Tournament: Golden Gate  | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chico | Judge: Williams, A.
Uniqueness and Internal Link- Obama will win now but the election is extremely close- comparative studies and most recent polls also prove approval ratings key to the election.
Bernstein, 9/28/2012, (Jonathan, “Obama is on track to win, but backers shouldn’t get overconfident. Here’s why.” Washington Post Blog. Web, Acc 9/28/2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/obama-is-on-track-to-win-but-dont-get-overconfident-heres-why/2012/09/28/5ed65f4c-09a0-11e2-9eea-333857f6a7bd_blog.html)

One way of gaming out what is happening in this election is to
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short: Obama is on track to win, but don’t get overconfident.

Plan drives a wedge into Obama’s base—they’re key to re-election
Mick 6/19/10 Jason Daily Tech, Obama Fights For Nuclear, Environmentalists Label Him a Shill http://www.dailytech.com/Obama+Fights+For+Nuclear+Environmentalists+Label+Him+a+Shill/article18781.htm

Despite these small victories, President Obama's nuclear vision faces many impending obstacles. Despite
AND
is among the many factors that will already make President Obama's presidency noteworthy.

Romney will label China a currency manipulator-that causes a trade war
Shobert, 12 Benjamin A., Managing Director of Rubicon Strategy Group, also author of upcoming book Blame China, “Romney lays ground for China trade war,” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/NB22Cb01.html

Part of what Romney wrote aligns with his early September 2011 economic plan, where
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political one, leaving many in middle America eager for someone to blame. 

US-China trade war escalates to conflict and collapses global trade
Droke 10 (Clif, Editor – Momentum Strategies Report, “America and the Next Major War’, Green Faucet, 3-29, http://www.greenfaucet.com/technical-analysis/america-and-the-next-major-war/79314)

In the current phase of relative peace and stability we now enjoy, many are
AND
hurt will surely retaliate and the entire world will suffer," writes Barker.

US-China war goes nuclear
Johnson 1 (Chalmers, President – Japan Policy Research Institute, “Time to Bring the Troops Home”, The Nation, 4-26, http://ieas.berkeley.edu/cks/k12/girling_troops.doc)

In East Asia, the United States maintains massive and expensive military forces poised to
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aggressor. More seriously, it could easily escalate into a nuclear holocaust.  

Collapse of trade causes extinction
Pazner 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)

The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Tournament: Golden Gate  | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chico | Judge: Williams, A
White Supremacy shapes the way we view the world and justifies racial hegemony
El Affendi, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, ’05
(Abdelwahab EI-Affendi 4 is a Senior Research Fe-llow at the
AND
the 21st Century”. Edited by David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi.)
It has been argued that the thesis of "clash of civilizations" is a
AND
with civilization and a lot to do with barharism in its racist manifestations.
Hegemony is UNSUSTAINABLE and only serves to JUSTIFY domestic racism by keeping the oppressed at the brink of starvation.

MARSHALL Research Assc with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG) 2k10
Andrew Gavin-currently studying Political Economy and History @ Simon Fraser University; War, Racism and the Empire of Poverty:  When Empire Hits Home, Part 1; GLOBAL RESEARCH, March 22;
www.globalresearch.ca/PrintArticle.php?articleld=18263

Thus, the American Empire is in decline, spending itself into utter debt and
AND
the ruling group against its own subjects and its object is not the victory

Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease. It justifies atrocities, creates another and is truly the CAPITAL SIN.
MEMMI  Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris    2000
Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
AND
commandments.  Such unanimity in the safeguarding of the other suggests the real utility
of such sentiments.  All things considered, we have an interest in banishing injustice
AND
.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Tournament: Golden Gate  | Round: 4 | Opponent: Chico | Judge: Williams, A.
The United States Federal Government should provide full funding for an international fuel bank, which will be enforced by the IAEA; the United States federal government should also fund and implement the Reliable Replacement Warhead program. The Department of Defense should end drone strikes.

An International Fuel Bank solves prolif

Cirincione and Grotto 7 (Joseph Cirincione, Senior Fellow and Director for Nuclear Policy at the Center for American Progress And Andrew Grotto, Senior National Security Analyst at the Center for American Progress, “Contain and Engage” Center for American Progress, March 2007, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/02/pdf/iran_report.pdf)

The United States and its partners, as noted above, should support the Nuclear
AND
may also serve as an added inducement for Iran to forego uranium enrichment.
It makes deterrence credible

Jon Kyl, Chairman of the GOP Policy Committee “Maintaining Nuclear Deterrence in the 21st Century” Republican Policy Committee. June 16, 2005. PDF File accessed online 9/7/09 at page: http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/policies/Jun16NuclearMG.pdf

The purpose of the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) program is to demonstrate the
AND
employ technological advances in materials and design not available during the Cold War.

Tournament: Cal | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fullerton | Judge:
The affirmative fails to promote a topical defense of government policy that’s bad for debate.

First - a limited topic of discussion which provides a clear demarcation of sides in a controversy is key to foster productive debate without sacrificing creativity or innovation. Even if their position can be debated that does not make it conducive to valuable debate and decision-making. 

Steinberg and Freeley 2008
Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second – debating specific policy action is critical—breaks out of traditional pedagogy and enhances active learning—even if we aren’t in positions of power
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14
And it’s specifically important on this topic – decision-making skills and engagement with the state energy apparatus prevents energy technocracy and actualizes radical politics
Hager 92
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ‘92
(Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61
Third, switch-side debate is key to effective decision making and prevention of atrocity.
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
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not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric. 

Decision-making outweighs:
The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and …
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
And we are the best in-road to education:

THE AFFIRMATIVE MUST DEFEND AND AFFIRM THE TOPIC that’s key to fairness and education

GALLOWAY 07 Asst Prof and Director of Debate @ Samford 2k7
Ryan-former GMU debater; Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table:  Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue; CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE; Vol. 28; p. 7-8
In addition to the basic equity norm, dismissing …. observers of such debates.

Tournament: Cal | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced
Anell 89
Chairman, WTO panel
 "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the
CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such
AND
PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68)
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf
The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
AND
to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures. 

The plan changes how energy is produced, rather than restricting how much is produced

This conflation ruins the topic:

1. Including regulations is a limits disaster
   Doub 76
    Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy
   Annual Review of Energy
   Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976)
   DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
   http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435
    Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing
   AND
   . He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. 

FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in
AND
agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception. 

2. Precision: Only direct prohibition is a restriction – key to predictability
Sinha 6
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/
 Supreme Court of India Union Of India and Ors vs M/S.
AND
No. 17558 of 2006  S.B. SINHA, J :  
 We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others AIR 1979 SC 1459 stated the law thus:
"It appears that a distinction between regulation and restriction or prohibition has always been
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the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

Tournament: Cal | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should 

--remove the federal government liability waiver for Tribal Energy Resource Agreements
--clarify that the Secretary of the Interior, when evaluating applications for Tribal Energy Resource Agreements, must defer to the tribe's determination that the agreement is in its best interest, to the maximum extent possible
--amend the Indian Mineral Development Act of 1982 by clarifying that the statutory definition of "mineral resources" includes wind and solar energy. 

Changing the Secretary’s approval process solves the whole case—spurs wind development and balances self-determination with the trust doctrine
Royster, Co-Director – Native American Law Center @ University of Tulsa, ‘12
(Judith V., “Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures,” March, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

Nonetheless, there are steps that can be taken to tighten up the approval process and make it friendlier …
AND
role in the development of renewable resources without undue expense or federal oversight.
The amendments to the IMDA and its regulations proposed here also do not solve that
AND
resources, and do so with more direct say in the development itself.

Redefining the IMDA spurs renewable power development by circumventing TERAs
Royster, Co-Director – Native American Law Center @ University of Tulsa, ‘12
(Judith V., “Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures,” March, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The heart of my proposal is a small and likely uncontroversial amendment to the Indian Mineral Development Act of 1982. The statutory definition of "mineral resources" should be amended to clarify that mineral resources includes all renewable energy resources. Although that is arguably the case now, the clear inclusion of renewable energy resources would remove a point of contention and confusion…
proposed expansion of the IMDA is intended as one more option for tribes.
Under the proposed amendment to the IMDA definition of minerals, for example, a
AND
tribes' self-determination rights to choose the best approach for that tribe.

Reinstating liability avoids politics and solves energy development
Kronk, assistant professor of law – Texas Tech University, ‘12
(Elizabeth Ann, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

B. An Alternative Possibility for Reform: Reinstate Federal Liability under the TERA Provisions
As an alternative, a second recommendation for reforming the existing TERA provisions would call
…
would allow tribes to truly make decisions regarding energy development within their territories.
Because Congress may not accept this proposal, the article also proposes an option for
AND
, would encourage tribes to enter into TERAs with the Secretary of Interior.

Deregulating TERAs allows corporate exploitation of tribes—worse for sovereignty
Reese, reporter – High Country News (Colorado) and Energy and Environment, ‘3
(April, “Plains tribe harnesses the wind,” http://www.hcn.org/issues/255/14139)

The legislation would also waive Interior’s trust responsibility to the tribes in energy dealings. This trust relationship means the federal government must ensure that tribes get a fair shake when their land is leased for mining, grazing, logging or drilling. …
When the Senate resumes debate on the energy bill this summer, Campbell is expected to offer an amendment addressing some of critics’ concerns, including retaining Interior’s trust responsibility and laying out requirements that tribes would have to follow when conducting environmental reviews. 

Tournament: Cal | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Bipartisan agreement on Immigration will help overcome budget and gun control fights – the time is right now
Gonzalez and Nowicki, 1/4/13
Daniel and Dan, The Republic AZ Central, “‘Cliff’ fight, gun control pushing immigration reform out of spotlight”, http://www.azcentral.com/news/politics/articles/20130103immigration-reform-at-crossroads.html, BJM

Republican and Democratic members of Arizona’s congressional delegation who support immigration reform agree it faces
AND
for different reasons, to get it done and get it behind us.”

Plan kills Obama
Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 1/9/12, Obama Plays Safe on Energy Policy, Lexis

With less than a year to go until he faces re-election, US
AND
repeat this success in other energy policy areas ( PIW Feb.23'09 ).

Immigration reform expands skilled labor—spurs stronger relations and economic growth in China and India.
Los Angeles Times, 11/9/2012 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
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see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.
That gives US leverage to avert south Asian nuclear war.
Schaffer, Spring 2002 (Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis)

Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.

Tournament: UNLV | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: The United States federal government should deploy sulphate aerosols in the stratosphere in sufficient quantities to stabilize average global temperature at safe levels.

Solves warming
Victor et al, ‘9 (David G. Victor, M. Granger
AND
., “The Geoengineering Option”, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009)

Today, the term "geoengineering" refers to a variety of strategies designed to
AND
one percent (or less) of the cost of dramatically cutting emissions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
We’ll Call our Criticism: One Hour Photo

Sub-Point A: Kevin Carter an Icon of Anguish
Scott Macleod, ethnographer, conveys the horrifying tale of Photojournalist Kevin Carter in an obituary written for the photographer in 1994 (Time magazine, 12 September 1994, Volume 144, Number 11).

The image presaged no celebration: a child barely alive, a vulture so eager
AND
some of Carter's friends wondered aloud why he had not helped the girl.

Sub-Point B: The Pulitzer Prize

Why does the affirmative refuse to defend the political implications of their agenda? At its core our argument is not particularly complex, the affirmative is an attempt at capturing the best representation of suffering while avoiding the political consequences of action. This perpetuates the sentimentalizing of suffering which precludes effective political engagement.
Kleinman, prof of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry @ Harvard, AND Kleinman, sinologist @ Harvard, 1996 (Arthur and Joan, “The Appeal of Experience; the Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,” Daedalus, Winer, v125 n1 p. exac)

SUFFERING IS ONE OF THE EXISTENTIAL GROUNDS of human experience; it is a defining
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same as the "ordinary" experiences of poverty and illness.(5)

Moreover, like Kevin Carter, the affirmative has BECOME THE VULTURE. In framing their advocacy in terms of capturing accurate representation and they reflect a political sympathy no more deep than seeking the Pulitzer prize (In debate parlance we refer to that as “winning the round”). Their refusal to engage in the political eviscerates the efficacy of their advocacy.
Kleinman, prof of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry @ Harvard, AND Kleinman, sinologist @ Harvard, 1996 (Arthur and Joan, “The Appeal of Experience; the Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,” Daedalus, Winer, v125 n1 p. exac)

PROFESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS OF THE IMAGES OF SUFFERING: PHOTOJOURNALISM AND PUBLIC HEALTH This photograph won
AND
a global humanitarian effort to prevent silence. That is a considerable contribution.
Having learned about Carter's suicide, the prize-winning image, an anonymously public
AND
suffering to produce moral fatigue, exhaustion of empathy, and political despair.

Sub-Point C: Escaping the Vultures

Our alternative is to “refuse the affirmatives denial of politics.” Rather than burying our heads in the sand and pretending that debate is a game of little political consequence with only marginal rhetorical value, we should fully assume the responsibility of political participation. Goal oriented debate in this context has the performative potential to allow for concrete political transformation.
Kulynych, prof. poli sci @ Winthrop Univ., 1997 (Jessica J., “Performing Politics: Foucault, Habermas, and Postmodern Participation,” Polity, Winter, v30 n2, pg. exac)

When we look at the success of citizen initiatives from a performative perspective, we
AND
contemporary political action and the possibilities for an actually diverse and participatory democracy.

Lastly, our critique does not deny the value of ALL strategies of representation; however it recognizes them precisely in this context of STRATEGY. Critical self-reflection on matters of politics and the efficacy of policy is necessary to alleviate human suffering. Our alternative is the first step to alleviating the harms of the 1ac and of social ills more broadly.
Kleinman, prof of Medical Anthropology and Psychiatry @ Harvard, AND Kleinman, sinologist @ Harvard, 1996 (Arthur and Joan, “The Appeal of Experience; the Dismay of Images: Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,” Daedalus, Winer, v125 n1 p. exac)

Our critique of appropriations of suffering that do harm does not mean that no appropriations
AND
existential conditions as an ultimate constraint limiting the moral dangers of civilizational change.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Interpretation:
Financial incentives are reductions in cost given companies in order to elicit a certain action.
Wassall and Hellman ‘85
- Gregory (Associate Professor and Graduate Coordinator Economics Northeastern University), - Daryl A. (Noted author in the field of economics ie: ‘The Economic Crime’, ‘State financial incentives to industry’), Policy Studies Review; May85, Vol. 4 Issue 4, p626-639, 14p
Financial incentive include cash, credit and/or a reduction in the cost of doing business offered by the government or a public agency to a firm who, in turn, agrees to place or expand a facility in a location designated by the government agency. Within this context, incentives take many forms and dimensions

Violation: Tax credits are a reaction to steps already taken to reward businesses for desirable action.

Prefer our interpretation:
Limits: The aff justifies REWARD affs massively explodes the topic because the relevant literature shifts from the government dictating market signals to the government responding to them.
Ground: Rewards should be negative ground – also affs that primarily respond and effectually motivate jack negative link ground, congressional debate surrounding incentives is based on how incentives will affect the market.
Topicality is a voter, it’s a prima facia requirement.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The 1AC is lip-service to the first priority of violence against American Indians avoids confronting the primordial justification of the violence their 1AC. Their progressive struggle will fail, because its progress will only occur on STOLEN LAND.
Churchill 96 (Ward Churchill, Former Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder “I Am Indigenist,” From A Native Son pgs 520-30)

I’ll debunk some of this nonsense in a moment, but first I want to
AND
, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.  

And, their piecemeal reform obscures the fact that the most egregious structural violence in America is perpetuated against Native Americans
Churchill 92 (Ward Churchill, Codirector of the Colorado chapter of the American Indian Movement. A previous professor at the University of Colorado/Boulder, “Fantasies of the Master Race.” pg. 7-9)

The true cost to native people bound up in the complex of relations anchoring the
AND
which the U.S. status quo has erected and maintains itself.

So turn off your radios. In the spirit of Leonard Peltier, Geronimo, Chief Joseph, Tecumseh, and Crazy Horse, Sukhi and I advocate First Priority to First Americans as a strategy of impossible realism which seeks to banish the United States federal government from North America and planet Earth. We have to abolish the USFG right here in this community so that it may serve as a praxis and starting point for fighting all oppressions such as racism, sexism, classism, and homophobia both in Indian country and around the globe.

The United States Federal Government should give the land back.

Politics invariably requires the establishment of priorities – ours should be this: First Priority to First Americans
Churchill 96 (Ward Churchill, Former Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder, “I Am Indigenist,” From A Native Son pgs 89-94)

The question which inevitably arises with regard to indigenous land claims, especially in the
AND
realism.” Isn’t it time we all went to work on attaining it?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown CV | Judge:
*CASE*

Government assistance to energy companies empirically creates corruption and cronyism, gutting solvency.

Edwards and DeHaven, former senior economist on the congressional Joint Economic Committee, 12 (Chris and Ted, “Corporate Welfare Spending vs. the Entrepreneurial Economy” June 1, delivered before House Budget Committee http://www.cato.org/publications/congressional-testimony/corporate-welfare-spending-vs-entrepreneurial-economy) Chris: director of tax policy studies at Cato, member of the Fiscal Future Commission of the National Academy of Sciences. Ted: former deputy director of the Indiana Office of Management and Budget, named to Florida Governor Rick Scott's Economic Advisory Council.
Business subsidy programs attract

AND

Americans are sick and tired of the inevitable scandals.
Turn – picking winners collapses the solar industry
Glover 9/13 -- European associate editor for the independent online magazine Energy Tribune (Peter, 2012, "Solar Eclipsed?" http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm/11672/Solar-Eclipsed)

The global solar power industry is in

AND

easy to see why the industry is in eclipse.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown CV | Judge:
*RACE*

Racism can be expressed with a violent Fist or a Velvet glove.  Contemporary Racism has slipped on the velvet glove, invoking a devastating power of illusion by focusing merely on individual bigotry leaving untouched society’s racist systems and institutions.
BARDNT Director of Crossroads, a non-profit Organization 1991
Joseph-ordained minister; “Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America; p.31-33
Racism can be expressed with an

AND

for us by others in ways that are to our benefit.

If “soft power” truly has the technological merit it is ascribed, it will make it on its own. The governmental push for solar and wind technologies is a mere cloak for underlying motives of social engineering.
Beckmann 1979
Petr, Why “Soft” Technology Will Not Be America’s Energy Salvation
http://www.stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/texts/beckmann_soft-technology.pdf
Professor of Electrical Engineering, Writer of Access to Energy magazine, highly successful physicist and statistician
It is not even enough to supply the necessary energy

AND

just how flimsy the propaganda cloak is.

The social engineering implicit in the push for “soft technology” is the velvet glove of racism at its finest. The poor and minorities are preached to about environmental values by the WELL-TO-DO KIDS in suburban homes who have been more over-indulged in the necessities of life than the disenfranchised ever have been. They will be deprived once more as the elite few take this as the ultimate opportunity to PLAN, ALLOT, AND RATION, resources.
Beckmann 1979
Petr, Why “Soft” Technology Will Not Be America’s Energy Salvation
http://www.stephankinsella.com/wp-content/uploads/texts/beckmann_soft-technology.pdf
Professor of Electrical Engineering, Writer of Access to Energy magazine, highly successful physicist and statistician
If "soft" technology is neither technically

AND

is what the hole is needed for.

The affirmative rhetorical silence on whiteness is an active stance that allows white privilege to thrive by masking its existence and treating is as an assumed norm.
We once believed that SILENCE was golden interpreting it to be a precious and valuable commodity.  While still viewed as a precious and valuable commodity the color has changed and SILENCE is now the veil and cloak of WHITENESS and WHITE PRIVILEGE
DR. CRENSHAW Prof of Speech Comm @ Univ. Ala.  1997
Carrie-PhD. USC; former director of debate @ Univ. of Ala.; WESTERN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION

This analysis of Helms’ opening argument

AND

scheme of privilege will be silent” (10). Thus
Racism must be rejected in EVERY INSTANCE without surcease. It justifies atrocities, creates another and is truly the CAPITAL SIN.
MEMMI  Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris    2000
Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165
The struggle against racism will be long

AND

but the stakes are irresistible.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown CV | Judge:
*GIVE BACK LAND*

The 1AC is lip-service to the first priority of violence against American Indians avoids confronting the primordial justification of the violence their 1AC. Their progressive struggle will fail, because its progress will only occur on STOLEN LAND.
Churchill 96 (Ward Churchill, Former Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder “I Am Indigenist,” From A Native Son pgs 520-30)

I’ll debunk some of this nonsense

AND

classist, homophobic, militaristic order on non-Indians.  

And, their piecemeal reform obscures the fact that the most egregious structural violence in America is perpetuated against Native Americans
Churchill 92 (Ward Churchill, Codirector of the Colorado chapter of the American Indian Movement. A previous professor at the University of Colorado/Boulder, “Fantasies of the Master Race.” pg. 7-9)

The true cost to native people bound up in the complex

AND

quo has erected and maintains itself.

Historical amnesia of colonial dispossession maintains white supremacy: The most important necessary cause of white supremacy is white possession: The idea that we can take something and say “that’s my property” by right. The very act of starting with slavery and migration hides the reality of where we live. Rather than begin with slavery, our historical analysis of white supremacy starts with and centers appropriation of indigenous land and its relationship to white possessiveness.
Moreton-Robinson 8 (Aileen, “Transnational Whiteness Matters”, p. kindle)

Despite the colonial history of the United States

AND

establishment and to its continued existence. 

The continuing genocide of Native America puts all life on earth at risk
Friedberg 2K (Lilian Friedberg, author and political activist with a master's degree in the humanities from the University of Chicago and is currently a doctoral candidate in Germanic Studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Dare to Compare:  Americanizing the Holocaust, The American Indian Quarterly 24.3 (2000) 353-380)

This is not to deny or diminish the clear

AND

life and death on all our behalf. 

Sukhi and I advocate that the United States Federal Government should never have taken the land.
The imaginary act of abolishing the USFG as we know it serves as a praxis and alternate starting point for a counterfactual history of the United States.
Politics invariably requires the establishment of priorities – ours should be this: First Priority to First Americans
Churchill 96 (Ward Churchill, Former Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder, “I Am Indigenist,” From A Native Son pgs 89-94)

The question which inevitably arises with

AND

Isn’t it time we all went to work on attaining it?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown CV | Judge:
*FRAMEWORK*

Our interpretation is that the affirmative must instrumentally affirm a plan-text.

Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan
American Heritage Dictionary – 2000 www.dictionary.com
3 Used to express probability or expectation

Voting Issue – for fairness and education also—instrumentally a jurisdictional voting issue.

Ruth Lesl Shively, Professor of Politics at Texas AandM, 2000 Partisan Politics and Political Theory, p. 181-2

In most cases, however, our agreements

AND

rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown CV | Judge:
FIRST PRIORITY
Prioritizing the genocide and dispossession of Native Americans is a prerequisite to all other critiques—we must even reorient our personal narratives of the world, or our politics will ultimately fail
Churchill 3 (Ward Churchill, Former Chair Of the Ethnic Studies Department, until July 2007 he was a tenured Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado/Boulder, Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p.xv)

This book follows Foucauldian procedure

AND

substantial than that made on 9–1–1.

activism—it gets diluted and distracted—the impact is extinction
Churchill 97 (Ward Churchill, Former Chair Of the Ethnic Studies Department, until July 2007 he was a tenured Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado/Boulder, A little matter of genocide: holocaust and denial in the Americas, 1492 to the present, p. 348-349)

Here, another logical sequence

AND

rapidly opening beneath our feet. 

It’s a question of strategy—we solve hierarchy best
Churchill 3 (Ward Churchill, Former Prof at University of Colorado Bolder, Talk by Ward Churchill to mark the book release, 22 February 2003 http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/WC022203.html)

We have to strip away

AND

can get rid of all this god-damned oppression.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Georgetown CV | Judge:
White supremacy is the un-named political system that governs status-quo politics. We pass policies to satisfy a “social contract” that is inherently racist. The omission of any mention of this system is not accidental but a coordinated condition of the system. We must aggressively ENGAGE a broader debate to situate discussions of race and challenge these assumptions.
MILLS Associate Prof of Philosophy @ U Illinois, Chicago 1997
Charles-; The Racial Contract; p. 1-3
White Supremacy is the unnamed political

AND

the political lingua franca of our times.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: BC | Judge:
T

Energy production is the generation of power from raw materials
Vaekstfonden 6 – Vaekstfonden is a Danish government backed investment fund that facilitates the supply of venture capital in terms of start-up equity and high-risk loans "THE ENERGY INDUSTRY IN DENMARK- perspectives on entrepreneurship and venture capital" No Specific Cited, Latest Data From 2006 s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.siliconvalley.um.dk/ContentPages/43667201.pdf

In all, 20 industry experts were interviewed about the composition and dynamics of the
AND
, where energy sources are transformed into heat and power. Transmission and distribution

Restrictions’ must be direct and immediate limitations on production
CJ Veeraswami (Former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, India) 1966 “T.M. Kannappa Mudaliar And Ors. vs The State Of Madras” Majority opinion, http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/838831/
The collection of a toll or a tax for the use of a road or
AND
Das, J., in Automobile Transport Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan

Removing export or trade restrictions is untopical—border measures are not restrictions on production
Lothar Ehring (Assistant to Mr. Péter Balás, Deputy Director-General at the Directorate-General for Trade of the European Commission, responsible for multilateral affairs, as well as trade defence instruments and bilateral trade relations with Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Until 2008, Lothar Ehring served in the Unit of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Trade that is responsible for Legal Aspects of Trade Policy.  He was the Coordinator for legal issues of multilateral trade, handled several WTO disputes and also represented the European Community in the negotiations on the reform of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding) and Gian Franco Chinale 2011 “Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law: Wto, Nafta and Energy Charter” p. 134-5

The perfect example to test and discuss this interpretation is the famous case of OPEC
AND
time and this makes a qualitative difference that is impossible to set aside.

Financial incentives are committed funds directly tied to production
Webb, 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives”, 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) 

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.
They violate Incentives – the plan is a nonfinancial incentive
Shapiro, associate – Energy, Environment and Public Utilities Practice Group @ Cozen O'Connor, publisher – Green Building Law Blog, 2011
(Shari, “Code Green: Is 'Greening' the Building Code the Best Approach to Create a Sustainable Built Environment?” Planning and Environmental Law 63:6, p. 3-12)

The explosion of state and local green building regulations has been extraordinary and has led
AND
floor-to-area ratios for green buildings8 and expedited permitting processes.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: BC | Judge:
K

The Affirmative subjects nature to a strategic gaze under which interconnected ecologies and global populations justify  infinite police surveillance, and a new globalized biopolitics that sees no limits on the scope of its control.

Timothy Luke, Professor of Political Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, The (Un)Wise (Ab)Use of Nature: Environmentalism as Globalized Consumerism?, 1997, http://www.cddc.vt.edu/tim/tims/Tim528.PDF 

No longer Nature, not merely ecosystem, the terraforming of our world under this
AND
a more survivable second nature and new consummational systems for their surviving subjects.  
The transformation from national security to global security, from national interest to existential risk, marks a profound shift in the way biopower operates. To facilitate the reign of global neoliberalism, all social space has become folded into the same discourses of sustainability and security. The result is a global regime in which structural violence and genocide are the norm.

David Campbell, The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility Vehicle, American Quarterly, September 2005, http://www.scribd.com/doc/25395635/campbell-david-the-biopolitics-of-security-oil-empire-and-the-sports-utility-vehicle 

In contrast, by assuming that the identity of the state is performatively consti-
AND
and warp of the socio-economic and cultural networks of biopolitical relations.”

The Alt is rejection of Security. By challenging the language through which we're drawn into its web, space is created for human agency and politics outside of strategic calculation.

Anthony Burke, Professor of IR at University of New South Wales, “Aporias of Security”, in Alternatives 27, 2002

Refusing Security It is perhaps easy to become despondent, but as countless struggles for
AND
is a world after security, and what its shimmering possibilities might be.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: BC | Judge:
Courts CP

The United States Supreme Court should rule that restrictions on natural gas exports are unconstitutional.  The United States Supreme court should rule that compliance orders from federal enforcement agencies regarding further restrictions on natural gas production in the United States are unconstitutional.

This solves and competes – it doesn’t ’reduce’ a legal restriction – it just makes it unenforceable

Treanor 93 William Treanor associate professor of law at Fordham University) and Gene Sperling (Deputy assistant to the president for economic policy University of Minnesota) 1993 "Prospective overruling and the revival of Unconstitutional statutes" JSTOR

Unlike the Supreme Court, several state courts have explicitly addressed the revival issue.
AND
a statute did not revive does not offer a convincing rationale for nonrevival. 

2NC

Courts CP
AT: Agent CPs bad

2. Education – we should determine what the judicial role on the up and coming question in the egalitarianism of our current transportation policies should be – this is a core question of our transportation policy.
Sanchez and Brenman 7 (Thomas, Director and Associate Professor Urban Affairs and Planning Program Virginia Tech, and Marc, Executive Director Washington State Human Rights Commission, TRANSPORTATION EQUITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE:  
LESSONS FROM HURRICANE KATRINA, http://www.ejconference.net/images/Sanchez_Brenman.pdf) NYan

Transportation plays a vital role in our society. In fact, the Supreme Court
AND
economic inequities as a result of transportation policies oriented toward travel by car.

AT: Perm Do Both

1. Still links to politics; the perm is the same as the plan – it moots the Court’s decision.
   Baum 1 (Lawrence Baum, professor of political science at Ohio State University, The Supreme Court, p. 110)

More fundamental are the requirements of jurisdiction and standing. If the Court receives a
AND
two important cases in¬volving the federal statute that prohibits discrimination against disabled people.

3. The perm also severs immediacy – that’s an independent voting issue – moving target kills clash which is the key internal to education.
Summers 94 (Justice – Oklahoma Supreme Court, "Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant," Appeal from the District Court, OK 123, 885 P.2d 1353, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn14)

The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "should
AND
. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882). 

AT: Perm Do CP

1. The affirmative severs certainty – the Courts have zero active authority.
   Rosenberg 1 (N. Rosenberg, Professor at the University of Chicago School of Law, JD – University of Michigan School of law, PhD – Yale University, “The Hollow Hope,” UChicago Press, p. 15)

For courts, or any other institution, to effectively produce significant social reform,
AND
and John Marshall, both of whom were acutely aware of the Court’s limits

Should – is mandatory especially with funding.
Nieto 9 (Judge Henry, Appellate Judge Colorado Court of Appeals, 8-20-2009 People v. Munoz, 240 P.3d 311 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009), http://www.scribd.com/doc/19076662/People-v-Munoz)

“Should” is “used . . . to express duty, obligation,
AND
be allocated for the purpose of parents’ federal tax exemption to be mandatory)

Increase – refers to an immediate and direct action not an objective or an even obligation related to that action
HEFC 4 (Higher Education Funding Council, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/167/167we98.htm# n43)

9.1 The Draft Bill creates an obligation on the principal regulator to do
AND
. Indeed, the obligation could be considered to be ever-increasing.

Present tense – independently the use of increase in the present tense in the resolution means it’s an action which occurs now. The CP’s action isn’t present tense but planned future.
Radden 7 (Günter-, René Dirven, Cognitive English Grammar, P. 226)

9.4.3 Deictic shifts of future situations Certain future situations are portrayed
AND
simple progressive, such as I am getting married in ten years time.
Substantial means real at the present time
Words and Phrases 64 (40 WandP 759)

The words outward, open, actual, visible, substantial, and exclusive,
AND
or pertaining to any others; undivided; sole; opposed to inclusive.

Regardless, courts can rule on issues even when they don’t have explicit jurisdiction
Becker 73 (Theodore L. Becker, Professor at NYU, Impact of Supreme Court Decisions, p. 48)

To begin with, the boundary between decisions about policy and decisions about constitutionality has
AND
outside established ‘legal’ criteria found in precedent, statute, and Constitution.
This solves and competes – it doesn’t ’reduce’ a legal restriction – it just makes it unenforceable

Treanor 93 William Treanor associate professor of law at Fordham University) and Gene Sperling (Deputy assistant to the president for economic policy University of Minnesota) 1993 "Prospective overruling and the revival of Unconstitutional statutes" JSTOR

Unlike the Supreme Court, several state courts have explicitly addressed the revival issue.
AND
a statute did not revive does not offer a convincing rationale for nonrevival.
2NC – A2 Rollback/Non-Compliance
Recent data proves – Court will have the last word

Litpak 12 (Adam Writer for the New York Times August 20, 2012 "In Congress’s Paralysis, a Mightier Supreme Court"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/21/us/politics/supreme-court-gains-power-from-paralysis-of-congress.html) 

The Supreme Court does not always have the last word. Sure, its interpretation
AND
last word, not the first word, on what a statute means.”

The Public thinks the Congress should follow the Courts even on issues they disagree with – Incentive for politicians to go along

Fontana 8 (David, associate professor of law at George Washington University Law, , “The Supreme Court: Missing in Action,” Dissent Magazine, Spring, http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=1165)

Second, Court decisions do not necessarily create the backlash that many on the left
AND
even when the Court issues controversial decisions such as Bush v. Gore.

No risk of executive rollback of court decisions
Lasser  88  (William, Professor of Political Science at Clemson, “The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics,” p266)
If Congress has been unable to summon the will to curb the Court, presidents
AND
battle--lent only sporadic support to specific efforts to curb the Court. 

2NC AT – Delay
We straight turn this argument – Courts are actually faster than Congress:

a) Legislation takes years
Turley 90, Professor of Law at University of California Berkeley, 1990 (Jonathan, 70 B.U.L. Rev 339)

The enactment of a particular piece of legislation very likely depends on the existence of
AND
to the lack of organized groups to effectively push the legislation through Congress.

b) Courts take less than a year
Segal 93, Professor of Political Science at Harvard, 1993 (Jeffrey, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model, p. 176)

The justices manage to stay abreast of their docket, unlike the vast majority of
AND
true if an affected public considered the Court dilatory or ducking important issues.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: BC | Judge:
CIR

Immigration Reform will pass – new optimism coupled with Obama’s capital will generate the votes necessary to succeed
Washington Times, 3/28/13, Lexis

Members of the "Gang of Eight" tasked with carving out a comprehensive immigration
AND
fence or who we think we can get them over to our side."

Plan Causes backlash even if congress isn’t involved

NAKANO DECEMBER 2012Next Steps for U.S. Natural Gas Exports. By Jane Nakano

DEC 17, 2012. CSIS. http://csis.org/publication/next-steps-us-natural-gas-exports

Meanwhile, some U.S. industries and environmental groups are concerned about potential
AND
, although no congressional action is required for the export projects to proceed.

Immigration reform expands skilled labor—spurs stronger relations and economic growth in China and India.
Los Angeles Times, 11/9/2012 (Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, p. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html)

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.
That gives US leverage to avert south Asian nuclear war.
Schaffer, Spring 2002 (Teresita – Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, p. Lexis)

Washington's increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India's economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.

1NR

CIR
2NC Will Pass
Will Pass – momentum to overcome last minute obstacles—answers YORK ev—can deal with these things—out 1NC issue specific uniqueness assumes conflict

Werner, 3/27/13
Erica, Washington Post, “Obama says Congress could pass immigration bill by summer; remaining issues are ‘resolvable’”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-leaps-back-to-forefront-of-immigration-debate-as-senate-narrows-in-on-bipartisan-deal/2013/03/27/6cd4d3c2-9716-11e2-a976-7eb906f9ed9b_story.html, BJM

President Barack Obama pressed for swift action on a sweeping immigration bill Wednesday, saying
AND
it done certainly before the end of the summer,” Obama told Telemundo.
Obama pivots to Immigration – Top of Agenda—takes out thumpers
Sink, 3/26/13
Justin, The Hill, “After taking hit in the polls, Obama pivots back to immigration reform”, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290249-after-taking-hit-in-the-polls-obama-pivots-back-to-immigration, BJM

The White House hopes to bolster President Obama’s political standing by shifting attention from the
AND
.Y.) has described as the “sweet spot” of legislation.

GOP will support Immigration now
Sink, 3/26/13
Justin, The Hill, “After taking hit in the polls, Obama pivots back to immigration reform”, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/290249-after-taking-hit-in-the-polls-obama-pivots-back-to-immigration, BJM

Immigration is a better issue for the president,…. concessions on immigration.
AT: No PC
Obama has PC – it’s key to agreement with Boehner and silencing dissent—no compromise without obama’s leadership—also only got to where we are now bcz of Obama

Roarty, 2/21/13
Alex, The Atlantic, “There's Reason to Be Optimistic About Congress—Seriously”, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/theres-reason-to-be-optimistic-about-congress-seriously/273393/, BJM

How much Obama's broad popularity matters to most GOP House members is debatable. With
AND
Washington's top leaders -- discussion of a deal being cut becomes sharply pessimistic.

AT: XO
Obama can’t do much with XO – supporters prove
Lillis, 2/16/13
The Hill, “Dems: Obama can act unilaterally on immigration reform”, http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/administration/283583-dems-recognize-that-obama-can-act-unilaterally-on-immigration-reform, BJM

Not all immigration-reform supporters think Obama has so much space to move on
AND
after that it's up to Congress to address the rest of the issues."

Obama won’t do major immigration changes through XOs
Mark Krikorian, National Review Online, 8/15/12, The president’s unconstitutional DREAM amnesty gets rolling., cis.org/OpedsandArticles/DREAM-Amnesty-Begins-Krikorian-National-Review

The president knows what he’s doing is unconstitutional. We don’t have to read his
AND
, I can go and do these things. It’s just not true.

AT: Link Turns
Plan Causes backlash even if congress isn’t involved

NAKANO DECEMBER 2012Next Steps for U.S. Natural Gas Exports. By Jane Nakano

DEC 17, 2012. CSIS. http://csis.org/publication/next-steps-us-natural-gas-exports

Meanwhile, some U.S. industries and environmental groups are concerned about potential
AND
, although no congressional action is required for the export projects to proceed.

AT: No Impact
Escalation is highly probable.
Geller 2005 (Daniel S. – Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science at Wayne State University, The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry, Ed. T. V. Paul, p. 99)

In fact, both the May-July 1999 military engagement between India and Pakistan
AND
the violence will escalate to war irrespective of the presence of nuclear weapons.
That escalation has a high probability of being nuclear.
Raghavan, Fall-Winter 2001 (Lieutenant General V. R. – former Director General of Military Operations for India, Limited War and Nuclear Escalation in South Asia, The Nonproliferation Review, p. 1)

The status of India and Pakistan as declared nuclear powers with growing nuclear arsenals has
AND
high in the event the two countries engage in a direct military conflict.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

Framework

The affirmative fails to promote a topical defense of government policy that’s bad for debate.

First - a limited topic of discussion which provides a clear demarcation of sides in a controversy is key to foster productive debate without sacrificing creativity or innovation. Even if their position can be debated that does not make it conducive to valuable debate and decision-making.

Steinberg %26 Freeley 2008
~Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making~
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second – debating specific policy action is critical—breaks out of traditional pedagogy and enhances active learning—even if we aren’t in positions of power

Esberg %26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

And it’s specifically important on this topic – decision-making skills and engagement with the state energy apparatus prevents energy technocracy and actualizes radical politics

Hager 92
Hager, professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, ’92
(Carol J., "Democratizing Technology: Citizen %26 State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990" Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70)

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

Third, switch-side debate is key to effective decision making and prevention of atrocity.

Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ’ s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003
Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Decision-making outweighs:

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
their time and political energies toward policies that matter the most to them.
The merits of debate as a tool for building democratic capacity-building take on
AND
navigate academic search databases and to effectively search and use other Web resources:
To analyze the self-report ratings of the instructional and control group students,
AND
searching, not just in academic databases. (Larkin 2005, 144)
Larkin’s study substantiates Thomas Worthcn and Gaylcn Pack’s (1992, 3) claim that
AND
cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.
There are, without a doubt, a number of important criticisms of employing debate
AND
to the possibilities of meaningful political engagement and new articulations of democratic life.
Expanding this practice is crucial, if only because the more we produce citizens that
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world. 

And we are the best in-road to education:

THE AFFIRMATIVE MUST DEFEND AND AFFIRM THE TOPIC

Dismissing the idea that debaters defend the AFFIRMATIVE side encourages advocates to FALSELY VALUE affirmative
AND
EXCHANGES allow for improvements and modifications in critical arguments. SOLVES ALL THEIR OFFENSE

GALLOWAY Asst Prof and Director of Debate @ Samford 2k7
Ryan-former GMU debater; Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table:  Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue; CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE; Vol. 28; p. 7-8

In addition to the basic equity norm, dismissing the idea that debaters defend the affirmative side of the topic encourages advocates to falsely value affirmative speech acts in the absence of a negative response. There may be several detrimental consequences that go unrealized in a debate where the affirmative case and plan are not topical. Without ground, debaters may fall prey to a siren’s call, a belief that certain critical ideals and concepts are axiological, existing beyond doubt without scrutiny. Bakhtin contends that in dialogical exchanges "the greater the number and weight" of counter-words, the deeper and more substantial our understanding will be (Bakhtin, 1990). The matching of the word to the counter-word should be embraced by proponents of critical activism in the activity, because these dialogical exchanges allow for improvements and modifications in critical arguments. Muir argues that "debate puts students into greater contact with the real world by forcing them to read a great deal of information" (1993, p. 285). He continues, "~t~he constant consumption of material…is significantly constitutive. The information grounds the issues under discussion, and the process shapes the relationship of the citizen to the public arena" (p. 285). Through the process of comprehensive understanding, debate serves both as a laboratory and a constitutive arena. Ideas find and lose adherents. Ideas that were once considered beneficial are modified, changed, researched again, and sometimes discarded altogether. A central argument for open deliberation is that it encourages a superior consensus to situations where one side is silenced. Christopher Peters contends, "The theory holds that antithesis ultimately produces a better consensus, that the clash of differing, even opposing interests and ideas in the process of decision making…creates decisions that are better for having been subjected to this trial by fire" (1997, p.336). The combination of a competitive format and the necessity to take points of view that one does not already agree with combines to create a unique educational experience for all participants. Those that eschew the value of such experience by an axiological position short-circuit the benefits of the educational exchange for themselves, their opponents, as well as the judges and observers of such debates.

Affirmative strategies that suspend basic fairness norms are EXCLUSIVE, substitutes for topical action do not accrue the same dialogical benefits of topical advocacy—

GALLOWAY Asst Prof and Director of Debate @ Samford 2k7
Ryan-former GMU debater; Dinner and Conversation at the Argumentative Table:  Reconceptualizing Debate as an Argumentative Dialogue; CONTEMPORARY ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE; Vol. 28; p. 5-7
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2nc

Overview

Decisionmaking skills gained from debate are key to problem solving in all facets of life—outweighs the case

Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp. 9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on all the problems implied in the employment of the idea of justice we are granting the possibility of formulating an ideal of man and society, valid for all beings endowed with reason and accepted by what we have called elsewhere the universal audience.14
I think that the only discursive methods available to us stem from techniques that are
AND
city of man in which violence may progressively give way to wisdom.13
Whenever an individual controls the dimensions of" a problem, he or she can solve the problem through a personal decision. For example, if the problem is whether to go to the basketball game tonight, if tickets are not too expensive and if transportation is available, the decision can be made individually. But if a friend’s car is needed to get to the game, then that person’s decision to furnish the transportation must be obtained.
Complex problems, too, are subject to individual decision making. American business offers
AND
-to-day and even hour-to-hour decisions individually.
When President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Desert Storm, when President
AND
, debate is the only satisfactory way the exact issues can be decided:
A president, whoever he is, has to find a way of understanding the novel and changing issues which he must, under the Constitution, decide. Broadly speaking ... the president has two ways of making up his mind. The one is to turn to his subordinates—to his chiefs of staff and his cabinet officers and undersecretaries and the like—and to direct them to argue out the issues and to bring him an agreed decision…
The other way is to sit like a judge at a hearing where the issues to be decided are debated. After he has heard the debate, after he has examined the evidence, after he has heard the debaters cross-examine one another, after he has questioned them himself he makes his decision…
It is a much harder method in that it subjects the president to the stress of feeling the full impact of conflicting views, and then to the strain of making his decision, fully aware of how momentous it Is. But there is no other satisfactory way by which momentous and complex issues can be decided.16
John F. Kennedy used Cabinet sessions and National Security Council meetings to provide debate
AND
18 All presidents, to varying degrees, encourage debate among their advisors.
We may never be called on to render the final decision on great issues of
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Defending a topic for the sake of deliberation is distinct from accepting it, and limiting out some arguments for the sake of that deliberation is a more productive discourse that solves the aff better

Talisse 2005
(Robert, philosophy professor, Vanderbilt, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges," Philosophy %26 Social Criticism 31.4 - gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young)

These two serious activist challenges may be summarized as follows. First, the activist
AND
democracy are distorting in important ways and that further discourse cannot remedy these distortions

Atchison %26 Panetta

Using contest round debating as a political tool means that their movement never arises into anything more than a strategic ploy
Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. "Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future"; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 28-9)

The larger problem with locating the "debate as activism" perspective within the competitive
AND
long community problems requires a tremendous effort by a great number of people.

First – structural factors mean contest rounds are the worst vehicle for substantive community change
Atchison and Panetta 2009 (Jarrod Atchison, PhD. In Speech Communication.  Edward Panetta, Ph.D. in Communication. "Intercollegiate Debate Speech Communication: Historical Developments and Issues for the Future"; The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Pg. 27)
 The first problem that we isolate is the difficulty of any individual debate to
AND
than seeking a larger community dialogue that is recorded and/or transcribed.
 

A2: Personal Prayer

THE SELF COMFORT OF PERSONAL NARRATIVE OVER PUBLIC DELIBERATION IS NO LESS THREATENING THAN VIOLENT AUTHORITARIANISM
STANNARD Dept of Communication %26 Journalism, University of Wyoming  2k6 Matt; Faculty Senate Speaker Series Speech; Spring; April 18; "Deliberation, Debate, and Democracy in the Academy and Beyond"
But the Academy is not only under attack from "outsiders," and not merely
AND
Such talk is immensely unpopular on both sides of the ideological spectrum.

The state must be used to end racism, it is inevitable without it
Franklin 1993
John Hope, James B Duke Professor Emeritus of History Duke University, 1985-1992 was Professor of legal History in the Law School at Duke University; THE COLOR LINE:  Legacy for the Twenty First Century; p.73-74
We now live in an age when the role of government is inevitably important whether
AND
of nation about which so many of us have dreamed but never realized.

Switch Side Debate

SSD GOOD
Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 288-291)  
Values clarification, Stewart is correct in pointing out, does not mean that no
AND
of competition), effectively renders the value structure pluralistic, rather than relativistic. 

Solves ideology

Star Muir, communication studies at George Mason University, 1993 (Philosophy and Rhetoric 26.4, p. 278)
The emphasis on method—-focusing on the technique of debate as an educational end
AND
amusing gamesmanship often thought of, but sober, realistic, important gamesmanship. 

ACADEMIC DEBATE IS A TRAINING GROUND FOR FUTURE ADVOCATES OF PROGRESSIVE CHANGE. A ROBUST UNDERSTANDING OF SWITCH SIDE DEBATE SOLVES ALL THEIR OFFENSE
ENGLISH et al The Schenley Park Debate Authors Working Group 2k7 Eric, Stephen Llano, Gordon R. Mitchell, Cate Morrison, John Rief %26 Carly Woods; COMMUNICATION AND CRITICAL/CULTURAL STUDIES; Vol. 4, No. 2; June; pp. 221-225; http://the-dawg.blogspot.com/-http://the-dawg.blogspot.com/
 The success of former debaters like Katyal, Tribe, and others in challenging
AND
McCarthy’s ideological heirs to brand the activity as a ’’weapon of mass destruction 

Fairness Good

People quit debate because of a lack of rules, causing the activity to degenerate into chaos
Preston 2003. Thomas C. Preston summer 2003. Professor of communications at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. "No-topic debating in Parliamentary Debate: Students and Critic Reactions." http://cas.bethel.edu/dept/comm/npda/journal/vol9no5.pdf
For the overall student data, each the mean of each item was slightly below
AND
to the tournament because of the confusion and perceived lack of educational value.

2NR

The affirmative creates a bad limit on the practices of the community
First is our Resolutional Basis – The word Resolved means to declare by a formal vote
Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1998  (dictionary.com)
Resolved:
5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal vote; — followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).

And, "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
you agree to do, then, when you accept the affirmative side in

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

THE AFFIRMATIVE’S JUSTIFICATION MAKES BLACKNESS SPECTACULAR

HARTMAN  Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY  1997
Saidiya V.- "SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America"; pp. 20-21
     As well, we need ask why the site of suffering so readily lends
AND
the shocking and ghostly presence of pain, effaces and restricts black sentience.
     As Rankin himself states, in order for this suffering to induce a reaction
AND
that in order to recognize suffering must substitute the self for the other.
     While Rankin attempts to ameliorate the insufficiency of feeling before the spectacle of the
AND
of empathy related to both the devaluation and the valuation of black life?
     Empathic identification is complicated further by the fact that it cannot be extricated from
AND
being replaced by other signs of value, as well as other bodies.
          Thus the desire to don, occupy, or possess blackness or the black
AND
the auction block, performing before the master, and other popular amusements.

THIS TURNS THE CASE, SPILLING THEIR HARMS OVER TO THE DEBATE SPACE

HARTMAN  Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY  1997
Saidiya V.- "SCENCES OF SUBJECTION:  Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America"; pp. 21-23
     By slipping into the black body and figuratively occupying the position of the enslaved
AND
song and violence was transformed into a display of agency and good cheer.
     What concerns me here is the spectacular nature of black suffering and, conversely
AND
it exemplify the use of the body as an instrument against the self?
     The scenes of subjection considered here-the coerced spectacles orchestrated to encourage the
AND
Indeed, the convergence of terror and enjoyment cannot be understood outside it.
     The pageantry of the coffle, stepping it up lively on the auction block
AND
way, enjoyment disclosed the sentiments and expectations of the "peculiar institution.

Avoiding engaging the topic because the state is irredeemably racist over-essentializes modern black-life—-switching sides on Afro-Pessimism crucial

McWhorter 9—Associate Professor in the English and Comparative Literature, Columbia (John, What African-American Studies Could Be, www.mindingthecampus.com/originals/2009/09/by_john_mcwhorter_while_this.html-http://www.mindingthecampus.com/originals/2009/09/by_john_mcwhorter_while_this.html) 

The answer common in such departments is that the principal mission is to teach students
AND
disadvantage are the most important things to note and study about being black.
The question is whether this, for all of its moral urgency in the local sense, qualifies as education under any serious definition.
Typical is the curriculum of one African-American Studies department in a solid, selective state school west of the Mississippi. In this department, racism is, essentially, everything.
One course teaches that "Housing discrimination systematically skews opportunities and life chances," another that "racism, sexism, and heterosexism shape black life chances in a 21st century context," while yet another zeroes in on "the effects of institutional racism on social policy, desegregation, integration, and affirmative action programs."
Then there is "Blacks in the Media" - or, rather, one
AND
Washington in the old days, or Queen Latifah and Halle Berry today.
Following from this glum desperation is a fetishization of radical politics as blacks’ only constructive
AND
same department also offers a course on, more specifically, black Marxism.
According to this curriculum, being black has been so horrific that we are even challenged by the mere physicality of existence. One courses teaches that black women’s bodies have to be "important spaces of resistance," while another is based on the idea that black people have been done in by various permutations of "urban spatial relations."
Because racism and inequality will always exist in some forms, this all qualifies as
AND
, gender and sexuality affect their cognitive, social, and emotional development."
One senses that the people teaching in African-American Studies departments feel that blackness is indeed something very different, likely because African slaves were unwilling immigrants. However, Ralph Ellison once asked "Can a people live and develop for over three hundred years simply by reacting?"
To those who would consider themselves representing black people by answering in the affirmative, there are legions of black people of all walks who would heartily disagree. There is no self-standing metric of unassailable truth that justifies intellectuals treating that disagreement - that is, the life-spirit of a people millions strong making the best of the worst for four hundred years — as unworthy of serious address. 

1NR

Reform is possible—-effective decision-making key to actualize change

Clark 95—Professor of Law, Catholic University Law School. (Leroy, A Critique of Professor Derrick A. Bell’s Thesis of the Permanence of Racism and His Strategy of Confrontation, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23)

I must now address the thesis that there has been no evolutionary progress for blacks
AND
of progress,’ short-lived victories that slide into irrelevance." n51
Progress toward reducing racial discrimination and subordination has never been "automatic," if that
AND
occurred in the international arena, and were not exclusively under American control.
With these qualifications, and a long view of history, blacks and their white allies achieved two profound and qualitatively different leaps forward toward the goal of equality: the end of slavery, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Moreover, despite open and, lately, covert resistance, black progress has never been shoved back, in a qualitative sense, to the powerlessness and abuse of periods preceding these leaps forward. n52

Black progress is undeniable—-afro-pessimism requires ignoring mass amounts of evidence to the contrary

Clark 95—Professor of Law, Catholic University Law School. (Leroy, A Critique of Professor Derrick A. Bell’s Thesis of the Permanence of Racism and His Strategy of Confrontation, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23)

Professor Bell treats the post-1960s claims of progress as an illusion: discrimination
AND
public as massively, and often incomprehensibly and stupidly, committed to racism.

====Their argument elevates white supremacy to an all-pervasive force that explains nearly all global oppression—-this conceptual expansion hides the actual practice of racism and makes breaking it down more difficult====

Andersen 3 – Margaret L. Andersen, Professor of Sociology and Women’s Studies and Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at the University of Delaware, 2003, "Whitewashing Race: A Critical Perspective on Whiteness," in White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism, ed Doane %26 Bonilla-Silva, p. 28
Conceptually, one of the major problems in the whiteness literature is the reification of
AND
historical change, the shapers of contemporary America" (1996b:153).
Despite noting that there is differentiation among whites and warning against using whiteness as a
AND
). But if it is all these things, it becomes an analytically useless

 concept. Christine Clark and James O’Donnell write: "to reference it reifies it, to refrain from referencing it obscures the persistent, pervasive, and seemingly permanent reality of racism" (1999:2). Empirical investigation requires being able to identify and measure a concept— or at the very least to have a clear definition—but since whiteness has come to mean just about everything, it ends up meaning hardly anything.