Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OW | Judge: David Cram Helwich
 “Restrictions” are direct governmental limitations --- excludes measures the only have limiting effects
Viterbo 12 (Annamaria, Assistant Professor in International Law – University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law – Bocconi Universitykk and Jean Monnet Fellow – European University Institute, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States' Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166)
In order to distinguish an exchange
AND
on the use of currency in itself, for all purposes.

“On” means in contact with and links “restrictions” only to energy production
Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, “Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger and Sons”, Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)
The Standard Dictionary defines the word “on” as follows:¶ “In or
AND
are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

Violation --- Aff reduces restricting effects, not direct governmental limitation

Voting issue --- 

1. Limits --- restriction by effect explodes the topic: any law that changes relative economics could increase production --- they make thousands of new unpredictable cases topical and force the Neg to research outside of core energy policy --- makes preparation impossible

2. Ground --- energy-specific restriction good is core ground --- they steal links to politics, biz con, prices,
regulation CPs and other generics --- crushes fairness

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OW | Judge: David Cram Helwich

Uniqueness stuff

Obama wins
Nate Silver, 9-18-2012 http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/sept-17-electoral-college-may-not-help-obama/
The FiveThirtyEight presidential forecast for Monday was essentially unchanged, with President Obama
AND
at determining what the consensus of the data says at any given time.

China Solar Tariff Link

China trade pressure key to relieve Obama election pressures – plan forces him to cave on Currency bashing and Romney will label china a manipulator if he wins
Dawson and Mason, 12
Stella and Jeff, Columnists @ Reuters, 2/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-usa-campaign-obama-china-idUSTRE81C0DG20120213
Tough calculus for Obama in Chinese leader's election-year visit¶ Even as he
AND
as we have been in the past, about where we have differences."

Nuclear Links

Nuclear stigma, media spin and wasteful spending ensure massive public backlash
Lopez et al, ‘8
Ana Prades López, Tom Horlick-Jones, Christian Oltra and Rosario Solá, Dr Ana Prades López (corresponding author), Dr Christian Oltra
and Dr Rosario Solá are at CIEMAT’s Socio-Technical Research Unit, Barcelona, Science and Public Policy, March, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/beech/spp 

Our literature review led us to formulate a number ¶ of hypotheses regarding lay perceptions
AND
technology, leading to existing perceptions not necessarily reflecting future views and preferences. 

Internal Link Stuff

Its super tight – could go either way now
Cook, 12  (Charlie, Cook Political Report, National Journal, 5/17, http://cookpolitical.com/node/12510)
But it’s the 58.8 percent chance of Obama winning that interests me today
AND
versus those with the view from the cheap seats. Just sayin’.

Tiny shifts matter –link is low threshold and linear
Silver, 12  (Nate, 5/15, chief pollster for New York Times’ 538 election polling center. Regarded as top-level pollster based on distinct mathematical modelshttp://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/a-30000-foot-view-on-the-presidential-race/)
The last thing to remember is that when an election is quite close, it
AND
forecasts, can move a president’s re-election odds at the margin.

Russia Impact

Obama win key to US-Russia relations – Romney’s agenda is belligerent and controversial.
Reichardt 7/9. (Adam is the Managing Editor of New Eastern Europe, “Considering Russia in the Voting Booth,” New Eastern Europe, 2012, http://www.neweasterneurope.eu/node/382)
Obama’s policy towards Russia is easier to gauge, since there has already been four
AND
and perhaps even hostile, to the intentions of American foreign policy.

US/Russian war causes extinction – most probable
Bostrom ‘2 [Nick Bostrom, professor of philosophy - Oxford University, March, 2002, Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards, Journal of Evolution and Technology, p. http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html]
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

China Scenario

Romney will label china a currency manipulator and Obama will do it if he’s going to lose
Dawson and Mason, 12
Stella and Jeff, Columnists @ Reuters, 2/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/13/us-usa-campaign-obama-china-idUSTRE81C0DG20120213
Tough calculus for Obama in Chinese leader's election-year visit¶ Even as he
AND
as we have been in the past, about where we have differences."
ENSURES ESCALATING TENSIONS – RESULTS IN TBILL SELL OFF, ECONOMIC COLLAPSE AND RELATIONS FAIL.
MCNALLY 9. [Chris, research fellow and political economist @ East-West Center, “CHINA-U.S. ECONOMIC RELATIONS: FROM SYMBIOSIS TO RUPTURE?” East West Center  Feb 8  http://www.eastwestcenter.org/news-center/east-west-wire/china-us-economic-relations-from-symbiosis-to-rupture/]

The unraveling of this synergy is already creating tensions, recently illustrated by the war
AND
constant dialogue is urgently required to steer this fragile relationship through tough times.
Most probable extinction
IHT ’02 (International Herald Tribune, 12-26, Lexis)
Preoccupation with the war against terror, Iraq and now North Korea must not blind
AND
and responsible international face, particularly in improving U.S.-Chinese relations

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OW | Judge: Davis Cram Helwich

Northwestern Solar Tariff Text

The fifty United States state governments and relevant United States territories should create a surcharge on electricity bills to subsidize public benefit funds to incentivize the development of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells.  The fifty United States state governments should ignore federal tariffs on crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells from the People’s Republic of China.

Solves funding without spending
Kate Gordon is a Senior Fellow at American Progress et al April 2012 “Taking Action on Clean Energy and Climate Protection in 2012” Kate Gordon is a Senior Fellow at American Progress
Use state public benefit funds to attract private dollars and drive financing and deployment strategies
AND
strategy to grow energy efficiency and renewable energy industries in their states.40

State incentives solve
Elizabeth Brown, Patrick Quinlan, Harvey M. Sachs, and Daniel Williams, Am. Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, March 2002, “Tax Credits for Energy Efficiency,” http://aceee.org/pubs/e021full.pdf?CFID=1059758andCFTOKEN=72603414
States play a fundamental role in addressing energy use and the adoption of energy efficiency
AND
residents. the United States and its citizens, and the global climate.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OW | Judge:
Neoliberal subjectivity makes policymaking about cost-benefit
calculation. Talking about energy production solely in terms of
national and economic gain de-ecologizes energy and destructively
calculates subjects as producers
Adaman and Madra, ’12 – Fikret, Professor at the Department of
Economics, Bogazici University, and Yahya, economics professor who
holds a Ph.D. from University of Massachusetts-Amherst “Understanding
Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology")
More specifically, the chapter argues that the global spread of
neoliberalism as a set
AND
and performatively promoting calculative (and therefore calculable)
behavior across all fields.
Neoliberalism beyond marketization As mentioned above, the narrower
and ipso facto partial definition of
AND
which states and other institutions of command and control play an active role.
Neoliberal governmentality and its forms Michel Foucault’s close
reading of some of the key texts
AND
, even though it does not advocate private property and marketization per se.
States as agents of economization Neoliberal reason is therefore not
simply about market expansion and
AND
various forms of neoliberal governmentality propose and actualize the
economization of the ecology.
The economization of the ecology: Diverse paths In recent years, the
interrelated dual
AND
or whether markets or institutions with incentive mechanisms regulate
the behavior of subjects.

Viewing producers as objects of manipulation subjects the body to
codes of discipline and power that produce genocide and atomic
extinction, turns the case
Hindmarsh ‘05 -- Professor at the Australian School of Environmental
Studies—Griffith University (“Green Biopolitics and the Molecular
Reordering of Nature,
http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/granada/ws16/Hindmarsh.pdf

The first usage of the term ‘biopolitics’ that Braun and Gottweis (2004)
AND
a clash of interests and policies targeting individuals, populations
and their environs.

Developing counter-rationalities to neoliberalism is necessary to
formulate a bottom-up alternative to the proscription of incentive
mechanisms. Facilitating a broader deliberative process allows us to
better investigate politics
Adaman and Madra, ’12 – Fikret, Professor at the Department of
Economics, Bogazici University, and Yahya, economics professor who
holds a Ph.D. from University of Massachusetts-Amherst “Understanding
Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology,” p. 17-18)
The reduction of ecological valuation through a market mechanism (or
various techniques) to
AND
from above, under the assumption that all actors are calculative and calculable.

their call for removing restrictions should be understood not as
the withdrawal of the state, but as the expansion of a new form of
neoliberal governmentality which creates autonomous, disciplined
subjects whose freedom of choice can be understood only via the
invisible hand of the market—the test of the "good subject" in the
world of the affirmative is their ability to keep themselves in line,
forcing the exclusion of all those who cannot "cut it".

Barchiesi ’06 – African-American and African Studies, Ohio State
University (Franco, "Commodification, Economic Restructuring, and the
Changing Urban Geography of Labor in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The
Case of Gauteng Province, 1991-2001," google scholar)

The relevance of the concept of commodification for the purpose of
this paper is not
AND
dependence on market relations as a form of access  to erstwhile common goods.
Commodification as a mode of exercise of neoliberal governmentality,
therefore,  actively constructs "
AND
to social necessities and reclaim spaces of decommodified social
provisions and public spheres.

this neoliberal version of subjectivity is key to the functioning
of the modern biopolitical state as all social relations are reduced
to a series of rational calculations which must be organized to ensure
maximum productivity—resistance is impossible within the
epistemological coordinates of the affirmative because we are only
able to understand ourselves as producers and consumers—radically
emptying life of the aspects which make it meaningful.

Brown ’03 – Political Science @ Berkeley (Wendy, "Neo-liberalism
and the End of Liberal Democracy," Theory %26 Event 7:1)

For our purposes what is crucial is that the liberalism in what has come to
AND
development of a neo-liberal social sphere and neo-liberal subjects.

Environment Link

Their discourse of ecological protection creates a separation
between an unruly nature and tamed and managed environment—their
dualism recreates the logic of mastery which causes environmental
devestation in the first place.

Banerjee ’03 — International Graduate School of
Management—University of South Australia (Subhabrata Bobby, "Who
Sustains Whose Development? Sustainable Development and the
Reinvention of Nature," Organization Studies 24: 143)

Discourses of development and sustainable development construct a
particular view of ’nature’ and the
AND
people from the biophysical environment (Merchant 1980; Macnaghten and
Urry 1998).

Nuclear Specific Stuff

The affirmative’s conception of nuclear policy separates nature from
society and ignores structural and system problems in our culture and
energy policy.
Martin ’84 – PhD theoretical physics from Sydney University, professor
of social sciences at the University of Wollongong (Brian, “Strategy
against nuclear power”, Friends of the Earth (Canberra), condensed
version published in Social Alternatives, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1986, pp.
9-16, http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/86sa.html)

Patriarchy - the collective domination of men over women - and other
major social structures
AND
oppose nuclear power effectively requires addressing the structures in
which it is embedded.

Their promotion of nuclear power expands neoliberalism through
producing a new export oriented market. Discourses of power/knowledge
are central to our understanding of nuclear legitimacy and
safety—Reject their violent form of security. Incentivizing the
private industry to build up these ractors
Stoett 03 – PhD, Queen's University, IR @ Concordia University,
Montreal (Peter, “Toward Renewed Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global
Warming, and Security, Global Environmental Politics 3.1 (2003)
99-116, Project Muse)
Legitimacy is one of the perennially contested concepts in political
theory, and it is
AND
and the survival of a troubled, and highly subsidised, nuclear industry.

The nuclear industry nullifies dissent
Martin ‘86 – PhD theoretical physics from Sydney University, professor
ot social sciences at the University of Wollongong (Brian, “Nuclear
Suppression”, Science and Public Policy, Volume 13, number 6, December
1986, p. 312-320)
Expertise and the nuclear dissent are even more restricted.

Energy production manipulates and exploits nature for the purpose of
sustainable progression. Viewing earth as a standing reserve causes
annihiliation and exploitation. Refusing action in favor of letting
beings be allows for a reorientation of our approach towards the
environment.
Dr. Richard Grego 7, Associate Professor, Department of Humanities/
Culture, Daytona Beach College, 2007, "Global Warming, Environmental
Philosophy and Public Policy: John Dewey vs Martin Heidegger,"
html

The Nature of Science and the Science of Nature Heidegger's vision of
science and technology
AND
humanity, might be just what is needed for the earth's sustainable future.

rethinking has to come before policy deliberation to ensure the new
politics of the alt are effective
Dalby 99 Simon, Asst Prof Intl Affairs @ Carleton, Contested Grounds, p158-9
But there is much more than an academic research agenda involved in
these discussions.
AND
, and intelligence agencies may also seek roles in monitoring
environmental trends.9
In this process it is not surprising that broad generalizations
proliferate along with assumptions of
AND
be anything like what the original advocates of environmental security
had in mind.
There are a number of very compelling arguments already in print that
suggest some considerable
AND
they suggest possibilities for rethinking conventional state-dominated
political concepts and practices.
Examining the environmental security literature in the light of these
arguments suggests some fundamental critiques
AND
security that usually operated to maintain the global political and
economic status quo.

Dasien is the fundamental structure of human existence—a discussion of
being is necessary in order for anything to be intelligible.
Hubert Dreyfus, Philosophy—Berkeley, 1993
(Heidegger on the Connection between Nihilism, Art, Technology and
Politics, The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger,
http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Ehdreyfus/pdf/HdgerOnArtTechPoli.pdf)
Heidegger calls the basic structure of human being  that each human
being's way of
AND
up the possibility of flight into conformism which levels down all
meaningful distinctions.

be skeptical of their invocation of problem solving at the expense of
interrogating their security logic
McCormack 10 [Tara McCormack is Lecturer in International Politics at
the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations
from the University of Westminster, Critique, Security and Power
pp42-46]

Problem-solving theory then has two functions. It serves as a guide and
AND
alternatives . . . In this way critical theory can be a guide to
 (Continued)
strategic action for bringing about an alternative order, whereas
problem-solving theory is
AND
following Jahn, that Cox does presume a distinction between facts and values.

Only rejection of economic subjectivity in favor of a dialogically
produced counter-rationality can make possible challenges to the
imperial state—perm still includes the neoliberal criteria for the
good
Brown ’03 – Political Science @ Berkeley (Wendy,  “Neo-liberalism and
the End of Liberal Democracy,” Theory & Event 7:1)
What remains for the Left, then, is to challenge emerging neo-liberal
AND
of challenging the deadly policies of the imperial U.S. state.

Requiring solutions promotes flawed rationalities, makes their impacts
inevitable. Rejection is key
Mclaughlin 1993 – associate prof philosophy Regarding nature, page 171
Is there any basis for a nonanthropocentric ethic that can be both
reasonable and socially
AND
vocabulary adequate to the elaboration of a new “way the world is.”

Techno-scientific rationality threatens sustainable living and risks extinction
Schuurman ‘02 – Prof Philosophy Ag U Waginingen (THE ETHICS OF
TECHNOLOGY, http://www.nd.edu/%7Eecoltheo/text_schuurman.htm)
In the present culture the shadowy sides of the
scientific-technological development becomes clearer
AND
natural environment and of the biosphere. The relevant values are
simply ignored.
their representations only mobilize nationalism for war
Deudney 91 Daniel, Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society
at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton
Environment and Security: Muddled Thinking, Bulletin of Atomic
Scientists, GoogleBooks, 24-26
Another motive for speaking of environmental degradation as a threat
to natural security is rhetorical
AND
national security, but it challenges the utility of thinking in national terms.

the affirmative’s claims to represent an accurate snapshot of global
events is an attempt to render all things knowable, thus reducing them
to standing reserve.
Hubert Dreyfus, Philosophy—Berkeley, 2003.
(Foucault and Heidegger: Critical Encounters, p 38-9)
The two thinkers' parallel...slumber, thus falls into an anthropological sleep.

Security’s founding paradox—that it requires an enemy in order for its
guarantees to have any meaning—is self-undermining as it creates a
herd mentality which makes fascistic violence inevitable as everything
we understand is leveled to standing reserve.
Andrew J. Mitchell, Stanford Univresity, 2005 (“Heidegger and
Terrorism.” Research in Phemonenology)
There can be no security. If ....and forms of leadership become Americanism.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: GWU NS | Judge: Lincoln Garrett

Status quo solves- SMRs being built now

Koch 10 (February 18, 2010, Wall Street Journal, "Obama nuclear alternative? Small, modular reactors emerge", Wendy Koch, http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2010/02/small-modular-nuclear-reactors-an-alternative-emerges/1~%23.UBhH-LQQsb0-http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2010/02/small-modular-nuclear-reactors-an-alternative-emerges/1) JD
We see significant benefits from the new, modular technology," Donald Moul, vice
AND
to help build them are com/communities/greenhouse/post/2010/02/obamas-nuclear-loan-guarantees-draw-broad-opposition/1 from environmentalists who once welcomed him.

Turn- SMR incentives distort the market- stop innovation and long-term competitiveness

Spencer and Loris, ’11(Jack (Senior Research Fellow, Nuclear Energy Policy at The Heritage Foundation) and Nicolas (Herbert and Joyce Morgan Fellow at The Heritage Foundation), "A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?", The Heritage Foundation, No. 2514, Backgrounder, 2-2-11, RSR)

Too many policymakers believe that Washington is equipped to guide the nuclear industry to success
AND
cost and risk of a more mature technology that already dominates the marketplace.

SMRs link to all of the problems with regular nuclear power slow to build, costs

Daryan, 2012. (January 3^rd, 2012. http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/ca/part-10-smallreactors-mass-prod/-http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/ca/part-10-smallreactors-mass-prod/ "Part 10 – Small modular reactors and mass production options
")

So there are a host of practical factors in favour smaller reactors. But what’s
AND
be slower to build (initially anyway) and probably more expensive too.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia GR | Judge: Miller, Weil, Bankey

1NC

Sans a plan, all Aff rhetoric is on the same playing field. We can defend the rest of their advocacy and negate only particular statements or authors.

We’ll also straight internal link turn Grande’s conception of Red Pedagogy.

Grande’s Red Pedagogy ignores Indigenous Distinctiveness – entrenching the Western lens.
Calderón ‘6
Dolores Calderón is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Education, Culture and Society. University of California, Los Angeles – “Review: Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande” – Journal Issue: InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, 2(1), 2006, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qp8c635#page-1

Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought calls attention to the vital need
AND
and her articulation of red pedagogy ultimately utilize Western theoretical constructs and assumptions.

b)Grande’s conception of identity is overly-rigid and totalizing. Also proves our “rigid” T args shouldn’t be sweepingly dismissed.
Clark ‘5
D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark is an assistant professor of American Indian studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign – Review of: RED PEDAGOGY: NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT by Sandy Grande – Radical Techer – No. 74, Fall 2005¶ (pp. 40-41) ¶ Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20710332

Grande’s longest chapter, "American Indian Geographies of Identity and Power," is perhaps
AND
qualities to various indigenous identities that border crosses may knowingly undermine or destroy. 

Our Alt is to do it without Grande’s tie.
a)the foundation of her Red Pedagogy is tying-in critical pedagogy.
Calderón – quouting Grande – in ‘6
Dolores Calderón is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Education, Culture and Society. University of California, Los Angeles – “Review: Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande” – Journal Issue: InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies, 2(1), 2006, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3qp8c635#page-1

Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought calls attention to the vital need
AND
other marginalized groups, and peoples of conscience" (p. 8).

b)Grande specifically dismisses Elder indigenous intellectuals – who solve sufficiently, but without a tie to critical theory. Proves Alt can solve.
Beauline-Sterling  ‘12
Rebecca Beauline-Sterling is an MA student at York University. She self-describes as “an Indigenous woman negotiating her way through academia”. She is also a contributor to NeoAmericanist: A Review of
Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande – Originally published in the Vol. 6 no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2012) issue. http://www.neoamericanist.org/review/red-pedagogy

Grande calls for an expansion of “the intellectual borders of [I]ndigenous
AND
who we write for reflects who we consider as part of that relation.

Grande’s tie to academia entrenches a Western epistemic frame. Means they don’t solve.
Beauline-Sterling  ‘12
Rebecca Beauline-Sterling is an MA student at York University. She self-describes as “an Indigenous woman negotiating her way through academia”. She is also a contributor to NeoAmericanist: A Review of
Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought by Sandy Grande – Originally published in the Vol. 6 no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2012) issue. http://www.neoamericanist.org/review/red-pedagogy

Grande further initiates the articulation of a critical theory of indigenista in response to feminisms
AND
be written “for” critical theorists rather than Indigenous people or communities. 

Tie to critical theory bad – it would actually DISCOURAGE integrating Red Pedagogy into meaningful practice.
Zanetti ‘97
Lisa A. Zanetti is an associate professor in the Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs at the University of Missouri-Columbia –American Review of Public Administration, June 1997 v27 n2 p145(23) – via Business and Company Resource Center database.
This is not to suggest that a critical research tradition does, or should,
AND
. Such a situation does little to overcome the marginalization of critical theory. 

2NC

Best to let Red Pedagogy stand-alone than to tie it to your humanities department. They’ll co-opt Grande’s goal and hurt the very knowledge the Aff hopes to spread:
Fluck ‘2
Dr Winfried Fluck is professor and chair of American studies at the John F. Kennedy Institute of North American Studies in Berlin. He is also co-director of the Dartmouth Institute “The Future of American Studies” at Dartmouth College. The Modernity of America and the Practice of Scholarship 2002 – available online at: http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/fluck_modernity_scholarship/Fluck_Modernity_Scholarship.pdf

The humanities have been decisively reshaped by their transformation into a competitive profession. This
AND
political radicalism, can be seen as manifestation of this expressive individualism.2

Adding critical theory to indigenous pedagogy is worse than standing alone. It destroys knowledge. 

Fluck ‘2
Dr Winfried Fluck is professor and chair of American studies at the John F. Kennedy Institute of North American Studies in Berlin. He is also co-director of the Dartmouth Institute “The Future of American Studies” at Dartmouth College. The Modernity of America and the Practice of Scholarship 2002 – available online at: http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/fluck_modernity_scholarship/Fluck_Modernity_Scholarship.pdf

In a way, the development of the humanities in the period after World War
AND
to stand for a larger whole without ever having to justify this implication.

Theory is too limited – doesn’t explain how Red Pedagogy can successfully infuse into the classroom.
Hemmings ‘7
(et al; ANNETTE HEMMINGS is an associate professor in the Educational Foundations Program at the University of Cincinnati. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Mar., 2007), pp. 4-27 –Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4624886)

Sandy Grande (2004), a Quechua scholar who has infused critical theory and¶
AND
implications for the importance and difficulty in¶ enacting shared conceptions of moral authority

Your author concludes that Red Pedagogy does not sweepingly dismiss reformism
Grande ‘7
(their author – a chapter from the book Critical Pedagogy, edited by: P McLaren, JL Kincheloe, Chapter 17 by Sany Grande –  Red Lake Woebegone: Pedagogy, Decolonization, and the Critical Project – Page 330-31)

Red Pedagogy: Where There Is Resistance There Is Power¶ Audit Lorde s essay
AND
the grammar of empire as just one tool for unthinking our colonial roots.

Yes, this means Grande’s Red Pedagogy does not reject USFG action.
Crum ‘6
Steven Crum, Department of Native American Studies, University of California, Davis. “Review of Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought By Sandy Grande” Great Plains Research Vol. 16 No. 1, 2006

To put the term Red Pedagogy into perspective, the author provides a discussion of
AND
is necessary reading for anyone seeking "emancipatory pedagogies" for indigenous people. 

Their sweeping rejection of a parternalistic state interaction with indigenous people throws the baby out with the bathwater, and hurts the very people they seek to help. This ev answers the arg that we can’t try to know or do something with native americans.
Casey, of the Cornell Law Review, 94 (James A., “SOVEREIGNTY BY SUFFERANCE: THE ILLUSION OF INDIAN TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY,” Cornell Law Review, January, 79 Cornell L. Rev. 404)

The need for a mutually defined structure in the relationship between the Indian Nations and
AND
The progression from trust to free association is analogous to the instant situation. 

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
“Restrictions” are direct governmental limitations --- excludes measures the only have limiting effects
Viterbo 12 (Annamaria, Assistant Professor in International Law – University of Torino, PhD in International Economic Law – Bocconi University and Jean Monnet Fellow – European University Institute, International Economic Law and Monetary Measures: Limitations to States' Sovereignty and Dispute, p. 166)

In order to distinguish an exchange restriction from a trade measure, the Fund chose
AND
imposed directly on the use of currency in itself, for all purposes.
“On” means in contact with and links “restrictions” only to energy production
Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, “Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger and Sons”, Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)

The Standard Dictionary defines the word “on” as follows:¶ “In or
AND
are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.
Violation --- Aff reduces restricting effects, not direct governmental limitation
Voting issue --- 

1. Limits --- restriction by effect explodes the topic: any law that changes relative economics could increase production --- they make thousands of new unpredictable cases topical and force the Neg to research outside of core energy policy --- makes preparation impossible
   2. Ground --- energy-specific restriction good is core ground --- they steal links to politics, biz con, prices, regulation CPs and other generics --- crushes fairness

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
the way we speak about globalization frames the outcomes of our policies – the affirmative’s apocalyptic rhetoric about the collapse of the global trading system causes impulsive action that dooms alleged solutions to irrelevance
Wilkinson, Professor International Political Economy University of Manchester, ’12 (Rorden- Research Director Brooks World Poverty Institute, July, “What Needs to be Done Before We Reform the WTO” pub in ‘The Future and the WTO: Confronting the Challenges’)
3.1 Language4 We need to think about the language we use when talking
AND
thinking about how we might solve the ills of the multilateral trading system.

Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats---also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell 3 Frederick—cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books,  From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pages 185-186
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of  liabilities
AND
give up, or even cut off ties to clearly  terminal “nature.”

Impact is extinction – the presumption of formal equality in multilateral trade at the cost of substantive equality makes the worst violence in history inevitable
Davis, Professor Law Cleveland State University, and Neacsu, Law Librarian at Columbia, ‘1 (“Legitimacy Globally” UMKC Law Review, 69 UMKC L Rev 733, lexis)
There is arguably a certain inconsistency between a supposedly democratically constructed organization purportedly devoted to
AND
compelled to kill, or starve others, to get its share. 220

Talking about energy production solely in terms of national and economic gain de-ecologizes energy and destructively calculates subjects as producers
Adaman and Madra, ’12 – Fikret, Professor at the Department of Economics, Bogazici University, and Yahya, economics professor who holds a Ph.D. from University of Massachusetts-Amherst “Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology")

The economization of the ecology: Diverse paths In recent years, the interrelated dual
AND
or whether markets or institutions with incentive mechanisms regulate the behavior of subjects.

Vote neg to reframe environmental crisis away from their spectacle of a multi-lalteral trade ordered peace system---this moves the debate away from top-down expertism that causes serial policy failure
Only our strategy can articulate a critical methodology to counter their spectacle of a multilateral trade-ordered peace system.
Mattei, Professor Law UC Berkeley, ‘3 (Ugo, “A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance” Global Jurist Frontiers, Vol 3 Issue 2, http://ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/pol160A/Mattei.pdf)
In the radical analysis of French revolutionary thinker Gui Debord, 216 one finds a
AND
only highly proactive and politically legitimized strategies of global governance could tackle. 235

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
FC compromise likely despite GOP opposition- Obama PC key
Julie Hirschfeld Davis is an enterprise reporter in the Washington bureau of The Associated Press and Mike Dorning reporter for Bloomberg News 11-8-2012 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-08/obama-success-on-fiscal-cliff-may-hinge-on-better-congress-ties.html
President Barack Obama, his re- election victory sealed, is reaching out to
AND
the end, and interacting will help you do that,” Griffin said. 

Reducing environmental restrictions triggers massive battle in congress and requires PC
Kraft, 12
Michael E. Kraft and Norman J. Vig, 12, http://www.cqpress.com/docs/college/Ch1-Vig-8e.pdf
Michael E. Kraft is professor emeritus of political science and public affairs and Herbert Fisk Johnson Professor of Environmental Studies emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. He is the author of Environmental Policy and Politics (5th ed., Pearson Longman 2011 ), co-author of Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives (4th edition, 2012), and co-author of Coming Clean: Information Disclosure and Environmental Performance (MIT Press 2011). In addition, he is co-editor of Environmental Policy : New Directions for the Twenty-First Century, 8th ed. (2012), with Norman J. Vig; Business and Environmental Policy (2007) and The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy (2012), with Sheldon Kamieniecki; and Toward Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental Policy, 2nd ed. (2009), with Daniel A. Mazmanian.

Despite these notable pledges and actions, rising criticism of environmental programs also was evident
AND
Our goal is to illuminate that role and to suggest needed changes and strategies

Fiscal cliff failure causes double dip recession- it’s also reverse causal- compromise is a huge stimulus
Fox Business, 10-17-2012 http://www.foxbusiness.com/investing/2012/10/17/making-bullish-case-on-looming-fiscal-cliff/

If the U.S. falls off the fiscal cliff at the end of
AND
Pandit told analysts on Monday after his company reported third-quarter results.
Their Economy impact OR

Extinction
Austin ‘09 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman, Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, “The Global Economy Unravels”, Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)

Conversely, global policymakers do not seem to have grasped the downside risks to the
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang. 

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Congress should immediately require a government-wide Quadrennial Energy Review
through a staged process to be completed by February 1st each year, concluded in entirety by February 1st, 2014, and every subsequent four years
led by the President in coordination with the Secretary of Energy as Executive Secretariat, giving them final authority over its content
to recommend goals, priorities and actions for implementation of a national energy policy

and will provide all necessary support for expedited build up of relevant analytic capabilities

The President and Executive Secretariat should immediately establish a policy determination to provide full support to make a top priority of the first stage of recommendations that the United States Federal Government should substantially reduce production restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas.

Experts agree it’s the single most important energy policy, spurs implementation and avoids budget fights
Chu Et al, 11
(Steven, DOE QTR, http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/ReportOnTheFirstQTR.pdf)
When PCAST recommended the DOE QTR, the most important recommendation was the development of
AND
support of an ¶ Executive Secretariat, provided by the Secretary of Energy. 

Solves Signal immediately and independently solves even if it doesn’t result in the aff
- develops framework for decisionmaking that facilitates cohesive policymaking
- avoids spending fights through better targeting and prioritization
- initial creation of QER sends visible congressional signal that makes backtracking and partisan obstruction difficult
- QDR proves it generates consensus
Begich, 11  (Mark, US Senator, Congressional Documents and Publications, 10/13, lexis)

The Quadrennial Energy Review Act of 2011 authorizes a high-level government-wide
AND
efficiently meets our energy needs. This bill will help us do that."

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

 unequal development is an inherent part of trade- searches for a ‘middle way’ cloak hegemonic imperialism
Davis, Professor Law Cleveland State University, and Neacsu, Law Librarian at Columbia, ‘1 (“Legitimacy Globally” UMKC Law Review, 69 UMKC L Rev 733, lexis)
But the very nature of globalization makes truly progressive change virtually impossible, bottomed as
AND
not rebellion, becomes the preferred, not just practical, alternative. 260

THEIR ev about global export contracts, and the motive behind the plan to get the US into the export game to doominate other countries
Ebinger et al 12 (Charles, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, Kevin Massy, Assistant Director of the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, and Govinda Avasarala, Senior Research Assistant in the Energy Security Initiative – Brookings, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for U.S. Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 12-01, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf).
LNG exports will help to sustain market liquidity in what looks to be an increasingly
AND
have reached final investment decision and are expected to be online by 2020.

The plans motive is leverage and imeprialism
Levi 12 (Michael, Senior Fellow for Energy and Environment – Council on Foreign Relations, “A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports,” Hamilton Project – Brookings Institute, June, Discussion Paper 2012-04, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20exports%20levi/06_exports_levi)
U.S. law distinguishes between LNG exports to countries with which the United
AND
to steer global gas trade toward greater transparency and market-based pricing.

AT Cede Political

The political has already been ceded to racist and neocolonial trade interests- only radical critique, rather than centrist accommodation can reverse this
Davis, Professor Law Cleveland State University, and Neacsu, Law Librarian at Columbia, ‘1 (“Legitimacy Globally” UMKC Law Review, 69 UMKC L Rev 733, lexis)
But the very nature of globalization makes truly progressive change virtually impossible, bottomed as
AND
not rebellion, becomes the preferred, not just practical, alternative. 260

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Sequestration compromise likely despite dissatisfaction- avoids across the board defense cuts

Thompson 1-2 – Dr. Loren, Chief Operating Officer at the Lexington Institute, Chief Executive Officer of Source Associates, and Ph.D. in Government from Georgetown University, "Sequestration Threat To Defense Sector Begins To Recede", Forbes, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2013/01/02/sequestration-threat-to-defense-sector-begins-to-recede/

Thus, the euphoria that stock traders are exhibiting today may be a bit premature.  
AND
Exhibit A in the case that the defense industry is going to do just fine in the new year.

Obama PC key to forge a sequestration deal

Barnes 1-2 – Eddie, Reporter at The Scotsman, "What Next? : Time to Draw Breath Before Another Tortuous Cliff-Hanger", The Scotsman, 2013, Lexis

IT TURNS out that the fiscal cliff has a balcony.¶ Democrats and Republicans abseiled
AND
another last-minute fudge, similar to yesterday’s deal, seems likely.

Sequestration failure causes the collapse of hegemony, a double-dip recession, and war in the Middle East

Hutchison, U.S. Senator from the great state of Texas, 9/21/2012
(Kay Bailey, "A Looming Threat to National Security," States News Service, Lexis)

Despite warnings of the dire consequences, America is teetering at the edge of a
AND
the harsh tax increases that could stall economic growth and punish working families.

Middle East goes nuclear

James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ’9 (Spring) "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East" IFRI, Proliferation Papers, ~%2326, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf 

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Uniqueness and issue specific spillover – military bases pursuing strong and collaborative local community relations now -  key to solve land encroachment issues vital to military effectiveness - but energy citing decisions that cause local community backlash specifically spillover and undermine

Boccuti, Faul and Gray, 12
Amanda Boccuti, GIS Support Analyst, Marstel-Day, LLC, providing analysis and GIS support for U.S. Marine Corps projects. Lauren Faul, Specializing in Strategic Communications Analyst, Marstel-Day, LLC, Her primary responsibilities entail the development of engagement plans for the U.S. Marine Corps which will provide them a framework to sustain the missions through community outreach and engagement. She has previously worked as a Communications Director on Capitol Hill and Congressional Liaison for the Marine Corps. Lauren Gray, Environmental Issues Researcher, Marstel-Day, LLC, offering research and analysis of environmental issues for encroachment control plans and communications, outreach and engagement strategies for the U.S. Marine Corps. Her primary focus areas include climate change effects and energy development, 5/21/12, http://engagingcities.com/article/establishing-creative-strategies-effective-engagement-between-military-installations-communi
Throughout the Nation’s history, military installations and
AND
in which those nexuses can be explored is key.

Independent links:

Local community backlash - Even your solvency advocates admit the link is true and highly likely

Andres and Breetz 11
Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

Small reactors used on domestic military bases
AND
social and environmental consequences of dispersing reactors, and determining whether Permissive Action Links technology could be used to safeguard them.

plan sends critical signal of isolation to both local community and base officials - Military bases prioritizing community integration now

Parthemore and Rogers, 10
Christine Parthemore, Will Rogers, Center New American Security, 5/20, http://www.cnas.org/node/4502

Are small nuclear reactors a smart choice for increasing energy security
AND
of small nuclear reactors on military bases must include examination of these important concerns.

Impact - strong local community relations key to buffering agreements that solve land encroachment  – vital to military effectiveness and biodiversity protection

Powledge, ‘8
Fred Powledge, writer and editor, Fred Powledge is the author of seventeen books and scores of magazine articles and reports. Powledge's articles have appeared in dozens of publications, including The New Yorker, Audubon, BioScience, and many others. They draw on his extensive experience as a journalist, which includes reporting as a staff member of The New York Times, the Atlanta Journal, and the Associated Press. He has served as a consultant to agricultural research institutions in Colombia, Peru, Sri Lanka, and Italy. He has contributed to biennial editions of World Resources, which is an authority on global environmental and development issues, and to several encyclopedias. Most recently, Fred Powledge has been the author of articles in the journal BioScience on a variety of important environmental subjects, .http://www.dodbiodiversity.org/ch10/Chapter.10.Partnerships.pp144-153.pdf

Buffering has become an important buzzword
AND
, testing, or operations on the installation.

Biodiversity decline causes extinction

Mmom 8 (Dr. Prince Chinedu, University of Port Harcourt (Nigeria), “Rapid Decline in Biodiversity: A Threat to Survival of Humankind”, Earthwork Times, 12-8, http://www.environmental-expert.com/resultEachArticle.aspx?ci d=0andcodi=51543)
From the foregoing, it becomes obvious that the survival
AND
Overall, we are locked into a race. We must hurry to acquire the knowledge on which a wise policy of conservation and development can be based for centuries to come.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Yes immigration reform

The Gazette, 2-6-2013 http://www.chillicothegazette.com/article/20130206/OPINION02/302060026/Immigration-reform-has-plenty-positives-http://www.chillicothegazette.com/article/20130206/OPINION02/302060026/Immigration-reform-has-plenty-positives

It’s starting to look as if meaningful immigration reform finally has a chance of becoming
AND
, expect an uptick in immigrant-bashing and baseless claims and stereotypes.

PC key - keeps DEMS on board

Shifter, 12 
(Michael, InterAmericanDialogue, 12-27-12, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32%26pubID=3186)

Not surprisingly, Obama has been explicit that reforming the US’s shameful and broken immigration
AND
some arms, even in his own party. Resistance will not disappear. 

Increasing foreign participation is key to growth- stops double dip recession

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
AND
into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

Immigration reform expands skilled labor—Key US India Relations

LA Times 11/9/12 ~Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html~~

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

Solves nuclear war

Schaffer 2 ~Spring 2002, Teresita—Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, Lexis~

Washington’s increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India’s economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The durban talks are an extension of U.S. imperialism that allows the west to colonize the environmental agenda and scapegoat other countries when the problem isn’t resolved – leads to divide and rule strategies to bully developing nations.
Vidal ’11 – Guardian Observer (Western nations 'used bullying tactics' at climate talks
World Development Movement report accuses developed countries of threatening behaviour at climate change summits,http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/26/climate-change-talks-durban)

Leading figures in western …. even developing countries!"

Durban is key to the CDM, but inherent neoliberal ideologyy dooms it – turns the aff.
Bond ’11 – Institute for Social Studies, the Hague (Patrick, “The Durban Climate Summit”, http://www.iss.nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Conference_presentations/NatureInc_Patrick_Bond.pdf)

Durban’s maniacal pro-growth ….appeared in UN climate fora. 

The CDM is the epitome of global governmentality – creates technological zones that depolititize and conducts the conduct of others through distanced liberal governance. This makes structural violence inevitable by making planetary management seem strategic.
Methmann ’13 – Political Science at the University of Hamburg (Chris, “The sky is the limit: Global warming as global governmentality”, European Journal of International Relations 2013 19: 69)

We aren’t policy-makers – We’re students engaged in policy analysis.
Andress ‘02 – MPH, JD, Texas Program for Society and Health, Rice University and Doctoral Candidate, University of Texas School of Public Health. FrameWorks Instistute and the Center for Communications and Community (Lauri, Strategic Frame Analysis and Policy Making: Where Does SFA Fit into our Strategic Plan?, FrameWorks Institute, Issue 18)

From time-to-time after a presentation …. systems, worldviews, and ideas.

Apocalyptic framing causes us to ignore socio-environmental change required to make debate effective—silences criticism and ensures victory for technocrats
Labban et al ’13 (Mazen, Visiting Assistant Professor of Geography @ Rutgers, David Correia, Assistant Professor of American Studies @ Univ of New Mexico, and Matt Huber, Ph.D., Clark University, now at the Maxwell School of Syracuse, “Apocalypse, the Radical Left and the Post-political Condition”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 6-8)

There is a real urgency in the ….change may be even worse.

This permanent state of emergency transforms the state into an apparatus of death—creates a state of exception.
Davis ’12 – contributed essays to race and class, contributor to Confronting Capitalism: Dispatches from a Global Movement (James, At War with the Future: Catastrophism and the Right, “Catastrophism: The Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth”, PM Press, p. 100)

The catastrophist right….. Which, of course, is the point.77

This preconditions us to accept any level of violence necessary to eradicate the threat—causes the worst form of governmentality that allows totalizing violence.
Coviello 2000 (Peter, Professor of English and Acting Program Director of Africana Studies – Bowdoin College, Queer Frontiers, p. 40-41)
Perhaps. But to claim that American … scarcely be done without.

You are an educator evaluating the political rhetoric of the 1AC. You should reorient yourself towards questioning the dominant framing of the affirmative
Gilles and Gross ‘12 (Mel, highly successful web author, and Mathew, director of internet communications for Howard Dean’s presidential campaign, highly regarded media strategist, “The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America”, Prometheus, p. 202)

Addressing the challenges of a… is not what it was.

fetishized objectification of CO2 ensures that technical knowledge only goes towards piecemeal, narrow reforms.
Swyngedouw ’13 – Prof of Geography @ Manchester (Erik, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 9-18)

Until 2007-2008, climate change ….that Prince Charles painted. 

Eco-authoritarianism props up expertism and causes military interventionism – the use of fear is a right wing tool to justify endless violence
Yuen ’12 – PhD (ABD) Sociology, UC Santa Cruz, teaches urban studies @ San Francisco Art Institute, coeditor of Confronting Capitalism: Dispatches from a Global Movement (Eddie, “Catastrophism: The Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth”, PM Press, p. 32)

It's unclear in these cases… arguments could easily prevail.

Framing is more important than ever in this context
Brulle ’05 (Robert J. Department of Culture and Communication Drexel University And   J. Craig Jenkins Department of Sociology The Ohio State University, The U.S. Environmental Movement:  Crisis or Transition?)
Our analysis of … but the starting point of the analysis.” 

Simulation of environmental policy is useless – newest evidence demonstrates a cognitive two track approach – Turns their “portable skills” arguments – they entrench a violent risk society
Threadgold ’12 -- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Newcastle (Steven, “‘I reckon my life will be easy, but my kids will be buggered’: ambivalence in young people’s positive perceptions of individual futures and their visions of environmental collapse”, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, Feburary 2012, 17-32)

It’s the end of the world ….. consumption seems unlikely except for a ‘radical’ few. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge: 

"Financial incentives" must be directly linked to production, not just affect it

Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) 

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

"For" is a term of exclusion

Allegra 2 (Francis M., Judge – United States Court of Federal Claims, "Usibelli Coal Mine, Plaintiff, v. The United States, Defendant", 11-8, 2002 U.S. Claims LEXIS 307, , Lexis)

The cynosure here is the phrase "for any overpayment in respect of any internal
AND
the payment of more than is rightfully due is what characterizes an overpayment.

AND
, in dealing with an analogous interest claim, the Supreme Court observed —
HN20-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?cc=%26pushme=1%26tmpFBSel=all%26totaldocs=%26taggedDocs=%26toggleValue=%26numDocsChked=0%26prefFBSel=0%26delformat=XCITE%26fpDocs=%26fpNodeId=%26fpCiteReq=%26expNewLead=id%3D%22expandedNewLead%22%26brand=ldc%26_m=7ddda6d0b8a0e4c51acf62d374a0ade8%26docnum=45%26_fmtstr=FULL%26_startdoc=1%26wchp=dGLbVzB-zSkAW%26_md5=e1ffe22b35e57befc7febf53b6721be9%26focBudTerms=the+preposition+for%26focBudSel=all There can be no consent by implication or by use of ambiguous language. Nor can an intent on the part of the framers of a statute … to permit the recovery of interest suffice where the intent is not translated into affirmative statutory … terms. The consent necessary to waive the traditional immunity must be express, and it must be strictly construed.

"Production" means electricity generation

IEPA 12 (Independent Energy Producers Association, "Glossary of Energy Terms", http://www.iepa.com/Glossary.asp)

Production   The act or process of generating electric energy.

Violation —- Aff is indirect: loans for enrichment or reprocessing affect production but aren’t linked to it

Voting issue —-

Limits —- they shift the topic away from a yes/no question about nuclear power to the issue of fuel type —- they allow hundreds of Affs like enrichment that change how initial phases of the fuel cycle work without altering the end baseline of nuclear power —- and they multiply the mechanism by 40

Moran 86 – non-resident fellow at the Center for Global Development and holds the Marcus Wallenberg Chair at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p. 29 - googlebooks)

Guisinger finds that if "incentives" are broadly defined to include tariffs and trade
AND
foreign investment—let alone to determine the effectiveness of individual government instruments.
Ground —- they open up unique Aff areas unrelated to energy production —- guts core consumption DAs —- and artificially inflates Aff ground

Ground —- they open up unique Aff areas unrelated to energy production —- guts core consumption DAs —- and artificially inflates Aff ground

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge: 

1NC

Financialization of energy production is a neoliberal tool to subvert communal agency—this fuels inequality and unsustainable consumptive practices

Hildyard et al 2012 – *founder and Director of The Corner House, a U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, co-editor of The Ecologist, co-founder of the Durban Group for Climate Justice (February, Nicholas Hildyard, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton, The Corner House, "Energy Security For What?  For Whom?", http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

The neoliberal market-driven approach to energy policy in Europe and¶ North America
AND
whilst at the¶ same time creating new sources of conflict and insecurity.

The impact is extinction—focus on production and technology in the neoliberal frame generates crises and precludes other orientations

Holleman 2012 – assistant professor of sociology at Amherst, PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon (June, Hannah, sociology dissertation, University of Oregon, "Energy justice and foundations for a sustainable sociology of energy", https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12419/Holleman_oregon_0171A_10410.pdf?sequence=1)

As Marilyn Waring noted twenty years ago, under this system, when there is
AND
environmental conscience to the new breed of green marketers" (McKibben 2010).

Vote neg to eschew neoliberal frameworks—they’re unsustainable and insulate decisionmaking from deliberation and alternative assumptions needed to solve

Adaman and Madra 2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, "Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology", http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf)

The reduction of ecological valuation through a market mechanism (or various techniques) to
AND
above, under the assumption that all actors are calculative and ¶ calculable. 

1NR

Framework

We’ll impact turn their focus on discrete policy responses—the focus should be on which method of deliberation is best to analyze problems—you don’t have the power to implement either side’s strategy, but deeper understanding is the only way to be an informed decision-maker.  Prefer it:

1. They isolate policy from politics, that’s Madra—condensing advocacy to a 4 second plan means you can’t assess who debated better—plan focus trains you not to defend the process by which you make conclusions, which turns their offense

Gunder et al, Aukland University senior planning lecturer, 2009
(Michael, Planning in Ten Words or Less: A Lacanian Entanglement with Spatial Planning pgs 111-2)

The hegemonic network, or bloc, initially shapes the debates and draws on appropriate
AND
, achieving their stakeholders’ specific interests (Gunder and Hillier 2007a, 469).
The current "post-democratic" milieu facilitates the above through avoidance of critical
AND
largely resulting in a zero-sum game (Blair and Kumar 1997).

2. Turns fairness—our framework is grounded in comparative lit—that’s a more predictable basis for education—confining us to policy because the rez limits the aff is arbitrary and self-serving.  It’s legitimate—they get 9 minutes to frame the round and should be accountable for the 1ac—these are substantive claims about their intellectual strategy that can be defended

3. Key to deliberation—the alt is a process of investigation which solves better—coming to a debate tournament demanding political action is absurd and displaces agency—our arg is that the framework for analysis is itself a political choice

Adaman and Madra 2012 – *economic professor at Bogazici University in Istanbul, PhD from UMass-Amherst, economics professor (Fikret and Yahya, Bogazici University, "Understanding Neoliberalism as Economization: The Case of the Ecology", http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/content/wp/EC2012_04.pdf)

States as agents of economization
Neoliberal reason is therefore not simply about market expansion and the withdrawal of the  welfare
AND
the private sector either by fullblown privatization or by public-private partnerships.
While in the first case citizen-subjects are treated solely as economic beings,
AND
those in  need through charity organizations or corporations via their social responsibility channels.
Here, two related caveats should be noted to sharpen the central thrust of the
AND
a political choice. In short, economization is  itself a political project.
Yet, this drive towards technocratization and economization—which constitutes the second  caveat—
AND
theories of  the Virginia school imply) (Madra and Adaman, 2010).
This reconfiguration of the way modern states in advanced capitalist social formations govern  the social
AND
various forms of  neoliberal governmentality propose and actualize the economization of the ecology.

4. Their vocational training model means skills are force multipliers for inequality—prior ethical responsibility is key for educators

Giroux, cultural studies prof, 5—Global Television Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, selected as the Barstow Visiting Scholar for 2003 at Saginaw Valley State University, named as Distinguished Scholar at multiple institutions, Ph.D. (Henry, Fast Capitalism, 1.2 2005, "Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism")

In opposition to these positions, I want to reclaim a tradition in radical educational
AND
affective, intellectual, and theoretical investment in public life (Couldry 2004).

Perm

Cross-apply framework

The perm is bad:

1. The plan is a bad idea, and if it’s close we’ll win you should be skeptical about including a neoliberal concession

2. Doesn’t test competition, even if it’s compatible in the abstract—here’s an advocate for rejection

Glover et al 2006 – *Policy Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, Directs the Urban Studies and Wheaton in Chicago programs, selected to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs Emerging Leaders Program for 2011-2013, *2007 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Distinguished Professor of Energy %26 Climate Policy at the University of Delaware, Head of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (Leigh Glover, Noah Toly, John Byrne, "Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse", in "Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict", p. 1-32, http://www.ceep.udel.edu/energy/publications/2006_es_energy_as_a_social_project.pdf)

When measured in social and political-economic terms, the current energy discourse appears
AND
. The challenge of a social inquiry into energy-society relations awaits.

Masking—reconstructing neolib to be sustainable magnifies the damage

De Angelis, East London political economy professor, 2009
(Massimo, "The tragedy of the capitalist commons", December, http://turbulence.org.uk/turbulence-5/capitalist-commons/, DOA: 7-2-12)

This platform of management of the global commons is based on one key assumption:
AND
on subjects who depend on capitalist markets for the reproduction of their livelihoods.

Econ Rationality Good

No offense— Collapse is imminent—now is unique because public policy has exhausted the range of viable fixes

Wallerstein, Ph.D., 11—senior research scholar at Yale University, PhD from Columbia (Immanuel, January/ February 2011, "THE GLOBAL ECONOMY WON’T RECOVER, NOW OR EVER," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/unconventional_wisdom?page=0,9)

The problem is that the basic costs of all production have risen remarkably. There
AND
which is reaching a point where the game is not worth the candle.
What we are witnessing as a result is chaotic fluctuations of all kinds — economic, political, sociocultural. These fluctuations cannot easily be controlled by public policy. The result is ever greater uncertainty about all kinds of short-term decision-making, as well as frantic realignments of every variety. Doubt feeds on itself as we search for ways out of the menacing uncertainty posed by terrorism, climate change, pandemics, and nuclear proliferation.
The only sure thing is that the present system cannot continue. The fundamental political struggle is over what kind of system will replace capitalism, not whether it should survive. The choice is between a new system that replicates some of the present system’s essential features of hierarchy and polarization and one that is relatively democratic and egalitarian.
The extraordinary expansion of the world-economy in the postwar years (more or
AND
, including in the so-called emerging economies, leading to bankruptcies.
Most people do not recognize — or refuse to recognize — these realities. It is wrenching to accept that the historical system in which we are living is in structural crisis and will not survive.
Meanwhile, the system proceeds by its accepted rules. We meet at G-20 sessions and seek a futile consensus. We speculate on the markets. We "develop" our economies in whatever way we can. All this activity simply accentuates the structural crisis. The real action, the struggle over what new system will be created, is elsewhere.

They generate crises

Ehrenfeld, Rutgers biology professor, 2005 (David, "The Environmental Limits to Globalization", Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2, ebsco)

The overall environmental changes brought about or accelerated by globalization are, however, much
AND
environmental or social forces released by globalization, without first controlling globalization itself.

War

The drive for resources causes imperial wars.

Arran Gare, Reader in Philosophy and Cultural Inquiry at Swinburne University (Australia), 2008
~"Marxism and the Problem of Creating an Environmentally Sustainable Civilization in China," Capitalism Nature Socialism, Volume 19, Number 1, March, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic Search Elite, p. 10  BATMAN~
Marx’s analysis of capitalism implied an inexorable tendency to imperialism—to extend the market
AND
wrecking their ecosystems, thereby becoming weaker and more subject to exploitation.16

Value

Capitalism negates the value to life – it reduces humanity to a state less than human.

Bert Olivier, Professor of Philosophy at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (South Africa), 2005
~"Nature, Capitalism, and the Future of Humankind," South African Journal of Philosophy, Volume 24, Number 2, July-August, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic Search Elite, p. 99-101  BATMAN~
Finally, it should also be noted that, although the physical survival of human
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non-human nature – capital has proved to be the mortal enemy.

Alt

Cross-apply framework—discussions at the academic level are more productive—creates better a relationship to policy which is more important than trivial simulation—if this approach is better we should win

Bilgin 5 Assistant Prof of International Relations at Bilkent University, REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE, p54-

The point is that a broader security agenda requires students of security to look at
AND
constituting ’threats to the future’ (Kubálková 1998: 193–201).

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge: 

1NC

Solvency

Either status quo solves or MOX use impossible- TVA and Duke say no despite federal support- can’t spill up- cost overruns and technical hurdles

TOM CLEMENTS is a Columbia, South Carolina based environmental advocate who works with ANA member group Nuclear Watch South 1-12-2012 http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/492/Default.aspx-http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/492/Default.aspx

Under growing budgetary stress, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE
AND
, but TVA has not decided to test or use the problematic fuel.

TVA say no

John B. Matson¶ Assistant Professor¶ Polymer Chemistry at Virginia Tech, 3-11-11 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mox-fuel-nuclear-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mox-fuel-nuclear

 Even as the South Carolina fabrication plant progresses toward start up, the future
AND
like TVA, would want to dabble with this stuff," he says.

Russia Adv

PDMA doesn’t solve Russia impacts- cheating

Edwin Lyman¶ Senior Scientist, Global Security¶ Expertise¶ Nuclear Power¶ Nuclear Weapons %26 Global Security-Nuclear Terrorism¶ Profile¶ Dr. Edwin Lyman is an internationally recognized expert on nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism as well as nuclear power safety and security. 2-16-2012 http://allthingsnuclear.org/its-time-to-pull-the-plug-on-the-mox-factory-to/-http://allthingsnuclear.org/its-time-to-pull-the-plug-on-the-mox-factory-to/

The United States and Russia signed an agreement in 2000 to each dispose of 34
AND
not moving forward expeditiously with the program even after signing the amended protocol.

MOX use in commercial reactors causes accidents- causes faster aging and meltdowns- worse than any accident in history because of high levels of plutonium

Evelyn Guzman, Gulf Crusade News, 3-14-2011 http://beforeitsnews.com/earthquakes/2011/03/japan_does%27nt_want_you_to_know_no._3_reactor_contains_mox_fuel_%7Bplutonium_and_uranium_oxides%7D-481595.html-http://beforeitsnews.com/earthquakes/2011/03/japan_does%27nt_want_you_to_know_no._3_reactor_contains_mox_fuel_%7Bplutonium_and_uranium_oxides%7D-481595.html

The use of MOX fuel attacks commercial nuclear reactors where they are the weakest.
AND
down playing a enormous toxic release should the core have a total meltdown.

Nuclear accidents force permanent dislocations and migration.

Gilinsky, ’12
~Victor, Former member, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and Independent Consultant, 2-13, "Fukushima Lessons Loom Large," http://energy.nationaljournal.com/contributors/victor-gilinsky.php~~

You ask what lessons we should draw from the Fukushima experience. Let me mention
AND
with effective evacuation, the evacuees may have nowhere to go back to.

That causes war.

Loescher, ’2
~Gil, Senior Fellow for Forced Migration and International Security @ International Institute for Strategic Studies, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, "Blaming the victim: refugees and global security: the bulk of the world’s refugees remain in the developing world. And the industrializedstates, more worried after September 11, are taking new steps to keep them away.; The Uprooted", 11-1, 58:6, Lexis~

For developing countries, displaced populations are both a consequence of conflict and a cause of continuing conflict and instability. Forced displacement can obstruct peace processes, undermine attempts at economic development, and exacerbate intercommunal tensions. Refugee flows also can be a source of regional conflict, causing instability in neighboring countries, triggering external intervention, and sometimes providing armed refugee groups with base camps from which to conduct insurgency, armed resistance, and terrorist activities.

Relations resilient

Kortunov 96 (Andrei, Russian Science Foundation, Comparative Strategy, p. 335)

However, surprisingly enough there seemed to be no visible, qualitative deterioration in the
AND
minimizing the negative impact of tensions in particular fields on the overall relationship. 

Deterrence solves

Blair et. al 10 (Bruce Blair Ph.D., Col.-Gen. (Ret.) Victor Esin Ph.D., Matthew McKinzie Ph.D., Col.
(Ret.) Valery Yarynich Ph.D., and Maj.-Gen. (Ret.) Pavel Zolotarev Ph.D., analysts for Global Zero and Foreign Affairs, "One Hundred Nuclear Wars: Stable Deterrence between the ¶ United States and Russia at Reduced Nuclear Force Levels ¶ Off Alert in the Presence of Limited Missile Defenses" Foreign Affairs, Volume 89, No. 5, lexis)
The stability of deterrence depends strongly on the configuration and capabilities of forces on both
AND
but they now represent a greater danger than a ¶ surprise first strike. 

Distrust will not spill-over into open conflict

Sakwa 8 (Richard, h ead of the department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent, International Afairs 8, March 2008 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119391506/PDFSTART)

 The end of the Cold War has been repeatedly announced, yet the beast
AND
of the world views of either party but requires a rethinking of both.

NO nuclear coop impact

ARON, DIRECTOR OF RUSSIA STUDIES AT THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, 6
~LEON, "U.S.-RUSSIA RELATIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF IDEOLOGY", RUSSIA IN GLOBAL AFFAIRS, VOL 4, NO 3, JULY-SEPT~

Yet, a head-on confrontation and a new Cold War are highly unlikely
AND
plans of their elites, as they will not view them as necessary. 

India Adv

No India-Pakistan war —-

Deterrence checks

Khan 12 (Ikram Ullah, analyst for the South Asian Strategic Stability Institute, "Nuclear Pakistan: Defence Vs Energy Development," 7/26, http://www.eurasiareview.com/26072012-nuclear-pakistan-defence-vs-energy-development-oped/)
We must be clear that nuclear weapons are here to maintain peace and stability between
AND
it prevented the likelihood of an all out nuclear war in South Asia.

Indian restraint

Dasgupta-http://www.brookings.edu/experts/dasguptas 12 (Sunil, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, "The Fate of India’s Strategic Restraint," April, "The Fate of India’s Strategic Restraint," http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2012/04/india-dasgupta)
So, could we be witnessing the start of an India-China arms race
AND
recognition that India is unlikely to become hostile to their own nations’ interests.

Economic constraints

Tellis ’02 (Ashley, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Orbis, Winter, p. 19)

In any event, the saving grace that mutes the potential for exacerbated competition between
AND
the viewpoint both of the two South Asian competitors and the United States.

Indian no-first-use and regional CBMs solve

Malik ’03 (Mohan, The Stability Of Nuclear Deterrence In South Asia, Asian Affairs, Fall)

Regarding the technical requirements of stable deterrence, questions about command, control, and
AND
protection, ensuring personnel reliability and secure transport of sensitive items.27 

Risk of fallout blow-back

Cohen ’02 (Stephen, Senior Fellow @ Brookings, Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War in South Asia: An Unknowable Future, May, http://www.brook.edu/views/speeches/cohens20020501.pdf)

There will be little likelihood of a preemptive attack by India against Pakistan or against India by Pakistan or China, in part because the numbers will make such an attack difficult, and in part because of mobile basing. In the India-Pakistan case, both sides will be worried about miscalculations and, as the numbers increase, the possibility of significant fallout on one’s own country from even a successful attack will increase, thus enhancing self-deterrence.

India-Pakistan peace process has new momentum now – moving toward solution to Kashmir now

Pant ’05 (Harsh, Staff Writer, Chicago Sun-Times, 6-28, Lexis)

Truly extraordinary events are shaping the political landscape of the Indian sub-continent.
AND
and musicians are eagerly joining the Bollywood bandwagon and attracting appreciative Indian audiences.

2NC

Solvency

Disregard their ev about commercialization – it’s cherry picked and doesn’t reflect the market

Matthew Bunn ¶ Steve Fetter ¶ John P. Holdren ¶ Bob van der Zwaan December 2003 (project on managing the atom, BELFER CENTER FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS¶ JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, "THE ECONOMICS OF REPROCESSING¶ VS. DIRECT DISPOSAL OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL" http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/repro-report.pdf)

The reprocessing and MOX fabrication industries, however, have been dominated by ¶ an
AND
investors who provided the money to build the plant expect to ¶ receive.

Russia Adv

Status quo solves PDMA- includes MOX and US and Russia highly committed

NNSA, 7-13-2011 http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pmda-http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pmda

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) today announced the formal entry into force
AND
). Under the amended PMDA, both countries will begin disposition in 2018.

And- Wolf agrees

Wolfe ’12 – executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness,
(Clint, formerly chaired the Technical Advisory Panel to the Department of Energy’s Plutonium Focus Area, guest article in the Greenville News, 8-10-2012, http://www.c-n-t-a.com/letters.htm~~%23GN1208)**

FULLY 50 PERCENT of our nuclear-generated electricity in recent years, or 10
AND
that humankind can make decisions of this importance and actually pull them off.
edited for gendered language

MOX makes accidents inevitable- ages the reactors- independently turns their reprocessing advantage- makes tech leadership impossible

Christina MacPherson, author at Nuclear News, an Online reference magazine on nuclear and uranium issues 12-28-2012 http://nuclear-news.info/2012/12/28/dangerous-and-unnecessary-mixed-oxide-fuel-mox-nuclear-power-plan/-http://nuclear-news.info/2012/12/28/dangerous-and-unnecessary-mixed-oxide-fuel-mox-nuclear-power-plan/

Use of MOX fuel attacks commercial nuclear reactors where they are the¶ weakest.
AND
a reactor using MOX are even higher than in a normal atomic reactor.

Lower threshold for nuclear accidents with MOX fuel

John B. Matson¶ Assistant Professor¶ Polymer Chemistry at Virginia Tech, 3-11-11 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mox-fuel-nuclear-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mox-fuel-nuclear

 Lyman authored a study in 2001 in Science %26 Global Security showing that radioactive
AND
No. 3 has contributed to the radioactive plumes emanating from the plant.

All it takes is one limited accident- stops global investment and stunts industry growth

Physicist Amary B. Lovins is Chairman and Chief Scientist ofRoch Mountain Institute (w-nM-rmi.org) and an advisor to major Jims and governments worldwide. This Foreword is adopted from an essay first published online by The Economist in April 2011. http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/pdf/WorldNuclearIndustryStatusReport2011_%20FINAL.pdf

By contrast, renewable electricity generators rule the marketplace, providing half the world’s new
AND
Shockwaves through the energy and financial communities, and undermining the industry’s credibility.

’dead hand’ is fake

Pry 99 (Peter Vincent, Former Member – CIA and Professional Military Advisor – House of Representatives, War Scare: Russia and America on the Nuclear Brink, p. 153)

General Korobushin and some other Russian military officers have told U.S. command
AND
unequivocal answer to the question of whether or not in fact it exists."

India Adv

Nuclear deterrence makes war in Southeast Asia extremely unlikely

Times of India 98 ("Arms Race Myth", 4-30)

The Chinese nuclear threat to India has been there since 1964, and it became
AND
have a high-intensity conventional war, let alone a nuclear war. 

Weak Pakistani economy prevents arms racing

Times of India 98 ("Arms Race Myth", 4-30)

Pakistan’s Economy There are limits to the Pakistani capability to acquire nuclear weapons and missiles
AND
extraordinary hike in defence spending. Our watch - word should be restraint.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge: 

CIR will pass- Obama PC key to overcome partisanship

CNN, 3-25-2013 http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/opinion/zelizer-immigration-reform/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/opinion/zelizer-immigration-reform/

The stars seem to be aligning for immigration reform.¶ The election of 2012 scared
AND
the institution once again, as it has done so many times before.

Obama push inevitable-  it’s the top priority- solves high skilled visas

ABC, 1-28-2013 http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_senators-agree-bipartisan-immigration-reform-22023.shtml-http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_senators-agree-bipartisan-immigration-reform-22023.shtml

A bipartisan group of leading senators has reached agreement on the principles for a sweeping
AND
supporting immigration reform with a path to citizenship has become a political imperative.

forced tradeoffs ensure fight – drawn into broader budget battle – swamps bipart support

Ryan, 11  (Margaret, Energy AOL reporter, 10/10, http://energy.aol.com/2011/10/10/bipartisan-energy-options-hostage-in-congress/**
Bipartisan Energy Options ’Hostage’ in Congress Room for bipartisan agreement on energy issues has narrowed
AND
past, those adjustments have been made in appropriations bills, he said.

Prevents double dip recession

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
AND
into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

Nuclear war

Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge: 

1NC

The United States federal government should remove its restrictions on the creation of mixed oxide fuel and mixed oxide for permanent waste storage. The United States federal government should put mixed oxide in final-disposal casks as storage mixed oxide. The United States Federal Government should remove its restrictions on reprocessing for electricity generation from commercial nuclear power in the United States. The United States Federal Government should ban the use of Mixed Oxide fuel in commercial nuclear reactors.

Solves nuclear acquisition and PDMA advantage- eliminates plutonium stockpiles

F. N. von Hippel et al Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University. 2002 http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/10_2kang.PDF-http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/10_2kang.PDF

Could a final-disposal cask be opened, the storage MOX rods separated from
AND
out the storage MOX and escape in the time likely to be available.

MOX reactors trade off with NNSA programs that solve internal links better- solves in the short term because it avoids testing and licensing period of the aff

Tom Clements et al, ¶ Nonproliferation Policy Director Alliance for Nuclear Accountability Washington, DC¶ Daryl G. Kimball Executive Director Arms Control Association Washington, DC¶ Frank von Hippel¶ Professor of Public and International Affairs Princeton University¶ Co-chair, International Panel on Fissile Materials Princeton, NJ¶ Lisbeth Gronlund Co-Director and Senior Scientist Global Security Program Union of Concerned Scientists Cambridge, MA¶ Mia Steinle Investigator¶ Project on Government Oversight Washington, DC¶ David Culp¶ Legislative Representative¶ Friends Committee on National Legislation¶ Washington, DC 3-19-2012 http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/mox-plutonium-fuel-program-20120319.pdf-http://pogoarchives.org/m/nss/mox-plutonium-fuel-program-20120319.pdf

Costs for the Department of Energy’s MOX program are increasing at an alarming rate.
AND
to suffer because of the MOX program’s out-of-control costs.

NNSA cuts make a nuclear terrorist attack inevitable- easier to acquire- kills non prolif cred

Roth 2011. ~Zachary, Senior National Affairs Reporter, "Budget cuts could increase risk of nuke terror attack" — http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thelookout/20110225/ts_yblog_thelookout/experts-warn-that-budget-cuts-could-increase-risk-of-nuke-terror-attack-http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thelookout/20110225/ts_yblog_thelookout/experts-warn-that-budget-cuts-could-increase-risk-of-nuke-terror-attack~~

But less than a year later, proposed budget cuts could badly hamper America’s ability
AND
they get into the country; and limiting the cost of an attack. 

2NC

2NC PDMA Solvency Wall

Solves PDMA impacts and internal links- no proliferation or terrorist acquisition risks- that’s von Hippel

And- solves BETTER in the short term- reactor use is to slow to solve the short term risks associated with separated plutonium- prefer the only comparative evidence

Allison M. Macfarlane, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 2007, "Another option for separated plutonium management: Storage MOX" vis Science Direct

The point is that there is an immediately achievable opportunity to put separated plutonium into
AND
politically, to delay a solution to the problem posed by separated plutonium.

Better alternative than reactor use in the short term

Allison M. Macfarlane, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 2007, "Another option for separated plutonium management: Storage MOX" vis Science Direct

The motivation for dealing with this separated plutonium comes from a number of sources.
AND
situation are high and can be relatively easily offset by using storage MOX.

2NC Prolif Solvency Wall

Every internal link they  read says "reprocessing is key" nothing specific to use of MOX in reprocessing- CP solves 100% of the reprocessing leadership internal links

CP still solves signal args- huge change in reprocessing approach means it’s sufficient to solve the internal links

AT: Storage MOX Bad

No safety concerns with storage MOX- solves prolif and aquisition

F. N. von Hippel et al Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University. 2002 http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/10_2kang.PDF-http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/10_2kang.PDF

The separation process could be carried out remotely in a large hot cell or under
AND
to assure that their ends would break off before they could be withdrawn.

Any DA to the CP links to the aff- exact same risks

F. N. von Hippel et al Program on Science and Global Security, Princeton University. 2002 http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/10_2kang.PDF-http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/10_2kang.PDF

Some object to the immobilization of weapon-grade plutonium because, unlike irradiation,
AND
into a reactor core. Similar monitoring and security arrangements would be required.

Ext. NNSA Cuts

 Nuclear Terrorism===
NNSA NONPROLIF PROGRAMS ARE KEY TO SECURE NUCLEAR MATERIALS.
HARTUNG 3-16. ~William, Director of the Arms and Security Initiative at the New America Foundation, former Director of the Arms Trade Resource Center at the World Policy Institute, "The Other Nuclear Threat" Huffington Post~ 

America has another nuclear weapons problem, one that Pincus didn’t bring up in his
AND
, fully funding key nuclear nonproliferation programs is an excellent place to start. 

GTR funding vital to solve global prolif and US leadership- internal links are bigger than the aff

GTR secures uranium, plutonium and weapons outside the US and Russia- Lack of funding causes short term withdrawal

WAND, 11 (Womens Action for New Directions, http://www.wand.org/take-action/wand-bulletins/2011-march-bulletin/-http://www.wand.org/take-action/wand-bulletins/2011-march-bulletin/)

Congress is in the midst of an epic budget battle. Drastic funding cuts are
AND
and protection activities in Russia, Kazakhstan, South Africa, and Mexico.  

Empirics

PATRICK 10. ~Stewart, Director of the program on international institutions and global governance, "The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime" Council on Foreign Relations — Sept 20 — http://www.cfr.org/world/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984-http://www.cfr.org/world/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984~~

Possibly the most successful element of the nonproliferation regime has been the effort to secure
AND
fissile material to origin countries, and promote international cooperation to counter proliferation. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC

"Financial incentives" must be directly linked to production, not just affect it

Webb 93 – lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa (Kernaghan, "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online) 

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

"For" is a term of exclusion

Allegra 2 (Francis M., Judge – United States Court of Federal Claims, "Usibelli Coal Mine, Plaintiff, v. The United States, Defendant", 11-8, 2002 U.S. Claims LEXIS 307, , Lexis)

The cynosure here is the phrase "for any overpayment in respect of any internal
AND
the payment of more than is rightfully due is what characterizes an overpayment.

AND
, in dealing with an analogous interest claim, the Supreme Court observed —
HN20-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?cc=%26pushme=1%26tmpFBSel=all%26totaldocs=%26taggedDocs=%26toggleValue=%26numDocsChked=0%26prefFBSel=0%26delformat=XCITE%26fpDocs=%26fpNodeId=%26fpCiteReq=%26expNewLead=id%3D%22expandedNewLead%22%26brand=ldc%26_m=7ddda6d0b8a0e4c51acf62d374a0ade8%26docnum=45%26_fmtstr=FULL%26_startdoc=1%26wchp=dGLbVzB-zSkAW%26_md5=e1ffe22b35e57befc7febf53b6721be9%26focBudTerms=the+preposition+for%26focBudSel=all There can be no consent by implication or by use of ambiguous language. Nor can an intent on the part of the framers of a statute … to permit the recovery of interest suffice where the intent is not translated into affirmative statutory … terms. The consent necessary to waive the traditional immunity must be express, and it must be strictly construed.

"Production" refers to quantity extracted from the ground or equivalent amount produced
OECD 10 (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, OECD Factbook 2010: Economic, Environmental, and Social Statistics, p. 118)
ENERGY PRODUCTION
Energy production is a function of the natural resources of each country and of the economic incentives to exploit those resources. Countries will also take into consideration energy security and environmental protection when making decisions on how much and what type of energy to produce.
Definition
Production refers to the quantities of fuels extracted from the ground after the removal of inert matter or impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). For non-combusted energy such as nuclear, hydro and solar, the primary energy equivalent is calculated using the physical energy content method, which expresses the energy content of each source in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) energy.

Violation —- Aff is indirect: loans for enrichment or reprocessing affect production but aren’t linked to it

Voting issue —-

Limits —- they allow hundreds of affirmatives that buy oil, coal or nuclear for specific purposes. Unpredictable and wrecks research

Ground —- they open up unique Aff areas unrelated to energy production —- guts core consumption DAs —- and artificially inflates Aff ground

2NC

Interpretation Ev

"For" requires a direct relation —- assistance can’t merely affect the target country

Words and Phrases 4 (Permanent Edition, "For," Volume 17, p. 338-343, November, Thomson West) 

W.D.Tenn. 1942. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
AND
which only "affects" a certain purpose which implies an indirect relation. 

"Energy production" means extraction, capture, or conversion of energy

Comley 9 (Blair, Secretary of the Department of Climate Change – Government of Australia, National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Streamlining Protocol, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/nger-streamlining-protocol.pdf)

This section includes definitions of the key terms used in the NGER Act,¶ and outlines the approach used to measure and report energy consumption¶ and production. The definitions and methodologies described in this¶ section should be used as a basis for design of new energy or greenhouse¶ programs, and in aligning existing programs with the NGER System.
7.1 Energy production
Under the NGER Act corporations are required to report on all energy¶ produced by facilities.
’Energy production’ is defined in NGER Regulation 2.23:
Production of energy, in relation to a facility, means any one of the¶ following:
(a) the extraction or capture of energy from natural sources for final¶ consumption by or from the operation of the facility or for use other¶ than in operation of the facility;
(b) the manufacture of energy by the conversion of energy from one form¶ to another form for final consumption by or from the operation of the¶ facility or for use other than in the operation of the facility.

"Production" is conversion of energy to a directly deliverable form

Pellion 8 (Antoine, Graduate of Ecole des Mines Engineering School, Specialising in Energy and also Attended the Massachussets Institute of Technology (MIT, US), "Renewing Energy Production in Europe: An Environmental, Industrial and Political Challenge", January, http://www.robert-schuman.eu/doc/notes/notes-43-en.pdf)

1.1.1. Reducing European vulnerability¶ a. Technical and political
AND
simple conversion of a type of primary energy into a directly deliverable form.

Limits

They multiply the mechanism by forty

Moran 86 – non-resident fellow at the Center for Global Development and holds the Marcus Wallenberg Chair at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p. 29 - googlebooks)

Guisinger finds that if "incentives" are broadly defined to include tariffs and trade
AND
foreign investment—let alone to determine the effectiveness of individual government instruments.

Strictly interpreting "financial" incentives is essential to retain any limit on the topic —- indirect incentives are infinite

Dyson 3 – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Megan, Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, p. 67-68)

Understanding of the term ’incentives’ varies and economists have produced numerous typologies. A
AND
these incentives within the realm of economic and fiscal policy is practically limitless.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

"Financial" incentives are grants, loans, or insurance —- excludes fiscal or regulatory incentives

UNCTAD 4 - UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT ("INCENTIVES"
http://unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit20035_en.pdf

Box I.1. Types of incentives
Financial incentives
• Investment grants: "direct subsidies" to cover (part of) capital, production or marketing costs in relation to an investment project.
• Subsidized credits and credit guarantees: subsidized loans/ loan guarantees/ guaranteed export credits.
• Government insurance at preferential rates/ publicly funded venture capital participating in investments involving high commercial risks. Government insurance at preferential rates, usually available to cover certain types of risks such as exchange-rate volatility, currency devaluation, or non-commercial risks such as expropriation and political turmoil (often provided through an international agency).
Fiscal incentives
• Profit-based: reduction of the standard corporate income tax rate/ profit tax rate/ tax holiday.
• Capital-investment-based: accelerated depreciation/ investment and reinvestment allowance.
• Labour-based: reduction in social security contribution/ deductions from taxable earnings based on the number of employees or on other labour related expenditure.
• Sales-based: corporate income tax reductions based on total sales.
• Import-based: duty exemptions on capital goods, equipment or raw materials, parts and inputs related to the production process; tax credits for duties paid on imported materials or supplies.
• Export-based: export tax exemptions; duty drawback; preferential tax treatment of income from exports, income-tax reduction for special foreign-exchange-earning activities or for manufactured exports; tax credits on domestic sales in return for export performance; income-tax credits on net local content of exports; deduction of overseas expenditures and capital allowance for export industries.
• Based on other particular expenses: corporate income tax deduction based on, for example, expenditures relating to marketing and promotional activities.
• Value-added-based: corporate income tax reductions or credits based on the net local content of outputs; granting income-tax credits based on net value earned.
• Reduction of taxes for expatriates.
Other incentives
Regulatory incentives
• Lowering of environmental, health, safety or labour standards.
• Temporary or permanent exemption from compliance with applicable standards.
• Stabilization clauses guaranteeing that existing regulations will not be amended to the detriment of investors.
Subsidized services
• Subsidized dedicated infrastructure: electricity, water, telecommunication, transportation/ designated infrastructure at less than commercial price.
• Subsidized services, including assistance in identifying sources of finance, implementing and managing projects, carrying out preinvestment studies, information on markets, availability of raw materials and supply of infrastructure, advice on production processes and marketing techniques, assistance with training and retraining, technical facilities for developing know-how or improving quality control.
Market privileges
• Preferential government contracts.
• Closing the market to further entry or the granting of monopoly rights; protection from import competition.
Foreign exchange privileges
• Special treatment with respect to foreign exchange, including special exchange rates, special foreign debt-to-equity conversion rates, elimination of exchange risks on foreign loans, concessions of foreign exchange credits for export earnings, and special concessions on the repatriation of earnings and capital.

Violation —- Procurement is a non-financial incentive

Czinkota 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
AND
import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

1. Limits —- they add many new mechanisms, multiplied by type of fuels makes the topic limitless

Dyson 3 – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Megan, Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, p. 67-68)

Understanding of the term ’incentives’ varies and economists have produced numerous typologies. A
AND
these incentives within the realm of economic and fiscal policy is practically limitless.

2. Ground —- mechanism is the core of Neg preparation —- they steal links to spending, politics, trade-off DAs, non-financial counterplans and they allow indirect effects that allow the Aff to be outside the energy sector —- core ground is key to fairness

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

Disorder and insecurity are inevitable. Attempting to control danger is the impetus for global destruction

Der Derian 98 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, On Security, Ed. Lipschutz, p. 24-25)
No other concept in international relations packs the metaphysical punch, nor commands the disciplinary
AND
on the otherness of death, and identities calcifying into a fearful sameness. 

This permanent state of emergency transforms the state into an apparatus of death—creates a state of exception.

Davis ’12 – contributed essays to race and class, contributor to Confronting Capitalism: Dispatches from a Global Movement (James, At War with the Future: Catastrophism and the Right, "Catastrophism: The Apocalyptic Politics of Collapse and Rebirth", PM Press, p. 100)

The catastrophist right frequently opens political terrain on the far right that the state can
AND
divided political landscape. Which, of course, is the point.77

This preconditions us to accept any level of violence necessary to eradicate the threat—causes the worst form of governmentality that allows totalizing violence.

Coviello 2000 (Peter, Professor of English and Acting Program Director of Africana Studies – Bowdoin College, Queer Frontiers, p. 40-41)
Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not
AND
or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

You are an educator evaluating the political rhetoric of the 1AC. Let go of expectations of the coming apocalypse and instead reorient yourself towards questioning the dominant framing of the affirmative

Gilles %26 Gross ’12 (Mel, highly successful web author, and Mathew, director of internet communications for Howard Dean’s presidential campaign, highly regarded media strategist, "The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America", Prometheus, p. 202)

Addressing the challenges of a growing global population in a period of declining resource availability
AND
future is still ours—but the future is not what it was.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC

The United States Federal Government should offer a purchase agreement for heavy crude oil from the market in order to fill the Reserve.

Increased production causes oil spills, kills ecosystems and turns the economy

Greenpeace, 8-4-08, "Offshore Drilling – It’s NOT the Answer to High Gas Prices at the Pump," http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/offshore-drilling-it-s-not-t/-http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/offshore-drilling-it-s-not-t/

Oil Spills-Deadly Consequences¶ In 1981, responding to public sentiment, Congress
AND
oil infrastructure as global warming continues, meaning more oil spills are inevitable.

Extinction

Mmom 8 (Dr. Prince Chinedu, University of Port Harcourt (Nigeria), "Rapid Decline in Biodiversity: A Threat to Survival of Humankind", Earthwork Times, 12-8, http://www.environmental-expert.com/resultEachArticle.aspx?ci d=0%26codi=51543)

From the foregoing, it becomes obvious that the survival of Humankind depends on the
AND
wise policy of conservation and development can be based for centuries to come.

oil production haults social relations and strengthens the most dangerous forms of state repression, resulting in the elimination of public goods

DeMeritt %26 Young ’13 (Jacqueline, assistant professor of political science @ North Texas, and Joseph, Ph.D., Assistant Professor @ American University, "A political economy of human rights: Oil, natural gas, and state incentives to repress", Conflict Management and Peace Science 30(2) 99–120)

To answer the question, we assume that repression is an appealing domestic policy tool
AND
above hypotheses, and which data and methods we use to do so.

This results in wars and violence that outweigh and turn the case

Foucault, professor of philosophy at the college de France, ’84 (Michel, "The Foucault Reader" edited by Paul Rabinow, p 256-260)
Since the classical age, the West has undergone a very profound transformation of these
AND
species, the race _{and the large-scale phenomena of population.}

2NC

Military !

OIL PRODUCTION and the revenue from it gets reappropriated towards the military

Trustees of Princeton University
Does Oil Hinder Democracy?Author(s): Michael L. RossSource: World Politics, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Apr., 2001), pp. 325-361
There are at least two reasons why resource wealth might lead to larger military forces
AND
find that natural resource wealth tends to make civil war more likely.37

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC

CIR passage likely- Obama PC key to overcome partisanship

CNN, 3-25-2013 http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/opinion/zelizer-immigration-reform/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/opinion/zelizer-immigration-reform/

The stars seem to be aligning for immigration reform.¶ The election of 2012 scared
AND
the institution once again, as it has done so many times before.

Obama push inevitable-  it’s the top priority- solves high skilled visas

ABC, 1-28-2013 http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_senators-agree-bipartisan-immigration-reform-22023.shtml-http://www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_senators-agree-bipartisan-immigration-reform-22023.shtml

A bipartisan group of leading senators has reached agreement on the principles for a sweeping
AND
supporting immigration reform with a path to citizenship has become a political imperative.

New Drilling triggers massive fight

Joyce 10 (Christopher Joyce is a correspondent on the science desk at NPR. His stories can be heard on all of NPR’s news programs, including NPR’s Morning Edition, All Things Considered, and Weekend Edition., 5/1/2010, "Offshore Drilling Loses Support After Gulf Oil Spill", www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126511355)

Days into the oil spill, President Obama said he still supports offshore drilling so
AND
fence are now likely to jump off and not support any new drilling.

Increasing foreign participation is key to sustainable growth- stops double dip recession

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America’s Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to
AND
into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

1NR

Will Pass

First- PC is the vital internal link - as long as Obama has sufficient PC immigration reform is likely- that’s ABC

Charles Castaldi 3-27 | Take Two | KPCC – California Public Radio, March 27th, 2013, LA Archbishop Gomez keeps Mahony’s promise to push for immigration reform
President Obama said he expects Congress to introduce an immigration reform bill next month.
AND
, Gomez’s low key lobbying might be a better fit for the times.

And- passage likely as long as Obama keeps the fence-sitters on board- that’s CNN

Will pass

Obama push builds bipart

CT POST 3/28/13 Connecticut Post http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

A Republican Party in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
AND
experiences along the way," said Frank Sharry, America’s Voice executive director.

Momentum

NPR, 3-22-2013 http://www.npr.org/2013/03/22/175072440/week-in-politics-obamas-mideast-trip-immigration-gun-control-http://www.npr.org/2013/03/22/175072440/week-in-politics-obamas-mideast-trip-immigration-gun-control

SIEGEL: Let’s move on to the next issue, immigration. David first.
AND
it was still important, and the immigration shift is part of that.

Experts

IBT- International Business Times, 3-22-2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763-http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763

When President Barack Obama called on Congress to send him an immigration bill "in
AND
the Fourth of July looks really good, there’s nice optics around that."

Will Push

CIR is the top of the docket and Obama is pushing it- next 60 days key. This will double dip with general thumper answers

CNN, 3-8-2013 http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/08/obama-pushes-expedited-timetable-on-immigration-reform-in-meeting-with-faith-leaders/-http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/08/obama-pushes-expedited-timetable-on-immigration-reform-in-meeting-with-faith-leaders/

 President Barack Obama emphasized the need to get immigration reform accomplished this year in
AND
president reiterated that support and laid out a timetable for the religious leaders.

Your author goes the other way

David Nakamura,  Staff Writer WP, 3-1-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-to-refocus-attention-on-immigration-gun-control/2013/03/01/64fbe2d0-81ef-11e2-a350-49866afab584_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-to-refocus-attention-on-immigration-gun-control/2013/03/01/64fbe2d0-81ef-11e2-a350-49866afab584_story.html

President Obama signaled Friday a desire to refocus his attention on second-term priorities
AND
the Easter recess, which runs through April 5, several sources said.

Case O/W

CIR is the biggest possible stimulus internal link – boost GDP by 1.5 TRILLION dollars

Huffington Post, 2-7-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/economic-benefits-of-immigration-reform_n_2638548.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/economic-benefits-of-immigration-reform_n_2638548.html

The infographic predicts that comprehensive immigration reform would provide a %241.5 trilion
AND
%241 million in sales were also founded by the foreign-born.

Increasing high skilled immigrants solves the budget deficit

Holen 9 (Arlene, Senior Fellow – Technology Policy Institute, "The Budgetary Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Reform", March, http://www.techpolicyinstitute.org/files/the%20budgetary%20effects%20of%20high-skilled%20i mmigration%20reform.pdf)

Estimates of the Fiscal Effects of High-Skilled Immigration Restrictions ¶ The estimates in
AND
over ten years would have been approximately %2434 to %2447 billion. 

Sequencing matters - Resolving budget deficit- spurs energy legislation supporting energy

Freed, 12 JOSH FREED and RYAN FITZPATRICK, Joshua Freed directs the Clean Energy Program at Third Way, 10/23/12, http://perspectives.thirdway.org/?p=2275

Thanks to continued partisan gridlock, major congressional action on energy is unlikely after the
AND
incentives, encouraging private financing, and regulation of conventional and climate pollutants.

Immigration reform expands skilled labor—spurs relations and economic growth in China and India.

LA Times 11/9/12 ~Other countries eagerly await U.S. immigration reform, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/11/us-immigration-reform-eagerly-awaited-by-source-countries.html~~

"Comprehensive immigration reform will see expansion of skilled labor visas," predicted B.
AND
see the immigration opportunity as a bigger plus than not," he said.

US-Indian relations avert South Asian nuclear war.

Schaffer 2 ~Spring 2002, Teresita—Director of the South Asia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Security, Washington Quarterly, Lexis~

Washington’s increased interest in India since the late 1990s reflects India’s economic expansion and position
AND
people out of poverty depends critically on good relations with the United States.

Gun Thumper

Couch general debate here

CIR T of the D- first thing after Easter recess

WP, 3-25-2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-demands-congress-finish-the-job-on-immigration-reform/2013/03/25/85a6a24c-955c-11e2-b6f0-a5150a247b6a_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-demands-congress-finish-the-job-on-immigration-reform/2013/03/25/85a6a24c-955c-11e2-b6f0-a5150a247b6a_story.html

Obama praised bipartisan efforts in the Senate and House to develop legislation and said he
AND
to work up the political courage to do what’s required to be done."

Obama’s starting with immigration

USA Today, 3-24-2013 http://www.9news.com/news/article/326017/188/Obama-returns-to-immigration-issue-http://www.9news.com/news/article/326017/188/Obama-returns-to-immigration-issue

Fresh off his Middle East trip, President Obama returns to domestic issues this week
AND
immigration plan, citing the party’s problems with Hispanic voters in recent elections.

Obama not pushing- it’s just theatrical and there won’t be a vote on the most controversial parts

KPLR, 3-26-2013 http://kplr11.com/2013/03/26/mendte-president-obama-and-gun-control/-http://kplr11.com/2013/03/26/mendte-president-obama-and-gun-control/

Larry Mendte asks if President Obama has given up on his fight.¶ Remember this
AND
would be voted out of office in states where gun ownership is sacred.

Debt Thumper

CIR is center stage- the pushed off fiscal battles

USA Today, 3-21-2013 http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/21/budget-congress-recess-immigration-guns/2006219/-http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/03/21/budget-congress-recess-immigration-guns/2006219/

A brief reprieve in the fiscal battles between President Obama and a divided Congress will
AND
to again vote on increasing the debt ceiling, the nation’s borrowing authority. 

Ceasefire on the budget- allows CIR to be the top priority

NBS News, 3-22-2013 http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/22/17415111-first-thoughts-guns-immigration-set-to-take-center-stage-next-month?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/22/17415111-first-thoughts-guns-immigration-set-to-take-center-stage-next-month?lite

• • • Guns, immigration set to take center stage next month: As USA Today
      AND
      with New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and top NRA official Wayne LaPierre. 

Link

GOP support

IBT- International Business Times, 3-22-2013 http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763-http://www.ibtimes.com/immigration-reform-bill-suddenly-close-what-made-republicans-change-their-minds-1145763

It’s almost shocking at this point to see members of Congress from both sides of
AND
and a consensus about what to include in the bill is taking shape.

Dems key – they hate it - It’s the only scenario for bill failure—Obama’s ability to persuade Dems key

Julie Hirschfeld Davis, Bloomberg, 3/22/13, Guest-Worker Visas Sticking Point on Immigration Rewrite, www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-22/guest-worker-visas-sticking-point-on-immigration-rewrite.html

With Senate Republicans and Democrats moving closer to an agreement to grant a chance at
AND
Obama, he added, has "his work cut out for him."

And Dem collapse undermines the guest worker compromise—that’s necessary for GOP support
Anna Palmer, Politico, 3/21/13, GOP: Unions to blame if immigration reform fails, dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=60BCCBB9-D87E-4242-B5CA-B90F1F45A594

An immigration reform bill hasn’t even been unveiled, but key Republican lawmakers are already
AND
they are willing to put the labor unions ahead of the American people."

WW

PC finite- legislative wins don’t spillover –empirics, true for Obama, too polarized- newest ev

Todd Eberly is coordinator of Public Policy Studies and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. Mary’s College of Maryland. His email is teeberly@smcm.edu. This article is excerpted from his book, co-authored with Steven Schier, "American Government and Popular Discontent: Stability without Success," to published later this year by Routledge Press., 1-21-2013 http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-01-21/news/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121_1_political-system-party-support-public-opinion/2-http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-01-21/news/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121_1_political-system-party-support-public-opinion/2

As Barack Obama prepares to be sworn in for the second time as president of
AND
the current president’s mind today as he takes his second oath of office.

Uniquely true of second term presidents

Bert Atkinson Jr., Independent Review Journal, 3-12-2031 http://www.ijreview.com/2013/03/41467-love-affair-ending-obamas-political-capital-declining/-http://www.ijreview.com/2013/03/41467-love-affair-ending-obamas-political-capital-declining/

The second term is notoriously tough for two term candidates. Clinton had a little
AND
, you’ve got some issues. (Looking at you, Chris Matthews.)

AT Edwards

Presidential leadership still key- facilitates coalition building and important at the margins- conclusion of their card

Edwards, 9 – Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas A%26M University, holds the George and Julia Blucher Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies and has served as the Olin Professor of American Government at Oxford ~George, "The Strategic President", Printed by the Princeton University Press, pg. 149-150~

Even presidents who appeared to dominate Congress were actually facilitators rather than directors of change
AND
to issue, it will almost always be a minority in each chamber.
their card ends
It is important to note that it is not necessary to take an ex-
AND
in exploiting discrete op-portunities than in creating broad possibilities for policy change

Tournament: NDT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC

Solvency

Current SPR supply sufficient

Clayton 13
Blake Clayton, Fellow for Energy and National Security, Council on Foreign Relations, January 10, 2013, "Five Critical Questions About the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve", http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2013/01/10/five-critical-questions-about-the-u-s-strategic-petroleum-reserve/

Some analysts are calling for the SPR to be downsized in light of the country’s
AND
which could be sold on the open market to generate substantial public revenue.

Their ev that FULL spr capacity sounds good but is from 2007 – doesn’t assume massive domestic shale boom that increased domestic supply – all their other cards just say an EFFECTIVE spr is key – ev about concerns that its not at full capacity don’t assume supply increases from last year

Here is their 1AC solvency card correctly underlined. SPR is ineffective, which means supply increases are irrelevant – even if they win its effective their CERTAINTY KEY ev is about distribution of SPR not supply – so it still takes out whole aff

Blake Clayton, Council on Foreign Relations, 9/21/12, U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Needs Fixing—Fast, www.cfr.org/energy/us-strategic-petroleum-reserve-needs-fixingfast/p29103-http://www.cfr.org/energy/us-strategic-petroleum-reserve-needs-fixingfast/p29103

Speculation among experts is rife that the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is no longer able to release oil to the market as quickly as the Department of Energy claims it can. If true – and there is good reason to believe it is – it could destroy the White House’s ability to prevent oil prices from skyrocketing if the commotion in the Middle East worsens. This needs to be fixed – and fast.
The SPR is the nation’s last defense against a dire loss of oil supplies capable of sending the economy into a tailspin. The potential for a military confrontation between Israel and Iran, which could require the United States to release oil from the SPR, makes this resource more critical than ever.
But analysts are skeptical that the U.S. federal government is as functional as advertised. The Department of Energy has offered only a weak denial of these allegations. For a lesson in how a lack of transparency can end up hurting the very market it aims to calm, Washington need look no further than Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia holds the lion’s share of OPEC spare capacity – in other words, oil left unused but which could be brought online quickly and sustainably if need be. Its exalted place among producers stems in part from its ability to convince the market that it can plug an unforeseen gap in supplies, and thus keep prices stable.
But traders have balked for years at Riyadh’s claims that it can quickly ramp up its production as high as it says it can. Analysts are rightfully skeptical: after all, its assertions are based on untested assumptions, and the Kingdom has an incentive to overestimate them. Moreover, the Saudis are loath to give outsiders information about their domestic oil industry, a veil of secrecy that provides fodder for market speculation.
Americans love to pick at Saudi opacity, yet Washington itself faces similar problems. The SPR is a powerful tool for reassuring the market that the United States, along with other major consuming countries, stands ready to stabilize the market in the case of a severe supply disruption. But market participants are becoming increasingly cynical about whether the SPR is up to the challenge.
Edward Morse, a former U.S. energy official who now leads Citigroup’s
AND
loss of Iranian crude exports, for example, should they be interrupted.

SPR fails-government timing

CNBC 13
US Strategic Reserve May Be Past Its Prime: Analysts.
http://www.cnbc.com/id/100574506-http://www.cnbc.com/id/100574506

Has the U.S. government’s emergency oil stockpile outlived its usefulness, especially
AND
and ruin the incentive for private agents to have their own storage facilities."

China

7 reasons they’ll never go to war

Moss, 13 (Trefor, former Asia-Pacific editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly, 2/10, "7 Reasons China and Japan Won’t Go To War", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/02/10/7-reasons-china-and-japan-wont-go-to-war/?all=true)

The sequel seldom improves on the original. Yet Shinzo Abe, Japan’s newly re-elected prime minister, has already displayed more conviction during his second spell at the Kantei than in the entire year of his first, unhappy premiership.
Political energy is a plus only when it’s wisely deployed however, and some fear that Abe is picking a fight he can’t win when it comes to his hardline stance on China.
Rather than attempting to soothe the tensions that built between Beijing and Tokyo in 2012
AND
radars on their Japanese counterparts – will only have ratcheted up their concerns.
These doomful predictions came as Abe set out his vision of a more hard-
AND
-15s on Shimojijima, close to the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu islands.
However, Abe would argue that he is acting to strengthen Japan in order to
AND
is a chance that a skirmish could snowball unpredictably into a wider conflict.
But if Shinzo Abe is gambling with the region’s security, he is at least
AND
very unlikely prospect, even with a more hawkish prime minister running Japan:

1. Beijing’s nightmare scenario. China might well win a war against Japan,
   AND
   China’s angry nationalism turned inward, the Communist Party probably wouldn’t survive either.
   2. Economic interdependence. Win or lose, a Sino-Japanese war would
   AND
   both economies, and potentially destroy the programs of both countries’ new leaders.
   3. Question marks over the PLA’s operational effectiveness.The People’s Liberation Army is
   AND
   leadership’s confidence in committing it to a risky war with a peer adversary.
   4. Unsettled politics. China’s civil and military leaderships remain in a state of flux, with the handover initiated in November not yet complete. As the new leaders find their feet and jockey for position amongst themselves, they will want to avoid big foreign-policy distractions – war with Japan and possibly the U.S. being the biggest of them all.
   5. The unknown quantity of U.S. intervention. China has its hawks, such as Dai Xu, who think that the U.S. would never intervene in an Asian conflict on behalf of Japan or any other regional ally. But this view is far too casual. U.S. involvement is a real enough possibility to give China pause, should the chances of conflict increase.
   6. China’s policy of avoiding military confrontation. China has always said that it
   AND
   that made violence unlikely (albeit, needlessly, more likely than before).
   7. China’s socialization. China has spent too long telling the world that it
   AND
   and to realize "win-win" opportunities with its international partners.
   In light of these constraints, Abe should be able to push back against China – so long as he doesn’t go too far. He was of course dealt a rotten hand by his predecessor, Yoshihiko Noda, whose bungled nationalization of the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands triggered last year’s plunge in relations. Noda’s misjudgments raised the political temperature to the point where neither side feels able to make concessions, at least for now, in an attempt to repair relations.
   However, Abe can make the toxic Noda legacy work in his favor. Domestically
   AND
   be the case, even if Abe finally grows the stagnant defense budget.
   Meanwhile, Abe is also pursuing diplomatic avenues. It was Abe who mended Japan’s ties with China after the Koizumi years, and he is now trying to reprise his role as peacemaker, having dispatched his coalition partner, Natsuo Yamaguchi, to Beijing reportedly to convey his desire for a new dialogue. It is hardly surprising, given his daunting domestic laundry list, that Xi Jinping should have responded encouragingly to the Japanese olive branch.
   In the end, Abe and Xi are balancing the same equation: They will
   AND
   in Kashmir, or along the Thai-Cambodian border – have demonstrated.

Won’t cause war

Khalilzad 99 (Zalmay, Senior Researcher – RAND Corporation, "The United States and a Rising China: Strategic and Military Implications")  

The recovery in July 1997 of Hong Kong, the loss of which to Britain
AND
to engage in foreign adventures that it would otherwise have chosen to avoid. 

No war – deterrence

Roy 12 (Bhaskar, writer for the South Asia Analysis Group, a non-profit, non-commercial think tank, "China Pushing Asia From India To Japan – Analysis," 7/18, http://www.eurasiareview.com/18072012-china-pushing-asia-from-india-to-japan-analysis/)
Militarily, if Russia’s lethal strategic strike capability is set aside, China is the
AND
and the Sea of Japan, as well as in the Taiwan issue.

No impact limited and slow

Yusuf 9 (Moeed, Fellow and Ph.D. Candidate in the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range
Future – Boston University, "Predicting Proliferation: The History of the Future of Nuclear Weapons", Brookings Policy Paper 11, January, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_nuclear_proliferation_ yusuf/01_nuclear_proliferation_yusuf.pdf)

It is a paradox that few aspects of international security have been as closely scrutinized
AND
chain reaction will break out than was the case during the Cold War. 

Shocks

Shocks are temporary – no economic impact

Layne 6 (Christopher, Associate Professor of International Affairs – Texas A%26M University, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present, p. 178-179)

Domestic instability in a major oil-producing state is another threat to U.
AND
the marketplace, and oil prices would return to their natural marketplace level.

Global spare capacity is huge – zero risk of serious shortages

Gholz and Press 8 (Eugene, Professor of Public Affairs – University of Texas at Austin, and Daryl G., Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, "All the Oil We Need", The New York Times, 8-21, Lexis)

WHILE oil prices have declined somewhat of late, the volatility of the market
AND
governments’ crude oil stocks alone could replace every lost barrel for eight months.

Shocks won’t collapse the economy

Dechaux 7 (Delphine, "Less Damage in Third Oil Shock", Herald Sun Australia, 5-5, Lexis)

THE world is enduring a third ’’oil shock’’ as crude prices trade at record levels
AND
of high oil prices, especially in developed countries,’’ he added. 

2NC

Solvency

Squo is already excessive—increase definitely not key

Javier David, 3/20/13, US Strategic Reserve May Be Past Its Prime: Analysts, www.cnbc.com/id/100574506-http://www.cnbc.com/id/100574506

Has the U.S. government’s emergency oil stockpile outlived its usefulness, especially with the country on a fast track toward energy independence?
Created in 1975, the strategic petroleum reserve (SPR) is a network of storage facilities in key oil-producing states. It has a capacity of 727 million barrels, designed hold about a 90-day supply in the event of a severe oil market disruption.
Yet as the world’s largest energy consumer produces more of its own energy supplies and imports less foreign oil, a growing number of energy experts believe the SPR concept may be past its prime. In a CNBC interview on Tuesday, alternative energy advocate T. Boone Pickens called for its abolition.
"Things have changed. Resources are better understood," the BP Capital chief said. Without killing the SPR, he said, the government still needs to acquire and store the oil more efficiently.
Additionally, critics argue that a federal oil sale smacks of market manipulation or domestic political calculations. According to information from Department of Energy, the SPR has sold oil five times since 1985. Of those occasions, only two—in the 1990 Gulf War and the 2011 invasion of Libya—were to offset a disruption in the global supply chain.
The SPR is "useless," said Philip Verleger, an energy analyst who served as a senior staff economist on the Council of Economic Advisers when the SPR was created.
"We store the oil in the Gulf Coast, and much of the design was planned to move oil inland," he said, adding that the logistics of moving crude from the South to the North make it hard to distribute in the event of a crisis.
Although the government should be careful not to liquidate oil in a way that disrupts markets, Verleger said, the SPR "is an asset that we don’t need anymore. If we are producing enough crude oil, we don’t need a strategic reserve."

Squo SPR is sufficient - decreasing demand and increasing production
Andrews and Pirog 12
Anthony Andrews, Specialist in Energy and Defense Policy, Robert Pirog, Specialist in Energy Economics, Congressional Research Service, June 18, 2012, "The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Authorization, Operation, and Drawdown Policy", http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42460.pdf

The ability of the SPR to supplement the domestic U.S. supply of crude oil and effectively replace imports depends on the size of the reserve as well as its drawdown capabilities. Its effectiveness also depends on the volume of U.S. imports and the rate of U.S. consumption.
Crude oil imports are the difference between U.S. demand and domestic production
AND
with crude oil imports, and arguably represents a secure source of supply.
If the trends of the last six years continue, the U.S. will rely less on crude oil imports. Consequently, the SPR, even if its capacity and contents remain fixed, may be better able to meet U.S. requirements in times of supply shortage on the world market.

China

No war – US deters

Glaser 11 (Charles, writer for Foreign Affairs, security analyst, "Will China’s Rise Lead to War?" March, lexis)
Back then, experts debated whether U.S. capabilities were sufficient to deter
AND
United States to deter a Chinese attack on either Japan or South Korea.

No risk of Sino-Japanese conflict

Sutter ’02 (Robert, Prof Georgetown, China and Japan: Trouble Ahead?, Washington Quarterly, Autumn, Lexis)

Little appears to be on the horizon that will substantially change the recent balance between
AND
and economic development that require broad regional cooperation and avoiding confrontation and conflict.

Shocks

Data disproves impact

Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.\

No impact to oil shocks

Kahn 11 (Jeremy, Managing Editor – New Republic and Contributor – New York Times and International Herald Tribune, "Crude Reality", The Boston Globe, 2-13, Lexis)

But a growing body of economic research suggests that this conventional view of oil shocks
AND
in other words, the market is usually adept at filling the gap.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UNT | Judge: 

“Financial” incentives are grants, loans, or insurance -~-- excludes fiscal or regulatory incentives

UNCTAD 4 - UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (“INCENTIVES”

http://unctad.org/en/docs/iteiit20035_en.pdf

Box I.1. Types of incentives

Financial incentives

· Investment grants: “direct subsidies” to cover (part of) capital, production or marketing costs in relation to an

AND

credits for export earnings, and special concessions on the repatriation of earnings and capital.

Violation -~-- Procurement is a non-financial incentive

Czinkota 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal

AND

import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

1. Limits -~-- they add many new mechanisms, multiplied by type of fuels makes the topic limitless

Dyson 3 – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Megan, Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, p. 67-68)

Understanding of the term ‘incentives’ varies and economists have produced numerous typologies. A

AND

these incentives within the realm of economic and fiscal policy is practically limitless.

2. Ground -~-- mechanism is the core of Neg preparation -~-- they steal links to spending, politics, trade-off DAs, non-financial counterplans and they allow indirect effects that allow the Aff to be outside the energy sector -~-- core ground is key to fairness

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UNT | Judge: 

“In” means “throughout”

Words and Phrases 8 (Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207)

Colo. 1887.  In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction “in” their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word “in” should be construed to mean “throughout” such counties.  Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.

PPA not legally apply where utilities are regulated

Brian J. Lepore GAO, 4-12 http:~/~/gao.gov/assets/590/589883.pdf

In addition to the benefits and drawbacks of the financing approaches, not all financing

AND

local utility is the only entity allowed to sell energy in the area.

Voting issue -~--

1. Limits -~-- they allow “region of the week” Affs that target specific states or localities -~-- unique areas like Puerto Rico, federal lands, or natives open up huge new research burdens -~-- limits are key to preparation and clash

2. Ground -~-- national change is key to quality of disads links -~-- specific regions give the Aff unpredictable angles against core generics -~-- core ground is key to fairness

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UNT | Judge: 

The United States federal government should:

-Conduct a reverse subsidy auction to conclude after a three-month bidding process, giving subsidies to energy producers with the lowest bids within specific energy categories allowing technologies of similar maturity levels to compete amongst themselves using the methodology described in our Wood evidence.

-Create a tech-neutral criteria for technical evaluation that winning technology produces electricity with lower emissions

-Establish a dedicated trust fund for the distribution of monies awarded at auction.

-Conduct similar auctions every six months over a period of ten years. Subsequent auctions should include competition between producers based on relative price gains

Counterplan solves technical viability and commercial success

Wood 12 (Tony, Energy Program Director at the Grattan Institute, an Australian think tank, “Auctioning off a reduced carbon future,” 7/16, http:~/~/grattan.edu.au/static/files/assets/2273ec90/160_wood_oped_businessspectator_pdf)

This report describes a proposal for government to enter into long-term contracts with

AND

and other auction programs where winning projects often fail to achieve commercial close.

Creates a competitive energy market and better tech  - auction will incentivize aff tech for 4 reasons

- multiple auction rounds

- with multiple winners per round make incentives for aff tech highly likely but not guaranteed

– 1ac claim that incentives generate major cost gains for ____ ensures it wins out at auction over time because of relative cost reduction criteria

-Limited to tech of similar maturity level

Wood 12 (Tony, Energy Program Director at the Grattan Institute, an Australian think tank, “Low-emission’s missing link: reverse auctions for clean power,” 7/17, http:~/~/grattan.edu.au/static/files/assets/75892b98/163_wood_oped_conversation_pdf)

Allocate contracts through low-bid auctions To overcome this problem, the Grattan Institute’s

AND

will gain further support. Technologies that do not will have support withdrawn.

A tech-neutral competitive bidding process avoids picking winners and guarantees efficiency

Koplow 11 (David, member of the Union of Concerned Scientists, “Nuclear Power: Still Not Viable Without Subsidies,” http:~/~/www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear_subsidies_pdf)

Award subsidies to low-carbon energy sources on the basis of a competitive bidding

AND

of their bids to accept the lowest subsidy per kilowatt-hour delivered.

Setting technical criteria means winning tech will be tailored solve emissions

Liu 10 (Zhen, Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, “Research on incentive bidding mechanism to coordinate the electric power and emission–reduction of the generator,” November, http:~/~/www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/com/science/article/pii/S0142061510000645)

Literatures that incentivize generators to reduce polluting emissions through auction mechanisms mainly quantify the environmental

AND

established to restrict the generators’ market power and encourage the reduction of emissions.

Market competition key to development – unlocks solvency

Holtz-Eakin 11 (Douglas, President, American Action Forum, “Promote Robust Competition,” 9/27, http:~/~/energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/what-role-should-government-pl.php#2079928url:http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/what-role-should-government-pl.php#2079928)

The role of government in energy production should be limited to promoting robust competition in

AND

barriers to private investment and push the market to innovate on its own.

Key to energy leadership

Sullivan 12 (Paul, Professor of Economics, National Defense University, “Naive short run thinking does not help,” 9/26, http:~/~/energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/what-role-should-government-pl.php#2078696url:http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/09/what-role-should-government-pl.php#2078696)

The transition to the new energy futures will require a lot of winners and losers

AND

from the adolescent stupor brought about by some of the green energy people.

2NC – CP

A2: Perm Do Both

Addition of the plan causes market distortion that links to our offense

Cozzi 12 (Paolo, researcher at the Fletcher School at Tufts University, May, “Assessing Reverse Auctions as a Policy Tool for Renewable Energy Deployment,” http:~/~/fletcher.tufts.edu/CIERP/Publications/more/~~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CIERP/Publications/2012/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CIERP/Publications/more/~~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/CIERP/Publications/2012/ May12CozziReverseAuctions.pdf)

H.R. 909 acknowledges the existence of a number of federal policies for

AND

renewable deployment, additional federal assistance would distort the results of the action.

Industry picks the aff - pure subsidy more attractive to producers

Wallsten 8 (Scott, Vice president for research and senior fellow, Technology Policy Institute, “Reverse
Auctions
and
Universal
Telecommunications
Service: Lessons
from
Global Experience,” April, http:~/~/www.gcbpp.org/files/Academic_Papers/Wallsten_global_reverse_pdf)

This cost-based approach has several problems. First, our regulatory history demonstrates

AND

, too, but that risks driving up the cost of the program.

Procedurally mutually exclusive- producer CANNOT accept both and would choose the aff handout- means they solve none of the CP process args

Auerbach 11 (Neil, Managing partner, Hudson Clean Energy Initiative, congressional testimony, “THE AMERICAN ENERGY INITIATIVE” POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS IN H.R. 909, “A ROADMAP FOR AMERICA’S ENERGY FUTURE,” 6/3, http:~/~/nunes.house.gov/uploadedfiles/pdf)

H.R. 909’s reverse auction mechanism incorporates a host of features that seek

AND

in gross income to ensure that the developer’s tax bill does not increase.

Investment in alternative energy cause a sector wide bubble – collapses the economy and turns case

Janszen 8 (Eric, founder and president of iTulip, Inc. He formerly served as managing director of the venture firm Osborn Capital, CEO of AutoCell, Inc. and Bluesocket, Inc., and entrepreneur-in-residence for Trident Capital, “The next bubble: Priming the markets for tomorrow's big crash,” Feb, http:~/~/www.harpers.org/archive/2008/02/0081908url:http://www.harpers.org/archive/2008/02/0081908)

More valuable than campaign rhetoric, however, is legislation. The Energy Policy Act

AND

, we will be left to mop up after yet another devastated industry.

Growth key to check environmental degradation

Sagoff 1997 (Mark, Director of the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy at University of Maryland, College Park, Atlantic Monthly, June, v279, n6, p. 80-96, www.chem.brown.edu/chem12/readings/atlantic/html)

Many have argued that economic activity, affluence, and growth automatically lead to resource

AND

environmental disaster, economic growth may be the one thing that is sustainable.

Say Yes

–1ac claim that incentives spur cost drops and commercialization dooms them – Auction criteria specifically rewards cost decline -  ensures ______  dominates over time – high price only gives room for larger and more rapid declines

Wood 12 (Tony, Energy Program Director at the Grattan Institute, an Australian think tank, “Building the bridge,” July, http://grattan.edu.au/static/files/assets/a8778779/Building_the_bridge_report.pdf)

Once a contract is signed, government support for that project is locked in for

AND

In this way government can support the best performing technologies to emerge. T

Insuring SMRs is comparatively cheap

Fairley ’10 (Peter Fairley, writes about energy for IEEE Spectrum, Discover and other publications, 5-10, “Downsizing Nuclear Power Plants,” http:~/~/spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/downsizing-nuclear-power-plants/0url:http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/downsizing-nuclear-power-plants/0)

”We want to manufacture in a plant with supply-chain management. This

AND

”You could have 10 to 20 percent cheaper electricity,” says Mowry.

SMRs will win under our methodology – costs declining

Rosner 11 (Robert, Nuclear Researcher, University of Chicago, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power Generation in the U.S.,” https:~/~/epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/pdf)

Stage 5. Fully Commercial, Competitive SMR Industry: Fully commercial SMR industry,

AND

enhance the competitiveness of NOAK SMR plants relative to fossil fuel generation alternatives.

PPA Key

Firm government purchase after auction solves 100 of their PPA warrants- 1NC Wood ev- mimics long-term purchasing contracts and signals government commitment to investors - easier to manage than the aff

Wood 12 (Tony, Energy Program Director at the Grattan Institute, an Australian think tank, “Building the bridge,” July, http:~/~/grattan.edu.au/static/files/assets/a8778779/Building_the_bridge_pdf)

That is because early investors face high costs, low returns and the risk of

AND

a portfolio of options from which a proven set of technologies can emerge.

Uncondo

Improves investor confidence and creates a market for the plan

CEC 11 (Clean Economy Capitol, “Can Reverse Auctions Break Congress' Partisan Deadlock over Energy?” 6/8, http:~/~/www.cleaneconomycapitol.org/2011/06/html)

In testimony to Congress, Neil Auerbach, Managing Partner of Hudson Clean Energy Partners

AND

significant clean energy investments in the U.S. would likely improve.

No solvency deficit – DOE studies documenting success stories are politically biased and lack evidentiary support.  Any successes are random chance

Taylor, 97 – Director of Natural Resource Studies at the Cato Institute (Jerry, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony, 4/9, lexis

In response to this near consensus about the dismal failure of publicly-funded energy

AND

cost benefit analysis before one could even begin to think along those lines.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU | Judge: 

1NC - Apocalyptic Framing

K

The frame of the 1AC is is crucial. We aren’t policy-makers – We’re students engaged in policy analysis.

Andress ‘02 – MPH, JD, Texas Program for Society and Health, Rice University and Doctoral Candidate, University of Texas School of Public Health. FrameWorks Instistute and the Center for Communications and Community (Lauri, Strategic Frame Analysis and Policy Making: Where Does SFA Fit into our Strategic Plan?, FrameWorks Institute, Issue 18)

From time-to-time after a presentation on strategic frame analysis, a

AND

SFA, is driven by subjective value systems, worldviews, and ideas.

Apocalyptic framing causes us to ignore socio-environmental change required to make debate effective—silences criticism and ensures victory for the technocrats

Labban et al ’13 (Mazen, Visiting Assistant Professor of Geography @ Rutgers, David Correia, Assistant Professor of American Studies @ Univ of New Mexico, and Matt Huber, Ph.D., Clark University, now at the Maxwell School of Syracuse, “Apocalypse, the Radical Left and the Post-political Condition”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 6-8)

There is a real urgency in the problem of climate change: the climate is

AND

already catastrophic; the bourgeois responses to climate change may be even worse.

This preconditions us to accept any level of violence necessary to eradicate the threat—causes the worst form of governmentality that allows totalizing violence.

Coviello 2000 (Peter, Professor of English and Acting Program Director of Africana Studies – Bowdoin College, Queer Frontiers, p. 40-41)

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not

AND

or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without.

You are an educator evaluating the political rhetoric of the 1AC. Let go of expectations of the coming apocalypse and instead reorient yourself towards questioning the dominant framing of the affirmative. Yes, we should debate about policy proposals, but HOW those are framed comes first.

Gilles and Gross ‘12 (Mel, highly successful web author, and Mathew, director of internet communications for Howard Dean’s presidential campaign, highly regarded media strategist, “The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America”, Prometheus, p. 202)

Addressing the challenges of a growing global population in a period of declining resource availability

AND

future is still ours—but the future is not what it was.

2NC – Apocalyptic Rhetoric

Climate emergency framing is bad—laundry list

Martin and Hodder ’09 (Brian, PhD theoretical physics from Sydney University, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong, and Patrick, PhD candidate at the Bega Education Centre of the University of Wollongong, “Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, 5 September 2009, pp. 53-60.)

To convey the sense of emergency, advocates have generally portrayed an imminent climate crisis

AND

food and energy resources, and making the transition away from polluting industries.

Nuke war movements in the 80’s prove our arg—“try or die” framing also prevents us from dealing with non-catastrophic impacts

Martin and Hodder ’09 (Martin, PhD theoretical physics from Sydney University, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong, and Patrick, PhD candidate at the Bega Education Centre of the University of Wollongong, “Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, 5 September 2009, pp. 53-60.)

While debates over the effects of nuclear war continued, this seemed to have little

AND

governments would respond by gearing up for an even more devastating nuclear future.

State can’t solve warming

Martin and Hodder ’09 (Martin, PhD theoretical physics from Sydney University, professor of social sciences at the University of Wollongong, and Patrick, PhD candidate at the Bega Education Centre of the University of Wollongong, “Climate crisis? The politics of emergency framing”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 36, 5 September 2009, pp. 53-60.)

Emergency framing can be used to sideline dissent within the climate change movement itself.

AND

a sustainable climate change movement built not on fear but on widespread commitment.

Causes “Apocalypse fatigue” that turns the case – prefer evidence that cites psychological motivators

Nordhaus 9 (Ted Nordhaus, BA in history from the University of California, Berkeley, Chairman of the Breakthrough Institute, and Michael Shellenberger, MA Cultural anthropology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, co-director of the Breakthrough Institute, a think tank, and co-founder of American Environics, "Apocalypse Fatigue: Losing the Public on Climate Change," November 16, http:~/~/e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2210url:http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2210)

Second, the dominant climate change solutions run up against established ideologies and identities.

AND

away a conservative or moderate for every liberal they recruit to the cause.

The purpose Veldman gives for using extinction rhetoric is to incite a moral code onto the other

Veldman 12 – Ph.D. candidate in religion at the University of Florida (Robin Globus, “Narrating the Environmental Apocalypse: How Imagining the End Facilitates Moral Reasoning Among Environmental Activists”, Ethics and the Environment, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2012, pp. 1-23)

An ending is essential in order for a story to be complete, but there

AND

our narrative understanding” (Johnson 1993, 180, italics in original).

That’s an ineffective method –totalizing approach prevents a transformation of the self that actually resolves environmental issues

Darier ’99 – Research Associate at the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change at Lancaster, Postdoctoral Fellow at the Environmental Policy Unit, Queens University, (Eric, “Discourses of the Environment”, Blackwell)

This refusal to outline a normative project doesn't mean that Foucault's position is without normative

AND

into an aesthetic of existence, of 'self-overcoming' one's self.8

Studies from experiments go neg – we have a more sound methodological study

Feinberg and Willer ’11 (Matthew, Ph.D., Social/Personality Psychology, UC Berkeley, and Rob, Associate Professor of Sociology, Pyschology, and Organizational Behavior @ Stanford, “Apocalyse Soon? Dire Messages Reduce Belief in Global Warming by Contradicting Just World Beliefs”)

There was a significant difference between the two conditions on the manipulation check item,

AND

how just world beliefs could be changed longer-term in field settings.

do so, we give up the only real power that we have.

We have to criticize the norms of debate to enhance pedagogical and democratic benefits—trumps fairness

Lundberg ‘10 (Christian O, Master of the House of Theory, Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p306-313)

Debate shares this commitment to reinvention with democracy: one of the great virtues of

AND

cite and rely upon from an easily accessible and veritable cornucopia of materials.

Pedagogical benefits from simulation are bankrupt in the context of the environment—newest evidence demonstrates a cognitive two-track approach. Their “portable skills” are neoliberally motivated and entrench a violent risk society.

Threadgold ’12 -- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Newcastle (Steven, “‘I reckon my life will be easy, but my kids will be buggered’: ambivalence in young people’s positive perceptions of individual futures and their visions of environmental collapse”, Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, Feburary 2012, 17-32)

It’s the end of the world as we know it, but I feel fine

AND

of regulating one’s own consumption seems unlikely except for a ‘radical’ few.

Cognitive neuroscience has debunked plan-focus

Livingston ‘12 – Assistant prof of Government @ Cornell, post-doctoral fellow in the department of Political Science @ Johns Hopkins University, doctoral fellow at the Centre for Ethics at the University of Toronto (Alexander, Avoiding Deliberative Democracy? Micropolitics, Manipulation, and the Public Sphere, Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2012), pp. 269-294, Project MUSE)

Deliberative democracy is a fantasy, and a dangerous one at that. A politics

AND

the others, before resonating in a great, generalized central black hole.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: UNT | Judge: 

CIR passage likely- Obama PC key to overcome partisanship

CNN, 3-25-2013 http:~/~/www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/opinion/zelizer-immigration-reform/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/25/opinion/zelizer-immigration-reform/

The stars seem to be aligning for immigration reform.¶ The election of 2012 scared

AND

the institution once again, as it has done so many times before.

Obama push inevitable-  it’s the top priority- solves high skilled visas

ABC, 1-28-2013 http:~/~/www.abc6onyourside.com/shared/news/features/top-stories/stories/wsyx_shtml

A bipartisan group of leading senators has reached agreement on the principles for a sweeping

AND

supporting immigration reform with a path to citizenship has become a political imperative.

Picking winners drains PC

Khimm 12 (Suzy, writer for the Washington Post, “Republicans want to take the ‘D’ out of government ‘RandD,’” 6/4, http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/republicans-want-to-take-the-d-out-of-government-randd/2012/06/04/gJQAmOJ7DV_html)

Why have House Republicans soured on the program? Many believe the government should only

AND

is still kosher. But aggressive government forays into development should be discouraged.

Increasing foreign participation is key to sustainable growth- stops double dip recession

Haseltine 10 (Eric, Neuroscientist, Former Head of Science and Technology for US Intelligence Community, "Why America's Economy is On the Brink of Going Down the Tubes...for Good," The Huffington Post, August 24, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-haseltine/why-americas-economy-is-o_b_688483.html)

Recessions, especially the deep downturn that started in 2008, always cause us to

AND

into our workforce and our economy and help cure our deep economic ills.

1NC:
T - Incentive
T - In
CP - Multi plank
DA - CIR
K - Apocalyptic Rhetoric
Case

2NC:
K

1NR:
CP

2NR:
K