UMKC » Desai-Wood  Aff

Desai-Wood  Aff

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Cites

#	Date	Entry
	10/06/2012	1AC Kentucky Tournament: Kentucky \| Round: 1 \| Opponent: UNLV BV \| Judge: Contention 1 is Solvency PTC will expire in 2012 – key to wind industry. Opalka 6/4/12, Bill (the Editor-in-Chief of the RenewablesBiz Daily). “Production tax credit tops wind energy’s priorities.” Energy Biz. http://www.energybiz.com/article/12/06/production-tax-credit-tops-wind-energys-priorities Failure to extend ….2.2 cent per kWh credit. Failure to renew PTC kills growth of wind power – studies show. Lu et al 2011, Xi (School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cruft Lab RM 211, China Project, 19 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), Jeremy Tchou ( Energy Group, GL Garrad Hassan, 333 SW 5th Ave, Suite 400 Portland, OR 97204, USA, Michael McElroy (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall RM 100G, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), Chris Nielsen (Harvard China Project and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cruft Lab RM 211, China Project, 19 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA). “The impact of Production Tax Credits on the profitable production of electricity from wind in the U.S.” Elsevier Volume 39, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 4207–4214 Available online 6 May 2011. A GIS-based financial….regions of the world Lack of permanent PTC stifles industry – 5 reasons. Wiser 2007 Dr. Ryan, Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory March 29 “Wind Power and the Production Tax Credit: An Overview of Research Results” Testimony Prepared for a Hearing on ‘Clean Energy: From the Margins to the Mainstream’ Senate Finance Committee Though the historical….projects from taking place. Permanent PTC key to wind industry – sun-setting lowers investment and production prospects. Dewey 2011, Erin, Sundown and You Better Take Care: Why Sunset Provisions Harm the Renewable Energy Industry and Violate Tax Principles, 52 B.C.L. Rev. 1105 (), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7 Despite disagreement among…operating stages.204 Permanent PTC renewal key – sunset provisions create uncertainty that deter long-term investment. Dewey 2011, Erin, Sundown and You Better Take Care: Why Sunset Provisions Harm the Renewable Energy Industry and Violate Tax Principles, 52 B.C.L. Rev. 1105 (), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7 The example of the PTC …in the renewable industry.²⁵⁶ PTC key mechanism for wind power development – natural experiments show. Romm 2010, Joseph (Senior Fellow at American Progress). “Using tax incentives to drive the clean energy economy.” Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2010/04/tax_green_economy.html/ No industry should …tax credit for wind.” Now is key – waiting until end of 2012 risks massive job losses. Acuna 5/1/12, Alicia (writer for Fox Business). “Battle grows over extending tax breaks for wind energy producers.” Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/05/01/battle-grows-over-extending-tax-breaks-for-wind-energy-producers/ Federal lawmakers warn …lose work. Thus, the plan: The United States federal Government should permanently extend the Production Tax Credit for wind power production. Advantage 1 is Economic Competitiveness Renewable energy market growing rapidly now – new markets and greater investment. Marine Link 7/5/12. “IEA: Renewable energy growth will accelerate.” http://www.marinelink.com/news/accelerate-renewable346033.aspx Renewable power generation,,,,it also examines solar thermal heating. US lagging in both production and investment of clean tech – share of electricity figures prove. USA Today 6/12/12. “US lags Europe, Indonesia in producing clean energy.” http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2012/06/us-lags-europe-indonesia-in-producing-clean-energy-/1#.UBGUCLRDySo The United States has …according to the NRDC report. Scenario 1 is Hegemony PTC renewal is key to clean energy sector and US global competitiveness – job creation, investment, and prices. Furman 2011, Don (senior vice president, external affairs, Iberdrola Renewables, Inc.). “Extend the Wind Production Tax Credit.” National Journal. December 9, 2011. http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/12/should-congress-renew-cleanene.php At a time of continued … clean energy economy. Clean energy is key to US economic competitiveness – trade deficit and innovation. Swezey 2/17/10, Devon (Project Director at Breakthrough Institute and co-author of "Rising Tigers, Sleeping Giant," a major report on international clean tech competitiveness). “It’s not all good: why you should worry about the clean energy race.” The breakthrough institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/2010/02/its_not_all_good_why_you_shoul.shtml Nations that gain …States got in the game. US economic competitiveness is foundational to US hegemony – security interests and foreign perception. DeLeon 2011, Rudy (Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress). “Are we ready? An independent look at the readiness posture of US forces.” Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2011/03/are_we_ready.html/print.html Meeting the readiness challenges …. national security priority. US hegemony deters great power conflicts – history proves. Zhang and Shi 11 Yuhan, a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. * AND* Lin, Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry” http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/ Over the past two decades, … devoid of unrivalled US primacy. US hegemony is key to solve war – solves proximate checks. Owen 2011, John M. (Professor of Politics at University of Virginia, PhD from Harvard University). “Don’t Discount Hegemony.” February 11, 2011. www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ We would still need to explain ….for liberal democracy remains strong. US will still pursue hegemony amidst decline – takes out neg’s impact turns. Edelman 2010, Eric S (PhD in Diplomatic History from Yale, Foreign Ambassador). “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy.” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Most observers, including …. That certainly is the lesson of the post-Cold War period.40 Scenario 2 is Clean Tech Leadership PTC key to US clean energy leadership – falling behind now. Smith 7/16/12, Stuart (writer is the spokesman for the Wind Energy Association). “Clean energy projects critical to our future.” Concord Monitor. http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/342247/clean-energy-projects-critical-to-our-future?SESS14b770ae6efdaceb1f242dd7c53af425=google In 2011, for the first …. Congress must extend the PTC. US must take leadership in clean energy to solve warming – bottom-up solutions. Sierra 2010, Katherine (is a senior fellow in Global Economy and Development program who focuses on climate change, with a particular emphasis on the issues and policies in the developing world. Ms. Sierra has more than 30 years experience as a development professional, previously serving as a senior executive at the World Bank.). “After elections, US leadership on climate crisis is critical.” Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2010/11/03-climate-elections-sierra American leadership is ….needs to start now. Warming ends the capacity for Earth to support life, ushering in the next great extinction event Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC; Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html The findings of the … findings were published in Science. Emissions are reversible but the window is closing. Fiona Harvey 2011 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9/, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change The world is likely to build …will be closed forever," said Birol. Warming is real and anthropogenic – most unbiased, holistic, and objective studies prove. Muller 7/28/12, Richard (a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.). “The conversion of a climate-change skeptic.” NYT. http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=4andpagewanted=html?_r=4andpagewanted=all CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago … and should be done. Advantage Two is Economy US economy down now – manufacturing and innovation. Morici 7/26/12, Peter (economist and professor at U of Maryland’s Smith School of Business.” The coming economic collapse and what can – and cannot – be done.” Sun Sentinel. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-07-26/news/fl-pmcol-economics-fri0727-20120726_1_wall-street-banks-export-driven-growth-tax-cuts The U.S. economy is … can't lower interest rates much further. Manufacturing sector contracting now – key driver of US economic recovery. Reuters 9/4/12. “Manufacturing another headache for US economy.” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/04/us-usa-economy-manufacturing-idUSBRE8830MA20120904 Manufacturing in the …deepened in both Europe and China. Wind energy development is key to US manufacturing sector. NDRC 2012. “American wind farms: breaking down the benefits from planning to production.” September 2012. http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/american-wind-farms-IP.pdf This report shows that workers contributing to … be located in America. Manufacturing sector is key to the economy – multiplier effect. Swezey and McConaghy 2011 Devon (project director) Ryan (director of economic program). “Manufacturing growth.” Breakthrough Institute. October 2011. Manufacturing already has a …. declined absolutely by 6.3%. PTC extension key to avoid clean tech crash – tanks US economy. Swezey 7/8/11, Devon (project director at Breakthrough Institute). “The coming clean tech crash.” Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/devon-swezey/the-coming-clean-tech-cra_b_892582.html The global clean …growth accrue overseas. US key to the global economy Caploe 09 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis) IN THE aftermath of … and global economies. Economic decline triggers war – studies prove. Royal 2010 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense), “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is how periods …deserves more attention. Economic downturn causes internal conflict, great power wars over territorial disputes, and extinction. Auslin 2009, scholar at American Enterprise Institute, Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29502/pub_detail.asp What do these trends mean ….coalesce into a big bang.
	11/02/2012	1AC UCO Tournament: UCO \| Round: 2 \| Opponent: Texas CM \| Judge: Contention 1 is Solvency PTC will expire at end of 2012 – key to wind industry. Opalka 6/4/12, Bill (the Editor-in-Chief of the RenewablesBiz Daily). “Production tax credit tops wind energy’s priorities.” Energy Biz. http://www.energybiz.com/article/12/06/production-tax-credit-tops-wind-energys-priorities Failure to extend …down in Congress. Projects put online this year are qualified for 10 years for the 2.2 cent per kWh credit. Permanent PTC key – sun-setting tanks investment. Dewey 2011, Erin, Sundown and You Better Take Care: Why Sunset Provisions Harm the Renewable Energy Industry and Violate Tax Principles, 52 B.C.L. Rev. 1105 (), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7 Despite disagreement among … or operating stages.204 Thus, the plan: The United States federal Government should permanently extend the Production Tax Credit for wind power production. Advantage 1 is Warming Wind energy net decreases CO2 emissions – displaces natural gas. Valentino et al 2012, Lauren (Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory,) Viviana Valenzuela (Georgia Institute of Technology,), Zhi Zhou and Guenter Conzelmann. “System-Wide Emissions Implications of Increased Wind Power Penetration.” March 5, 2012. Environmental Science and Techology - Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4200−4206. http:~/~/pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/1021/es2038432 Our results show that …displacement of fossil fuels. Renewables deployment key to solve extended warming. Myhrvold and Caldeira 2012; Nathan, PhD in theoretical and mathematical physics; former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft and co-founder of Intellectual Ventures; Ken Caldeira, PhD in Atmospheric Sciences, former Environmental Scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Former lead author of an IPCC AR5 chapter, now atmospheric scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science’s Dept of Global Ecology; "Greenhouse gases, climate change and the transition from coal to low-carbon electricity," Environmental Research Letters Vol 7 Number 1 (Journal from Institute of Physics) March 2012,http:~/~/iopscience.iop.org.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/1748-9326/7/1/014019url:http://iopscience.iop.org.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/1748-9326/7/1/014019, Here, we have examined …carbon capture and storage. Warming is real and anthropogenic – most unbiased, holistic, and objective studies prove. Muller 7/28/12, Richard (a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.). “The conversion of a climate-change skeptic.” NYT. http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=4andpagewanted=html?_r=4andpagewanted=all CALL me a converted skeptic. … trapped in polar ice. Peer-reviewed studies overwhelming conclude aff. Stephens 2011 (Home » Vol 21 No 22 Bad week for Pell and climate change deniers ENVIRONMENT Bad week for Pell and climate change deniers TIM STEPHENS NOVEMBER 06, 2011 Dr Tim Stephens is Director of the Sydney Centre for International Law, at the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney and a parishioner at St Joan of Arc, Haberfield, NSW. He holds a masters degree in geography from the University of Cambridge, a doctorate in international environmental law from the University of Sydney, and writes on climate change science, policy and law. His latest book, co-authored with Donald R Rothwell, is The International Law of the Sea. The last couple of weeks ….however unpalatable the conclusions may be. Emissions are not irreversible – but the window is closing. Harvey 2011 Fiona is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9/, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change The world is likely … be closed forever," said Birol. Warming ends the capacity for Earth to support life, ushering in the next great extinction event Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC; Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html The findings of the … were published in Science. Consensus of scholars agree warming outweighs all else. (Deibel 2007) (Terry L., Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007, Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today) Finally, there is one major … of life on this planet. The difference between extinction and near-extinction is exponentially great. Sagan 94 (Carl, David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University Nuclear War and Climatic Catastrophe: Some Policy Implications, Foreign Affairs, Winter, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic ASAP) Some have … the human enterprise. Err aff on the precautionary principle – uncertainty means acting now, otherwise we abdicate policy-making to climate denialists. (Urpelainen 2012) Johannes; is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University. His research focuses on international cooperation and especially global environmental governance; Global Warming, Irreversibility, and Uncertainty: A Political Analysis Global Environmental edu/journals/global_environmental_politics Volume 12, Number 4, November 2012url:http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.umkc.edu/journals/global_environmental_politics/toc/gep.12.4.html; Project Muse. Global warming is … climate change.”14url:http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.umkc.edu/journals/global_environmental_politics/v012/12.4.urpelainen.html#f14 Debate is critical to bring awareness of conceptual solutions and the risks of climate change. Weber and Stern 11—professor @ Center for Research on Environmental Studies @ Columbia Elke U. and Paul C, "Public Understanding of Climate Change in the United States" American Psychologist Vol. 66, No. 4, 315–328 (May/June) The trajectory of …taking their chances. We have an ethical obligation to mitigate climate change – disproportionately affects low-income nations. Gordon 7, Ruth Gordon, Professor of Law at Villinova University, "The Climate of Environmental Justice: Taking Stock: Climate Change and the Poorest Nations: Further Reflections on Global Inequality". Colorado Law Review, Lexis There is no …low-income nations. Renewable transition is key to climate justice – must focus on energy policy. Kaswan 2009, Alice (Professor of Law, University of San Francisco School of Law). “Greening the grid and climate justice.” University of San Francisco School of Law. 11/23/2009. SSRN. Moreover, as this …taken into account.27 Reality is objective – we can make accurate predictions about future events based on past knowledge Stenger 1998 Victor J. 30/5/, professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Hawaii, “‘Postmodern’ Attacks on Science and Reality,” http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reality.html Recent trends in … our measuring apparatus. The plan rebuilds an opportunity to rebuild progressive politics for a more just society, but only if we set aside traditional political differences founded around identity politics in favor of a broad-based coalition against warming. Smith 2010, Brendan co-founder of Labor Network for Sustainability, 11-23-, "Fighting Doom: The New Politics of Climate Change," Common Dreams, http:~/~/www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1url:http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1 I admit I have …I hope you're right." Deliberation over fear of warming is good – debating policy options criticizes worst forms of apocalyptic framing while preserving the best. Pfau 2007 Michael, Professor Communication – U Minnesota-Duluth, (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 40(2)) A fear appeal … of the United States itself Advantage Two is Economy US economy down now – manufacturing and innovation. Morici 7/26/12, Peter (economist and professor at U of Maryland’s Smith School of Business.” The coming economic collapse and what can – and cannot – be done.” Sun Sentinel. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-07-26/news/fl-pmcol-economics-fri0727-20120726_1_wall-street-banks-export-driven-growth-tax-cuts The U.S. economy … interest rates much further. Manufacturing sector contracting now – key driver of US economic recovery. Reuters 9/4/12. “Manufacturing another headache for US economy.” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/04/us-usa-economy-manufacturing-idUSBRE8830MA20120904 Manufacturing in … in both Europe andChina. Wind energy development is key to US manufacturing sector. NDRC 2012. “American wind farms: breaking down the benefits from planning to production.” September 2012. http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/american-wind-farms-IP.pdf This report shows that … be located in America. Manufacturing sector is key to the economy – multiplier effect. Swezey and McConaghy 2011 Devon (project director) Ryan (director of economic program). “Manufacturing growth.” Breakthrough Institute. October 2011. Manufacturing already has … absolutely by 6.3%. Extension key to avoid coming clean tech crash – tanks economy. Swezey 7/8/11, Devon (project director at Breakthrough Institute). “The coming clean tech crash.” Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/devon-swezey/the-coming-clean-tech-cra_b_892582.html The global clean .,.growth accrue overseas. US key to the global economy Caploe 09 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis) IN THE aftermath … economies. Economic decline triggers war – studies prove. Royal 2010 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense), “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215) Less intuitive is … deserves more attention. Economic downturn causes internal conflict, great power wars over territorial disputes, and extinction. Auslin 2009, scholar at American Enterprise Institute, Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29502/pub_detail.asp What do these … into a big bang.
	01/05/2013	1AC UTD Tournament: UTD \| Round: 3 \| Opponent: \| Judge: Contention 1 is Solvency PTC extended for one year, but industry still faces shortcomings. (Levitan 1/2) David; contributor to Forbes; wind power tax credit survives fiscal cliff deal; Forbes; 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davelevitan/2013/01/02/wind-power-tax-credit-survives-fiscal-cliff-deal/ The 13th-hour deal_as well. One-year extension makes DAs non-unique but doesn’t solve case. (Tracy 1/1) Ryan; writer for WSJ; Renewable energy tax breaks pass despite headwind;; WSJ; 2013. The fiscal-cliff …. at the end of 2013. Permanent PTC key to industry – creates certainty in investment. (Dewey 11) Erin, Sundown and You Better Take Care: Why Sunset Provisions Harm the Renewable Energy Industry and Violate Tax Principles, 52 B.C.L. Rev. 1105 (), http:~/~/lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7url:http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7 Despite disagreement among …operating stages.204 No alternatives to PTC – investment analysis proves. (Romm 10) Joseph (Senior Fellow at American Progress). “Using tax incentives to drive the clean energy economy.” Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2010/04/tax_green_economy.html/ No industry should be ….tax credit for wind.” Contention 2 is Natural Gas Natural gas use high now – electricity generation. (McElroy and Liu 13) Michael B and Xi; Butler professor of environmental studies Michael McElroy’s article “Time to Electrify”url:http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/07/time-to-electrifya(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial" %)ppeared in the July-August 2011 issue of this magazine. Xi Lu, Ph.D. ’11, a postdoctoral fellow in environmental and energy sciences, is a lecturer on environmental science and public policy; Fracking’s Future; Jan Feb 2013; Harvard Magazine; 2013. http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/frackings-future Lower-priced natural gas …to fire their generators. PTC keeps wind competitive against natural gas – Texas proves. (Fischlein et al 10) Miriam; Joel Larson b , Damon M. Hall c , Rumika Chaudhry d , Tarla Rai Peterson c , Jennie C. Stephens d , Elizabeth J. Wilson b; Natural Resources Science and Management b Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, c Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, d Department of International Development, Community, and Environment,; Policy stakeholders and deployment of wind power in the sub-national context: A comparison of four U.S. states; Energy Policy 38 (2010) 4429–4439; Elsevier; January 9 2010. http://trpetersonlab.tamu.edu/media/2745/ep_policy_stakeholders.pdf Economic factors offer a …gas prices will affect this. Wind generation displaces natural gas – dispatch models prove. (Kwok et al 11) Gabriel; Tyler Greathouse; Dr. Dalia Patiño-Echeverri, Advisor Dr. Lori Bennear, Advisor; Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University; May; http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/3697/MP%20-%20Gabriel%20Kwok%20and%20Tyler%20Greathouse.pdf?sequence=1 The columns in Figure 3.1 …50% of the system’s load. Increased methane emissions from natural gas systems will push us past the tipping point of the earth’s climate system in the next 20 years (Howarth et al 12) Robert (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University); Renee Santoro (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University); Anthony Ingraffea (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Cornell University), Venting and Leaking of Methane From Shale Gas Development: Response to Cathles et al, 2012, http:~/~/216.250.243.12/pdf(%%) Methane is a far more …be even greater. Global warming causes extinction-it makes the climate uninhabitable (Brandenberg 99) (John and Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233) The ozone hole expands, …hardy microbes surviving. Warming is real and anthropogenic – most unbiased, holistic, and objective studies prove. (Muller 12) Richard (a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.) 7/28. “The conversion of a climate-change skeptic.” NYT. http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=4andpagewanted=html?_r=4andpagewanted=all CALL me a converted skeptic. …trapped in polar ice. Emissions are reversible but the window is closing. (Harvey 11) Fiona is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9/, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change The world is … be closed forever," said Birol. Other nations model U.S. environmental policies (Brookings Institute 06) (June, “Case Closed: The Debate About Global Warming Is Over”, http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/easterbrook/20060517.pdf) The Kyoto Protocol might … it is a fight we can win. Contention 2 is China Global commitment to renewable energy is high, but China is leading in clean energy manufacturing – policy certainty is key to competitiveness of domestic wind industry. (Moore 12) Molly; AmeriCorps Communications Outreach / Managing Editor, The Appalachian Voice; A clean(er) world; The Appalachian Voice - Issue 6 (Dec/Jan 2013)http://appvoices.org/2012/12/05/a-cleaner-world/(%%); 2012. http://appvoices.org/2012/12/05/a-cleaner-world/ That America and Appalachia’s … manufacturing leader.” Extension of PTC is key to US competitiveness in clean energy development. (Franzen 8/14) Carl; TPM Idea Lab’s tech reporter; US wind energy grows 16 percent, but still lags China; TPM; 2012. http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/08/us-wind-energy-lags-china-2011.php The U.S. Energy Department … is otherwise scheduled to expire.” Specifically, permanent extension of PTC is key to ensure investor confidence and long-term US competitiveness in clean energy. (Cuttino 12) Phyllis (Pew clean energy program, Director). “Investment will follow if Congress renews production tax credit.” 7/5. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phyllis-cuttino/investment-will-follow-if_b_1638790.html Congress has historically …emerging new sector. Clean tech development is key to global economic competitiveness – innovation and jobs. (Pernick and Wilder 12) Ron and Clint; cofounder and managing director of Clean Edge and senior editor at Clean Edge; Clean Tech Nation; HarperCollins Publishers, September 2012. Googlebooks. Every day, new … years and decades ahead. This is especially true in the context of the United States versus China – they are engaged in a clean energy race. (Swezey 10) Devon (Project Director at Breakthrough Institute and co-author of "Rising Tigers, Sleeping Giant," a major report on international clean tech competitiveness). “It’s not all good: why you should worry about the clean energy race.” The breakthrough institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/2010/02/its_not_all_good_why_you_shoul.shtml In his State of the … got in the game. Economic competitiveness is key to preserve US hegemony against China. (Prestowitz 12) Clyde (is the founder and President of the Economic Strategy Institute. He formerly served as counselor to the Secretary of Commerce in the Reagan Administration.). “Pivot away from Asia to America.” Foreign Policy. February 13, 2012. http://prestowitz.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/02/13/pivot_away_from_asia_to_america But then here … China is manipulating. US hegemony deters great power conflicts – history proves. (Zhang and Shi 11) Yuhan, a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. * AND* Lin, Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry” http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/ Over the past two …unrivalled US primacy. Specifically, decline means US-China war due to lash-out. (Lieven 11) Anatol (former senior associate at Carnegie endowment for International Peace). “US-Russian Relations and the Rise of China.” New America Foundation. http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/us_russian_relations_and_the_rise_of_china On the U.S. side, …decades to come. War escalates into nuclear conflict – global draw-in. (Hunkovic 09) Lee J, Professor at the American Military University, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http:~/~/www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/pdf, accessed October 14, 2011, A war between China… considered in this study. No impact turns – pursuit of hegemony is inevitable. (Edelman 10) Eric S (PhD in Diplomatic History from Yale, Foreign Ambassador). “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy.” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Most observers, including critics … of the post-Cold War period.40 Best data proves that hegemony solves proximate causes of war. (Owen 11) John M. (Professor of Politics at University of Virginia, PhD from Harvard University). “Don’t Discount Hegemony.” February 11, 2011. www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his …democracy remains strong. We control the internal link to cooperation – only the United States facilitates a global bargaining table (Brooks et al 13) STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. This article is adapted from their essay "Don't Come Home, America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Winter 2012-13. “Lean Forward In Defense of American Engagement” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward?page=show, accessed January 4, 2013. CREATING COOPERATION What …of statesmen's minds."
	02/23/2013	1AC UCO (MAC tournament) Tournament: \| Round: \| Opponent: \| Judge: Contention 1 is Solvency A renewables transition is coming now, but uncertainty from the private sector prevents its actualization. (Mormann 2012) Felix. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy."Environmental Law 42 (2012). LEXIS. The good news is … energy technologies at scale. ‘ FITs solve stability and certainty for RE investment – empirics in Spain prove. (Maxwell 2012) Veery; a third year law student at UC Hastings; Wind Energy Development: Can Wind Power Overcome Substantial Hurdles to Reach the Grid? University of California, Hastings College of the Law West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy; 18 Hastings W.-N.W. J. Env. L. and Pol'y 323 The key … and economic feasibility. FITs solve distributed generation – that is key to solve blackouts. (Umberger 2012) Allyson; Doctor of Jurisprudence Candidate 2013, Golden Gate University School of Law; B.S., University of Southern California Marshall School of Business (2010); DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: HOW LOCALIZED ENERGY PRODUCTION REDUCES VULNERABILITY TO OUTAGES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN THE WAKE OF CLIMATE CHANGE; Golden Gate University; Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal; 6 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 183. LEXIS. Several other countries have already begun … often what happens under the current infrastructure. 238 FIT are ranked as the most preferred policy mechanism for renewables development. (Burer and Wustenhagen 2009) Mary Jean ; Rolf; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Which renewable energy policy is a venture capitalist's best friend? Empirical evidence from a survey of international cleantech investors; Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Pages 4997–5006; Elsevier. Looking at results for …. received a lower score). Distributed generation solves local opposition and need for backup generation. (Pursley and Wiseman 2011) Garrick B. Pursley* and Hannah J. Wiseman; Assistant Professor of Law; ARTICLE: LOCAL ENERGY; Emory Law Journal 60 Emory L.J. 877 Small-scale renewables … within the energy system. Thus the plan: The United States federal Government should establish a national feed-in tariff policy that establishes a long-term price contract for a reasonable rate of return for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind power for energy production. Contention 2 is the Grid Grid is vulnerable to cyber-attack – consensus shows – neg evidence is underestimation. (Barclay 2012) Richard A; the principal at Cogent Policy Research LLC. Formerly he was the director of research and policy development at an electric utility trade association in Michigan and has worked as a policy advisor for the Michigan legislature. He has a PhD in agricultural economics from Michigan State University; Regulatory economics: US energy industry considered enormously vulnerable to cyber attack; Natural gas and electricity; Volume 28, Issue 12, pages 13–15, July 2012; Wiley. According to this year's DHS ….. But that is small potatoes. DG solves backup – key to solve terrorism. (Weidlich et al 2012)** Anke,. "Decentralized Intelligence in Energy Efficient Power Systems." Handbook of Networks in Power Systems I (2012): 467-486. Renewable resources are …. in the form of electricity and heat. Cyber-attacks escalate to World War III – aggressive US nuclear response. (Lawson 2009) Sean; an assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah; “Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation;” Transformation Tracker. http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477 At a time when it seems impossible ….) National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations 5: Threat of bioterrorism is high – current bioinformatics are the major weakness in biodefense. (Valdivia-Granda 2010) Willy A; chief executive ofﬁcer of Orion Integrated Biosciences,; Bioinformatics for Biodefense: Challenges and Opportunities; Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science Volume 8, Number 1, 2010 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089=bsp.2009.0024 The threat of bioterrorism … computational biology applications. Developing smart grid model incentivizes cloud computing. (Fang et al 2012) Fang, Xi, et al. "Managing smart grid information in the cloud: opportunities, model, and applications." Network, IEEE 26.4 (2012): 32-38. The emerging SG …to save energy. Smart systems will spill over from energy management to other industries, such as biotechnology. (Glesner and Philipp 2013) Manfred and Francois; Microelectronic Systems Research Group; Embedded Systems Design for Smart System Integration. http://egdk.ttu.ee/files/parnu2013/Parnu_2013_007-007.pdf Smart or intelligent system … and to reduce the investment risks. Cloud computing solves current problems with bioinformatics and empowers research on containment of disease – real-world case study proves. (Dudley et al 2010) Yannick Pouliot2,3, Rong Chen2,3, Alexander A Morgan1,2,3 andAtul J Butte2,3; 1Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 251 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 2Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 3Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Translational bioinformatics in the cloud: an affordable alternative ; Genome Medicine 2010, 2:51 doi:10.1186/gm172 Using a real-world* …., prognosis, and treatment of human disease. Bioterror attacks lead to extinction. (Ochs 02) (Richard, MA in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University and Naturalist at Grand Teton National Park, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY,” Jun 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html) Of all the weapons …. highest of all crimes. Err aff on risk of bioterrorism – threat has increased, and accurate diagnosis is key to solve it. (Lipkin 2013) W. Ian; John Snow Professor of Epidemiology and Professor of Neurology and Pathology at Columbia University, New York, USA; the changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance; Nature Reviews Microbiology 11, 133-141 (February 2013) As a consequence of the ….or re-creation of virulent pathogens. Contention 3 is Economic Competitiveness Global commitment to renewable energy is high, but China is leading in clean energy manufacturing – policy certainty is key to competitiveness of domestic wind industry. (Moore 13) Molly; AmeriCorps Communications Outreach / Managing Editor, The Appalachian Voice; A clean(er) world; The Appalachian Voice - Issue 6 (Dec/Jan 2013); 2012. http://appvoices.org/2012/12/05/a-cleaner-world/ That America and Appalachia’s …. future manufacturing leader.” Plan is key to investor confidence in renewables – ensures policy certainty. (Coutoure and Gagnon 2010) Toby and Ives; K.C. Irving Chair in Sustainable Development; An analysis of feed-in tariff remuneration models: Implications for renewable energy investment; Volume 38, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 955–965; Elsevier. One of the consequences ….the course of the project's life. Clean tech development is key to global economic competitiveness – innovation and jobs. (Pernick and Wilder 12) Ron and Clint; cofounder and managing director of Clean Edge and senior editor at Clean Edge; Clean Tech Nation; HarperCollins Publishers, September 2012. Googlebooks. Every day, new … years and decades ahead. This is especially true in the context of the United States versus China – they are engaged in a clean energy race. (Swezey 10) Devon (Project Director at Breakthrough Institute and co-author of "Rising Tigers, Sleeping Giant," a major report on international clean tech competitiveness). “It’s not all good: why you should worry about the clean energy race.” The breakthrough institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/2010/02/its_not_all_good_why_you_shoul.shtml In his State of the Union Speech, …. United States got in the game. Uniquely, distributed generation is key to business competitiveness – shortages uniquely affect industry. (Nahigian 2008) Kenneth R; writer for the Reform Institute; The Smart Alternative: Securing and Strengthening Our Nation’s Vulnerable Electric Grid; The Reform Institute, June 30, 2008. As U.S. industry in …. that industry requires to sustain an energy dependent economy. US competitiveness is key to hegemony and independently solves great power war (Baru 2009) Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168 Hence, economic policies….'guns versus butter' dilemma. US hegemony deters great power conflicts – history proves. (Zhang and Shi 11) Yuhan, a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. * AND* Lin, Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/ Over the past two decades, …. devoid of unrivalled US primacy. Decline leads to hegemonic war between US and China. (Pape 2009) Robert; Professor of Political Science at U of Chicago; Empire Falls; National Interest; January 1. A coherent grand …. containing China is all the stronger. That war escalates into nuclear conflict – global draw-in. (Hunkovic 09) Lee J, Professor at the American Military University, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf, accessed October 14, 2011, A war between China, … countries will not be considered in this study. No impact turns – pursuit of hegemony is inevitable. (Edelman 10) Eric S (PhD in Diplomatic History from Yale, Foreign Ambassador). “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy.” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Most observers, including critics of US primacy,….is the lesson of the post-Cold War period.40 Best data proves that hegemony solves proximate causes of war. (Owen 11) John M. (Professor of Politics at University of Virginia, PhD from Harvard University). “Don’t Discount Hegemony.” February 11, 2011. www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/ Andrew Mack and his colleagues …. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong. We control the internal link to cooperation – only the United States facilitates a global bargaining table (Brooks et al 13) STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. This article is adapted from their essay "Don't Come Home, America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Winter 2012-13. “Lean Forward In Defense of American Engagement” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward?page=show, accessed January 4, 2013. CREATING COOPERATION What ….of statesmen's minds."

Date

Entry

10/06/2012

1AC Kentucky

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: UNLV BV | Judge:

Contention 1 is Solvency

PTC will expire in 2012 – key to wind industry.

Opalka 6/4/12, Bill (the Editor-in-Chief of the RenewablesBiz Daily). “Production tax credit tops wind energy’s priorities.” Energy Biz. http://www.energybiz.com/article/12/06/production-tax-credit-tops-wind-energys-priorities

Failure to extend ….2.2 cent per kWh credit.

Failure to renew PTC kills growth of wind power – studies show.

Lu et al 2011, Xi (School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cruft Lab RM 211, China Project, 19 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), Jeremy Tchou ( Energy Group, GL Garrad Hassan, 333 SW 5th Ave, Suite 400 Portland, OR 97204, USA, Michael McElroy (Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall RM 100G, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), Chris Nielsen (Harvard China Project and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cruft Lab RM 211, China Project, 19 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA). “The impact of Production Tax Credits on the profitable production of electricity from wind in the U.S.” Elsevier Volume 39, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 4207–4214 Available online 6 May 2011.

A GIS-based financial….regions of the world

Lack of permanent PTC stifles industry – 5 reasons.
Wiser 2007 Dr. Ryan, Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory March 29 “Wind Power and the Production Tax Credit: An Overview of Research Results” Testimony Prepared for a Hearing on ‘Clean Energy: From the Margins to the Mainstream’ Senate Finance Committee

Though the historical….projects from taking place.

Permanent PTC key to wind industry – sun-setting lowers investment and production prospects.

Dewey 2011, Erin, Sundown and You Better Take Care: Why Sunset Provisions Harm the Renewable Energy Industry and Violate Tax Principles, 52 B.C.L. Rev. 1105 (), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7

Despite disagreement among…operating stages.204

Permanent PTC renewal key – sunset provisions create uncertainty that deter long-term investment.

The example of the PTC …in the renewable industry.²⁵⁶

PTC key mechanism for wind power development – natural experiments show.

Romm 2010, Joseph (Senior Fellow at American Progress). “Using tax incentives to drive the clean energy economy.” Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2010/04/tax_green_economy.html/

No industry should …tax credit for wind.”

Now is key – waiting until end of 2012 risks massive job losses.

Acuna 5/1/12, Alicia (writer for Fox Business). “Battle grows over extending tax breaks for wind energy producers.” Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/05/01/battle-grows-over-extending-tax-breaks-for-wind-energy-producers/

Federal lawmakers warn …lose work.

Thus, the plan: The United States federal Government should permanently extend the Production Tax Credit for wind power production.

Advantage 1 is Economic Competitiveness

Renewable energy market growing rapidly now – new markets and greater investment.

Marine Link 7/5/12. “IEA: Renewable energy growth will accelerate.” http://www.marinelink.com/news/accelerate-renewable346033.aspx

Renewable power generation,,,,it also examines solar thermal heating.

US lagging in both production and investment of clean tech – share of electricity figures prove.

USA Today 6/12/12. “US lags Europe, Indonesia in producing clean energy.” http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2012/06/us-lags-europe-indonesia-in-producing-clean-energy-/1#.UBGUCLRDySo

The United States has …according to the NRDC report.

Scenario 1 is Hegemony

PTC renewal is key to clean energy sector and US global competitiveness – job creation, investment, and prices.

Furman 2011, Don (senior vice president, external affairs, Iberdrola Renewables, Inc.). “Extend the Wind Production Tax Credit.” National Journal. December 9, 2011. http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/12/should-congress-renew-cleanene.php

At a time of continued … clean energy economy.

Clean energy is key to US economic competitiveness – trade deficit and innovation.

Swezey 2/17/10, Devon (Project Director at Breakthrough Institute and co-author of "Rising Tigers, Sleeping Giant," a major report on international clean tech competitiveness). “It’s not all good: why you should worry about the clean energy race.” The breakthrough institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/2010/02/its_not_all_good_why_you_shoul.shtml

Nations that gain …States got in the game.

US economic competitiveness is foundational to US hegemony – security interests and foreign perception.

DeLeon 2011, Rudy (Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress). “Are we ready? An independent look at the readiness posture of US forces.” Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2011/03/are_we_ready.html/print.html

Meeting the readiness challenges …. national security priority.

US hegemony deters great power conflicts – history proves.

Zhang and Shi 11

Yuhan, a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. *** AND*** Lin, Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry” http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/

Over the past two decades, … devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

US hegemony is key to solve war – solves proximate checks.

Owen 2011, John M. (Professor of Politics at University of Virginia, PhD from Harvard University). “Don’t Discount Hegemony.” February 11, 2011. www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

We would still need to explain ….for liberal democracy remains strong.

US will still pursue hegemony amidst decline – takes out neg’s impact turns.

Edelman 2010, Eric S (PhD in Diplomatic History from Yale, Foreign Ambassador). “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy.” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.

Most observers, including …. That certainly is the lesson of the post-Cold War period.40

Scenario 2 is Clean Tech Leadership

PTC key to US clean energy leadership – falling behind now.

Smith 7/16/12, Stuart (writer is the spokesman for the Wind Energy Association). “Clean energy projects critical to our future.” Concord Monitor. http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/342247/clean-energy-projects-critical-to-our-future?SESS14b770ae6efdaceb1f242dd7c53af425=google

In 2011, for the first …. Congress must extend the PTC.

US must take leadership in clean energy to solve warming – bottom-up solutions.

Sierra 2010, Katherine (is a senior fellow in Global Economy and Development program who focuses on climate change, with a particular emphasis on the issues and policies in the developing world. Ms. Sierra has more than 30 years experience as a development professional, previously serving as a senior executive at the World Bank.). “After elections, US leadership on climate crisis is critical.” Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2010/11/03-climate-elections-sierra

American leadership is ….needs to start now.

Warming ends the capacity for Earth to support life, ushering in the next great extinction event

Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC; Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html

The findings of the … findings were published in Science.

Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.

Fiona Harvey 2011 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9/, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is likely to build …will be closed forever," said Birol.

Warming is real and anthropogenic – most unbiased, holistic, and objective studies prove.

Muller 7/28/12, Richard (a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.). “The conversion of a climate-change skeptic.” NYT. http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=4andpagewanted=html?_r=4andpagewanted=all

CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago … and should be done.

Advantage Two is Economy

US economy down now – manufacturing and innovation.

Morici 7/26/12, Peter (economist and professor at U of Maryland’s Smith School of Business.” The coming economic collapse and what can – and cannot – be done.” Sun Sentinel. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-07-26/news/fl-pmcol-economics-fri0727-20120726_1_wall-street-banks-export-driven-growth-tax-cuts

The U.S. economy is … can't lower interest rates much further.

Manufacturing sector contracting now – key driver of US economic recovery.

Reuters 9/4/12. “Manufacturing another headache for US economy.” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/04/us-usa-economy-manufacturing-idUSBRE8830MA20120904

Manufacturing in the …deepened in both Europe and China.

Wind energy development is key to US manufacturing sector.

NDRC 2012. “American wind farms: breaking down the benefits from planning to production.” September 2012. http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/american-wind-farms-IP.pdf

This report shows that workers contributing to … be located in America.

Manufacturing sector is key to the economy – multiplier effect.

Swezey and McConaghy 2011 Devon (project director) Ryan (director of economic program). “Manufacturing growth.” Breakthrough Institute. October 2011.

Manufacturing already has a …. declined absolutely by 6.3%.

PTC extension key to avoid clean tech crash – tanks US economy.

Swezey 7/8/11, Devon (project director at Breakthrough Institute). “The coming clean tech crash.” Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/devon-swezey/the-coming-clean-tech-cra_b_892582.html

The global clean …growth accrue overseas.

US key to the global economy

Caploe 09 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)

IN THE aftermath of … and global economies.

Economic decline triggers war – studies prove.

Royal 2010 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense), “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods …deserves more attention.

Economic downturn causes internal conflict, great power wars over territorial disputes, and extinction.
Auslin 2009, scholar at American Enterprise Institute,
Michael, “The global Economy Unravels” American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.29502/pub_detail.asp

What do these trends mean ….coalesce into a big bang.

11/02/2012

1AC UCO

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge:

Contention 1 is Solvency

PTC will expire at end of 2012 – key to wind industry.

Failure to extend …down in Congress. Projects put online this year are qualified for 10 years for the 2.2 cent per kWh credit.

Permanent PTC key – sun-setting tanks investment.

Despite disagreement among … or operating stages.204

Thus, the plan: The United States federal Government should permanently extend the Production Tax Credit for wind power production.

Advantage 1 is Warming

Wind energy net decreases CO2 emissions – displaces natural gas.

Valentino et al 2012, Lauren (Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory,) Viviana Valenzuela (Georgia Institute of Technology,), Zhi Zhou and Guenter Conzelmann. “System-Wide Emissions Implications of Increased Wind Power Penetration.” March 5, 2012. Environmental Science and Techology - Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4200−4206. http:~/~/pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/1021/es2038432

Our results show that …displacement of fossil fuels.

Renewables deployment key to solve extended warming.

Myhrvold and Caldeira 2012; Nathan, PhD in theoretical and mathematical physics; former Chief Technology Officer at Microsoft and co-founder of Intellectual Ventures; Ken Caldeira, PhD in Atmospheric Sciences, former Environmental Scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Former lead author of an IPCC AR5 chapter, now atmospheric scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science’s Dept of Global Ecology; "Greenhouse gases, climate change and the transition from coal to low-carbon electricity," Environmental Research Letters Vol 7 Number 1 (Journal from Institute of Physics) March 2012,http:~/~/iopscience.iop.org.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/1748-9326/7/1/014019url:http://iopscience.iop.org.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/1748-9326/7/1/014019,

Here, we have examined …carbon capture and storage.

Warming is real and anthropogenic – most unbiased, holistic, and objective studies prove.

CALL me a converted skeptic. … trapped in polar ice.

Peer-reviewed studies overwhelming conclude aff.

Stephens 2011 (Home » Vol 21 No 22 Bad week for Pell and climate change deniers ENVIRONMENT Bad week for Pell and climate change deniers TIM STEPHENS NOVEMBER 06, 2011 Dr Tim Stephens is Director of the Sydney Centre for International Law, at the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney and a parishioner at St Joan of Arc, Haberfield, NSW. He holds a masters degree in geography from the University of Cambridge, a doctorate in international environmental law from the University of Sydney, and writes on climate change science, policy and law. His latest book, co-authored with Donald R Rothwell, is The International Law of the Sea.

The last couple of weeks ….however unpalatable the conclusions may be.

Emissions are not irreversible – but the window is closing.

Harvey 2011 Fiona is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9/, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is likely … be closed forever," said Birol.

Warming ends the capacity for Earth to support life, ushering in the next great extinction event

The findings of the … were published in Science.

Consensus of scholars agree warming outweighs all else.

(Deibel 2007)

(Terry L., Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007, Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major … of life on this planet.

The difference between extinction and near-extinction is exponentially great.

Sagan 94 (Carl, David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University Nuclear War and Climatic Catastrophe: Some Policy Implications, Foreign Affairs, Winter, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic ASAP)

Some have … the human enterprise.

Err aff on the precautionary principle – uncertainty means acting now, otherwise we abdicate policy-making to climate denialists.

(Urpelainen 2012)

Johannes; is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University. His research focuses on international cooperation and especially global environmental governance; Global Warming, Irreversibility, and Uncertainty: A Political Analysis Global Environmental edu/journals/global_environmental_politics Volume 12, Number 4, November 2012url:http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.umkc.edu/journals/global_environmental_politics/toc/gep.12.4.html; Project Muse.

Global warming is … climate change.”14url:http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.library.umkc.edu/journals/global_environmental_politics/v012/12.4.urpelainen.html#f14

Debate is critical to bring awareness of conceptual solutions and the risks of climate change.

Weber and Stern 11—professor @ Center for Research on Environmental Studies @ Columbia
Elke U. and Paul C, "Public Understanding of Climate Change in the United States" American Psychologist Vol. 66, No. 4, 315–328 (May/June)

The trajectory of …taking their chances.

We have an ethical obligation to mitigate climate change – disproportionately affects low-income nations.

Gordon 7, Ruth Gordon, Professor of Law at Villinova University, "The Climate of Environmental Justice: Taking Stock: Climate Change and the Poorest Nations: Further Reflections on Global Inequality". Colorado Law Review, Lexis

There is no …low-income nations.

Renewable transition is key to climate justice – must focus on energy policy.

Kaswan 2009, Alice (Professor of Law, University of San Francisco School of Law). “Greening the grid and climate justice.” University of San Francisco School of Law. 11/23/2009. SSRN.

Moreover, as this …taken into account.27

Reality is objective – we can make accurate predictions about future events based on past knowledge

Stenger 1998 Victor J. 30/5/, professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Hawaii, “‘Postmodern’ Attacks on Science and Reality,” http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reality.html

Recent trends in … our measuring apparatus.

The plan rebuilds an opportunity to rebuild progressive politics for a more just society, but only if we set aside traditional political differences founded around identity politics in favor of a broad-based coalition against warming.

Smith 2010, Brendan co-founder of Labor Network for Sustainability, 11-23-, "Fighting Doom: The New Politics of Climate Change," Common Dreams, http:~/~/www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1url:http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1

I admit I have …I hope you're right."

Deliberation over fear of warming is good – debating policy options criticizes worst forms of apocalyptic framing while preserving the best.

Pfau 2007 Michael, Professor Communication – U Minnesota-Duluth, (Philosophy and Rhetoric, 40(2))

A fear appeal … of the United States itself

Advantage Two is Economy

US economy down now – manufacturing and innovation.

The U.S. economy … interest rates much further.

Manufacturing sector contracting now – key driver of US economic recovery.

Reuters 9/4/12. “Manufacturing another headache for US economy.” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/04/us-usa-economy-manufacturing-idUSBRE8830MA20120904

Manufacturing in … in both Europe andChina.

Wind energy development is key to US manufacturing sector.

NDRC 2012. “American wind farms: breaking down the benefits from planning to production.” September 2012. http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/american-wind-farms-IP.pdf

This report shows that … be located in America.

Manufacturing sector is key to the economy – multiplier effect.

Swezey and McConaghy 2011 Devon (project director) Ryan (director of economic program). “Manufacturing growth.” Breakthrough Institute. October 2011.

Manufacturing already has … absolutely by 6.3%.

Extension key to avoid coming clean tech crash – tanks economy.

The global clean .,.growth accrue overseas.

US key to the global economy

IN THE aftermath … economies.

Economic decline triggers war – studies prove.

Less intuitive is … deserves more attention.

What do these … into a big bang.

01/05/2013

1AC UTD

Tournament: UTD | Round: 3 | Opponent: | Judge:

Contention 1 is Solvency

PTC extended for one year, but industry still faces shortcomings.

(Levitan 1/2)

David; contributor to Forbes; wind power tax credit survives fiscal cliff deal; Forbes; 2013. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davelevitan/2013/01/02/wind-power-tax-credit-survives-fiscal-cliff-deal/

The 13th-hour deal_as well.

One-year extension makes DAs non-unique but doesn’t solve case.

(Tracy 1/1)

Ryan; writer for WSJ; Renewable energy tax breaks pass despite headwind;; WSJ; 2013.

The fiscal-cliff …. at the end of 2013.

Permanent PTC key to industry – creates certainty in investment.

(Dewey 11)

Erin, Sundown and You Better Take Care: Why Sunset Provisions Harm the Renewable Energy Industry and Violate Tax Principles, 52 B.C.L. Rev. 1105 (), http:~/~/lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7url:http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol52/iss3/7

Despite disagreement among …operating stages.204

No alternatives to PTC – investment analysis proves.

(Romm 10)

Joseph (Senior Fellow at American Progress). “Using tax incentives to drive the clean energy economy.” Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2010/04/tax_green_economy.html/

No industry should be ….tax credit for wind.”

Contention 2 is Natural Gas

Natural gas use high now – electricity generation.

(McElroy and Liu 13)

Michael B and Xi; Butler professor of environmental studies Michael McElroy’s article “Time to Electrify”url:http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/07/time-to-electrifya(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial" %)ppeared in the July-August 2011 issue of this magazine. Xi Lu, Ph.D. ’11, a postdoctoral fellow in environmental and energy sciences, is a lecturer on environmental science and public policy; Fracking’s Future; Jan Feb 2013; Harvard Magazine; 2013. http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/frackings-future

Lower-priced natural gas …to fire their generators.

PTC keeps wind competitive against natural gas – Texas proves.

(Fischlein et al 10)

Miriam; Joel Larson b , Damon M. Hall c , Rumika Chaudhry d , Tarla Rai Peterson c , Jennie C. Stephens d , Elizabeth J. Wilson b; Natural Resources Science and Management b Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, c Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, d Department of International Development, Community, and Environment,; Policy stakeholders and deployment of wind power in the sub-national context: A comparison of four U.S. states; Energy Policy 38 (2010) 4429–4439; Elsevier; January 9 2010. http://trpetersonlab.tamu.edu/media/2745/ep_policy_stakeholders.pdf

Economic factors offer a …gas prices will affect this.

Wind generation displaces natural gas – dispatch models prove.

(Kwok et al 11)

Gabriel; Tyler Greathouse; Dr. Dalia Patiño-Echeverri, Advisor Dr. Lori Bennear, Advisor; Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University; May; http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/3697/MP%20-%20Gabriel%20Kwok%20and%20Tyler%20Greathouse.pdf?sequence=1

The columns in Figure 3.1 …50% of the system’s load.

Increased methane emissions from natural gas systems will push us past the tipping point of the earth’s climate system in the next 20 years

(Howarth et al 12)

Robert (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University); Renee Santoro (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Cornell University); Anthony Ingraffea (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Cornell University), Venting and Leaking of Methane From Shale Gas Development: Response to Cathles et al, 2012, http:~/~/216.250.243.12/pdf(%%)

Methane is a far more …be even greater.

Global warming causes extinction-it makes the climate uninhabitable

(Brandenberg 99)

(John and Monica Paxson, Visiting Prof. Researcher @ Florida Space Institute, Physicist Ph.D., Science Writer, Dead Mars Dying Earth, Pg 232-233)

The ozone hole expands, …hardy microbes surviving.

Warming is real and anthropogenic – most unbiased, holistic, and objective studies prove.

(Muller 12)

Richard (a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.) 7/28. “The conversion of a climate-change skeptic.” NYT. http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2012/07/30/opinion/the-conversion-of-a-climate-change-skeptic.html?_r=4andpagewanted=html?_r=4andpagewanted=all

CALL me a converted skeptic. …trapped in polar ice.

Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.

(Harvey 11)

Fiona is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9/, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is … be closed forever," said Birol.

Other nations model U.S. environmental policies

(Brookings Institute 06)

(June, “Case Closed: The Debate About Global Warming Is Over”, http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/easterbrook/20060517.pdf)

The Kyoto Protocol might … it is a fight we can win.

Contention 2 is China

Global commitment to renewable energy is high, but China is leading in clean energy manufacturing – policy certainty is key to competitiveness of domestic wind industry.

(Moore 12)

Molly; AmeriCorps Communications Outreach / Managing Editor, The Appalachian Voice; A clean(er) world; The Appalachian Voice - Issue 6 (Dec/Jan 2013)http://appvoices.org/2012/12/05/a-cleaner-world/(%%); 2012. http://appvoices.org/2012/12/05/a-cleaner-world/

That America and Appalachia’s … manufacturing leader.”

Extension of PTC is key to US competitiveness in clean energy development.

(Franzen 8/14)

Carl; TPM Idea Lab’s tech reporter; US wind energy grows 16 percent, but still lags China; TPM; 2012. http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/08/us-wind-energy-lags-china-2011.php

The U.S. Energy Department … is otherwise scheduled to expire.”

Specifically, permanent extension of PTC is key to ensure investor confidence and long-term US competitiveness in clean energy.

(Cuttino 12)

Phyllis (Pew clean energy program, Director). “Investment will follow if Congress renews production tax credit.” 7/5. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phyllis-cuttino/investment-will-follow-if_b_1638790.html

Congress has historically …emerging new sector.

Clean tech development is key to global economic competitiveness – innovation and jobs.

(Pernick and Wilder 12)

Ron and Clint; cofounder and managing director of Clean Edge and senior editor at Clean Edge; Clean Tech Nation; HarperCollins Publishers, September 2012. Googlebooks.

Every day, new … years and decades ahead.

This is especially true in the context of the United States versus China – they are engaged in a clean energy race.

(Swezey 10)

Devon (Project Director at Breakthrough Institute and co-author of "Rising Tigers, Sleeping Giant," a major report on international clean tech competitiveness). “It’s not all good: why you should worry about the clean energy race.” The breakthrough institute. http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/2010/02/its_not_all_good_why_you_shoul.shtml

In his State of the … got in the game.

Economic competitiveness is key to preserve US hegemony against China.

(Prestowitz 12)

Clyde (is the founder and President of the Economic Strategy Institute. He formerly served as counselor to the Secretary of Commerce in the Reagan Administration.). “Pivot away from Asia to America.” Foreign Policy. February 13, 2012. http://prestowitz.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/02/13/pivot_away_from_asia_to_america

But then here … China is manipulating.

US hegemony deters great power conflicts – history proves.

(Zhang and Shi 11)

Over the past two …unrivalled US primacy.

Specifically, decline means US-China war due to lash-out.

(Lieven 11)

Anatol (former senior associate at Carnegie endowment for International Peace). “US-Russian Relations and the Rise of China.” New America Foundation. http://newamerica.net/publications/policy/us_russian_relations_and_the_rise_of_china

On the U.S. side, …decades to come.

War escalates into nuclear conflict – global draw-in.

(Hunkovic 09)

Lee J, Professor at the American Military University, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http:~/~/www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/pdf, accessed October 14, 2011,

A war between China… considered in this study.

No impact turns – pursuit of hegemony is inevitable.

(Edelman 10)

Eric S (PhD in Diplomatic History from Yale, Foreign Ambassador). “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy.” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.

Most observers, including critics … of the post-Cold War period.40

Best data proves that hegemony solves proximate causes of war.

(Owen 11)

John M. (Professor of Politics at University of Virginia, PhD from Harvard University). “Don’t Discount Hegemony.” February 11, 2011. www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his …democracy remains strong.

We control the internal link to cooperation – only the United States facilitates a global bargaining table

(Brooks et al 13)

STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. This article is adapted from their essay "Don't Come Home, America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Winter 2012-13. “Lean Forward In Defense of American Engagement” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward?page=show, accessed January 4, 2013.

CREATING COOPERATION What …of statesmen's minds."

02/23/2013

1AC UCO (MAC tournament)

Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:

Contention 1 is Solvency

A renewables transition is coming now, but uncertainty from the private sector prevents its actualization.

(Mormann 2012)

Felix. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy."Environmental Law 42 (2012). LEXIS.

The good news is … energy technologies at scale. ‘

FITs solve stability and certainty for RE investment – empirics in Spain prove.

(Maxwell 2012)

Veery; a third year law student at UC Hastings; Wind Energy Development: Can Wind Power Overcome Substantial Hurdles to Reach the Grid? University of California, Hastings College of the Law West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy; 18 Hastings W.-N.W. J. Env. L. and Pol'y 323

The key … and economic feasibility.

FITs solve distributed generation – that is key to solve blackouts.

(Umberger 2012)

Allyson; Doctor of Jurisprudence Candidate 2013, Golden Gate University School of Law; B.S., University of Southern California Marshall School of Business (2010); DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: HOW LOCALIZED ENERGY PRODUCTION REDUCES VULNERABILITY TO OUTAGES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN THE WAKE OF CLIMATE CHANGE; Golden Gate University; Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal; 6 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 183. LEXIS.

Several other countries have already begun … often what happens under the current infrastructure. 238

FIT are ranked as the most preferred policy mechanism for renewables development.

(Burer and Wustenhagen 2009)

Mary Jean ; Rolf; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Which renewable energy policy is a venture capitalist's best friend? Empirical evidence from a survey of international cleantech investors; Volume 37, Issue 12, December 2009, Pages 4997–5006; Elsevier.

Looking at results for …. received a lower score).

Distributed generation solves local opposition and need for backup generation.

(Pursley and Wiseman 2011)

Garrick B. Pursley* and Hannah J. Wiseman**; Assistant Professor of Law; ARTICLE: LOCAL ENERGY; Emory Law Journal 60 Emory L.J. 877

Small-scale renewables … within the energy system.

Thus the plan: The United States federal Government should establish a national feed-in tariff policy that establishes a long-term price contract for a reasonable rate of return for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind power for energy production.

Contention 2 is the Grid

Grid is vulnerable to cyber-attack – consensus shows – neg evidence is underestimation.

(Barclay 2012)

Richard A; the principal at Cogent Policy Research LLC. Formerly he was the director of research and policy development at an electric utility trade association in Michigan and has worked as a policy advisor for the Michigan legislature. He has a PhD in agricultural economics from Michigan State University; Regulatory economics: US energy industry considered enormously vulnerable to cyber attack; Natural gas and electricity; Volume 28, Issue 12, pages 13–15, July 2012; Wiley.

According to this year's DHS ….. But that is small potatoes.

DG solves backup – key to solve terrorism.

(Weidlich et al 2012)

Anke,. "Decentralized Intelligence in Energy Efficient Power Systems." Handbook of Networks in Power Systems I (2012): 467-486.

Renewable resources are …. in the form of electricity and heat.

Cyber-attacks escalate to World War III – aggressive US nuclear response.

(Lawson 2009)

Sean; an assistant professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah; “Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict Escalation;” Transformation Tracker. http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477

At a time when it seems impossible ….) National Military Strategy for Cyberspace Operations 5:

Threat of bioterrorism is high – current bioinformatics are the major weakness in biodefense.

(Valdivia-Granda 2010)

Willy A; chief executive ofﬁcer of Orion Integrated Biosciences,; Bioinformatics for Biodefense: Challenges and Opportunities; Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science Volume 8, Number 1, 2010 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089=bsp.2009.0024

The threat of bioterrorism … computational biology applications.

Developing smart grid model incentivizes cloud computing.

(Fang et al 2012)

Fang, Xi, et al. "Managing smart grid information in the cloud: opportunities, model, and applications." Network, IEEE 26.4 (2012): 32-38.

The emerging SG …to save energy.

Smart systems will spill over from energy management to other industries, such as biotechnology.

(Glesner and Philipp 2013)

Manfred and Francois; Microelectronic Systems Research Group; Embedded Systems Design for Smart System

Integration. http://egdk.ttu.ee/files/parnu2013/Parnu_2013_007-007.pdf

Smart or intelligent system … and to reduce the investment risks.

Cloud computing solves current problems with bioinformatics and empowers research on containment of disease – real-world case study proves.

(Dudley et al 2010)
Yannick Pouliot2,3, Rong Chen2,3, Alexander A Morgan1,2,3 andAtul J Butte2,3*; 1Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 251 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 2Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 3Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Translational bioinformatics in the cloud: an affordable alternative ; Genome Medicine 2010, 2:51 doi:10.1186/gm172

Using a real-world …., prognosis, and treatment of human disease.

Bioterror attacks lead to extinction.

(Ochs 02)

(Richard, MA in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers University and Naturalist at Grand Teton National Park, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY,” Jun 9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons …. highest of all crimes.

Err aff on risk of bioterrorism – threat has increased, and accurate diagnosis is key to solve it.

(Lipkin 2013)

W. Ian; John Snow Professor of Epidemiology and Professor of Neurology and Pathology at Columbia University, New York, USA; the changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance; Nature Reviews Microbiology 11, 133-141 (February 2013)

As a consequence of the ….or re-creation of virulent pathogens.

Contention 3 is Economic Competitiveness

Global commitment to renewable energy is high, but China is leading in clean energy manufacturing – policy certainty is key to competitiveness of domestic wind industry.

(Moore 13)

Molly; AmeriCorps Communications Outreach / Managing Editor, The Appalachian Voice; A clean(er) world; The Appalachian Voice - Issue 6 (Dec/Jan 2013); 2012. http://appvoices.org/2012/12/05/a-cleaner-world/

That America and Appalachia’s …. future manufacturing leader.”

Plan is key to investor confidence in renewables – ensures policy certainty.

(Coutoure and Gagnon 2010)

Toby and Ives; K.C. Irving Chair in Sustainable Development; An analysis of feed-in tariff remuneration models: Implications for renewable energy investment; Volume 38, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 955–965; Elsevier.

One of the consequences ….the course of the project's life.

Clean tech development is key to global economic competitiveness – innovation and jobs.

(Pernick and Wilder 12)

Ron and Clint; cofounder and managing director of Clean Edge and senior editor at Clean Edge; Clean Tech Nation; HarperCollins Publishers, September 2012. Googlebooks.

Every day, new … years and decades ahead.

This is especially true in the context of the United States versus China – they are engaged in a clean energy race.

(Swezey 10)

In his State of the Union Speech, …. United States got in the game.

Uniquely, distributed generation is key to business competitiveness – shortages uniquely affect industry.

(Nahigian 2008)

Kenneth R; writer for the Reform Institute; The Smart Alternative: Securing and Strengthening Our Nation’s Vulnerable Electric Grid; The Reform Institute, June 30, 2008.

As U.S. industry in …. that industry requires to sustain an energy dependent economy.

US competitiveness is key to hegemony and independently solves great power war

(Baru 2009)

Sanjaya Baru is a Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 - 168

Hence, economic policies….'guns versus butter' dilemma.

US hegemony deters great power conflicts – history proves.

(Zhang and Shi 11)

Yuhan, a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C. *** AND*** Lin, Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/

Over the past two decades, …. devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Decline leads to hegemonic war between US and China.

(Pape 2009)

Robert; Professor of Political Science at U of Chicago; Empire Falls; National Interest; January 1.

A coherent grand …. containing China is all the stronger.

That war escalates into nuclear conflict – global draw-in.

(Hunkovic 09)

Lee J, Professor at the American Military University, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf, accessed October 14, 2011,

A war between China, … countries will not be considered in this study.

No impact turns – pursuit of hegemony is inevitable.

(Edelman 10)

Eric S (PhD in Diplomatic History from Yale, Foreign Ambassador). “Understanding America’s Contested Primacy.” Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.

Most observers, including critics of US primacy,….is the lesson of the post-Cold War period.40

Best data proves that hegemony solves proximate causes of war.

(Owen 11)

Andrew Mack and his colleagues …. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

We control the internal link to cooperation – only the United States facilitates a global bargaining table

(Brooks et al 13)

CREATING COOPERATION What ….of statesmen's minds."

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