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1NC AGAINST BROWNFIELDS

The knowledge base of the plan is neither true nor objective – it is based on elimination of any combination of forms of thinking – it is an extreme form of thinking that has no privileged claim to access but has taken it by historical domination.

Deloria Jr 1999 Vine, Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, 102-105

Example after example could be cited,,, our formulation of a picture of reality.

Further, Even attempts at benign energy formations like wind and solar leave massive destruction to native lands. Colonization becomes inherent in the practices of their energy politics

Awehali 2006 (Brian, “Native Energy Futures Renewable Energy, Sovereignty, and the New rush on Indian Lands”, LiP, MDA)

The Alaska tribal companies have, according to Scherer, … to, the very industry currently driving the planet to its doom.

This structure of thinking privileges western rationality above all else forming the basis of every form of domination and driving the possibilities of global destruction and endemic violence

Wilshire 2006 Bruce, Bruce Wilshire is Senior Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. For most of his career he has taught there, although he has also held positions at Purdue University and at New York University. He has served as Visiting Professor at Oberlin College, Colorado College, and at Texas A and M University , unlearning the language of conquest p 267-270

From this primal origin point emanate salient features …an audiotape from Osama bin Laden electrifi es and mobilizes the world).

Our alternative is to refuse the structure and form of thinking of the affirmative – the plan is a replication of the dominance of western thinking. We must challenge this framework of interpretation of reality and re-examine the basis of knowledge. We must not disavow our goals in service of simple reforms or the call to end suffering but must finally undo the basis of domination.

Deloria Jr 1999 Vine, Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, p101-102

If there were any serious concern about liberation we would see … background ofstudents on the basis of their applications for admission.

Our alternative pedagogically calls us to create an abolition of genocidal structures. Only this epistemological starting point can create an effective praxis that will betray the constant management of the effects of genocide in favor of a politics to abolish it. We must begin from the unflinching position that we don’t have to accept status quo structures.

Rodríguez 2010 Dylan, “The Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position” Radical Teacher number 88 August 1, 2010

Perhaps, then, there is no viable or defensible …dependent on our willingness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.

POST-OCCIDENTALISM VERSION 

Security imperatives that attempt to reduce reliance on foreign resources inevitably drive us to overconsume domestic resources on natives lands – no differentiation in their evidence – prefer ours – we have historical examples
Smith 2006 Andrea, Conquest, P 178-180

Many Indian tribes came out in support of the U.S. … high-level nuclear waste repository on Yucca Mountain, which is on Western Shoshone lands. (See Chapter 3 for more details.)

The attempt to close the US off in terms of energy security is a violent American National Identity that forcloses political thought on the economy and lends itself to endemic violence.
Ciuta 2010 Felix, senior lecturer of international relations at University College London SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES. Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security? Security Dialogue 2010 41: 123

Even casual observers will be familiar with the … and growth is structured by the militarized pursuit of energy (Campbell, 2005: 952; Christophe Paillard in Luft and Paillard, 2007).

The privileging of social sciences as the basis for truth is a form of western domination that violently erases other culture and creates an inaccurate interpretation of reality.
Burke, Anthony 2007 “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason” Theory and Event - Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007 

My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant's moral …  help to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

Their form of modernist politics privileges European culture at the center of world history subjecting the peripheral peoples to violence and genocides rendered inevitable and necessary in the name of civilization, rationality, science and philosophy. Their epistemology historically constructs guilt free motives to posit itself as the hero to the world thus justifying its redemptive sacrifice of guilty peoples
Mignolo 2000 Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 0691001405 115-117
enrique Dussel, an Argentinian philosopher associated with … finds lis niche in postsubaltern reason as a differential locus of enunciation.
We advocate critical border thinking as our alternative. This redistribution of the geopolitics of knowledge starts from a different epistemic starting point to criticize the epistemological basis of the affirmative. This is critical to advancing space to subaltern epistemologies that challenge the ethnocidal foundations of modernity.
Mignolo 2000 Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 069100140568-69
The second opposition Khatibi attempts to undo (after the opposition … addresses at the same time that it opens i new perspective for a geopolitical order of knowledge production.

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1NC read at Wake - NEW ALTERNATIVE

The affirmative is a replication of a universal concept of humanity structured through ignorance of the colonial difference. Energy policy begs a different question than just a mere focus on production and consumption. Energy is the structure, the life-blood for the enactment of Eurocentric ideals. Only delinking from this epistemology by abandoning reformist attempts can a new starting point for politics be opened.

Mignolo 2006 Walter, Citizenship, Knowledge, and the Limits of Humanity American Literary History 18.2 (2006) 312-331
When the idea of "citizenship" came into view—and was linked to
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right, the left, and the center) took away from them.
Further, the affirmative’s approach to technology and production is not neutral but reifies a core tenet of Euro-American Identity: its claim to technological superiority. It is not a question of technology being good or inevitable but the way that the epistemic base of eurocentrism adopts it to provide certainty to its monopolistic claims.
Dinerstein 2006 Joel, Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman, muse, American Quarterly, Volume 58, Number 3
Technology has long been the unacknowledged source of European and Euro-American superiority within
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—sentences them to second-class status with regard to the future.

Evaluating our structures of thought is a paramount concern – thinking has material effects. The plan text is a replication of some of the most destructive formations of thinking in western history – their modification of energy policy reflects overconsumptive cultural formations and massive continuations of colonization on indigenous lands. Even attempts at benign energy formations like wind and solar leave massive destruction to native lands. Colonization becomes inherent in the practices of their energy politics

Awehali 2006 (Brian, “Native Energy Futures Renewable Energy, Sovereignty, and the New rush on Indian Lands”, LiP, MDA)

The Alaska tribal companies have, according to Scherer, “become a way for
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indebted to, the very industry currently driving the planet to its doom.

The role is the ballot is to affirm an ethic of diversality toward epistemology. Refusing the universality of the modernity is in itself an ethical praxis that refuses the foundation of racism and ethnocide.
Mignolo 2000 Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 069100140568-69

The second opposition Khatibi attempts to undo (after the opposition between the Christian West
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that it opens i new perspective for a geopolitical order of knowledge production.

Voting negative affirms the ethics of diversality by rejecting the pedagogical dominance of the plan’s approach to energy policy. This is an ongoing act of denying the monopoly to legitimacy of western thinking.
Kanth in 2005 (Rajani Kannepalli, Against Eurocentrism:  A Transcendent Critique of Modernist Science, Society, and Morals 7-9

The task of debunking is ever an unattractive one, and quite alien to the
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though required, and important, is far from being either pleasant or enviable

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BROWNFIELDS VERSION

Existence has no foundation. The entire functional base of reality is absent. Nature does not exist. It is too imbedded with human interventions. Their understanding of how the natural world works is backwards due to past involvement in the environment. The plan is a retreat into the comfort of ecological salvation which is gone.
ZIZEK 2008 Slavoj, In defense of Lost causes, isbn: 9781844671083, p 442-4 

Along these lines, "terror" means accepting the fact … confidence . . .  is originally, a nd truly, always a relationship with reality as a natural totality: as Nature.

The entirety of post-politics risk management completely evacuates the radical potential of the status quo in favor of highlighting and guaranteeing the reactionary base of liberal hegemony to all solutions.
Swyngedouw 2006 Erik, Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition Erik Swyngedouw Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK erik.swyngedouw@man.ac.uk September 2006

There is of course a close relationship between the post-political condition … global issues such as the environment, migration, or the use of natural resources” (Urbinati, 2003: 80).

Further, this construction and relationship to reality through fantasy is the foremost political question of the debate – massive violence is the product of their construction of the fantasy of reality – our strategy is the best approach to avoid it
Stavrakakis 99 Yannis Stavrakakis, Visiting professor at the University of Essex, Lacan and the Political, pg.62-65

Fantasy supports reality This signified function of the nodal point is not, however, solely reduced to its discursive position. It … on the symptom is revealed, then the play—the relation—between the symptom and fantasy reveals itself as another mode of the play between the real and the symbolic/imaginary nexus producing reality.

The affirmative’s energy management replicates the closure of the post-political climate. Its ideological divisions take even the most emancipatory of demands and reduce them to mere technical outcomes devoid of political potetntial. It is not a true political space but rather an attempt to close off dissensus.
Swyngedouw 2006 Erik, Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition Erik Swyngedouw Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK erik.swyngedouw@man.ac.uk September 2006

Slavoj Žižek and Chantal Mouffe, among others, define the post-political as a political formation that actually forecloses the political, …doing so, it does not translate Marx’s dictum for the contemporary period, but turns it into its radical travesty.

We must abandon the basis of the political inherent to the affirmative. The plan is misplaced intervention as part of the policy order – the alternative re-navigates the political possibilities of new actions by disavowing the tainted and old.
Swyngedouw 2011 Erik, Depoliticized Environments: The End of Nature, Climate Change and the PostPolitical Condition, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement / Volume 69 / October 2011, pp 253 274 DOI: 10.1017/S1358246111000300, Published online: 22 September 2011

Taking the environmental and climatic catastrophe seriously … socio-ecological futures that express the democratic presumptions of freedom and equality.

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APOCALYPSE VERSION

The imagination of the apocalypse produces a banality of catastrophe that destroys ethical engagement by disenchanting politics and life from one another. Their approach to politics produces a neurotic irrational citizenry ripe for the profiteering of disaster capitalism that manufactures scenarios for their impacts
De Goede and Randalls 2009  Marieke de Goede Department of European Studies, University of Amsterdam, Spuistraat 134, 1012 VB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; e-mail: m.degoede@uva.nl Samuel Randalls Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England; e-mail: s.randalls@ucl.ac.uk Received 19 February 2009; in revised form 27 March 2009, Precaution, preemption: arts and technologies of the actionable Future, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2009, volume 27, pages 859 - 878
If humans are the ones to blame, then humans can also … Saddam Hussein and bin Laden a ``self-fulfilling prophecy''.
Our alternative is to retroactively transform the possibility of catastrophe as an unavoidable aspect of the past that has to be counterfactually responded to.
Vogt In 2009 Erik, The Catastrophic Imperative Subjectivity, Time and Memory in Contemporary Thought Edited by Dominiek Hoens Inn van Eyck Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands Sigi Jottkandt Ian van Eyck Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands and Gert Buelens Department of English, University of Ghent, Belgium, ISBN-13:978-0-230-55285-2 p 38-40
Thus one could, perhaps, say that the catastrophes of Adorno's j administered society, …possibilities that then form the basis for the actions in the present (p. 164).

Removing the future connotations to catastrophe disables the eschatological foundations of catastrophe
Biebuyck et al In 2009 Benjamin, professor of German Literature at Ghent University, Belgium AND Gert Buelens, Ortwin de Graef, Dominiek Hoens, Sigi Jottkand,The Catastrophic Imperative Subjectivity, Time and Memory in Contemporary Thought Edited by Dominiek Hoens Inn van Eyck Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands Sigi Jottkandt Ian van Eyck Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands and Gert Buelens Department of English, University of Ghent, Belgium, ISBN-13:978-0-230-55285-2 p 3-4 

It is thus all the more urgent to state today that … have always been lived co-incident with eschatology in "the mean time."

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Existence has no foundation. The entire functional base of reality is absent. Nature does not exist. It is too imbedded with human interventions. Their understanding of how the natural world works is backwards due to past involvement in the environment. Care is an impossible approach to waste.
ZIZEK 2008 [Slavoj, In defense of Lost causes, isbn: 9781844671083, p 442-4 ]
Along these lines, "terror" means … with reality as a natural totality: as Nature.

And, the heideggerian approach to being and care is the exact opposite approach with how to confront this question of existence – it is a failure in creating a proper reorientation to the environment. The alternative is comparatively better because it is not reliant upon the fantasy of the natural world to structure our being towards.
ZIZEK 2008 [Slavoj, In defense of Lost causes, isbn: 9781844671083, p 448-451
But the crucial point is that, with biogenetic planning, not only w i l l our universe of meaning disappear — in other words, not only are the Utopian descriptions of the digital … It is the properly in-human subject.

Further, this construction and relationship to reality through fantasy is the foremost political question of the debate – massive violence is the product of their construction of the fantasy of reality – our strategy is the best approach to avoid it
Stavrakakis 99 [Yannis Stavrakakis, Visiting professor at the University of Essex, Lacan and the Political, pg.62-65]
Fantasy supports reality This signified function  … real and the symbolic/imaginary nexus producing reality. 

Our alternative is the radical politicization of death: the embrace of ecological destruction. We refuse the affirmative’s affective choice to care. The affirmative represents a failed mimetic attempt to resuscitate our relationship to ecology through altering our consciousness: we instead rebuke this notion thereby interrupting the underlying fantasmic relationship.
morton 2007 [Timothy, Ecology with nature, Isbn: 0674024346, p 203-205
Critical choice does not rise above consumerism …  may be without nature. But it is not without us.

We must abandon the basis of the political inherent to the affirmative. The entrance of the environment as an ontological question situates politics as a prison-house.
Swyngedouw 2011 [Erik, Depoliticized Environments: The End of Nature, Climate Change and the PostPolitical Condition, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement / Volume 69 / October 2011, pp 253 274 DOI: 10.1017/S1358246111000300, Published online: 22 September 2011
Taking the environmental and climatic catastrophe …  democratic presumptions of freedom and equality.

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Anatogisms represent a crisis for utopian politics. The politics of today is one of aporia. The affirmative posits these antagonisms as mere stumbling blocks on the path to harmony. The idea of utopia created by the Affirmative sets in motion an imaginary resolution to social contradiction. These contradictions have been represented in different ways throughout history – the Indian in early and contemporary America, Jews in nazi germany. Once stigmatized, these various forms of disorder are readied for extermination. A world of the Affirmative is one of inevitable and perpetual violence.

Stavrakakis 99, Lacan and the Political, pg. 99-101, 1999.
Our age is clearly an age of social fragmentation, political …  functioning society as a highly problematic area (seminar of 18 June 1958).
The attempt to create justice within society is part of the utopian fantasy that attempts to displace what we hate about ourselves onto external agents to justify their elimination.
Douzinas 2007 [Costas Douzinas, professor of law and Dean of Faculty of Arts and Humanities at Birkbeck College Human Rights and Empire: The political philosophy of cosmopolitanism pp.86-88]
Finally, we have the evil inhuman, the irrational, … power of the other and our inability to announce it.

The alternative is to embrace the impossibility of our desires- this fundamentally re-orients our relation to how we view social antagonisms.
Yannis Stavrakakis, teaching fellow @ dep’t of government @ Essex. Lacan and the Political. 1999. Pg 134

By saying 'We are all Jews!', … in fact, democratic equivalent of such an attitude?

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Nature does not exist but in the imagination. The affirmative takes the role of the environmental activist which superimposes a utopian concept of nature to relate policy through. Nature in the affirmative’s discourse is impossible, rather it is chaotic and unpredictably uncontrollable. Their base ontological relationship to nature ensures an obsessive reactionary politics bound to endlessly acting without altering the fundamental coordinates of society.
Swyngedouw 2006 Erik, Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition Erik Swyngedouw Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK erik.swyngedouw@man.ac.uk September 2006
Meanwhile, as some of the other examples attest, socio-environmental processes keep
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be achieved, and what sort of natures do we wish to inhabit. 

Discourses of climate change represent a fundamental victimage of humanity bound to an empty vacuous environmental enemy. The rhetoric of the environment is a prison-house of social constraints that eliminates subjectivity.
Swyngedouw 2010 Erik, Apocalypse Forever? : Post-political Populism and the Spectre of Climate Change, DOI: 10.1177/0263276409358728 Theory Culture Society 2010 27: 213
First, the climate change conundrum is not only portrayed as global, but is
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CO2, commodification and market exchange via carbon and carbon-offset trading).

We must abandon the basis of the political inherent to the affirmative. The affirmative is misplaced intervention as part of the policy order – the alternative re-navigates the political possibilities of new actions by disavowing the tainted and old.
Swyngedouw 2011 Erik, Depoliticized Environments: The End of Nature, Climate Change and the PostPolitical Condition, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement / Volume 69 / October 2011, pp 253 274 DOI: 10.1017/S1358246111000300, Published online: 22 September 2011
Taking the environmental and climatic catastrophe seriously requires exploding the infernal process of de-
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socio-ecological futures that express the democratic presumptions of freedom and equality.

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The resistance to colonialism via TERA restrictions is formulated along lines that are doomed to fail.  The very idea that there is an inside is what creates an outside.  It creates an inclusion into a socioeconomic order. The starting place of community and identity is drowning in the same violence they oppose. 

Karen Shimakawa (Professor University of California, Davis) 2004 The Things We Share: Ethnic Performativity and "Whatever Being", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 18.2 149-160
Elsewhere I've suggested that Asian Pacific Americanness (in mainstream representation) …is the event of an outside" (67, emphasis in original).

The affirmative cedes the power of inclusion to the law, which is based in metaphysics. Only if we stop giving law, this ability, will it cease to define what is right or wrong, what is included or what is excluded.
Zartaloudis 2005 Law and Critique v16:387-418

As she reminds us it is crucial to recall … or similarly for the formation of the Law (of law) as an ineffable depth.

Our alternative is “whatever being,” the singular being—an appreciation of forms of life without referent to an ends.  The removal of the power of the sovereign by not tying Native identity to inclusion within American political structures or energy policy.
Heesok Chang (Change Department of English Vassar College) Postmodern Culture September 1993
The basis of the coming community, the singular being, … a longing to belong. To a permanent disorientation. To oscillation. To whatever. 

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The United States Supreme Court should rule that state restrictions on local solar siting are unconstitutional.

Courts defer to preemption and the executive branch now – new ruling is key to environmental federalism
Engel 2006 – Professor of Law, University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law (Kirsten H. “FILLING THE GAPS? ARTICLE: HARNESSING THE BENEFITS OF DYNAMIC FEDERALISM IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW,” 56 Emory L.J. 159)
The disconnect between the … structure of federal environmental law." n77

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Econ Adv

No global economic collapse and it wouldn’t cause conflict
Drezner ’11 (Daniel Drezner, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 8-12-2011, “Please come down off the ledge, dear readers,” Foreign polivy, http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/, CMR)

So, when we last left off this debate, things were looking grim.
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, based on the data we've got, that's not going to happen. 

US isn’t key to the global economy – prefer expert consensus
Vejil ’10 David, “Global Economy Becoming Immune to U.S. Downturns”, 10-5,  http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=7524.6091.0.0

Is the global economy becoming immune to U.S. economic downturns? According
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New York’s Columbia University, in a September 20 Bloomberg interview in Zurich.

Warming Adv

Climate impacts are overyhyped, nothing will happen for 300 years and even then it won’t be that bad, tech solves in the meantime
Lomborg 8 – Director of the Copenhagen Consensus Center and adjunct professor at the Copenhagen Business School, Bjorn, “Warming warnings get overheated”, The Guardian, 8/15,http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/15/carbonemissions.climatechange

These alarmist predictions are becoming quite bizarre, and could be dismissed as sociological oddities
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to be 1,700% richer by the end of this century.

No anthropogenic warming – WE control quals, bias and recency
Burnett, 2-22-12 – Sterling, Ph.D., Senior Fellow in Environment and Energy at the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), “Fraud and Heartland: A Scandal for Climate Alarmists, not Skeptics,” http://environmentblog.ncpa.org/fraud-and-heartland-a-scandal-for-climate-alarmists-not-skeptics/, brubaie
Sadly (for him), Peter Gleick, the researcher at issue, could have obtained a good deal of the information he sought through a request for Heartland’s 990, a tax document that non-profits have to provide to any who request it. Rather than going through legitimate channels to obtain what information he could or, better still, questioning the veracity of the initial document he received — and there were many reasons to question that document, among them the fact that it was delivered to him anonymously — using someone else’s name, a Heartland board member — he requested internal documents. 

Despite all the sound and fury surrounding this episode over the last week, really
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,” behind global warming skepticism. Who says the Progressive era has passed?

---No impact – media and scientists exaggerate catastrophic warming   
Spencer’8 – climatologist and a Principal Research Scientist for the University of Alabama in Huntsville
Roy W, Ph.D. in meteorology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1981, former Senior Scientist for Climate Studies at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, where he and Dr. John Christy received NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for their global temperature monitoring work with satellites, “Climate Confusion”, page number below

The media can always find an expert who is willing to provide some juicy quotes
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gives him hope of breaking the big story.  25-26

--No impact to warming
Taylor 11—senior fellow for environment policy at The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment and Climate News (27 July 2011, James, New NASA Data Blow Gaping Hole In Global Warming Alarmism, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2011/07/27/new-nasa-data-blow-gaping-hold-in-global-warming-alarmism/) CMR

NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth’s atmosphere is allowing
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great deal about how honest the purveyors of global warming alarmism truly are. 

A2 Diseases

No consensus on warming –  disproves disease
Bast and Taylor ’11 (Joseph, President and CEO, The Heartland Institute, James M Taylor, Senior Fellow Env. Policy @ Heartland Institute, “Global Warming: Not a Crisis”, Aug 2, http://heartland.org/experts, retrieved June 14, 2012, CMR) 

Isn’t There a Consensus? Science doesn’t advance by “consensus.” A single scientist
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are right to ask why we should believe global warming is a crisis.

Infectious diseases can’t cause extinction – population density mitigates virulence through resistance
Wynne Parry 11, 2/2/11, Live Science Staff Writer, “Article: Theory About Mammals and Fungus Explains Bat Plague”, http://www.livescience.com/11705-theory-mammals-fungus-explains-bat-plague.html
Even highly virulent infectious disease does not cause extinctions – because as population density decreases
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all caused by some pathogen," Robertson wrote in an e-mail.

A2 Resource Wars

No resource wars—humans adapt and new tech solves—their studies are wrong
Thomas Bernauer et al 10 is a professor of political science at ETH Zurich, Ms. Anna Kalbhenn is PhD candidate at the Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS), Zurich *Vally Koubi is a senior fellow at the Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich  Gabriele Ruoff is postdoctoral researcher in the “International Political Economy” group of Thomas Bernauer at the Center for Comparative and International Studies, Climate Change, Economic Growth, and Conflict climsec.prio.no/papers/Climate_Conflict_BKKR_Trondheim_2010.pdf
Other scholars, commonly referred to as cornucopians or resource optimists, do not share
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as economic development and the political system characteristics may thus have been overlooked. 

A2 Coral Reefs/Biodiversity

Coral reefs adapt to climate change.
Baker ’04 Andrew, PhD/Scientist from University of Miami, Aug 11, “Coral reefs:  Corals' adaptive response to climate change,” http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/full/430741a.html

The long-term response of coral reefs to climate change depends on the ability
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on these reefs more closely resemble those found in high-temperature environments.

No impact to biodiversity
Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N
Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge.
Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD 

Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
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sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.

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1 Wind fails-often shut down and can’t meet peak demand.
Tupi 10
(Brad, Brad Tupi is an attorney with Tucker Arensberg, P.C., in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His practice includes
environmental and general litigation. Mr. Tupi has handled several cases involving wind energy projects, “WIND ENERGY IS NOT THE ANSWER”, 2010, http://www.jvas.org/pdf_files/Wind_Energy_Not_Answer.pdf, Accessed 8/29/12)
A coal-fired power plant will generate electricity 24/7/365.
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. Because it is intermittent, wind energy cannot meet this basic requirement.
2 No Solvency – Inadequate transmission capacity limits wind energy
David Englander June 17, 2008
“Blowing in the wind Investing in the wind power industry could pay off, but risks remain” Englander is a Market Watch Reporter http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/investing-wind-power-industry-may-pay/story.aspx?guid=%7B9F8BB4FE-30CB-4FB7-B80B-35B5C5E3F2E7%7Danddist=msr_1
Transmission is perhaps the single greatest problem that faces wind growth - and it was
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in their backyard, so you have to decide where to put them."
3 Won’t solve energy output – their evidence overestimates
Bell 11
(Larry– professor at the University of Houston and author (“Wind Energy's Overblown Prospects”, 3/8, http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2011/03/08/wind-energys-overblown-prospects/, )
The report, drawn up by its national laboratories said that meeting this target presumed
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if merely a minor percentage of that technical feasibility provides electricity when needed.
To be extremely optimistic, let’s assume that actual average output would be 25% of that projected installed capacity. In that case, the real output would be less than 5% of the country’s electricity, and more realistically, about half of even that amount under optimistic circumstances.
Output volatility due to wind’s intermittency varies greatly according to location and time of year, typically ranging from 0% to about 50%. Texas, one of the most promising wind energy states, averages about 16.8% of installed capacity, yet the Electric Reliability Council of Texas assigns a value of 10% due to unpredictability. Only about 20% of that capacity is generally available during peak demand periods (about 5:00pm), while average generation during off-peak time averages about 40% of capacity.
4 Local backlash insures failure.
Lomborg ’12
(– director of the Copenhagen Consensus Center, and adjunct professor at Copenhagen Business School (Bjørn, “Wind Falls”, March 21, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/project_syndicate/2012/03/lomborg_wind_power_is_cheap_only_compared_with_other_alternative_energies_.single.html, )
In fact, this is a highly problematic claim. While wind energy is cheaper
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Complaints have also increased about enormous new wind turbines’ low-frequency noise.
5 PTCs don’t solve their scenarios  It is on the books now and hasn’t solved their impacts.
6 PTC doesn’t promote wind growth.
– state policies fill-in – previous growth due to grant funding, not ptc – low natural gas prices
– uniformity = inefficient – competitive companies succeed w/o ptc
Linowes ’12
– BS in Software Science from Rochester Institute of Technology, Masters in Business Administration, director of Industrial Wind Action (“Impact of Tax Policies on the Commercial Application of Renewable Energy Technology”, House Testimony, April 19, http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/HHRG-112-SY21-WState-LLinowes-20120419.pdf, )
a. The Production Tax Credit
The AWEA insists the industry is at risk of a slow-down if Congress
AND
utilities routinely sign long-term power contracts at prices significantly above market.
7 Alt cause: The success of wind is determined by the price of fossil fuels not tax credits
HINMAN 2009
(JEFFRY S. HINMAN J.D., University of Oregon School of Law “The Green Economic Recovery: Wind Energy¶ Tax Policy After Financial Crisis and the¶ American Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act” J. ENVTL. LAW AND LITIGATION Vol. 24, 35 http://law.uoregon.edu/org/jell/docs/232/Hinman.pdf)
Another factor that created a better atmosphere for investing in wind energy between 2004 and
AND

between 2007 and 2009, the nation’s¶ cumulative wind capacity doubled.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
US renewable market is growing rapidly – outpaces fossil fuels
Solar Novus ’12 (“US Renewable Energy Experiences Explosive Growth”, April 2, http://www.solarnovus.com/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=4644:renewable-energy-experiences-explosive-growthandcatid=37:business-newsandItemid=241, CMR)
According to the most recent issue of the Monthly … emerging proposals to slash or discontinue such support.
Drilling prevents a smooth transition – turns jobs and oil dependence  
Martin ’11 (Roland, “U.S. must finally end its addiction to oil”, March 12, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-03-12/opinion/martin.energy.costs_1_gas-prices-oil-strategic-petroleum-reserve/2?_s=PM:OPINION, CMR)

Democrats and Republicans are now saying President … it comes to energy in this country.¶
Failure to cut fossil fuels and start the transition to renewables ensures extinction within 20 years
Leahy, ’11 (Stephen, Independent environmental journalist for 16 years, “Permafrost Melt Soon Irreversible Without Major Fossil Fuel Cuts”, Feb 21, http://www.countercurrents.org/leahy210911.htm, CMR)
UXBRIDGE - Thawing permafrost is threatening to …, but we must start now," Leape said in a statement. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Comprehensive farm bill will pass in the lame duck, however, adding agenda items will push the debate off only ensuring only extension, NOT a comprehensive farm bill
David Bennett 10/1 “Uncertainty over farm bill 'a risk' for agriculture”, Delta Farm Press, http://deltafarmpress.com/government/uncertainty-over-farm-bill-risk-agriculture
“There is uncertainty,” says Harrison Pittman,Director of the law center.“… on writing a new farm bill with a lower budget baseline.”
Comprehensive farm bill key to the ag sector and global food supply   
Tom Vilsack is the U.S. secretary of agriculture, JD from Albany Law School, “Stakes high for new farm bill”, 9/18/12, http://auburnpub.com/news/opinion/mailbag/stakes-high-for-new-farm-bill/article_31ace035-d7ca-5b7a-8ed7-311a85660d05.html, CMR
After spending much of August out of … Jobs Bill as soon as possible.
Food shortages cause global nuclear war – most probable
Future Directions International ’12 (“International Conflict Triggers and Potential Conflict Points Resulting from Food and Water Insecurity Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme”, May 25, http://www.futuredirections.org.au/files/Workshop_Report_-_Intl_Conflict_Triggers_-_May_25.pdf, CMR)
There is a growing appreciation that the conflicts in the … for conflicts and possibly even nuclear war.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should implement a phased, revenue-neutral carbon tax on all domestic production and importation of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. 

Carbon tax could be implemented immediately – solves warming and restores US negotiating credibility ensuring international action
Avi-Yonah and Uhlmann’9 (Reuven S. Avi-Yonah is the Irwin I. Cohn Professor of Law and the Director of the International Tax LLM Program at the University of Michigan Law School; David M. Uhlmann is the Jeffrey F. Liss Professor from Practice and the Director of the Environmental Law and Policy Program at the University of Michigan Law School, “Combating Global Climate Change: Why a Carbon Tax Is a Better Response to Global Warming Than Cap and Trade”, Feb, 28 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 3, lexis, CMR)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Romney will win the debate made him a plausible alternative to Obama – Large victory means jobs reports and economy cannot help Obama win – prefer this evidence historical examples from 92 election where the incumbent lost after getting slam dunked in a debate and had a popular economy
Chris Stirewalt (digital politics editor for Fox News) 10/5 “Don’t Be Fooled, That Debate Was a Big Deal”, Fox News,
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/10/05/dont-be-fooled-that-debate-was-big-deal/#ixzz28Y4w1sDB
Mitt Romney beat the britches off of President …perilous thing for Obama.

Wind power key to Obama --- can even swing Republicans.
Nathaniel Baker, managing editor @ Energy Boom, 8-21-2012, U.S. Presidential Election: Major Swing States Could Come Down to Wind Energy, Energy Boom Policy, p. http://www.energyboom.com/policy/us-presidential-election-major-swing-states-could-come-down-wind-energy, accessed 8-30-2012
Wind energy could go a long way in determining … are currently employed by the wind industry in Colorado.

Obama reelection causes unilateral disarm --- kills deterrence and results in nuclear war.
Peter Ferrara, Director of Entitlement and Budget Policy for the Heartland Institute and General Counsel of the American Civil Rights Union, served in the White House Office of Policy development under President Reagan, 4-4-2012, Obama’s Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament, American Spectator, p. http://spectator.org/archives/2012/04/04/obamas-unilateral-nuclear-disa
America's Nuclear Suicide  Obama's literally crazy …, while you are still alive.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A. Interpretation --- the ballot’s sole purpose is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive policy option?
Definitional support ---

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a.  A … this council petition the mayor.
2. “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging … future action that you propose.
3. “Restrictions” are direct governmental limitations --- excludes measures the only have limiting effects
Viterbo 12 (Annamaria, Assistant Professor in International Law – University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law – Bocconi University and Jean Monnet Fellow – European University Institute, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States' Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166)
In order to distinguish an exchange … of currency in itself, for all purposes.
4. “Incentives” are positive rewards
Harris 89 – professor of law at the University of Illinois (Fred, 49 La. L. Rev. 1315 (1988-1989) “Automobile Emissions Control Inspection and Maintenance Program: Making It More Palatable to Coerced Participants”, Hein Online)

53. The term "incentives," for purposes of …  "disincentive" approach to behavioral modification.

2. Violation: the aff defends individual action to “live like suns”

3. Vote neg—
A. Ground—
First, Implementation key to asses consequences of any ideology.
Ignatieff  2004
Michael, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this … lead us to betray another.

Second, Ground is key to meaningful discussion—the alternative is violence.
Shively 2000
Ruth Lessl, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 182-3
The point may seem trite, as surely the ambiguists … in the act of argumentation. 

Third, this is an independent voting issue—unfair ground.
Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 181-2
The requirements given thus far are primarily … rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

B. Education—
First, They kill debate Education which is key to Totalitarianism.
Lewis 1992
Martin, Assistant Professor at George Washington, Green Delusions p. 258
A majority of those born between 1960 and …immorality, and constitutional refinements become inconvenient niceties.

Second, Policy debate is key to reverese domination of politics by private powerful interests.
Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Polisci at Houston, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 36-7
The position argued here is that to the extent … marrying justice with power in the long run. 

C. Limits—
First, You EXPLODE THEM
Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Polisci at Houston, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 39-40
Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory … in the moral vision of the non-theorist.

Second, Limit explosion kills debate and all politics turns the aff.
Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 180
'Thus far, I have argued that if the ambiguists mean …silence or ex¬clude those who reject civility and democracy.

4. Vote neg—only you can prevent the activity from collapsing.
Shively 2000
Ruth Lessl Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 179
To put this point another way, it turns out that to be open to all things is, … unflag¬ging and firm support that we can give them.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Cliff passes now
Arthur Postal, "Dealmakers at Work on Fiscal Cliff," CREDIT UNION TIMES, 11--8--12,
http://www.cutimes.com/2012/11/08/dealmakers-at-work-on-fiscal-cliff?ref=hp
Washington is again focusing … reform that brings in revenues.
wind require capital--Solyndra hangover
Nichola Groom and Braden Reddall, "Harsher Energy Regulations Seen in Obama's Second Term," REUTERS, 11--7--12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usa-campaign-energy-companies-obama-idUSBRE8A60N920121107,
Obama has promised more … in pursuing a clean energy agenda."

Capital key to a deal, averts depression
Andrew Sullivan, "Now, Govern," The Daily Dish, DAILY BEAST, 11--9--12, http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/2012/11/now-govern.html
I'm as amazed as everyone …magnanimous. And fast.
Nuclear war
Ockham Research 08 (Ockham Research, Economic Distress and Geopolitical Risks by: Ockham Research, Ockham Research Staff November 18, 2008????Ockham Research Ockham Research is an independent research provider based in Atlanta, Georgia providing security analysis)
The hardship and turmoil which … consequences for the U.S. and the world.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The affirmative leads to the codification of women’s identity which increases the level of juridical-regulation of identity culminating in the re-enforcement of the gender divide and the colonization of oppositional discourse
Brown 2005 (Wendy, , prof. of poly sci @ UC Berkeley Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics, pg.  90-91)

Consider, more generally, attempts at …  become the norms by which we are regulated.
Their appeal to resistance on the basis of social roles and violence ideologically dooms itself and reinforces victimization
Faun 1992 Feral Faun (Pen Name) edits the insurrectionary anarchist journal Willful Disobedience “The Ideology of Victimization” Anarchy: A Journal Of Desire Armed issue #32, Spring 1992 http://www.insurgentdesire.org.uk/victimization.htm 8/7/10

Like all ideologies, the varieties of … revolt against all authority and all social roles.
Use of victimization to justify state action dehistoricizes the plan and mobilizes the state to destroy what the Aff deems as evil
Anker May 08 (Draft) Elisabeth Anker The Pembroke Center, Brown University “THE VENOMOUS EYE:
VENGEANCE, MELODRAMA AND THE LEGITIMATION OF STATE POWER” http://www.brown.edu/Research/ppw/files/THE%20VENOMOUS%20EYE-PPW.pdf 8/7/10

Bush continues, “Great harm has been … by the state in response to national victimization.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: George Mason KL | Judge:
The affirmative is a replication of a universal concept of humanity structured through ignorance of the colonial difference. Energy policy begs a different question than just a mere focus on production and consumption. Energy is the structure, the life-blood for the enactment of Eurocentric ideals. Only delinking from this epistemology by abandoning reformist attempts can a new starting point for politics be opened.

Mignolo 2006 Walter, Citizenship, Knowledge, and the Limits of Humanity American Literary History 18.2 (2006) 312-331
When the idea of "citizenship" came into view—and was linked to
AND
right, the left, and the center) took away from them.
Further, the affirmative’s approach to technology and production is not neutral but reifies a core tenet of Euro-American Identity: its claim to technological superiority. It is not a question of technology being good or inevitable but the way that the epistemic base of eurocentrism adopts it to provide certainty to its monopolistic claims.
Dinerstein 2006 Joel, Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman, muse, American Quarterly, Volume 58, Number 3
Technology has long been the unacknowledged source of European and Euro-American superiority within
AND
—sentences them to second-class status with regard to the future.

Evaluating our structures of thought is a paramount concern – thinking has material effects. The plan text is a replication of some of the most destructive formations of thinking in western history – their modification of energy policy reflects overconsumptive cultural formations and massive continuations of colonization on indigenous lands. Even attempts at benign energy formations like wind and solar leave massive destruction to native lands. Colonization becomes inherent in the practices of their energy politics

Awehali 2006 (Brian, “Native Energy Futures Renewable Energy, Sovereignty, and the New rush on Indian Lands”, LiP, MDA)

The Alaska tribal companies have, according to Scherer, “become a way for
AND
indebted to, the very industry currently driving the planet to its doom.

The role is the ballot is to affirm an ethic of diversality toward epistemology. Refusing the universality of the modernity is in itself an ethical praxis that refuses the foundation of racism and ethnocide.
Mignolo 2000 Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 069100140568-69

The second opposition Khatibi attempts to undo (after the opposition between the Christian West
AND
that it opens i new perspective for a geopolitical order of knowledge production.

Voting negative affirms the ethics of diversality by rejecting the pedagogical dominance of the plan’s approach to energy policy. This is an ongoing act of denying the monopoly to legitimacy of western thinking.
Kanth in 2005 (Rajani Kannepalli, Against Eurocentrism:  A Transcendent Critique of Modernist Science, Society, and Morals 7-9

The task of debunking is ever an unattractive one, and quite alien to the
AND
though required, and important, is far from being either pleasant or enviable

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A – Interpretation:

Restrictions are outright prohibitions on production, not consequences of regulatory schemes.

 (Kevin T., “Are Noncompetition Covenants Among Law Partners Against Public Policy?”, Georgia Law Review, Spring, 28 Ga. L. Rev. 807, Lexis)
The Howard court began its analysis by examining the California Business and Professions Code,
AND
that a mere "economic consequence" does not equal a prohibition. 143url:http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?y=anddom1=anddom2=anddom3=anddom4=anddom5=andcrnPrh=andcrnSah=andcrnSch=andcrnLgh=andcrnSumm=andcrnCt=andcc=andcrnCh=andcrnGc=andshepSummary=andcrnFmt=andshepStateKey=andpushme=1andtmpFBSel=allandtotaldocs=andtaggedDocs=andtoggleValue=andnumDocsChked=0andprefFBSel=0anddelformat=XCITEandfpDocs=andfpNodeId=andfpCiteReq=andfpSetup=0and_m=2f902ef509c60febb5baa821f74f591canddocnum=69and_fmtstr=FULLand_startdoc=51andwchp=dGLzVzz-zSkAband_md5=13c4fa4ea4799356b6831f265d253078andfocBudTerms=the+word+restrict+or+the+term+restrict+or+the+phrase+restrict+andfocBudSel=all#n143||target="_self"

“On” means in contact with and links “restrictions” only to energy production

 (Arthur Butler, “Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger and Sons”, Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)
The Standard Dictionary defines the word “on” as follows:¶ “In or
AND
are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

B – Violation – the aff streamlines regulation on energy production – it does not reduce a restriction

C – Reasons to prefer

“Regulations” is conceptually larger than “restrictions” – they expand a resolutional question of limited producer choices to one of all state intervention.

 (Barak, Professor of Law @ Arizona College of Law, “What is Regulation?”, in Regulation: Why and How The State Regulates (Foundation Press 2012), Yale Journal of Regulations Online 30(1): http:~/~/yale-jreg.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Orbach_30.pdf, DZ)
So what does regulation mean? We return to the starting point—the intuitive
AND
For all practical purposes, regulation certainly means intervention in the private domain.

Limits outweigh – determines the feasibility of pre-tournament research, which controls the direction of education. Limitless education is pointless and unfair because it always benefits the aff.

D – Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and education – plus, it’s a rule at the NDT!

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Modernity

the nuclear age has created the belief in unending technological progress around the structure of human extinction. nuclear power is part of this overall structure of nationbuilding. this pursuit of security renders possible the attempts at immortality of the nation via the destruction of the nation. this form of utopianism is particularly dangerous

MASCO IN 2006 Joseph, The Nuclear Borderlands, 0691120773, p ___1-3_______

( class="MsoNormal" )
The nuclear age began in earnest in New Mexico.' Los Alamos scientists created
AND
it difficult to see how the nuclear age has already impacted everyday lives.
Our age is one of radioactive nation building. mass technologies and colonization of national imaginary is but a precursor to the complex that has allowed for nuclear testing to poison our citizens and make the US and minority communities the most bombed nations on earth
MASCO IN 2006 Joseph, The Nuclear Borderlands, 0691120773, p ___25-27_______
The unprecedented national resources devoted to the bomb, its infra- structural role in
AND
Further, the affs approach to technology and production is not neutral but reifies a core tenet of Euro-American Identity: its claim to technological superiority. It is not a question of technology being good or inevitable but the way the epistemic base of eurocentrism adopts it to provide certainty to monopolistic claims.
Dinerstein 2006()Joel, Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman, muse, American Quarterly, Volume 58, Number 3
Technology has long been the unacknowledged source of European and Euro-American superiority within
AND

—sentences them to second-class status with regard to the future.
The results of this thinking are devastating, thinking has material effects. The plan is a replication of the most destructive formations of thinking in western history – their modification of nuclear energy policy reflects overconsumptive cultural formations and massive continuations of colonization on indigenous lands.
Goldtooth 2010 Tom B.K. Goldtooth is the Executive Director of The
AND
±ons, and Apple Pie, pp 11-28, 2010.

( class="MsoNormal" )
The United States consumes a third of the resources of our sacred Earth Mother.
AND
the expense of maintaining spiritual principles, cultural identity, and thriving ecosystems.
Our alternative is Epistemic Disobedience to modernity. Epistemic Disobedience is the only ethical response to modernity’s hegemony on knowledge production. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge.
 
Mignolo 09 Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009
ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent
AND
who take ‘originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1
Debater’s position in the university has to be accounted for as part of the maintenance of the status quo. The role of the ballot is to academically align our positions to refuse the hegemonic Eurocentric basis of discussions of energy.
 (Michael; Taking Henry Giroux's Borderless Pedagogy to Our Institutions of Higher Learning; Aug 4; truth-out.org/opinion/item/10549-continuing-toward-girouxs-borderless-pedagogy

Additionally, colleges and universities (both public and private) also exist as sites

AND
continued attempt to raise the consciousness of everyone involved even without administrative support).

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The affirmatives increase of energy production binds itself to a societal structure of speed undergirded by the military industrial complex’s corruption of its technology() ====
Armitage 2010 (John, associate dean and head of dept of media at northumbria university, Virilio Now: Current Perspectives in Virilio Studies p 62-64
From the statically cycling pockets it finds in the slipstream, the Feldkapelle, arguably
AND
slipstream, measure and challenge, the military-industrial vectors of acceleration. 

The impact is the worst totalitarianisms of history. The speed structure constructs the basis of globalitarianism ripping humanity of any value

Adams 2003 ( class="StyleStyleBold12pt" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" )(Jason, The Evergreen State College, POPULAR DEFENSE IN THE EMPIRE OF SPEED: PAUL VIRILIO AND THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE POLITICAL BODY. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS - In the Department Of Political Science - SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY - November 2003)
It is in this process of mediatization of the political body that Virilio argues that
AND
globalitarian character of which will be plain for all to see".67

Our alternative is to refuse the administration of risk management of the 1ac’s concern for accidents

VIRILIO IN 2006 Paul, The Original Accident, isbn: 0745636136 p ____16-18____
In any case, as soon as the catastrophic event emerges in its 'terrorist' dimension
AND
of the audiovisual continuum now replacing the public space of our daily lives.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

No impact to accidents/meltdowns

Former submarine Engineer Officer, Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc., “Has Apocalyptic Portrayal of Climate Change Risk Backfired?”, May 2, http:~/~/atomicinsights.com/2012/05/has-apocalyptic-portrayal-of-climate-change-risk-backfired.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+AtomicInsights+28Atomic+Insights29

Not only was the discussion enlightening about the reasons why different people end up with

AND

and must not be marginalized by the people who market fear and trembling.

too many alt causes to oceans

Black ‘11() Richard Black, Environment correspondent, BBC News. “World's oceans in 'shocking' decline”. June 20, 2011. BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13796479
The oceans are in a worse state than previously suspected, according to an expert

AND
sea level rise, and release of methane trapped in the sea bed.

Their accidents advantage uniquely force us into the bubble mentality

Baudrillard 89 Baudrillard 1989 (Jean, America, Translated by Chris Turner, Pages 40-42)
The obsessive desire for survival (and not for life) is a symptom of

AND
a great sign of hope and a political fact of the utmost importance.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Their so-called new safety protocols presume a universal rational individual that does not exist. This means their ways of thinking are bound to the same structures that make genocide possible to begin with.

Ian WELSH Sociology @ Cardiff ‘2K Mobilising Modernity p.  22-23
Hindsight is perhaps the best source of twenty-twenty vision. I have no
AND
is one of the key debates I want to reconfigure through this book.

This epistemology becomes self-reinforcing. Nuclear is not just a technology it is a political ploy for centralization of power and scientific hegemony.

Ian WELSH Sociology @ Cardiff ‘2K Mobilising Modernity p.  3-9
I argue here that the implementation of nuclear power recasts state citizen relations, weakening
AND
claims. In this sense symbolic capital assumes a position of considerable importance.
Their emphasis on spectacles of violence enables them to accept the rules of current power structures as part of a ritualized acquiescence to white supremacy. This makes everyday forms of violence unrecognizable
Martinot and Sexton 2003() Steve and Jared, Steve is a lecturer at San Francisco State University in the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs Jared is Associate Professor African American Studies School of Humanities Associate Professor, Film and Media Studies School of Humanities at UC Irvine Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, Comparative Ethnic Studies, “The Avant-Garde of White Supremacy, Social Identities, Volume 9, Number 2, 2003 p.171-172
Most theories of white supremacy seek to plumb the depths of its excessiveness, beyond
AND
logic; it is, in fact, nothing but its very practices.

Nature does not exist but in the imagination. The affirmative takes the role which superimposes a utopian concept of nature to relate policy through. Nature in the affirmative’s discourse is impossible, rather it is chaotic and unpredictably uncontrollable. Their base ontological relationship to nature ensures an obsessive reactionary politics bound to endlessly acting without altering the fundamental coordinates of society.

Swyngedouw 2006( style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" ) Erik, Impossible “Sustainability” and the Post-Political Condition Erik Swyngedouw Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK erik.swyngedouw@man.ac.uk September 2006
Meanwhile, as some of the other examples attest, socio-environmental processes keep
AND
be achieved, and what sort of natures do we wish to inhabit.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Debater’s position in the university has to be accounted for as part of the maintenance of the status quo. The role of the ballot is to academically align our positions to refuse the hegemonic Eurocentric basis of discussions of energy.

Ortiz 2012 (Michael; Taking Henry Giroux’s Borderless Pedagogy to Our Institutions of Higher Learning; Aug 4; truth-out.org/opinion/item/10549-continuing-toward-girouxs-borderless-pedagogy

Additionally, colleges and universities (both public and private) also exist as sites
AND
continued attempt to raise the consciousness of everyone involved even without administrative support).

All of our links are disads to the permutation that prove the epistemology of the affirmative is tainted – this alternative doesn’t function by overcoming the status quo but by refusing the universalism of the western narrative, utilization of their epistemology serves to continue the status quo.

And, your permutation is merely the same attempt to continue the western frame of thinking. The attempt at making minor epistemic adjustments via reforms is not enough. We need a radical epistemological re-evaluation.
Deloria 1999 ~[Vine, For this land p 101~]
But this replacement only begins the task ofliberation. For the history ofWestern thinking in
AND
continues to dominate the goals and activities that appear designed to create reforms.

Further, the alternative is a sequencing question – before we can effectively engage we have to have the questioning of the epistemology of the aff. Two pieces of mignolo evidence prove the need to remove the base epistemic foundation of the plan.

Prefer the alternative over the permutation – their permutation serves the interest of expediency. we are the only ones with comparative evidence about questioning and political expediency in the context of western epistemology
Smith 2005 ~[Andrea, Conquest: sexual violence and American Indian Genocide p 185-186~]
Unfortunately, while Habermas argues that the public sphere is fundamentally based on exclusion,
AND
and coercion, indigenous sovereignty and nationhood is predicated on interrelatedness and responsibility.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Nature does not exist but in the imagination. The affirmative takes the role which superimposes a utopian concept of nature to relate policy through. Nature in the affirmative’s discourse is impossible, rather it is chaotic and unpredictably uncontrollable. Their base ontological relationship to nature ensures an obsessive reactionary politics bound to endlessly acting without altering the fundamental coordinates of society.

Swyngedouw 2006 ~[Erik, Impossible "Sustainability" and the Post-Political Condition Erik Swyngedouw Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK erik.swyngedouw@man.ac.uk September 2006
Meanwhile, as some of the other examples attest, socio-environmental processes keep
AND
, to a perceived global climatologic equilibrium situation that would permit a sustainable continuation

 of the present world’s way of life. So, while one sort of
AND
be achieved, and what sort of natures do we wish to inhabit. 

From a CIA Memo sent to the Director of the Department of Energy in 1979:
The recent Three Mile Island ’situation’ affords us the opportunity to contain the Chadwick Condition under the recently passed "toxic waste protocols." Included are some suggested waste sites with ’discreet’ locations. We believe this initiative ought to have special security priority. Thank you.
Langeteig 97
Kendra " Horror Autotoxicus in the Red Night Trilogy: Ironic Fruits of Burroughs’s Terminal Vision" Configurations 5.1 (1997) 135-169 Instructor of English at Indiana University and is completing her dissertation, "The Obscene Wisdom of William S. Burroughs." She works on avant-garde literature and is the author of "Visions in the Crystal Ball: Ezra Pound, H. D., and the Form of the Mystical," Paideuma 25 (Spring 1996): 55-81.
The term horror autotoxicus (the horror of becoming toxic to oneself), used by
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system to become a "machinic subjectivity," in Guattari’s memorable phrase. 19

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The energy defense doesn’t apply – about sustainability and safety discussions – not an increase in energy production. The framing of the policy has real implications.
Accidents defense is not responsive – it’s a question of the representative framing. The use of the term accidents has painted the picture as a danger. We have made the intentional choice to build a facility and the accident framing is something that has been done to delimit our agency. K turns the case – they create the constant striving for a society to manage an accidental which militarizes the safety sectors into a suicidal state
VIRILIO IN 2006 [Paul, The Original Accident, isbn: 0745636136 p 31-34]

Nothing lost, nothing gained. If inventing the substance means indirectly inventing the accident
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be real for people at the end of the wars now beginning.'6

Perm do both – still links, wil be coopted - The question of speed predetermines all– evaluating consequences of the plan normativizes the discussion of speed society.
CHOW 2006 [Rey, Age of the World Target, p34-5]
It is important to note that the normativization of war and war technol¬ogy takes place
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foreign enemies and threats -`a God's-eye view' of battle."33

Perm do the alt – is severance and a voter – severs out of the policy framing of the affirmative – destroys clash and eduation.
Federal government intervenes in state secrecy – aff cant solve (read all)
Banisar 2007 (David Banisar, Government Secrecy, http://www.openthegovernment.org/sites/default/files/otg/govtsecrecy.pdf)
\
GoAway:TheStateSecretsPrivilege Another justification invoked by the government to deny access to information is
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of the neutron bomb of whistleblower litigation. It leaves no plaintiff standing.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Post-Fukushima concerns are wrong  US reactors are safer and the NRC is implementing new guidelines that solve.
Biello, 3-9-12
[David, associate editor  Scientific American, “How Safe Are U.S. Nuclear Reactors? Lessons from Fukushima,” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-safe-are-old-nuclear-reactors-lessons-from-fukushima]
The U.S. has reactors of the same designs that melted down at
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AP-1000 is immune to the loss of off-site power." 

No impact to meltdowns  NRC computer models and Fukushima proves.
Biello, 3-9-12
[David, associate editor  Scientific American, “How Safe Are U.S. Nuclear Reactors? Lessons from Fukushima,” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-safe-are-old-nuclear-reactors-lessons-from-fukushima]
But even at a reactor that does not fare as well in a large earthquake
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large enough to kill." And that is exactly what happened at Fukushima.

Nuclear power is safe  no meltdowns and no impact.  
Svoboda, ‘10  
[Elizabeth, Popular Mechanics, “Debunking the Top 10 Energy Myths”, 7-7, http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/debunking-myths-about-nuclear-fuel-coal-wind-solar]
Myth No. 1  Nuclear Power Isn't a Safe Solution  In a recent national poll
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the energy the United States needs, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. 

Ocean Defense

Oceans are already entering a period of unprecedented destruction – too many alt causes such as over-fishing, pollution and climate change – that’s Black

Multiple factors working in combination means you cannot solve oceans collapse.
Black ‘11 Richard Black, Environment correspondent, BBC News. “World's oceans in 'shocking' decline”. June 20, 2011. BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13796479

"The rate of change is vastly exceeding what we were expecting even a couple
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three-quarters of the world's reefs are at risk of severe decline.

Climate change proves Oceans and marine bioD are resilient – alarmist predictions empirically denied
Taylor 10 [James M. Taylor is a senior fellow of The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment & Climate News., “Ocean Acidification Scare Pushed at Copenhagen,” Feb 10 http://www.heartland.org/publications/environment%20climate/article/26815/Ocean_Acidification_Scare_Pushed_at_Copenhagen.html]
With global temperatures continuing their decade-long decline and United Nations-sponsored global
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The phenomenon of CO2-induced ocean acidification appears to be no different.

Oceans resilient
Kennedy 2 - Environmental science prof, Maryland. Former Director, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory. PhD. (Victor, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Global Climate Change, http://www.pewclimate.org/projects/marine.cfm)
There is evidence that marine organisms and ecosystems are resilient to environmental change. Steele (1991) hypothesized that the biological components of marine systems are tightly coupled to physical factors, allowing them to respond quickly to rapid environmental change and thus rendering them ecologically adaptable. Some species also have wide genetic variability throughout their range, which may allow for adaptation to climate change.

Baudrillard
Future orientation doesn’t prove anything if we win a case turn – extend the baudrillard evidence
either way there will be catastrophe – the only question is whether that catastrophe will be positive or negative. Literally no control is possible for the affirmative
Baudrillard 2002 [Jean Baudrillard. “The Fate of Energy.” The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena. Trans. James Benedict. New York: Verso Books (2002). 100-105.]

AII the events described here are susceptible to two kinds of diagnosis: physical and
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such efforts upon the symbolic level, which is the level of destiny.

Tons of regulations besides the NRC
Fertel, ‘6
[Marvin, VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF NUCLEAR OFFICER  NUCLEAR ENERGY INSTITUTE, Federal News Service, 4-4, “HEARING OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY, EMERGING THREATS, AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE GOVERNMENT REFORM COMMITTEE SUBJECT: NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION EFFORTS TO SET SECURITY STANDARDS FOR NUCLEAR POWER FACILITIES,” Lexis]
As my final point, I want to emphasize that security at nuclear power plants
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for nuclear plants and for all the other sectors of the critical infrastructure.

They propel the acceleration of nuclear energy. This slope leads to deterrence or the infinite growth of energy. Turns the aff - Their ev is just media alarmism.
Spiers, ‘8
[Elizabeth, Founder of Dead Horse Media and dealbreaker.com, 6-9, “The Case for Nukes”, Fortune Magazine]
WHEN GOLDMAN SACHS analysts suggested last week that oil could hit $200 a barrel
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that we have no choice. We can't afford to be afraid anymore.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Multicultural Debate bad

We live in the age of multiculturalism. Exclusion is not predicated upon open violence but ideological covertness. The fascism of our age makes time for the stories of the oppressed

Zizek 1999 ~Slavoj, Senior Researcher at Institute for Social Studies, Ljubliana, The Ticklish Subject: the absent centre of political ontology, New York: Verso, 1999, 186~

Crucial for a successful Ideology is thus the tension within its particular content between the
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certain logic of its displacement by a combination and condensation of inconsistent  attitudes. 

There is an inherent violence in debate’s relationship to the academy. Even with new energies, there are no changes to topics or what we discuss. The academy has a vested interest in maintaining colonization of native lands

Mihesuah and Wilson 2004 ~Devon, prof of applied indigenous studies and history at northern Arizona st, and assistant prof of indigenous history at Arizona st, indigenizing the academy, p 3-4

As we reflect upon what it means to "Indigenize the academy," we are
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, both direct and subversive, in the face of oppression and marginalization.

The affirmative is emblematic of further failures of the left who attempt to challenge the base of liberalism but don’t reconcile the political underpinnings. There is no effective change possible through the system of debate.

Zizek 1999 ~Slavoj, Senior Researcher at Institute for Social Studies, Ljubliana, The Ticklish Subject: the absent centre of political ontology, New York: Verso, 1999, 221-2~ 

Paradoxically, today’s true conservatives are, rather, leftist ’critical theorists’ who reject both
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old leftist motif of the necessity to suspend the neutral space of Law.

Multicultural respect for particular groups perpetuates the hegemonic inevitability of capital by rendering it invisible and depoliticizing the economy

Zizek 1999 ~Slavoj, Senior Researcher at Institute for Social Studies, Ljubliana, The Ticklish Subject: the absent centre of political ontology, New York: Verso, 1999, 217-and 8~

And, mutatis mutandis, the same goes for today’s capitalist, who still clings
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struggle for the recognition of marginal identities and the tolerance of differences.46

Failure to overcome this structural barrier prevents any radicality in the affirmative’s method. There is no energy produced to changing debate, thingsmerely become enveloped into further pockets of tolerance.

Zizek 1999 ~Slavoj, Senior Researcher at Institute for Social Studies, Ljubliana, The Ticklish Subject: the absent centre of political ontology, New York: Verso, 1999, 218-9~

The falsity of elitist multiculturalist liberalism lies in the tension between content and form which
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violent societies to modern tolerant societies able to overcome the principle of vengeance).

The narrative of the 1ac is thus only a function to describe the antagonisms below it, they do not paint a picture of resolution that enabls an overcoming of the violence toward the voices of the 1ca

Zizek 1997 ~Slavoj, The Plague of Fantasies, NYC: Verso, 1999, 10-1~  

The third point: fantasy is the primordial form of narrative, which serves to
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, since it already presupposes a worker behavinglike a full-blown capitalist.

This modern imperial system ensures that Differentiations exist between the ontological worlds of identity politics. These differentiations are central to violence and extermination and necessitate unending war.

Balibar 2001 (Etienne, Emeritus Prof. of Philosophy @ U. of Paris X Nanterre and U. of Cal., Irvine, "Outlines of a Topography of Cruelty: Citizenship and Civility in the Era of Global Violence," Constellations, Vol. 8.1)

this paper is based on a talk which I was asked to deliver in November
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which, in the first instance, seem to be mainly "economic."

Radical strategies of visibility are part of sovereign violence. Their call for energizing debate relies on dated policies that replicate a multiplicity of strategies used by imperial powers in the status quo. The methodology should not energize debate but rather should render debate useless. Do not protect debate from its slow death, hasten it by voting negative.

Maximilian Forte 2009 ~"useless anthropology: strategies for dealing with the militarization fo the academy", http://zeroanthropology.net/2009/05/22/%E2%80%9Cuseless-anthropology%E2%80%9D-strategies-for-dealing-with-the-militarization-of-the-academy/-http://zeroanthropology.net/2009/05/22/%E2%80%9Cuseless-anthropology%E2%80%9D-strategies-for-dealing-with-the-militarization-of-the-academy/ ~

One does not need to seek employment with the Pentagon, take part in counterinsurgency
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is simply to leave here today and continue to conduct business as usual.

Our social position is that of debaters. We are all intimately affected by ballot libidinally. Voting to kill debate is the most ethical response we can make to interrupt the processes of multicultural education that fuel international imperialism. The only way to open up space for a new kind of activity is to renounce facile calls to direct action to save debate.

SlavojZizek, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies in Ljubljana, 2004, Iraq: The Borrowed Kettle, p. 71-74
The stance of simply condemning the postmodern Left for its accommodation, however, is
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what the Third Way is – or, rather, was – about).

Whatever Being

Fullerton wants debate to be "inclusive" of the life experiences they have had.  The very idea that there is an inside is what creates an outside.  We should not assign particular grounds upon which are. In the case of debate, we should want to participate, but we should not base our inclusion/exclusion on whether or not we win a round on any given argument.
Karen Shimakawa (Professor University of California, Davis) 2004 The Things We Share: Ethnic Performativity and "Whatever Being", The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 18.2 149-160
Elsewhere I’ve suggested that Asian Pacific Americanness (in mainstream representation) is an effect
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is the event of an outside" (67, emphasis in original).

They will attempt to argue that the aff has nothing to do with judging validation
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what is right or wrong, what is included or what is excluded.
Zartaloudis 2005 Law %26 Critique v16:387-418
As she reminds us it is crucial to recall that for centuries the pathological basis
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the formation of the Law (of law) as an ineffable depth.

Our alternative is "whatever being," the singular being—an appreciation of forms of life without referent to an ends.   For the purposes of debate, this means that debaters should not judge their inclusion or exclusion based on whether or not they win or lose a round.   This removes the power of the sovereign; in this case the judge and the structure of debate as an activity. Instead of fighting for control of the debate apparatus, we advocate that teams should participate in the way that they would like without an appeal for inclusion.  Voting negative is not an act of exclusion or of assigning power to North Texas but rather a method to refuse failed categorization

Heesok Chang (Change Department of English Vassar College) Postmodern Culture September 1993
The basis of the coming community, the singular being, is whatever being—
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to belong. To a permanent disorientation. To oscillation. To whatever. 

Community PIC

Text: Ofir Stolarski, Ashley Moore, Brian Kersch, Shelby Pryor, Jake Ziering, Jackie Massey, Stephen Davis and anyone else who so desires should confront trans rage.

The term ’community’ is meant to resurrect the us versus them mentality – the act of constituting a ’community’ breeds injustice, inequality and violence towards the other

Bruce Arrigo, Professor at California School of Professional Psychology, 1999 Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Winter, http://www.academyanalyticarts.org/arrigo.htm
This Special Issue contains a series of articles examining the militarization of crime and its
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power that this community represents, vanquishes those whose difference challenges its authority.

2NC

Kill Debate

Further, the narratives themselves are never given full credit and truth. They are just a story, mere fantasy. The use of stories and narratives is descriptive of the link par excellence. Accepting the validity of all narratives equally creates a dull and homogenous multiculturalism and stifles anti-fascist political struggles – this means there never will be mobilization from the 1ac.

Zizek 2002 ~Slavoj, "I am a Fighting Athest: Interview with SlavojZizek," Bad Subjects, Issue 59 Feb 2002, eserver.org/bs/59/zizek.html~ 

Zizek: I think that we should accept that universalism is a Eurocentrist notion.
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entirety of society today. We have to insist on this universal dimension.

Further, we are not speaking abstractly about violence and debate – there is a connection between American collegiate debate and massive violence in Afghanistan. Voting to energize debate is a death sentence for afghani citizens.

Hicks and Greene 2009 ~Darrin, University of Denver and Ronald Walter Greene, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Conscientious Objections: Debating Both Sides and the Cultures of Democracy, Source: Conference Proceedings — National Communication Association/American Forensic Association (Alta Conference on Argumentation) Date: January 1, 2010 

The problem with reducing our position to the claim that debate promotes American imperialism is
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both sides as a weapon in liberal-secularism’s hermeneutic battle with alterity.

Alt Solves

There is no capacity for a permutation, we are the direct opposite of the aff. Do not save debate, walk away from it. Voting affirmative invests you into committing energies to resolving debate, voting negative guts it and begins the ontological precipice of refusing the basis of empire.

Vine Deloria Jr 1999 ~Theologian, legal scholar, JD, Ph.D, M.Div, standing rock Sioux, For This Land, p101-102~

If there were any serious concern about liberationwe would see thousands of people simply walk
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determine the racial background ofstudents on the basis of their applications for admission.

Our ethico-political obligation is to refuse the debate apparatus that is invested in capitalist colonialism. We are obviously debating, but the question in this moment is how or what we are debating for or against. Capitalism render’s its victims anonymous and ensures that the aff’s personal focus never come to terms with the billions of degraded life choices globally—our epitstemological position as callous as it may be is a PREREQUISITE to understanding the full extent of accessibility concerns.

SlavojZizek andGlyn Daly, Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at University College, Northampton, 2004, Conversations With Zizek, p. 14-16 

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gord¬ian knot of postmodern protocol
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abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

1NR

2NC – O/V

They posit the starting point of their advocacy as one of evoking social and cultural change within a debate community, we start instead with a question of individuals in this space. 3 reasons this framing should be preferred:

1 – It was their agency arguments – to submit to notions of collective identity is to cede all agency – this is the same logic of static gender categories that proscribe a certain biological sexual identity onto others.

2 – Your ballot only has control over the discourses of this space, not a community writ large. Other debates prove that community transformation is long-term and only works in the local abstract – their framework superimposes the interests of the majority on individuals, which means that we control the direction to their impact.

3 – External impact of alternative community backlash – communities don’t exist in vacuums – rather, they exist in conjunction with other communities – to presuppose unique agency to our community is to impose superiority over others – this prevents an authentic encounter with Other communities, which superimposes violence and agency dissolution amongst others. Our alternative solves best because the attempt to find the Universal Community Identity is impossible – rather, this position begins and ends with the question of the individual.

Reliance on community is the source for racism and other exclusions

Iris Marion Young, 1986,  Social Theory and Practice

Racism, ethnic chauvinism, and class devaluation, I suggest, grow partly from
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for example, or feminists from native American groups, and so on. 

Role of the Ballot

We engage your role of the ballot argument in a couple of ways.

A. The counterplan calls into question your ability to meet the role of the ballot – the idea of "best performatively" implies a successful method of engaging affect in debate.  Our argument proves the starting point turns the aff. 

1. Means no solvency
   2. Means you recreate structures of oppression in debate.
   B. Even if we don’t go for the cp – the arguments on the counterplan are all reasons the affs performance is valuable but the method deployed is one that is in a location that obliterates difference and becomes commidfied. 

The symbolic construction of community requires  the elimination of difference—Moves toward assimilations are inherent in labels of community
Calderwood, ’00 ~ Patricia E. Calderwood, Assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Fairfield University. "When Community Fails to Transform: Raveling and Unraveling a "Community of Writers"" The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2000~ 
Because individuals within community are not perfectly alike in every aspect of their beings,
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another within social groups and will be invented if they are not discovered.   

AT: CP Doesn’t Tell Personal Experience

First, our offense:

1 – Their framework nullifies and turns the value of their narrative – the 1AC *analogizes* their personal experience and narrative to justify a universal Community narrative that would inevitably silence it. This appeal to the Community being in the background, nonetheless, is the very logic of individual agency submission they claim to reject.

2 – Our framework is a better way of including individual narrative– narratives may be important, but the context in which they are deployed determine their political and micro-political potential – our advocacy provides a venue in which these don’t become commodified by larger social structures.

3 – We’ve answered the better version of their argument – if their argument is "you should have told stories", this is reductionists because:

A – It’s impossible to evaluate a debate based on quality of story.

B – All argument is already enacted and performed always – our Arrigo evidence says the only question for the ballot is *how that performance relates to otherness* - theirs silences the question under a monolithic umbrella of Community, ours lets that voice come out under a foundation of individuality.

AT: Perm

1. Textually severance, voting issue because a stable advocacy and position is the determining factor for all interrogation and all clash and all negative ground.  If we win any risk that discourse impacts reality, then this is not simply a whine because it’s indistinguishable from severing an entire plank of the plan.

2. word choice is not a mere accident – it’s a reflection of ideology

Wenden, 2003 (Anita L., Professor Emerita of Research and Academic Writing and Professor Emerita of cultural Diversity at York College, "Achieving a Comprehensive Peace," April, Peace and Change, Vol. 28, No. 2)
The reality we experience can be referred to in any number of different ways.
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, it is another linguistic means for communicating ideology through text or talk. 

Perm is incoherent absent a resolution of the starting point question – if we win that starting at notions of individuality and rejecting notions of community is a better form of individual liberation, the perm would still include an inauthentic politic.

Saying the word ’perm’ should be a reason they lose – it assumes that our notion of individuality can be colonized by a notion of Community – furthermore, this is intellectual violence that has occurred *in the debate space* and reason they lose independently.

Three disads to the permutation:

1 – Agency collusion – the perm leads to a mixture of community and invididual based politics without any clear distinction – this makes *grey-zones* inevitable – silences voices and our 1NC evidence proves this makes individual oppression inevitable.

2 – Authenticism – to permute is to jettison one’s initial world in hope of joining another perspective – this replicates colonialism and is a reason that the *method of a permutation* makes it collapse on itself.

3 – Competition – to say "permutation" is to stipulate that arguments in a debate must compete. This notion of competition replicates an us-them dichotomy which makes violence and abject oppression inevitable. This guarantees Community norms never become visible because they function by *erasing difference*.

Our model would reject a notion of competition in favor of a notion of individual interactionalism – the role of the ballot is simply to determine which ballot allows for the most agency for individuals – the perm and their aff foreclose this.

Community seeks to eliminate difference by relying on a metaphysics of presence

Iris Marion Young, 1986,  Social Theory and Practice

I criticize the notion of community on both philosophical and practical grounds. I argue
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the political question of the relations among face-to-face communities.

Metaphysics of presence eliminate potential openings for diversity and recreates transgender violence by upholding male/female binary.

Iris Marion Young, 1986,  Social Theory and Practice

The desire to bring things into unity generates a logic of hierarchical opposition. Any
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of thought and meaning, whose signification is never out of its grasp.

Metaphyisics of presence deny difference

Iris Marion Young, 1986,  Social Theory and Practice

Second, the metaphysics of presence represses or denies difference. This term has come
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logic of identity, withdraws from such particularity and constructs unreal essences. 3

They have zero defense of debate community as the starting point

Only the cp solves. We lead to a change in what you recognize as a community:

A – Formation of micro-groups, such as judges/debaters in a room – these are the only communes we have control over, which is a solvency takeout to the 1AC and a reason only the CP results in change.

B – These micro-groups spill over:

1 – This is the function of how every debate impacts the social

2 – Individual experience changes how we relate to others discoursively outside of this setting – focus on setting as opposed to a community in which that setting is.

Language critique solves – challenging unconscious understandings of the world is key to changing political affect

Lakoff, UC Berkeley linguistics professor, co-founder and Senior Fellow of the Rockridge Institute, 2001
(George, "The Mind and the World," The FrameWorks Institute, http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/products/mind.pdf)
The problem is a conceptual problem, a problem of mind. Our job is
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language to go with it, language that will effectively frame every issue. 

The power to identify community bounds is the power to exclude and individuals can be systematically devalued

Calderwood, ’00 ~ Patricia E. Calderwood, Assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Fairfield University. "When Community Fails to Transform: Raveling and Unraveling a "Community of Writers"" The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2000~
As Hillary (1986) and Cohen (1985, 1994) have noted,
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). They are continually adjusted in the ebb and flow of social relations. 

The demarcation of community is an act of setting boundaries for exclusion—the maintenance of communities requires defense of borders keeping outsiders out

Calderwood, ’00 ~ Patricia E. Calderwood, Assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Fairfield University. "When Community Fails to Transform: Raveling and Unraveling a "Community of Writers"" The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2000~
The root of the term community (Williams, 1976) is the Latin word
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status within the community. • Competent membership within community must be learned.  

public values are shaped by the discourse used in public policy

Clark 7
(Phillip G, Post-Doctoral Fellow in Ethics and Public Policy, Wesleyan University, "Understanding Aging and Disability Perspectives on Home Care: Uncovering Facts and Values in Public-Policy Narratives and Discourse," Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 26 (suppl 1) : 47 - 62 (2007) 47 doi: 10.3138/cja.26.suppl 1.47, Muse, AD: 7/5/09)
The development of a critical lens through which to examine policy discourse requires an understanding
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and who we desire to be as a country’’ (p. 2). 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UMKC AG | Judge: 

1NC

Heideggerian being’s relationship to death ignores colonial realities that force colonized to confront death daily. The search for authenticity goes hand in hand with colonial violence as it valorizes destruction of the non-entity marked upon colonial bodies.

Maldonado-Torres 07 ~Nelson, On the Coloniality of Being, Cultural Studies, 21(2), 240-270, published May 2007~
Heidegger’s first reflection about Dasein is that it ek-sist, which means that
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we are already in the territory of discourse on the coloniality of being.

Heideggerian being assumes the neutrality of humanity and ignores epistemic foundations of coloniality that reinscribe themselves in the non-being of the colonized and racialized bodies.

Maldonado-Torres 07 ~Nelson, On the Coloniality of Being, Cultural Studies, 21(2), 240-270, published May 2007~
What is the coloniality of being? The concept of the coloniality of Being is
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briefly discuss some of the elements that stand as parallels to Heidegger’s efforts.

Their form of modernist politics privileges European culture at the center of world history subjecting the peripheral peoples to violence and genocides rendered inevitable and necessary in the name of civilization, rationality, science and philosophy. Their epistemology historically constructs guilt free motives to posit itself as the hero to the world thus justifying its redemptive sacrifice of guilty peoples

Mignolo 2000 ~Walter, William H. Wannamaker Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University Local Histories/Global Designs, 0691001405 115-117
enriqueDussel, an Argentinian philosopher associated with the philosophy of liberation, has been articulating
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also finds lis niche in postsubaltern reason as a differential locus of enunciation.

Our alternative is Epistemic Disobedience to modernity. Epistemic Disobedience is the only ethical response to modernity’s hegemony on knowledge production. To be an ethical agent in a post-occidental world one must delink from modernity as a means of being outside hegemonic knowledge.

Mignolo 09 ~Walter D. Mignolo, Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and Decolonial Freedom, Theory and Culture 2009, published 2009~

ONCE UPON a time scholars assumed that the knowing subject in the disciplines is transparent
AND
who take ’originality’ as the ultimate criterion for the final judgment.1

Another representation released by the Navajo includes that…

~SLOW DOWN~

Young 2001 ~William, Emeritus Prof Religious Studies, Westminster college, Quest for Harmony: native American spiritual tradition p 248-251

According to the Navajo conception, the universe is inhabited by two types of "
AND
winds foster bad thinking and behavior (McNeley 1981, 32–49).

2NC

Epistemology precedes Ontology

Mingolo and He 12 ~Walter Mignolo, Professor of Decolonial Studies at Duke University, Weihua He, Ph.D. from Tsinghua University in Beijing. He is currently teaching in Shanghai and spent a year at Duke University while finishing his dissertation. The Prospect of Harmony and the Decolonial View of the World, published in Decolonial Thoughts, Interviews. September 2012~
But let me add a few lines in the direction you are suggesting. Said’s
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education) and transformation (e.g. media) of subjectivities.

New epistemological approaches are key – without alternative approaches there is no way for most of the population to access our discussions or to create real world change. Only delinking from modernist thought balances empiricist analysis with localized forms of knowledge.

Code 6 ~Lorraine; Ecological Thinking: The Politics of Epistemic Location~
Epistemologists, in consequence, need methods/methodologies capable of generating and adjudicating knowledge
AND
the complexities in the politics of knowledge that successor epistemologies have to address.

And the academic production of the 1ac is itself parasitic upon colonized persons

Mihesuah and Wilson 2004 ~Devon, prof of applied indigenous studies and history at northern Arizona st, and assistant prof of indigenous history at Arizona st, indigenizing the academy, p 3-4
As we reflect upon what it means to "Indigenize the academy," we are
AND
, both direct and subversive, in the face of oppression and marginalization.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UMKC AG | Judge: 

Existence has no foundation. The entire functional base of reality is absent. Nature does not exist. It is too imbedded with human interventions. Their understanding of how the natural world works is backwards due to past involvement in the environment. Care is an impossible approach to waste.

ZIZEK 2008 ~Slavoj, In defense of Lost causes, isbn: 9781844671083, p 442-4 ~
Along these lines, "terror" means accepting the fact of the utter groundlessness
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, always a relationship with reality as a natural totality: as Nature.^^

And, the heideggerian approach to being is the exact opposite approach with how to confront this question of existence – it is a failure in creating a proper reorientation to the environment. The alternative is comparatively better because it is not reliant upon the fantasy of the natural world to structure our being towards.

ZIZEK 2008 ~Slavoj, In defense of Lost causes, isbn: 9781844671083, p 448-451
But the crucial point is that, with biogenetic planning, not only w i
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the death) drive. It is the properly in-human subject.

Further, this construction and relationship to reality through fantasy is the foremost political question of the debate – massive violence is the product of their construction of the fantasy of reality – our strategy is the best approach to avoid it

Stavrakakis 99 ~YannisStavrakakis, Visiting professor at the University of Essex, Lacan and the Political, pg.62-65~
Fantasy supports realityThis signified function of the nodal point is not, however, solely
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the play between the real and the symbolic/imaginary nexus producing reality. 

Our alternative is to abandon the basis of the political inherent to the affirmative. The entrance of the environment as an ontological question situates politics as a prison-house.

Swyngedouw 2011 ~Erik, Depoliticized Environments: The End of Nature, Climate Change and the PostPolitical Condition, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement / Volume 69 / October 2011, pp 253 274 DOI: 10.1017/S1358246111000300, Published online: 22 September 2011
Taking the environmental and climatic catastrophe seriously requires exploding the infernal process of de-
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socio-ecological futures that express the democratic presumptions of freedom and equality.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UMKC AG | Judge: 

Turn – Authoritarianism

The alternative necessitates blindness which guarantees totalitariansim

Slavoj Zizek 1999 "The Ticklish Subject" p. 13-5

As Heidegger himself put it, those who came closest to the ontological Truth are
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from ontic engagement, any ontic engagement is depreciated, loses authentic dignity.
 

This precludes engagement with the other – makes violence inevitable

Levinas, ’96 ~Emmanuel, Professor of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, Levinas Basic Philosophical Writings, p. 9-10~

In relation to beings in the opening of being, comprehension finds a signification for
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The human only lends itself to a relation that is not a power.

Heideggers jargon is just a cop out to avoid answering the real question of what to do in the face of real violence – it results in an ideology of power that makes true resistance impossible making violent atrocities inevitable

Ralph Dumain (Librarian-Archivist-Information Specialist Researcher-Scholar) 2003 "Heidegger’s Jargon" http://www.autodidactproject.org/my/jargon.html

Bourdieu’s book was quite fascinating, in that he focused on Heidegger’s terminology from the
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were screams volumes about the bankruptcy of bourgeois European civilization and its intellectuals.