) Lexis.

¶ IV. The Current Regulatory Environment for DRG Varies Greatly By State¶  ¶

AND

must apply to the state public utility commission or the local utility. 91

Past court decisions prove states don’t have jurisdiction.

Ferrey 4   * Steven, Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law School. New York University Environmental Law Journal, 12 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 507

Perhaps the single most important benefit for QFs is that they are exempt from the

AND

state laws respecting "the financial and organizational regulation of electric utilities." 191