Tournament: UTD/UNT | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 1 is inherency

New DOE grants develop prototypes but don’t solve commercialization

Wald, 11-21
Matt, Help for Small Nuclear Reactors, Green, 11-21-12, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/help-for-small-nuclear-reactors/ 

The Energy Department, seeking …enthusiasm for trying a different route.

Contention 2 is China

Chinese regional nuclear exports are thriving based on a decline in US development. Strong US SMR market is key to checking China’s dominance.

Cullinane, 11
Scott, graduate student at the Institute of World Politics, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, The Journal of Energy Security, 9-28-2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandcatid=118:contentandItemid=376

Due to a confluence of events the … efforts on both sides of the Pacific to shape the 21st century. 

Providing a viable alternative to China’s influence in Asia is key to stability in the Pacific.

Auslin, 11
Michael, resident scholar at AEI, Build, hold, and clear: an American strategy for Asia, American Enterprise Institute, 8-15-2011, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/build-hold-and-clear-an-american-strategy-for-asia/ 

Ultimately, the U.S. must be … as any other nation.

Asian instability leads to great power war.

Khalilzad, 11
Zalmay, The Economy and National Security, National Review, 2-8-2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/259024 

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose … dangerous era of multi-polarity.

That goes nuclear.

Walton, 9
Dale, Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, 2007, Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the 21st Century, p. 49 

Obviously, it is of vital importance …t marked by close great power alliances.

AND, Chinese exports have massive safety issues that will lead to terror, proliferation and meltdowns.

Tu, 12
Kevin, SENIOR ASSOCIATE ENERGY AND CLIMATE PROGRAM, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 11, 2012, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads 

It’s first important to acknowledge …energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make. 

Reactor meltdowns cause extinction

Gonçalves, 2001
(Eduardo, environmental researcher, author of the reports Broken Arrow - Greenham Common's Secret Nuclear Accident and Nuclear Guinea Pigs - British Human Radiation Experiments, published by CNL) (UK), “The Secret Nuclear War,” Ecologist, April)

But could radiation really be to … requires a new word to describe it: omnicide.

US is key – domestic SMR set the conditions for global development.

Ferguson, 10
Charles, President of the Federation of American Scientists, Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University, before the House Committee on Science and Technology for the hearing on Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap , May 19, 2010, http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/full10/may19/Ferguson.pdf 

Given the differences in design philosophy …, operation, and ultimate disposal.” 

Plan results in exports

Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

Previous studies have documented … reliable fuel services.

Contention 3 is the Workforce

A Construction hiatus is causing massive workforce shortages now – only long-term federal commitment solves the internal link to the workforce.

Unistar, 10
Unistar Issue Breif, Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce, a joint venture of Constellation Energy and EDF Group, “Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce,” http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf 

The decades-long hiatus in construction … will be available to fill the demand.

Lack of investment drives students away from the nuclear sciences – spills over to weapons labs and nuclear defenses.

APS, 8
Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21 st Century Challenges A Report from the APS Panel on Public Affairs Committee on Energy and Environment June 2008http:www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/Nuclear-Readiness-Report-FINAL-2.pdf

The 21st century has brought a growing … and the number of university reactors has dwindled from 63 to 25 during essentially the same period. 

SMR are key to  lab reinvigoration – best opportunity for growth.

Domenici and Miller, 12
Pete and Warren, private consultant and a part time Research Professor at Texas A and M University, Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets, Energy and Infrastructure Program, Energy Project, July, 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf

We believe that progress currently … energy research and development investment. 

Rebuilding US nuclear expertise is key to SSP, nuclear terror prevention and medical innovations.

Mtingwa, 9
Sezaki, served as chair of the POPA study on the Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges. He is an accelerator physicist and Senior Lecturer at MIT, Readiness of the U.S. Nuclear Workforce for 21st Century Challenges, From a Report of the APS Panel on Public Affairs, http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200901/mtingwa.cfm

On another front, the tragedy of September 11, 2001, … and financially rewarding career paths.

Nuclear expertise is the vital link to stockpile management – nothing matters more.

Adams and Drell, 2k8
Marvin L., Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Texas AandM University, and Sidney D., a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a professor of theoretical physics (emeritus) at Stanford’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Technical Issues in Keeping the Nuclear Stockpile Safe, Secure, and Reliable, October 2008, online http://www.lanl.gov/conferences/sw/2009/docs/technicalIssues-nwstockpile-oct08.pdf

The United States has … lasting and responsive deterrent.

Nuclear deterrence necessary to deter rogue states, CBW attacks, power challengers, and allied proliferation - impact is extinction

Schneider, ‘8
 Mark, a Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, Before his retirement from the Department of Defense, Dr. Schneider served in a number of senior positions within the Office of Secretary of Defense for Policy including Principal Director for Forces Policy, Principal Director for Strategic Defense, Space and Verification Policy, Director for Strategic Arms Control Policy and Representative of the Secretary of Defense to the Nuclear Arms Control Implementation Commissions. He also served in the senior Foreign Service as a Member of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, the Professional Staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Department of Energy, the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Atomic Energy Commission. Prior to his government career, Dr. Schneider served as a Senior Political Scientist with the BMD Corporation, a policy analyst with the Stanford Research Institute and taught at the University of Southern California and California State University at Los Angeles, “The Future of the US Nuclear Deterrent” Comparative Strategy, July-September 2008, 27:4, p345-360 

According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial … constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities. 

Detection capabilities the best deterrent against nuclear terror and escalation.

Talmadge, 7
Professor International Relations and governemtn, George Washington University, Deterring a Nuclear 9/11, Spring, www.twq.com/07spring/docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf

Because terrorists lack return addresses, … in a nuclear attack on the United States.20 

Nuclear terror is both likely and devastating – guarantees full scale nuclear retaliation.

Rhodes, 9
Richard, affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, Former visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and author of “The Making of the Atomic Bomb” which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award. “Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/reducing-the-nuclear-threat-the-argument-public-safety

The response was very different among nuclear … had nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message. 

Draws in Russia and China – the threat is existential.

Ayson ’10
Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear … use of nuclear weapons by states has been the threat of nuclear retaliation

Plan Text

The plan: The United States federal government should enter into power purchase agreements for nuclear reactors under 300MW.

Contention 4 is solvency

Cost-sharing is necessary but not sufficient to solve – government PPA are vital in transition the market from test level to full commercialization – prefer our comparative evidence from the DOE.

DOE, 12
A Strategic Framework for SMR Deployment, 2-24-12, http://www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf

Four Phases to Commercial Deployment Accomplishing these … to bolster this segment of the economy.

Federal aggregation and procurement of SMR power creates a competitive market and fosters expansion.

Rosner and Goldberg, 11
Robert and Stephen, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Energy Policy, William Wrather Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute at Chicago, 11-11-2011, https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET … markets for SMR plants. 

Plan builds economies of scale, spills over to the private sector and avoids links to politics.

Parenti, 10
Christian, The Big Green Buy: How Government's Purchasing Power Can Drive the Clean-Energy Revolution, Huffington Post, July 16, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christian-parenti/the-big-green-buy-how-gov_b_648865.html

An overemphasis on … leverage money-saving deals.

No licensing delays – NRC is prepared it’s only a matter of making reactors economical

Jaczko, 8
Gregory, Commissioner U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission at the Edison Electric Institute - International Utility Conference London, United Kingdom March 10, 2008, “The Nuclear Option – A Perspective on U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Policy” http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0809/ML080920838.pdf

Right now the Congress has … built in the United States.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 1 is inherency

New DOE grants develop SMR prototypes but don’t solve commercialization

Wald, 11-21

Matt, Help for Small Nuclear Reactors, Green, 11-21-12, http:~/~/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/help-for-small-nuclear-reactors/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/help-for-small-nuclear-reactors/

The Energy Department, seeking to promote the development of a small modular reactor that

AND

being built these days that there is enthusiasm for trying a different route.

Contention 2 is water

SMRs solve water scarcity – turns disease

Palley ‘11

Reese Palley, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71

The third world has long been rent in recent droughts, by the search for

AND

biblical ability to “strike any local rock and have water gush forth.”

Extinction

Steinbrunner ’97 Senior Fellow, Brookings Institute.

John. Foreign Policy. 12/22/1997. Lexis

Although human pathogens are often lumped with nuclear explosives and lethal chemicals as potential weapons

AND

for a global contagion of this sort but not necessarily its outer limit. 

Only SMR’s solve

IAEA 7, “Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies”, July, http:~/~/www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_pdf

Seventy percent of the planet is covered with water, but only 2.5

AND

figures.¶ These could naturally be avoided through the use of nuclear energy.

It’s economically viable

Gamini Seneviratne 7, Nuclear News’s Vienna Correspondent, “Research projects show nuclear

desalination economical”, April, http:~/~/www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2007-4-3.pdf

The desalination of seawater using nuclear power is cost-effective compared with other primary

AND

metric tons oil equivalent or $21/bbl barrel.”

Crisis over Global water crisis draws in major powers, rocks the global economy, spikes food prices and leads to nuclear world war 3.

Cribb, 10

Julian, specialists in science communication. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, The Coming Famine, p.21

The Great Irish Famine may belong to the nineteenth century, but it carries undeniable

AND

widening gap between food and energy supplies and peoples' need to secure them.

Nuclear power is key to desalination and preventing global water wars.

Arizona State Law Journal, 9

Anonymous, Choosing the Nuclear Option: The Case for a Strong Regulatory Response to Encourage Nuclear Energy Development, Spring 2009, L/N

Another example deals with perhaps the only resource more precious than oil and gas:

AND

that, ironically, pollute the water the desalinization process tries to preserve.

It’s the most likely global war

Coddrington 7/1/10

http:~/~/www.tomorrowtoday.co.za/2010/07/01/a-looming-crisis-world-water-wars/http://www.tomorrowtoday.co.za/2010/07/01/a-looming-crisis-world-water-wars/

 Graeme Codrington is an expert on the new world of work and multi-generational workplaces. He is a keynote presenter, author, futurist, facilitator and strategy consultant working across multiple industries and sectors. His unique style blends cutting-edge research, thought leading insights with humour and multimedia-driven presentations and workshops.  He has a particular interest in trends affecting how people live, work, interact and connect with each other. He speaks on the TIDES of change – the five disruptive forces shaping the new world of work in the next decade: Technology, Institutional change, Demographics, the Environment and shifting Social values.  Speaking internationally to over 100,000 people in about 20 different countries every year, he has shared the platform with the likes of Edward de Bono, Jonas Ridderstrale, Allan Pease, Sir Ken Robinson and Neil Armstrong. He has won numerous awards for his speaking and facilitation, including “Speaker of the Year” by the Academy for Chief Executives. His client list includes some of the world’s top companies, and CEOs invite him back time after time to share his latest insights and help them and their teams gain a clear understanding of how to successfully prepare for the future.  Graeme is the co-founder and a senior partner of TomorrowToday, a global firm of futurists and business strategists. He is also a guest lecturer at four top business schools, including the London Business School, Duke Corporate Education and the Gordon Institute of Business Science. He is a professional member of a number of associations, including the World Future Society, The Institute of Directors, the International Association for the Study of Youth Ministry, the SA Market Research Association, the Global Federation of Professional Speakers and MENSA. He has a Doctorate in Business Administration (note: his DBA was awarded by the now non-accredited Rushmore University – Graeme is in the process of completing further doctoral studies), a Masters in Sociology, an Honours in Youth Work and two undergraduate degrees – in Arts (Theology/Philosophy) and Commerce. He has three best-selling books published by Penguin, including the award winning, “Mind the Gap” and “Future-Proof Your Child”. He is currently involved in a number of writing projects.  Graeme’s breadth of knowledge and expertise makes him highly relevant in today’s rapidly evolving business world. Along with his formal qualifications and research credentials, he has a wide range of business experience. He did Chartered Accountancy articles at KPMG, was involved in an IT startup, has been a professional musician, a strategy consultant and is now a full-time speaker, facilitator and author.

 People go to war when their way of life is threatened. I have

AND

stopping growing rice, for example) and their dependence on the Nile. 

Plan results in exports

Rosner and Goldberg 11

Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https:~/~/epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/pdf

Previous studies have documented the potential for a significant export market for U.S

AND

step toward a U.S.-centric, bundled reliable fuel services.

Contention 3 is Warming

Nuclear’s inevitable globally but won’t solve warming until the US develops SMR’s

Shellenberger 12 – et al and Ted Nordhaus—co-founders of American Environics and the Breakthrough Institute a think tank that works on energy and climate change – AND – Jesse Jenkins-Director of Energy and Climate Policy, the Breakthrough Institute (Michael, Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap, 9/11, thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/)

Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has

AND

than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done.

Nuclear’s critical to displace coal and stop catastrophic climate change

Moore 4—co-founder of Greenpeace, is chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd.  (Patrick, Going Nuclear, http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/html)

In the early 1970s when I helped found Greenpeace, I believed that nuclear energy

AND

gas emissions. Every responsible environmentalist should support a move in that direction.

SMRs can reprocess and solve waste

Biello 12 David, March 27, "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power", www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power

Alternative fuel?¶ Small modular reactors may help with two of the biggest challenges facing

AND

signed memorandums of understanding to host prototypes of the NuScale and Holtech reactors.

Scientific consensus concludes warming is real, anthropogenic, and will be catastrophic if left unchecked

Flournoy 12 – Dan Flournoy, PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College at Ohio University, Former Associate Dean at State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications at Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University, January 2012, "Solar Power Satellites," Springer Briefs in Space Development

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA

AND

our Sun” (Hsu 2010 ) (Fig . 2.1 ).

It is not too late to reverse warming – taking action now is critical – the alternative to reducing emissions is mass death

Nuccitelli 12 – Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm in Sacramento and has a Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, 2012, “Realistically What Might The Future Climate Look Like?”, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/09/01/784931/realistically-what-might-the-future-climate-look-like/

This is Why Reducing Emissions is Critical¶ We’re not yet committed to surpassing 2

AND

Earth than today’s, but we still can and must limit the damage.

We are responsible for generating the conditions to change federal policy- Failure to do so makes is abdication of privilege.  The affirmative is critical because only federal changes in energy investment can decrease fossil fuels

Cuomo, 2011

(Chris, Professor of Women’s Studies at UGA, Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Responsibility  Hypatia 26, no. 4 Fall)

Average consumers do have ethical responsibilities to stop contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, but

AND

other nations, as well as the effects of neocolonialism and cultural hegemonies.

We control the uniqueness - focus on individual changes to alleviate climate change spark passivity.  Our evidence is comparative that popular education on government solutions is key

Cuomo, 2011

(Chris, Professor of Women’s Studies at UGA, Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Responsibility  Hypatia 26, no. 4 Fall)

Two leading scholars of issues related to climate change and two world leaders representing opposite

AND

than private-sphere mitigation efforts such as reducing one’s own carbon footprint.

Plan Text

The plan: The United States federal government should enter into variable power purchase agreements for nuclear reactors under 300MW.

Contention 4 is solvency

Cost-sharing is necessary but not sufficient to solve – government PPA are vital in transition the market from test level to full commercialization – prefer our comparative evidence from the DOE.

DOE, 12

A Strategic Framework for SMR Deployment, 2-24-12, http:~/~/www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf||target="_blank"

Four Phases to Commercial Deployment Accomplishing these goals will require a multi-phased deployment

AND

tax credits or other such incentives to bolster this segment of the economy.

Federal aggregation and procurement of SMR power creates a competitive market and fosters expansion.

Rosner and Goldberg, 11

Robert and Stephen, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Energy Policy, William Wrather Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute at Chicago, 11-11-2011, https:~/~/epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/pdf(%%)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies

AND

, can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

Plan builds economies of scale, spills over to the private sector and avoids links to politics.

Parenti, 10

Christian, The Big Green Buy: How Government's Purchasing Power Can Drive the Clean-Energy Revolution, Huffington Post, July 16, 2010, http:~/~/www.huffingtonpost.com/christian-parenti/the-big-green-buy-how-gov_b_648865.html(%%)

An overemphasis on breakthrough inventions can obscure the fact that most of the energy technologies

AND

market mover that has already shown it can leverage money-saving deals.

No licensing delays – NRC is prepared it’s only a matter of making reactors economical

Jaczko, 8

Gregory, Commissioner U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission at the Edison Electric Institute - International Utility Conference London, United Kingdom March 10, 2008, “The Nuclear Option – A Perspective on U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Policy” http:~/~/pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0809/pdf(%%)

Right now the Congress has provided about $18 billion in federal loan guarantees that

AND

of plants that I think will actually be built in the United States.

Expansion now

Westenhaus 9/30/12

Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again,” http:~/~/oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/html, AM

The U.S. is not alone.  New… even while the market is in the doldrums.

Engagement within the existing system of market mechanisms is necessary to avoid reproducing the status quo

Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/)

However, pointing this out and deriding market based solutions doesn’t get us very far

AND

there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Cont. 1 – Inherency

Contention 1 is inherency

New DOE grants develop SMR prototypes but don’t solve commercialization

Wald, 11-21

Matt, Help for Small Nuclear Reactors, Green, 11-21-12, http:~/~/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/help-for-small-nuclear-reactors/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/help-for-small-nuclear-reactors/

The Energy Department, seeking to promote the development of a small modular reactor that

AND

being built these days that there is enthusiasm for trying a different route.

Cont. 2 – Adv 1

Contention 2 is China

Chinese regional nuclear exports are thriving based on a decline in US development – Only a strong US SMR market solves global modeling.

Wallace and Williams, 12

Michael and Sarah, a member of the National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC), which advises the president on matters related to homeland security. He is also a member of the Nuclear Sector Coordinating Council under the Department of Homeland Security’s National Infrastructure Protection Plan and a member of Business Executives for National Security (BENS), the Naval Historical Foundation Advisory Council, and the Marquette University College of Engineering National Advisory Council, Nuclear Energy in America: Preventing its Early Demise, 2012, Global Forecast, April 17, 2012, http:~/~/csis.org/publication/org/publication/nuclear-energy-america-preventing-its-early-demise

America’s nuclear energy industry is in decline. Low natural gas prices, financing hurdles

AND

.S. nuclear industry and take action to prevent its early demise.

AND, Chinese exports have massive safety issues that will lead to terror, proliferation and meltdowns.

Tu, 12

Kevin, SENIOR ASSOCIATE ENERGY AND CLIMATE PROGRAM, China’s Nuclear Crossroads, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 11, 2012, http:~/~/carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/org/2012/03/11/china-s-nuclear-crossroads(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" %)

It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety oversight mechanism is one of the weakest

AND

is a fatal mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.

Reactor meltdowns cause extinction

Gonçalves, 2001 (Eduardo, environmental researcher, author of the reports Broken Arrow - Greenham Common's Secret Nuclear Accident and Nuclear Guinea Pigs - British Human Radiation Experiments, published by CNL) (UK), “The Secret Nuclear War,” Ecologist, April)

But could radiation really be to blame for these deaths? Are the health costs

AND

, an act which requires a new word to describe it: omnicide.

Meltdowns cause species loss

Cantoria 11 (Ciel, S, Nuclear Power Plant Accidents and Their Damaging Effects, 8/3/11, http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-environmental/articles/65993.aspx)

Up to this date, the degree of radionuclide contamination due to Caesium-137

AND

developed cancers, cataracts, leukemia and other cell mutations or genetic instability.

Extinction – adaptation is possible only if we maintain biodiversity – we control uniqueness

Knight 12 (Matthew, CNN News Service, siting International Union for Conservation of Nature, “Extinction threat a call to world leaders at Rio summit,” 6/20/2012, http:~/~/www.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/rio-red-list-extinction-species/html)

The org/||target="_blank" assessed a total of 63,837 plant and animal species around the

AND

hasn't been either priority or resource given to these tasks," he said.

US is key – domestic SMR set the conditions for global development.

Ferguson, 10

Charles, President of the Federation of American Scientists, Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University, before the House Committee on Science and Technology for the hearing on Charting the Course for American Nuclear Technology: Evaluating the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Research and Development Roadmap , May 19, 2010, http:~/~/gop.science.house.gov/Media/hearings/full10/may19/pdf(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri" %)

Given the differences in design philosophy among these vendors and the fact that none of

AND

considers all aspects of manufacturing, transportation, operation, and ultimate disposal.”

Plan results in exports

Rosner and Goldberg 11

Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https:~/~/epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/pdf

Previous studies have documented the potential for a significant export market for U.S

AND

step toward a U.S.-centric, bundled reliable fuel services.

Cont. 3 – Adv 2

Nuclear’s inevitable globally but won’t solve warming until the US develops SMR’s

Shellenberger 12 – et al and Ted Nordhaus—co-founders of American Environics and the Breakthrough Institute a think tank that works on energy and climate change – AND – Jesse Jenkins-Director of Energy and Climate Policy, the Breakthrough Institute (Michael, Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap, 9/11, thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/)

Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has

AND

than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done.

Nuclear’s critical to displace coal and stop catastrophic climate change

Moore 4—co-founder of Greenpeace, is chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd.  (Patrick, Going Nuclear, http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/html)

In the early 1970s when I helped found Greenpeace, I believed that nuclear energy

AND

gas emissions. Every responsible environmentalist should support a move in that direction.

SMRs can reprocess and solve waste

Biello 12 David, March 27, "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power", www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power

Alternative fuel?¶ Small modular reactors may help with two of the biggest challenges facing

AND

signed memorandums of understanding to host prototypes of the NuScale and Holtech reactors.

Scientific consensus concludes warming is real, anthropogenic, and will be catastrophic if left unchecked

Flournoy 12 – Dan Flournoy, PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College at Ohio University, Former Associate Dean at State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications at Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University, January 2012, "Solar Power Satellites," Springer Briefs in Space Development

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a NASA

AND

our Sun” (Hsu 2010 ) (Fig . 2.1 ).

It is not too late to reverse warming – taking action now is critical – the alternative to reducing emissions is mass death

Nuccitelli 12 – Dana, environmental scientist at a private environmental consulting firm in Sacramento and has a Bachelor's Degree in astrophysics from the University of California at Berkeley, and a Master's Degree in physics from the University of California at Davis, 2012, “Realistically What Might The Future Climate Look Like?”, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/09/01/784931/realistically-what-might-the-future-climate-look-like/

This is Why Reducing Emissions is Critical¶ We’re not yet committed to surpassing 2

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Earth than today’s, but we still can and must limit the damage.

We are responsible for generating the conditions to change federal policy- Failure to do so makes is abdication of privilege.  The affirmative is critical because only federal changes in energy investment can decrease fossil fuels

Cuomo, 2011

(Chris, Professor of Women’s Studies at UGA, Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Responsibility  Hypatia 26, no. 4 Fall)

Average consumers do have ethical responsibilities to stop contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, but

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other nations, as well as the effects of neocolonialism and cultural hegemonies.

We control the uniqueness - focus on individual changes to alleviate climate change spark passivity.  Our evidence is comparative that popular education on government solutions is key

Cuomo, 2011

(Chris, Professor of Women’s Studies at UGA, Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Responsibility  Hypatia 26, no. 4 Fall)

Two leading scholars of issues related to climate change and two world leaders representing opposite

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than private-sphere mitigation efforts such as reducing one’s own carbon footprint.

Plan Text

The plan: The United States federal government should enter into variable power purchase agreements for nuclear reactors under 300MW.

Cont. 4 – Solvency

Contention 4 is solvency

Cost-sharing is necessary but not sufficient to solve – government PPA are vital in transition the market from test level to full commercialization – prefer our comparative evidence from the DOE.

DOE, 12

A Strategic Framework for SMR Deployment, 2-24-12, http:~/~/www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf||target="_blank"

Four Phases to Commercial Deployment Accomplishing these goals will require a multi-phased deployment

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tax credits or other such incentives to bolster this segment of the economy.

Federal aggregation and procurement of SMR power creates a competitive market and fosters expansion.

Rosner and Goldberg, 11

Robert and Stephen, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Energy Policy, William Wrather Distinguished Service Professor in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Institute at Chicago, 11-11-2011, https:~/~/epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/pdf(%%)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies

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, can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

Plan builds economies of scale, spills over to the private sector and avoids links to politics.

Parenti, 10

Christian, The Big Green Buy: How Government's Purchasing Power Can Drive the Clean-Energy Revolution, Huffington Post, July 16, 2010, http:~/~/www.huffingtonpost.com/christian-parenti/the-big-green-buy-how-gov_b_648865.html(%%)

An overemphasis on breakthrough inventions can obscure the fact that most of the energy technologies

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market mover that has already shown it can leverage money-saving deals.

No licensing delays – NRC is prepared it’s only a matter of making reactors economical

Jaczko, 8

Gregory, Commissioner U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission at the Edison Electric Institute - International Utility Conference London, United Kingdom March 10, 2008, “The Nuclear Option – A Perspective on U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Policy” http:~/~/pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0809/pdf(%%)

Right now the Congress has provided about $18 billion in federal loan guarantees that

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of plants that I think will actually be built in the United States.

Expansion now

Westenhaus 9/30/12

Brian, editor of the popular energy technology site New Energy and Fuel, “Confidence in Nuclear Power is on the Rise Again,” http:~/~/oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/html, AM

The U.S. is not alone.  New nuclear plants are coming in Asia and even in Europe.  Nuclear generating capacity is projected to grow 38% in the next eight years.  These kinds of numbers wake up the uranium commodities speculators – even while the market is in the doldrums.

Engagement within the existing system of market mechanisms is necessary to avoid reproducing the status quo

Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/)

However, pointing this out and deriding market based solutions doesn’t get us very far

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there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.

Taking action against warming represents an opportunity to rebuild progressive politics for a better society – we must set aside differences based on identity in favor of a broad-based coalition

Smith 10 Brendan, co-founder of Labor Network for Sustainability, 11-23, “Fighting Doom: The New Politics of Climate Change,” Common Dreams, http://www.commondreams.org/view/2010/11/23-1

I admit I have arrived late to the party. Only recently have I begun

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said to me, "God help us, I hope you're right."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: KY GR | Judge: Malsin Moczulski Strauss

Unpredictability kills investment

Matt Haskins 12, principal with PwC where he leads PwC’s Sustainable Business Solutions tax practice, "Predictability is the key", June 28, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/06/tax-reform-whats-at-stake-for.php?rss=1%26utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+njgroup-energy+%28Energy+%26+Environment+Experts—Q+with+Answer+Previews%29~%232221373

In that context, the most desirable attribute for energy tax policy right now is
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horizon to the capital investment time horizon becomes key to unlocking that potential.

State jurisdiction kills nuclear power and ends civilization

Jose %26 Garza, 7 – Managing partner of Jose %26 Associates and J.D. @ Georgetown
(Donald E and Michael A, "The Complete Federal Preemption of Nuclear Safety Should Prevent Scientifically Irrational Jury Verdicts in Radiation Litigation," 26 Temp. J. Sci. Tech. %26 Envtl. L. 1, Spring 2007)markoff
The Cook decision, if affirmed on appeal, has implications far beyond negating the
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potentially harmful substances and adopt a contamination standard of zero opens Pandora’s Box.

States don’t solve federal coordination is key

Hargraves, 12  ~July, Robert, Robert Hargraves has written articles and made
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than coal, ISBN: 1478161299, purchased online at Amazon.com~
The 50 US states have 50 additional energy policies. In the US, states
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a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, but it is silent on these matters.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: KY GR | Judge: Malsin Moczulski Strauss

Immigration won’t pass—provisions, ideology, lobbyists, unions, House, Democrats, Obama capital kills the bill, and gun, budget thumps

Altman 3-20
~Alex Altman is a writer for Time magazine, 3-20-13, "Four Hurdles That Could Block Immigration Reform", http://swampland.time.com/2013/03/20/four-hurdles-that-could-block-immigration-reform/~~

The next few months offer the best chance in a generation for the two parties
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is high. Each day, 1,400 undocumented immigrants are deported.

No capital, its ineffective and no reform. Obama relies on partisan congress and cabinet, constantly in campaign mode, key party defections, and public support is irrelevant

Delamaide 3/27
(By Darrell Delamaide, After graduating from St. Louis University, he went to Munich on a Fulbright Scholarship before attending graduate school at Columbia,  MarketWatch, The Wall Street Journal, "Obama gains no traction on fiscal, economic fronts Commentary: Legacy in doubt in second term,")

The president stands by — or worse, goes off to play golf with Tiger
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victory, it’s hard to imagine anything like real change from this administration. 

No PC loss from pushing nuclear

Hinckley 12 Elias, partner with the law firm of Kilpatrick Townsend %26 Stockton. Additionally, he is an adjunct professor of international energy policy at Georgetown University, "Hard Choices Ahead for US Energy", http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/EHinckley-policy-article.pdf-http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/EHinckley-policy-article.pdf
What remains unclear is how policymakers will react. Some amount of policymaking support has
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with no real expectation of new facilities being developed over the near or midterm

Winners win  
Wagner, ’11 ~Alex, "Keeping Calm and Carrying On: Obama’s Focused Style Brought Wins in the End", http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/12/23/keeping-calm-and-carrying-on-obamas-focused-style-brought-wins/print/-http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/12/23/keeping-calm-and-carrying-on-obamas-focused-style-brought-wins/print/, CMR~

"Keep Calm and Carry On" — a British poster created at the start
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fundamentally, to bring people together. He has showed some real leadership."

Plan solves freak out – Nuclear lobby support

Judy Pasternak, Staff at The Investigative Reporting Workshop at American University, "Nuclear energy lobby working hard to win support" January 24th, 2010 JL
WASHINGTON – The Obama administration may soon guarantee as much as %2418.5
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The industry also has begun to build strong ties to important labor unions. 

Plan is popular in congress – authorizations prove

NYT 11 ("Despite bipartisan support, nuclear reactor projects falter," 4/28/11, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/29/business/energy-environment/29utility.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/29/business/energy-environment/29utility.html?_r=0)

WASHINGTON — In an effort to encourage nuclear power, Congress voted in 2005 to
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surface any time soon to replace those that have been all but abandoned.
"My gut feeling is that there is going to be a delay," said Neil Wilmshurst, a vice president of the Electric Power Research Institute, a nonprofit utility consortium based in Palo Alto, Calif. News on Thursday that Exelon Corporation-http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/exelon_corporation/index.html?inline=nyt-org, the nation’s largest reactor operator, planned to buy a rival, the Constellation Energy Group-http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/constellation_energy_group/index.html?inline=nyt-org, only reinforces the trend; until late last year, Constellation wanted to build, while Exelon was firmly against it.
Mr. Wilmshurst said the continued depressed price ofnatural gas-http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/natural-gas/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier had clouded the economics of new reactors, and he predicted that construction activity would "go quiet" for two to five years. His group has shifted its efforts to helping figure out how existing plants can extend their licenses to 80 years from the current limit of 60.
Of the four nuclear reactor construction projects that the Energy Department identified in 2009 as the most deserving for the loans, two have lost major partners and seem unlikely to recover soon. In addition to low prices for natural gas, the demand for electricity is down, and the March 11 earthquake and tsunami that damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant could bring new rules.
Only %248.8 billion of the 2005 guarantee has been allocated — to a twin reactor project in Georgia. Ground has been broken on the fourth candidate, a twin reactor project in South Carolina, but its sponsors may get a better deal in the commercial finance market.
The initial %2417.5 billion was approved during the Bush administration, but
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guarantees even after prospects for such legislation died after last fall’s midterm elections.
The Republicans, who won control of the House, have portrayed such regulatory legislation as an energy tax. A White House spokesman, Clark Stevens, said that in the president’s view, nuclear power would continue to be an important part of the "clean energy economy" he was seeking.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: KY GR | Judge: Malsin Moczulski Strauss
Extinction 1st
Anders Sandberg, James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, et al., with Jason G. Matheny, Ph.D. candidate in Health Policy and Management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Special Consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and Milan M. Ćirković, Senior Research Associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 2008 (“How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 8th, Available Online at http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
The facts are sobering. More than 99.9 percent of species that have ever existed on Earth have gone extinct. Over the long run, it seems likely that humanity will meet the same fate. In less than a billion years, the increased intensity of the Sun will initiate a wet greenhouse effect, even without any human interference, making Earth inhospitable to life. A couple of billion years later Earth will be destroyed, when it's engulfed by our Sun as it expands into a red-giant star. If we colonize space, we could survive longer than our planet, but as mammalian species survive, on average, only two million years, we should consider ourselves very lucky if we make it to one billion.  Humanity could be extinguished as early as this century by succumbing to natural hazards, such as an extinction-level asteroid or comet impact, supervolcanic eruption, global methane-hydrate release, or nearby supernova or gamma-ray burst. (Perhaps the most probable of these hazards, supervolcanism, was discovered only in the last 25 years, suggesting that other natural hazards may remain unrecognized.) Fortunately the probability of any one of these events killing off our species is very low—less than one in 100 million per year, given what we know about their past frequency. But as improbable as these events are, measures to reduce their probability can still be worthwhile. For instance, investments in asteroid detection and deflection technologies cost less, per life saved, than most investments in medicine. While an extinction-level asteroid impact is very unlikely, its improbability is outweighed by its potential death toll.  The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones. Although great progress has been made in reducing the number of nuclear weapons in the world, humanity is still threatened by the possibility of a global thermonuclear war and a resulting nuclear winter. We may face even greater risks from emerging technologies. Advances in synthetic biology might make it possible to engineer pathogens capable of extinction-level pandemics. The knowledge, equipment, and materials needed to engineer pathogens are more accessible than those needed to build nuclear weapons. And unlike other weapons, pathogens are self-replicating, allowing a small arsenal to become exponentially destructive. Pathogens have been implicated in the extinctions of many wild species. Although most pandemics "fade out" by reducing the density of susceptible populations, pathogens with wide host ranges in multiple species can reach even isolated individuals. The intentional or unintentional release of engineered pathogens with high transmissibility, latency, and lethality might be capable of causing human extinction. While such an event seems unlikely today, the likelihood may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.  Farther out in time are technologies that remain theoretical but might be developed this century. Molecular nanotechnology could allow the creation of self-replicating machines capable of destroying the ecosystem. And advances in neuroscience and computation might enable improvements in cognition that accelerate the invention of new weapons. A survey at the Oxford conference found that concerns about human extinction were dominated by fears that new technologies would be misused. These emerging threats are especially challenging as they could become dangerous more quickly than past technologies, outpacing society's ability to control them. As H.G. Wells noted, "Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe."  Such remote risks may seem academic in a world plagued by immediate problems, such as global poverty, HIV, and climate change. But as intimidating as these problems are, they do not threaten human existence. In discussing the risk of nuclear winter, Carl Sagan emphasized the astronomical toll of human extinction:  A nuclear war imperils all of our descendants, for as long as there will be humans. Even if the population remains static, with an average lifetime of the order of 100 years, over a typical time period for the biological evolution of a successful species (roughly ten million years), we are talking about some 500 trillion people yet to come. By this criterion, the stakes are one million times greater for extinction than for the more modest nuclear wars that kill "only" hundreds of millions of people. There are many other possible measures of the potential loss—including culture and science, the evolutionary history of the planet, and the significance of the lives of all of our ancestors who contributed to the future of their descendants. Extinction is the undoing of the human enterprise.  There is a discontinuity between risks that threaten 10 percent or even 99 percent of humanity and those that threaten 100 percent. For disasters killing less than all humanity, there is a good chance that the species could recover. If we value future human generations, then reducing extinction risks should dominate our considerations. Fortunately, most measures to reduce these risks also improve global security against a range of lesser catastrophes, and thus deserve support regardless of how much one worries about extinction. These measures include:  Removing nuclear weapons from hair-trigger alert and further reducing their numbers; Placing safeguards on gene synthesis equipment to prevent synthesis of select pathogens; Improving our ability to respond to infectious diseases, including rapid disease surveillance, diagnosis, and control, as well as accelerated drug development; Funding research on asteroid detection and deflection, "hot spot" eruptions, methane hydrate deposits, and other catastrophic natural hazards; Monitoring developments in key disruptive technologies, such as nanotechnology and computational neuroscience, and developing international policies to reduce the risk of catastrophic accidents. 

Libertarianism fails- only a combination of individualism and collectivism works- society will collapse without collectivism, and objectivism is reductionist
Locke, writer for The American Conservative, March 14 2005 p. online
(Robert, “Marxism of the Right” http://www.amconmag.com/2005_03_14/article1.html)
This is no surprise, as libertarianism is basically the Marxism of the Right. If Marxism is the delusion that one can run society purely on altruism and collectivism, then libertarianism is the mirror-image delusion that one can run it purely on selfishness and individualism. Society in fact requires both individualism and collectivism, both selfishness and altruism, to function. Like Marxism, libertarianism offers the fraudulent intellectual security of a complete a priori account of the political good without the effort of empirical investigation. Like Marxism, it aspires, overtly or covertly, to reduce social life to economics. And like Marxism, it has its historical myths and a genius for making its followers feel like an elect unbound by the moral rules of their society.

Non-unqiue – hundreds of other instances of coercion and government control over immigration 

Your argument violates individual dignity because people never elect libertarian leaders- this means the only libertarian government would be authoritarian
Locke, writer for The American Conservative, March 14 2005 p. online
(Robert, “Marxism of the Right” http://www.amconmag.com/2005_03_14/article1.html)
Empirically, most people don’t actually want absolute freedom, which is why democracies don’t elect libertarian governments. Irony of ironies, people don’t choose absolute freedom. But this refutes libertarianism by its own premise, as libertarianism defines the good as the freely chosen, yet people do not choose it. Paradoxically, people exercise their freedom not to be libertarians. The political corollary of this is that since no electorate will support libertarianism, a libertarian government could never be achieved democratically but would have to be imposed by some kind of authoritarian state, which rather puts the lie to libertarians’ claim that under any other philosophy, busybodies who claim to know what’s best for other people impose their values on the rest of us. Libertarianism itself is based on the conviction that it is the one true political philosophy and all others are false. It entails imposing a certain kind of society, with all its attendant pluses and minuses, which the inhabitants thereof will not be free to opt out of except by leaving. 

Freedom is not the only important thing in life
Locke, writer for The American Conservative, March 14 2005 p. online
(Robert, “Marxism of the Right” http://www.amconmag.com/2005_03_14/article1.html)
The most fundamental problem with libertarianism is very simple: freedom, though a good thing, is simply not the only good thing in life. Simple physical security, which even a prisoner can possess, is not freedom, but one cannot live without it. Prosperity is connected to freedom, in that it makes us free to consume, but it is not the same thing, in that one can be rich but as unfree as a Victorian tycoon’s wife. A family is in fact one of the least free things imaginable, as the emotional satisfactions of it derive from relations that we are either born into without choice or, once they are chosen, entail obligations that we cannot walk away from with ease or justice. But security, prosperity, and family are in fact the bulk of happiness for most real people and the principal issues that concern governments.

Property rights don’t come first
Jeffrey Paul, Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University, READING NOZICK, 1981, p. 9-10.
Like Scanlon, Judith Jarvis T'homson is skeptical about the possibility of defending the absolutely inviolable character of Nozickian property rights. This skepticism derives from a number of examples in which our intuitions incline us toward the view that the property rights in question may be overridden by other considerations. Thomson then asks what is it, at the margin, which sustains the moral invincibility of a property claim and conversely, what is it that justifies the infringement of a property right when we are morally persuaded to ignore it? Property claims are to be sustained, she argues, when, in addition to having acquired title to an object in suitable ways, we value that object highly. Such claims may be overridden when a life will be lost in the absence of an infringement of rights. This demonstrates, Thomson argues, that rights are derivable from human interests and needs and this in turn suggests that the constraints that rights impose upon redistribution are not as inflexible as Nozick's deontological conception of them leads him to believe. 

Tournament:  NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Malsin Moczulski Strauss

1. Counter interpretation - Financial incentives induce behaviors using cash – that includes power purchasing
   Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) 

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of public funds or contingent commitments to individuals and organizations, intended to encourage, support or induce certain behaviours in accordance with express public policy objectives. They take the form of grants, contributions, repayable contributions, loans, loan guarantees and insurance, subsidies, procurement contracts and tax expenditures.19 Needless to say, the ability of government to achieve desired behaviour may vary with the type of incentive in use: up-front disbursements of funds (such as with contributions and procurement contracts) may put government in a better position to dictate the terms upon which assistance is provided than contingent disbursements such as loan guarantees and insurance. In some cases, the incentive aspects of the funding come from the conditions attached to use of the monies.20 In others, the mere existence of a program providing financial assistance for a particular activity (eg. low interest loans for a nuclear power plant, or a pulp mill) may be taken as government approval of that activity, and in that sense, an incentive to encourage that type of activity has been created.21 Given the wide variety of incentive types, it will not be possible in a paper of this length to provide anything more than a cursory discussion of some of the main incentives used.22 And, needless to say, the comments made herein concerning accountability apply to differing degrees depending upon the type of incentive under consideration.
By limiting the definition of financial incentives to initiatives where public funds are either disbursed or contingently committed, a large number of regulatory programs with incentive effects which exist, but in which no money is forthcoming,23 are excluded from direct examination in this paper. Such programs might be referred to as indirect incentives. Through elimination of indirect incentives from the scope of discussion, the definition of the incentive instrument becomes both more manageable and more particular. Nevertheless, it is possible that much of the approach taken here may be usefully applied to these types of indirect incentives as well.24 Also excluded from discussion here are social assistance programs such as welfare and ad hoc industry bailout initiatives because such programs are not designed primarily to encourage behaviours in furtherance of specific public policy objectives. In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Precision – our definition’s from the DoE
Waxman 98 – Solicitor General of the US (Seth, Brief for the United States in Opposition for the US Supreme Court case HARBERT/LUMMUS AGRIFUELS PROJECTS, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, http://www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/1998/0responses/98-0697.resp.opp.pdf)

2  On November 15, 1986, Keefe was delegated “the authority, with respect to actions valued at $50 million or less, to approve, execute, enter into, modify, administer, closeout, terminate and take any other necessary and appropriate action (collectively, ‘Actions’) with respect to Financial Incentive awards.” Pet. App. 68, 111-112. Citing DOE Order No. 5700.5 (Jan. 12, 1981), the delegation defines “Financial Incentives” as the authorized financial incentive programs of DOE, “including direct loans, loan guarantees, purchase agreements, price supports, guaranteed market agreements and any others which may evolve.” The delegation proceeds to state, “however, a separate prior written approval of any such action must be given by or concurred in by Keefe to accompany the action.” The delegation also states that its exercise “shall be governed by the rules and regulations of DOE and policies and procedures prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate(s).” Pet. App. 111-113.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kentucky GR | Judge: Malsin Moczulski Strauss
SMRs are awesome---feasible, cheaper, safer and solve other nuclear downsides
Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in the U.S.¶ Nuclear plants currently supply about 20 percent of the nation’s electricity and more than 70 percent of our carbon-free energy. But large nuclear plants cost $8 billion to $10 billion and utilities are having second thoughts about how to finance these plants.¶ A small modular reactor (SMR) has several advantages over the conventional 1,000-megawatt plant:¶ 1. It ranges in size from 25 to 140 megawatts, hence only costs about a tenth as much as a large plant.¶ 2. It uses a cookie-cutter standardized design to reduce construction costs and can be built in a factory and shipped to the site by truck, railroad or barge.¶ 3. The major parts can be built in U.S. factories, unlike some parts for the larger reactors that must be fabricated overseas.¶ 4. Because of the factory-line production, the SMR could be built in three years with one-third of the workforce of a large plant.¶ 5. More than one SMR could be clustered together to form a larger power plant complex. This provides versatility in operation, particularly in connection with large wind farms. With the variability of wind, one or more SMRs could be run or shut down to provide a constant base load supply of electricity.¶ 6. A cluster of SMRs should be very reliable. One unit could be taken out of service for maintenance or repair without affecting the operation of the other units. And since they are all of a common design, replacement parts could satisfy all units. France has already proved the reliability of standardized plants.¶ At least half a dozen companies are developing SMRs, including NuScale in Oregon. NuScale is American-owned and its 45-megawatt design has some unique features. It is inherently safe. It could be located partially or totally below ground, and with its natural convection cooling system, it does not rely on an elaborate system of pumps and valves to provide safety. There is no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.
China leverages nuclear industry to lock in regional alliances and arms sales – leads to proliferation.
Ferguson, 10
Charles, President of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS). He is also an Adjunct Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and an Adjunct Lecturer in the National Security Studies Program at the Johns Hopkins University, Proliferation Papers, In collaboration with the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Summer, 2010, http://www.fas.org/press/_docs/nuclear_energy_revival_20100708.pdf
In the coming decades, China may emerge as a major nuclear power supplier. It has already proven adept at building so-called replication reactors – the CPR-1000 series – based on a French technology transfer agreement. To feed its growing need for uranium, Beijing has forged deals with Kazakhstan and several African states. Beijing has been selling conventional weapons to many African states. Pakistan’s military is caught between a tug-of-war in guarding against India’s growing strength and fighting terrorists and other extremists who are trying to undermine Islamabad. While the architects of the U.S.-India nuclear deal may not have intended to stoke this regional conventional and nuclear arms race, the deal has not done anything to stop it. 69 Also, China has other significant commercial ties with these states. Such ties may form the basis of future nuclear deals. Chinese nuclear vendors may argue that they can build reactors faster and cheaper than Western, Japanese, and Korean vendors. Notably, Beijing would have to receive permission from Paris in order to export the French-derived Chinese reactors. As long as China, which is a newer member of the NSG, supports the highest standards of safety, security, and safeguards for these deals, such developments may be welcome news for electricity production for these states. But in the larger strategic context, China may leverage these ties similar to the way the United States and other major nuclear suppliers have leveraged their deals to sell conventional arms and bind states into security alliances. If this comes to pass, Africa and other developing regions could move down a path of more conventional arms races and potential latent nuclear proliferation.

Conflicts can easily escalate drawing in great powers.
Glick, 7
Caroline, Our World: Condi's African holiday, Right Side News, 12-11-2007, http://www.rightsidenews.com/20071211309/editorial/us-opinion-and-editorial/our-world-condis-african-holiday.html
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, which rage continuously, can easily escalate into big wars. Local conflicts have regional and global aspects. All of the conflicts in this tinderbox, which controls shipping lanes from the Indian Ocean into the Red Sea, can potentially give rise to regional, and indeed global conflagrations between competing regional actors and global powers. 

Coal is exported to China now – Companies are shifting because of the economics of coal in the status quo AND GAS NO LINKS
Orcutt 2/25
(Mike, Staff at the MIT Technology Review, “Coal Demand Falls in the U.S., Rises Everywhere Else” 2013 http://www.technologyreview.com/photogallery/511616/coal-demand-falls-in-the-us-rises-everywhere-else/, JL) 

A glut of cheap natural gas in the United States has recently led utilities to replace some coal-fired electricity generation with that from cleaner-burning gas. But while the domestic coal industry is down, the international market for U.S. coal—especially in Europe and Asia—is booming.¶ According to the International Energy Agency, demand for coal continues to grow everywhere in the world except the United States. Globally, demand grew 4.3 percent in 2011, the most recent year for which there are data.¶ Data from the Energy Information Administration, illustrated in the first chart, show that U.S. coal exports are on the rise. In fact, the U.S.—the world’s second largest producer of coal behind China—exported more in 2011 than in any year except 1981, when the country exported around 112 million tons. Data for the full year of 2012 are not yet available, but through the first three quarters, the U.S. was comfortably on pace to set a new record after having sold nearly 98 million tons on the international market. Much of the recent growth is due to increasing shipments of steam coal, the type burned in power plants.¶ As shown in the second chart, coal producers in the U.S. have had particular recent success selling to Asian and European customers. In both regions, natural gas is much more expensive than it is in the United States. The Netherlands, for example, imported a record 10.8 million tons of American coal in 2011, up from 7.3 million in 2010, and the most since the early 1990s. Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom saw similarly large increases.¶ Between 2009 and 2011, China saw its imports of U.S. coal increase fivefold. India imported 4.5 million tons of U.S. coal in 2011, doubling the amount it bought in 2010. Also purchasing a lot more U.S. coal recently is South Korea, which bought 10.4 million tons in 2011, compared to 2.1 million tons just two years prior.
It goes to China regardless of the plan
Grose 3/15
(Thomas, Staff at National Geographic News, “As U.S. Cleans Its Energy Mix, It Ships Coal Problems Abroad” 2013, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/03/130315-us-coal-exports/, JL)

John Eaves, chief executive officer of St. Louis, Missouri-based Arch Coal, which saw the bulk of its exports last year go to South Korea, told investors last month that the company would be proactive in working to gain greater port capacity. Despite the low price currently fetched for coal overseas, Eaves said the company expects the international market to improve even as domestic demand for coal recedes. "As we look to the U.S. over the next three to five years, let's face it, demand's going to be pretty flat," he said. "We see exports as a long-term development opportunity." (Related Interactive: "World Electricity Mix") 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge:
 

Fearful Women- Carolyn Kizer

Arms and the girl I sing - O rare
 arms that are braceleted and white and bare

arms that were lovely Helen's, in whose name
 Greek slaughtered Trojan. Helen was to blame.

Scape-nanny call her; wars for turf
 and profit don't sound glamorous enough.

Mythologize your women! None escape.
 Europe was named from an act of bestial rape:

Eponymous girl on bull-back, he intent
 on scattering sperm across a continent.

Old Zeus refused to take the rap.
 It's not his name in big print on the map.

But let's go back to the beginning
 when sinners didn't know that they were sinning.

He, one rib short: she lived to rue it
 when Adam said to God, "She made me do it."

Eve learned that learning was a dangerous thing
 for her: no end of trouble would it bring.

An educated woman is a danger.
 Lock up your mate! Keep a submissive stranger

like Darby's Joan, content with church and Kinder,
 not like that sainted Joan, burnt to a cinder.

Whether we wield a scepter or a mop
 It's clear you fear that we may get on top.

And if we do -I say it without animus-
 It's not from you we learned to be magnaminous.

The sex that is not one is papered over by the collective forgetting of sexual difference – men and women are forced into subjugating themselves to the phallocentric order as part of their everyday existence

Deutscher 2 - professor in French philosophy and gender at Northwestern

(Penelope, A Politics of Impossible difference)

Irigaray goes on to explain that these rights signify in her mind not a right

AND

they have nothing more to say or do as women" (166).

To speak is never neutral and discourse in the public sphere is marked by the collective forgetting of the original starting point of social relations which is the subjugation of the feminine

Irigaray 2k4

(Luce, femme fatale An ethics of sexual difference pg. 10-11)

In order to distance oneself, must one be able to take? To speak

AND

to the power of the maternal-feminie which he diminishes or destroys.

The logic of phallocentrism structures the debate community- women are forced into the androcentric economy of sameness in order to earn a place in the collegiate debate and the failure to conform drives the exclusion of women from the activity.  The reproduction of the masculine subject position spillsover into your life after debate and supports it’s entrenchment across society

Griffin and Raider, 89

(J. Cinder and Holly Jane, “Women in High School Debate”http:~/~/groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/GriffinandRaider1989PunishmentPar.htm)http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/GriffinandRaider1989PunishmentPar.htm)

'I don't usually vote for girl debaters because debate really is a boy's activity.

AND

expend team resources on her increases, assuming she overcomes the initial obstacles.

Argument choice in debates are also reflective of the phallocentric economy of the same- the denial of personal experience and connections to individuals are indicative of the androcentric logic that denies the feminine

Eisenberg in 2012
 Particular types of argument choices may affect the way participants experience

AND

in debate that challenge their competitors and judges to a moment of reflexivity. 

Collegiate policy debate is a microcosm of the treatment of the feminine in the public sphere - not that difference and identity are not utilized in multiple ways to exclude the body of certain individuals - but there is an undeniable silencing of the feminine perspective that occurs in America today- As one example, the exclusion of females from energy policy making is part of the systematic marginalization of the feminine from the Political- only the affirmative can reverse this process and empower women across a host of social platforms

Clancy and Feenstra, 06

(Joy and Marielle, Centre for Clean Tech and Enviro Policy Faculty of Managemnt and Governance at Univ. of Twente, Netherlands, How to Engender Energy Policy, http:~/~/www.energia.org/fileadmin/files/media/reports/DropBox/clancy_feenstra_pdf 8/28/12)

There are two major factors which influence the gender-blindness of energy policy:

AND

aware energy policy, will contribute to the wider goal of women’s empowerment.

The forgetting of sexual difference invites the worst genocide in history.   We must recognize our historical place and move beyond the phallocratic roles that structure our society.  This is crucial to overcoming the murderous divides among populations

Irigaray 91 - French feminist, philosopher linguist cultural theorist

(Luce, “Equality or Different?” in the Irigaray Reader edited by Margaret Whitford pg. 32-33)

Demanding equality, as women, seems to me to be an erroneous expression of

AND

mutation, in which life is in danger for a variety of reasons. 

Our advocacy is that you should embrace the 1ac - we choose to inhabit the silence of policy debate and energy policy and invigorate a politics of sexual difference whose ontological openness disrupts the phallocentrism of debate and energy policymaking

Deutscher, professor in French philosophy and gender at Northwestern, 2K2

(Penelope, A Politics of Impossible difference pg. 29-30)

When Irigaray concludes that the history of western culture has ex­cluded sexual difference, notice

AND

for example. This exclusion must be considered the very emblem of phallocentrism.

The social condition of debate and energy policy making is informed by the explicit and implicit failure to think the question of sexual difference.  Our exposure of the suppression of the potential feminine subjectivity cannot be ossified around squo essentialist notions of gender but must be understood as a bracket whose emptiness must be thought

Deutscher, professor in French philosophy and gender at Northwestern, 2K2

(Penelope, A Politics of Impossible difference)

In chapter 2, we saw the suggestion, based on Irigaray's linguistic analysis,

AND

the discovery and affirmation of such an advent or event" (6). 

Our argument is not reducible to different sexes good but must be understand as a starting point for universal challenges to oppression in every manifestation

Schwab, professor of French at Hofstra, 2K7

(Gail, “Reading Irigaray (and Her Readers) in the Twenty-First Century” in Returning to Irigaray edited by Elaine P. Miller and Maria C. Cmitile pg. 36-38)

At this moment, there seem to be no simple and straightforward answers to these

AND

then relations among women and relations among men would necessarily change as well.