Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Fullerton MM | Judge: Odekirk

1AC - Inherency

Observation One is Inherency

Lack of government incentives collapses support for furthering Enhanced Oil Recovery projects – government certainty is critical to project investment

Kalter, 7/22/12
~[Lindsay, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners; Summer Committee Meetings, "IEA: CCS REGULATION ADVANCING ’VERY WELL’", Exchange Monitor Publications %26 Forums, http://ghgnews.com/index.cfm/iea-ccs-regulation-advancing-e28098very-welle28099/?mobileFormat=false-http://ghgnews.com/index.cfm/iea-ccs-regulation-advancing-e28098very-welle28099/?mobileFormat=false, BJM~]

While the absence of incentive policies, federal involvement and public support continues to hamstring
AND
drive sufficient investment in low-carbon technologies," according to the report.

And, just this year the current EOR credit has ran out, destroying certainty

Bloomberg BNA, 7/30
Daily Tax Report, "IRS: Enhanced Oil Recovery Credit Phased Out Completely for 2012 Costs", http://www.bna.com/irs-enhanced-oil-n12884910886/-http://www.bna.com/irs-enhanced-oil-n12884910886/, BJM

IRS in Notice 2012-49, scheduled for publication in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2012
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greater than %2428 multiplied by the inflation adjustment factor for that year.

Thus the plan:

The United States federal government should provide a production tax credit for carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery production in the United States.

1AC – Warming

Advantage 1 is Warming

The science behind warming is rock solid – most scientific reports have confirmed the validity of the greenhouse gas effects, however, the modern right wing has taken over "climate denial" as their new pet project
CFR 9/25/11 Council on Foreign Relations, reposted from the AP written by Charles Hanley AP Special correspondent, AP: The American ’Allergy’ to Global Warming: Why?, http://www.cfr.org/climate-change/ap-american-allergy-global-warming-why/p26042?cid=rss-fullfeed-ap__the_american__allergy__to_-092511%26utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+cfr_main+%28CFR.org+-+Main+Site+Feed%29%26utm_content=Google+Reader
NEW YORK (AP) — Tucked between treatises on algae and prehistoric turquoise beads
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pope’s scientific advisers, "We must protect the habitat that sustains us."  

Climate denialism is 21st century invisible racism at its finest – the Politics of denial act to preserve the interests of the rich white male, ignoring the impact borne by minorities.
Mooney ’11, Chris, science and political journalist specializing in science in politics, the psychology of denialism, Knight Science Journalism Fellow, MIT; Visiting Associate, Center for Collaborative History, Princeton U; 8/2/11 ("What’s Up With Conservative White Men and Climate Change Denial?," http://www.desmogblog.com/what-s-conservative-white-men-and-climate-change-denial)
They’re the conservative white men (CWM) of climate change denial, and we’ve
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radio show, and various climate denial blogs serve to fan the flames.

And, trends are reversible if action is taken now

Pew Center 11
(The Pew Center on Global Climate Change is as a non-profit, non-partisan, and independent organization dedicated to providing credible information, straight answers, and innovative solutions in the effort to address global climate change, "Climate Change 101: Understanding and Responding to Global Climate Change,")
The scientific Evidence is unequivocal. Natural climate variability alone cannot explain this trend.
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gases in the atmosphere will lessen the magnitude and rate of climate change." 

All industry experts conclude that expanding EOR significantly reduces emissions

Biello 09 (David – Associate Editor of Environment and Energy at Scientific American, 4/9/2009, Enhanced Oil Recovery: How to Make Money from Carbon Capture and Storage Today, Scientific American, p. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=enhanced-oil-recovery-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=enhanced-oil-recovery)
In all of these projects, the CO2 basically scours more hydrocarbons out of the
AND
S. could reduce CO2 emissions by 4 percent, if done correctly.

Incentivizing EOR can reverse 10-20 years worth of emissions damage

NEORI, February 2012 (National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Critical Domestic Energy, Economic, and Environmental Opportunity, p. 10)
Regarding the benefits of EOR for reducing CO2 emissions, using CO2 captured from industrial
AND
aquifers (Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 40 CFR §144).

Expanding EOR revitalizes the carbon capture industry

Gardner, 12/11/2011 (Timothy – Reuters correspondent, Using Oil to Reduce Carbon Emissions, The New York Times, p. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/business/global/12iht-green12.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/business/global/12iht-green12.html)
Companies including Denbury Resources and Kinder Morgan have piped carbon dioxide from naturally occurring sources
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the other commercial relationships that would need to get developed," she said.

CCS is the key bridge to a sustainable energy future
WRI 8
World Resources Institute, "CCS Overview: What Is CCS?," http://www.wri.org/project/carbon-dioxide-capture-storage/ccs-basics
CCS is a broad term that encompasses a number of technologies that can be used
AND
near-term energy demand until alternatives can provide sufficient and reliable electricity.

CCS is feasible and is the only way to solve warming – other energy solutions are insufficient

Cohen et al. 9 – Co-Founder and Executive Director of the Clean
AND
, Issue 4, pp. 25-42, p. ScienceDirect)
II. CCS is Critical to a Zero-Carbon World¶ The title of a recent article by two leading climate researchers sums up the message emerging from the latest scientific evidence: "Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions."1 Even the most dramatic, 50–80 percent CO2 reduction goals generally being discussed likely are not enough. We need a near-100-percent reduction by mid-century at the latest. Energy systems need to change faster.2¶ Part of the urgency stems from the reality that warming impacts from today’s emissions may last as long as 1,000 years3; we cannot assume that reducing emissions "tomorrow" means we can reverse damage done to date. Worse, we risk passing irreversible "tipping points" that trigger abrupt and catastrophic changes, such as major ice melt in the polar regions, extensive rainforest loss, and radical alterations of critical weather and ocean circulation patterns. Such tipping points could be in sight if current emission trends continue for another decade or more.4¶ Unfortunately, we are moving in the wrong direction fast. In recent years, China has added coal capacity at a rate of one large new plant per week (70–100 GW per year)5 and India – potentially the world’s most populous country by 2030 – could ramp up as well. The International Energy Agency (IEA) currently projects that world coal capacity will nearly double by 2030, an increase of 1,310 GW.6 If this build-out occurs without CCS, it will increase world CO2 emissions by about 12.6 billion metric tons annually7—roughly twice current U.S. emissions from all sources. Clearly, China, India, and other developing countries will "make or break" any global effort to cut CO2 emissions—in fact, changes in their emissions trajectory will overwhelm any plausible reductions by developed countries.¶ Numerous studies—including studies by the IEA, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), and several major environmental organizations—have assessed the relative roles that different technologies might play in meeting various climate stabilization targets. This body of work (and more) suggests that CCS has economic advantages relative to other options and is likely to be indispensable in achieving a zero-carbon energy mix. Specifically, these studies (which are reviewed and summarized at the CATF Web site, http://www.catf.us/projects/power_sector/advanced_coal/) find the following:¶ • Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 at 450 parts per million by volume (ppmv) could require more than 250 GW of fossil power with CCS globally by 2030 (U.S. CCSP, 2007)8;¶ • Fossil fuels with CCS might need to provide 26 percent of global energy supply under stabilization constraints (WWF, 2007)9;¶ • Combined power sector and industrial CCS could provide the largest single CO2 abatement option in the U.S. in 2030 (McKinsey %26 Co., 2007)10;¶ • Costs for stabilizing CO2 with widespread CCS deployment could be reduced 30 percent or more compared to the costs without CCS (IPCC, 2005)11;¶ • CCS is likely to play a role roughly equivalent to that of energy efficiency and renewables in climate mitigation (IPCC, 2007).12¶ 

Even if regulations aren’t likely now, the plan is key to convincing the world that emissions can be cut without economic cost – specifically key to China and India

MIT 07 – Interdisciplinary Study, The Future of Coal, http://web.mit.edu/coal/-http://web.mit.edu/coal/
Washington, DC – Leading academics from an interdisciplinary Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT
AND
simulation of the comparative performance of integrated technology systems should be greatly enhanced.

Only the plan is modeled – BRIC countries won’t cut emissions unless they can avoid economic cost

Apt et al 7 – PhD in Physics @ MIT, Professor of Technology, Tepper School of Business and Engineering and Public Policy
Jay, "Incentives for Near-Term Carbon Dioxide Geological Sequestration," Carnegie Mellon, http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/pdfs_other/Incentives_for_Near-Term_Carbon_Dioxide_Geological_Sequestration.pdf-http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/pdfs_other/Incentives_for_Near-Term_Carbon_Dioxide_Geological_Sequestration.pdf
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report projects that if
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% of the total U.S. GHG emissions. The sources and

The harms of CO2 outweigh CO2 agriculture – independently it causes 5.5 billion people to starve

Strom 07 – University of Arizona planetary science emeritus professor, studied climate change for
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at Barnard College and a Senior Research Scientist at the Columbia Earth Institute.
The future consequences of global warming are the least known aspect of the problem.
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Russia, and to the coast of South Africa along the Indian Ocean. 

marginalized communities are less likely to survive global warming threating their unique culture – the US has an obligation to these populations
Minority Rights Groups International April 2008 http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Minority_Rights_Group_International.pdf-http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Minority_Rights_Group_International.pdf
~[Author: Rachel Baird (MRG) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) working to secure the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities worldwide, and to promote cooperation and understanding between communities.~]
Climate change is just beginning to be articulated as a human rights issue – rather
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greenhouse gas emitter, bore more responsibility for this than any other nation.

The consequences of this discrimination is equivalent to an ongoing genocide – climate deniers risk the lives of hundreds of millions
Clive Hamilton November, 16th 2009 Hamilton: Denying the coming global holocaust http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/-http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/ ~[Professor of Public Ethics at the org/wiki/Centre_for_Applied_Philosophy_and_Public_Ethics (CAPPE)org/wiki/Clive_Hamilton and the Vice-Chancellor’s Chair in Public Ethics at org/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University.org/wiki/Clive_Hamilton He is the Founder and former Executive Director of the org/wiki/The_Australia_Institute. Overseas Commonwealth Postgraduate Scholar and completed his Doctorate-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate at the org/wiki/Institute_of_Development_Studies at the org/wiki/University_of_Sussex. Senior Visiting Fellow of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies of org/wiki/Yale_University. Professor at Oxford.~]
Climate sceptics resent being called deniers because of the odium associated with Holocaust revisionism.
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a high degree of certainty that if we do nothing they will die.

These systematic harms of structural violence must come before one shot calculations – the structural violence of the poorest of the poor have caused thermonuclear wars every year of every decade
Abu-Jamal 98 (Mumia, award-winning PA journalist, 9/19, http://www.flashpoints.net/mQuietDeadlyViolence.html)
We live, equally immersed, and to a deeper degree, in a nation
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every decade, throughout the world. ~[Gilligan, p. 196~]

Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease. It justifies atrocities, creates another and is truly the CAPITAL SIN.
MEMMI  Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris    2000
Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Warming will be fast and cause extinction – adaptation is not possible.

Tickell 08 – (Oliver Tickell is an environmental Researcher. He is the founder of the Kyoto2 climate initiative, a researcher of the Oxford Climate Associates and specialized in international climate policy. Published August 11th, 2008 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)
We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson ~[
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present: the warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar 

The Discussion of Race

The role of the ballot is that of a critical intellectual and you should view the debate through a critical race theory lens – white privilege is able to operate via invisibility in political discussions  - THE DISENFRANCHISED ARE THE BLACK CATS OF THE POLICY COMMUNITY
Mills Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois, Chicago 1997
Charles-; The Racial Contract
Nationally, within these racial polities, the Racial Contract manifests itself in white resistance
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contribution) but unrelated to the history of transcontinental and intracontinental racial exploitation.

The current struggle against global warming represents the invisibility of race at its finest – the environmental movement continually ignores race we must connect the dots between racial discrimination in warming if we are to survive
Tim Wise April 13th 2011 Tim Wise and White Privilege http://changefromwithin.org/2011/04/13/tim-wise-and-white-privilege/-http://changefromwithin.org/2011/04/13/tim-wise-and-white-privilege/ ~[Wise served as an adjunct faculty member at the Smith College School for Social Work, in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he co-taught a Master’s level class on Racism in the U.S. In 2001, Wise trained journalists to eliminate racial bias in reporting, as a visiting faculty-in-residence at the Poynter Institute in St. Petersburg, Florida. From 1999-2003, Wise was an advisor to the Fisk University Race Relations Institute, in Nashville, and in the early ’90s he was Youth Coordinator and Associate Director of the Louisiana Coalition Against Racism and Nazism: the largest of the many groups organized for the purpose of defeating neo-Nazi political candidate, David Duke. He graduated from Tulane University in 1990 and received antiracism training from the People’s Institute for Survival and Beyond, in New Orleans.~]
But as troubling as colorblindness can be when evinced by liberals, colormuteness may be
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color and their concerns, but is to weaken the fight for survival.

Approaching WARMING without disrupting the RACIAL FRAMEWORK that exists MISSES the BOAT, FEAR of ERODING racial hierarchies explain INEFFECTUAL "market-based approaches" to global warming.
MANDELL Dir of the Champlain Valley Office of Economic Opportunity Fair Housing Project 2k8 ~[Bekah-A.B., Vassar College, J.D., Boston College Law School, Father Rober Drinan Family Fund Public Interest Fellow; Racial Reification and Global Warming:  A Truly Inconvenient Truth; BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD LAW JOURNAL, Spring, 28 B.C. Third World L.J. 289~]
 ~[*297~]  Fear of eroding the hierarchies that define race explains why politicians
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arise to threaten the predominance of the traditionalist, capitalist ruling class." n52-http://www.lexisnexis.com.proxy.binghamton.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true%26rand=1300963062371%26returnToKey=20_T11559734102%26parent=docview%26target=results_DocumentContent%26tokenKey=rsh-20.307872.8645909542

It’s not a question of solvency, but one of exposition – we must constantly discursively challenge the dominant paradigms of climate denial – grassroots struggles are critical. This grassroots struggle CAN break down climate denialism.
Gore, ’11 ~[Yes, THE Al Gore, Al Gore August 29th 2011. "Al Gore Compares Climate Change Deniers to Racists" ~[This is a transcription of the video embedded in the page~] http://www.inquisitr.com/137269/al-gore-compares-climate-change-deniers-to-racists/-http://www.inquisitr.com/137269/al-gore-compares-climate-change-deniers-to-racists/~]
Gore: Yeah if Michael Jordan had been covered in the basketball court by four
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were two things that really made an impression on me, my generation watched
Bull Connor turning the hose on the civil rights demonstrators when I went whoa how
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are concerned I think it’s important to get that out there, absolutely.  

Alternative interpretations are not neutral – they approach the world from a white epistemological basis of willful ignorance and forgetfulness – our discussion of race must come first

Mills Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois, Chicago 1997
Charles-; The Racial Contract
Finally, the Racial Contract requires its own peculiar moral and empirical epistemology, its
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structured blindnesses and opacities in order to establish and maintain the white polity .

Traditional risk-calculus is flawed in questions of energy – a socio-cultural perspective is critical to mobilize actions and address structural issues.

Moser and Dilling 2007 (Susanne Moser is a research scientist at the National Center
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Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change," Cambridge University Press, Pg 130)
Risk communication research over the past two decades  despite the findings of Mohai (2004
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to these poor, rural audiences. We summarize the lessons learned from both 

1AC – Solvency

Observation 2 is solvency

A federally targeted PTC to the CO2-EOR industry will help boost large scale commercialization projects while remaining cost neutral

NEORI, February 2012 (National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Critical Domestic Energy, Economic, and Environmental Opportunity, http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf-http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf, BJM)
U.S. federal policy has long encouraged the capture and ¶ geologic storage
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¶ project performance and a revenue- positive outcome for ¶ American taxpayers. 

Linking CO2 to EOR projects is uniquely beneficial for long term cost saving

Carter, 6/4/12
~[LD, US Carbon Sequestration Council, "An Early Deployment Strategy for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies", http://www.uscsc.org/Files/Admin/Educational_Papers/20120604_Early%20Deployment%20Strategy%20for%20CCUS%20Technologies_FINAL.pdf-http://www.uscsc.org/Files/Admin/Educational_Papers/20120604_Early Deployment Strategy for CCUS Technologies_FINAL.pdf, BJM~]

EOR, however, presents a unique opportunity for exploiting the option of a tax
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the context of potential EOR activity and taxation in the U.S.

And, Federal legislation key to EOR/CCS expansion

Carbon Capture Journal, 2010
~["CCS could increase US oil production says report", March 12, http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=533-http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=533, BJM~]
EOR with CCS would help drive domestic economic growth and increase US oil reserves,
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while increasing state and Federal revenues between %24190 and %24210 billion.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Puget Sound | Judge: Lemuel

1AC - Inherency

Observation One is Inherency

Lack of government incentives collapses support for furthering Enhanced Oil Recovery projects – government certainty is critical to project investment

Kalter, 7/22/12
~[Lindsay, National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners; Summer Committee Meetings, "IEA: CCS REGULATION ADVANCING ’VERY WELL’", Exchange Monitor Publications %26 Forums, http://ghgnews.com/index.cfm/iea-ccs-regulation-advancing-e28098very-welle28099/?mobileFormat=false-http://ghgnews.com/index.cfm/iea-ccs-regulation-advancing-e28098very-welle28099/?mobileFormat=false, BJM~]

While the absence of incentive policies, federal involvement and public support continues to hamstring
AND
drive sufficient investment in low-carbon technologies," according to the report.

And, just this year the current EOR credit has ran out, destroying certainty

Bloomberg BNA, 7/30
Daily Tax Report, "IRS: Enhanced Oil Recovery Credit Phased Out Completely for 2012 Costs", http://www.bna.com/irs-enhanced-oil-n12884910886/-http://www.bna.com/irs-enhanced-oil-n12884910886/, BJM

IRS in Notice 2012-49, scheduled for publication in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2012
AND
greater than %2428 multiplied by the inflation adjustment factor for that year.

Thus the plan:

The United States federal government should provide a production tax credit for carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery production in the United States.

1AC – Warming

Advantage 1 is Warming

C02 Causes Global Warming and the Newest Research Methods Account for the Objections of the Skeptics

ORLCF 12 (Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, 4/4/12, super-duper computing facility, http://www.olcf.ornl.gov/2012/04/04/carbon-dioxide-caused-global-warming-at-ice-ages-end-pioneering-simulation-shows/-http://www.olcf.ornl.gov/2012/04/04/carbon-dioxide-caused-global-warming-at-ice-ages-end-pioneering-simulation-shows/)
Climate science has an equivalent to the "what came first—the chicken or
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. The NOAA NGDC and PANGAEA databases were also essential to this work. 

Global warming is real, caused by human CO2 emissions, and will cause flooding and feedback loops that causes population migrations fueling political instability, economic collapse, and failed states, escalating to nuclear war in a vicious cycle to extinction

Kaku 11 – Michio Kaku, co-creator of string field theory, a branch of string theory. He received a B.S. (summa cum laude) from Harvard University in 1968 where he came first in his physics class. He went on to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972. In 1973, he held a lectureship at Princeton University. Michio continues Einstein’s search for a "Theory of Everything," seeking to unify the four fundamental forces of the universe—the strong force, the weak force, gravity and electromagnetism. He is the author of several scholarly, Ph.D. level textbooks and has had more than 70 articles published in physics journals, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics. Professor of Physics — He holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York, where he has taught for over 25 years. He has also been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, as well as New York University (NYU). "Physics of the Future" http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics%20of%20the%20Future.pdf Accessed 6/26/12 BJM
By midcentury, the full impact of a fossil fuel economy should be in full
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methane gas to be released, causing a runaway cycle of global warming. 

And, trends are reversible if action is taken now

Pew Center 11
(The Pew Center on Global Climate Change is as a non-profit, non-partisan, and independent organization dedicated to providing credible information, straight answers, and innovative solutions in the effort to address global climate change, "Climate Change 101: Understanding and Responding to Global Climate Change,")
The scientific Evidence is unequivocal. Natural climate variability alone cannot explain this trend.
AND
gases in the atmosphere will lessen the magnitude and rate of climate change." 

All industry experts conclude that expanding EOR significantly reduces emissions

Biello 09 (David – Associate Editor of Environment and Energy at Scientific American, 4/9/2009, Enhanced Oil Recovery: How to Make Money from Carbon Capture and Storage Today, Scientific American, p. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=enhanced-oil-recovery-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=enhanced-oil-recovery)
In all of these projects, the CO2 basically scours more hydrocarbons out of the
AND
S. could reduce CO2 emissions by 4 percent, if done correctly.

Incentivizing EOR can reverse 10-20 years worth of emissions damage

NEORI, February 2012 (National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Critical Domestic Energy, Economic, and Environmental Opportunity, p. 10)
Regarding the benefits of EOR for reducing CO2 emissions, using CO2 captured from industrial
AND
aquifers (Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 40 CFR §144).

Expanding EOR revitalizes the carbon capture industry

Gardner, 12/11/2011 (Timothy – Reuters correspondent, Using Oil to Reduce Carbon Emissions, The New York Times, p. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/business/global/12iht-green12.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/business/global/12iht-green12.html)
Companies including Denbury Resources and Kinder Morgan have piped carbon dioxide from naturally occurring sources
AND
the other commercial relationships that would need to get developed," she said.

CCS is the key bridge to a sustainable energy future
WRI 8
World Resources Institute, "CCS Overview: What Is CCS?," http://www.wri.org/project/carbon-dioxide-capture-storage/ccs-basics
CCS is a broad term that encompasses a number of technologies that can be used
AND
near-term energy demand until alternatives can provide sufficient and reliable electricity.

CCS is feasible and is the only way to solve warming – other energy solutions are insufficient

Cohen et al. 9 – Co-Founder and Executive Director of the Clean
AND
, Issue 4, pp. 25-42, p. ScienceDirect)
II. CCS is Critical to a Zero-Carbon World¶ The title of a recent article by two leading climate researchers sums up the message emerging from the latest scientific evidence: "Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions."1 Even the most dramatic, 50–80 percent CO2 reduction goals generally being discussed likely are not enough. We need a near-100-percent reduction by mid-century at the latest. Energy systems need to change faster.2¶ Part of the urgency stems from the reality that warming impacts from today’s emissions may last as long as 1,000 years3; we cannot assume that reducing emissions "tomorrow" means we can reverse damage done to date. Worse, we risk passing irreversible "tipping points" that trigger abrupt and catastrophic changes, such as major ice melt in the polar regions, extensive rainforest loss, and radical alterations of critical weather and ocean circulation patterns. Such tipping points could be in sight if current emission trends continue for another decade or more.4¶ Unfortunately, we are moving in the wrong direction fast. In recent years, China has added coal capacity at a rate of one large new plant per week (70–100 GW per year)5 and India – potentially the world’s most populous country by 2030 – could ramp up as well. The International Energy Agency (IEA) currently projects that world coal capacity will nearly double by 2030, an increase of 1,310 GW.6 If this build-out occurs without CCS, it will increase world CO2 emissions by about 12.6 billion metric tons annually7—roughly twice current U.S. emissions from all sources. Clearly, China, India, and other developing countries will "make or break" any global effort to cut CO2 emissions—in fact, changes in their emissions trajectory will overwhelm any plausible reductions by developed countries.¶ Numerous studies—including studies by the IEA, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), and several major environmental organizations—have assessed the relative roles that different technologies might play in meeting various climate stabilization targets. This body of work (and more) suggests that CCS has economic advantages relative to other options and is likely to be indispensable in achieving a zero-carbon energy mix. Specifically, these studies (which are reviewed and summarized at the CATF Web site, http://www.catf.us/projects/power_sector/advanced_coal/) find the following:¶ • Stabilizing atmospheric CO2 at 450 parts per million by volume (ppmv) could require more than 250 GW of fossil power with CCS globally by 2030 (U.S. CCSP, 2007)8;¶ • Fossil fuels with CCS might need to provide 26 percent of global energy supply under stabilization constraints (WWF, 2007)9;¶ • Combined power sector and industrial CCS could provide the largest single CO2 abatement option in the U.S. in 2030 (McKinsey %26 Co., 2007)10;¶ • Costs for stabilizing CO2 with widespread CCS deployment could be reduced 30 percent or more compared to the costs without CCS (IPCC, 2005)11;¶ • CCS is likely to play a role roughly equivalent to that of energy efficiency and renewables in climate mitigation (IPCC, 2007).12¶ 

Even if regulations aren’t likely now, the plan is key to convincing the world that emissions can be cut without economic cost – specifically key to China and India

MIT 07 – Interdisciplinary Study, The Future of Coal, http://web.mit.edu/coal/-http://web.mit.edu/coal/
Washington, DC – Leading academics from an interdisciplinary Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT
AND
simulation of the comparative performance of integrated technology systems should be greatly enhanced.

Only the plan is modeled – BRIC countries won’t cut emissions unless they can avoid economic cost

Apt et al 7 – PhD in Physics @ MIT, Professor of Technology, Tepper School of Business and Engineering and Public Policy
Jay, "Incentives for Near-Term Carbon Dioxide Geological Sequestration," Carnegie Mellon, http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/pdfs_other/Incentives_for_Near-Term_Carbon_Dioxide_Geological_Sequestration.pdf-http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/pdfs_other/Incentives_for_Near-Term_Carbon_Dioxide_Geological_Sequestration.pdf
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report projects that if
AND
% of the total U.S. GHG emissions. The sources and

Warming will be fast and cause extinction – adaptation is not possible – lowering emissions is key

Tickell 08 – (Oliver Tickell is an environmental Researcher. He is the founder of the Kyoto2 climate initiative, a researcher of the Oxford Climate Associates and specialized in international climate policy. Published August 11th, 2008 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)
We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson ~[
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warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.

Unmitigated carbon emissions independently cause ocean acidification and extinction

Romm 12 – Joe Romm is a Fellow at American Progress and is the editor of Climate Progress, "Science: Ocean Acidifying So Fast It Threatens Humanity’s Ability to Feed Itself," 3/2/2012, http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/03/02/436193/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanity-ability-to-feed-itself/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=email%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+climateprogre-http://thinkprogress.org/romm/2012/03/02/436193/science-ocean-acidifying-so-fast-it-threatens-humanity-ability-to-feed-itself/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=email%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+climateprogre
The world’s oceans may be turning acidic faster today from human carbon emissions than they
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corals, mollusks and some plankton need for reef and shell-building.

The harms of CO2 outweigh CO2 agriculture – independently it causes 5.5 billion people to starve

Strom 07 – University of Arizona planetary science emeritus professor, studied climate change for
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at Barnard College and a Senior Research Scientist at the Columbia Earth Institute.
The future consequences of global warming are the least known aspect of the problem.
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Russia, and to the coast of South Africa along the Indian Ocean. 

Warming is an existential risk – quickening reductions is key

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
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adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

There should be an extremely high standard of evidence in debates about global warming – current climate skepticism ignores peer-review, comes from unspecialized writers, cherry picks evidence and is informed by ideology – expert consensus goes aff

Somerville 11 – Professor of Oceanography @ UCSD
Richard Somerville, Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Research Professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, Coordinating Lead Author in Working Group I for the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 3-8-2011, "CLIMATE SCIENCE AND EPA’S GREENHOUSE GAS REGULATIONS," CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis
Although the expert community is in wide agreement on the basic results of climate change
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as well as many more ordinary mortals who are simply very badly mistaken. 

1AC – Oil Dependence

Advantage 2 is Oil Dependence

Domestic supplies of oil are too little to fit US demand, forces increases reliance on foreign sources

Cavell 12 – Assistant Professor at the University of Bahrain (Dr. Colin Cavell, Center for Research on Globalization, "America’s Dependency On Middle East Oil", 4/11/12, http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va%26aid=30177)
Currently, approximately 35% of the world’s seaborne crude oil extracted from the Earth
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and other ’strategic’ resources outweighs the nation’s avowed values to support democracy. 

Eliminating foreign oil is unnecessary for independence  - we need only reduce imports to where oil has little to no effect on economic or military policy – the natural foreign response to increased domestic supplies solves dependence

Benjamin K. Sovacool, ’07 - (an Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore.  He is also a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization) 2007 "Oil Independence Possible for U.S. by 2030" http://scitizen.com/authors/Benjamin-K.-Sovacool-a 899_s_08b456d033fcee27acbc8caf208135e8.html-http://scitizen.com/authors/Benjamin-K.-Sovacool-a 899_s_08b456d033fcee27acbc8caf208135e8.html
Oil independence is possible for the U.S. if comprehensive and aggressive energy
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turn further limiting their ability to influence the oil market in the future. 

Oil dependence creates multiple scenarios for war – increases the incentive to go to war while short-circuiting barriers to conflict

GLASER 2011 (Professor of Political Science and International Relations Elliot School of International Affairs The George Washington University, " Reframing Energy Security: How Oil Dependence Influences U.S. National Security," August 2011, http://depts.washington.edu/polsadvc/Blog%20Links/Glaser_-_EnergySecurity-AUGUST-2011.docx-http://depts.washington.edu/polsadvc/Blog Links/Glaser_-_EnergySecurity-AUGUST-2011.docx)
Oil dependence could reduce a state’s security if its access to oil is vulnerable to
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import oil will be uninterrupted and will pursue policies to ensure secure access. 

A federal PTC on CO2-EOR production would displace the need for oil imports in the coming years reducing unhealthy dependence

NEORI, February 2012 (National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Critical Domestic Energy, Economic, and Environmental Opportunity, http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf-http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf, BJM)
NEORI’s centerpiece recommendation is a competitively ¶ awarded, revenue-positive federal production tax
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reducing total U.S. ¶ CO2¶ emissions in the process.

A national CO2-EOR program can reduce dependence substantially for the next 10-14 years in the status quo but next generation tech and CCS makes solvency unlimited

NEORI, February 2012 (National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Critical Domestic Energy, Economic, and Environmental Opportunity, p. 8-9)
Reliance on oil imports directly affects the security and stability of the U.S
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made sources in a manner suitably calibrated to the full potential of EOR.

Combing CCS technology with EOR production can create sustainability in domestic oil markets reducing dependency by half

Howell, 3/11/2010 (Katie, Pairing Oil Recovery With Carbon Capture a Win-Win for U.S. – Report, The New York Times, p. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/03/11/11greenwire-pairing-oil-recovery-with-carbon-capture-a-win-52359.html-http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/03/11/11greenwire-pairing-oil-recovery-with-carbon-capture-a-win-52359.html)
The Natural Resources Defense Council backed the report (pdf) that says combining CCS
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, helping the economy and enhancing national security without raising new environmental concerns."

Oil dependence makes conflict over the Strait of Hormuz inevitable – that escalates and goes nuclear

GLASER 2011 (Professor of Political Science and International Relations Elliot School of International Affairs The George Washington University, " Reframing Energy Security: How Oil Dependence Influences U.S. National Security," August 2011, http://depts.washington.edu/polsadvc/Blog%20Links/Glaser_-_EnergySecurity-AUGUST-2011.docx) *note – added ~[of~] for grammar
Energy dependence could draw the United States into a conflict in which a regional power
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a full-scale invasion or a conventional attack against their nuclear forces.

That causes Middle East war, terrorist attacks, and draws in Russia

Cochrane 12 (Paul, Special Reporter on Energy Wars for Executive Magazine, "Flirting with death", March 1, http://www.executive-magazine.com/getarticle.php?article=15225-http://www.executive-magazine.com/getarticle.php?article=15225)
If any of the above plays out, Gulf War Three, if not World
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be spun off if a war breaks out are incalculable," concludes Elleman. 

Middle East war goes nuclear and spreads globally

Steinbach 2002 – Analyst, Center for Research on Globalisation
http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/STE203A.html-http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/STE203A.html
Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass destruction in such an unstable region
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the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

1AC – Solvency

Observation 2 is solvency

A federally targeted PTC to the CO2-EOR industry will help boost large scale commercialization projects while remaining cost neutral

NEORI, February 2012 (National Enhanced Oil Recovery Initiative, Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Critical Domestic Energy, Economic, and Environmental Opportunity, http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf-http://www.neori.org/NEORI_Report.pdf, BJM)
U.S. federal policy has long encouraged the capture and ¶ geologic storage
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¶ project performance and a revenue- positive outcome for ¶ American taxpayers. 

Linking CO2 to EOR projects is uniquely beneficial for long term cost saving

Carter, 6/4/12
~[LD, US Carbon Sequestration Council, "An Early Deployment Strategy for Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies", http://www.uscsc.org/Files/Admin/Educational_Papers/20120604_Early%20Deployment%20Strategy%20for%20CCUS%20Technologies_FINAL.pdf-http://www.uscsc.org/Files/Admin/Educational_Papers/20120604_Early Deployment Strategy for CCUS Technologies_FINAL.pdf, BJM~]

EOR, however, presents a unique opportunity for exploiting the option of a tax
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the context of potential EOR activity and taxation in the U.S.

And, Federal legislation key to EOR/CCS expansion

Carbon Capture Journal, 2010
~["CCS could increase US oil production says report", March 12, http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=533-http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=533, BJM~]
EOR with CCS would help drive domestic economic growth and increase US oil reserves,
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while increasing state and Federal revenues between %24190 and %24210 billion.