Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Elections – Obama Good – 2AC

Romney win- ten reasons

Houston Chronicle, 9-4-2012 http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/09/ten-reasons-top-democrats-are-worried-about-the-2012-election/-http://blog.chron.com/txpotomac/2012/09/ten-reasons-top-democrats-are-worried-about-the-2012-election/

Democrats, by nature, are worrywarts.¶ Even on the sunniest day, longtime
AND
big misstep by Obama — could tip the election to the Republican nominee.

NRC will issue licenses for large reactors before the election

Peters 12
(Mark T., deputy laboratory director for programs at Argonne National Laboratory, "The Future of Nuclear Energy," 6-25-12, http://www.fas.org/blog/pir/2012/06/25/the-future-of-nuclear-energy/-http://www.fas.org/blog/pir/2012/06/25/the-future-of-nuclear-energy/)

NUCLEAR ENERGY SINCE THE LATE 1970s Although the power of the "peaceful atom"
AND
and operating license for the new reactors by the end of this year.)

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy
AND
 the candidates would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Tons of public pressure for SMRs – ev about large reactors doesn’t apply

Marcus 11
(Gail H., independent consultant on nuclear power technology and policy and former president of the American Nuclear Society, "Nuclear Power After Fukushima," 12-10-11, http://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/Summer_School/2012/Nuclear_Power_After_Fukushima_Marcus_2011.pdf-http://wwz.unibas.ch/fileadmin/wwz/redaktion/Summer_School/2012/Nuclear_Power_After_Fukushima_Marcus_2011.pdf)

In the subsequent days and weeks, every country in the world with operating or
AND
so there is less material at risk in an accident involving a release.

Israeli strikes coming —- triggers the link

Feehery 12 (John, Reporter – The Hill, "October Surprise", The Hill – Pundit’s Blog, 8-28, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/245965-october-surprise)

What will this election’s October Surprise be?
AND
 between now and November, including a big-time October Surprise. 

NRC does the plan – that’s Reynolds – shields the link

Flanagan 8
(Mark, writer at the Nuclear Energy Institute, "NRC Throws a Punch in Massachusetts," 7-17-08, http://neinuclearnotes.blogspot.com/2008/09/nrc-throws-punch-in-massachusetts.html-http://neinuclearnotes.blogspot.com/2008/09/nrc-throws-punch-in-massachusetts.html)

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission tends to float
AND
 legislation that blasts nuclear energy.

Can’t predict the election

Cunningham 11 (Pat, Columnist – RRS, "Here’s Why Outcome of Next Presidential Election is Impossible to Predict at this Point", Rockford Register Star, 12-13, http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/12/13/heres-why-outcome-of-next-presidential-election-is-impossible-to-predict-at-this-point/)

Forty-seven weeks from today, tens of millions of Americans will flock to
AND
know at this point, it might turn out to be a landslide. 

Nothing swings the election – plan can’t change the outcome

Cohn 12
(Nate, total badass – but also the elections staff writer at The New Republic, "It’s Official: None of the Past Week’s ’Game Changers’ Have Changed the Game At All," 7-19-12, http://www.tnr.com/blog/electionate/105199/no-change-after-tough-week-romney-http://www.tnr.com/blog/electionate/105199/no-change-after-tough-week-romney)

After a week of bad news for the Romney campaign, a wave of polls
AND
it’s a sign that the Republican challenger still has a way to go. 

No impact

Roberts 11 (Russ, Professor of Economics – George Mason University and Research Scholar – Hoover Institution, "Political Reality Overtakes Principles So Winner Won’t Matter", The Boston Globe, 9-18, Lexis)

HOW IMPORTANT is the 2012 presidential election? Imagine being visited in 2008 by a
AND
has the best chance of putting us back on the road to recovery?

Syrian intervention coming —- jacks Obama

Wingfield 12 (Kyle, Political Columnist – AJC, "Poll Position: If WMDs Are Used in Syria, Should U.S. Intervene?", Atlanta Journal Constitution, 8-24, http://blogs.ajc.com/kyle-wingfield/2012/08/24/poll-position-if-wmds-are-used-in-syria-should-u-s-intervene/)

Everyone waiting for an "October surprise" from the
AND
least they’re anti-war when a Republican is in the White House.)

A2: Russia Relations – 2AC

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, "Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead", Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

No cooperation

Kramer 10 (David, Senior Transatlantic Fellow – German Marshall Fund and Former Assistant Secretary of State, "Resetting U.S.-Russian Relations: It Takes Two", Washington Quarterly, January, p. 61-62)

President Barack Obama deserves credit for his initial efforts to reverse the deterioration in relations
AND
issues offers much promise for building a strong foundation for the bilateral relationship. 

No chance of overt hostility

Newsday 5 (2-27, Lexis)

Relations between Washington and Moscow are now more like a marriage of convenience. It’s
AND
to cooperate on mutually useful issues and by fundamental disagreements not easily resolved.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Heidegger K – 2AC

No alternative to nature – already irreversibly altered nature

Zimmerman 3 (Michael, Professor of Philosophy – Tulane University, Eco-Phenomenology : Back to the Earth Itself, p. 79-80)

Heidegger’s talk of "letting things be," "caring for beings," and being
AND
(if not "original" or "pristine") condition.2°

(  ) Particularity beats ontology args. Such universals are wrong and makes poor scholarship.

Potrc ’4
(et al; Dr. Matjaž Potrč is a Professor for Analytic Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana
Metaphysics: Ultimate and Regional Ontology – Inf. Filosofica, I/2004, 1, pp. 21-45. Also available as doc via conventional google search)

Thus there is still the following logical possibility. (1) The ultimate ontology
AND
namely the rich and common sense compatible world of everyday objects and events.
 (  ) Heidegger’s K of technology is too sweeping – lacks particularity.

Adria ’8
(Marco Adria – Director of the Graduate Program in Communications and Technology University of Alberta – The Journal of Community Informatics – Vol 4, No 1 (2008) – http://www.ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/426/392)

A totalizing view of technology is evident in the work of Virilio, as it
AND
insight and rich description, from which strategies for action may be devised. 

(  ) "Conflix" frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory.

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
AND
new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.

(  ) Science K over-abandons science. Even if it created the problem, we can’t throw it out with the bathwater.

Bronner ’4
Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 160)

Critics of the Enlightenment may have correctly emphasized the price of progress, the costs
AND
These questions transcend the crude categories of technical criteria and slide-rule measurements

(  ) Science doesn’t need meta-physical grounding. Its ontology is pragmatism.

Bronner ’4
Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 162-163)

Reclaiming the Enlightenment calls for clarifying the aims of an educated sensibility in a disenchanted
AND
its immanent workings from the standpoint of what externally inspired its development.12 

(  ) Logic serves as Science’s ontology

Bachelard ’90
(Suzanne – Professor of Philosophy at Sorbonne – A Study of Husserl’s Formal and Transcendental Logic – page 72)

Logic, as science of science, as the theory which serves as norm for
AND
is accepted which is categorially formed in the judging" (i 18). 

(  ) Scientific Method accurate – fact checking and self-correction

Cohen ’7
(et al – Louis Cohen is Emeritus Professor of Education at Loughborough University. Research methods in education – pg. 6-7)

A further means by which we set out to discover truth is research. This
AND
particularly as far as the natural sciences are concerned (Burg 1963).’

(  ) K of our particular science claims is wrong. Their sweeping claim’s based on astonishing ignorance and rationalization

Gross ’98
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester –Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. Page 6)

It would seem to follow, then, that the last eight or ten years
AND
credits itself are in themselves sufficient to guarantee the validity of the critique.

(  ) Epistemic K of science is wrong and won’t change science one bit.

Gross ’94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. %26 Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors’ original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

 ~[Their criticism~] is more a matter of rhetorical style than of logical
AND
for which we must read "historians" and sociologists). (69)

(  ) Science accurate and we’ll epistemologically indict your authors.

Salmon ’94
Internally quoting Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester. Dr. Jeffrey Salmon was, at the time of this book review, Executive Director of the George C. Marshall Institute. He is currently Senior Policy Advisor in the Office of Science at the U.S. Department of Energy. Review of Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. by Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt.— Commentary Mag – June 1994 – http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/higher-superstition-by-paul-r-gross-and-norman-levitt/

Science has brought us penicillin, the polio vaccine, the green revolution in agriculture
AND
and Levitt tell us, Ross knows "virtually nothing" about science.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Transition Bad – 2AC

Collapse causes global transition wars—-turns all their impacts

Panzner 8 (Michael J. Panzner, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, 2008, "Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse", Revised and Updated Edition, p. 136-138)

Many will wonder whether the United States might renege on some of its fi nancial
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Trying to Grow is Inevitable – 1AR

Growth and consumption is inevitable in the long-run—it is rooted in our brain chemistry.

Allenby 7 (Brad, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Arizona State University, "The Benefits of Our Hardwired Need to Consume," GreenBiz.com, March 7, 2007, http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2007/03/08/the-benefits-our-hardwired-need-consume)
That humans are inclined to make choices that offer more pleasure than pain comes as
AND
who seek to impose such behavior change, regardless of their good intentions.

Growth is inevitable—policies to the contrary are impossible long-term.

Gibson-Graham 6 (JK, Feminist Economic Geographers at the Australian National University, The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It)," March 24, 2006)
Though divorced from its association with an evolutionary narrative of capitalism’s inevitable breakdown and supersession
AND
to the "necessary" process of growth being a crisis of accumulation). 

AT: Trainer – 1AR

Trainer’s approach is a pipe-dream – won’t happen

Fotopoulous 2k (Takis, writer %26 editor of Democracy %26 Nature, Former Senior Lecturer in Economics @ U of North London, Democracy %26 Nature. July, v6, n2, http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/fotODOulos/brdn/voIfi 2_2.htm)
One way to achieve the aim of systemic change may be the type of ’
AND
a comprehensive program for the radical transformation of local political and economic structures.

Tournament: GSU  | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Water Conservation DA – 2AC

US nuke power’s inevitable

Silverstein 12
(Ken, Energy Central editor, contributor to Forbes, "Nuclear Energy Won’t Die," 5-7-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/05/07/nuclear-energy-wont-die/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/05/07/nuclear-energy-wont-die/)

Some thought that nuclear energy may get buried after the Japanese Fukushima deluge. But
AND
among energy insiders here is that it would lead to more such construction.

Consumption cuts inevitable —- unsustainable and renewables will quickly develop

Kungl 10 (Kungl Vetenskapsakademien – Energy Committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, "Energy Resources and Their Utilization in a 40-Year Perspective Up to 2050", 5-3, http://www.kva.se/Documents/Vetenskap_samhallet/Energi/Utskottet/syntes_energi_eng_2010.pdf)

Global trends in energy supply and consumption are unsustainable. The major energy carriers,
AND
heat storage and wind power may further increase the capacity of wind power.

SMRs are key to solve water scarcity

Szondy 12
(David, freelance writer based in Monroe, Washington, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?" 2-16-12, http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/-http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/)

The case for SMRs SMRs have a number of advantages over conventional reactors. For
AND
in remote, inland areas where it isn’t possible to site conventional reactors.

DOE funding triggers perception links but doesn’t take out the aff

Biello 12
(David, associate editor for environment and energy at Scientific American, "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power," 4-19-12, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power)

But the Department of Energy funding may only support two designs. Innovation spurred by
AND
the world in safety, if we’re not building new nuclear power plants."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Russia Add-On – 2AC

NRC licensing is key to prevent Russian SMR leadership

Stepp 11
(Matthew, Senior Analyst with the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, "The Nuclear Energy Game Changer? Thoughts After the NRC Regulatory Information Conference," 3-9-11, http://www.innovationfiles.org/the-nuclear-energy-game-changer-thoughts-after-the-nrc-regulatory-information-conference/-http://www.innovationfiles.org/the-nuclear-energy-game-changer-thoughts-after-the-nrc-regulatory-information-conference/)

So, while "silver bullet" may be too strong of a statement –
AND
the United States is up to policy makers because everyone else is waiting.

Russian SMR leadership causes meltdowns on the Kamchatka Peninsula

Matishak 10
(Martin, Weapons Reporter of National Journal Group, Inc., "Floating Nuclear Reactors Could Fall Prey to Terrorists, Experts Say," 8-13-10, http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/floating-nuclear-reactors-could-fall-prey-to-terrorists-experts-say/-http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/floating-nuclear-reactors-could-fall-prey-to-terrorists-experts-say/)

Russia is wrapping up work on the first of a proposed fleet of floating nuclear
AND
also be modified into a desalination plant in order to produce fresh water.

That causes ecological destabilization in the Russian Far East

Nikitin 11
(Alexander, nuclear and radiation safety expert and chairman of Bellona’s St. Petersburg-based branch, the Environmental Rights Centre Bellona, "Bellona’s Nikitin: After Fukushima, going ahead with floating nukes will be suicidal for Russia," 3-15-11, http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2011/nikitin_fukushima-http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2011/nikitin_fukushima)

In light of what is going on in Japan, how dangerous are Russia’s plans
AND
who make the decisions toward those who can suffer gravely as a result.

Extinction

Wilkson 5 
(Jim, Associate Editor – Pacific Rim Law %26 Policy Journal, "Up In Smoke: Using Cooperative U.S. Forest Fire Management Policies as a Model for Implementing an Effective Forest Fire Prevention Program in the Russian Far East", Pacific Rim Law %26 Policy Journal, April, 14 Pac. Rim L. %26 Pol’y J. 575, Lexis)

Russia’s ability or inability to deal with these fires will have global consequences. 6
AND
to destroy the very resource base that Russia promotes to foreign investors. 26

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Space – 2AC

SMR-powered lunar colonies solve inevitable extinction – it’s try-or-die

Ragheb 12
(Magdi, Professor with the Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, "Space Power Reactors," 3-31-12, https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Space%20Power%20Reactors.pdf-https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE 402 ME 405 Nuclear Power Engineering/Space Power Reactors.pdf)

A lunar base would provide a Noah’s ark protecting a copy of life beyond possible
AND
four-pin modules are located near the outside of the reactor core.

Space – 1AR

Extinction on Earth is inevitable – that’s Ragheb – reactors solve Mars colonization
Ragheb 12
(Magdi, Professor with the Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, "Space Power Reactors," 3-31-12, https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Space%20Power%20Reactors.pdf-https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE 402 ME 405 Nuclear Power Engineering/Space Power Reactors.pdf)

The largest application of nuclear technology in space would be to "terra forming"
AND
, hydrogen and oxygen elements and compounds between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

They’re key to powering space-based colonies

Behrhorst 11
(Bruce, assisted in the formation of the NPO Nuclear Space Technology Institute, "NUCLEAR FUELS FOR SMALL REACTOR TECHNOLOGY POWER PLANTS %26 FOR SPACE PROPULSION %26 STABLE HUMAN COLONIES," 12-09-11, http://brc.gov/index.php?q=generalcomment/nuclear-fuels-small-reactor-technology-power-plants-space-propulsion-stable-human-col-http://brc.gov/index.php?q=generalcomment/nuclear-fuels-small-reactor-technology-power-plants-space-propulsion-stable-human-col)

The United States is at a crucial juncture as this period of economic instability makes
AND
that are multi-use such as co-generation gas fuels processing. 

It’s possible

Collins 8;
(David Collins,  Lecturer, The City Law School, City University, London, UK. B.A.Hon., J.D.(Toronto), M.Sc., B.C.L. (Oxford) The author would like to thank Frank Collins for research assistance.; ARTICLE: EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF REAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON THE PLANET MARS; Summer 2008; Lexis)

Serious interest in Mars will continue to intensify for two important reasons. First,
AND
and settlement rights could last for whole life spans of colonists or beyond.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern | Judge: Josh Grace

Warming – 2AC

SMRs solve warming

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J.,  Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)

Conclusions In the end, small modular reactors present a viable path forward for both
AND
advance the technology broadly and eventually lead to their wide-scale adoption. 

Warming – 1AR

Makhijani’s wrong – cost’s not a barrier

Barton 10
(Charles, editor of the Nuclear Green Revolution – peer-reviewed by nuclear scientists, "Arjun Makhijani and the Modular Small Reactor null-hypothesis," 10-2-10, http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2010/10/arjun-makhijani-and-modular-small.html-http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2010/10/arjun-makhijani-and-modular-small.html)

Finally, we should consider Makhijani assertions about small reactor costs. First he claims
AND
for the moment advocates of small reactors have plausible grounds for their case.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

SMRs 1AC – Mechanics

Subsidies for small modular reactors now – but only changing NRC licensing solves

Spencer 11
(Jack, Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation, "Congress’s Recent Attempts to Promote Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Fall Short," 6-8-11, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/06/congresss-recent-attempts-to-promote-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-fall-short-http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/06/congresss-recent-attempts-to-promote-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-fall-short)

The House and Senate are considering bills that are
AND
support on which commercialization ultimately depends.

NRC licensing barriers squash SMR investment – certainty’s key to commercialization

Spencer 11
(Jack, Heritage Foundation’s research fellow in nuclear-energy policy, "A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?" February 2, 2011, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pdf/bg2514.pdf-http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pdf/bg2514.pdf)

If SMRs Are So Great, Where Is the Construction? While some designs are
AND
regulatory risk is such that real progress on commercialization is difficult to attain. 

Changing the licensing pathway solves regulatory predictability

NEI 10
(Nuclear Energy Institute, "NRC ANNUAL FEE ASSESSMENT FOR SMALL REACTORS," October 2010, http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1103/ML110380260.pdf-http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1103/ML110380260.pdf)

1. Summary With the advent of new, smaller reactor concepts, utilizing existing
   AND
   certainty for the application review process with fewer iterations with more predictable results. 

That’s key to investment

NMNEP 11
(New Millenium Nuclear Energy Partnership, "The Future of Nuclear Energy: A White Paper," January 2011, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/370/Third_Way-INL_-_The_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy_A_White_Paper.pdf-http://content.thirdway.org/publications/370/Third_Way-INL_-_The_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy_A_White_Paper.pdf)

Broad Government Energy Policy With Washington embroiled in a seemingly endless debate over energy and
AND
governments could be improved as other countries move into the nuclear energy world. 

Financial support and R%26D don’t solve – eliminating licensing delay is key

Hopf 11
(Jim, senior nuclear engineer and member of the American Nuclear Society Public Information Committee, "Roadblock in Congress for SMR Development," 10-25-11, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/25/congress-smr/-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/25/congress-smr/)

NRC Issues More Important? As many have observed, the main barrier to the
AND
requiring the NRC to complete reviews within some fixed, reasonable time period.

Only the parity option speeds up licensing, leads to approval, and solves safety

Reynolds 10
(Roger S., Adjunct Mechanical Engineering Professor WSU Tri-Cities, "APPLICABILITY OF THE NRC LIGHT WATER REACTOR LICENSING PROCESS TO SMRs," July 2010, https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf-https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf)

4. TECHNOLOGY-NEUTRAL FRAMEWORK: PARITY OPTION As noted above, the only
AND
i.e., a convincing demonstration that the design is safe enough.

Any unpredictability kills investment – clear and sustained government support key

Cameron 10
(Ron, Head, Nuclear Development Division, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, "The 2050 roadmap for nuclear: making a global difference," http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2010/papers/cameron.pdf-http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2010/papers/cameron.pdf)

Policy, financial and social aspects For countries pursuing a nuclear programme, this roadmap
AND
a neutral or uncommitted stance from the government is likely to deter investors.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Manufacturing – 1AC

SMRs key to manufacturing – other designs don’t solve –

1) Scale and flexibility

Freed 10
(Josh, director of the Clean Energy Program at Third Way, "Thinking Small on Nuclear Power," September 2010, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/340/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Thinking_Small_On_Nuclear_Power.pdf-http://content.thirdway.org/publications/340/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Thinking_Small_On_Nuclear_Power.pdf)

The imperative of creating more diverse clean energy applications has spawned the design of several
AND
existing nuclear waste into electricity, dramatically reducing problems of waste storage. 14

2) Uses domestic components – and spurs exports

ITA 11
(U.S. Department of Commerce – International Trade Administration, "The Commercial Outlook in the U.S. for Small Modular Reactors," 2-09-11, http://nuclearinfrastructure.org/resources/20110209CommerceSMRReport.pdf-http://nuclearinfrastructure.org/resources/20110209CommerceSMRReport.pdf)

Impact of SMRs on U.S. Job Creation A serious obstacle to the
AND
opposed to the localiza tion that is typically necessary for building larger reactors. 

Specifically key to the chemical industry

Huddar 12
(Lakshana, Supply Chain Management Intern at Bayer HealthCare and writer for the Berkeley Energy and Resources Collaborative, "AREVA’S NUCLEAR REACTOR DESIGN GETS GREEN LIGHT FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT," 3-6-12, http://berc.berkeley.edu/arevas-nuclear-reactor-design-gets-green-light-for-further-development/-http://berc.berkeley.edu/arevas-nuclear-reactor-design-gets-green-light-for-further-development/)

AREVA’s small modular nuclear reactor design was recently chosen by the Next Generation Nuclear Plant
AND
in the chemical industry. The specific process depends on the output temperature.

Solves extinction

Baum 99 (Rudy M., C%26EN Washington, Chemical and Engineering News, Millennium Special Report, 12-6, http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html-http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html)

Here is the fundamental challenge we face: The world’s growing and aging population must
AND
mysteries and provide for humanity’s basic and not-so-basic needs.

Chemical industry checks bio-accumulation

Hammer 96 (W. Burton, "What is the Relationship Among Cleaner Production, Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization and ISO 14000?", http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/other/WEBx0072xPA/manual_cdrom/-http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/other/WEBx0072xPA/manual_cdrom/ CPlinks/pdfs/con199601.pdf)

The chemical industry is critical for sustainable development because of its primary role in the
AND
forests, which in the long run lead to a better business environment.

Extinction

Montague 91 (Peter, Editor – Rachel’s Health and Environment Weekly, "Real Hope For The Great Lakes: Local Groups Form ’Zero Discharge Alliance’," 3-20, http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn225.htm-http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn225.htm)

Bioaccumulative toxins are dangerous because amounts that seem harmless are multiplied as they pass through
AND
if it is continued, can only lead to the extinction of humans.

Reliance on foreign manufacturing compromises weapons systems and heg

Ezell 11
(Stephen J., Senior Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, "The Case for a National Manufacturing Strategy," April 2011, http://www2.itif.org/2011-national-manufacturing-strategy.pdf-http://www2.itif.org/2011-national-manufacturing-strategy.pdf)

Manufacturing is Vital to U.S. National Security A strong manufacturing base is
AND
preserving and revitalizing the nation’s defense industrial base in the coming decades." 58

Faulty weapons systems cause accidental nuclear war

Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, "Could Terrorists Launch America’s Nuclear Missiles?" 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
AND
, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.

Heg solves extinction

Brzezinski 12 (Zbigniew, Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies – Johns Hopkins University, Counselor – CSIS and Trustee and Co-Chair – CSIS Advisory Board, Former National Security Advisor – Carter, "After America", Foreign Policy, January / February, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic les/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full)

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
AND
policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Manufacturing industry’s key to the economy

Ezell 11
(Stephen J., Senior Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, "The Case for a National Manufacturing Strategy," April 2011, http://www2.itif.org/2011-national-manufacturing-strategy.pdf-http://www2.itif.org/2011-national-manufacturing-strategy.pdf)

Manufacturing is a Key Driver of Employment Growth and Source of High-paying Jobs
AND
jobs they support—will be by increasing U.S. manufacturing.

Extinction

Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. 

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

SMR Leadership – 1AC

US SMR leadership is declining – only removing NRC licensing restrictions solves

Tucker 11
(William, energy writer for the American Spectator, "America’s Last Nuclear Hope," March 2011, http://0101.nccdn.net/1_5/28c/010/2c9/America-s-Last-Nuclear-Hope-Tucker-TAS.pdf-http://0101.nccdn.net/1_5/28c/010/2c9/America-s-Last-Nuclear-Hope-Tucker-TAS.pdf)

That America is going to miss the revival of nuclear power that is reaching into
AND
. But it is going to be a much closer call this time.

U.S. SMR leadership shapes international decisions on reactor tech

Rosner 11
(Robert, director of Argonne National Laboratory, "Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.," November 2011, http://www.nuclearinfrastructure.org/resources/SMR_White_Paper_Version_111111jh__3__vs_print.pdf-http://www.nuclearinfrastructure.org/resources/SMR_White_Paper_Version_111111jh__3__vs_print.pdf)

As stated earlier, SMRs have the potential to achieve significant greenhouse gas emission reductions
AND
Japan, Korea, Russia, and, now rapidly emerging, China.

Global development’s inevitable – only a question of whether the US leads

Hiruo 10
(Elaine, Managing Editor of Platts, "SMR technology gives US chance at market leadership, vendors say," 9-2-10, Lexis)

The US nuclear industry lost its leadership position in the global market for large reactors
AND
the global market first with a reactor already operating on its home turf.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

Prolif – 1AC

SMR leadership cements the US ability to shape global prolif norms – stops transfers

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J.,  Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)

Combating proliferation with US leadership Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering
AND
reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.

Shaping norms leverages great power rivals

Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Solves multiple existential threats

Jervis 9 – Professor of International Politics
Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse

To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can
AND
vision and believe that its leadership is benign. ~[End Page 211~]

Proliferation’s inevitable —- U.S. leadership makes it safe and stable

Buckner 1 (Buckner and Sanders (Mel and Thomas, Chair of the ANS Special Committee on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Senior Consultant, Strategic Materials Technology Department/Savannah River Technology Center, at Westinghouse Savannah River Company, in Aiken, S. C. Thomas L. Sanders is Vice-Chair of SCNN and Manager, Nuclear Initiatives, at Sandia National Laboratories, Nuclear News, February, http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/ms2001080/ms2001080.html)

With the end of the Cold War, a new global nuclear infrastructure is evolving
AND
stage and to observe and understand the civilian nuclear programs of emerging nations."

Global nuclear war

Taylor 1 (Theodore, Chair – NOVA, Former Nuclear Weapons Designer and Former Deputy Director – Defense Nuclear Agency, "Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", Breakthrough: Emerging New Thinking, http://www-ee.stanf-http://www-ee.stanf/ ord.edu/~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/taylor.html)

Nuclear proliferation - be it among nations or terrorists - greatly increases the chance of
AND
, the small nuclear war could easily escalate into a global nuclear war.

Nuclear leadership solves every major impact

Stanley 7 (Elizabeth Stanley, Ph.D. in Government – Harvard University, Assistant Professor – Georgetown University, Member – National Security Advisement Board of Sandia National Laboratories, "International Perceptions of U.S. Nuclear Policy" http://www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/2007/070903.pdf-http://www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/2007/070903.pdf)

Perceptual relationships, however, are another matter. The third implication of this research
AND
those reactions. The strategic interaction is complex and incredibly difficult to model.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Josh Grace

The United States federal government should allow small modular reactor designs to deviate from current licensing regulations based on an integrated analysis of the features of the plant.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia CG | Judge: Aaron Hardy

T – Reduce Restriction –2AC

Counter-interp – regulations are restrictions

Words and Phrases 7 (37A W%26P, p. 406)

N.H. 1938. As used in
AND
, 89 N.H. 483.—Zoning 9.

Reduce is to decrease

Random House 6 (Unabridged Dictionary, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reduce)

to bring down to a
AND
one’s weight by 10 pounds.

Literature base – alternate licensing pathways are the heart of the debate on removing NRC restrictions

Holt 10
(Mark, specialist in energy policy at the Congressional Research Service, "Nuclear Energy Policy," 11-25-11, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t%26rct=j%26q=%26esrc=s%26source=web%26cd=31%26cad=rja%26ved=0CB8QFjAAOB4%26url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsdl.org%2F%3Fview%26did%3D718400%26ei=o486UP_1FvOLyAH4poCwBQ%26usg=AFQjCNElsKHpMaqS6GAqW956ZXal8YHFqw-http://www.google.com/url?sa=t%26rct=j%26q=%26esrc=s%26source=web%26cd=31%26cad=rja%26ved=0CB8QFjAAOB4%26url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsdl.org%2F%3Fview%26did%3D718400%26ei=o486UP_1FvOLyAH4poCwBQ%26usg=AFQjCNElsKHpMaqS6GAqW956ZXal8YHFqw)

A fundamental concern in the nuclear regulatory debate is the performance of NRC in issuing
AND
in lax oversight of nuclear power plants and routine exemptions from safety requirements.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia CG | Judge: Aaron Hardy

2AC

Reactor firms will contract with China – transfers the tech to them

Behr 11
(Peter, reporter for ClimateWire covering electricity policy and nuclear power issues, "Futuristic U.S. Power Reactor May Be Developed Overseas," 6-23-11, http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=all)

Reynolds said TerraPower hopes to secure a government partner for the pilot plant this year
AND
the U.S. from doing the same thing," he said.

They’ll sell it to Pakistan

Cullinane 11
(Scott, Staff Associate for the Oversight %26 Investigations Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, "America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy," 9-28-10, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376)

The risk to America The international trade of nuclear material is hazardous in that every
AND
with very unsavory governments seems likely to increase the risks involving nuclear material. 

Nuclear war

Weitz 10
(Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at Hudson Institute, "South Asia’s Nuclear War Risk," 7-12-10, http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/12/south-asia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-war-risk/?all=true-http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/12/south-asia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-war-risk/?all=true)

US State Department Spokesman Philip Crowley, speaking last month, indicated that the United
AND
is particularly prone to a destabilizing arms race. And perhaps nuclear war.

Current reactors make accidents inevitable – transitioning to SMRs is key

Hurst 11
(Timothy, editor at Ecopolitology and Earth %26 Industry as well as the executive editor of the LiveOAK Media Network, "Are Small Nuclear Reactors Safer?" http://www.celsias.com/article/are-small-nuclear-reactors-safer/-http://www.celsias.com/article/are-small-nuclear-reactors-safer/)

In the wake of the deadly earthquake and tsunami that struck northeastern Japan on Friday
AND
nuclear power plants — plants that obviously are not impervious to environmental threats.

Extinction

Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=457%26journalID=63)

The intense radioactive heat within today’s operating reactors is the hottest anywhere on the planet
AND
core of our life and of all future generations must be shut down. 

Tritium doesn’t cause prolif

Holdren 91 (John, Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, "Safety and Environmental Aspects of Fusion Energy", Annual Review of Energy %26 Environment, 16, p. 251-252)

Unwanted Links to Nuclear Weaponry
An electricity-supply system based on fusion would be less likely than a fission
AND
an attractive option by governments) than is diversion from fissile fuel cycles.
In principle, tritium in D-T fusion reactors could be stolen by subnational
AND
the sense that fissile materials are (1 1 2, 1 13).
The development of an ICF capability by countries not possessing thermonuclear weaponry could convey insights and calculational capabilities relevant to the design of such weapons (112, 114). This, too, is a possible concern with respect to governments but not with respect to subnationa1 groups, and its importance even in the case of governments has been the subject of considerable disagreement (115).

Tritium is inevitable

ITER 12 (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, "Fuelling the Fusion Reaction", http://www.iter.org/sci/fusionfuels)

Tritium is a fast-decaying radioelement of
AND
 present in the plasma at any one time.

1AR – Perm – do CP

Our licensing pathway doesn’t include LWRs – our solvency advocate

Reynolds 10
(Roger S., Adjunct Mechanical Engineering Professor WSU Tri-Cities, "APPLICABILITY OF THE NRC LIGHT WATER REACTOR LICENSING PROCESS TO SMRs," July 2010, https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf-https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf)

For SMRs of the LWR design, the exemption process is sufficient for licensing.
AND
i.e., a convincing demonstration that the design is safe enough.

Plan doesn’t include LWRs

Moor 10
(Philip, Chair of High Bridge Associates, "Interim Report of the American Nuclear Society President’s Special Committee on Small and Medium Sized Reactor (SMR) Generic Licensing Issues," July 2010, http://www.ans.org/pi/smr/ans-smr-report.pdf-http://www.ans.org/pi/smr/ans-smr-report.pdf)

A new class of small modular reactors has been specifically designed to meet the electrical
AND
turn on whether a clear licensing framework exists, perhaps utilizing the ML.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia CG | Judge: Aaron Hardy

Renewables DA – 2AC

US nuke power’s inevitable

Silverstein 12
(Ken, Energy Central editor, contributor to Forbes, "Nuclear Energy Won’t Die," 5-7-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/05/07/nuclear-energy-wont-die/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/05/07/nuclear-energy-wont-die/)

Some thought that nuclear energy may get buried after the Japanese Fukushima deluge. But
AND
among energy insiders here is that it would lead to more such construction.

So is global SMR deployment

Ross 12
(Kelvin, Deputy Editor at Power Engineering, "Chain reaction," 1-5-12, http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-20/issue-5/features/chain-reaction.html-http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-20/issue-5/features/chain-reaction.html)

Small modular reactors Small (300 MW and under) and medium (300–
AND
a hybrid renewables SMR — make them the best option for developing nations.

DOE funding triggers perception links but doesn’t take out the aff

Biello 12
(David, associate editor for environment and energy at Scientific American, "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power," 4-19-12, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power)

But the Department of Energy funding may only support two designs. Innovation spurred by
AND
the world in safety, if we’re not building new nuclear power plants."

SMRs solve the smart grid

Loudermilk 11
(Micah J.,  Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, contracted through ASE Inc., "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs," 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)

Nuclear vs. Alternatives: a realistic picture When discussing the energy security contributions offered
AND
in fact prove instrumental to enabling the smart grid to become a reality.

Smart grid’s key to renewables

Eco20/20 12 ("How the Smart Grid will Effect Renewable Energy", http://www.eco20-20.com/How-the-Smart-Grid-will-Effect-Renewable-Energy.html)

With all this money being spent towards the creation of the smart grid, what
AND
that not only big power companies can do, but every household can.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: Jordan Foley

SMR Leadership – China Scenario – 1AC

China’s using SMRs to cement its overall leadership – US action’s key to overtake them

Cullinane 11
(Scott, Staff Associate for the Oversight %26 Investigations Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, "America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy," 9-28-10, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376)

Due to a confluence of events the United States has recently focused more attention on
AND
which if proved successful, could potentially redefine the commercial nuclear energy trade. 

Action now is key – any delay allows China to get ahead

Wheeler 12
(Brian, editor of Power Engineering magazine, "Developing Small Modular Reactor Designs in the U.S," 4-1-12, http://www.power-eng.com/articles/npi/print/volume-5/issue-2/nucleus/developing-small-modular-reactor-designs-in-the-us.html-http://www.power-eng.com/articles/npi/print/volume-5/issue-2/nucleus/developing-small-modular-reactor-designs-in-the-us.html)

The development of small modular reactors in the U.S. continues to gain
AND
Russians," said Bob Prince, vice chairman and CEO, Gen4 Energy.

NRC barriers are forcing companies to move to China – gives them access to the tech

Behr 11
(Peter, reporter for ClimateWire covering electricity policy and nuclear power issues, "Futuristic U.S. Power Reactor May Be Developed Overseas," 6-23-11, http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=all)

The TerraPower "wave reactor" concept is backed by Microsoft’s Bill Gates, is
AND
can do, and here is the proof that it works.’"

They’ll sell it to Pakistan and Iran

Cullinane 11
(Scott, Staff Associate for the Oversight %26 Investigations Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, "America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy," 9-28-10, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376-http://www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376)

The risk to America The international trade of nuclear material is hazardous in that every
AND
with very unsavory governments seems likely to increase the risks involving nuclear material. 

Chinese sales to Pakistan cause nuclear war – assumes their defense

Weitz 10
(Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at Hudson Institute, "South Asia’s Nuclear War Risk," 7-12-10, http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/12/south-asia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-war-risk/?all=true-http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/12/south-asia%E2%80%99s-nuclear-war-risk/?all=true)

US State Department Spokesman Philip Crowley, speaking last month, indicated that the United
AND
is particularly prone to a destabilizing arms race. And perhaps nuclear war.

Reactor sales pacify Iran – they stay silent on Uighur crackdowns

Blumenthal 5
(Dan, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, "Providing Arms," Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2005, http://www.meforum.org/695/providing-arms-http://www.meforum.org/695/providing-arms)

Marketing to the Mullahs While Iranian advances in its nuclear program have focused new light
AND
Arabia, the financial and military deals trump the plight of Chinese Muslims.

Crackdowns cause civil war

Rotar 4 (Igor, Expert in Central Asian Politics, Correspondnet – Eurasia Net, and Central Asia Correspondent – Forum-18 (Norway), Jamestown Foundation, 4(8), 4-15)

’Chinese Chechnya’ is how - only half-jokingly - Central Asians refer to the
AND
ideology, may well plunge the region into a protracted and violent struggle. 

Spurs fragmentation and extinction – even without escalation

Yee 2 (Herbert, Associate Professor of Government – Hong Kong Baptist University and Ian Storey, Asian-Pacific Center for Security Studies, China Threat: Perception, Myths, and Reality, p. 5)

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a china threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: Jordan Foley

T – Must Remove Barriers – 2AC

Reduce means to make smaller – not to eliminate

Collins 9
(Collins English Dictionary – Complete %26 Unabridged, 10^th Edition, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reduce?s=ts-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reduce?s=ts)

reduce (rɪˈdjuːs) — vb ( also intr ) to make or become smaller in size, number, extent, degree, intensity, etc

Restriction means policy limitation – including regulation

PLD 12
(People’s Law Dictionary – site last updated 2012, http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1835-http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1835)

restriction n. any limitation on activity, by statute, regulation or contract provision. In multi-unit real estate developments, condominium and cooperative housing projects managed by homeowners’ associations or similar organizations, such organizations are usually required by state law to impose restrictions on use. Thus, the restrictions are part of the "covenants, conditions and restrictions" intended to enhance the use of common facilities and property which are recorded and incorporated into the title of each owner.

Licensing is a barrier to SMR production

DOE 12
(U.S. Department of Energy – Nuclear Energy – Subcommittee on Small Modular Reactors, "A Strategic Framework for SMR Deployment," 2-24-12, http://www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR%20Strategic%20Framework.pdf-http://www.ne.doe.gov/smrsubcommittee/documents/SMR Strategic Framework.pdf)

The potential barrier that licensing could pose to the commercial development of SMRs puts it at the forefront of strategic issues. Phase 1 of the strategic framework is focused directly on this challenge. Assuming this can be overcome, the next issue is to understand the potential for SMRs to compete in the marketplace. To assess this challenge, a quick review of the basic SMR business model may be useful.

Seriously, it’s a restriction

NRC 5
(Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Backgrounder on Nuclear Power Plant Licensing Process," July 2005, http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/licensing-process-bg.html-http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/licensing-process-bg.html)

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is responsible for licensing and regulating the operation
AND
health and safety, the common defense and security, and the environment.

Plan reduces that restriction

Navetta 10
(Michael S., Manager at Energy Park Initiative, "Small Modular Reactor Demonstration Complex," http://www.srscro.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Small-Modular-Reactor-Demonstration-Complex.pdf-http://www.srscro.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Small-Modular-Reactor-Demonstration-Complex.pdf)

Within the test bed, the design, construction, and operation of the SMR would be demonstrated in parallel with the NRC licensing process. This would effectively remove NRC rulemaking and licensing from the critical path of commercial deployment; enabling schedule savings of up to 10 years. 

The LWR regulatory structure is a restriction

Reynolds 10
(Roger S., Adjunct Mechanical Engineering Professor WSU Tri-Cities, "APPLICABILITY OF THE NRC LIGHT WATER REACTOR LICENSING PROCESS TO SMRs," July 2010, https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf-https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf)

All SMR designs deviate to a greater or lesser extent from the standard large-
AND
that currently govern the licensing of nuclear power reactors in the United States.

Plan allows SMRs to deviate from those restrictions

Kadak 3
(Andrew C., Professor of the Practice in the MIT Department of Nuclear Engineering, "Licensing and Deployment of Advanced Reactors," http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/papers1_files/Licensing.pdf-http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/papers1_files/Licensing.pdf)

The deployment of advanced reactors of the type proposed for Generation IV will require a
AND
These will surely challenge the existing regulatory system if changes are not made.

T – Must Remove Barriers – 1AR

"Restrictions" mean regulation

Webster’s 1 – Merriam Webster’s Dictionary – via Lawyers.com, "Legal Glossary – Restriction", http://research.lawyers.com/glossary/restriction.html)

Restriction
Definition - Noun
1: something that restricts: as
a: a regulation that restricts or restrains
b: a limitation on the use or enjoyment of property or a facility
2 a: an act of restricting
b: the state of being restricted 

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: Jordan Foley

States/Devolution CP – 2AC

CP gets rolled back

Fentiman 1
(Audeen W., Associate Professor in Nuclear Engineering at The Ohio State University, "What Is an NRC Agreement State?" 2-6-01, http://ohioline.osu.edu/rer-fact/rer_71.html-http://ohioline.osu.edu/rer-fact/rer_71.html)

Under federal law, the commercial use of most types of radioactive materials in the
AND
Agreement State, it can request that the NRC resume its previous duties.

Doesn’t solve signal

Miller 12
(Warren F. "Pete," TEES Research Professor, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A%26M University, "Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets," July 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf-http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership in Nuclear Energy Markets.pdf)

COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR OPERATIONS As the world’s largest commercial nuclear operator and dominant weapons state,
AND
in domestic nuclear energy activities could erode U.S. international standing.

Federal assurances are key to investment

Yurman 10
(Dan, consultant to firms in the global nuclear energy industry in the area of social media and marketing communications, "NEI seeks consensus on licensing small reactors," 8-18-10, http://djysrv.blogspot.com/2010/08/nei-seeks-consensus-on-licensing-small.html-http://djysrv.blogspot.com/2010/08/nei-seeks-consensus-on-licensing-small.html)

What NEI hopes to do, according to Genoa, "is to create a
AND
signals that indicate the existence of a market for SMR technology . . ."

Court can’t change NRC licensing

US Court of Appeals 84
("NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION and United States of America, Respondents,Southern California Edison Company, et al., Intervenors," http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/742/742.F2d.1546.83-1879.html-http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/742/742.F2d.1546.83-1879.html)

42 U.S.C. Sec. 2232(a) (1982
AND
See 5 U.S.C. Sec. 706 (1982).

Sends a mixed message

deLisle 2 (Jacques, Professor – University of Pennsylvania Law School, "A "Sinical" Look at the Use of U.S. Litigation to Address Human Rights Abuses Abroad", DePaul Law Review, Winter, 52 DePaul L. Rev. 473, Lexis)

It still might be supposed that courts roving about enforcing an expanding body of international
AND
them as expressions of the foreign policy positions of the American government. 211

Jacks investment

Moor 10
(Philip, Chair of High Bridge Associates, "Interim Report of the American Nuclear Society President’s Special Committee on Small and Medium Sized Reactor (SMR) Generic Licensing Issues," July 2010, http://www.ans.org/pi/smr/ans-smr-report.pdf-http://www.ans.org/pi/smr/ans-smr-report.pdf)

A new class of small modular reactors has been specifically designed to meet the electrical
AND
turn on whether a clear licensing framework exists, perhaps utilizing the ML.

Congress won’t comply

Mikva and Bleich 91 (Abner J., Chief Judge – US Court of Appeals for DC, and Law Clerk, "When Congress Overrules the Court", California Law Review, May, 79 Calif. L. Rev. 729, Lexis)

Our intention, here, is to understand these recent struggles between Congress and the
AND
one branch to politicize the Constitution in order to accomplish its policy objectives.

No solvency —- delay

Klein 84 (Mitchell S. G., MA and Ph.D in Political Science – Northwestern University, Law, Courts, and Policy, p. 117-118)

The aphorism "Justice delayed is justice denied" finds support from nay court analysts
AND
also produces an unhealthy emphasis on the desirability of settling out of court.  

Reactor firms will contract with China in 2012 – transfers the tech to them

Behr 11
(Peter, reporter for ClimateWire covering electricity policy and nuclear power issues, "Futuristic U.S. Power Reactor May Be Developed Overseas," 6-23-11, http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=all)

Reynolds said TerraPower hopes to secure a government partner for the pilot plant this year
AND
the U.S. from doing the same thing," he said.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: Jordan Foley

Elections – Obama Good – Russia Relations – 2AC

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, "Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead", Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

No cooperation

Kramer 10 (David, Senior Transatlantic Fellow – German Marshall Fund and Former Assistant Secretary of State, "Resetting U.S.-Russian Relations: It Takes Two", Washington Quarterly, January, p. 61-62)

President Barack Obama deserves credit for his initial efforts to reverse the deterioration in relations
AND
issues offers much promise for building a strong foundation for the bilateral relationship. 

No chance of overt hostility

Newsday 5 (2-27, Lexis)

Relations between Washington and Moscow are now more like a marriage of convenience. It’s
AND
to cooperate on mutually useful issues and by fundamental disagreements not easily resolved.

No difference on foreign policy

Miller 12 (Aaron David, Distinguished Scholar – Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Barack O’Romney", Foreign Policy, 5-23, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/23/barack_oromney?print=yes%26hidecomments=yes%26page=full)

I raise the idea to drive home a
AND
much greater convergence.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wake Forest HQ | Judge: Jordan Foley

Elections – Obama Good – GSU Day 2 Uniqueness – 2AC

Romney win- undecided break for the challenger and polls oversample dems

The Examiner, 9-19-2012 http://www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-likely-win-presidential-election-shown-by-three-key-polls-http://www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-likely-win-presidential-election-shown-by-three-key-polls

Rasmussen Reports has released today, three key polls that show Mitt Romney’s likely win
AND
described political views (liberal, conservative and moderate) for increased accuracy.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cornell | Judge: Michael Hall

The United States federal government should remove licensing barriers for small modular reactor designs that successfully demonstrate the inherent safety qualities of the design.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Cornell | Judge: Michael Hall

Accidents – 2AC

Current reactors make accidents inevitable – transitioning to SMRs is key

Hurst 11

(Timothy, editor at Ecopolitology and Earth and Industry as well as the executive editor of the LiveOAK Media Network, “Are Small Nuclear Reactors Safer?” http://www.celsias.com/article/are-small-nuclear-reactors-safer/)

In the wake of the deadly earthquake and

AND
  to environmental threats.

Extinction

Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=457andjournalID=63)

The intense radioactive heat within today's operating reactors

AND

of all future generations must be shut down.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: Spies, Kallmyer, Brovero
The United States federal government should remove licensing regulations for small modular reactor designs that successfully demonstrate the inherent safety qualities of the design.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: Spies, Kallmyer, Brovero

DoD Specifications CP – 2AC

Plan solves the net benefit

King 11
(Marcus, Research Analyst and Project Director at CNA Corporation’s Center for Naval Analyses, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations," March 2011, https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf-https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf)

Certification and licensing issues The most basic licensing issue relates to whether NRC will have
AND
power plant based on an SMR is shown in figure 5 ~[46~].

DoD can’t regulate SMR safety – makes accidents inevitable

King 11
(Marcus, Research Analyst and Project Director at CNA Corporation’s Center for Naval Analyses, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations," March 2011, https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf-https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf)

A significant liability to DoD ownership and operation is having full responsibility for all risks
AND
depend on the type of nuclear power plant built on a DoD installation.

Extinction

Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=457%26journalID=63)

The intense radioactive heat within today’s operating reactors is the hottest anywhere on the planet
AND
core of our life and of all future generations must be shut down. 

CP’s illegal – no plants get built

Xie 11
(Yanmei, Reporter with Pundit Productions, Inc, a Radio Broadcasting Stations business in Washington, DC, "Anti-nuke group says SRS contractor trying to skirt regulation of reactors," 1-24-11, Lexis)

An Energy Department contractor has come under fire for attempting to build nuclear reactors without
AND
dichotomy there that we have to be very aware of," he said.

Doesn’t solve signal

Miller 12
(Warren F. "Pete," TEES Research Professor, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A%26M University, "Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets," July 2012, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf-http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership in Nuclear Energy Markets.pdf)

COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR OPERATIONS As the world’s largest commercial nuclear operator and dominant weapons state,
AND
in domestic nuclear energy activities could erode U.S. international standing.

Jacks investment

Moor 10
(Philip, Chair of High Bridge Associates, "Interim Report of the American Nuclear Society President’s Special Committee on Small and Medium Sized Reactor (SMR) Generic Licensing Issues," July 2010, http://www.ans.org/pi/smr/ans-smr-report.pdf-http://www.ans.org/pi/smr/ans-smr-report.pdf)

A new class of small modular reactors has been specifically designed to meet the electrical
AND
turn on whether a clear licensing framework exists, perhaps utilizing the ML.

No spillover- DOD can’t drive investments

Paul Dimotakis, The MITRE Corporation, 2006 ~[December 09, 2006, Reducing DoD Fossil-Fuel Dependence, http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/fossil.pdf~~] 

2. The 2006 DoD fossil-fuel budget is, approximately, 2.
AND
cycles that, as a consequence, provide poor standards for fuel consumption.

Benefits of DOD acquisition of SMR is overstated- not the greatest thing since sliced bread- overlooks unknowns

Terrence P. Smith, CSIS, 2-16-2011 http://csis.org/blog/idea-i-can-do-without-small-nuclear-reactors-military-installations-http://csis.org/blog/idea-i-can-do-without-small-nuclear-reactors-military-installations

The National Defense University’s Institute for National Strategic Studies recently released a report on Small
AND
(4) See my first point, but add in military advantage.

Status quo solves- DOD already trying to procure SMR tech

William J. Barattino is the chief executive officer at Global Broadband Solutions, 1-23-2012 http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/01/23/small-modular-reactors-on-military-installations/-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/01/23/small-modular-reactors-on-military-installations/

Federal agencies have been directed by public laws and executive orders to reduce energy consumption
AND
current base electricity costs; and reductions in GHGs with use of SMRs.

Exemptions create more unpredictability – and links to politics

Reynolds 10
(Roger S., Adjunct Mechanical Engineering Professor WSU Tri-Cities, "APPLICABILITY OF THE NRC LIGHT WATER REACTOR LICENSING PROCESS TO SMRs," July 2010, https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf-https://smr.inl.gov/Document.ashx?path=DOCS%2fReading+Room%2fPolicy+and+regulation%2fANS+SMR+APPLICABILITY+OF+THE+NRC+LWR+LICENSING+PROCESS+910.pdf)

2. EXEMPTIONS In some respects, SMR design characteristics are favorable to safety and
AND
CFR to accommodate the licensing of SMRs of the non‐LWR variety. 

Any bureaucratic delay guts signal

Levy 12
(Edward, recently graduated with an MSc in Globalisation and Development from London University’s School of Oriental and African Studies, "Small Modular Reactors: What’s on the Horizon for 2012?" Nuclear Energy Insider, 2-1-12, http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/small-modular-reactors/small-modular-reactors-what%E2%80%99s-horizon-2012-http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/small-modular-reactors/small-modular-reactors-what%E2%80%99s-horizon-2012)

Innovation and the prospects of a much cheaper, safer and versatile nuclear technology have
AND
as a gold standard, with instant credibility enabling expansion to international markets.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: Spies, Kallmyer, Brovero

Electricity Prices DA – 2AC

Gas prices high and increasing

HPM, 7/11/12 (Huffington Post Money, "Electricity Prices Rise Despite Cheaper Costs For Utility Companies", Jonathan Fahey, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/11/electric-prices-rise-despite-cheap-production_n_1665946.html)
NEW YORK — A plunge in the price of natural gas has made it cheaper
AND
. That has eaten up any potential savings from the production of electricity.

Prices are volatile—only the plan solves

Adams, 12 (Rod, advocate with small nuclear plant operating and design experience and former submarine Engineer Officer, June 3, "Brief summary of recent natural gas price history", http://atomicinsights.com/2012/06/brief-summary-of-recent-natural-gas-price-history.html)
Natural gas prices are volatile. Their price pattern can generate large fortunes. The
AND
also fairly certain that the price increase will not be a temporary blip.

Prices will be competitive

DOE, 1 (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology, Report to Congress on Small Modular Nuclear Reactors, May, http://www.ne.doe.gov/pdfFiles/Cong-Rpt-may01.pdf)
Competitiveness of Small Modular Reactors¶ Using the generic estimates, the projected minimum values
AND
can be expected from SMRs of the 10 MWe and 50 MWe size.

Nuke power expansion now

Whitman 12
Christine Todd Whitman and Calvin Smyre 9/8 ~["What Plant Vogtle means for Georgia", Whitman is the co-chairwoman of the industry-funded Clean and Safe Energy Coalition, the former administrator of the EPA, Smyre is the former president of the National Black Caucus of State Legislators Foundation, 9/8/12, available online at http://chronicle.augusta.com/opinion/opinion-columns/2012-09-08/what-plant-vogtle-means-georgia-http://chronicle.augusta.com/opinion/opinion-columns/2012-09-08/what-plant-vogtle-means-georgia, accessed 9/18/12Thur~] 

In a landmark decision Feb. 9, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission approved construction and
AND
economic boost; and a reliable source of energy long into the future.

EPA regs thump gas prices

BERG 8. ~[Amanda, legislative assistant @ NCPA, "Regulating Global Warming: Expanding the Authority of the Environmental Protection Agency" National Center for Policy Analysis — Oct Regulating Global Warming: Expanding the Authority of the Environmental Protection Agency — http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba634-http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba634~]

Effects of Regulations on Energy Costs. As with other pollutants, if the EPA
AND
GDP) by %24371 billion annually, say Pennsylvania State University researchers. 

Electricity Prices DA – 1AR

Prices high and effected by things other than the plan

HPM, 7/11/12 (Huffington Post Money, "Electricity Prices Rise Despite Cheaper Costs For Utility Companies", Jonathan Fahey, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/11/electric-prices-rise-despite-cheap-production_n_1665946.html)
The average U.S. residential electricity price is expected to be 12.
AND
are usually the most expensive, they tend to be fired up last.

Natural gas price rise inevitable- EPA regs, weather and fracking concerns

The Hill, 4-26-2012 http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/224035-aep-president-warns-of-natural-gas-price-volatility-http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/224035-aep-president-warns-of-natural-gas-price-volatility
But Akins warned that natural-gas prices, which are hovering around %242
AND
the country." AEP has been very critical of EPA in the past.

Causes domestic production to plummet

WT, 3-15-2012 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/mar/15/epa-regulations-hamper-oil-gas-production-report/-http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/mar/15/epa-regulations-hamper-oil-gas-production-report/

Despite rhetoric to the contrary, the Obama administration is poised to deal a major
AND
production could fall by as much as 37 percent, the report says. 

SMRs specifically are key

McNellis, 12(6/24, David N. McNelis is director of the Center for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economic Development in the Institute for the Environment at UNC-Chapel Hill, "Safer power from smaller reactors", News Observer, http://www.newsobserver.com/2011/06/24/1295895/safer-power-from-smaller-reactors.html)
No bigger than a double-wide trailer and built in a factory for a
AND
source of energy that should be considered for use in the United States.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: Spies, Kallmyer, Brovero

Indo-Pak War – Insurgency Impact – 2AC

Even if the conflict never goes nuclear, insurgents still acquire nuclear weapons

Friedman 8 (George – CEO of Stratfor – Stratfor — December 8, 2008 — http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20081208_next_steps_indo_pakistani_crisis-http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20081208_next_steps_indo_pakistani_crisis)

Islamabad also views the crisis with India with an eye to the Pakistani nuclear arsenal
AND
a pre-emptive nuclear attack on Pakistan, something the Pakistanis find unlikely

That independently triggers nuclear war

Wallis 8 (Paul – co-founder of Stroma – and, during 2002, was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Analysts and Programmers. He also blogs at keystonesandrivets.com and has had his articles appear in Digital Journal – Digital Journal — August 18th — http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/258755-http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/258755)

If you were looking for the definition of a horrendously complex, contradictory, brutal
AND
a nuclear war zone, if any of their rhetoric ever came true.

Tournament: KYRR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kentucky GS | Judge:
1AC starts here*
Contention 1 —- Fusion

U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding

Hammond ’12
(Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, "Don’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion", New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted … is %24150 million and growing.

Increased funding is key to fusion —- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy

Burnett ’12
(Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, … zero-sum budget games moot.

Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.

Prager ’9
(Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman …. to achieve this milestone.

*Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development

Prager ’11
(Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence", The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other countries …. as quickly as possible.

Only federal funding solves

Miller 7
(Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have …. institutions. Such efforts will likely be required for an indefinite period in the future.

Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Hybrids feasible in short-term.

UT’9  
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29^th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/-http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way to use fusion … of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.

Yucca storage harms billions. This pre-empts "apocalypse" args.

Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, and therefore … catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.

Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.

Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the … the last bookkeeping error mankind ever made. 

Squo and K alts can’t get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous and goes to sea.

Cohen ’12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://www.undergroundsunshine.com/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ’fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is …. the experience of the USA perfectly reveals.

Sea waste bad – hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.

Van Dyke ’2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development %26
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor %26 Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a … cesium destined for medical purposes, but retrieval was not attempted.

Ocean harm risks major impacts.

Craig ’3
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member the U.S. National Research Council’s committee to assess the effects of the Clean Water Act’s regulation of the Mississippi River. She is currently a Professor at Florida State University College of Law. She is a leading environmental law scholar who has written important works on water and ocean and coastal issues. Professor Craig is the author of The Clean Water Act and the Constitution (Environmental Law Institute 2004), Environmental Law in Context (West 2005). Professor Craig also served as a tenured professor at the Indiana University-Indianapolis School of Law.~2~, Winter, "Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii," 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis
The world’s oceans contain …, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.

And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.

Ross ’11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of … story not being effectively told.

More US support changes the paradigm – reducing fission waste.

Silverstein ’12
(Ken Silverstein is a journalist specializing in writing about energy. He is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider. He is Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
"Despite fusion’s tantalizing …. of high-level radioactive waste.

Fusion ends current waste and won’t make more.

Holland ’12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. "America’s Energy Choices", ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not … U.S. nuclear power plants.

Contention 2 —- Fusion Leadership

Fusion spending is the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11
(Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s … and engineers stand ready to help.

Plan sends a huge signal of commitment to fusion

Kammen 7
(Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the … the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Stable and predictable funding streams are key

Thome ’12
(Kathreen, Ph.D. Candidate in Nuclear Physics – University of Wisconsin, with 257 Graduate Students, "Student Fusion Funding Letter", 3-25, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student-http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student fusionfundingletter.pdf)

• Long-term progress in fusion … but it can only move forward with adequate support.

Strong domestic fusion’s critical to an international lead role on next-gen energy

Kerry 12
(Senator John F., "Letter on Friday, March 2 to the Senate Appropriators to Support Fusion at the %24450 M Level", 3-2, http://www.pppl.gov/pdf/Kerry-JohnF.letter.pdf)

I am writing you today to … next generation of energy research.

That ruins a unique model for deep international collaboration

Holdren ’95
(John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the U.S. …individual nations to pay for it.

The impact is disease and food via boosting science partnerships.

Fedoroff ’8
(Dr. Nina, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID, "Making Science Diplomacy More Effective", Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, April 2, 2008 – available at: http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/stas/2008/105286.htm)

Chairman Baird, Ranking … advance U.S. interests in foreign policy.

Disease causes huge death tolls.

Keating ’9
(Joshua, Web Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, "The End of the World", Foreign Policy, 11-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full)

How it could happen: … a new and just as troubling complication.

Price spikes alone kill half the planet

Brown 5 (Lester, President – Earth Policy Institute, , People and the Planet, "Falling Water Tables ’Could Hit Food Supply’", 2-7, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2424)

Many Americans see terrorism … the next meal that is the overriding concern."

*This spills-over to broader US-North Korea ties – but US science cred’s key.

Thorson ’10
Dr. Stuart Thorson, Professor, Maxwell School of Political Science, Syracuse University. Dr. Thorson is directing research in the area of integrated information technology involving collaborative research teams from Syracuse University and Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, DPRK. KEIA – On Korea – Volume 3 – "Academic Science Engagement with North Korea" Aug 9^th – page 105. Also available at: http://www.keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/APS-Seo_Thorson_Final.pdf

Science diplomacy … mechanism for supporting more traditional diplomatic relationships.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase transfers of economic resources for fusion-based gigawatt generation in the United States.

Underview

First – Particularity Thesis. Critical Theory seeks "All’s" and "Always". Particularity would boost decisions and scholarship.

Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, … or actions in a given circumstance.

We can make contingent claims not based on universals. Rejoinder burden soars.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures … than does critical theory itself.

They’ll contextualize analytically. Set a HIGH BAR for proof over assertion.

Hantrais ’99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is … level of inference is being used.

Fusion is distinct and challenges military-industrial complex. Sweeping K’s HELP elites.

Razani ’12
(Rezwan, Former Instructor at Shiraz University.   MRP, City and Regional Planning @ Cornell. Bachelor of Arts, Environmental Science @ UC-Berkeley. Also serves as Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Batman Fusion Redemption", Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down. … Energy Loses. Nuclear Weapons WIN.

Swyngedouw links to our particularity K. Too sweeping and hampers opposition.

Variant ’10
Variant Magazine is an independent arts %26 culture magazine; a platform for critical debate and the circulation of challenging ideas utilising both a pulp and on-line presence. "beneath the crazy paving...  urban governance %26 ’in-between’ spaces" – December –http:www.variant.org.uk/events/pubdiscus/pub_dec2010.html
Post-Democratic Cities : For … considerably more complex." ~ LINK~

Serial Policy Failure wrong and Policy Nihilism Bad.

Tallis ’97
Raymond Tallis, Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester – Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409

If we deny or rubbish the … poverty of spirit and meanness of mind will not have the last word. 

We solve the reason abundance is bad. Their pessimism bias only boosts violent forms of progress.

Charlesworth ’7
(JJ Charlesworth, writer who regularly contributes to Time Out London and Art Monthly.  Serves as Associate Editor for ArtReview magazine and as a Tutor at the Royal College of Art. "FUSION NOW%21 Art and the Politics of Energy", Manifesto Club, 12-20, http://www.manifestoclub.com/fusionnowessay)

There are many political issues … questions of science, history, industry, aesthetics and subjectivity.

Kovel’s wrong – "technocracy" and violence claims based on flawed psychoanalysis.

Caffentzis – Review of: Against the State of Nuclear Terror by Joel Kovel – 1988
C. George Caffentzis is a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern Maine and the author of Clipped Coins, Abused Words and Civil Government – Social Text, No. 19/20 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 305-314 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/466192

In the US, where … attitude, according to Kovel.

Cap K over-explains. Not the root of either team’s offense.

Geras ’5
(Norman, Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Manchester, "The Reductions of the Left," Dissent, 52:1, Winter, p. 57-58)

THE SECOND PART …, involving large social forces.  

Reps not first

Gross ’94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. %26 Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors’ original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

We examine … the whole business as a species of con game. (79)

Root cause args wrong.

Swanson ’5
Jacinda Swanson is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Western. Michigan University – Theory, Culture %26 Society August 2005 vol. 22 no. 4 87-118 – DOI: 10.1177/0263276405054992 –The online version of this article can be found – http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/22/4/87
It is thus misleading to … range of cultural, economic and political practices. 

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

Fusion – Waste Adv v Emporia – 1AC

Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Even if full-fusion is distant, fusion neutron harnessing isn’t.

UT’9 
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, MechanicalEngineers, and Fusion Experts. "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29^th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/-http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste
AND
product of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.

Yucca storage harms billions. Our author’s qual’d and beats "exaggeration" accusations. 

Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, and therefore none of that is unthinkable. We
AND
cannot create unnecessary catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.

Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.

Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the waste at Yucca Mountain will still be deadly
AND
explosion ever. It could be the last bookkeeping error mankind ever made. 

The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous, goes to sea, and there’s few options.

Cohen ’12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://www.undergroundsunshine.com/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ’fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is one of the great non
AND
challenges are "daunting", as the experience of the USA perfectly reveals.

Waste on high seas bad – either seriously hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.

Van Dyke ’2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development %26
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor %26 Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a magnitude totally different from any previous¶ ocean cargoes
AND
carrying radioactive cesium destined for medical purposes, but retrieval was not attempted.

Harming the ocean risks major impacts.

Craig ’3 
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member
AND
jelly." 864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.

And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.

Ross ’11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of solid radioactive waste accumulating in the cooling pools next to
AND
a result of our nuclear plants, a story not being effectively told.

Enhanced US support can change the paradigm – reducing fission waste.

Silverstein ’12
(Ken Silverstein is a journalist specializing in writing about energy. He is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider. He is Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions
AND
without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

Fusion eliminates current waste and won’t make its own.

Holland ’12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. "America’s Energy Choices", ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not produce radioactive waste at nearly the same level as fission.
AND
-term environmental sustainability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

Fusion – Space Adv v Emporia – 1AC

First – fusion key to deep travel.

Kennedy ’9 
(Jack Kennedy has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He is the Co-Founder of the Energy Technology Summit; a member of the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority Board of Directors. He holds a JD, Clerk of the Circuit Court – Wise and Norton Counties, VA, and also holds Six Degrees in Business, Management, Judicial Administration, Political Science, Space Science, and Law, "Fusion: The Holy Grail for Space Propulsion Systems and Earth Energy Independence", 10-12, http://spaceports.blogspot.com/2009/10/fusion-holy-grail-for-space-propulsion.html)

’Wild card’ energy technology may prove to be humanity’s ’game-changer’ if nuclear scientists
AND
flop. Bottomline: humanity must learn atomic fusion to solve many problems.

Deep travel checks inevitable extinction – other fuels fail

Grant ’12
(Andrew, Associate Editor of Discover Magazine, former reporter and researcher for Discover and appears in The Best American Science and Nature Writing for 2011. "How to Survive the End of the Universe", Discover Magazine, 2-28, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/dec/16-how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe/article_view?b_start:int=1%26-C)

So where to next? Martian colonies could pack up the spaceship and relocate to
AND
size of Earth, and believe many billions more exist within our galaxy.

Impossible to explore space without fusion. Fission will be attempted, causing accidents.

Schulze ’92
(Norman R., United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Safety and Mission Quality, Technical Standards Division, "Fusion Energy for Space: Feasibility Demonstration", October, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930022120_1993022120.pdf)

One consideration having great importance to NASA’s research and space science future is the fact
AND
first-wall exposure become acceptable from D-3He’s reduced neutron flux.

Fission accidents are deadly

Gutheinz 5
(Joseph, Former Senior Special Agent – NASA Office of Inspector and JD, "NASA’s Plutonium Gamble", http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/plutogamble.html)

Nukes in Space The Cassini-Huygens mission is a joint project of NASA and
AND
reactors on the moon from where it will launch atomic-propelled rockets.

Fusion feasible – Aff’s push overcomes barriers.

White ’12
(et al., Anne white is an Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT. She holds a Ph.D., Physics, University of California, Los Angeles; an M.S. - Physics, University of California, Los Angeles; and a B.S. - Physics and Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson – "MIT Fusion Researchers Answer Your Questions", Slashdot Forums, 4-11, http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/12/04/11/0435231/mit-fusion-researchers-answer-your-questions)

MIT Researchers: Questions 11 and 14 are similar and we have answered them together
AND
parallel. Something similar could be done in fusion, given the money.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

Fusion – Plan v Emporia

The United States Federal Government should lift Federal Acquisition Regulations pertaining to fusion energy production in the United States.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

Fusion – K Pre-Empts v Emporia – 1AC

Framing Point – Plan is Negative State action – we lift restriction that block otherwise-large fusion donations.

Gibbons ’97
(et al; John H. Gibbons – CHAIR OF THE REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT ON FEDERAL ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY – Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy – PRESIDENT’S COMMITTEE OF ADVISORS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PANEL ON ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT – NOVEMBER 1997 – http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nov2007.pdf)

More strongly linking the fundamental energy research and applied energy research programs may also have
AND
can effectively complement, leverage, or catalyze work in the private sector.

We’re not pro-State, but we’re "anti-anti State". Some things can ONLY be solved "through the system" – and lifting existing State-exclusions on fusion are such an issue:

Barbrook ’97
(Dr. Richard, School of Westminster, Nettime, "More Provocations", 6-5, ¶ http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9706/msg00034.html)
I thought that this position is clear from my remarks about the ultra-left
AND
can be a fun artistic pose. However, human suffering is not.

Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex —- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites

Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Batman Fusion Redemption", Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down.

AND

Energy Loses.¶ Nuclear Weapons WIN.¶

"Conflix" frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory.

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf-http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)

This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
AND
new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.

Indicts on the State don’t assume our model. Such indicts assumes how the State PRESENTLY OPERATES, not how students operate after Conflix.

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf-http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)

This fits well with our conception of ironic curriculum, in the sense that students
AND
created a safe place for students to challenge the vocabulary of civics education.

Sweeping claims don’t undercut the Aff. We can advance contingent  and particular knowledge without "Big T" Epistemology.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf-http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)

One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Particularity standard best – improves decisions and scholarship.

Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain ’coercive’ (Dancy 1993:
AND
serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

And, we’ll indict "pre-fiat" and micro-politics. Those args mask that macro-politics shapes the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ’5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience %26 Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe%20files/Rematerializing%20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
AND
ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

Political analysis and advocacy creates change. Ignoring student capacity is disempowering.

Coverstone 5 (Alan, Master in Communication – Wake Forest University, "Acting On Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with a Pro-Social Impact", NCA Paper, 11-17, Not Online – Email charrigan@gmail.com For It)

Those who have co-opted Mitchell’s argument for individual advocacy often quickly respond that
AND
, and that language paves the way for genuine and effective political activism.

By over-emphasizing the "local", pre-fiat-style args breed apathy

Eliasoph ’97
Nina Eliasoph is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Southern California –Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 5 (Oct., 1997), pp. 605-647 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/658024
If it’s not something that ~pause~ effects ~pause~ my ~pause
AND
horizons, sometimes it shrinks them, sometimes it does both at once.  

That cedes the political in a dangerous way

Eliasoph ’97
Nina Eliasoph is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Southern California –Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 5 (Oct., 1997), pp. 605-647 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/658024
If the key to the mystery of "close to home" is not deformed
AND
they take anything else seriously, or acknowledge that close and far are inseparable

Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ’6 
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  "Moving Forward," The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

Fusion – Emporia’s K – Framework – 2AC

The Aff is a heuristic model —- advocacy of political reform causes familiarity and engagement —- key vehicles for change

Joyner 99 (Christopher C., Professor of International Law – Georgetown U., 5 ILSA J Int’l %26 Comp L 377, June)

Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in the social
AND
the real world of policy analysis, political critique, and legal defense.    

Advocacy of fusion eliminates conflation with fission —- unlocks support that saves the planet

Aberdeen 7 (Doug, Software Engineer, "Nuclear Fusion and Politics", 5-4, http://dougsrants.blogspot.com/2007/05/nuclear-fusion-and-politics.html)

We have a much better chance of saving the planet if we can teach our politicians the difference AND
 I suspect the fusion confusion is wide spread, and that slows down funding to the area.

(  ) General Neg ev about the State or Role-Play is too sweeping. Our PARTICULAR Conflix model teaches strategies for dealing with racial and non-race based oppression.

Oblinger ’4
(Diana Oblinger is vice president for the EDUCAUSE teaching and learning initiatives and directs the National Learning Infrastructure Initiative (NLII). Previously, Oblinger was on the faculty at Michigan State University and the University of Missouri–Columbia, where she also she served as an academic dean.– "Games in Higher Ed" – last footnote was in 2004 – article may be from 2005 –  http://www.simventure.co.uk/sites/default/files/Games%20in%20HE.pdf)
The Interactive Communications and Simulation group at the University of Michigan has developed a character
AND
of others Games allow users to evaluate their skill and compare themselves to others

they violently trade "a priori" methods for emancipation

Fearon %26Wendt 2K
~James, Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford, Alexander, Professor of IR at Ohio State, Handbook of International Relations, ed. Carlsnaes, p. 68~
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

Standpoint epistemology doesn’t come first

Chen 97 – Anthony S., Graduate Student Instructor and M.A. Candidate – Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, "Beyond Modernism and Postmodernism: Working Notes Towards an Asian American Legal Scholarship", Asian Law Journal, May, 4 Asian L.J. 97, Lexis

According to Chang, the "different voice thesis" subscribes to a version of
AND
to seek an epistemology that does not claim to know an objective reality. 

Their politics essentializes, excludes alternative perspectives, and breeds counterproductive adversarialism

Bartlett 88 – Katharine T., Professor of Law – Duke University School of Law, "Feminist Legal Methods", Harvard Law Review, February, 103 Harv. L. Rev. 829, Lexis

B. Standpoint Epistemology
The problem of knowability in feminist thought arises from the observation that what women know
AND
transformation of those ideologies that maintain the current relationships of subordination and oppression.

Tournament: Kentucky RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: Adrienne Brovero

Fusion – Emporia’s K – 2AC

(  ) Millions dying from nuclear waste

Leventhal ’99
(et al; Paul Leventhal, President of the the Nuclear Control Institute. Also a former newspaper journalist and former US congressional aide – Presented to The Special Panel Session on Spent Fuel Reprocessing Waste Management 99 Conference – March 1, 1999 – http://www.nci.org/p/pl-wm99.htm)

Senator Domenici and other advocates of commercial reprocessing and MOX fuel seem quite willing to
AND
non-solutions to energy-security and nuclear-waste management problem.

Space travel key to Overview Effect.

White ’87
Frank White, is the author of The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human
AND
understandings of unity and disunity, war and peace, competition and cooperation. 

(  ) Specifically key to solve racism.

Hearsey ’12
Christopher M. Hearsey – Deputy Executive Officer, Astrosociology Research Institute – Proceedings from the 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition –
09 - 12 January 2012 – http://www.astrosociology.org/Library/PDF/Space2011—EcologiesAndEnvironments.pdf

The Overview Effect¶ Humans’ perceptions of their surroundings determine much of their behavior.
AND
, and this may result in new types of ecosystems and space societies.

(  ) Solving waste structurally checks toxic colonialism

Pratt ’11
Laura Pratt is an Assistant City Attorney for the City of Lubbock, Texas. She obtained her J.D. from Texas Tech University School of Law, magna cum laude, Law and Science Certificate – Texas Environmental Law Journal
Winter, 2011 – lawrev; lexis 

The Côte d’Ivoire toxic waste dump represents a surprisingly persistent global trend where underdeveloped states
AND
are an important foundation to the reevaluation of the current international regulatory scheme.

(  ) Also checks racist waste policy.

Farrell ’12
(Caroline Farrell is the Executive Director of the Center on Race, Poverty %26
AND
Duke Forum for Law %26 Social Change – 2012 – lawrev; lexis)
These disparate impacts were first identified in 1987 in a groundbreaking report from the United
AND
formation of public policy, self-determination, and workplace safety. n32

(  ) New methods Turn. They reify domination via new "standards of proof" – turns oppression

Tyson ’98
CYNTHIA A. TYSON is an assistant professor in the School for Integrated Teaching and Learning and Language, Literature and Culture at the Ohio State University – Educational Researcher, Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 21-22 – 1998 – available at J-Stor
In their piece, Scheurich and Young (1997) raise the ques- tion
AND
-based methodologies will be dismantled and dissected while racist epistemologies remain intact.

Trades-off with fission marketplace:

Dean ’99
(Stephen O., Fusion Power Associates, "External Factors Affecting Fusion Energy Development", Journal of Fusion Energy, 18(2), June, p. 4)

The above data suggests that oil and gas will
AND
 and further reductions are forecast. 9

(  ) Fusion replaces fission

Stix ’96
(et al – Thomas Stix is a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, and has been a staff member of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory since 1953.Physics Today, June 1996, page 21 – available at: http://webster.aip.org/pt/articles/96/060103.htm)

Controlled fusion represents an opportunity to replace fossil fuels and nuclear fission as energy sources
AND
amounting to about 30% of the externally supplied plasma-heating energy.

(  ) Plan reduces waste production and destroys current waste. That’s our UT and Holland ev.

(  ) that checks violent waste policy towards Native Americans.

Ewall ’11  
(Mike Ewall is the founder and director of ActionPA, a state-wide environmental grassroots support group in Pennsylvania and the Energy Justice Network, a national organization to advance clean energy policies while aiding grassroots fights against dirty energy technologies. Energy Justice Network – November – http://www.energyjustice.net/files/ej/energy-ej.pdf)

Nuclear power • Nuclear power disproportionately affects communities of color, from the mining of uranium on Native American lands, to the targeting of black and Hispanic communities for new uranium processing facilities to the targeting of black and Hispanic and Native American communities for so-called "low-level" nuclear waste disposal sites. All of the sites proposed for "temporary" and permanent storage of high level nuclear waste (nuclear reactor fuel rods) have been Native American lands.

Fusion doesn’t use uranium

McCracken 12 (Garry, Ph.D. in Solid State Physics and Lecturer – Culham Plasma Physics Summer School, and Peter Stott, European Coordinator – ITER and Ph.D. in Theoretical and Experimental Plasma Physics –  Manchester University, Fusion: The Energy of the Universe, p. 198-199)

A second safety consideration is radioactive waste. A nuclear fission power plant produces two
AND
worldwide, making it impossible for any one country to monopolise the supplies.

Uses tritium and lithium

ITER 12 (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, "Fuelling the Fusion Reaction", http://www.iter.org/sci/fusionfuels)

Tritium is a fast-decaying radioelement of hydrogen
AND
 present in the plasma at any one time.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

Contention 1 —- Fusion

U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding

Hammond 12 (Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, "Don’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion", New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted federal … costs is %24150 million and growing.

Increased funding is key to U.S. fusion commercialization —- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy

Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no … budget games moot.

Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.

Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher … to achieve this milestone.

Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence", The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other …. the fusion as quickly as possible.

Only federal funding solves

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have … for an indefinite period in the future.

Fusion development cuts the trade deficit

Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will … people going into scientific and engineering fields.

Delayed R%26D makes the U.S. a fusion importer —- impact is huge

Kim 96 (Dr. Son H., Senior Research Scientist – Joint Global Change Research Institute, et al., "The Economic Value of Fusion Energy", 8-16, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=%26arnumber=553802)

The potential economic … of a commercial fusion reactor.

That sparks escalatory protectionism

Hufbauer 10 (Gary, Senior Fellow – Peterson Institute for International Economics, "US Protectionist Impulses in the Wake of the Great Recession", March, http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/hufbauer201003.pdf-http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/hufbauer201003.pdf)

The U.S. unemployment rate … instances of U.S.¶ protectionism. 

Extinction

Panzer 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)

The rise in isolationism and … of a new world war. 

Trade deficit causes China bashing —- escalates to conflict

Dorn 7 (James, Vice President for Academic Affairs – Cato Institute, "Engagement or Protectionism? US Policy towards China", Global Dialogue, 9(1-2), Winter / Spring, http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=395)

US and Chinese economic and …, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Global fusion’s inevitable —- but without the U.S., it’ll be too slow

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Perspective On: The future of Fusion", 5-12, http://www.pppl.gov/polPressReleases.cfm?doc_id=772)

Why should the U.S. … U.S. contributed. And time is important in this problem.

Quick fusion solves deforestation, NOx emissions, and water pollution

Bednyagin 10 (Dr. Dennis, Ph.D. and Research Assistant – Laboratory of Energy Systems, "Socio-Economic Assessment of Fusion Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Programme", http://biblion.epfl.ch/EPFL/theses/2010/4732/EPFL_TH4732.pdf)

Recognising the importance of … programme is undertaken.

Deforestation causes extinction

Santos 99 (Miguel, Environmental Crisis, p. 35-36)

In addition, natural …life-support systems.

Water pollution causes global collapse

Marlow 1 (Maude, Spring) National Chairperson of the Council of Canadians and IFG Committee on the Globalization of Water. "BLUE GOLD: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply," http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/BlueGold.pdf.

Perhaps the most devastating analysis of the global water crisis comes from hydrological engineer Michal Kravèík and his team of scientists at the … and, eventually, "global collapse."

NOx emissions cause ozone depletion

Cohn 94 (Pamela, B.A. in Justice, cum laude, The American University, Washington, D.C., Emory International Law Review, Spring)

Automobiles emit sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), …, adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems . . ., and potentially significant climatic changes." 15

Extinction

Greenpeace 95 (Full of Holes: Montreal Protocol and the Continuing Destruction of the Ozone Layer — A Greenpeace Report with contributions from Ozone Action, http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html)

When chemists Sherwood Rowland and … are literally the continuation of life on earth.

Contention 2 —- STEM Education

Scientists watch federal funding streams. Low fusion spending turns away grad students.

Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, "Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research", Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets-http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for …. is perhaps the greatest problem with path we’re on," Greenwald told Science.

This breaks the pipeline of STEM workers

Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., "Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era", 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget … world’s best scientists and engineers.

Multiple fields will be affected. Plan steers students back.

Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and … scientific and engineering fields.

Signal alone increases enrollment in nuclear science

Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that …of the innovation process.

Must be federal

Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future", September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology …. necessary resources or scale.

STEM recruitment’s key to a strong defense base —- solves nuclear war

O’Hanlon 11 (Michael, Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, "The National Security Industrial Base: A Crucial Asset of the United States Whose Future May Be in Jeopardy", 21^st Century Defense Initiative Policy Paper, February, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/2/defense%20ohanlon/02_defense_-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/2/defense ohanlon/02_defense_ ohanlon)

The infrastructure that the base … afflict military organizations.

Skills shortage will collapse aerospace —- STEM growth solves

Stephens 10 – Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Administration at Boeing and Chair of the Aerospace Industries Association (Richard, Testimony to the House Science and Technology Committee, 2-4,
http://www.aia-aerospace.org/assets/Stephens%20Written%20Testimony%202-4-2010(1).pdf)

We are proud to be among …fun work, and create the future.

That shatters U.S. air power —- suppliers are on the brink

Thompson 9 (David, President – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, "The Aerospace Workforce", Federal News Service, 12-10, Lexis)

Aerospace systems are of … space sector relies on.

Global nuclear war

Tellis 98 (Ashley, Senior Political Scientist – RAND, "Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century", http://www.rand. org/publications/MR/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf)

This subsection attempts to … the time frames examined in this report. 

The entire domestic nuclear program will become ineffective

Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Continue Funding C-Mod", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion … put it’s money to good use.

University-level nuclear science is key to maintain the nuclear stockpile

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The situation in the world … products from oil shale and tar sands.

Decline cracks the backbone of deterrence

Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., "Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century", Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States is quickly … should not undercut US nonproliferation goals.

It’s failing and risks great power conflict

Spring 12 (Baker, F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy – Heritage Foundation, and Michaela Bendikova, Research Assistant for Missile Defense and Foreign Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, "Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad", Heritage Backgrounder, 1-27, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2646.pdf)

Abstract: The U.S. nuclear triad … capability, it is that it demands constant and undivided attention.5

Global nuclear war

Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent", Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a … than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Nuclear science stops testing —- monitors arms control and maintains the SSP

Henning 10 (Walter, Senior Physicist – Argonne National Laboratory and Member – American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Accelerators for America’s Future", June, http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep-http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep ort.pdf)

From the earliest days of their … reactor facilities for production.

SSP failure forces testing

Smith 98 (Harold P., Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Richard S. Soll, Senior Scientist and Head of Special Projects – Science Applications International Corporation, "Challenges of Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Under A Comprehensive Test Ban", Arms Control Today, March, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/304)

In the absence of underground … of Defense would play a critical role in such a momentous step.

Global nuclear war

Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms … It is time to speak out.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support targeted exclusively toward fusion energy production in the United States.

Preempts

We’re topical —- applied R%26D is targeted at production and distinct from basic research

EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
Federal energy-related R%26D … improved nuclear power plants.

"Financial incentives" are resource transfer to lower cost of production. Includes R%26D.

EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and … of revenue by the Government. 

A2: Fusion Infeasible – 2AC

JET, ITER, and the Sun prove it’s feasible. Money’s key.

Forshaw 12 (Jeff, Professor of Theoretical Physics – University of Manchester, "Nuclear fusion – Your Time Has Come", The Guardian, 9-10, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/sep/16/nuclear-fusion-iter-jet-forshaw?newsfeed=true)

A fusion reactor called Iter is  Torus (Jet) in Culham, Oxfordshire.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

Oil – 2AC

Fusion doesn’t link —- only competes with renewables and fission

Dean 99 (Stephen O., Fusion Power Associates, "External Factors Affecting Fusion Energy Development", Journal of Fusion Energy, 18(2), June, p. 4)

The above data suggests that … further reductions are forecast. 9

Consumption cuts inevitable —- unsustainable and renewables will quickly develop

Kungl 10 (Kungl Vetenskapsakademien – Energy Committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, "Energy Resources and Their Utilization in a 40-Year Perspective Up to 2050", 5-3, http://www.kva.se/Documents/Vetenskap_samhallet/Energi/Utskottet/syntes_energi_eng_2010.pdf)

Global trends in energy … increase the capacity of wind power.

Global fusion’s inevitable —- it’s feasible and multiple countries are investing —- the only question is rate —- that’s Prager —- coming online by 2035

Sofge 9 (Erik, Contributing Editor – Popular Mechanics Magazine, "MIT Fights for Clean Power With Holy Grail of Fusion in Reach", Popular Mechanics, 10-1, http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/4251982)

The product of an … of the century. 

ITER triggers perception links

Malakoff 12 (David, Energy Reporter – Science Magazine, "Proposed U.S. Fusion Cuts Ignite Debate", Science Insider, 3-21, http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/03/proposed-us-fusion-cuts-ignite.html)

Members of the panel … source of funds" to meet ITER commitments, he said.

Low prices spur diversification —- key to growth and stability

Keane 11 (Jodie, Research Officer in the International Economic Development Group – Overseas Development Institute, "Diversifying Exports in the Context of Climate Change", Overseas Development Institute, April, http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7090.pdf)

The diversification of … regional trade agreements.

Global fusion spending’s high and inevitable

Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, "Fusion Energy: The Truth", Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

The Potential of Fusion Energy
It is an undeniable fact that nuclear … smaller and less ambitious companies with a chance for immediate revenue.

Oil imports are plummeting

Karl 12 (David J., President – Asia Strategy Initiative and Ph.D. in International Relations – University of Southern California, "New World Coming: America the Energy Superpower", Foreign Policy Association, 7-24, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/07/24/new-world-coming-america-the-energy-superpower/)

The energy boom upends … and gas by 2020.

Quebec sovereignty is dead

Lilith News 2-17-10
("Quebec Sovereignty is Dead", http://www.lilithnews.com/2010/02/quebec-sovereignty-is-dead.html)

According to retired … its efforts on education and economic issues. 

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

2AC- General

Multiple factors make this prediction impossible – Eurozone, Iran, healthcare, GOP infighting – AND ANY of them could sway the election in EITHER direction

Zelizer, CNN, 2-20-12
(Julian, Many wild cards could swing the 2012 presidential race, 2-20-12, http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/20/opinion/zelizer-unpredictable-election/index.html, accessed 2-22-12) PM

The outcome of the … and rapid changes in the fortunes of all the candidates

No impact

Roberts 11 (Russ, Professor of Economics – George Mason University and Research Scholar – Hoover Institution, "Political Reality Overtakes Principles So Winner Won’t Matter", The Boston Globe, 9-18, Lexis)
HOW IMPORTANT is … back on the road to recovery?

Unemployment numbers thump Obama

Alexander 3/27/12 (Rachel, Obama’s Doublespeak Will Cost Him the Election, http://townhall.com/columnists/rachelalexander/2012/03/27/obamas_doublespeak_will_cost_him_the_election-http://townhall.com/columnists/rachelalexander/2012/03/27/obamas_doublespeak_will_cost_him_the_election)

In 1980, incumbent Democrat … to rise, with wholesale inflation increasing 0.4% in February.

Winners win elections- the plan is key to Obama’s momentum- able to completely turn the tide

Creamer, 11 – political strategist for over four decades
(Robert, he and his firm, Democracy Partners, work with many of the country’s most significant issue campaigns, one of the major architects and organizers of the successful campaign to defeat the privatization of Social Security, he has been a consultant to the campaigns to end the war in Iraq, pass health care, pass Wall Street reform, he has also worked on hundreds of electoral campaigns at the local, state and national level, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment," Huffington Post, 12-23-11, html, accessed 9-1-12, mss)
 2). Strength and … has turned. And when the tide turns -when you have them on the run - that’s the time to chase them.

Elections – Obama Good – 2AC

Fusion’s too small

Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, "Fusion Energy: The Truth", Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy … prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, Two Decade Contributor – McGraw-Hill/Platts Energy and Long-Time Energy Writer, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and … want to steer clear of the discussion.

Fission incentives now

Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now%21, "Big Nuclear’s Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration", The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling, on … his promise to push nuclear power.

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, "Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead", Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential … in bilateral relations.

1AR

Case controls the vital internal link to escalation —- deterrence is a conflict dampener —- solves all war

Robinson 1 (B. Paul, President and Director – Sandia National Laboratories, "Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century", Sandia White Paper, 3-22, http://www.sandia.gov/media/whitepaper/2001-04-Robinson.htm)

Let me then state my most … a stable and peaceful world. 

Decline not inevitable

Hoffman 11 (David E., Contributing Editor and Winner – Pulitzer Prize, "Is nuclear deterrence dead?" Foreign Policy, 1-26, http://hoffman.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/26/is_nuclear_deterrence_dead)

Meanwhile, … nuclear powers.

More’s coming —- including R%26D

Holl 12
~Nathan, "Obama Has Big Plans for Nuclear Energy in 2013", Nathan Holl is a syndicated columnist focused on energy policy, 2/15/12, available online at http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/obama-has-big-plans-for-nuclear-energy-in-2013/2065-http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/obama-has-big-plans-for-nuclear-energy-in-2013/2065, accessed 9/18/12Thur~

President Obama has … reactors in 30 years.

%24250 million coming in October

Korte 12
~"Politics stands in the way of nuclear plant’s future", Gregory Korte is a staff writer for USA Today, 4/27/12, available online at http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-13/usec-centrifuges-loan-guarantees/54560118/1-http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-13/usec-centrifuges-loan-guarantees/54560118/1, accessed 9/19/12Thur~

Obama’s 2013 budget … were doing the same thing.

Nuclear R%26D spending now

Energy 9-27 (United States Department of Energy, "Energy Department Announces New Investments in University-Led Nuclear Energy Innovation", 2012, http://energy.gov/articles/energy-department-announces-new-investments-university-led-nuclear-energy-innovation)

As part of the Obama … the District of Columbia.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

States CP – 2AC

A) Linkage. Sponsoring agency gets the tech —- that’s Miller. Key to fusion leadership.

Randall 1 (Don M., President – University of Chicago, with other University Presidents, "Revitalizing Science in the Department of Energy", American Physics Society White Paper, December, http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/-http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/ coalitions/esc/upload/Grassroots_2001_ESC_WhitePaperRevitalizingScienceDOE.pdf)

New and Creative Ideas … and engineering disciplines.

B) Scope. Fed’s key to jump-start broad transition to fusion —- that’s Freed. States are broke.

Carnegie 8 (Statement by Public Higher Education Leaders Convened By Carnegie Corporation of New York, http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases2%26TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm%26CONTENTID=30394)

At this critical juncture in our … and less the cost of educating students.

C) Monitoring. Federal grants are key to oversight. Ensures commercialization and international distribution.

EDA 10 (EDA Magazine, "State of Basic Research Funding", EDACafe, http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?articleid=209174%26page_no=1)

Federal Funding of Scientific … can insure this. 

Only DoE ensures data preservation

Kleppner 9 (Daniel, Professor of Physics Emeritus – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, p. 113)

Research institutions and … should be established to undertake this mission.

That’s key to fusion research

Layne 11 (R., EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, "Long Term Preservation of Scientific Data: Lessons from JET and Other Domains", http://www.iop.org/Jet/fulltext/EFDC110302.pdf)

1. Introduction
   All fusion devices generate … for decades beyond that?

Conflicting priorities undermine state-level R%26D

Marburger 4 (John H. III, Ph.D., Director – Office of Science Technology Policy, and Committee Chair, et al., "Federal-State R%26D Cooperation: Improving the Likelihood of Success", Summary of a Workshop convened by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 6-29, https://www.ida.org/upload/stpi/pdfs/fed_state.pdf)

Barriers to Effective … with those of the individual partners.

Licensing risk blocks commercialization. Only federal funding solves.

Bradish 9 (David, Manager of Energy Information – Nuclear Energy Institute, "Policies That Support New Nuclear Power Plant Development", NEI Fact Sheet, October, http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/-http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/ newplants/factsheet/policiessupportnewplantdevelopment/)

New nuclear power … can offset that risk.

Shock has to be big —- fed’s key

Kaplan 12 (Fred, Senior Schwartz Fellow – New America Foundation and Ph.D. in Political Science – MIT, "Can America Ever Have Another "Sputnik Moment"?", Slate, 6-4, http://newamerica.net/node/68144)

Now, Obama told the nation, … provide that boost.

1AR

Commitment to revitalizing nuclear science is key

Kammen 3 – Professor of Nuclear Engineering @ Berkeley (Daniel, Federal News Service, Prepared Testimony before the House Committee on Science, 6/12, lexis)

The federal government … University of California, Berkeley

Clear, federal signal’s key to draw students to the nuclear field

Unistar, 10
(January, This UniStar Issue Brief is a publication of UniStar Nuclear Energy, a joint venture of Constellation Energy and EDF Group, "Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce," http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf-http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf)

The Time is Now… than just words.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

Uniqueness/STEM CP

Fusion solves global water shortages

Llamas 9 (Manuel Ramón, Emeritus Professor of Hydrogeology – Complutense University of Madrid and Fellow – Spain’s Royal Academy of Sciences, Water Ethics: Marcelino Botin Water Forum 2007, p. 54-55)

3.1.1   Water and energy
The natural water cycle … will be interlinked (see Section 4).

Extinction

NASCA 4 (National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation, "Water Shortages – Only a Matter of Time", http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html)

Water is one of the … obvious answer. 

Global food shortages are escalating —- fusion solves

Fusion for Freedom 11 ("We Can Feed the World With the Energy of Fusion", 6-3, http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html-http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html)

The need for a change ..plastic will also drop greatly.

Extinction

Klare 6 (Michael, Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, "The Coming Resource Wars", 3-11, http://www.waterconserve.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=53710%26keybold=water%20 land%20conflict)

"As famine, disease, and … in these forms of conflict.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

Ban Tritium CP

Ice Age’s coming —- fusion stops it from causing extinction

Witzsche 6 (Rolf A. F., Independent Economics Researcher and Author of Eleven Novels, "Nuclear Fusion Power", Truth Versus Guns, 6-3, http://members.shaw.ca/rolfwitzsche/canada/nuclear_fusion.html-http://members.shaw.ca/rolfwitzsche/canada/nuclear_fusion.html) *Gender Modified

It becomes necessary at this point to … the work that is already being done.

Fusion makes space travel effective —- key to survival

Grant 12 (Andrew, Associate Editor – Discover Magazine, "How to Survive the End of the Universe", Discover Magazine, 2-28, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/dec/16-how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe/article_view?b_start:int=1%26-C)

So where to next? Martian … more exist within our galaxy.

Fusion solves Indian and Chinese energy shortages

Deshpande 6 (Shishir P., Project Director – ITER India, "Energy Needs of India", http://www.iter-india.org/fusion-energy/energy_needs_of_india.htm)

India, the second largest populated … to meet their energy needs.

Stops Asian war

Phillips 11 (Andrew, Ph.D. and Research Fellow in International Relations – Australian National University, "India-China Energy Race Could Stoke Conflict, But It Needn’t", First Post, 5-16, http://www.firstpost.com/world/chindia-energy-race-10157.html)

A revolution in energy consumption is … an already febrile regional security environment.

Extinction

Ogura 97 (Toshimaru and Ingyu Oh, Teachers – Economics, Monthly Review, April)

North Korea, South … escalate into a global conflagration.

AT: Tritium NB

No fusion supply shortages

McCracken 12 (Garry, Ph.D. in Solid State Physics and Lecturer – Culham Plasma Physics Summer School, and Peter Stott, European Coordinator – ITER and Ph.D. in Theoretical and Experimental Plasma Physics –  Manchester University, Fusion: The Energy of the Universe, p. 198-199)

A second safety consideration … to monopolise the supplies.

Tritium is abundant

ITER 12 (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, "Fuelling the Fusion Reaction", http://www.iter.org/sci/fusionfuels)

Tritium is a fast-decaying …in the plasma at any one time.

Lithium’s abundant and next-gen reactors solve

Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

Nuclear fusion has … 13 terawatt-years per year in 1990.

Tournament: KY RR | Round: 9 | Opponent: Michigan | Judge: 

Incentives Specification – 2AC

"Substantial" means considerable

Webster’s 12 (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substantial)

Definition of … great earned a substantial wage

"Increase" means make greater

Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006.  ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)

in•crease ~ in kr… degree
noun  (plural in•creas•es)

"Incentives" are financial support

EC 6 – Economic Commission for Europe 6 ("DRAFT 2006 REVIEW OF STRATEGIES AND POLICIES FOR
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT," 11/14, http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2006/eb/EB/ece.eb.air.2006.4.add.2.e.pdf)

54. Many Parties used … friendly technologies.

1AR

For is an express statement of intention

Noonan 7 - NOONAN and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and SCHIAVELLI , District Judge.  The Honorable George P. Schiavelli, United States District Judge for the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
(UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MARIA DEL REFUGIO RODRIGUEZ-RAMIREZ, Defendant-Appellant, 1-10, Lexis)

Arizona Revised Statute section 13-3405(A)(2) provides that HN4"A person shall not knowingly. . . Possess marijuana for sale." (emphasis added). In the instant case, the district court determined that the preposition "for" in the phrase "for sale" is an express statement of intention, i.e. one cannot possess anything "for sale" absent an intent to sell it.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion Adv – Internal Links – 1AC – Clay Round 1

U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding
Hammond 12 (Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, "Don’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion", New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted federal investment in energy technology as a smart and environmentally friendly way to AND
 shrinking while the U.S. share of ITER construction costs is %24150 million and growing.
Increased funding is key to U.S. fusion commercialization —- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source
AND
the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.
AND
The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.
Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence", The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other countries that have maybe more research or backing than the United States? Or is the
AND
investment if we really want to get the fusion as quickly as possible.
Only federal funding solves
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have appropriate numbers of high-quality NSE graduates for the
AND
Such efforts will likely be required for an indefinite period in the future.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – Fusion Adv – Trade Deficit Scenario – 1AC – Clay Round 1

Fusion development cuts the trade deficit
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and the right investment, the potential strategic gains for the U.S. in the aggressive
AND
• Increase interest and high-paying jobs for young people going into scientific and engineering fields.
Delayed R%26D makes the U.S. a fusion importer —- impact is huge
Kim 96 (Dr. Son H., Senior Research Scientist – Joint Global Change Research Institute, et al., "The Economic Value of Fusion Energy", 8-16, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=%26arnumber=553802)

The potential economic benefit of fusion energy technology is significant and could dwarf the world’s
AND
far exceed the investments necessary for the development of a commercial fusion reactor.
That sparks escalatory protectionism
Hufbauer 10 (Gary, Senior Fellow – Peterson Institute for International Economics, "US Protectionist Impulses in the Wake of the Great Recession", March, http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/hufbauer201003.pdf-http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/hufbauer201003.pdf)

The U.S. unemployment rate more than doubled between the onset of the
AND
an easy pass on future new instances of U.S.¶ protectionism.
Trade deficit causes China bashing —- escalates to conflict
Dorn 7 (James, Vice President for Academic Affairs – Cato Institute, "Engagement or Protectionism? US Policy towards China", Global Dialogue, 9(1-2), Winter / Spring, http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=395)

US and Chinese economic and national security will ultimately depend on a liberal international economic
AND
China (and US consumers) when a real comparative cost advantage exists.
Global nuclear war
Hunkovic 9 (Lee J, American Military University, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/ Hunkovic.pdf-http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – Fusion Adv – Environment Scenario – 1AC – Clay Round 1

Global fusion’s inevitable —- but without the U.S., it’ll be too slow
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Perspective On: The future of Fusion", 5-12, http://www.pppl.gov/polPressReleases.cfm?doc_id=772)

Why should the U.S. maintain its funding of the fusion program?
AND
 don’t think they’ll get there as rapidly as they would if the U.S. contributed. And time is important in this problem.
Quick fusion solves deforestation, NOx emissions, and water pollution
Bednyagin 10 (Dr. Dennis, Ph.D. and Research Assistant – Laboratory of Energy Systems, "Socio-Economic Assessment of Fusion Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Programme", http://biblion.epfl.ch/EPFL/theses/2010/4732/EPFL_TH4732.pdf)

Recognising the importance of energy services for human well-being, it is expedient
AND
even earlier if a more ambitious Fusion R%26D programme is undertaken.
Deforestation causes extinction
Santos 99 (Miguel, Environmental Crisis, p. 35-36)

In addition, natural forests provide recreation and unique scientific beauty while at the same
AND
reduced, thus endangering the diversity of future human life-support systems.

Deforestation Causes Soil Erosion and Water Shortages – Killing 2 Billion
Roper 99 – Roper and Roberts 99 (Senior Advisor, Forestry and Conservation Canadian International Development Agency, www.rcfa-cfan.org/english/issues.12.html-http://www.rcfa-cfan.org/english/issues.12.html)
The long term impact of deforestation on the soil resource can be severe. Clearing
AND
decline of coastal coral reefs. The economic and environmental costs are staggering.
Water pollution causes global collapse
Marlow 1 (Maude, Spring) National Chairperson of the Council of Canadians and IFG Committee on the Globalization of Water. "BLUE GOLD: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply," http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/BlueGold.pdf.

Perhaps the most devastating analysis of the global water crisis comes from hydrological engineer Michal
AND
vast territories, massive continental desertification and, eventually, "global collapse."
NOx emissions cause ozone depletion
Cohn 94 (Pamela, B.A. in Justice, cum laude, The American University, Washington, D.C., Emory International Law Review, Spring)

Automobiles emit sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxide (NO x ), carbon
AND
effects on aquatic ecosystems . . ., and potentially significant climatic changes." 15
Extinction
Greenpeace 95 (Full of Holes: Montreal Protocol and the Continuing Destruction of the Ozone Layer — A Greenpeace Report with contributions from Ozone Action, http://archive.greenpeace.org/ozone/holes/holebg.html)

When chemists Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina first postulated a link between chlorofluorocarbons and ozone
AND
so quickly - the stakes are literally the continuation of life on earth.

Adaptation and redundancy are false —- even "minor" extinctions can set off catastrophic eco collapse
Kunich 1 (John Charles, Associate Professor of Law – Roger Williams University School of Law, "Preserving the Womb of the Unknown Species With Hotspots Legislation", Hastings Law Journal, August, 52 Hastings L.J. 1149, Lexis)

It is possible, and even probable, that some currently "insignificant" species
AND
the option to discover value in that which we previously found valueless. 71-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=46a2e3d82b2d469f903e9aebe6dfe770%26csvc=bl%26cform=searchForm%26_fmtstr=FULL%26docnum=1%26_startdoc=1%26wchp=dGLbVlW-zSkAA%26_md5=eedffac40a4739d48baf62f8023e61e4

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – STEM Adv – Internal Links – 1AC – Clay Round 1

Scientists watch federal funding streams. Low fusion spending turns away grad students.
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, "Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research", Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets-http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government experiments to have their funding pulled.  Yet  
AND
is perhaps the greatest problem with path we’re on," Greenwald told Science.
This breaks the pipeline of STEM workers
Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., "Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era", 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget does not set FES on a path to create a workforce commensurate with the goals of full
AND
fusion reactors will requires attracting and retaining the world’s best scientists and engineers.
Multiple fields will be affected. Plan steers students back.
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and the right investment, the potential strategic gains for the U.S. in the aggressive
AND
• Increase interest and high-paying jobs for young people going into scientific and engineering fields.
Signal alone increases enrollment in nuclear science
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.
Federal action’s key
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future", September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology has now advanced to the point that it can and should play a leading role in driving educational
AND
for education. State and local educational authorities lack the necessary resources or scale.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – STEM Adv – Nuclear Science Scenario – 1AC – Clay Round 1

The entire domestic nuclear program will become ineffective
Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Continue Funding C-Mod", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor is one of the largest experiments at MIT
AND
well that it can trust MIT to put it’s money to good use.
University-level nuclear science is key to maintain the nuclear stockpile
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The situation in the world today is extremely complex as it relates to nuclear technology
AND
desalination to recovery of usable petroleum products from oil shale and tar sands.
Decline cracks the backbone of deterrence
Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., "Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century", Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States is quickly losing its leadership position in science and technology (S%26T). We are seeing this in our schools, our research institutes, in the intelligence community, and in our National Laboratories.*
~CONTINUES – TO FOOTNOTE~
AND
, the work to achieve this vision should not undercut US nonproliferation goals.
It’s failing and risks great power conflict
Spring 12 (Baker, F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy – Heritage Foundation, and Michaela Bendikova, Research Assistant for Missile Defense and Foreign Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, "Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad", Heritage Backgrounder, 1-27, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2646.pdf)

Abstract: The U.S. nuclear triad of heavy bombers, intercontinental-
AND
awesome capability, it is that it demands constant and undivided attention.5
Global nuclear war
Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent", Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have profound policy implications, AND
what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.
Nuclear science stops testing —- monitors arms control and maintains the SSP
Henning 10 (Walter, Senior Physicist – Argonne National Laboratory and Member – American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Accelerators for America’s Future", June, http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep-http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep ort.pdf)

From the earliest days of their development, accelerators have made critical contributions to the
AND
eliminate the need for highly enriched uranium and nuclear reactor facilities for production.
SSP failure forces testing
Smith 98 (Harold P., Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Richard S. Soll, Senior Scientist and Head of Special Projects – Science Applications International Corporation, "Challenges of Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Under A Comprehensive Test Ban", Arms Control Today, March, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/304)

In the absence of underground nuclear test explosions and with no new U.S
AND
Department of Defense would play a critical role in such a momentous step.
Global nuclear war
Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms control and non- proliferation regimes collapsed. Americans weren’t bothered
AND
and grumbling won’t keep us safe. It is time to speak out.

Unchecked nuclear testing causes the Earth’s poles to shift
Ratcliffe 92 (David T., political activist and author, "Is Nuclear Testing Triggering Earthquakes and Volcanic Activity?," http://www.ratical.org/radiation/inetSeries/testsNquakes.html)

The latest (and apparently continuing) earthquakes in California and Nevada suggest an inquiry by U.S. scientists may be long
AND
Some of the sudden changes measured up to one meter in distance.
Pole shifting causes extinction
Kasten 96 (Len, "Pole Shift Revisited", Atlantis Rising, http://atlantisrising.com/issue9/ar9poleshift.html)

With a rumble so low as to be inaudible, growing, throbbing, then
AND
change direction with the Earth’s shell, have wiped out almost all life.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – Plan – Clay Round 1

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy generation in the United States.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – AT: Tech Too Far Off – 2AC

New tech advances make fusion possible in the medium-term

Holland 12 (Andrew, Senior Fellow – American Security Project, "America’s Energy Choices", ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf) 

Recent advances in laser and magnetic technology, however, have raised hopes that fusion
AND
using advanced lasers for compression and containment by the end of 2012.38

Benefits are quick

Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Frequently Asked Questions", http://www.fusionpowercorporation.com/faq-s)

Can heavy ion fusion supply enough energy soon enough to help solve the immediate problems in the economy and environment?
Yes. Key features in FPC’s plan make it possible to build out the fusion
AND
of each site will help accomplish timely resolution of the world energy problem.  

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – AT: Tech Infeasible – 2AC

JET, ITER, and the Sun prove it’s feasible. Money’s key.

Forshaw 12 (Jeff, Professor of Theoretical Physics – University of Manchester, "Nuclear Fusion – Your Time Has Come", The Guardian, 9-10, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/sep/16/nuclear-fusion-iter-jet-forshaw?newsfeed=true)

A fusion reactor called Iter is currently under construction in France and is due to start operation in 2020. Its
AND
event at the Joint European Torus (Jet) in Culham, Oxfordshire.

Wrong —- there’s a pessimism bias against fusion

Razani 10 – Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, ""Reframe Fusion" Campaign", 12-14, http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/printer/reframe_fusion_campaign

Needs
There are many negative messages about the fusion endeavor which distort and distract from the
AND
change and more entities will start funding fusion.  Perhaps even Google will. 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Nuclear Pollution Add-On – 2AC/1AR

Nuclear waste and accidents cause extinction —- fusion solves

Wilson 12 (Taylor, Genius, Thiel Fellowship Winner and Youngest Person Ever to Build a Fusion Reactor, "Why We Need Nuclear Energy", CNN, 6-8, http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/08/taylor-wilson-why-we-need-nuclear-energy/)

One of these technologies, nuclear fusion, is perhaps the disruptive technology that we
AND
Fire. and we will have the energy source we need to survive long into the future.

Fission’s much worse

McCracken 12 (Garry, Ph.D. in Solid State Physics and Lecturer – Culham Plasma Physics Summer School, and Peter Stott, European Coordinator – ITER and Ph.D. in Theoretical and Experimental Plasma Physics – Manchester University, Fusion: The Energy of the Universe, p. 198-199)

A second safety consideration is radioactive waste. A nuclear fission power plant produces two types of
AND
landfill sites or made into blocks for building houses.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – Ice Age Add-On – 2AC

Ice Age’s coming —- fusion stops it from causing extinction

Witzsche 6 (Rolf A. F., Independent Economics Researcher and Author of Eleven Novels, "Nuclear Fusion Power", Truth Versus Guns, 6-3, http://members.shaw.ca/rolfwitzsche/canada/nuclear_fusion.html-http://members.shaw.ca/rolfwitzsche/canada/nuclear_fusion.html) *Gender Modified

It becomes necessary at this point to take a brief tour into the world of plasma physics since the plasma state of matter is not generally understood, but is an
AND
Let me give you an idea of the scale of the work that is already being done.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

ITER Tradeoff DA – 2AC

2AC

Weakness on fusion undercuts overall scientific leadership —- full funding’s key

Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Fusion Research is a Wise Investment", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-6, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N9/olynyk.html)

Course 22 senior Derek Sutherland’s article in last Friday’s Tech did a great job of
AND
ITER obligation. The U.S. should support a fusion future.

U.S. won’t bail

Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Fusion Confusion", Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012%26segmentID=2)

GELLERMAN: But if the funding for ITER is driving the budget crunch in our domestic fusion energy projects, AND
Holdren and Chu, that they have to keep their oar in.

Domestic fusion’s key to ITER —- unique workforce —- that’s Prager —- and research niches

Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Fusion Confusion", Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012%26segmentID=2)

DEAN: Originally, say ten years ago, it was supposed to cost like five billion dollars. Today, it’s around 20 billion, maybe a little bit AND
important potential hole in the international physics development.

No impact to budget cuts

Feder 12 (Toni, Editor – Physics Today, "Progress in Fusion, But Not in its US Funding", Physics Today, June, http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i6/p25_s1?view=print)

To meet its obligation, the US will have to ramp up spending on ITER
AND
Prager, director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. "It’s unbelievable."

Other countries will pull the plug on collaboration

Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the program, and eventually deploying an integrated fusion nuclear science
AND
could be fatally damaged if these transitions are not managed adroitly.

Domestic cuts cause U.S. scientists to bail on ITER

Dean 12 (Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Senate Bill Raises Possibility of Withdrawl From ITER As Science Cuts Loom", Slashdot, 7-25, http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/07/25/136210/senate-bill-raises-possibility-of-withdrawl-from-iter-as-science-cuts-loom)

"Are the knives coming out for ITER? A Senate Department of Energy spending
AND
reduce the deficit without starving U.S. science-funding agencies."

Cuts coming —- budget sequestration

Mason 12 (Thom, Director – Oak Ridge National Laboratory, "Thom Mason talks about U.S. ITER", Atomic City Underground – Knox News, July, http://blogs.knoxnews.com/munger/2012/07/thom-mason-talks-about-us-iter.html)

So where does funding stand at the moment? This year’s funding level is about %24140 million, and the AND
a shortfall, depending on how things play out."

ITER Tradeoff DA – 1AR

Domestic Fusion Key

Domestic cuts undermine scientist support for ITER

Hand 12 (Eric, Knight Science Journalism Fellow – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Reporter – Nature, "US Fusion in Budget Vice", Nature, 7-24, http://www.nature.com/news/us-fusion-in-budget-vice-1.11061)

For years, US researchers have been steadfast in their support of ITER, the world’s largest fusion-energy
AND
, that is precisely what will happen (see ’Death by ITER’).

Global research will collapse

Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Saving Alcator C-Mod", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-2, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N8/sutherland.html)

The MIT fusion experiment Alcator C-Mod has been slated for cancellation in the
AND
-D at General Atomics, and C-Mod here at MIT.

U.S. contributions are unique

Hand 12 (Eric, Knight Science Journalism Fellow – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Reporter – Nature, "US Fusion in Budget Vice", Nature, 7-24, http://www.nature.com/news/us-fusion-in-budget-vice-1.11061)

Yet leaders at the three experiments insist that all provide unique science (see ’
AND
antennas to heat the plasma in ways that reduce erosion of the walls.

Fund Reshuffling Solves

Rescheduling solves —- won’t kill ITER

Normile 7 (Dennis, Contributing Correspondent – Science Magazine, et al., "U.S. Wavers Again on ITER", Science Magazine, 12-21, http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2007/12/21-01.html)

"I don’t think there would be a big impact on the overall ITER plan
AND
, South Korea, and the United States—divvying up the rest.

EU will make up the difference

Clery 10 (Daniel, Deputy News Editor – Science Magazine, "Europe’s ITER Budget Deal Falls Through, Threatening Fusion Project", Science Magazine, 12-16, http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/12/europes-iter-budget-deal-falls.html)

Contained in that budget plan was the provision to cover ITER’s funding hole. The
AND
plan was to raid unspent 2010 money earmarked for research and agricultural subsidies.

It’s resilient

Colestock 9 (Patrick L., Senior Scientist – Los Alamos National Laborator and Chair – Committee to Review the U.S. ITER Science Participation Planning Process, et al., A Review of the DOE Plan for U.S. Fusion
Community Participation in the ITER Program, National Academies of Science Press, p. 7) 

Although complicated,
AND
 considered as a model for future large-scale, international science projects.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Fusion – Food Shortages Add-On – 2AC

Global food shortages are escalating —- fusion solves

Fusion for Freedom 11 ("We Can Feed the World With the Energy of Fusion", 6-3, http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html-http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html)

The need for a change from fossil fuels is so much more than the high prices at the gas pumps. Sure these are hurting us all
AND
synthetic materials, the cost of clear greenhouse plastic will also drop greatly.

Extinction

Klare 6 (Michael, Professor of Peace and World Security Studies – Hampshire College, "The Coming Resource Wars", 3-11, http://www.waterconserve.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=53710%26keybold=water%20 land%20conflict)

"As famine, disease, and weather-related disasters strike due to abrupt
AND
society, however affluent, will escape involvement in these forms of conflict.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: North Texas MQ | Judge: Mikaela Malsin

Elections – Obama Good – Russia Scenario – 2AC

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, "Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead", Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

No cooperation

Kramer 10 (David, Senior Transatlantic Fellow – German Marshall Fund and Former Assistant Secretary of State, "Resetting U.S.-Russian Relations: It Takes Two", Washington Quarterly, January, p. 61-62)

President Barack Obama deserves credit for his initial efforts to reverse the deterioration in relations
AND
issues offers much promise for building a strong foundation for the bilateral relationship. 

No chance of overt hostility

Newsday 5 (2-27, Lexis)

Relations between Washington and Moscow are now more like a marriage of convenience. It’s
AND
to cooperate on mutually useful issues and by fundamental disagreements not easily resolved.

No impact to relations

Ostapenko 9 (E., Staff Writer – Trend Daily News, "Normalization In U.S.-russian Relations Not To Change Political Situation In World: Analyst At French Studies Institute", Turkish Weekly, 7-7, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/83734/-normalization-in-u-s-russian-relations-not-to-change-political-situation-in-world-analyst-at-french-studies-institute-.html-http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/83734/-normalization-in-u-s-russian-relations-not-to-change-political-situation-in-world-analyst-at-french-studies-institute-.html)

Normalization of relations between the United States and Russia will not assume a global significance
AND
Moisi considers the absence of problems with the aging of population, unlike European countries, including Russia.

Elections – Obama Good – Russia Scenario – 1AR

Reject exaggerations —- no collapse or conflict

Economist 12 ("Romney Could Screw Up US Relations With Russia", Business Insider, 9-1, http://www.businessinsider.com/mitt-romneys-foreign-policy-chops-come-into-light-2012-9)

A rockier road
The potential impact of a Romney presidency on US-Russian relations could be significant
AND
-conservativism, populist isolationism, realism, liberal internationalism) is unclear.

No difference —- Obama can’t sustain relations and Romney will moderate

Kramer 12 (David, President – Freedom House and Former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and Lilia Shevtsova, Senior Fellow – Carnegie Endowment, Moscow, "Obama vs. Romney: Who Would Putin Pick?", The American Interest, 9-11, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1312)

Does all this mean that Russia would prefer to see Obama reelected? Would the
AND
Obama presidency could become a serious test for both—Russia and America.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Petit

Fusion – Fusion Leadership Adv – Internal Links – 1AC – Clay Round 3

Fusion spending is the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11
(Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Plan sends a huge signal of commitment to fusion

Kammen 7
(Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Only federal energy R%26D spending solves

Betancor 12 (Fernando, International Business Analyst – Capital One, Master’s in Business Administration – Georgetown University and BA Economics – College of William %26 Mary, "The Energy Policy that Wasn’t", Common Sense, 1-20, http://www.fdbetancor.com/2012/01/20/the-energy-policy-that-wasnt/)

A long-term, strategic energy policy would bring immediate benefits to the economy and perpetuate the
AND
President Obama, don’t waste another year on mere politics. Show leadership and give the country what it needs.

Stable and predictable funding streams are key

Thome ’12
(Kathreen, Ph.D. Candidate in Nuclear Physics – University of Wisconsin, with 257 Graduate Students, "Student Fusion Funding Letter", 3-25, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student-http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student fusionfundingletter.pdf)

• Long-term progress in fusion research depends on the continuous transfer of knowledge
AND
fusion energy program, but it can only move forward with adequate support.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Petit

Fusion – Fusion Leadership Adv – Science Diplomacy Scenario – 1AC – Clay Round 3

Strong domestic fusion’s critical to an international lead role on next-gen energy

Kerry 12
(Senator John F., "Letter on Friday, March 2 to the Senate Appropriators to Support Fusion at the %24450 M Level", 3-2, http://www.pppl.gov/pdf/Kerry-JohnF.letter.pdf)

I am writing you today to express my serious concerns about the funding included in
AND
to take a lead role in developing the next generation of energy research.

That ruins a unique model for deep international collaboration

Holdren ’95
(John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the U.S. program of fusion energy research and
AND
grow in relation to the capacities of individual nations to pay for it.

The impact is disease and food via boosting science partnerships.

Fedoroff ’8
(Dr. Nina, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID, "Making Science Diplomacy More Effective", Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, April 2, 2008 – available at: http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/stas/2008/105286.htm)

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank
AND
our allies, to advance U.S. interests in foreign policy.

Disease causes huge death tolls.

Keating ’9
(Joshua, Web Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, "The End of the World", Foreign Policy, 11-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full)

How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
AND
. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

Price spikes alone kill half the planet

Brown 5 (Lester, President – Earth Policy Institute, , People and the Planet, "Falling Water Tables ’Could Hit Food Supply’", 2-7, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2424)

Many Americans see terrorism as the principal threat to security, but for much of
AND
For them, it is the next meal that is the overriding concern."

This spills-over to broader US-North Korea ties – but US science cred’s key.

Thorson ’10
Dr. Stuart Thorson, Professor, Maxwell School of Political Science, Syracuse University. Dr. Thorson is directing research in the area of integrated information technology involving collaborative research teams from Syracuse University and Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, DPRK. KEIA – On Korea – Volume 3 – "Academic Science Engagement with North Korea" Aug 9^th – page 105. Also available at: http://www.keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/APS-Seo_Thorson_Final.pdf

Science diplomacy refers to international scientific cooperation aimed¶ simultaneously at advancing scientific knowledge and
AND
to¶ provide an important mechanism for supporting more traditional diplomatic¶ relationships.

Sweeping K’s don’t address this week’s internal statement from North Korea. Ties must grow or nuclear war’s coming.

Lederer ’12
She is internal quoting North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Pak Kil Yon – Edith Lederer, is the chief correspondent for the Associated Press at the United Nations, the recipient of the 2008 Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Women’s Media Foundation, and has worked on every continent except Antarctica covering political upheavals. Huffington Post – 10-1-12
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20121001/un-un-general-assembly-north-korea/

A North Korean minister lashed out at the United States on Monday, saying its
AND
the reunification of the country and reconciliation" without interference from outside forces.

We’re not Western IR – but under-studied North Korean IR. Internal docs show hyper-realism best explains their reactions.

Woo ’11
Seongji Woo is currently an Associate Professor at the College of International Studies,¶ Kyung Hee University.¶ Pacific Focus, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (August 2011), 188–205.¶ doi: 10.1111/j.1976-5118.2011.01062.x¶ © 2011 Center for International Studies, Inha University – available via EBSCO-HOST database. 

As witnessed by two nuclear tests and intermittent missile launches, the¶ so-
AND
the¶ current world order and to build a new world order.25

Plan’s key to Obama’s energy leadership —- solves global conflict, including the Caucasus

Lugar 8 (Dick, United States Senator – R-IN, "U.S. Energy Security and the 2008 Presidential Election", January, http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/press/speech/brookings2.cfm)

Third, energy is the underlying condition that exacerbates almost every major foreign policy issue
AND
. I am confident that you will do the same. Thank you.

Global nuclear war

Amineh 3 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University ~Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam %26 Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) "Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region," Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. ~

Prospect
The increasing involvement of the US, the EU, Russia, China, Iran, and Turkey, and also TNCs in the
AND
war on terrorism in Afghanistan, and the war and crisis in Iraq.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Petit

Fusion – Plan – Clay Round 3

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion-based gigawatt generation in the United States.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Petit

Fusion – Heidegger K – 2AC

(  ) Particularity beats ontology args. Avoids sweeping claims without denying some basic objective facts exist.

Potrc ’4
(et al; Dr. Matjaž Potrč is a Professor for Analytic Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana
Metaphysics: Ultimate and Regional Ontology – Inf. Filosofica, I/2004, 1, pp. 21-45. Also available as doc via conventional google search)

But respect for the ontological difference is a must if you take metaphysics seriously,
AND
you first encountered in the area of the existent, the ontic stuff. 

Fusion checks massive death tolls and doesn’t link to Heidegger or Managerialism. If it does, then any alt would, too.

Lorimer ’92
(Doug, Professor Emeritus – Tri University and Member – National Executive of the Democratic Socialist Party, "Should We Oppose Fusion Technology?", Green Left Weekly, 2-19, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2210)

Undemocratic technology? While he points out that with "more human and financial resources
AND
achieve. And Marxists certainly shouldn’t oppose it because it requires scientific knowledge.

(  ) The K’s too sweeping. Fusion R%26D does use conventional science, but doesn’t solely rest on exclusionary epistemology

Siler ’7 
(Dr. Todd Siler is an inventor, educator, and consultant. He is currently a member of the advisory board for the Council on Art, Science and Technology at M.I.T. and is the founder and director of Psi-Phi Communications, a company which specializes in developing innovative multimedia learning materials and processes for fostering integrative thinking. "Fractal Reactor: Re-Creating the Sun" – Leonardo, Volume 40, Number 3, June 2007, pp. 270-278 – available via Project Muse)

The controlled superconducting magnets increase and decrease the pressures and temperatures of plasma within the
AND
the Fractal Reactor is no less than the actualization of that bold goal.

Too late: intervention has irreparably altered the environment. Abandoning management risks extinction.

Levy 99 (Neil, Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Critical Theory – Monash University, and Currently Tutor, Centre for Critical Theory – Monash University, Discourses of the Environment edited by Eric Darier, p. 214-215)

If our current situation can really be accurately characterized as the extension of bio-
AND
of those with whom we share this planet, will be decided. 

Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex —- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites

Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Batman Fusion Redemption", Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down.  TDKR confuses fission and fusion.  Fission (FIZZ)
AND
Nuclear Energy Loses.
Nuclear Weapons WIN.

(  ) Science K over-abandons science. Even if it created the problem, we can’t throw it out with the bathwater.

Bronner ’4
Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 160)

Critics of the Enlightenment may have correctly emphasized the price of progress, the costs
AND
transcend the crude categories of technical criteria and slide-rule measurements."7 

(  ) "Conflix" frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory.

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
AND
new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.

(  ) Ontology 1^st" wrong

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC DW | Judge: Petit

Fusion – Treasury Dept CP – 2AC

USFG isn’t all three branches

Chicago 7 (University of Chicago Manual of Style, "Capitalization, Titles", http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles30.html)

Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,
AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc. 

CP’s abnormal process means it’s not credible

Ikenberry 1 (G. John, Professor of Geopolitics and Global Justice – Georgetown University, "Getting Hegemony Right", The National Interest, Spring, Lexis)

When other major states consider whether to work with the United States or resist it
AND
, to return to the corporate metaphor, to invest in ongoing partnerships.

Crushes leadership

Knowles 9 (Robert, Acting Assistant Professor – New York University School of Law, "American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution", Arizona State Law Journal, Spring, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, Lexis)

III. The Functional Arguments for Special Deference
AND
formerly produced; as the largest consumer, it would suffer the most.

Causes inter-branch conflict —- jacks signal and implementation

Colella 88 (Frank G., "Beyond Institutional Competence: Congressional Efforts to Legislate United States Foreign Policy Toward Nicaragua — The Boland Amendments", Brooklyn Law Review, Spring, 54 Brooklyn L. Rev. 131, Lexis)

B. Constitutional Problems
AND
the day-to-day management of United States foreign policy. 128

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AG | Judge: McBride

1AC

First – Particularity Thesis. Critical Theory seeks "All’s" and "Always". Particularity would boost decisions and scholarship.

Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain ’coercive’ (Dancy 1993:
AND
serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

We can make contingent claims not based on universals. Rejoinder burden soars.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

They’ll contextualize analytically. But, you set a HIGH BAR for proof over assertion.

Hantrais ’99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
AND
about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.

2AC

(  ) Our offense:

First – Universals violent and make epistemology/ontology worse.

Marcuse ’64
Herbert Marcuse was a philosopher, sociologist and political theorist, and is regarded as one of the pioneers of the "New Left" – One-Dimensional Man Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society – from Chapter Five: Negative Thinking: The Defeated Logic of Protest http://www.erratum.org/datas/SPIRIT-PHILO-THEORY/Marcuse,%20Herbert/One%20Dimensional%20Man.pdf

Those who bore the brunt of the untrue reality and who, therefore, seemed
AND
hypostatise identifiable and fungible units in the complex process of society and nature.

Second – Can’t defend where their framework leads. Becomes rouse for flawed and politicized decisions

Melchior ’1
(et al; Mary Beth Melchior is a visiting assistant professor of political science at Florida International University. She is the coauthor of "On-Site, Not Out of Mind: The Role of Experiential Learning in Doctoral Education" (with Vincent L Marando), published in PS: Political Science %26 Politics. Administration %26 Society33. 3 (Jul 2001): 251-275. Via ABI/INFORM Complete Database)

The tendency of administrators to view their own perspective as correct-and thus justify
AND
ability of public administrators to contribute to a public discussion of policy issues. 

(  ) Particularity beats ontology args. Such universals are wrong and makes poor scholarship. 

Potrc ’4
(et al; Dr. Matjaž Potrč is a Professor for Analytic Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana
Metaphysics: Ultimate and Regional Ontology – Inf. Filosofica, I/2004, 1, pp. 21-45. Also available as doc via conventional google search)

Thus there is still the following logical possibility. (1) The ultimate ontology
AND
namely the rich and common sense compatible world of everyday objects and events.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Nikolic

Fusion – Fusion Adv – Waste/Terror Scenario – 1AC

Yucca will come online by 2020 —- there’s a huge backlog of waste

Holt 9 (Mark, Specialist in Energy Policy – CRS, "Nuclear Waste Disposal: Alternatives to Yucca Mountain", Congressional Research Service Report, 2-6, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R40202.pdf)

Baseline: Current Waste Program Projections
AND
begin reducing the backlog of spent fuel stored at reactor sites until 2024.

Accidents inevitable —- water, earthquakes, volcanos, or human error

Comarow 1 (David, "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)

In several hundred thousand years, the waste at Yucca Mountain will still be deadly
AND
Cal Tech study. That’s 10 meters over the 10000 year design life.

Extinction

Comarow 1 (David, "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)

None of that is impossible, and therefore none of that is unthinkable. We
AND
cannot create unnecessary catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.

Terrorists will hit waste shipments

Krieger 2 (David, President – Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, and Marissa Zubia, Coordinator – Foundation’s Renewable Energy Project, "Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the DoE’s Yucca Mountain Plan", 8-23, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2002/08/23_krieger_yucca-top10.htm)

There are many sound reasons to oppose the Department of Energy’s plan to transport nuclear
AND
13 hours), and Salt Lake City (every 7 hours). They would provide tempting targets for terrorists.

Causes retaliation, nuclear war, and extinction

Sid-Ahmed 4 (Mohamed, Political Analyst, August 26 – September 1, Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

We have reached a point in human history where the phenomenon of terrorism has to
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Fusion solves —- neutron waste disposal is feasible, even if energy production is far off

UT 9 (University of Texas – Internally Quoting Multiple Nuclear Physics Professors, "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/)

"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste from nuclear fission," says Mike
AND
the near term.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Nikolic

Fusion – Plan – Clay Round 8

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase funding for fusion energy generation in the United States.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Nikolic

Fusion – Renewables Tradeoff DA – 2AC

No trade-off —- renewables will piggy-back on fusion

Razani 9 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Are Renewables in Competition with Focus Fusion?", Focus Fusion, 2-5, http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/are_renewables_in_competition_with_ focus_fusion)

If Focus Fusion is successful, will it mean that all the investment of time, energy, passion and money that has
AND
transportation fuels like I discussed in some other post.

Fusion spinoffs are key to effect smart-grid tech

Holland 11 (Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "Technology from Fusion Research: Benefits Today", 9-7, p. 4-5) 

Impacts on Electricity Transmission
AND
transferable across many other scientific fields.

Smart grid’s key to renewables

Eco20/20 12 ("How the Smart Grid will Effect Renewable Energy", http://www.eco20-20.com/How-the-Smart-Grid-will-Effect-Renewable-Energy.html)

With all this money being spent towards the creation of the smart grid, what  
AND
that not only big power companies can do, but every household can.

Renewables doomed

Trembath 12 (Alex, Policy Associate with the Breakthrough Institute’s Energy %26 Climate Program, May 14, "Clean Tech’s Growing Pains", National Journal Energy Experts Blog, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/boom-and-bust-renewable-energy.php~~%232208913-http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/boom-and-bust-renewable-energy.php) 

The challenges facing clean tech are not harbingers of failure, but growing pains faced
AND
energy policy focused on innovation and subsidy independence for low-carbon technologies.

Quick fusion solves deforestation and water pollution

Bednyagin 10 (Dr. Dennis, Ph.D. and Research Assistant – Laboratory of Energy Systems, "Socio-Economic Assessment of Fusion Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Programme", http://biblion.epfl.ch/EPFL/theses/2010/4732/EPFL_TH4732.pdf)

Recognising the importance of energy services for human well-being, it is expedient
AND
even earlier if a more ambitious Fusion R%26D programme is undertaken.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Nikolic

Fusion – States CP – 2AC – Clay Round 8

Linkage. Sponsoring agency gets the tech —- that’s Miller. Key to fusion leadership.

Randall 1 (Don M., President – University of Chicago, with other University Presidents, "Revitalizing Science in the Department of Energy", American Physics Society White Paper, December, http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/-http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/ coalitions/esc/upload/Grassroots_2001_ESC_WhitePaperRevitalizingScienceDOE.pdf)

New and Creative Ideas and Innovation
AND
sustains U.S. world leadership across most science and engineering disciplines.

Only DoE ensures data preservation

Kleppner 9 (Daniel, Professor of Physics Emeritus – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, p. 113)

Research institutions and research sponsors have an interest in seeing data used to full advantage
AND
Library of Congress should be established to undertake this mission.

That’s key to fusion research

Layne 11 (R., EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, "Long Term Preservation of Scientific Data: Lessons from JET and Other Domains", http://www.iop.org/Jet/fulltext/EFDC110302.pdf)

1. Introduction
   All fusion devices generate large amounts of data: this includes design data, scientific data,
   AND
    our data is preserved for the decades the experiment is in operation, and potentially for decades beyond that?

Shock has to be big —- fed’s key

Kaplan 12 (Fred, Senior Schwartz Fellow – New America Foundation and Ph.D. in Political Science – MIT, "Can America Ever Have Another "Sputnik Moment"?", Slate, 6-4, http://newamerica.net/node/68144)

Now, Obama told the nation, it was time to unleash the same sort of wave in biomedicine, clean energy, and information
AND
in American education, and only the federal government could provide that boost.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Gannon, Paul, Feldman

Fusion – Fusion Adv – Sugar Scenario – 1AC

Fusion’s key to profitable sugar production —- boosts global economies

Duncan 7 (Mark, Askmar.com, Summarizing a talk by Robert Bussard, Ph.D. in Physics – Princeton University, Fusion Research and Design Specialist, "Should Google Go Nuclear?", http://www.askmar.com/ConferenceNotes/Should%20Google%20Go%20Nuclear.pdf)

The End of Oil
AND
As the cost of making ethanol decreases, it will greatly reduce the world market for gasoline, and thus the impact of oil cartels on the world economy.

Key to Pakistani growth

Munir 12 (Anjum, et al., "Ergonomics and Occupational Health in Sugar Industry of Pakistan", Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 10(1), http://pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/files/74-79_0.pdf)

Sugar industry is one of the major agro-based industries which play a vital
AND
addition to skilled and semi skilled workers (Munir et al., 2003).

Solves global nuclear war

Walayat 10 (Nadeem, Editor – Market Oracle, "Pakistan Collapse Could Trigger Global Great Depression and World War III", The Market Oracle, 1-16, http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article16543.html)  

During 2009 the 2600 terrorist attacks resulted in the number of deaths soaring to more
AND
as the 1930’s Great Deflationary Depression ultimately resulted in the Second World War.

Sugar’s key to growth and stability in Fiji

Narayan 4 (Paresh, Professor of Economics – Griffith University, and Biman C. Prasad, Professor of Economics – University of the South Pacific, "Economic Importance Of The Sugar Industry In Fiji: Simulating The Impact Of A 30 Percent Decline In Sugar Productition", USPEC Working Paper, July, http://www.usp.ac.fj/fileadmin/files/schools/ssed/economics/working_papers/2004/wp2004_12.pdf)

The widely held view amongst policy makers in Fiji is that the tourism industry has
AND
to a more urban-based manufacturing sector in a less painful manner.

Fiji’s a tinderbox —- instability crushes naval power and causes Chinese aggression

Stratfor 00 (Stratfor Political Forecasting, "Why Fiji May Matter", Asia Times, 6-12, http://www.atimes.com/oceania/BF13Ah01.html)

Analysis Last month, a political crisis erupted in Fiji: an attempted coup,
AND
who triggers the crisis, it does not take much to exploit it. 

Global nuclear war

Walton 7 – C. Dale Walton, Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, 2007, Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the 21st Century, p. 49

Obviously, it is of vital importance to the United States that the PRC does
AND
a healthy multipolar system that is not marked by close great power alliances.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Gannon, Paul, Feldman

Fusion – STEM Adv – Nuclear Attribution Scenario – 1AC

Domestic scientists are key to nuclear attribution —- deters state sponsorship, the vital internal link to nuclear terrorism

May 8 (Michael, Professor – Stanford University, "Nuclear Forensics: Role, State of the Art, and Program Needs", https://seaborg.llnl.gov/docs/nuclearForensics_role-stateoftheart-programneeds.pdf)

A believable attribution capability may help to discourage behavior that could lead to a nuclear
AND
of new initiatives in order to maximize the potential impact of nuclear forensics.

Terrorism’s likely and sparks global nuclear war

Speice 6 (Patrick, JD Candidate – College of William and Mary, "Negligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating the Current Liability Barrier to Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs", William and Mary Law Review, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February, Lexis)

Terrorist groups could acquire a nuclear weapon by a number of methods, including "
AND
draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Threat’s high —- attacks coming

Defence Journal, 9/30
Ashfaq Ahmed and Saima Kausar, Defence Journal, 9/30, lexis
International community is aware of the terrorists’ intentions to acquire nuclear material. We are
AND
the risk of nuclear attack will persist as long as fissile material exists.

Even without terrorism, nuclear use is likely from accidents, false signals, or a lone wolf

Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray, Professor of Current Affairs – Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea, "World on Fire: Two Scenarios of the Destruction of Human Civilization and Possible Extinction of the Human Race", Futures, 41(1))

In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question "Is
AND
those steps and start through the accidental or reckless use of strategic weapons.

False attribution causes retaliatory over-reaction and extinction

Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand –  Victoria University of Wellington, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects", Studies in Conflict %26 Terrorism, 33(7), July)

A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers
AND
be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Gannon, Paul, Feldman

Fusion – Plan – Clay Doubles

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase monetary support for fusion energy generation in the United States.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Gannon, Paul, Feldman

Fusion – States CP – Clay Doubles

1AC Pre-Empts

Federal funding is the focal point of STEM policy

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Clear, federal signal’s key to draw students to the nuclear field

Unistar, 10
(January, This UniStar Issue Brief is a publication of UniStar Nuclear Energy, a joint venture of Constellation Energy and EDF Group, "Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce," http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf-http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf)
The Time is Now
AND
 industry with more than just words.

Deficits preclude state research funding

Melkers 4 (Julia, Professor of Public Administration – University of Illinois at Chicago, "Assessing the Outcomes of State Science and Technology Organizations", Economic Development Quarterly, 18(2), May, p. 188)

State support for S%26T as a vehicle for economic growth and state competitiveness  
AND
Yet it also illustrates the realities of organizations in the political arena.

State funding fluctuates —- crushing basic R%26D

Rowan 12 (Linda, American Geosciences Institute, "Science-Engineering-Technology Congressional Visits Day", 4-25, http://www.agiweb.org/gap/events/SETCVD12backgroundmaterials.pdf)

Federally funded research secures the Nation’s future.
AND
generations of scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.

Fluctuations obliterate fusion R%26D —- federal funding’s key to predictability

ACS 12 (American Chemical Society, "Position Statement – Science and Technology in the FY 2013 Budget", http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true%26_pageLabel=PP_SUPERARTICLE%26node_id=292%26use_sec=false%26sec_url_var=region1%26__uuid=1a967abc-a7ec-4c29-a1d8-90298feb6237)

As our nation continues to face a complex array of economic, energy, environmental
AND
predictable, enduring support maximizing our nation’s long-term return on investment.

2AC

Federal funding’s key to development —-

A) Linkage. Sponsoring agency gets the tech —- that’s Miller. Key to fusion leadership.

Randall 1 (Don M., President – University of Chicago, with other University Presidents, "Revitalizing Science in the Department of Energy", American Physics Society White Paper, December, http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/-http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/ coalitions/esc/upload/Grassroots_2001_ESC_WhitePaperRevitalizingScienceDOE.pdf)

New and Creative Ideas and Innovation
AND
sustains U.S. world leadership across most science and engineering disciplines.

B) Scope. Fed’s key to jump-start broad transition to fusion —- that’s Freed. States are broke.

Carnegie 8 (Statement by Public Higher Education Leaders Convened By Carnegie Corporation of New York, http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases2%26TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm%26CONTENTID=30394)

At this critical juncture in our history, America’s public research universities, state colleges
AND
diminishing state funding that supports less and less the cost of educating students.

C) Monitoring. Federal grants are key to oversight. Ensures commercialization and international distribution.

EDA 10 (EDA Magazine, "State of Basic Research Funding", EDACafe, http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?articleid=209174%26page_no=1)

Federal Funding of Scientific Research and Development
AND
companies, industries and countries. Only the federal government can insure this. 

Only DoE ensures data preservation

Kleppner 9 (Daniel, Professor of Physics Emeritus – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, p. 113)

Research institutions and research sponsors have an interest in seeing data used to full advantage
AND
Library of Congress should be established to undertake this mission.

That’s key to fusion research

Layne 11 (R., EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, "Long Term Preservation of Scientific Data: Lessons from JET and Other Domains", http://www.iop.org/Jet/fulltext/EFDC110302.pdf)

1. Introduction
   AND
   our data is preserved for the decades the experiment is in operation, and potentially for decades beyond that?

Conflicting priorities undermine state-level R%26D

Marburger 4 (John H. III, Ph.D., Director – Office of Science Technology Policy, and Committee Chair, et al., "Federal-State R%26D Cooperation: Improving the Likelihood of Success", Summary of a Workshop convened by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 6-29, https://www.ida.org/upload/stpi/pdfs/fed_state.pdf)

Barriers to Effective Partnerships
AND
are inconsistent with those of the individual partners.

Licensing risk blocks commercialization. Only federal funding solves.

Bradish 9 (David, Manager of Energy Information – Nuclear Energy Institute, "Policies That Support New Nuclear Power Plant Development", NEI Fact Sheet, October, http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/-http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/documentlibrary/ newplants/factsheet/policiessupportnewplantdevelopment/)

New nuclear power plants are expected to cost %246-8 billion each (in 2008 dollars). Although %246-8 billion projects are not
AND
federal government’s regulatory process, only the federal government can offset that risk.

Shock has to be big —- fed’s key

Kaplan 12 (Fred, Senior Schwartz Fellow – New America Foundation and Ph.D. in Political Science – MIT, "Can America Ever Have Another "Sputnik Moment"?", Slate, 6-4, http://newamerica.net/node/68144)

Now, Obama told the nation, it was time to unleash the same sort of wave in biomedicine, clean energy, and information
AND
in American education, and only the federal government could provide that boost.

CP’s too low-level and no means or risk-tolerance

Drake 7 (Michael, M.D. and Chancellor – University of California, Irvine, "The Role of Public Investment in Promoting Economic Growth", Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services – CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-23, Lexis) 

WHY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?
AND
it will continue to spread that message through the Congress and the Administration.

Plan’s key to energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Extinction

Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Gannon, Paul, Feldman

Fusion – Elections – Obama Good – 2AC

Romney win- demographic changes in Midwest swing states

Dave Hartline, worked on Capital Hill after his masters founder of the Catholic Report 10-7-2012 http://the-american-catholic.com/2012/10/07/the-data-and-demographics-that-detail-why-romney-will-defeat-obama-in-ohio/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AmericanCatholic+%28The+American+Catholic%29-http://the-american-catholic.com/2012/10/07/the-data-and-demographics-that-detail-why-romney-will-defeat-obama-in-ohio/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AmericanCatholic+%28The+American+Catholic%29
The 2008 General Election was a perfect storm for Democrats across the country and Ohio
AND
for Governor Romney, but so could a host of upper Midwest states.

Multiple factors make this prediction impossible – Eurozone, Iran, healthcare, GOP infighting – AND ANY of them could sway the election in EITHER direction

Zelizer, CNN, 2-20-12
(Julian, Many wild cards could swing the 2012 presidential race, 2-20-12, http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/20/opinion/zelizer-unpredictable-election/index.html, accessed 2-22-12) PM

The outcome of the election of 2012 is becoming even tougher to predict, since
AND
dramatic twists and turns and rapid changes in the fortunes of all the candidates

Unemployment numbers thump Obama

Alexander 3/27/12 (Rachel, Obama’s Doublespeak Will Cost Him the Election, http://townhall.com/columnists/rachelalexander/2012/03/27/obamas_doublespeak_will_cost_him_the_election-http://townhall.com/columnists/rachelalexander/2012/03/27/obamas_doublespeak_will_cost_him_the_election)

In 1980, incumbent Democrat President Carter lost reelection to Republican challenger Ronald Reagan in
AND
to rise, with wholesale inflation increasing 0.4% in February.

Winners win elections- the plan is key to Obama’s momentum- able to completely turn the tide

Creamer, 11 – political strategist for over four decades
(Robert, he and his firm, Democracy Partners, work with many of
AND
, accessed 9-1-12, mss)
 2). Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New
AND
have them on the run - that’s the time to chase them.

Voter suppression undermines Obama

Julianne Malveaux is a Washington, D.C.-based economist and writer. She is President Emerita of Bennett College for Women in Greensboro, N.C., 10-7-2012 http://www.insightnews.com/commentary/9637-polls-dont-decide-elections-http://www.insightnews.com/commentary/9637-polls-dont-decide-elections

In late September, the "nonpartisan" Web site Real Clear Politics reported that
AND
talk show host Hugh Hewitt that "Democratic enthusiasm is going to recede."

Fusion’s too small

Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, "Fusion Energy: The Truth", Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains vague or unknown to the general public for many years.
AND
manipulate its commercial prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, Two Decade Contributor – McGraw-Hill/Platts Energy and Long-Time Energy Writer, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger Mitt Romney painting President
AND
candidates would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Fission incentives now

Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now%21, "Big Nuclear’s Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration", The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling, on the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, with the chair of the US Nuclear Regulatory
AND
Pac money), President Obama is fulfilling his promise to push nuclear power.

Environmentalists not key

Kaye 12 – Loren, President – California Foundation for Commerce and Education, "Power Poll", 8-29, http://www.climate-one.org/transcripts/power-poll

Loren Kaye: I think Dave makes a fair point and I think that’s a
AND
that’s the context that we’re looking at that in and so I don’t.

Backlash now —- solar

Hudson 9-13 – Audrey Hudson, Human Events 9-13-2012 http://www.humanevents.com/2012/09/13/environmentalists-oppose-obamas-plan-to-develop-solar-energy-zones/

The Obama administration has identified 285,000 acres of western public lands on which
AND
would be harmed if solar energy were developed on the affected public land.

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, "Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead", Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

1AR

Reject exaggerations —- no collapse or conflict

Economist 12 ("Romney Could Screw Up US Relations With Russia", Business Insider, 9-1, http://www.businessinsider.com/mitt-romneys-foreign-policy-chops-come-into-light-2012-9)

A rockier road
AND
conservativism, populist isolationism, realism, liberal internationalism) is unclear.

No difference —- Obama can’t sustain relations and Romney will moderate

Kramer 12 (David, President – Freedom House and Former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and Lilia Shevtsova, Senior Fellow – Carnegie Endowment, Moscow, "Obama vs. Romney: Who Would Putin Pick?", The American Interest, 9-11, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1312)

Does all this mean that Russia would prefer to see Obama reelected? Would the
AND
Obama presidency could become a serious test for both—Russia and America.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: Gannon, Paul, Feldman

Fusion – ITER Tradeoff DA – 2AC – Clay Doubles

Strong domestic fusion’s critical to an international lead role on next-gen energy

Kerry 12 (Senator John F., "Letter on Friday, March 2 to the Senate Appropriators to Support Fusion at the %24450 M Level", 3-2, http://www.pppl.gov/pdf/Kerry-JohnF.letter.pdf)

I am writing you today to express my serious concerns about the funding included in President Obama’s FY 2013 budget
AND
to take a lead role in developing the next generation of energy research.

Otherwise, multiple countries will pass the U.S., undermining fusion leadership

Holt 12 (Rush, United States Representative, et al., "3-FY13 Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Letter to House Appropriations Energy %26 Water Subcommittee", 3-16, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OFES_Fusion_FY13_SIGNED_3_2012_dear_colleague.pdf)

The Administration’s FY 2013 budget requests just %24248.3 million for the domestic
AND
to working with you on this issue as the appropriations process moves forward.

That ruins a unique model for deep international collaboration

Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the U.S. program of fusion energy research and
AND
grow in relation to the capacities of individual nations to pay for it.

Domestic fusion’s key to ITER —- unique workforce —- that’s Prager —- and research niches

Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Fusion Confusion", Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012%26segmentID=2)

DEAN: Originally, say ten years ago, it was supposed to cost like five billion dollars. Today, it’s around 20 billion, maybe a little bit AND
 important potential hole in the international physics development.

Otherwise, other countries will pull the plug on collaboration

Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the program, and eventually deploying an integrated fusion nuclear science
AND
could be fatally damaged if these transitions are not managed adroitly.

Domestic cuts cause U.S. scientists to bail on ITER

Dean 12 (Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Senate Bill Raises Possibility of Withdrawl From ITER As Science Cuts Loom", Slashdot, 7-25, http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/07/25/136210/senate-bill-raises-possibility-of-withdrawl-from-iter-as-science-cuts-loom)

"Are the knives coming out for ITER? A Senate Department of Energy spending
AND
reduce the deficit without starving U.S. science-funding agencies."

Cuts coming —- budget sequestration

Mason 12 (Thom, Director – Oak Ridge National Laboratory, "Thom Mason talks about U.S. ITER", Atomic City Underground – Knox News, July, http://blogs.knoxnews.com/munger/2012/07/thom-mason-talks-about-us-iter.html)

So where does funding stand at the moment? This year’s funding level is about %24140 million, and the AND
 a shortfall, depending on how things play out."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake Forest LM | Judge: Kallmyer, Moseley-Jensen, Heidt
Fusion – Fusion Leadership Adv – 1AC – Clay Octos
Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.
Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.
Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
AND
The time is now for fusion.
Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under AND
 the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake Forest LM | Judge: Kallmyer, Moseley-Jensen, Heidt

Fusion – STEM Adv – 1AC – Clay Octos

Scientists watch federal fusion funding —- cuts turn away grad students

Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, "Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research", Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets-http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government experiments to have their funding pulled.  Yet
AND
is perhaps the greatest problem with path we’re on," Greenwald told Science.

This breaks the STEM pipeline

Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., "Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era", 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
AND
fusion reactors will requires attracting and retaining the world’s best scientists and engineers.

The entire nuclear program will become ineffective

Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Continue Funding C-Mod", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor is one of the largest experiments at MIT
AND
well that it can trust MIT to put it’s money to good use.

Plan steers them back

Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and the right investment, the potential strategic gains for the U.S. in the aggressive
AND
• Increase interest and high-paying jobs for young people going into scientific and engineering fields.

Signal alone solves

Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Fed’s key

Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future", September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology has now advanced to the point that it can and should play a leading role in driving educational
AND
for education. State and local educational authorities lack the necessary resources or scale.

University nuclear science’s key to stockpile stewardship

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The situation in the world today is extremely complex as it relates to nuclear technology
AND
desalination to recovery of usable petroleum products from oil shale and tar sands.

Decline cracks the backbone of deterrence

Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., "Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century", Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States is quickly losing its leadership position in science and technology (S%26T). We are seeing this
AND
the work to achieve this vision should not undercut US nonproliferation goals.

It’s failing and risks great power conflict

Spring 12 (Baker, F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy – Heritage Foundation, and Michaela Bendikova, Research Assistant for Missile Defense and Foreign Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, "Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad", Heritage Backgrounder, 1-27, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2646.pdf)

Abstract: The U.S. nuclear triad of heavy bombers, intercontinental-
AND
awesome capability, it is that it demands constant and undivided attention.5

Global nuclear war

Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent", Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have profound policy implications, AND
alone could inflict.

Nuclear science stops testing —- monitors arms control and maintains the SSP

Henning 10 (Walter, Senior Physicist – Argonne National Laboratory and Member – American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Accelerators for America’s Future", June, http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep-http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep ort.pdf)

From the earliest days of their development, accelerators have made critical contributions to the
AND
eliminate the need for highly enriched uranium and nuclear reactor facilities for production.

SSP failure forces testing

Smith 98 (Harold P., Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Richard S. Soll, Senior Scientist and Head of Special Projects – Science Applications International Corporation, "Challenges of Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Under A Comprehensive Test Ban", Arms Control Today, March, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/304)

In the absence of underground nuclear test explosions and with no new U.S
AND
Department of Defense would play a critical role in such a momentous step.

Global nuclear war

Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms control and non- proliferation regimes collapsed. Americans weren’t bothered
AND
and grumbling won’t keep us safe. It is time to speak out.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake Forest LM | Judge: Kallmyer, Moseley-Jensen, Heidt

Fusion – Fusion Adv – Navy Scenario – 1AC – Clay Octos

Fusion tech will be adopted by the Navy —- key to global, rapid power projection

Triola 8 (Larry C., Naval Surface Warfare Center, "Energy %26 National Security: An Exploration of
Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures", 10-9, http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf-http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf)

Current nuclear power technology offers potential to replace all electrical-grid power production without
AND
independence, can be a net energy exporter with emerging nuclear power options.

Multiple hotspots will erupt with WMD conflict —- rapid naval mobility stops escalation

Green 97 (Kevin, Rear Admiral, Commander – United States Navy, NTC, Great Lakes, "What the Best Damn Navy in the World Is For", Vital Speeches of the Day, 7-15, Ebsco)

And the list of troubles wouldn’t be complete without mentioning that by the year 2000
AND
the Navy-Marine corps team has to be ready for them.

Goes global

Conway 7 (James T., General – U.S. Marine Corps, Gary  Roughead, Admiral – U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral – U.S. Coast Guard, "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability as war among major powers
AND
and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a
AND
 will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Military will integrate them

Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, "ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems", 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology
AND
for a number of military applications where similar or related properties are important.

That checks sea-skimming missiles —- threat’s high

CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, "Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar", http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are so accurate they define the "Volt," goes the saying. The true testament to the
AND
sensors and standards as well as benefiting superconductor-based applications in communications.

Escalates conflict with Iran —- goes global and nuclear

Williams 10 – Lawrence, Adjunct Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences – Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Ph.D. in Defense and Strategic Studies – University of Madras, "Peril Awaits at the Strait of Hormuz", 7-22, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2557996/posts)

The Gulf-Southwest Asia region has always been a hyper-flash point of
AND
consequences that could have irreparable consequences:

Iranian missiles push the U.S. out of the Gulf —- detection’s key

OA 12 – Oxford Analytica, "Iran’s Missile Assets May Constrain US Threat Response", 1-6, http://www.oxan.com/Analysis/DailyBrief/Samples/IranMissileAssets.aspx

Analysis
Iran has a fairly well-developed indigenous capacity to produce missiles, with particular strength in
AND
longer range, which entails less time over targets and reduced ordnance payloads.

Withdrawal shatters global credibility —- shreds Asian alliances

Etzioni 11 – Amitai, University Professor and Professor of International Relations – The George Washington University and Director – Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, "The Coming Test of U.S. Credibility", Military Review, March, http://www.readperiodicals.com/201103/2312505741.html

All three countries face transitions that could make them more vulnerable to Iranian influence - for
AND
it sees as its global responsibilities and live up to its commitments overseas.

Global nuclear war

Bennett 7 – Christoher, Major – United States Air Force and Masters of Science – Joint Advanced Warfighting School, "Shaping China’s Development: Stable Growth Of an Asia-Pacific Might", 4-5, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468786.pdf

As stated in the National Security Strategy, "the United States is a Pacific
AND
U.S. maintains a significant force structure presence in sovereign nations. 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake Forest LM | Judge: Kallmyer, Moseley-Jensen, Heidt

Fusion – Plan – Clay Octos

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory CM | Judge: 

Fusion solves global water shortages

Llamas 9 (Manuel Ramón, Emeritus Professor of Hydrogeology – Complutense University of Madrid and Fellow – Spain’s Royal Academy of Sciences, Water Ethics: Marcelino Botin Water Forum 2007, p. 54-55)

3.1.1   Water and energy
AND
same time. Until then, the use of greenhouse and water issues will be interlinked (see Section 4).

Global nuclear war

NASCA 4 (National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation, "Water Shortages – Only a Matter of Time",http:~/~/www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html)http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_relics_/water/water.html)

Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know it. The
AND
ourselves with a nightmare situation for which there will be no obvious answer. 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: 

T – Production – 2AC – Clay Octos

"Production" is generation by combining atoms —- includes R%26D

Ontario 10 (Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, Energy Guide, 2-20, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ospe.on.ca/resource/resmgr/doc_advocacy/2011_doc_20feb_energyguide.pdf)

Nuclear fusion energy is produced by
AND
 global energy needs for centuries to come.

This excludes electricity distribution

Touran 12 (Nick, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – University of Michigan, "Power Basics (Terminology)", http://www.whatisnuclear.com/physics/power_basics.html)

Before embarking on a meaningful discussion of nuclear power, we should touch base on the
AND
reaching about 45 GWd/MT and fast reactors pushing 200GWd/MT.

"For" means "in support of"

OED 11 (Oxford English Dictionary, "for", http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk-http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
AND
 in a referendum

"Financial incentives" are resource transfer to lower cost of production. Includes R%26D.

EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government. 

Applied R%26D is topical – government definition

EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
AND
 appropriation for this program is %2419 million, out of the %2430 million for new or improved nuclear power plants.

T – Production – 1AR

EIA’s the gold standard

White 9 (Theresa Ann, "Industries That Rely On Energy Information Administration (EIA) Products", Helium, 2-21, http://www.helium.com/items/1350614-energy-information-administration-official-source-of-energy-data-eia-department-of-energy)

Information is also available for other broad industry areas. EIA compiles forecasts on energy sources, including supply
AND
watch a video celebrating the 30 anniversary of the EIA, click here.

"Increase" means progressive growth

Philips 2 – UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE (Louis, IN RE LAWRENCE D. GOLDBERG, DEBTOR; DWAYNE M. MURRAY, TRUSTEE, PLAINTIFF VERSUS MAE M. STACY TRUST AND F. EUGENE RICHARDSON, DEFENDANTS, 5/1, lexis) (emphasis in the original)

In determining the plain meaning of the phrase "increases the obligor’s insolvency," the
AND
of the Louisiana revocatory action and of its legislative history is now offered.

Prefer energy type-specific definitions

EIA 12 (United States Energy Information Administration, "Glossary", http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=P)

Production:  See production terms associated with specific energy types.

Nuclear "energy production" is changing nuclei —- distinct from other fuels

Ferrari 96 (GB, Major-General – United States Armed Forces, "CONVENTIONAL AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS - ENERGY PRODUCTION AND ATOMIC PHYSICS", Army Field Manual, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/1ch2.htm-http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/dod/fm8-9/1ch2.htm) 

201. Introduction.
AND
basic concepts related to atomic structure and nuclear reactions must first be understood.

Fusion R%26D is exclusively targeted at energy production

House 12 (House Committee Report – Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2012, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?%26sid=cp112Ynxmk%26r_n=hr118.112%26dbname=cp112%26%26sel=TOC_-http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?%26sid=cp112Ynxmk%26r_n=hr118.112%26dbname=cp112%26%26sel=TOC_ 249893%26)

FUSION ENERGY SCIENCES
AND
 sciences, %2430,537,000 above fiscal year 2011 and %246,300,000 above the request.

R%26D clearly supports production

KHT 7 ("ED2200 Energy and Fusion Research 6.0 Credits", http://www.kth.se/student/kurser/kurs/ED2200?l=en)

In earlier days, the question "For how long will the fossil fuels last?" was often raised, but experiences during the last decade have AND
 realized. In the course, different solutions to this "the greatest technological challenge ever pursued by man" will be presented.

It’s a pre-requisite

EC 8 (European Commission – Report of the Fusion Facilities Review Panel, "R%26D Needs and Required Facilities for the Development of Fusion as an Energy Source", October, http://fire.pppl.gov/EU_fusion_facilities_rev_08.pdf)

In December 2007 the European Commission established an independent Panel for a review of the
AND
The full terms of reference to the panel are given in Annex I.

"For" requires intent, not a guaranteed result

Arterton 3 – US District Judge (Janet, Applera Corporation and Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., plaintiffs, v. MJ Research Inc. and Michael and John Finney, 3:98cv1201 (JBA), UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, 292 F. Supp. 2d 348; 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20903, Lexis)

The ordinary meaning of the preposition "for," see Webster’s New World Dictionary of
AND
9, ll. 31-32, at least while performing PCR.

We meet

Alt Energy Mag 12 ("Nuclear Fusion", August, http://altenergymag.com/emagazine/2012/08/nuclear-fusion/1931)

Research into controlled fusion, with the aim of producing fusion power for the production
AND
however this has been delayed and a new date has not been stated.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: 

Fusion – States CP 2AC – Clay Octos

Linkage —- sponsoring agency gets the tech —- DoE's established, CP's new partner disrupts

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, "Nuclear's Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The need to monitor and support university‐based NSE research and education efforts,

AND

of DOE including NRC, DOD, DHS, NASA, and others.

Crushes fusion

Deutch 11 (John M., Institute Professor and Dean of Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry – MIT, "An Energy Technology Corporation Will Improve the Federal Government's Efforts to Accelerate Energy Innovation", Brookings Institution Hamilton Project Discussion Paper, May, http://www.brook ings.edu/~~~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/5/energy%20corporation%20deutch/05_energy_corporation_deutch_paper)

IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS

AND

competitiveness are broader economic objectives that are not unique to the energy sector.

DoE lab's are key

Holdren 99 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation", President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf)

Beyond the market failures and barriers just discussed, other rationales for government involvement include

AND

non-energy policies are taken up in a separate subsection, below.

State funding is legally tech transfer —- strict non-federal requirements apply

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, "Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories", June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

What GAO Found: Although DOE's laboratories routinely share their technologies, capabilities, and

AND

of 2009 and the additional funding provided to DOE to meet those goals.

Crushes innovation and commercialization

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, "Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories", June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

Challenges throughout the Technology Transfer Process Can Constrain DOE Laboratories' Efforts to Identify and Transfer

AND

within a reasonable time frame, in light of competition in the marketplace.

Only DoE ensures data preservation

Kleppner 9 (Daniel, Professor of Physics Emeritus – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, p. 113)

Research institutions and research sponsors have an interest in seeing data used to full advantage

AND

Library of Congress should be established to undertake this mission.

That's key to fusion research

Layne 11 (R., EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, "Long Term Preservation of Scientific Data: Lessons from JET and Other Domains", http://www.iop.org/Jet/fulltext/EFDC110302.pdf)

1. Introduction

AND

 our data is preserved for the decades the experiment is in operation, and potentially for decades beyond that?

States are broke

Melkers 4 (Julia, Professor of Public Administration – University of Illinois at Chicago, "Assessing the Outcomes of State Science and Technology Organizations", Economic Development Quarterly, 18(2), May, p. 188)

State support for SandT as a vehicle for economic growth and state competitiveness

AND

). Yet it also illustrates the realities of organizations in the political arena.

Shock has to be big —- fed's key

Kaplan 12 (Fred, Senior Schwartz Fellow – New America Foundation and Ph.D. in Political Science – MIT, "Can America Ever Have Another "Sputnik Moment"?", Slate, 6-4, http://newamerica.net/node/68144)

Now, Obama told the nation, it was time to unleash the same sort of wave in biomedicine, clean energy, and information

AND

in American education, and only the federal government could provide that boost.

CP's too low-level and no means or risk-tolerance

Drake 7 (Michael, M.D. and Chancellor – University of California, Irvine, "The Role of Public Investment in Promoting Economic Growth", Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services – CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-23, Lexis)

WHY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?

A fundamental question that we have to answer in this discussion is, why shouldn't

AND

it will continue to spread that message through the Congress and the Administration.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: 

Fusion – Elections – Obama Good 2AC – Clay Octos

Romney win- demographic changes in Midwest swing states

Dave Hartline, worked on Capital Hill after his masters founder of the Catholic Report 10-7-2012 http://the-american-catholic.com/2012/10/07/the-data-and-demographics-that-detail-why-romney-will-defeat-obama-in-ohio/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AmericanCatholic+%28The+American+Catholic%29-http://the-american-catholic.com/2012/10/07/the-data-and-demographics-that-detail-why-romney-will-defeat-obama-in-ohio/?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AmericanCatholic+%28The+American+Catholic%29
The 2008 General Election was a perfect storm for Democrats across the country and Ohio
AND
for Governor Romney, but so could a host of upper Midwest states.

Voter suppression undermines Obama

Julianne Malveaux is a Washington, D.C.-based economist and writer. She is President Emerita of Bennett College for Women in Greensboro, N.C., 10-7-2012 http://www.insightnews.com/commentary/9637-polls-dont-decide-elections-http://www.insightnews.com/commentary/9637-polls-dont-decide-elections

In late September, the "nonpartisan" Web site Real Clear Politics reported that
AND
talk show host Hugh Hewitt that "Democratic enthusiasm is going to recede."

Fusion’s too small

Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, "Fusion Energy: The Truth", Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains vague or unknown to the general public for many years.
AND
manipulate its commercial prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, Two Decade Contributor – McGraw-Hill/Platts Energy and Long-Time Energy Writer, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger Mitt Romney painting President
AND
say industry observers. Even those who see nuclear as safe, say they understand why the candidates would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Fission incentives now

Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now%21, "Big Nuclear’s Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration", The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling, on the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, with the chair of the US Nuclear Regulatory
AND
Pac money), President Obama is fulfilling his promise to push nuclear power.

Public supports fusion spending

Webster 10 (AJ, "Fusion Energy Branch", Submission to the Institute of Physics Plasma Visions Survey 2010, 11-22)

Block Grant Funding: CCFE is funded through a block-grant from EPSRC, which allows CCFE to deliver an efficient mission-AND
 have been positive statements about fusion from influential politicians and respected scientists.

Evidence about fission doesn’t apply

Simonen 00 (T.C., Professor of Physics – University of California, Berkeley, "What is Happening With Fusion Energy?", The Industrial Physicist, April, https://web.gat.com/pubs-ext/miscpubs/A23372.pdf)

Fusion energy, the result of fusing light atoms such as hydrogen to form heavier
AND
much energy as 300 gallons of gasoline with just a little helium exhaust.

Israeli strikes coming —- triggers the link

Feehery 12 (John, Reporter – The Hill, "October Surprise", The Hill – Pundit’s Blog, 8-28, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/245965-october-surprise)

What will this election’s October Surprise be?
AND
 between now and November, including a big-time October Surprise. 

DoE funds the plan —- that’s Hammond. Shields Obama.

Fox 9 (Justin, Professor of Political Science – Yale University and Stuart V. Jordan, Professor of Political Science – University of Rochestor, "Delegation and Accountability", 12-16, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1524585)

Can legislators control bureaucrats’ exercise of delegated authority? This question has motivated the bulk of positive studies of
AND
executive, and delegation necessarily diminishes \legislative power and with it accountability."

Can’t predict the election

Cunningham 11 (Pat, Columnist – RRS, "Here’s Why Outcome of Next Presidential Election is Impossible to Predict at this Point", Rockford Register Star, 12-13, http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/12/13/heres-why-outcome-of-next-presidential-election-is-impossible-to-predict-at-this-point/)

Forty-seven weeks from today, tens of millions of Americans will flock to
AND
know at this point, it might turn out to be a landslide. 

Their 1NC impact says Obama is Bush-lite on foreign policy- no substantive differences  between candidates- newest Bandow article proves- divided congress and few distinctions

Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. He is a former special assistant to President Reagan and the author of several books, including Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire (Xulon Press). 9-3-2012 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/voting-president-lesser-evil-is-still-rather-evil-http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/voting-president-lesser-evil-is-still-rather-evil

In a little over two months Americans will go to the polls to elect their
AND
battled the Democratic president. The future is likely to be no different.

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, "Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead", Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: Octos | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: 

Fusion – Nuclear Production K 2AC – Clay Octos

Tech-Power K too sweeping in fusion context. Aff saves millions, alt sacrifices them.

Lorimer ’92
(Doug, Professor Emeritus – Tri University and Member – National Executive of the Democratic Socialist Party, "Should We Oppose Fusion Technology?", Green Left Weekly, 2-19, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2210)

Undemocratic technology? While he points out that with "more human and financial resources
AND
achieve. And Marxists certainly shouldn’t oppose it because it requires scientific knowledge.

Particularity should be the standard for rejoinder.

Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain ’coercive’ (Dancy 1993:
AND
serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

====Method not first – policy better. Endless methods become nexus questions – hurt clash with rest of the Aff. Anti-politics is normative offense. ====
Fearon %26Wendt 2K
~James, Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford, Alexander, Professor of IR at Ohio State, Handbook of International Relations, ed. Carlsnaes, p. 68~
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

Sweeping tech K’s wrong, empowers Right

Bronner 4 – Stephen Eric Bronner, Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, 2004, Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, p. 160

Critics of the Enlightenment may have correctly emphasized the price of progress, the costs
AND
transcend the crude categories of technical criteria and slide-rule measurements."7

Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Even if full-fusion is distant, fusion neutron harnessing isn’t.

UT’9 
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29^th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/-http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste
AND
product of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.

(  ) that checks violent waste policy towards Native Americans.

Ewall ’11  
(Mike Ewall is the founder and director of ActionPA, a state-wide environmental grassroots support group in Pennsylvania and the Energy Justice Network, a national organization to advance clean energy policies while aiding grassroots fights against dirty energy technologies. Energy Justice Network – November – http://www.energyjustice.net/files/ej/energy-ej.pdf)

Nuclear power • Nuclear power disproportionately affects communities of color, from the mining of
AND
(nuclear reactor fuel rods) have been Native American lands.

Nuclear Production K – 1AR

Fusion is distinct and challenges military-industrial complex. Sweeping K’s HELP elites.

Razani ’12
(Rezwan, Former Instructor at Shiraz University.   MRP, City and Regional Planning @ Cornell. Bachelor of Arts, Environmental Science @ UC-Berkeley. Also serves as Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Batman Fusion Redemption", Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down. TDKR confuses fission and fusion. Fission (FIZZ)
AND
energy with nuclear weapons means: Nuclear Energy Loses. Nuclear Weapons WIN.

We solve inequitable distribution. Their pessimism bias only boosts violent forms of progress.

Charlesworth ’7
(JJ Charlesworth, writer who regularly contributes to Time Out London and Art Monthly.  Serves as Associate Editor for ArtReview magazine and as a Tutor at the Royal College of Art. "FUSION NOW%21 Art and the Politics of Energy", Manifesto Club, 12-20, http://www.manifestoclub.com/fusionnowessay)

There are many political issues that could be the subject for an art exhibition today
AND
touches on questions of science, history, industry, aesthetics and subjectivity.

Violence caused by proximate cause – not securitized rep. Frames our perm.

Kaufman ’9
Stuart Kaufman, (Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware) "Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case," 2009 Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory HR | Judge: Karlson

T – R%26D – 2AC – Harvard Round 3

"Nuclear Production" is generation by combining atoms —- includes R%26D

Ontario 10 (Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, Energy Guide, 2-20, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ospe.on.ca/resource/resmgr/doc_advocacy/2011_doc_20feb_energyguide.pdf)

Nuclear fusion
AND
 anticipated global energy needs for centuries to come.

This excludes electricity distribution

Touran 12 (Nick, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – University of Michigan, "Power Basics (Terminology)", http://www.whatisnuclear.com/physics/power_basics.html)

Before embarking on a meaningful discussion of nuclear power, we should touch base on the
AND
reaching about 45 GWd/MT and fast reactors pushing 200GWd/MT.

"For" means "in support of"

OED 11 (Oxford English Dictionary, "for", http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk-http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
1 in support of or in favour of (a person or policy): troops who had fought for Napoleon they voted for independence in a referendum

"Financial incentives" are resource transfer to lower cost of production. Includes R%26D.

EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government. 

Yes, we’re applied R%26D – it’s explicitly for production – that’s the plan

NSF No Date
(National Science Foundation, "Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources," http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/randdef/fedgov.cfm-http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/randdef/fedgov.cfm)

Definitions of basic and applied research and development are provided below... Basic research is
AND
development, and improvement of prototypes and new processes to meet specific requirements.

Fusion can be applied – government definition

ECFR 10-19-12
(Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, PART 605—THE OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, data current as of 10-19-12, http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr%26rgn=div5%26view=text%26node=10:4.0.1.3.13%26idno=10-http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr%26rgn=div5%26view=text%26node=10:4.0.1.3.13%26idno=10)

3. Fusion Energy The magnetic fusion energy program is an applied research and development
AND
and system studies pertaining to critical feasibility issues of fusion technology and development.

It’s applied – geared towards developing fusion reactors

Abdou 9
(Mohamed, Distinguished Professor of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA and Director of the Fusion Science %26 Technology Center at UCLA, "Areas of Research," last updated 1-8-09, http://www.fusion.ucla.edu/abdou/-http://www.fusion.ucla.edu/abdou/)

Areas of Research Professor Abdou’s research involves theory, modeling, experiments, design,
AND
) conceptualize and develop innovative designs for FNT components, and fusion reactors.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory HR | Judge: Karlson

Fusion – States CP – 2AC/1AR – Harvard Round 3

2AC

Linkage -~-- sponsoring agency gets the tech -~-- DoE’s established, CP’s new partner disrupts

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The need to monitor and support university‐based NSE research and education efforts,  

AND

of DOE including NRC, DOD, DHS, NASA, and others.

Crushes fusion

Deutch 11 (John M., Institute Professor and Dean of Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry – MIT, “An Energy Technology Corporation Will Improve the Federal Government’s Efforts to Accelerate Energy Innovation”, Brookings Institution Hamilton Project Discussion Paper, May, http://www.brook ings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/5/energy%20corporation%20deutch/05_energy_corporation_deutch_paper)

IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS

AND

competitiveness are broader economic objectives that are not unique to the energy sector.

State funding is legally tech transfer -~-- strict non-federal requirements apply

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, “Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories”, June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

What GAO Found: Although DOE’s laboratories routinely share their technologies, capabilities, and

AND

of 2009 and the additional funding provided to DOE to meet those goals.

Crushes innovation and commercialization

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, “Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories”, June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

Challenges throughout the Technology Transfer Process Can Constrain DOE Laboratories' Efforts to Identify and Transfer

AND

within a reasonable time frame, in light of competition in the marketplace.

States are broke

Melkers 4 (Julia, Professor of Public Administration – University of Illinois at Chicago, “Assessing the Outcomes of State Science and Technology Organizations”, Economic Development Quarterly, 18(2), May, p. 188)

State support for SandT as a vehicle for economic growth and state competitiveness

AND

Yet it also illustrates the realities of organizations in the political arena.

Shock has to be big -~-- fed’s key

Kaplan 12 (Fred, Senior Schwartz Fellow – New America Foundation and Ph.D. in Political Science – MIT, “Can America Ever Have Another “Sputnik Moment”?”, Slate, 6-4, http://newamerica.net/node/68144)

Now, Obama told the nation, it was time to unleash the same sort of wave in biomedicine, clean energy, and information

AND

in American education, and only the federal government could provide that boost.

CP’s too low-level and no means or risk-tolerance

Drake 7 (Michael, M.D. and Chancellor – University of California, Irvine, “The Role of Public Investment in Promoting Economic Growth”, Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services – CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-23, Lexis)

WHY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?

AND

it will continue to spread that message through the Congress and the Administration.

Coordination pacts fail for research

Marburger 4 (John H. III, Ph.D., Director – Office of Science Technology Policy, and Committee Chair, et al., “Federal-State RandD Cooperation: Improving the Likelihood of Success”, Summary of a Workshop convened by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, 6-29, https://www.ida.org/upload/stpi/pdfs/fed_state.pdf)

Barriers to Effective Partnerships

AND

Barriers arise only when the goals of the partnership are inconsistent with those of the individual partners.

Links to politics and Fed vetos

Briggett 91 – Marlissa S., Production Editor – Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, “State Supremacy In The Federal Realm: The Interstate Compact”, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, Summer, 18 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 751, Lexis

A. Constitutional Roots of the Interstate Compact Device

Authority for interstate compacts emanates from the United States Constitution. 54 The grant of

AND

preempts or conflicts with federal law, then congressional consent is imperative. 68

1AR

CP’s tech transfer -~-- plan isn’t

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, “Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories”, June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

In addition to conducting research on behalf of DOE's missions, DOE's national laboratories routinely

AND

percent by universities, state or local governments, or other nonfederal sponsors.

It’s a deal breaker

Hughes 11 – Mary Elizabeth, Researcher – Institute for Defense Analysis Science and Technology Policy Institute, et al., “Technology Transfer and Commercialization Landscape of the Federal Laboratories”, IDA Paper, June, https://www.ida.org/upload/stpi/pdfs/p-4728nsfinal508compliantfedlabttcreport.pdf

6. Government Requirements Hinder Interactions with Industry

AND

laboratories across those agencies and many more.

Especially for DoE

Riggins 8 – Matthew, Lead Author and Researcher, Georgetown University McDonough School of Business, and Roger London, Technical Expert and Project Manager, Chesapeake Crescent Initiative, “Technology Transfer Processes in Federal Agencies”, http://www.chesapeakecrescent.org/PDF/TechTransferProcessesinFedAgencies.pdf

*Note – “TT” = technology transfer

Other statutory limitations get in the way of TT by restricting the amount of interaction

AND

that these metrics do not communicate the social impact of the commercialization effort.

Tech transfer’s key to solvency

ENP 12 – ENP Newswire, “AVESTAR Captures Prestigious Technology Transfer Award”, 8-17, Lexis

Technology transfer - moving a new technology from the inventor's workbench or laboratory to a company AND

 security of the United States.

Means no spinoffs

Adams 3 – James D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and NBER, “The Influence of Federal Laboratory RandD

On Industrial Research”, October, http:~/~/www.economics.rpi.edu/workingpapers/pdf

It is important to see that there are many channels of technology transfer from the

AND

science and engineering since the early 1990s (National Research Council, 2001).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory HR | Judge: Karlson

Fusion – Elections – Obama Good – 2AC

2AC

Anything can happen- Greece, Syria, Libya, jobs report and super PACs

The Daily Beast, 10-3-2012 http:~/~/www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/03/html

External events provide the other known unknown—the kind of a foreign or domestic

AND

likely to come from outside; external events that no one can control.

Frankenstorm causes Obama loss- key swing states

WP, 10-26-2012 http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/

The storm is already affecting campaign schedules — Romney has canceled a planned rally in

AND

for acts of God, including droughts, floods, and shark attacks.”

It’s too late- early voting

Jonah Goldberg is an editor-at-large of National Review Online, 10-24-2012 http:~/~/www.hollandsentinel.com/opinions/x346785509/COLUMN-A-vote-against-early-voting?zc_p=1url:http://www.hollandsentinel.com/opinions/x346785509/COLUMN-A-vote-against-early-voting?zc_p=1

 I suspect most voters watching Monday night’s debate found it pretty boring. President

AND

the whole country in the same time frame seems essential to that idea.

Environmentalists not key

Kaye 12 – Loren, President – California Foundation for Commerce and Education, “Power Poll”, 8-29, http://www.climate-one.org/transcripts/power-poll

Loren Kaye: I think Dave makes a fair point and I think that’s a

AND

that’s the context that we’re looking at that in and so I don’t.

Backlash now -~-- solar

Hudson 9-13 – Audrey Hudson, Human Events 9-13-2012 http://www.humanevents.com/2012/09/13/environmentalists-oppose-obamas-plan-to-develop-solar-energy-zones/

The Obama administration has identified 285,000 acres of western public lands on which

AND

would be harmed if solar energy were developed on the affected public land.

Won’t vote against Obama

Munro 12 – Neil, Veteran Washington Reporter – Daily Caller, “Obama Still Has Green Energy Vote For 2012”, Daily Caller, 8-30, http://dailycaller.com/2011/08/30/obama-still-has-green-energy-vote-for-2012/

Environmentalists are staging a two-week oil-pipeline protest outside the White House

AND

Abe Lincoln or a Winston Churchill … but we will not give up.”

No link- plan is after the election- best for real world education and fairness

The Hill, 10-1-2012 http:~/~/thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259379-com/homenews/campaign/259379-what-will-be-this-years-october-surprise

 But with both chambers of Congress

AND

 widened his lead over Romney since the attack, notably in several key battleground states.

Romney wins- momentum

CNN, 10-24-2012 http:~/~/www.cnn.com/2012/10/24/opinion/bennett-final-debate/html

All three presidential debates are now in the books and the race to the White

AND

need to know about how the campaigns feel heading into the home stretch.

Fusion’s too small

Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, “Fusion Energy: The Truth”, Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains vague or unknown to the general public for many years.

AND

manipulate its commercial prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, Two Decade Contributor – McGraw-Hill/Platts Energy and Long-Time Energy Writer, “What Obama and Romney Don't Say About Energy”, AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger Mitt Romney painting President

AND

would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Bandow changed his mind -~-- no difference and Congress checks

Bandow 9-3 – Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. He is a former special assistant to President Reagan and the author of several books, including Foreign Follies: America's New Global Empire (Xulon Press). 9-3-2012 http:~/~/www.cato.org/publications/commentary/org/publications/commentary/voting-president-lesser-evil-is-still-rather-evil

In a little over two months Americans will go to the polls to elect their

AND

battled the Democratic president. The future is likely to be no different.

1AR

AT: Russia Relations – 1AR

Relations decline inevitable

Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, “Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead”, Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in

AND

from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.

Reject exaggerations -~-- no collapse or conflict

Economist 12 (“Romney Could Screw Up US Relations With Russia”, Business Insider, 9-1, http://www.businessinsider.com/mitt-romneys-foreign-policy-chops-come-into-light-2012-9)

A rockier road

AND

-conservativism, populist isolationism, realism, liberal internationalism) is unclear.

No difference -~-- Obama can’t sustain relations and Romney will moderate

Kramer 12 (David, President – Freedom House and Former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and Lilia Shevtsova, Senior Fellow – Carnegie Endowment, Moscow, “Obama vs. Romney: Who Would Putin Pick?”, The American Interest, 9-11, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1312)

Does all this mean that Russia would prefer to see Obama reelected? Would the

AND

Obama presidency could become a serious test for both—Russia and America.

FrankenThumper – 1AR

Stops early voting and the ground game- key Obama strategy

WP, 10-26-2012 http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/

Obama’s campaign has put a heavy emphasis on early voting – in part, he

AND

knocking and phone-banking in the final days will likely hurt Obama.

Obama response thumps the election

WP, 10-26-2012 http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/

There could also be more subtle electoral effects. If Obama handles the crisis well

AND

with his challenger, who in recent weeks has gained in battleground polls.

Causes critical swing voters to stay home

Business Insider, 10-26-2012 http:~/~/www.businessinsider.com/com/how-a-big-storm-could-affect-the-presidential-election-2012-10

The FRANKENSTORM has us thinking about how weather can affect an election.¶ As anyone

AND

get out and vote — a number that could decisively shift the election.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory HR | Judge: Karlson

Fusion – ITER DA – 2AC

U.S. won’t bail

Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Fusion Confusion", Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012%26segmentID=2)

GELLERMAN: But if the funding for ITER is driving the budget crunch in our domestic fusion energy projects, AND
 Holdren and Chu, that they have to keep their oar in.

Domestic fusion’s key to ITER —- unique workforce —- that’s Prager —- and research niches

Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Fusion Confusion", Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012%26segmentID=2)

DEAN: Originally, say ten years ago, it was supposed to cost like five billion dollars. Today, it’s around 20 billion, maybe a little bit AND
 important potential hole in the international physics development.

No impact to budget cuts

Feder 12 (Toni, Editor – Physics Today, "Progress in Fusion, But Not in its US Funding", Physics Today, June, http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i6/p25_s1?view=print)

To meet its obligation, the US will have to ramp up spending on ITER
AND
Prager, director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. "It’s unbelievable."

Other countries will pull the plug on collaboration

Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the program, and eventually deploying an integrated fusion nuclear science
AND
could be fatally damaged if these transitions are not managed adroitly.

Domestic cuts cause U.S. scientists to bail on ITER

Dean 12 (Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, "Senate Bill Raises Possibility of Withdrawl From ITER As Science Cuts Loom", Slashdot, 7-25, http://news.slashdot.org/story/12/07/25/136210/senate-bill-raises-possibility-of-withdrawl-from-iter-as-science-cuts-loom)

"Are the knives coming out for ITER? A Senate Department of Energy spending
AND
reduce the deficit without starving U.S. science-funding agencies."

Cuts coming —- budget sequestration

Mason 12 (Thom, Director – Oak Ridge National Laboratory, "Thom Mason talks about U.S. ITER", Atomic City Underground – Knox News, July, http://blogs.knoxnews.com/munger/2012/07/thom-mason-talks-about-us-iter.html)

So where does funding stand at the moment? This year’s funding level is about %24140 million, and the AND
a shortfall, depending on how things play out."

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Trinity MR | Judge: Buntin

Fusion – K Underview – 1AC – Harvard Round 6

First – Particularity Thesis. Critical Theory seeks "All’s" and "Always". Particularity would boost decisions and scholarship.

Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain ’coercive’ (Dancy 1993:
AND
serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

We can make contingent claims not based on universals. Rejoinder burden soars.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Fusion is distinct and challenges military-industrial complex. Sweeping K’s HELP elites.

Razani ’12
(Rezwan, Former Instructor at Shiraz University.   MRP, City and Regional Planning @ Cornell. Bachelor of Arts, Environmental Science @ UC-Berkeley. Also serves as Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Batman Fusion Redemption", Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down. TDKR confuses fission and fusion. Fission (FIZZ)
AND
energy with nuclear weapons means: Nuclear Energy Loses. Nuclear Weapons WIN.

Serial Policy Failure wrong and Policy Nihilism Bad.

Tallis ’97
Raymond Tallis, Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester – Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409

If we deny or rubbish the progress that mankind has already made, and at
AND
poverty of spirit and meanness of mind will not have the last word. 

Reps shouldn’t be the priority of the debate.

Gross ’94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. %26 Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors’ original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

We examine postmodernism with a view to understand its appeal to the politically discontented.
AND
regard the whole business as a species of con game. (79)

Fiat avoids a curriculum that teaches the most dangerous nihilism.

Hoff ’6
(et al, Dr. Dianne Hoff, professor in the College of Education and Human Development and president of Faculty Senate, University of Maine, Journal of Educational Administration, 44:3 – available via Emerald Management 120 database).

There is no question that helping educational leadership students become self-analytical and reflect
AND
. This is an arena from which a new social order can emerge.

Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ’6 
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  "Moving Forward," The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  

They’ll contextualize analytically. Set a HIGH BAR for proof over assertion.

Hantrais ’99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
AND
about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.

"Epistemology or Ontology 1^st" wrong and links to anti-politics

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Trinity MR | Judge: Buntin

Fusion – Complexity K – 2AC – Havard Round 6

(  ) Turn – Neg’s inference that OUR PARTICULAR AuthorS used linear models is the foundation of poor scholarship.

Hantrais ’99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
AND
about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.

(  ) K of linear model too sweeping and wrong.

Chernoff ’5 
(Fred, Prof. of Political Science at Colgate The Power Of International Theory, p. 215)
Experience does seem to support (non-point) predictions of human behaviour.
AND
with prediction in fact allow, on closer inspection, room for prediction. 

(  ) Complexity K gets trapped – alt goes from stagnant to violent.

Lake 11
(David A., Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California – San Diego, "Why ’’isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology,
and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress," International Studies Quarterly (2011) 55, 465–480)

These five pathologies combine to divert professional debate from the substance of world politics to
AND
religions. By whatever definition, we have stopped doing ’’science.’’

(  ) That causes Right wing fill-in

Fitzsimmons ’6 
(Michael, defence analyst in Washington DC "The problem of uncertainty in¶ strategic planning". Survival, Winter 2006-2007. Accessed via EBSCO Host.)

If the effects of stressing uncertainty were limited to contradictory statements in strategic-planning
AND
be considerably higher than would be necessary simply to deter Russia and China.

(  ) Alt won’t trickle up – specific to your K.

Zanetti ’97
Lisa A. Zanetti is an associate professor in the Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs at the University of Missouri-Columbia –American Review of Public Administration, June 1997 v27 n2 p145(23) – via Business %26 Company Resource Center database.
This article addresses the current condition of critical theory in public administration. Despite 15
AND
version of the status quo—tinkering at the margins, nothing more. 

(  ) Should still act during epistemic investigation. Can improve as we go.

Cochran ’99
Molly Cochran Assistant Professor of International Affairs @ Georgia Institute for Technology, Normative Theory in International Relations. 1999, Page 272
To conclude this chapter, while modernist and postmodernist debates continue, while we are
AND
pragmatic critique can be a useful ally to feminist and normative theorists generally.

(  ) Prediction K wrong in the North Korea context

Fitzsimmons ’6
Michael Fitzsimmons, defence analyst at a Washington DC consulting firm, 2006 ("The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning," Survival, Volume 48, Issue 4, December, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
At one level it is difficult to contest the basis for these claims. Who
AND
nor overwhelming in the face of some clear challenges facing US national security. 

Tournament: Harvard  | Round: 6 | Opponent: Trinity MR | Judge: Buntin

Fusion – Tech Optimism K 2AC – Harvard Round 6

Waste advantage beats their indigenous DA

Ewall ’11  
(Mike Ewall is the founder and director of ActionPA, a state-wide environmental grassroots support group in Pennsylvania and the Energy Justice Network, a national organization to advance clean energy policies while aiding grassroots fights against dirty energy technologies. Energy Justice Network – November – http://www.energyjustice.net/files/ej/energy-ej.pdf)

Nuclear power • Nuclear power
AND
 have been Native American lands.

Imperialism doesn’t make war inevitable  – that oversimplifies

Amar ’11
Paul Amar is an associate professor in the Global %26 International Studies Program at the
AND
, rather than as genuine sites for ethnography and productive spaces of contestation.

Technological optimism founded on research is warranted – we’re not utopian

Krier 85
(James E., Professor of Law at the University of Michigan, "The Un-Easy Case for Technological Optimism," Michigan Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 405-429)

A technological optimist is not simply a person with unqualified enthusiasm about technological promise.
AND
the optimists; they are conservative, respected experts who command enormous authority. 

We’re cautious optimism, not blind faith – that’s good in the context of fusion

Lucas 11
(Jonathan, patent attorney and Associate of James %26 Wells, "Game Changing Technologies Promise Climate Change Optimism," 12-12-11http:www.celsias.com/article/game-changing-technologies-promise-climate-change/)

5. Nuclear fusion – Tri-alpha Energy Nuclear fusion is arguably the panacea
AND
that necessity will continue to breed inventions like the good mother it is.
Fusion optimism doesn’t cause managerial, violent control
Lorimer ’92
(Doug, Professor Emeritus – Tri University and Member – National Executive of the Democratic Socialist Party, "Should We Oppose Fusion Technology?", Green Left Weekly, 2-19, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2210)

Undemocratic technology? While he points out that with "more human and financial resources
AND
achieve. And Marxists certainly shouldn’t oppose it because it requires scientific knowledge.

====Policy framework is better than methods. Endless methods become nexus questions – hurt clash with rest of the Aff ====
Fearon %26Wendt 2K
~James, Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford, Alexander, Professor of IR at Ohio State, Handbook of International Relations, ed. Carlsnaes, p. 68~
It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

We solve inequitable distribution. Their pessimism bias only boosts violent forms of progress.

Charlesworth ’7
(JJ Charlesworth, writer who regularly contributes to Time Out London and Art Monthly.  Serves as Associate Editor for ArtReview magazine and as a Tutor at the Royal College of Art. "FUSION NOW%21 Art and the Politics of Energy", Manifesto Club, 12-20, http://www.manifestoclub.com/fusionnowessay)

There are many political issues that could be the subject for an art exhibition today
AND
touches on questions of science, history, industry, aesthetics and subjectivity.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: Kallmyer

Fusion – ITER Adv – 1AC – Harvard Round 7

EU support for ITER is failing —- they’re carefully watching for signs of momentum before deciding whether to commit funds

Pero 12 (Hervé, Acting Director of Energy within the Directorate General for Research – European Commission, "The Next Six Months Will Be Crucial", ITER Newsline, ~%23244, 5-25, http://www.iter.org/newsline/–224/1178)

There are good reasons why the European Union supports, and will continue to support, ITER.
AND
next weeks, which are critical in order to confirm the success of the proposed recovery plan.

Domestic funding signals U.S. commitment to ITER

Hutchinson 5 (Ian H., Head of the Nuclear Science Department – MIT, "Fusion Research: What About the U.S.?", Technology Review, http://www.technologyreview.com/article/404616/fusion-research-what-about-the-us/2/)

The United States still has two world-renowned tokamaks — one at MIT,
AND
vision as a scientific collaborator by revitalizing its overall fusion program.

Plan builds foreign political support for collaboration

Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the program, and eventually deploying an integrated fusion nuclear science
AND
could be fatally damaged if these transitions are not managed adroitly.

EU withdrawal undermines science cooperation with the U.S. —- collapses political relations that solve bioterror, disease pandemics, and warming

Potočnik 3 (James, European Commissioner for Science and Research, "Between Cooperation and Competition - Science and Research as a Transatlantic Bridge Builder", Europa, 3-7, http://www.iterfan.org/index.php?option=com_content%26task=view%26id=139%26Itemid=2)

The EU and the United States have a unique relationship as international partners. We share common values AND
 co-operation in research is therefore an absolute necessity. 

Each causes extinction

Bostrom 2 (Nick, Professor of Philosophy – Oxford University, "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards", Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1), http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)

Existential risks are distinct from global endurable risks. Examples of the latter kind include
AND
counteracting such a trend by the time it would start getting truly dangerous.

U.S. scientists will pull the plug on ITER without domestic funding

Hand 12 (Eric, Knight Science Journalism Fellow – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Reporter – Nature, "US Fusion in Budget Vice", Nature, 7-24, http://www.nature.com/news/us-fusion-in-budget-vice-1.11061)

For years, US researchers have been steadfast in their support of ITER, the world’s largest fusion-energy
AND
 this happens again in 2014, I’m not so sure."

Collapses the project

Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

In addition to developing the strategy just described for a fusion R%26D program
AND
are too high a price to pay for the budgetary savings involved.

ITER’s key to globalist policymaking —- solves conflicts that go nuclear

Roos 10 (Jerome E., Fellow – Breakthrough Institute, "The Promise of Global Cooperation in Clean-Tech Innovation", 6-23, http://thebreakthrough.org/generation_archive/the_promise_of_global_cooperat)

Today, I will provide two inspiring examples that could form the basis of a more cooperative approach in
AND
such notions are no longer insignificant from an International Relations point of view.

Globalist value convergence is possible and solves multiple existential threats

Seita 97 (Alex Y., Professor of Law – Albany Law School of Union University, "Globalization and the Convergence of Values", Cornell International Law Journal, 30 Cornell Int’l L.J. 429, Lexis)

The convergence of basic political and economic values is thus fundamentally important because it helps
AND
also reduce human suffering and perhaps eliminate completely the risk of nuclear war.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: Kallmyer

Fusion – Fusion Adv – Abundance Scenario – 1AC

Fusion’s key to global abundance

Downey 2 (Robert, BS Information Technology – Rochester Institute of Technology and Software Architect – Four Score Technologies Inc., "Thoughts on Fusion Power and Politics", http://www.robertdowney.com/athought_fusion.html)

The same kind of thing must be done in the United States, but instead
AND
competing fossil fuel based power companies, and still make an incredible profit.
One could also look at it from the consumer’s point of view. A market
AND
problems as well as alleviating the potential environmental impacts of their rapid industrialization.

Solves population crunch, poverty, and terrorism —- impact’s global nuclear war

Leeb 4 (Stephen and Donna, President – Leeb Capital Management, The Oil Factor: Protect Yourself and Profit from the Coming Oil Crisis, p. 205)

Those words resonated with us. And as we thought about them, it seemed
AND
all nuclear plants, eliminating any further production of weapons-grade plutonium. 

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: Kallmyer

Fusion – Spinoffs – Debris Scenario – 1AC – Harvard Round 7

Fusion research generates spin-off tech —- budget cuts block

Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)

Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological
AND
 Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.

Key to laser removal of space debris

Barty 9 – Dr. Christopher PJ, Ph.D. in Applied Physics – Stanford University and Chief Technology Officer and Program Director – Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, et al., "High Energy Laser for Space
Debris Removal", 10-31, https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/381096.pdf

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) and Photon Science Directorate at Lawrence
AND
pointing and tracking telescope with guide-star-like wavefront correction capability.

Lasers solve debris cascades —- inevitable now

Mason 11 – James Mason, Director – African Space Institute, MSc in Space Studies – International Space University, and Former Scientist – NASA Ames Research Center and Universities Space Research Association, Jan Stupl, William Marshall, and Creon Levit, "Orbital Debris-Debris Collision Avoidance", March, Advances in Space Research, http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1103/1103.1690v1.pdf

The threat of catastrophic or debilitating collisions between active spacecraft and orbital debris is gaining
AND
of a case study, summarizing the potential applications and identifying further research. 

Debris’s escalating and knocks out satellites —- causes extinction from war and eco collapse —- removal’s key

Dunstan 9 – James, JD, Space and Technology Lawyer – Garvey Schubert Barer, and Berin Szoka, Senior Feelow – Progress and Freedom Foundation, Director – Space Frontier Foundation, and Member of the Commerical Space Transportation Advisory Committee – Federal Aviation Administration, "Beware Of Space Junk: Global Warming Isn’t the Only Major Environmental Problem", http://techliberation.com/2009/1t2/18/beware-of-space-junk-global-warming-isnt-the-only-major-environmental-problem/

As world leaders meet in Copenhagen to consider drastic carbon emission restrictions that could require
AND
could run into the trillions—rivaling even some proposed climate change solutions.

Wipes out early warning —- sparking US/Russian nuclear war

Lewis 4 – Jeffrey, Postdoctoral Fellow in the Advanced Methods of Cooperative Study Program and Former Staffer – Undersecrtary of Defense for Policy, "What if Space Were Weaponized?", Center for Defense Information, July, http://www.cdi.org/PDFs/scenarios.pdf

This is the second of two scenarios that consider how U.S. space
AND
to the con•dence that allows national nuclear forces to operate safely. 

Crushes U.S. agriculture

Austria 11 – Steve, U.S. Representative, "We Would Be Lost Without GPS", 8-17, http://austria.house.gov/index.cfm?sectionid=25%26parentid=23%26sectiontree=23,25%26itemid=395

To put the risks in perspective: if even 50 percent of commercial GPS equipment
AND
forward unless the FCC can ensure that current GPS signals are not disrupted.

Extinction

Lugar 4 (Richard G., U.S. Senator – Indiana and Former Chair – Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Plant Power", Our Planet, 14(3), http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
and the health of our planet. 

Nuclear debris will contaminate the Earth

Feffer 2 – Loren, and Adi Ferrera, "Does the Accumulation of "Space Debris" in Earth’s Orbit Post a Significant Threat to Humans, In Space and On the Ground", Science in Dispute, Vol. 1, http://issuu.com/elsachung/docs/spacejunk

Those who fear that space debris poses an imminent threat argue that the uncertainty surrounding
AND
again miss a populated area, and that its core won’t be breached? 

Extinction

Gutheinz 5 (Joseph, Former Senior Special Agent – NASA Office of Inspector and JD, "NASA’s Plutonium Gamble", http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/plutogamble.html)

Nukes in Space
AND
will launch atomic-propelled rockets.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: Kallmyer

Fusion – STEM Adv – Nuclear Archeology Scenario – 1AC – Harvard Round 7

Workforce shortages undermine nuclear archeology

Bender 10 – Bryan, National Security Correspondent – Boston Globe and Former Washington Bureau Chief – Jane’s Defense Weekly, "Alarm Over Shortage Of Nuclear Experts", 4-3, http://www-ners.engin.umich.edu/news_archive/20100625140822mlr

The United States is facing a critical shortage of nuclear scientists and engineers, even
AND
Iran or North Korea live up to their commitments in arms control agreements.

Archeology’s key to effective arms control —- spurs multilateral agreement and solves breakout

Davis 10 – Dr. Jay Davis, National Security Fellow – Center for Global Security Research, Founding Director – Defense Threat Reduction Agency of the United States Department of Defense, and Chair – American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs, et al., "Technical Steps to Support Nuclear Arsenal Downsizing", February, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/nucleardownsizing.PDF

Disclosure of Stockpiles
AND
operation of nuclear facilities and therefore identify amounts of plutonium and uranium production.

Extinction

Müller 00 (Harold, Director of the Peace Research Institute-Frankfurt and Professor of International Relations at Goethe University, "Compliance Politics: A Critical Analysis of Multilateral Arms Control Treaty Enforcement", Nonproliferation Review, 7(2), Summer)

In this author’s view,3 at least four distinct missions continue to make arms
AND
level of conflict and assist in ushering in new relations of global cooperation.

Breakout causes rearm races and nuclear war

Glaser 98 – Charles L., Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, "The Flawed Case for Nuclear Disarmament", Survival, Spring, 40(1), p. 114-116

Because nuclear arsenals could be rebuilt, much of the effort in establishing a disarmament
AND
irrationally - but this seems just as likely in the formerly disarmed world.

Multilateral arms control stops US/China arms competition

Dunn 9 (Lewis A., Senior Vice President – Science Applications International Corp and Former U.S. Ambassador to the NPT, "Reshaping Strategic Relationships: Expanding the Arms Control Toolbox", Arms Control Today, May, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_5/Dunn)

Multilateral efforts, such as working to achieve the entry into force of the Comprehensive
AND
states. U.S. officials and their counterparts in other countries should take advantage of the full spectrum of these activities.

Escalates —- transparency solves

Lewis 9 (Dr. Jeffrey, Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation, "Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization", Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, Ed. Hansell and Potter, p. 44-46)

New Challenges in Sino-U.S. Crisis Stability
AND
a dialogue can reduce the possibility of accidents, miscalculations, or misunderstandings. 

Global nuclear war

Hunkovic 9 (Lee J, American Military University, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/ Hunkovic.pdf-http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: Kallmyer

Fusion – States CP 2AC – Harvard Round 7

State funding fails: distributed risk and no jurisdiction

Hartwig 12 – Zach, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, BS in Physics – Boston University, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-hartwig.html

Geoff forwarded me your email regarding the issues with federally funded fusion research. I agree with everything he said, and I
AND
Constitution so it’s important that fusion is under federal jurisdiction at the moment)

Duplication and lack of coordination undermine solvency. And they can’t access national labs, which are key.

Olynyk 12 – Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, B.Sc (Eng), Engineering Physics – Queen’s University, Summer NSERC USRA Internship – Royal Military College of Canada, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html-http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html

Now, the other part of the question is - why the U.S. federal government in particular, and not state
AND
it nationally allows it to be coordinated nationally, reducing duplication of effort.

CP’s legally tech transfer —- jacks solvency

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, "Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories", June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

What GAO Found: Although DOE’s laboratories routinely share their technologies, capabilities, and
AND
of 2009 and the additional funding provided to DOE to meet those goals.

Disruption —- DoE’s the established sponsor —- shifting ruins research

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The need to monitor and support university‐based NSE research and education efforts,
AND
of DOE including NRC, DOD, DHS, NASA, and others.

Doesn’t solve the signal

Drake 7 (Michael, M.D. and Chancellor – University of California, Irvine, "The Role of Public Investment in Promoting Economic Growth", Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services – CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-23, Lexis) 

Investment in basic R%26D requires both the means and being risk tolerant; two variables that the federal AND
it will continue to spread that message through the Congress and the Administration.

Federal budget is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

States 1AR

Fusion’s only federal

Hartwig 12 – Zach, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, BS in Physics – Boston University, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-23, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-hartwig-2.html

One can make a strong argument that the Constitution explicitly assigns the federal government the power AND
 for the foreseeable future.

Causes court strike-down —- broad federal presumption exists for nuclear issues

Eggen 6 (Jean Macchiaroli, Professor of Law – Widener University School of Law, "The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine", Alabama Law Review, Spring, 57 Ala. L. Rev. 725, Lexis)

A. The Doctrinal Context
The preemption doctrine is derived from the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution,  
AND
remove all means of judicial recourse for those injured by illegal conduct.

Threat alone creates a chilling effect that deters innovation

Liu 9 (Chang Derek Liu, JD – Columbia Law School, "The Blank Page Before You: Should the Preemption Doctrine Apply to Unwritten Practices?", Columbia Law Review, March, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 350, Lexis)

1. Stifling State Innovation. - From a federalism perspective, the most troubling
   AND
   they surely are, allowing preemption to reach into discretionary decisions proves troublesome.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: NU LV | Judge: Kallmyer

Fusion – Elections – Obama Good – 2AC – Harvard Round 7

Anything can happen- Greece, Syria, Libya, jobs report and super PACs

The Daily Beast, 10-3-2012 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/03/benghazi-backlash-mideast-implosion-jobless-numbers-the-real-potential-october-surprises.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/03/benghazi-backlash-mideast-implosion-jobless-numbers-the-real-potential-october-surprises.html

External events provide the other known unknown—the kind of a foreign or domestic
AND
likely to come from outside; external events that no one can control.

Frankenstorm causes Obama loss- key swing states

WP, 10-26-2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/

The storm is already affecting campaign schedules — Romney has canceled a planned rally in
AND
for acts of God, including droughts, floods, and shark attacks."

No link- plan is after the election- best for real world education and fairness

The Hill, 10-1-2012 http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259379-what-will-be-this-years-october-surprise-http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259379-what-will-be-this-years-october-surprise

 But with both chambers of Congress
AND
 his lead over Romney since the attack, notably in several key battleground states. 

No late changes

Ari Melber, Reuters, 10/26/12, Why Election Day no longer matters, blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2012/10/26/why-election-day-no-longer-matters/

There is no Election Day in America anymore. By failing to understand this fact
AND
Obama boosted his 2008 vote total by more than 3 points in some states

Romney wins- momentum

CNN, 10-24-2012 http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/24/opinion/bennett-final-debate/index.html-http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/24/opinion/bennett-final-debate/index.html

All three presidential debates are now in the books and the race to the White
AND
need to know about how the campaigns feel heading into the home stretch.

Fusion’s too small

Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, "Fusion Energy: The Truth", Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains vague or unknown to the general public for many years.
AND
manipulate its commercial prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?

Neither side will campaign on it

Wood 12 (Elisa, Two Decade Contributor – McGraw-Hill/Platts Energy and Long-Time Energy Writer, "What Obama and Romney Don’t Say About Energy", AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and renewable energy have become touchy topics in this election, with challenger Mitt Romney painting President AND
would want to steer clear of the discussion.

Public supports fusion spending

Webster 10 (AJ, "Fusion Energy Branch", Submission to the Institute of Physics Plasma Visions Survey 2010, 11-22)

Block Grant Funding: CCFE is funded through a block-grant from EPSRC, which allows CCFE to deliver an efficient mission-AND
 have been positive statements about fusion from influential politicians and respected scientists.

Israeli strikes coming —- triggers the link

Feehery 12 (John, Reporter – The Hill, "October Surprise", The Hill – Pundit’s Blog, 8-28, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/245965-october-surprise)

What will this election’s October Surprise be?
AND
 between now and November, including a big-time October Surprise. 

DoE funds the plan —- that’s Hammond. Shields Obama.

Fox 9 (Justin, Professor of Political Science – Yale University and Stuart V. Jordan, Professor of Political Science – University of Rochestor, "Delegation and Accountability", 12-16, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1524585)

Can legislators control bureaucrats’ exercise of delegated authority? This question has motivated the bulk of positive studies of
AND
executive, and delegation necessarily diminishes \legislative power and with it accountability."

Can’t predict the election

Cunningham 11 (Pat, Columnist – RRS, "Here’s Why Outcome of Next Presidential Election is Impossible to Predict at this Point", Rockford Register Star, 12-13, http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/12/13/heres-why-outcome-of-next-presidential-election-is-impossible-to-predict-at-this-point/)

Forty-seven weeks from today, tens of millions of Americans will flock to
AND
know at this point, it might turn out to be a landslide. 

Plan’s spun as job-creating —- key to the election

Hartman 12 (Ray, St Louis Magazine executive and journalist @ CBS, June, http://www.stlmag.com/St-Louis-Magazine/June-2012/Think-Again-Nuclear-Power-Debate-Returns-to-Missouri-Politics/-http://www.stlmag.com/St-Louis-Magazine/June-2012/Think-Again-Nuclear-Power-Debate-Returns-to-Missouri-Politics/)

.¶ Sound familiar?¶ Yes, nuclear power is back as a political issue,
AND
, people vote their pocketbooks. Even if they happen to be glowing.

Bandow changed his mind —- no difference and Congress checks

Bandow 9-3 – Doug Bandow is a senior fellow at the Cato Institute. He is a former special assistant to President Reagan and the author of several books, including Foreign Follies: America’s New Global Empire (Xulon Press). 9-3-2012 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/voting-president-lesser-evil-is-still-rather-evil-http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/voting-president-lesser-evil-is-still-rather-evil

In a little over two months Americans will go to the polls to elect their
AND
battled the Democratic president. The future is likely to be no different.

Romney’s not a neo-con

Foster 12 (Peter, U.S. Editor – The Telegraph, "Mitt Romney Wants to Put the Spine Back into US Foreign Policy, but He’s Not a Warrior. He’s a Pragmatist", The Telegraph, 7-25, http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peterfoster/100172414/mitt-romney-wants-to-put-the-spine-back-into-us-foreign-policy-but-hes-not-a-warrior-hes-a-pragmatist/)

There were four words that summed up the kind of American leadership Mitt Romney is
AND
that moves events in our direction, and strength that keeps the peace."

1AR

Storm stops early voting and the ground game- key Obama strategy

WP, 10-26-2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/

Obama’s campaign has put a heavy emphasis on early voting – in part, he
AND
knocking and phone-banking in the final days will likely hurt Obama. 

Obama response thumps the election

WP, 10-26-2012 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/26/how-hurricane-sandy-could-affect-the-election/

There could also be more subtle electoral effects. If Obama handles the crisis well
AND
with his challenger, who in recent weeks has gained in battleground polls.

Environmentalist backlash now —- solar

Hudson 9-13 – Audrey Hudson, Human Events 9-13-2012 http://www.humanevents.com/2012/09/13/environmentalists-oppose-obamas-plan-to-develop-solar-energy-zones/

The Obama administration has identified 285,000 acres of western public lands on which
AND
would be harmed if solar energy were developed on the affected public land.

Neither will label China

Dennis 9-19 (Steven T., Staff Writer – Roll Call, "An Odd Silence on China Currency", Roll Call, 2012, http://www.rollcall.com/issues/58_22/An-Odd-Silence-On-China-Currency-217673-1.html?pos=opolh)

Mitt Romney and President Barack Obama have traded superheated barbs in the past week over who would be tougher on China’s AND
 relations at the conservative Club for Growth. "Don’t bet the farm on that happening if he’s elected."

NNSA doesn’t solve- cost overruns and past failures

Roth 10-4 – Nickolas Roth¶ Policy Fellow¶ Nuclear Weapons %26 Global Security-Nuclear Terrorism Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 10-4-2012 http://www.nukesofhazardblog.com/story/2012/10/4/18624/6553-http://www.nukesofhazardblog.com/story/2012/10/4/18624/6553

It has been a long week for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
AND
and, unless something is done, the situation is unlikely to improve.

No FC compromise

Market Watch, 10-25-2012 http://www.marketwatch.com/story/five-fiscal-cliff-scenarios-2012-10-25-http://www.marketwatch.com/story/five-fiscal-cliff-scenarios-2012-10-25

 Grand bargain : In an Oct. 23 interview with the Des Moines Register
AND
Qorvis Communications, on his blog Capital Gains and Games earlier this month. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Fusion frees up fossil fuels for industrial use —- key to the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors

Ongena 2 (J., Laboratorium voor Plasmafysica, Koninklijke Militaire School (Belgium), and G. Van Oost, Researcher – NFSR, "Energy For Future Centuries: Will Fusion Be An Inexhaustible, Safe And Clean Energy Source?", Fusion Science and Technology, https://crppwww.epfl.ch/crppfusion/fusion.pdf)

ABSTRACT
AND
scheme causes irreplaceable basic chemicals to be lost forever on a gigantic scale.

Strong pharmaceutical industry solves the global aging crisis 

Pharmissues 99
 (GP Weekly, 10-6, http://www.rmianz.co.nz/html/views/gpweek/1999/061099.html)
At the start of the new millennium, countries in the developed world will experience
AND
people to continue to be productive and have a reasonable quality of life.

Global nuclear war

Howe 11 (Neil, Senior Associate – Center for Strategic and International Studies, and Richard Jackson, Senior Fellow – Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Global Aging and the Crisis of the 2020s", 1-4, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf-http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

Perilous transitions
Although the world’s wealthy nations are leading the way into humanity’s graying future, aging
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Fusion research’s critical to utilize low-temperature plasma

Cowley 10 – Plasma 2010 Committee, co-chaired by Steven C. Cowley, Ph.D. in the Department of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University and professor at Imperial College London at the Blackett Laboratory, and John Peoples, Jr., director emeritus of Fermilab and recipient of the Distinguished Service Award from the National Science Foundation, 2007 (National Research Council of the National Academies, "Plasma Science: Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest", http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11960.html, p. 72-73)

Conclusion: Low-temperature plasma science and engineering share much intellectual space with other
AND
of plasma science. The time is now to tap into this synergy.

Happens quickly, even if sustained fusion’s far off

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a
AND
 will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Low-temp plasma innovation’s key to U.S. nanotech

Cowley 7 (Steven C., Professor – University of California at Los Angeles, et al., "Plasma Science: Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest", p. 40-41)

The many beneficial applications of low-temperature plasmas are realized most effectively when plasma
AND
nanocrystals to nanowires and nanotubes, is one of the key enablers of the nanotechnology revolution.

Nanotech is inevitable —- U.S. leadership is key to stable development —- checks gray goo, super-weapons, and eco-collapse

Dennis 6 (Lindsay V., JD Candidate – Temple University School of Law, "Nanotechnology: Unique Science Requires Unique Solutions", Temple Journal of Science, Technology %26 Environmental Law, Spring, 25 Temp. J. Sci. Tech. %26 Envtl. L. 87, Lexis)

Nanotechnology, a newly developing field merging science and technology, promises a future of
AND
in this article as examples of what can be done to regulate nanotechnology.

Each scenario causes extinction

Bostrom 2 (Nice, Ph.D, Professor – Oxford University, and Winner – Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, "Existential Risks Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards", Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)

In a mature form, molecular nanotechnology will enable the construction of bacterium-scale
AND
arms race between the US and the USSR was predicted but occurred nevertheless.

Plasmas are key to solve global environmental collapse —- impact’s extinction

Woskov 12 – Paul, Senior Research Engineer – MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "About Plasmas – Cleaning the Environment", http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/environment.pdf

"Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends,
AND
could make today’s "global garbage cans" a thing of the past.

Solves anti-biotic resistant pandemics —- risk’s high

Graves 12 (David, Professor – University of California, Berkeley, "David Graves Details Plasma’s Power to Prevent Infection", Plasma Page – Coalition for Plasma Science, 15(1), June, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_pages/pp_jun2012.htm)

On March 28, 2012, the Coalition for Plasma Science presented the 17th in a series of educational talks to members of Congress and
AND
water, and synergize with UV; finally, the technology is inexpensive.

Extinction

Plotkin 00 (Mark J., Ph.D., President – Amazon Conservation Team and Research Associate – Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History, Trained Ethnobotanist, and Tropical Researcher, "Searching for Nature’s Medicines", Action Bioscience, October, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/plotkin.html)

Rain forests and coral reefs have incredible potential for natural medicines.
AND
mixture of nature and science, which promises so much for the future.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A flat fusion budget ensures domestic programs are dismantled

Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Fusion Budget Problem", http://www.fusionfuture.org/faq/the-fusion-budget-problem/)

The C-Mod research program is essential for fusion, including its critical support for ITER and future burning plasma experiments and AND
 maintaining a strong domestic program.

CP guarantees anemic fusion development

Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

Funding for fusion energy R%26D by the Federal government is an important investment
AND
to maintain a modicum of momentum toward the goal of practical fusion energy.

Increasing funding ensures multiple parallel paths of research —- key to quick commercialization

White 12 (Anne, Professor of Nuclear Science – MIT, et al., "MIT Fusion Researchers Answer Your Questions", Slashdot Forums, 4-11, http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/12/04/11/0435231/mit-fusion-researchers-answer-your-questions)

MIT Researchers: Questions 11 and 14 are similar and we have answered them together.
AND
 mitigated by pursuing alternatives in parallel. Something similar could be done in fusion, given the money.

Doesn’t solve —- grants are key to R%26D and credibility of tech

Sanibel 9 (Michael, Finance Writer – Entrepreneur, BA in Business and Finance – Air Force Academy, and Licensed Lawyer in California and New Hampshire, "A Definitive Guide to Government Grants", Entrepreneur, 6-5, http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/202110)

What is a Grant?
AND
project from your own resources before the government provides reimbursement for your expenses.

Cost-sharing crushes fusion R%26D

NM 12 (New Millennium Nuclear Energy Partnership, "A Strategy for the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Consolidated Working Group Report", June, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/540/Third_Way_Report_-_A_Strategy_for_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy.pdf)

NEW NUCLEAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
AND
 demonstration and deployment stages, industry should shoulder an increasing share of the funding responsibility.

Upfront costs are huge

Freed 11 (Josh, Vice President – Third Way Clean Energy Program, and Avi Zevin, Policy Advisor – Third Way, and Jesse Jenkins, Associate Director – Breakthrough Institute, "Making a Case for Innovation Investment in an Era of Austerity", Third Way Memo, May, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/399/Third_Way_Memo_-_Making_a-http://content.thirdway.org/publications/399/Third_Way_Memo_-_Making_a _Case_for_Innovation_Investment_in_an_Era_of_Austerity.pdf)

2. Energy R%26D Takes Much Longer to Payoff
AND
health and defense increased by an average of %24167 million a year.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC

ITER funding is committed to increase year-by-year —- a flat fusion budget ensures domestic programs are dismantled
Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Fusion Budget Problem", http://www.fusionfuture.org/faq/the-fusion-budget-problem/)

The C-Mod research program is essential for fusion, including its critical support for ITER and future burning plasma experiments AND
 strong domestic program.
CP guarantees anemic fusion development
Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

Funding for fusion energy R%26D by the Federal government is an important investment
AND
to maintain a modicum of momentum toward the goal of practical fusion energy.
Big increase’s critical to recruit STEM students
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.
Budget cuts cede fusion leadership —- now’s key to shape the final era of research
Cadwallader 12 (Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division – American Nuclear Society and Minami Yoda, Vice-Chair of the Fusion Energy Division – American Nuclear Society, "Letter to the U.S. Senate", 4-10, http://www.ansnuclearcafe.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ANS-FED-Letter-to-the-US-Senate-on-04-10-2012.pdf)

The Fusion Energy Division of the American Nuclear Society has a Statement on the proposed
AND
in the best interests of the U.S. and science itself.

Extinction

Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
AND
means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Sodium cooled reactors face inevitable meltdowns and accidents

Barton 8 (Charles, Department of Physics: University of York, Liquid Sodium Reactors , Thursday, March 27, 2008, http://thoriumenergy.blogspot.com/2008/03/liquid-sodium-reactors.html-http://thoriumenergy.blogspot.com/2008/03/liquid-sodium-reactors.html )

Weinberg did not comment on the safety of sodium cooled reactors on that occasion,
AND
sodium burn easily in contact with air, it is also highly radioactive.
1AR
Increasing funding’s key
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

Recommendation ~%234: Congress should fund DOE/NE university programs at the level authorized under the Energy Policy Act
AND
of other offices and agencies (e.g., DOE/NNSA).

Strong federal investment in fusion draws students to STEM fields
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/White-Paper-on-Fusion-Final-21.pdf)

What will American Fusion Leadership Cost?
AND
 technicians with skills appropriate to this new era.
Budget cuts send an immediate signal that turns students away from STEM fields
Holland 12 (Andrew, Senior Fellow – American Security Project and Nicholas Cunningham, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "Through Innovation and Investment, the U.S. Can Lead in Next-Generation Energy, Nuclear Fusion", AOL Energy, 8-3, http://energy.aol.com/2012/08/03/through-innovation-and-investment-the-u-s-can-lead-in-next-gen/?icid=trending1)

The U.S. innovation system has a rich history of developing transformational technologies
AND
investment, fusion energy can transform our energy system for the next generation.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC

State funding fails: distributed risk and no jurisdiction

Hartwig 12 – Zach, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, BS in Physics – Boston University, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-hartwig.html

Geoff forwarded me your email regarding the issues with federally funded fusion research. I agree with everything he said, and I
AND
Constitution so it’s important that fusion is under federal jurisdiction at the moment)

Duplication and lack of coordination undermine solvency. And they can’t access national labs, which are key.

Olynyk 12 – Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, B.Sc (Eng), Engineering Physics – Queen’s University, Summer NSERC USRA Internship – Royal Military College of Canada, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html-http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html

Now, the other part of the question is - why the U.S. federal government in particular, and not state
AND
it nationally allows it to be coordinated nationally, reducing duplication of effort.

CP’s legally tech transfer —- jacks solvency

GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, "Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories", June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

What GAO Found: Although DOE’s laboratories routinely share their technologies, capabilities, and
AND
of 2009 and the additional funding provided to DOE to meet those goals.

EPSCoR fails —-

Fusion’s too expensive —- costs billions —- but EPSCoR’s capped

NM 9 – New Mexico EPSCoR, "DOE EPSCoR State and National Laboratory Partnership Program", 6-5, http://nmepscor.org/content/doe-epscor-state-and-national-laboratory-partnership-program

The Department of Energy’s Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (DOE EPSCoR) is
AND
The solicitation requires a pre-application.

States can only contribute 10%

EPSCoR 12 – EPSCoR/IDeA Foundation, "EPSCoR/IDeA In Fiscal Year 2013", March, http://www.epscorideafoundation.org/documents/publications/EPSCoRinFY2013.pdf

Overview. Positioned within the Office of Science at DOE, DOE EPSCoR assists the
AND
researchers to work closely with the DOE National Laboratories to conduct collaborative research and train students.

Money can only be given to certain jurisdictions

DoE 12 – Department of Energy, "Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) – How to Apply", http://science.energy.gov/bes/epscor/how-to-apply/

(2) EPSCoR-State/National Laboratory Partnership Grants
AND
All project funds will be awarded to institutions within EPSCoR jurisdictions.

Mean it can’t go to C-Mod, DIII-D, or PPPL —- they haven’t opted in —- we’ll introduce a chart

NSF 9 – National Science Foundation, "EPSCoR States", September, http://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/programs/epscor/EPSCoR_States_Sept_09.pdf-http://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/programs/epscor/EPSCoR_States_Sept_09.pdf