Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1ac
The Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy research and development in the United States. 

Development Advantage – 1AC
Contention 1 --- Fusion
U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding
Hammond 12 (Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, “Don’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion”, New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted federal … is $150 million and growing.
Increased funding is key to U.S. fusion commercialization --- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, “CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research”, EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there …. zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted … to achieve this milestone.
Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, “Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence”, The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other ….as quickly as possible.
Only federal funding solves
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have appropriate …. indefinite period in the future.
That’s key to global energy leadership
Freed 9 (Josh, Vice President – Third Way Clean Energy Program, and Avi Zevin, Policy Advisor – Third Way, and Jesse Jenkins, Associate Director – Breakthrough Institute, “Jumpstarting a Clean Energy Revolution with a National Institutes of Energy”, September, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Jumpstarting_Clean_Energy_Sept_09.pdf)

When the United States … economic driver of the next century.16
Fusion RandD’s the key test case
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, “Investing in Fusion Research Crucial to U.S. Competitiveness”, PPPL Fact Sheet, http://www.pppl.gov/polImage.cfm?doc_Id=769andsize_code=Doc)

QUESTION: Why should … is important in this problem.
Energy leadership secures U.S. primacy and leverages great power rivals
Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, “Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony”, Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

By not addressing climate …. keep potential foes in check.
Extinction
Brzezinski 12 (Zbigniew, Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies – Johns Hopkins University, Counselor – CSIS and Trustee and Co-Chair – CSIS Advisory Board, Former National Security Advisor – Carter, “After America”, Foreign Policy, January / February, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic les/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full)

For if America falters, ….a dangerous slide into global turmoil.
Independent of heg --- U.S. leverage solves multiple existential threats
Jervis 9 – Professor of International Politics
Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse

To say that the …t its leadership is benign. [End Page 211]
Global fusion’s inevitable --- but without the U.S., it’ll be too slow
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, “Perspective On: The future of Fusion”, 5-12, http://www.pppl.gov/polPressReleases.cfm?doc_id=772)

Why should the U.S. … important in this problem.
Energy crash causes extinction within a generation --- quick U.S.-led fusion development is the only solution
Freeman 10 (Marsh, Lecturer on Nuclear Physics – New York University, “The True History of The U.S. Fusion Program —And Who Tried To Kill It”, 21st Century Science and Technology, Winter 2009/2010, p. 15-17)

There is no disputing that …. Dark Age, and the descent has already begun. We must reverse it now.
Only fusion can provide the massive boost in energy generation necessary for survival
Lee 10 (Dr. Lee Sing, Adjunct Professor – INTI International University, and Dr. Saw Sor Heoh, Director – Centre for Plasma Research and Ph.D. in Plasma Physics – University of Malaysia, “Nuclear Fusion Energy- The Dawning of the Fusion Age”, http://www.plasmafocus.net/IPFS/2011papers/0%202011%20Papers.htm) *Gender Edited

6. Conclusion
The world moves inexorably … a moment too soon.
Major funding immediately changes global perceptions of resource shortages and averts conflict
CN 12 (Challenge Network – International Partnership of Expert Individuals, Most of Whom Have Occupied Senior Planning or Management Roles in Commerce and the Public Sector, “Nuclear Fusion: Penurious Promise”, The Challenge Network, http://www.chforum.org/scenario2012/paper-1-4.shtml)

The section on technical … an immense technical challenge.
Resource wars are likely and cause extinction
Woolridge 9 (Frosty, Former Officer – US Army Medical Service Corps, “America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21st Century”, The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~y2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century)

“It is clear that most …war ending civilization.

Fusion Leadership – 1AC
Contention 2 --- Fusion Leadership
Fusion spending is the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about … and engineers stand ready to help.
Plan sends a huge signal of commitment to fusion
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, “Energy Myth Eleven – Energy RandD Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market”, Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis … stages of the innovation process.
Funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, “Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. RandD Budget”, Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but … one chooses to examine.
Only federal energy RandD spending solves
Betancor 12 (Fernando, International Business Analyst – Capital One, Master’s in Business Administration – Georgetown University and BA Economics – College of William and Mary, “The Energy Policy that Wasn’t”, Common Sense, 1-20, http://www.fdbetancor.com/2012/01/20/the-energy-policy-that-wasnt/)

A long-term, strategic …. the country what it needs.
Stable and predictable funding streams are key
Thome 12 (Kathreen, Ph.D. Candidate in Nuclear Physics – University of Wisconsin, with 257 Graduate Students, “Student Fusion Funding Letter”, 3-25, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student fusionfundingletter.pdf)

• Long-term progress … forward with adequate support.
Strong domestic fusion’s critical to an international lead role on next-gen energy
Kerry 12 (Senator John F., “Letter on Friday, March 2 to the Senate Appropriators to Support Fusion at the $450 M Level”, 3-2, http://www.pppl.gov/pdf/Kerry-JohnF.letter.pdf)

I am writing you today … generation of energy research.
Otherwise, multiple countries will pass the U.S., undermining fusion leadership
Holt 12 (Rush, United States Representative, et al., “3-FY13 Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Letter to House Appropriations Energy and Water Subcommittee”, 3-16, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OFES_Fusion_FY13_SIGNED_3_2012_dear_colleague.pdf)

The Administration's FY … the appropriations process moves forward.
That ruins a unique model for deep international collaboration
Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., “The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development”, Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the … of individual nations to pay for it.
The impact is failed states, terrorism, and disease
Fedoroff 8 (Dr. Nina, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID, “Making Science Diplomacy More Effective”, Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, 4-2, http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/stas/2008/105286.htm)

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member …partnerships, and create sustainability.
Failed states cause nuclear war
TI 7 (Transnational Institute, Africa Studies Centre Report, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System”, April, http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/archives/reports/failedstates.pdf)

In the malign scenario of global … attacks on their national security.
Disease causes extinction
Keating 9 (Joshua, Web Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, “The End of the World”, Foreign Policy, 11-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full)

How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees. The Black Death killed more off more than half of Europe's population in … just as troubling complication.
Plan’s key to Obama’s energy leadership --- solves global conflict, including the Caucasus
Lugar 8 (Dick, United States Senator – R-IN, “U.S. Energy Security and the 2008 Presidential Election”, January, http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/press/speech/brookings2.cfm)

Third, energy is the underlying condition … that you will do the same. Thank you.
Global nuclear war
Amineh 3 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University [Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam and Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) “Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region,” Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. ]

Prospect
The increasing involvement of … the war and crisis in Iraq.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
“Should” is desirable, not mandatory
AC 99 (Atlas Collaboration, “Use of Shall, Should, May Can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html)

shall
'shall' describes something… what  'thoroughly' means).

*Certainty’s key to clarity and perception of stable government backing
Deutch 11 (John M., Institute Professor and Dean of Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry – MIT, “An Energy Technology Corporation Will Improve the Federal Government’s Efforts to Accelerate Energy Innovation”, Brookings Institution Hamilton Project Discussion Paper, May, http://www.brook ings.edu//media/research/files/papers/2011/5/energy%20corporation%20deutch/05_energy_corporation_deutch_paper)

IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL … objectives that are not unique to the energy sector.
CP causes info overload --- impact is mass delays and say “no”
Rossi 97 (Jim, Assistant Professor and Dore Professor of State Administrative Law – Florida State University College of Law, “Participation Run Amok: The Costs of Mass Participation for Deliberative Agency Decisionmaking”, Northwestern University Law Review, Fall, 92 Nw. U.L. Rev. 173, Lexis)

Information overload for …proposed projects or agency programs

Fusion funding’s key to foreign political support for collaboration
Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the …are not managed adroitly.
EU will bail on ITER --- next six months are key
Pero 12 (Hervé, Acting Director of Energy within the Directorate General for Research – European Commission, “The Next Six Months Will Be Crucial”, ITER Newsline, #244, 5-25, http://www.iter.org/newsline/–224/1178)

There are good reasons …the proposed recovery plan.
That undermines overall US/EU relations --- multiple existential threats
Potočnik 3 (James, European Commissioner for Science and Research, “Between Cooperation and Competition - Science and Research as a Transatlantic Bridge Builder”, Europa, 3-7, http://www.iterfan.org/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=139andItemid=2)

The EU and the United States … research is therefore an absolute necessity.
CP’s uncertain process destroys clarity
Harris 3 (Tobias, Editor, Concord Bridge Magazine, Gulliver Unbound, Concord Bridge Magazine, 5-20, http://people.brandeis.edu/~cbmag/Articles/2003%20May/Gulliver%20unbound-%20May%202003.pdf)

At what point does asymmetrical … and watered down positions. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Fusion doesn’t link --- only competes with renewables and fission
Dean 99 (Stephen O., Fusion Power Associates, “External Factors Affecting Fusion Energy Development”, Journal of Fusion Energy, 18(2), June, p. 4)

The above data suggests that … further reductions are forecast. 9
Consumption cuts inevitable --- unsustainable and renewables will quickly develop
Kungl 10 (Kungl Vetenskapsakademien – Energy Committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, “Energy Resources and Their Utilization in a 40-Year Perspective Up to 2050”, 5-3, http://www.kva.se/Documents/Vetenskap_samhallet/Energi/Utskottet/syntes_energi_eng_2010.pdf)

Global trends in energy … increase the capacity of wind power.
Global fusion’s inevitable --- it’s feasible and multiple countries are investing --- the only question is rate --- that’s Prager --- coming online by 2035
Sofge 9 (Erik, Contributing Editor – Popular Mechanics Magazine, “MIT Fights for Clean Power With Holy Grail of Fusion in Reach”, Popular Mechanics, 10-1, http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/4251982)

The product of an international … the middle of the century.
ITER triggers perception links
Malakoff 12 (David, Energy Reporter – Science Magazine, “Proposed U.S. Fusion Cuts Ignite Debate”, Science Insider, 3-21, http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/03/proposed-us-fusion-cuts-ignite.html)

Members of the panel repeatedly …" to meet ITER commitments, he said.

Energy recapitalization chokes the economy --- only fusion solves
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security”, American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

Electricity is the lifeblood .. generation energy for the world.
Goes global --- nuclear war
Broward 9 (Via Newsflavor – A Network of Political and World News Journalists, “Will an Economic Collapse Kill You?”, 4-9, http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you/)

It may or may not sound likely … facing us in the 21st century.

Buffers solve
Bush 12 (Jason Bush, Staff Writer – Reuters,  7-2, uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/02/uk-russia-oil-idUKLNE86102820120702)

Analysts say the impact on …, chief economist at Troika Dialog.
Low prices spur reforms --- key to growth
RTT 12 (RTT News – Global Financial Services, “Low Oil Prices Key To Russia's Growth: Capital Economics”, 3-7, http://www.rttnews.com/1835939/low-oil-prices-key-to-russia-s-growth-capital-economics.aspx)

Lower oil prices can boost … growth model, the economist added.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Romney wins
Houston Chronicle, 9-4-2012 http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/09/ten-reasons-top-democrats-are-worried-about-the-2012-election/
Democrats, by nature, are worrywarts… election to the Republican nominee.
Syria thumps
Wingfield 12 (Kyle, Political Columnist – AJC, “Poll Position: If WMDs Are Used in Syria, Should U.S. Intervene?”, Atlanta Journal Constitution, 8-24, http://blogs.ajc.com/kyle-wingfield/2012/08/24/poll-position-if-wmds-are-used-in-syria-should-u-s-intervene/)

Everyone waiting for … Republican is in the White House.)
Fusion not perceived by the public
Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, “Fusion Energy: The Truth”, Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains … energy live up to its promises?
And neither campaign will raise the issue
Wood 12 (Elisa, “What Obama and Romney Don't Say About Energy”, AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy … want to steer clear of the discussion.
Fission funding triggers the link
Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now!, “Big Nuclear's Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration”, The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)
This is mind-boggling, on the … promise to push nuclear power.
Can’t predict the election
Cunningham 11 (Pat, Columnist – RRS, “Here’s Why Outcome of Next Presidential Election is Impossible to Predict at this Point”, Rockford Register Star, 12-13, http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/12/13/heres-why-outcome-of-next-presidential-election-is-impossible-to-predict-at-this-point/)
Forty-seven weeks from today, …might turn out to be a landslide.
Not intrinsic --- do the plan and don’t
Fusion popular
Webster 10 (AJ, “Fusion Energy Branch”, Submission to the Institute of Physics Plasma Visions Survey 2010, 11-22)

Block Grant Funding: CCFE is … and respected scientists.
No accidents concerns
Simonen 00 (T.C., Professor of Physics – University of California, Berkeley, “What is Happening With Fusion Energy?”, The Industrial Physicist, April, https://web.gat.com/pubs-ext/miscpubs/A23372.pdf)

Fusion energy, the result … just a little helium exhaust.
Israeli strikes coming --- triggers the link
Feehery 12 (John, Reporter – The Hill, “October Surprise”, The Hill – Pundit’s Blog, 8-28, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/245965-october-surprise)
What will this election’s … big-time October Surprise.
DoE funds the plan --- that’s Hammond. Shields Obama.
Fox 9 (Justin, Professor of Political Science – Yale University and Stuart V. Jordan, Professor of Political Science – University of Rochestor, “Delegation and Accountability”, 12-16, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1524585)

Can legislators control bureaucrats' … \legislative power and with it accountability."
Plan’s spun as job-creating --- key to the election
Hartman 12 (Ray, St Louis Magazine executive and journalist @ CBS, June, http://www.stlmag.com/St-Louis-Magazine/June-2012/Think-Again-Nuclear-Power-Debate-Returns-to-Missouri-Politics/)

.¶ Sound familiar?¶ Yes, nuclear …Even if they happen to be glowing.

Renewable incentives now
LaMonica 12 (Martin, Senior Writer Covering Green Tech – CNet, “Should the Government Support Applied Research?”, Technology Review, 9-10, http://m.technologyreview.com/business/41125/)

Republican criticism of federal government efforts to fund new energy technologies has spilled over to ARPA-E, the U.S. Department of Energy's popular …l studies at the University of Wisconsin.

Neither will label
Dennis 9-19 (Steven T., Staff Writer – Roll Call, “An Odd Silence on China Currency”, Roll Call, 2012, http://www.rollcall.com/issues/58_22/An-Odd-Silence-On-China-Currency-217673-1.html?pos=opolh)

Mitt Romney and President …that happening if he's elected."
No retaliation
Scott 11
Robert Scott, Economic Policy Institute, 10/7/11
http://www.epi.org/blog/currency-legislation-lead-trade-war-china/

On Wednesday, Senator Orrin … on these basic commodities.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
 (  ) Nuclear power doesn’t advance capitalist interests. Sweeping claims can’t explain AEA. 

Hardert ‘89
et al, Ronald A. Hardert, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor, Arizona State University – While at ASU, he was located in The School of Social and Family Dynamics, which is dedicated to enhancing the well-being of individuals, families and social institutions through innovative transdisciplinary research, instructional excellence and active community involvement. A Critical Theory Analysis of Nuclear Power: The Implications of Palo Verde Generating Station , Humanity and Society, 13:2 (1989:May) p.165 – available via MSU Electronic Resources, PAO Database – at: http://pao.chadwyck.com/PDF/1345510992292.pdf

Conversely, American utilities were …issues for sociological analysis.

(  ) Alt won’t trickle up – history with us.

Zanetti ‘97
Lisa A. Zanetti is an associate professor in the Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs at the University of Missouri-Columbia –American Review of Public Administration, June 1997 v27 n2 p145(23) – via Business and Company Resource Center database.
This article addresses the current condition …--tinkering at the margins, nothing more. 

JUSTICE WITH THE OTHER REQUIRES CALCULABILITY

Derrida ‘92
(Jacques, teaches at I'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris DECONSTRUCTION AND THE POSSIBILITY OF JUSTICE, Ed : Drucilla Cornell, p. 28)
THAT JUSTICE EXCEEDS LAW … DIRECTION OF THE OTHER.

 (  ) Particularity Good. Sweeping K doesn’t prove specific rejoinder – makes decisions and scholarship worse – frame judge choice

Smith ‘6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine … or actions in a given circumstance.

 (  ) Root cause wrong – also proves Cap not as powerful as they say.

Geras ‘5
(Norman, Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Manchester, "The Reductions of the Left," Dissent, 52:1, Winter, p. 57-58)

THE SECOND PART of the answer- … involving large social forces.  

 (  ) Epistemically flawed to say cap kills environment

Bast ‘94
Joseph Bast is president and CEO of The Heartland Institute, a 26-year-old national nonprofit research center located in Chicago, Illinois. Bast is the coauthor of 12 books, Bast is publisher of five monthly newspapers with a combined circulation of nearly 200,000 copies. ECO-SANITY, 1994, p. 193.
It is time to update our attitudes …headed and counterproductive.

(  ) Policy Framework before Reps – coalitions, anti-politics, and zero impact

Churchill ‘96
Ward Churchill, Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado, 1996 (“Semantic Masturbation on the Left: A Barrier to Unity and Action,” From A Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985-1995, Published by South End Press, ISBN 0896085538, p. 460)
There can be little doubt that matters ..of effecting positive social change. 

 (  ) Methods-based focus risks getting trapped and causing anti-politics

Fearon andWendt 2K
[James, Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford, Alexander, Professor of IR at Ohio State, Handbook of International Relations, ed. Carlsnaes, p. 68]
It should be stressed that in … should continue on all three levels.

(  ) Cap K of science is wrong and alt will fail.

Gross ‘94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. and Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors' original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

Practical measures for making discussion …subversion of legitimate science. (252)

Demand proof when they contextualize – not assertion. Pre-req to accuracy and scholarship. 

Hantrais ‘99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central … inference is being used.

(  ) Yes, value to life

Coontz’1
Phyllis D. Coontz, PhD Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, et al, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, 2001, 18(4), 235-246 – J-Stor
In the 1950s, psychiatrist and … one's present life (Reed, 1991b).

Universals violent and make epistemology/ontology worse. 

Marcuse ‘64
Herbert Marcuse was a philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, and is regarded as one of the pioneers of the “New Left” – One-Dimensional Man Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society – from Chapter Five: Negative Thinking: The Defeated Logic of Protest http://www.erratum.org/datas/SPIRIT-PHILO-THEORY/Marcuse,%20Herbert/One%20Dimensional%20Man.pdf

Those who bore the brunt of … the complex process of society and nature.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1ac Round 4
Fusion Advantage – 1AC
Contention 1 --- Fusion
U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding
Hammond 12 (Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, “Don’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion”, New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted federal … costs is $150 million and growing.
Increased funding is key to U.S. fusion commercialization --- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, “CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research”, EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is …zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher … to achieve this milestone.
Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, “Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence”, The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other … the fusion as quickly as possible.
Only federal funding solves
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have … likely be required for an indefinite period in the future.
Global fusion’s inevitable --- but without the U.S., it’ll be too slow
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, “Perspective On: The future of Fusion”, 5-12, http://www.pppl.gov/polPressReleases.cfm?doc_id=772)

Why should the U.S. … And time is important in this problem.
Energy crash causes extinction within a generation --- quick U.S.-led fusion development is the only solution
Freeman 10 (Marsh, Lecturer on Nuclear Physics – New York University, “The True History of The U.S. Fusion Program —And Who Tried To Kill It”, 21st Century Science and Technology, Winter 2009/2010, p. 15-17)

There is no disputing …. We must reverse it now.
Only fusion can provide the massive boost in energy generation necessary for survival
Lee 10 (Dr. Lee Sing, Adjunct Professor – INTI International University, and Dr. Saw Sor Heoh, Director – Centre for Plasma Research and Ph.D. in Plasma Physics – University of Malaysia, “Nuclear Fusion Energy- The Dawning of the Fusion Age”, http://www.plasmafocus.net/IPFS/2011papers/0%202011%20Papers.htm) *Gender Edited

6. Conclusion
The world moves inexorably …be not a moment too soon.
Major funding immediately changes global perceptions of resource shortages and averts conflict
CN 12 (Challenge Network – International Partnership of Expert Individuals, Most of Whom Have Occupied Senior Planning or Management Roles in Commerce and the Public Sector, “Nuclear Fusion: Penurious Promise”, The Challenge Network, http://www.chforum.org/scenario2012/paper-1-4.shtml)

The section on technical potential … it is an immense technical challenge.
Resource wars are likely and cause extinction
Woolridge 9 (Frosty, Former Officer – US Army Medical Service Corps, “America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21st Century”, The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~y2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century)

“It is clear that most politicians and most citizens do not recognize that returning
AND
worst (and not unlikely) case, a nuclear war ending civilization.

The Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy research and development in the United States. 

adv 2
Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Even if full-fusion is distant, fusion neutron harnessing isn’t. 

UT’9  
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. “Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future”, 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste
AND
product of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.

Yucca storage harms billions. Our author’s qual’d and beats “exaggeration” accusations. 

Comarow ‘1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. “Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable”, Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, and therefore none of that is unthinkable. We
AND
cannot create unnecessary catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.

Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.

Comarow ‘1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. “Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable”, Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the waste at Yucca Mountain will still be deadly
AND
explosion ever. It could be the last bookkeeping error mankind ever made. 

The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous, goes to sea, and there’s few options. 

Cohen ‘12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://www.undergroundsunshine.com/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ‘fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is one of the great non
AND
challenges are “daunting”, as the experience of the USA perfectly reveals.

Waste on high seas bad – either seriously hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.

Van Dyke ‘2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development and
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor and Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a magnitude totally different from any previous¶ ocean cargoes
AND
carrying radioactive cesium destined for medical purposes, but retrieval was not attempted.

Harming the ocean risks major impacts.

Craig ‘3
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member the U.S. National Research Council's committee to assess the effects of the Clean Water Act’s regulation of the Mississippi River. She is currently a Professor at Florida State University College of Law. She is a leading environmental law scholar who has written important works on water and ocean and coastal issues. Professor Craig is the author of The Clean Water Act and the Constitution (Environmental Law Institute 2004), Environmental Law in Context (West 2005). Professor Craig also served as a tenured professor at the Indiana University-Indianapolis School of Law.[2], Winter, “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii,” 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis
The world’s oceans contain many resources and provide many services that humans consider valuable.
AND
jelly." 864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.

And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.

Ross ‘11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of solid radioactive waste accumulating in the cooling pools next to
AND
a result of our nuclear plants, a story not being effectively told.

Enhanced US support can change the paradigm – reducing fission waste. 

Silverstein ‘12
(Ken Silverstein is a journalist specializing in writing about energy. He is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider. He is Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
“Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions
AND
without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

Fusion eliminates current waste and won’t make its own.

Holland ‘12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. “America’s Energy Choices”, ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not produce radioactive waste at nearly the same level as fission.
AND
-term environmental sustainability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants.

Also solves through plant replacement. 

Science Master ‘10
(The ScienceMaster team includes science professionals, educators, subject matter experts, and technical advisors who work collaboratively to bring you the best science resources. Their goal is to bring scientific issues to the attention of today’s youth by using the Internet – Sept 13th – available at: http://www.sciencemaster.com/jump/physical/fusion_energy.php)
The successful commercialization of fusion energy (which could be realized by the middle of
AND
controlled fusion can reach its potential as an environmentally benign source of energy.

Underview:
Contention Three is Politics

First our framework –“Conflix” frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory for three reasons.

Kupperman ‘5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan's Interactive Communications and Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
AND
new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.

Sweeping claims don’t undercut the Aff. We can advance contingent  and particular knowledge without “Big T” Epistemology.

PRICE ‘98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Particularity standard best – improves decisions and knowledge.

Smith ‘6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain 'coercive' (Dancy 1993:
AND
serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

“Epistemology or Ontology 1st” wrong and links to anti-politics

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Underview Cards 2ac

Third – Fairness. K frameworks decrease topic-education and are theoretically limitless. 

Fluck ‘2
Dr Winfried Fluck is professor and chair of American studies at the John F. Kennedy Institute of North American Studies in Berlin. He is also co-director of the Dartmouth Institute “The Future of American Studies” at Dartmouth College. The Modernity of America and the Practice of Scholarship 2002 – available online at: http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/fluck_modernity_scholarship/Fluck_Modernity_Scholarship.pdf

For a while, the solution to this proliferation of meaning production seemed to be
AND
, unbridgeable difference and has therefore moved to the center of revisionist approaches.

Four – Prefer ev from ED EXPERTS. Framework’s not about EXPOSURE, it’s about WHETHER WE LEARN FROM EXPOSURE. 

Patnaik ‘8
Sumeeta Patnaik – at the time of this writing, Sumeeta was writing this project as her part of her Qualifying Assessment in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Education In Curriculum and Instruction, Marshall University Graduate College, Graduate School of Education and Professional Development. Prior to this writing , Sumeeta held an MA in Political Science and a separate MA in English. Available at: www.marshall.edu/gsepd/edd/.../PatnaikS_reflective_paper.doc
As I sat down to write this reflection, I had to examine the length
AND
to put these new thinking skills into practice as a scholar and educator.

Demand proof when they contextualize – not assertion. Pre-req to accuracy and scholarship. 

Hantrais ‘99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
AND
about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.

Yes, predictions 

Kurasawa‘4
(Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).  SAS
A radically postmodern line of thinking, for instance, would lead us to believe
AND
early warning is making its way into preventive action on the global stage. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2ac Security
Opposition to how the international system has been constructed does not deny the truth-value of our case advantages. Personal dislike of the history, ontology, and epistemology of International Relations is irrelevant to the question of whether actions taken within the system we currently live in would be beneficial or not
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in Int'l Relations, Univ. of Sydney, 2000 (Darryl, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 130)
Just because we acknowledge that the state is a socially fabricated entity, or that
AND
taken care of these ontological dilemmas that otherwise seem to preoccupy Ashley.40

(  ) Eco-Security 100% inevitable – alt won’t solve. Best to broaden and question security via the perm. 

Jones ‘99
Richard Wyn Jones is a Welsh academic at Cardiff University, where he is currently Professor of Welsh Politics. Professor Wyn Jones is the former Director of the Institute of Welsh Politics and professor in Welsh politics and critical security studies at Aberystwyth University. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory – 1999. ISBN 1-55587-335-9 (hc. :alk. paper) ON-LINE ED.: Columbia International Affairs Online, Transcribed, proofread, and marked-up in HTML, September 1999.

A second, and perhaps more serious, challenge to scholars seeking to broaden the
AND
the appellation "security" to a particular issue) must be disputed.

Security impact wrong – too sweeping and proves alt fails.

Ling ‘97
(et al – LL.H.M. Ling is Associate Professor on the Graduate Program in International Affairs at The New School. She graduated from Wellesley College, and from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a Ph.D.;  along with Anna M. Agathangelou and , Director of the Global Change Institute in Nicosia and Former Assistant Professor of Women’s Studies and Politics at Oberlin; Studies in Political Economy, v54, Fall, p. 7-8)
Given these concerns with political transformation, post-colonialism exposes several internal ironies in
AND
recognition that we have a moral obligation to do anything about it."49

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2ac “USFG” Pic
CP is a euphemistic end-around that distorts language to achieve the same effect --- this enables the worst atrocities
Southerland 5 (H.P., Assistant Professor of Law – Florida State University, Saint Thomas Law Review,  18 St. Thomas L. Rev. 53, Lexis)

The malaise, unfortunately, has spread far beyond Madison Avenue and its progeny of
AND
it possible to trust a language in whose name such things are done?
Rejection locks in negative meaning --- continued use is better
Kurtz and Oscarson 3 (Anna and Christopher, Members of National Council of Teachers of English Conference on College Composition and Communication, “BookTalk: Revising the Discourse of Hate,” ProQuest) 

However, Butler also argues that the daily, repeated use of words opens a
AND
, we must use, confront, and interrogate terms like "queer."
No Neg fiat --- no “should not” in the rez, counterplans are infinite, and many cheat
We apologize --- solves the net-benefit
Latiff 1 (81 B.U.L. Rev. 289, p lexis)

A coerced apology can mitigate anger even if it is perceived as insincere, and
AND
. Accordingly, the offender's social esteem and communal attachments may suffer. n178
CP doesn’t solve-process of implementation necessarily invokes USFG and ties agency to bureaucracy inevitably
They totalize the State – kills change and ignores it can work for good

Williams and Krause ‘97
(Michael C., Assistant Political Science Pf- U of Southern Maine; Keith, Political Science Pf- Graduate Institute of International Studies, CRITICAL SECURITIES, p.xvi)
Many of the chapters in this volume thus retain a concern with the centrality of
AND
of influencing what remains the most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.

Putting Language first cedes politics to the Right

Todd Gitlin formerly served as professor of sociology and director of the mass communications program at the University of California, Berkeley, and then a professor of culture, journalism and sociology at New York University. He is now a professor of journalism and sociology and chair of the Ph.D. program in Communications at Columbia University. He was a long-time political activist( from the Left). From the Book: The Intellectuals and the Flag – 2005 – available via CIAO Books – date accessed 7/17/10 – http://www.ciaonet.org.proxy2.cl.msu.edu/book/git01/git01_04.pdf

Weak thinking on the American left is especially glaring after September 11, 2001,
AND
useless. It amounts to secession from the world where most people live.
Root cause args wrong.

Swanson ‘5
Jacinda Swanson is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Western. Michigan University – Theory, Culture and Society August 2005 vol. 22 no. 4 87-118 – DOI: 10.1177/0263276405054992 –The online version of this article can be found – http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/22/4/87
It is thus misleading to suggest that social relations are ever solely economic, political
AND
will require transforming a wide range of cultural, economic and political practices. 

 (  ) No, not ethics disad – consequences

Issac, ‘2  
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)
Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

 (  ) Yes, value to life

Coontz’1
Phyllis D. Coontz, PhD Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, et al, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, 2001, 18(4), 235-246 – J-Stor
In the 1950s, psychiatrist and theorist Viktor Frankl (1963) described an existential
AND
and fu- ture to strengthen one's present life (Reed, 1991b).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Cap k/ Dedev
 (  ) Nuclear power doesn’t advance capitalist interests. Sweeping claims can’t explain AEA. 

Hardert ‘89
et al, Ronald A. Hardert, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor, Arizona State University – While at ASU, he was located in The School of Social and Family Dynamics, which is dedicated to enhancing the well-being of individuals, families and social institutions through innovative transdisciplinary research, instructional excellence and active community involvement. A Critical Theory Analysis of Nuclear Power: The Implications of Palo Verde Generating Station , Humanity and Society, 13:2 (1989:May) p.165 – available via MSU Electronic Resources, PAO Database – at: http://pao.chadwyck.com/PDF/1345510992292.pdf

Conversely, American utilities were not eager to opt for nuclear power because that technology
AND
political problems now seem to be the most central issues for sociological analysis.

 (  ) Root cause wrong – also proves Cap not as powerful as they say.

Geras ‘5
(Norman, Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Manchester, "The Reductions of the Left," Dissent, 52:1, Winter, p. 57-58)

THE SECOND PART of the answer- to which I now turn—is a
AND
-level and at the macro-level, involving large social forces.  

 (  ) Cap not root cause of war – causality runs other direction. Efforts to end Cap’s violence must start by dealing with war.

Goldstein ‘1
Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, 2001, pp.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

 (  ) Epistemically flawed to say cap kills environment

Bast ‘94
Joseph Bast is president and CEO of The Heartland Institute, a 26-year-old national nonprofit research center located in Chicago, Illinois. Bast is the coauthor of 12 books, Bast is publisher of five monthly newspapers with a combined circulation of nearly 200,000 copies. ECO-SANITY, 1994, p. 193.
It is time to update our attitudes toward capitalism, and particularly our understanding of
AND
by some quarters of the environmental movement is wrong-headed and counterproductive.

(  ) Cap K links to anti-politics

Reiter 2K
Howard L. Reiter is emeritus professor of political science at the University of Connecticut – Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 115, No. 3 (Autumn, 2000), pp. 459-460Published by: The Academy of Political ScienceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2658136
Protests in Seattle and elsewhere remind us that not all Americans are enamored with globalization
AND
modes of analysis that pose little threat to economic and political power structures. 

(  ) Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  

(  ) Overdetermination reifies Cap and under-estimates smaller changes like the perm.

Swanson ‘5
Jacinda Swanson is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Western. Michigan University – Theory, Culture and Society August 2005 vol. 22 no. 4 87-118 – DOI: 10.1177/0263276405054992 –The online version of this article can be found – http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/22/4/87
By assuming that economic relations in the United States (or in other countries)
AND
1996: 58–9, 160–1, 172–3). 

(  ) Cap is not the root cause – that overdetermines

Carlone ‘7
David Carlone, Department of Communication Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro – “The Meanings of Work and the Class Process” – Paper submitted to the 2007 Organizational Communication Division National Communication Association Preconference Seminar: The Meaning(s) of Work Across Time, Cultures, and Systems: Exploring Work’s Meaning(fulness) for Organizational Communication Research and Practice.
Critical scholars of organization and communication have recently called for greater attention to globalization,
AND
, is that of class as a process, rather than a grouping. 

(  ) Neg perm answers shatter needed coalition building

McGrew ‘11
Ken McGrew, University of Alabama, is the author of Education’s Prisoner’s: Schooling and Political Economy, and the Prison Industrial Complex (2008). His primary research interests are in social justice, critical theory, philosophical pragmatism, educational philosophy, sociology of education, social inequality, social psychology, political socialization, and critical legal studies. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies – Volume 9, Number 2: November 2011 – http://www.jceps.com/PDFs/
In attempting to expose Anyon (2011) as allegedly being a liberal enemy of
AND
events to prove which position was most useful in a given historical situation.

Growth is infinite and sustainable.
Daniel Ben-Ami, journalist/author specializing in economics, editor of Fund Strategy,11/7/2010, “Response to Tim Jackson,” http://danielbenami.com/2010/11/07/response-to-tim-jackson/

• He fails to take up the central point of my introduction: that human
  AND
  Jackson. More generally it is what separates classical humanism from green thinking.

Growth and consumption is inevitable in the long-run—it is rooted in our brain chemistry.
Allenby 7 (Brad, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Arizona State University, “The Benefits of Our Hardwired Need to Consume,” GreenBiz.com, March 7, 2007, http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2007/03/08/the-benefits-our-hardwired-need-consume)
That humans are inclined to make choices that offer more pleasure than pain comes as
AND
who seek to impose such behavior change, regardless of their good intentions.

Collapse causes global transition wars---turns all their impacts
Panzner 8 (Michael J. Panzner, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, 2008, “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse”, Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138)

Many will wonder whether the United States might renege on some of its fi nancial
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Fusion will be globally distributed, solving energy conflicts
Baker 12 (Matthew, Adjunct Junior Fellow – American Security Project, “It’s Time for Magnetic Fusion to Have a Seat at the Energy Table”, ASP Flashpoint Blog, 6-25, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/its-time-for-magnetic-fusion-to-have-a-seat-at-the-energy-table/)

What if there was a source of … likelihood of these types of conflicts.
Fusion solves resource wars and environmental collapse --- it’s technologically feasible
Prager 2 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, et al., A Burning Plasma Program Strategy to Advance Fusion Energy, Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Report, p. 2)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Fusion energy shows great … essential for fusion power.
 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy production in the United States. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T – Nuclear Power – 2AC
Factually, “nuclear power” includes fusion
Mueller 12 (Danielle, and Jessica Mermigos, Graduate Students in Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, “Nuclear Fusion: Energy for the Future”, Conference Paper #2232, 3-1, p. 1-2)

Nuclear Fission
There is a common misconception …., produce different energy outputs. 

 “Production” is combining atoms --- this includes RandD
Ontario 10 (Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, Energy Guide, 2-20, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ospe.on.ca/resource/resmgr/doc_advocacy/2011_doc_20feb_energyguide.pdf)

Nuclear fusion energy is …energy needs for centuries to come.
“For” means “in support of”
OED 11 (Oxford English Dictionary, “for”, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
1 in support of or in favour … for independence in a referendum
“Financial incentives” are resource transfer to lower cost of production. Includes RandD.
EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration,  “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
but regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
(  ) Policy Framework before Reps – coalitions, anti-politics, and zero impact

Churchill ‘96
Ward Churchill, Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Colorado, 1996 (“Semantic Masturbation on the Left: A Barrier to Unity and Action,” From A Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985-1995, Published by South End Press, ISBN 0896085538, p. 460)
There can be little doubt that matters of linguistic appropriateness and precision are of serious
AND
nonsense, and on with the real work of effecting positive social change. 

(  ) Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  

 (  ) Nuclear power doesn’t advance capitalist interests. Sweeping claims can’t explain AEA. 

Hardert ‘89
et al, Ronald A. Hardert, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor, Arizona State University – While at ASU, he was located in The School of Social and Family Dynamics, which is dedicated to enhancing the well-being of individuals, families and social institutions through innovative transdisciplinary research, instructional excellence and active community involvement. A Critical Theory Analysis of Nuclear Power: The Implications of Palo Verde Generating Station , Humanity and Society, 13:2 (1989:May) p.165 – available via MSU Electronic Resources, PAO Database – at: http://pao.chadwyck.com/PDF/1345510992292.pdf

Conversely, American utilities were not eager to opt for nuclear power because that technology
AND
political problems now seem to be the most central issues for sociological analysis.

 (  ) language doesn’t create reality – your critical scholars aren’t the right kind of experts to even make that claim. 

Johnson ‘93
Dr. James William Johnson – Professor Emeritus and formerly of English @ Univ of Rochester – American Political Science Review Vol. 87, No. 1 March 1993 – http://slantchev.ucsd.edu/courses/pdf/Johnson%20-%20Is%20Talk%20Really%20Cheap.pdf
On this reading, then, the theory of communicative action can account for the
AND
as noted earlier, critical theorists lack a persuasive account of the latter.

Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex --- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites
(Yellow=1AC, Blue=2AC)
Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Batman Fusion Redemption”, Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)
Fusion doesn’t melt down. …¶ Nuclear Weapons WIN.¶ 

Fusion advocacy eliminates conflation with destructive fission --- key to unlock political support for technology that saves the planet
Aberdeen 7 (Doug, Software Engineer, “Nuclear Fusion and Politics”, 5-4, http://dougsrants.blogspot.com/2007/05/nuclear-fusion-and-politics.html)

We have a much better … down funding to the area.

Nuclear waste and accidents cause extinction --- fusion solves
Wilson 12 (Taylor, Genius, Thiel Fellowship Winner and Youngest Person Ever to Build a Fusion Reactor, “Why We Need Nuclear Energy”, CNN, 6-8, http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/08/taylor-wilson-why-we-need-nuclear-energy/)

One of these technologies, nuclear … survive long into the future.
Fusion makes space travel effective --- key to survival
Grant 12 (Andrew, Associate Editor – Discover Magazine, “How to Survive the End of the Universe”, Discover Magazine, 2-28, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/dec/16-how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe/article_view?b_start:int=1and-C)

So where to next? Martian … billions more exist within our galaxy.

Quick fusion solves deforestation and water pollution
Bednyagin 10 (Dr. Dennis, Ph.D. and Research Assistant – Laboratory of Energy Systems, “Socio-Economic Assessment of Fusion Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Programme”, http://biblion.epfl.ch/EPFL/theses/2010/4732/EPFL_TH4732.pdf)

Recognising the importance of energy … ambitious Fusion RandD programme is undertaken.
Deforestation causes extinction
Santos 99 (Miguel, Environmental Crisis, p. 35-36)

In addition, natural forests …. future human life-support systems.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Federal funding’s key to development ---
A) Linkage. Sponsoring agency gets the tech --- that’s Miller. Key to fusion leadership.
Randall 1 (Don M., President – University of Chicago, with other University Presidents, “Revitalizing Science in the Department of Energy”, American Physics Society White Paper, December, http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/ coalitions/esc/upload/Grassroots_2001_ESC_WhitePaperRevitalizingScienceDOE.pdf)

New and Creative Ideas and Innovation
“If the United States does … science and engineering disciplines.
B) Scope. Fed’s key to jump-start broad transition to fusion --- that’s Freed. States are broke.
Carnegie 8 (Statement by Public Higher Education Leaders Convened By Carnegie Corporation of New York, http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases2andTEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfmandCONTENTID=30394)

At this critical juncture in our history…. less the cost of educating students.
C) Monitoring. Federal grants are key to oversight. Ensures commercialization and international distribution.
EDA 10 (EDA Magazine, “State of Basic Research Funding”, EDACafe, http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?articleid=209174andpage_no=1)

Federal Funding of Scientific …. federal government can insure this.
Conditionality is a voter --- creates time and strategy skews, argumentative irresponsibility, and dispo solves their offense
Only DoE ensures data preservation
Kleppner 9 (Daniel, Professor of Physics Emeritus – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, p. 113)

Research institutions and research … to undertake this mission.
That’s key to fusion research
Layne 11 (R., EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, “Long Term Preservation of Scientific Data: Lessons from JET and Other Domains”, http://www.iop.org/Jet/fulltext/EFDC110302.pdf)

1. Introduction
   All fusion devices generate …. potentially for decades beyond that?
   Conflicting priorities undermine state-level RandD
   Marburger 4 (John H. III, Ph.D., Director – Office of Science Technology Policy, and Committee Chair, et al., “Federal-State RandD Cooperation: Improving the Likelihood of Success”, Summary of a Workshop convened by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 6-29, https://www.ida.org/upload/stpi/pdfs/fed_state.pdf)

Barriers to Effective Partnerships… with those of the individual partners.
Licensing risk blocks commercialization. Only federal funding solves.
Bradish 9 (David, Manager of Energy Information – Nuclear Energy Institute, “Policies That Support New Nuclear Power Plant Development”, NEI Fact Sheet, October, http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/ newplants/factsheet/policiessupportnewplantdevelopment/)

New nuclear power plants are … government can offset that risk.
Too low-level and no means or risk-tolerance
Drake 7 (Michael, M.D. and Chancellor – University of California, Irvine, “The Role of Public Investment in Promoting Economic Growth”, Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services – CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-23, Lexis) 

WHY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?
… message through the Congress and the Administration.

Plan immediately recruits new STEM grads --- federal signal of commitment increases enrollment --- that’s Kammen. Global nuclear war.
O’Hanlon 11 (Michael, Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, “The National Security Industrial Base: A Crucial Asset of the United States Whose Future May Be in Jeopardy”, 21st Century Defense Initiative Policy Paper, February, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/2/defense%20ohanlon/02_defense_ ohanlon)

The infrastructure that the … traditionally afflict military organizations.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Strong Congressional support for fusion research
Rowberg 00 (Richard E., Senior Specialist in Science and Technology in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division – CRS, “Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis”, Congressional Research Service Report, 1-31, http://fire.pppl.gov/RL30417.pdf)

In the 1990s, Congress … trained scientists and engineers.
Energy focus outweighs budget concerns
Rowberg 00 (Richard E., Senior Specialist in Science and Technology in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division – CRS, “Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis”, Congressional Research Service Report, 1-31, http://fire.pppl.gov/RL30417.pdf)

6. Federal budget constraints.
…constraints to some degree.
Fiat solves the link --- it’s instant --- no political effect
DoE does the plan --- that’s 1AC Miller --- shields the link
Schoenbrod 93 (David, Professor of Law – New York Law School, Adjunct Scholar – Cato Institute and Former Staff Attorney and Co-Director – Project on Urban Transportation, Power Without Responsibility, p. 9-10)

Delegation, Like Budget Deficits, Hides Costs
… kiss both sides of the apple."
Not intrinsic --- do the plan and pass _.
Winners win
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)

Amazing what a win in a major … is a losing issue for them.
Fission incentives now
Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now!, “Big Nuclear's Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration”, The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling, on the … his promise to push nuclear power.
Capital isn’t key
Dickinson 9 (Matthew, Professor of Political Science – Middlebury College and Former Professor – Harvard University, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power”, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, 5-26, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/

As for Sotomayor, from here … to present Sotomayor as his nominee.
Kerry supports the plan --- 1AC evidence --- key to the agenda
Leibovich 9 (Mark, Reporter – NYT, “After a Humbling Spiral, Kerry Returns to Form”, New York Times, 11-24, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/25/us/politics/25kerry.html?_r=1andref=johnkerry)

Mr. Kerry’s long, lined …, according to the senator’s office.)

Funding’s bipartisan and popular
MIT 12 (Nuclear Science Program, “MIT Fusion Science Students Advocate for Fusion Funding with Congress”, http://web.mit.edu/nse/news/2012/fusion-students-dc.html)

Eleven MIT fusion science students … politics of federally funded science.
Job growth makes the plan popular
Lerner 12 (Eric J., President – Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc., “Fusion FAQ”, http://www.lawrencevilleplasmaphysics.com/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=64andItemid=82)

There have been institutional obstacles … Small projects lack such political support.
Powerful lobbies support the plan
Economist 10 (“Expensive Iteration”, 6-22, http://www.economist.com/node/16635938)

Cost overruns are common in projects … of less prominent scientific endeavours.
Energy RandD has broad Congressional support --- general opposition to renewables doesn’t apply
Gold 12 (David, Lead Partner for Clean Technology Investments,  Bachelor of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering with Special Honors – University of Colorado and National Science Foundation Fellow While Earning Masters Degrees in both Aerospace Engineering and Technology Policy from M.I.T., “A Shining Star of Bipartisan Cleantech Support”, Renewable Energy World, 2-8, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2012/02/a-shining-star-of-bipartisan-cleantech-support?cmpid=rss)

Amid all the negative publicity … could dramatically benefit the nation.
Loan guarantees now --- more coming
Geman 12 (Ben, “Head of GOP Solyndra Probe Rebuffs Push for Nuke Loan Inquiry”, E2 Wire – The Hill’s Energy and Environment Blog, 2-16, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/211127-head-of-gop-solyndra-probe-rebuffs-push-for-nuke-loan-inquiry)

Republicans conceded that … can be allocated to any technology.
Obama supports now
Greenwire 12 (“Nuclear Power: Industry Inches Forward Amid Setbacks”, 4-11, Lexis)

Despite setbacks that include the …, as well oil and natural gas production.
Pushing for more
Trigaux 12 (Robert, Reporter – TBT, “Echoes of a Bungled Nuclear Power Past”, Tampa Bay Times, 4-8, Lexis)

Charging customers
Fast forward to 2005. … Obama proposed expanding the program.

Relations inevitable – 8 common interests
Tellis 07 senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, specializing in international security, defense, and Asian strategic issues. Former Department of State senior adviser to the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs. Former senior policy analyst at the RAND corporation
CHAPTER 8 Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation Edited By Henry D. Sokolski, Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute WHAT SHOULD WE EXPECT FROM INDIA AS A STRATEGIC PARTNER? Ashley J. Tellis http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:AN0FEcbqUQ0J:scholar.google.com/+india+author:%22Ashley+Tellis%22andhl=enandas_sdt=0,23
These links are only reinforced … assisting in the event of natural disasters. 

Cooperation is high, inevitable, and resilient—no single issue can break it
OIN, 11 (One India News, April 29, “No single issue can decide Indo-US relation:Roemer on IAF deal”, http://news.oneindia.in/2011/04/29/nosingle-issue-can-decide-indo-us-relationroemer-on-iafde-aid0126.html)
New Delhi, April 29: After both … every field of human endeavor." 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Nuclear waste and accidents cause extinction --- fusion solves
Wilson 12 (Taylor, Genius, Thiel Fellowship Winner and Youngest Person Ever to Build a Fusion Reactor, “Why We Need Nuclear Energy”, CNN, 6-8, http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/08/taylor-wilson-why-we-need-nuclear-energy/)

One of these technologies, nuclear fusion, is …we need to survive long into the future.

Ice Age’s coming --- fusion stops it from causing extinction
Witzsche 6 (Rolf A. F., Independent Economics Researcher and Author of Eleven Novels, “Nuclear Fusion Power”, Truth Versus Guns, 6-3, http://members.shaw.ca/rolfwitzsche/canada/nuclear_fusion.html) *Gender Modified

It becomes necessary at this …the work that is already being done.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1ac Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.
Contention 1 --- Leadership
Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy … and engineers stand ready to help.
Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, “Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. RandD Budget”, Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true … on which trends one chooses to examine.
Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, “Introduction to Fusion”, 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not …
The time is now for fusion.
Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Change”, The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different … that face America and the world.
Contention 2 --- STEM
Scientists watch federal fusion funding --- cuts turn away grad students
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, “Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research”, Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government …. we’re on,” Greenwald told Science.
This breaks the STEM pipeline
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., “Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era”, 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 … world's best scientists and engineers.
The entire nuclear program will become ineffective
Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Continue Funding C-Mod”, The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor … can trust MIT to put it’s money to good use.
Plan steers them back
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security”, American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and … going into scientific and engineering fields.
Signal alone solves
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, “Energy Myth Eleven – Energy RandD Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market”, Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis …. the multiple stages of the innovation process.
Fed’s key
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future”, September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology ….lack the necessary resources or scale.
University nuclear science’s key to stockpile stewardship
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The situation in the world … petroleum products from oil shale and tar sands.
Decline cracks the backbone of deterrence
Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., “Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century”, Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States is quickly losing … undercut US nonproliferation goals.
It’s failing and risks great power conflict
Spring 12 (Baker, F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy – Heritage Foundation, and Michaela Bendikova, Research Assistant for Missile Defense and Foreign Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad”, Heritage Backgrounder, 1-27, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2646.pdf)

Abstract: The U.S. nuclear … that it demands constant and undivided attention.5
Global nuclear war
Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a compromised … nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Contention 3 --- Fusion
Funding’s key to fusion commercialization --- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, “CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research”, EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there … zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that …. to achieve this milestone.
Isotopes are abundant and there’s no downside
Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh … advantageous as an applicable power source.
Engineering barriers will be overcome
Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, “Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion”, March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is …. on ‘conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.
DoE lab’s are key
Holdren 99 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation”, President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf)

Beyond the market failures and barriers … up in a separate subsection, below.
Fusion tech will be adopted by the Navy --- key to global, rapid power projection
Triola 8 (Larry C., Naval Surface Warfare Center, “Energy and National Security: An Exploration of
Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures”, 10-9, http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf)

Current nuclear power technology …. with emerging nuclear power options.
Multiple hotspots will erupt with WMD conflict --- rapid naval mobility stops escalation
Green 97 (Kevin, Rear Admiral, Commander – United States Navy, NTC, Great Lakes, “What the Best Damn Navy in the World Is For”, Vital Speeches of the Day, 7-15, Ebsco)

And the list of troubles wouldn't be …. Navy-Marine corps team has to be ready for them.
Goes global
Conway 7 (James T., General – U.S. Marine Corps, Gary  Roughead, Admiral – U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral – U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

No other disruption is as … power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.
Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, … with any high-level research.
Military will integrate them
Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, “ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems”, 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology… similar or related properties are important.
That checks sea-skimming missiles --- threat’s high
CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, “Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar”, http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are so accurate they …superconductor-based applications in communications.
Escalates conflict with Iran --- goes global and nuclear
Williams 10 – Lawrence, Adjunct Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences – Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Ph.D. in Defense and Strategic Studies – University of Madras, “Peril Awaits at the Strait of Hormuz”, 7-22, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2557996/posts)

The Gulf-Southwest Asia region has always …. that could have irreparable consequences:
Iranian missiles push the U.S. out of the Gulf --- detection’s key
OA 12 – Oxford Analytica, “Iran's Missile Assets May Constrain US Threat Response”, 1-6, http://www.oxan.com/Analysis/DailyBrief/Samples/IranMissileAssets.aspx

Analysis
Iran has a fairly well-….targets and reduced ordnance payloads.
Withdrawal shatters global credibility --- shreds Asian alliances
Etzioni 11 – Amitai, University Professor and Professor of International Relations – The George Washington University and Director – Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, “The Coming Test of U.S. Credibility”, Military Review, March, http://www.readperiodicals.com/201103/2312505741.html

All three countries face … and live up to its commitments overseas.
Global nuclear war
Bennett 7 – Christoher, Major – United States Air Force and Masters of Science – Joint Advanced Warfighting School, “Shaping China’s Development: Stable Growth Of an Asia-Pacific Might”, 4-5, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468786.pdf

As stated in the National Security Strategy, … force structure presence in sovereign nations. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.
Contention 1 --- Leadership
Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply ….. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.
Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, “Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. RandD Budget”, Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but …. trends one chooses to examine.
Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, “Introduction to Fusion”, 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could …. with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.
Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Change”, The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a …. that face America and the world.
Contention 2 --- STEM
Scientists watch federal fusion funding --- cuts turn away grad students
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, “Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research”, Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for …. with path we’re on,” Greenwald told Science.
This breaks the STEM pipeline
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., “Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era”, 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget …. the world's best scientists and engineers.
The entire nuclear program will become ineffective
Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Continue Funding C-Mod”, The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor …. MIT to put it’s money to good use.
Plan steers them back
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security”, American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and ….scientific and engineering fields.
Signal alone solves
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, “Energy Myth Eleven – Energy RandD Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market”, Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that …., and the multiple stages of the innovation process.
Fed’s key
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future”, September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology has ….lack the necessary resources or scale.
University nuclear science’s key to stockpile stewardship
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The situation in the world …. of usable petroleum products from oil shale and tar sands.
Decline cracks the backbone of deterrence
Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., “Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century”, Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States is quickly losing …. vision should not undercut US nonproliferation goals.
It’s failing and risks great power conflict
Spring 12 (Baker, F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy – Heritage Foundation, and Michaela Bendikova, Research Assistant for Missile Defense and Foreign Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, “Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad”, Heritage Backgrounder, 1-27, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2646.pdf)

Abstract: The U.S. nuclear triad …., it is that it demands constant and undivided attention.5
Global nuclear war
Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. ….-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Nuclear science stops global weapons testing
Henning 10 (Walter, Senior Physicist – Argonne National Laboratory and Member – American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Accelerators for America’s Future”, June, http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep ort.pdf)

From the earliest days of their development, accelerators …. nuclear reactor facilities for production.
SSP failure forces testing
Smith 98 (Harold P., Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Richard S. Soll, Senior Scientist and Head of Special Projects – Science Applications International Corporation, “Challenges of Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Under A Comprehensive Test Ban”, Arms Control Today, March, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/304)

In the absence of underground …. a critical role in such a momentous step.
Global nuclear war
Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms control …. won't keep us safe. It is time to speak out
Contention 3 --- Fusion
Funding’s key to fusion commercialization --- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, “CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research”, EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there …. these zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted …. for some time to achieve this milestone.
Isotopes are abundant and there’s no downside
Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh …..desirable and advantageous as an applicable power source.
Engineering barriers will be overcome
Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, “Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion”, March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is that “…. based on ‘conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.
DoE lab’s are key
Holdren 99 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation”, President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf)

Beyond the market failures and …. up in a separate subsection, below.
Fusion tech will be adopted by the Navy --- key to global, rapid power projection
Triola 8 (Larry C., Naval Surface Warfare Center, “Energy and National Security: An Exploration of
Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures”, 10-9, http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf)

Current nuclear power technology …. with emerging nuclear power options.
Multiple hotspots will erupt with WMD conflict --- rapid naval mobility stops escalation
Green 97 (Kevin, Rear Admiral, Commander – United States Navy, NTC, Great Lakes, “What the Best Damn Navy in the World Is For”, Vital Speeches of the Day, 7-15, Ebsco)

And the list of troubles wouldn't be …. corps team has to be ready for them.
Goes global
Conway 7 (James T., General – U.S. Marine Corps, Gary  Roughead, Admiral – U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral – U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

No other disruption is as potentially ….. enable extended campaigns ashore.
Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits….with any high-level research.
Military will integrate them
Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, “ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems”, 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology…. similar or related properties are important.
That checks sea-skimming missiles --- threat’s high
CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, “Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar”, http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are ….superconductor-based applications in communications.
Escalates conflict with Iran --- goes global and nuclear
Williams 10 – Lawrence, Adjunct Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences – Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Ph.D. in Defense and Strategic Studies – University of Madras, “Peril Awaits at the Strait of Hormuz”, 7-22, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2557996/posts)

The Gulf-Southwest Asia region has …. could have irreparable consequences:
Iranian missiles push the U.S. out of the Gulf --- detection’s key
OA 12 – Oxford Analytica, “Iran's Missile Assets May Constrain US Threat Response”, 1-6, http://www.oxan.com/Analysis/DailyBrief/Samples/IranMissileAssets.aspx

Analysis
Iran has a fairly well-developed …. and reduced ordnance payloads.
Withdrawal shatters global credibility --- shreds Asian alliances
Etzioni 11 – Amitai, University Professor and Professor of International Relations – The George Washington University and Director – Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, “The Coming Test of U.S. Credibility”, Military Review, March, http://www.readperiodicals.com/201103/2312505741.html

All three countries face transitions ….. to its commitments overseas.
Global nuclear war
Bennett 7 – Christoher, Major – United States Air Force and Masters of Science – Joint Advanced Warfighting School, “Shaping China’s Development: Stable Growth Of an Asia-Pacific Might”, 4-5, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468786.pdf

As stated in the National Security Strategy, “…. a significant force structure presence in sovereign nations. 

JET, ITER, and the Sun prove it’s feasible. Money’s key.
Forshaw 12 (Jeff, Professor of Theoretical Physics – University of Manchester, “Nuclear Fusion – Your Time Has Come”, The Guardian, 9-10, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/sep/16/nuclear-fusion-iter-jet-forshaw?newsfeed=true)

A fusion reactor called Iter is currently …. at the Joint European Torus (Jet) in Culham, Oxfordshire.
Basic science is there --- advancements coming
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in the Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering – MIT, “Fusion Research is a Wise Investment”, 3-6, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N9/olynyk.html)

Magnetic fusion research suffers from …... The U.S. should support a fusion future.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emporia | Judge:
Contention One

Contention One is Waste:
Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Even if full-fusion is distant, fusion neutron harnessing isn’t. 

UT’9  
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. “Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future”, 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way .... achieved in the near term.

Yucca storage harms billions. Our author’s qual’d and beats “exaggeration” accusations. 

Comarow ‘1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. “Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable”, Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, ..., the agonizing death of billions.

Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.

Comarow ‘1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. “Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable”, Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the waste .... bookkeeping error mankind ever made. 

The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous, goes to sea, and there’s few options. 

Cohen ‘12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://undernourishment/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ‘fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is ....experience of the USA perfectly reveals.

Waste on high seas bad – either seriously hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.

Van Dyke ‘2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development and
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor and Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a...., but retrieval was not attempted.

Harming the ocean risks major impacts.

Craig ‘3
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member the U.S. National Research Council's committee to assess the effects of the Clean Water Act’s regulation of the Mississippi River. She is currently a Professor at Florida State University College of Law. She is a leading environmental law scholar who has written important works on water and ocean and coastal issues. Professor Craig is the author of The Clean Water Act and the Constitution (Environmental Law Institute 2004), Environmental Law in Context (West 2005). Professor Craig also served as a tenured professor at the Indiana University-Indianapolis School of Law.2, Winter, “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii,” 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis
The world’s oceans contain many resources...864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.

And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.

Ross ‘11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of solid ..., a story not being effectively told.

Enhanced US support can change the paradigm – reducing fission waste. 

Silverstein ‘12
(Ken Silverstein is a journalist specializing in writing about energy. He is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider. He is Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
“Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, ... disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

Fusion eliminates current waste and won’t make its own.

Holland ‘12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. “America’s Energy Choices”, ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not produce ... existing U.S. nuclear power plants.

Contention Two – Food

There’s no singular cause of famine – but the best remedy rests with energy strategies that minimize vulnerability to food shocks. 

POTTIER ‘97
JOHAN POTTIER – Professor, Department of Anthropology and Sociology with reference to Africa;  SOAS, University of London, Review of “Stephen Devereux. Theories of Famine. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993 – Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 67, No. 2 (1997) – Dr Stephen Devereux – internally referenced – is an Economist working predominantly on food security, famine, rural livelihoods, social protection and poverty reduction at the University of Sussex – Jstor

Scanning a variety of theories ... protected as private ones are.

Fusion solves supply shocks for two reasons. It will be shared. And, if it’s not, it still lowers prices by obviating US agro-fuel. Both solve global prices.  

Fusion for Freedom ‘11
(“We Can Feed the World With the Energy of Fusion”, 6-3, http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html)

The need for a change from fossil... plastic will also drop greatly.

Price spikes cause large death tolls.
Brown ‘5
(Lester, President – Earth Policy Institute, , People and the Planet, “Falling Water Tables 'Could Hit Food Supply'”, 2-7, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2424)

Many Americans see terrorism ... next meal that is the overriding concern."

Underview:
Contention Three is Politics
Framing Point – Plan is Negative State action – we lift “work-for-others” restrictions:

OTA ‘88
(Office of Technology Assessment – The Defense Technology Base: Introduction and Overview – Chapter Five – March 1988 – http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8810/881007.PDF)

Multiprogram Laboratories DOE .... Three Mile Island “Technical Information and Examination Program.”

These restrictions block otherwise-large fusion donations.

Gibbons ‘97
(et al; John H. Gibbons – CHAIR OF THE REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ON FEDERAL ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY – Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy – PRESIDENT’S COMMITTEE OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PANEL ON ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT – NOVEMBER 1997 – http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nov2007.pdf)

More strongly linking the fundamental ... in the private sector.

Fusion attainable, support’s the key variable:

Prager ‘9
(Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted ... time to achieve this milestone.

We’re not pro-State, but we’re “anti-anti State”. Some things can ONLY be solved “through the system” – and lifting existing State-exclusions on fusion are such an issue:

Barbrook ‘97
(Dr. Richard, School of Westminster, Nettime, “More Provocations”, 6-5, ¶ http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9706/msg00034.html)
I thought that this position ... pose. However, human suffering is not.

“Conflix” frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory.

Kupperman ‘5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan's Interactive Communications and Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture ...more just distribution of power.

Indicts on the State don’t assume our model. Such indicts assumes how the State PRESENTLY OPERATES, not how students operate after Conflix. 

Kupperman ‘5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan's Interactive Communications and Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This fits well with ... the vocabulary of civics education.

Our Particularity thesis improves decisions and knowledge.

Smith ‘6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, ... or actions in a given circumstance.

We can make contingent, particular claims not based on universals. Sweeping claims don’t constitute rejoinder.

PRICE ‘98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures ... does critical theory itself.

Fusion is distinct. Indicting it as dangerous technology ignores that’s it’s especially tough to manipulate. Sweeping K’s HELP elites.  

Razani ‘12
(Rezwan, Former Instructor at Shiraz University.   MRP, City and Regional Planning @ Cornell. Bachelor of Arts, Environmental Science @ UC-Berkeley. Also serves as Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Batman Fusion Redemption”, Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down. TDKR ... Nuclear Energy Loses. Nuclear Weapons WIN.

We’ll indict “pre-fiat” and micro-politics. Those args mask that macro-politics shapes the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ‘5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience and Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe%20files/Rematerializing%20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics ...multiple consuming relations.

Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges ... meaning in this context.  

Tournament: Northwestern | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase funding for Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory fusion energy generation.

Contention 1
Contention 1 --- Spinoffs
Fusion research generates spin-off technologies --- budget cuts make this impossible
Cunningham 12 – Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, “The Future of Fusion”, American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/

Fourth, a robust fusion industry ...investments in fusion technology.

This can happen immediately
Silverstein 12 – Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing ... with any high-level research.

DoE labs are key
Holdren 99 – John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation”, President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf

Beyond the market failures ....a separate subsection, below.

Plasma physics research is key to bioweapons detection --- it’s feasible, even if fusion electricity isn’t
McCarthy 3 – Dr. Kathy, Deputy Associate Laboratory Director for Nuclear Science and Technology at the Idaho National Laboratory, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering at the University of California , Los Angeles and Chair of the FESAC Panel, “Non-Electric Applications of Fusion”, Final Report to FESAC, July 31, 2003, http://science.energy.gov/~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/2003/Fesac_final_non_elec_2003.pdf

1. Will the application .... and produce medical isotopes.

Threat’s high --- attacks are coming
Vogel 13 – Kathleen M. Vogel, Associate Professor, Department of Science and Technology Studies and the Judith Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies, Cornell University, “Improving Intelligence on Emerging Bioweapons Threats: New Engagements Needed Between Intelligence and Academia”, Virtual Biosecurity Center, 1-16, http://virtualbiosecuritycenter.org/blog/op-ed-improving-intelligence-on-emerging-bioweapons-threats-new-engagements-needed-between-intelligence-and-academia

Since the end of the ....expected to grow in the future.

Bioterror is likely --- takeouts are wrong
Deutch 5 (John, Former Director – CIA and Deputy Secretary of Defense, “Meeting the Bioterrorism Challenge”, Senate Testimony, 5-11, http://web.mit.edu/chemistry/deutch/policy/72MeetingBioterroism2005.pdf)

I base my views on my experience...difficult to detect and to treat.

Weather doesn’t check
Wheelis 2 – Mark, Professor of Microbiology at the University of California, Davis, Bioscience, 7-1, Lexis

Dissemination of many introduced ... with sudden, multifocal outbreaks. 

And acquisition is easy
CSIS 6 (“Strategic Study on Bioterrorism”, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/061016_bioterrorism.pdf)

Bio-agents are readily available .... between the age of 30 and 45.18 

No delivery barriers
Carafano 3 (James, Ph.D., Deputy Director – Institute for International Studies and Director – Center for Foreign Policy Studies, Heritage Foundation, “Improving Federal Response to Catastrophic Bioterrorist Attacks: The Next Steps”, Heritage Backgrounder #1705, 11-13, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2003/11/Improving-Federal-Response-to-Catastrophic-Bioterrorist-Attacks-The-Next-Steps)

Equally troubling, the difficulties...domesticated animals, and wildlife.12

History proves motive exists and use is likely
Anderson 98 (Ph.D., “Microbes and Mass Casualties: Defending America Against Bioterrorism”, Heritage Foundation Reports, Backgrounder #1182, 5-26, http://www.heritage.org/research/Homelanddefense/BG1182.cfm)

Throughout human history, ...of being used over the next two decades." 6 

Effective detection’s key to prevent mass casualties
Bullock 2 – Barbara F. Bullock, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Aquisition Program Manager at the Standard Systems Group at the Maxwell AFB-Gunter Annex, “Surveillance and Detection: A Public Health Response to Bioterrorism”, http://cpc.au.af.mil/PDF/monograph/surveillenceanddetect.pdf

Biological terrorism, aimed at...as early as possible in a disease outbreak.

Bioweapons spread and risk extinction
Ochs 2 – Richard, Member – Chemical Weapons Working Group, “Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately, 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html

Of all the weapons of mass ...HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Collapses genetic diversity
Dudley 2 – JP, Institute of Arctic Biology – U Alaska Fairbanks, and M.H. Wolford, Not Kurt, Chair – Office International des Epizooties Working Group on Wildlife Diseases, Portugal, Bioweapons, Bioterrorism, and Biodiversity, http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/rt/2101/J.P.%20DUDLEY.pdf

Military and terrorist applications of ... accidental bioweapon releases.

Extinction
Fowler and Mooney 90 – Cary, Executive Director – Global Crop Diversity Trust and Former Professor of International Environment and Development Studies – Norwegian University of Life Sciences and Pat, Executive Director – Rural Advancement Fund International, Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity, p. ix

While many may ponder the .... to Africa, Latin America and Asia.

Detection’s key to rapid containment
Abramson 12 – Colonel Alfred F. Abramson III, United States Army, Graduate of U.S. Army War College, “Biological Weapons – Still a Relevant Threat”, 3-22, www.hsdl.org/?viewanddid=727647

Time has diluted the concerns.... to manage any CBRN hazard.

That minimizes death tolls --- solves retaliation that escalates to nuclear war
Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, “Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack”, Air and Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties ...whatever promises had been made.”48 

Unintentional release risk is high --- especially for smallpox
Breman 3 – Joel G., MD, et al., “Preventing the Return of Smallpox”, New England Journal of Medicine, 348(5), 1-30, http://info.med.yale.edu/eph/pdf/biotarticles.1/NEJM-smallpox/Preventing.pdf

It is imperative and urgent that... but the rumors persist.15 

Extinction
Singer 1 – Clifford E., Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, “Will Mankind Survive the Millennium?”, http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_XIII/Singer.htm

There are, however, two technologies... when and if this is achieved.

Contention 2
Contention 2 --- PPPL

Cuts coming to Princeton Plasma Physics Lab --- devastates plasma science research
Altmann 12
“Obama budget proposal would mean big cuts for PPPL”, Jennifer Altmann is a staff writer for the Princetown Alumni Weekly, 3/21/12, available online at http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2012/03/21/pages/8264/index.xml 

President Obama’s proposed budget..., would be “greatly impeded,” he said.

Federal funds are key to PPPL research breakthroughs
Duffy 12
Erin, “With upgrade, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory chases dream of lighting fusion’s torch”, Duffy is a staff writer for the Trenton Times, 1/8/12, available online at http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/01/with_upgrade_princeton_plasma.html

The device — the vessel, ... the National Compact Stellarator Experiment.

They’ll come in solar storm research
Wieser 11
Patricia “The Role of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory”, Wieser is the lead information officer at PPPL, 1/3/11, available online at http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/role-of-the-princeton-plasma-physics-laboratory/, accessed 11/30/12Thur

Scientists at the U.S. Department of ... and related science and technology.

Breakthroughs enable effective space weather prediction --- current methods fail
O'Neill 12
Ian, “Should We Really Worry About Solar Storms?”, O’Neill is the Space Science Producer at Discovery and the founder of Astroengine, 4/10/12, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/04/201244123922360473.html

Although the Sun may be our ...a handle on space weather prediction.

Prediction is key to mitigation --- avoids the worst impact of storms
Lovett 12
Richard A., “Solar Flare: What If Biggest Known Sun Storm Hit Today?”, Lovett is a syndicated columnist, B.A. in Astrophysics from Michigan State University, Ph.D. Michigan, National Geographic, available online at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120308-solar-flare-storm-sun-space-weather-science-aurora/, accessed 12/30/12Thur

"Improved predictions will provide ... forecasters were 50 years ago."

Huge storm’s coming
Lovett 12
Richard A., “Solar Flare: What If Biggest Known Sun Storm Hit Today?”, Lovett is a syndicated columnist, B.A. in Astrophysics from Michigan State University, Ph.D. Michigan, National Geographic, available online at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120308-solar-flare-storm-sun-space-weather-science-aurora/

As solar storms go, ... we're entering, according to NASA.

That collapses the grid and triggers hundreds of meltdowns around the globe
Stein 12
Matthew, “Four Hundred Chernobyls: Solar Flares, Electromagnetic Pulses and Nuclear Armageddon”, Stein is a syndicated columnist, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from MIT, 3/24/12, available online at http://truth-out.org/news/item/7301-400-chernobyls-solar-flares-electromagnetic-pulses-and-nuclear-armageddon

In the past 152 years, Earth has...some 65 million years ago.

Extinction
Stein 12
Matthew, “Four Hundred Chernobyls: Solar Flares, Electromagnetic Pulses and Nuclear Armageddon”, Stein is a syndicated columnist, Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from MIT, 3/24/12, available online at http://truth-out.org/news/item/7301-400-chernobyls-solar-flares-electromagnetic-pulses-and-nuclear-armageddon

There are nearly 450 nuclear ... should be given top priority.1

Solar flares crush GPS, satellites and the grid
Lovett 12
“Solar Flare: What If Biggest Known Sun Storm Hit Today?”, Lovett is a syndicated columnist, B.A. in Astrophysics from Michigan State University, Ph.D. Michigan, National Geographic, available online at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120308-solar-flare-storm-sun-space-weather-science-aurora/

The flares were so powerful ...auroras as far south as Florida and Texas.

That causes extinction from war and eco collapse
Dunstan 9 – James, JD, Space and Technology Lawyer – Garvey Schubert Barer, and Berin Szoka, Senior Feelow – Progress and Freedom Foundation, Director – Space Frontier Foundation, and Member of the Commerical Space Transportation Advisory Committee – Federal Aviation Administration, “Beware Of Space Junk: Global Warming Isn’t the Only Major Environmental Problem”, http://techliberation.com/2009/1t2/18/beware-of-space-junk-global-warming-isnt-the-only-major-environmental-problem/

As world leaders meet in Copenhagen ... capable of surviving true climatic catastrophes.

Crushes U.S. agriculture
Austria 11 – Steve, U.S. Representative, “We Would Be Lost Without GPS”, 8-17, http://austria.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=25andparentid=23andsectiontree=23,25anditemid=395

To put the risks in perspective:...GPS signals are not disrupted.

Extinction
Lugar 4 (Richard G., U.S. Senator – Indiana and Former Chair – Senate Foreign Relations Committee, “Plant Power”, Our Planet, 14(3), http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)

In a world confronted by ...the health of our planet.