Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern SS | Judge:
Fusion Development Advantage
Contention 1 —- Fusion

U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding
Hammond 12 (Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, "Don’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion", New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted federal investment in energy technology as a smart and environmentally friendly
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S. share of ITER construction costs is %24150 million and growing.

Increased funding is key to U.S. fusion commercialization —- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source
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the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.
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. The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.

Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence", The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other countries that have maybe more research or backing than
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investment if we really want to get the fusion as quickly as possible.

Only federal funding solves
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have appropriate numbers of high-quality NSE graduates for the
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Such efforts will likely be required for an indefinite period in the future.

That’s key to global energy leadership
Freed 9 (Josh, Vice President – Third Way Clean Energy Program, and Avi Zevin, Policy Advisor – Third Way, and Jesse Jenkins, Associate Director – Breakthrough Institute, "Jumpstarting a Clean Energy Revolution with a National Institutes of Energy", September, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Jumpstarting_Clean_Energy_Sept_09.pdf)

When the United States faces a significant challenge and decides it is critical to act
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limiting our access to a major economic driver of the next century.16

Fusion R%26D’s the key test case
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Investing in Fusion Research Crucial to U.S. Competitiveness", PPPL Fact Sheet, http://www.pppl.gov/polImage.cfm?doc_Id=769%26size_code=Doc)

QUESTION: Why should the U.S. maintain its funding of the fusion
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U.S. contributed. And time is important in this problem.

Energy leadership secures U.S. primacy and leverages great power rivals
Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering
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means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Extinction
Brzezinski 12 (Zbigniew, Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies – Johns Hopkins University, Counselor – CSIS and Trustee and Co-Chair – CSIS Advisory Board, Former National Security Advisor – Carter, "After America", Foreign Policy, January / February, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic les/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full)

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
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policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Independent of heg —- U.S. leverage solves multiple existential threats
Jervis 9 – Professor of International Politics
Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse

To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can
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vision and believe that its leadership is benign. ~[End Page 211~]

Global fusion’s inevitable —- but without the U.S., it’ll be too slow
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Perspective On: The future of Fusion", 5-12, http://www.pppl.gov/polPressReleases.cfm?doc_id=772)

Why should the U.S. maintain its funding of the fusion program?¶
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U.S. contributed. And time is important in this problem.

Energy crash causes extinction within a generation —- quick U.S.-led fusion development is the only solution
Freeman 10 (Marsh, Lecturer on Nuclear Physics – New York University, "The True History of The U.S. Fusion Program —And Who Tried To Kill It", 21^st Century Science %26 Technology, Winter 2009/2010, p. 15-17)

There is no disputing that the world is facing an energy crisis of vast proportions
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, and the descent has already begun. We must reverse it now.

Only fusion can provide the massive boost in energy generation necessary for survival
Lee 10 (Dr. Lee Sing, Adjunct Professor – INTI International University, and Dr. Saw Sor Heoh, Director – Centre for Plasma Research and Ph.D. in Plasma Physics – University of Malaysia, "Nuclear Fusion Energy- The Dawning of the Fusion Age", http://www.plasmafocus.net/IPFS/2011papers/0%202011%20Papers.htm-http://www.plasmafocus.net/IPFS/2011papers/0 2011 Papers.htm) *Gender Edited

6. Conclusion¶ The world moves inexorably towards the biggest and most serious crisis
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next half century- and that would be not a moment too soon. 

Major funding immediately changes global perceptions of resource shortages and averts conflict
CN 12 (Challenge Network – International Partnership of Expert Individuals, Most of Whom Have Occupied Senior Planning or Management Roles in Commerce and the Public Sector, "Nuclear Fusion: Penurious Promise", The Challenge Network, http://www.chforum.org/scenario2012/paper-1-4.shtml)

The section on technical potential shows that we are now in a position in which
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beta emission. That said, realising it is an immense technical challenge.

Resource wars are likely and cause extinction
Woolridge 9 (Frosty, Former Officer – US Army Medical Service Corps, "America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21^st Century", The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~~y2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century)

"It is clear that most politicians and most citizens do not recognize that returning
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worst (and not unlikely) case, a nuclear war ending civilization.

Fusion Leadership Advantage
Contention 2 —- Leadership

Fusion spending is the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol
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that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Plan sends a huge signal of commitment to fusion
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
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across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
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be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Only federal energy R%26D spending solves
Betancor 12 (Fernando, International Business Analyst – Capital One, Master’s in Business Administration – Georgetown University and BA Economics – College of William %26 Mary, "The Energy Policy that Wasn’t", Common Sense, 1-20, http://www.fdbetancor.com/2012/01/20/the-energy-policy-that-wasnt/)

A long-term, strategic energy policy would bring immediate benefits to the economy
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on mere politics. Show leadership and give the country what it needs.

Stable and predictable funding streams are key
Thome 12 (Kathreen, Ph.D. Candidate in Nuclear Physics – University of Wisconsin, with 257 Graduate Students, "Student Fusion Funding Letter", 3-25, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student-http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student fusionfundingletter.pdf)

• Long-term progress in fusion research depends on the continuous transfer of knowledge
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fusion energy program, but it can only move forward with adequate support.

Strong domestic fusion’s critical to an international lead role on next-gen energy
Kerry 12 (Senator John F., "Letter on Friday, March 2 to the Senate Appropriators to Support Fusion at the %24450 M Level", 3-2, http://www.pppl.gov/pdf/Kerry-JohnF.letter.pdf)

I am writing you today to express my serious concerns about the funding included in
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to take a lead role in developing the next generation of energy research.

Otherwise, multiple countries will pass the U.S., undermining fusion leadership
Holt 12 (Rush, United States Representative, et al., "3-FY13 Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Letter to House Appropriations Energy %26 Water Subcommittee", 3-16, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OFES_Fusion_FY13_SIGNED_3_2012_dear_colleague.pdf)

The Administration’s FY 2013 budget requests just %24248.3 million for the domestic
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to working with you on this issue as the appropriations process moves forward.

That ruins a unique model for deep international collaboration
Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the U.S. program of fusion energy research and
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reduce sharply the currently dominant role of fossil fuels in world energy supply.
In the course of pursuing this energy goal, fusion R%26D yields an
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grow in relation to the capacities of individual nations to pay for it.

The impact is failed states, terrorism, and disease
Fedoroff 8 (Dr. Nina, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID, "Making Science Diplomacy More Effective", Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education, 

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank
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a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Failed states cause nuclear war
TI 7 (Transnational Institute, Africa Studies Centre Report, "Failed and Collapsed States in the International System", April, http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/archives/reports/failedstates.pdf)

In the malign scenario of global developments the number of collapsed states would grow significantly
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European states - could be faced with direct attacks on their national security.

Disease causes extinction
Keating 9 (Joshua, Web Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, "The End of the World", Foreign Policy, 11-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full)

How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
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. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

U.S. leadership shapes global norms of fusion adoption —- stops weaponization
Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The sense of complacency in the United States engendered by this country’s relative energy-
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We hope that readers of our report will read that one, too.

Otherwise, fusion weaponization’s inevitable —- shatters the nuclear firebreak
Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Statement Before the National Press Club", 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these new highly dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons from being developed.
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because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.

Extinction
Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones
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we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Funding must be full and federal to ensure leadership on safe next-gen tech
NM 12 (New Millennium Nuclear Energy Partnership, "A Strategy for the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Consolidated Working Group Report", June, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/540/Third_Way_Report_-_A_Strategy_for_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy.pdf)

Enabling Success for the U.S. Government and Industry¶ For more than
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deployment stages, industry should shoulder an increasing share of the funding responsibility.

Plan’s key to Obama’s energy leadership —- solves global conflict, including the Caucasus
Lugar 8 (Dick, United States Senator – R-IN, "U.S. Energy Security and the 2008 Presidential Election", January, http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/press/speech/brookings2.cfm)

Third, energy is the underlying condition that exacerbates almost every major foreign policy issue
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. I am confident that you will do the same. Thank you.

Global nuclear war
Amineh 3 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University ~[Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam %26 Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) "Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region," Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. ~]

Prospect ¶ The increasing involvement of the US, the EU, Russia, China
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war on terrorism in Afghanistan, and the war and crisis in Iraq.

Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy research and development in the United States. 

Pre-empts

Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex —- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites
(Yellow=1AC, Blue=2AC)
Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, "Batman Fusion Redemption", Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)
Fusion doesn’t melt down.
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Loses.¶ Nuclear Weapons WIN.¶ 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy production in the United States.

New fusion weaponization ev

Fusion weaponization would be rapid —- no availability constraints

Makhijani 98 (Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D. and President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Hisham Zerriffi, Project Scientist, "Dangerous Thermonuclear Quest: The Potential of Explosive Fusion Research for the Development of Pure Fusion Weapons", July, http://ieer.org/resource/reports/dangerous-thermonuclear-quest/) 

If pure fusion weapons are developed, the problems facing today’s proliferation controls and safeguards
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, there is some level of national and international control on its sale.

Bypasses fissile material controls

Von Hippel 1 (Frank, Co-Chair – International Panel on Fissile Materials, 21st Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready?, Ed. Sokolski, p. 84)

No nuclear weapon can be made without kilogram quantities of fissile material such as highly
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of materials made excess by nuclear disarmament or changes in nuclear energy policy.

Fusion weapons blur the firebreak —- risks catastrophic prolif and nuclear use

Zerriffi 99 (Hisham, Project Scientist – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Arjun Makhijani, "Pure Fusion Weapons?", Peace Magazine, January / February, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v15n1p24.htm)

Nuclear weapons changed in 1953, when nuclear fission (the splitting of atoms)
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implications of this military arithmetic for nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament would be profound.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T – Research and Development = Production – 2AC

RandD is a key area for energy policy
Greenstone 10 (Michael, Professort – MIT, Director – Hamilton Project, and Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, “The Importance of Research and Development (RandD) for U.S. Competitiveness and a Clean Energy Future”, 7-27, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/testimony/2010/7/27%20greenstone%20energy/0727_greenstone_energy)

I believe that
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benefitted a wide-range of regional, state, and local economies.

Prefer energy type-specific definitions
EIA 12 (United States Energy Information Administration, "Glossary", http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=P)
Production:  See production terms associated with specific energy types.
Plans a pre-req and for energy production solves
Soto 12 (Leopoldo, et al., "A: Experimental Fusion Devices and Supporting Facilities", SOFT 2012 Poster Session, September,http://sciconf.org/soft2012/ip/topic/a/session/p4/paper/25)
An important issue still to be resolved in the research for fusion energy production is
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obtained. Supported by FONDECYT grant 1110940 and a CRP-IAEA contract.
R and d is core of the topic
Greenstone 10 (Michael, Professort – MIT, Director – Hamilton Project, and Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, "The Importance of Research and Development (R%26D) for U.S. Competitiveness and a Clean Energy Future", 7-27,http://www.brookings.edu/~~~~/media/research/files/testimony/2010/7/27%20greenstone%20energy/0727_greenstone_energy)
I believe that the solution lies in undertaking a new program of energy R%26
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benefitted a wide-range of regional, state, and local economies.
 Production – 2AC===
We meet —- plan’s targeted at energy, not open-ended research —- that’s Prager
"Production" is combining atoms —- this includes R%26D
Ontario 10 (Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, Energy Guide, 2-20,http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ospe.on.ca/resource/resmgr/doc_advocacy/2011_doc_20feb_energyguide.pdf)
Nuclear fusion energy
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anticipated global energy needs for centuries to come.
"For" means "in support of"
OED 11 (Oxford English Dictionary, "for", http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk-http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)
preposition
1 in support of or in favour of
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dependence in a referendum

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Fusion Infeasible – 2AC
JET, ITER, and the Sun prove it’s feasible. Money’s key.
Forshaw 12 (Jeff, Professor of Theoretical Physics – University of Manchester, “Nuclear fusion – Your Time Has Come”, The Guardian, 9-10, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/sep/16/nuclear-fusion-iter-jet-forshaw?newsfeed=true)

A fusion reactor called
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event at the Joint European Torus (Jet) in Culham, Oxfordshire.

No risk of neutron damage
Stacey 99 (Weston M., Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, “Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion”, March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Neutron damage would require frequent replacement of magnetic fusion reactor components.
The high energy neutrons from D-T fusion would damage a first wall made
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neutron damage, the frequency of first wall replacement will be much reduced.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No risk of meltdowns, weaponization, or terrorism
Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Batman Fusion Redemption”, Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Batman (TDKR) Fusion Flubs
First, let’s foil the bomb plot with a review of fusion science.  The
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shot and hope for the worst.  Fusion is not useful for terrorists.
 

Nuclear waste and accidents cause extinction —- fusion solves
Wilson 12 (Taylor, Genius, Thiel Fellowship Winner and Youngest Person Ever to Build a Fusion Reactor, "Why We Need Nuclear Energy", CNN, 6-8, http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/08/taylor-wilson-why-we-need-nuclear-energy/)
One of these technologies, nuclear fusion, is perhaps the disruptive technology that we
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will have the energy source we need to survive long into the future.
Proliferation fast – nuclear energy programs
Darrell Blakeway is Executive Director, Perennial Energy Consulting, Inc., formerly an attorney for 25 years at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, "BOOK REVIEW: ENERGY AUTONOMY: GETTING SERIOUS ABOUT RENEWABLE ENERGY," 2008, Energy Law Review, lexis
4. The threat of the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the prospect that such
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over the lack of adequate water supply in many parts of the world.
Proliferation undermines crisis stability
James Wirtz, Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Post-graduate School, "Beyond Bipolarity: Prospects for Nuclear Stability After the Cold War," The Absolute Weapon Revisited, ed. Paul, Harknett, and Wirtz, 1998, p. 145
Crisis stability could be undermined as existing nuclear arsenals become less robust and as nuclear
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situation. these technical assessments, by definition, would produce crisis instability.
Global fission makes prolif inevitable —- fusion comparatively decreases the risk
Greenwald 12 (Martin, Senior Research Scientist – MIT, "Fusion Energy", Huffington Post Blog, 5-30,http://www.huffingtonpost.com/martin-greenwald/fusion-energy_b_1557556.html)
Perhaps the most frightening aspect of a global fission industry is the risk of nuclear
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, to property or water supplies, nor would it threaten social trauma.
No risk of clandestine operation
Glaser 12 (A., Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering – Princeton University and R.J. Goldston, Professor of Plasma Physics – Princeton University, "Proliferation Risks of Magnetic Fusion Energy: Clandestine Production, Covert Production and Breakout", Nuclear Fusion, 52(4), March, IOP Science)
2. Clandestine production of weapons material¶ There is no credible risk that a
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overall not credible that such a facility could be constructed and operated clandestinely.
Fusion solves nuclear breakout —- risk is comparatively higher from fission
Glaser 12 (A., Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering – Princeton University and R.J. Goldston, Professor of Plasma Physics – Princeton University, "Proliferation Risks of Magnetic Fusion Energy: Clandestine Production, Covert Production and Breakout", Nuclear Fusion, 52(4), March, IOP Science)
Fusion power plants require many supporting facilities that are non-nuclear in nature,
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to weapons materials: clandestine production, covert diversion and breakout from safeguards.
— Public Health Infrastructure Solves
Easterbrook ’02 [Gregg, Visiting Fellow of aspx at the Brookings Institution, New Republic, October 7, 2002]
Note that bioweapons have done steadily less harm in recent times, as public health
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still dangerous, but there is a reasonable chance it will bounce off.
Bypasses fissile material controls
Von Hippel 1 (Frank, Co-Chair – International Panel on Fissile Materials, 21st Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready?, Ed. Sokolski, p. 84)
No nuclear weapon can be made without kilogram quantities of fissile material such as highly
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of materials made excess by nuclear disarmament or changes in nuclear energy policy.
Fusion weapons blur the firebreak —- risks catastrophic prolif and nuclear use
Zerriffi 99 (Hisham, Project Scientist – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Arjun Makhijani, "Pure Fusion Weapons?", Peace Magazine, January / February, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v15n1p24.htm)
Nuclear weapons changed in 1953, when nuclear fission (the splitting of atoms)
AND
implications of this military arithmetic for nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament would be profound.
Extinction – none of their ev assumes
Schwartz and Derber 90 (William and Charles, Member – Boston Nuclear Study Group and Prof of Sociology – Boston College, The Nuclear Seduction, p. 35)
Before examining whether the arms race really matters much to nuclear credibility, we must
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against nuclear escalation would decrease and the risk of global annihilation would skyrocket.
No impact to bioweapons – empirics.
Leitenberg ’5  (MILTON LEITENBERG is a senior research scholar at the Univ. of Maryland and is the author of "Assessing the Biological Weapons and Bioterrorism Threat." LA Times – Feb 17^th – lexis)
A pandemic flu outbreak of the kind the world witnessed in 1918-19 could
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country has ever done so — even nations known to have trained terrorists. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex -~-- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites
(Yellow=1AC, Blue=2AC)
Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Batman Fusion Redemption”, Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)
Fusion doesn’t melt
And
Nuclear Weapons WIN.¶

(  ) K is too sweeping – doesn’t respond to fusion. K also jacks hope for livable planet.

Lorimer ‘92
(Doug, Professor Emeritus – Tri University and Member – National Executive of the Democratic Socialist Party, “Should We Oppose Fusion Technology?”, Green Left Weekly, 2-19, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2210)

Undemocratic technology? While he points out that with "more human and financial resources
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achieve. And Marxists certainly shouldn't oppose it because it requires scientific knowledge.

(  ) No, not ethics disad – consequences

Issac, ‘2
(Jeffery, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Dissent, Vol. 49 No. 2, Spring)
Politics, in large part, involves contests over the distribution and use of power
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Nuclear waste and accidents cause extinction -~-- fusion solves
Wilson 12 (Taylor, Genius, Thiel Fellowship Winner and Youngest Person Ever to Build a Fusion Reactor, “Why We Need Nuclear Energy”, CNN, 6-8, http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/08/taylor-wilson-why-we-need-nuclear-energy/)

One of these technologies, nuclear fusion, is perhaps the disruptive technology that we
AND
into the future.

(  ) that structurally checks toxic colonialism

Pratt ‘11
Laura Pratt is an Assistant City Attorney for the City of Lubbock, Texas. She obtained her J.D. from Texas Tech University School of Law, magna cum laude, Law and Science Certificate – Texas Environmental Law Journal
Winter, 2011 – lawrev; lexis

The Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump represents a surprisingly persistent global trend where underdeveloped states
AND
are an important foundation to the reevaluation of the current international regulatory scheme.

(  ) Epistemology not 1st and links to anti-politics

Jarvis 2K
(D.S.L., Lecturer n Government - U of Sydney, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 128-9)
Certainly it is right and proper that we ponder the depths of our theoretical imaginations
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm -~-- do the CP -~-- plan doesn’t commit to certainty -~-- “should” means desirable, not mandatory
AC 99 (Atlas Collaboration, “Use of Shall, Should, May Can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/ shall.html)

shall
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to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means).
“Resolved” doesn’t require certainty
Webster’s 9 – Merriam Webster ‘9 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved)

# Main Entry: 1re•solve
And
 consult, deliberate
Doesn’t solve leadership -~-- signal of strong government commitment is key -~-- that’s Kammen -~-- and certainty,clarity, and durability are vital
Deutch 11 (John M., Institute Professor and Dean of Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry – MIT, “An Energy Technology Corporation Will Improve the Federal Government’s Efforts to Accelerate Energy Innovation”, Brookings Institution Hamilton Project Discussion Paper, May, http://www.brook ings.edu//media/research/files/papers/2011/5/energy%20corporation%20deutch/05_energy_corporation_deutch_paper)

IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
AND
competitiveness are broader economic objectives that are not unique to the energy sector.
No implementation
Barlas 12
Stephen, Columnist @ Financial Executive, 1/1, Lexis

But it is highly unlikely that Obama's blueprint will lead to a firmer footing for
AND
efforts to substitute domestic natural gas for foreign petroleum features business versus business.
CP predetermines outcome and forces rushed process -~-- both independently gut solvency
Sands 11 (Derek, Inside Energy with Federal Lands, 11/21, Lexis)

In the wake of a major internal report on the future of the Energy Department's
AND
both administration and Congressional endorsement," Moniz told the lawmakers during the hearing.
Either counterplan delays 3 years or attempts to speed up process gutting credibility
PCAST 10
Executive Office of the President, President’s Council of Advisors ¶ on Science and Technology, Nov, 10,http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf

Our most important recommendation is that the Administration establish a new process that can forge
AND
advanced energy technologies ¶ that will define a robust 21st century energy system.
Net bennie

No trade-off -~-- renewables will piggy-back on fusion
Razani 9 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Are Renewables in Competition with Focus Fusion?”, Focus Fusion, 2-5, http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/are_renewables_in_competition_with_ focus_fusion)

If Focus Fusion
AND
 like I discussed in some other post.

Renewables doomed
Trembath 12 (Alex, Policy Associate with the Breakthrough Institute's Energy and Climate Program, May 14, “Clean Tech's Growing Pains”, National Journal Energy Experts Blog, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/05/boom-and-bust-renewable-energy.php#2208913)

The challenges facing clean tech are not harbingers of failure, but growing pains faced
AND
energy policy focused on innovation and subsidy independence for low-carbon technologies.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Fusion makes space travel effective -~-- key to survival
Grant 12 (Andrew, Associate Editor – Discover Magazine, “How to Survive the End of the Universe”, Discover Magazine, 2-28, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/dec/16-how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe/article_view?b_start:int=1and-C)

So where to next? Martian colonies could pack up the spaceship and relocate to
AND
size of Earth, and believe many billions more exist within our galaxy.
Colonization’s impossible without fusion —- fast, safe propusion is crucial
Schulze 92 (Norman R., United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Safety and Mission Quality, Technical Standards Division, "Fusion Energy for Space: Feasibility Demonstration", October,http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930022120_1993022120.pdf)
The ultimate goals of the United States space program are to understand the universe and
AND
civilization abandoned their seafaring exploration role to the Europeans in the 15th century.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Relations decline inevitable
Bovt 12 (Georgy, Political Analyst – Moscow Times, “Whether Obama or Romney, the Reset Is Dead”, Moscow Times, 9-11, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/whether-obama-or-romney-the-reset-is-dead/467947.html)

During every U.S. presidential election campaign, there is a debate in
AND
from both sides would itself be considered a major achievement in bilateral relations.
-Swing states, most accurate national polls
The Examiner, 9-18-2012 http://www.examiner.com/article/mitt-romney-likely-election-win-indicated-by-polls-released-today-from-key-swing

Two national polls of the presidential race show Mitt Romney leading over President Obama while
AND
shows these five states and their value in electoral voters in dark red.
Fusion’s too small
Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, “Fusion Energy: The Truth”, Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains vague or unknown to the general public for many years.
AND
manipulate its commercial prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?
Neither side will campaign on it
Wood 12 (Elisa, “What Obama and Romney Don't Say About Energy”, AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and
AND
of the discussion.
Fission incentives now
Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now!, “Big Nuclear's Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration”, The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling
AND
Pac money), President Obama is fulfilling his promise to push nuclear power.
Public supports fusion spending
Webster 10 (AJ, “Fusion Energy Branch”, Submission to the Institute of Physics Plasma Visions Survey 2010, 11-22)

Block Grant Funding:
AND
and respected scientists.
Israeli strikes coming -~-- triggers the link
Feehery 12 (John, Reporter – The Hill, “October Surprise”, The Hill – Pundit’s Blog, 8-28, http://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/presidential-campaign/245965-october-surprise)

What will this
AND
big-time October Surprise.
DoE funds the plan -~-- that’s Hammond. Shields Obama.
Fox 9 (Justin, Professor of Political Science – Yale University and Stuart V. Jordan, Professor of Political Science – University of Rochestor, “Delegation and Accountability”, 12-16, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1524585)

Can legislators control
AND
executive, and delegation necessarily diminishes \legislative power and with it accountability."
Can’t predict the election
Cunningham 11 (Pat, Columnist – RRS, “Here’s Why Outcome of Next Presidential Election is Impossible to Predict at this Point”, Rockford Register Star, 12-13, http://blogs.e-rockford.com/applesauce/2011/12/13/heres-why-outcome-of-next-presidential-election-is-impossible-to-predict-at-this-point/)

Forty-seven weeks from today, tens of millions of Americans will flock to
AND
know at this point, it might turn out to be a landslide.
Syrian intervention coming -~-- jacks Obama
Wingfield 12 (Kyle, Political Columnist – AJC, “Poll Position: If WMDs Are Used in Syria, Should U.S. Intervene?”, Atlanta Journal Constitution, 8-24, http://blogs.ajc.com/kyle-wingfield/2012/08/24/poll-position-if-wmds-are-used-in-syria-should-u-s-intervene/)

Everyone waiting for
AND
least they’re anti-war when a Republican is in the White House.)

Gas prices thump the election
Tom Whipple is a retired government analyst and has been following the peak oil issue for several years. 8-29-2012 http://www.fcnp.com/commentary/national/12495-the-peak-oil-crisis-summers-end.html

As Labor Day nears, a quiet summer seems poised to turn into an autumn
AND
region without interrupting the region's oil exports is likely to become increasingly difficult.
 

No chance of overt hostility
Newsday 5 (2-27, Lexis)
Relations between Washington and Moscow are now more like a marriage of convenience. It’s
AND
to cooperate on mutually useful issues and by fundamental disagreements not easily resolved.
Strikes coming quickly —- jacks Obama
Hirsh 12 (Michael, Chief Correspondent – National Journal and Former Senior Editor – Newsweek, "Don’t Count Out an October Surprise", National Journal, 8-27, http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-presidential-campaign/don-t-count-out-an-october-surprise-20120827)
As is usually the case with the Israelis, we probably won’t know about an
AND
the embroiled region, especially in dealing with Iran and the Arab Spring.
QE3 triggers the link
Pethokoukis 9-14 (James, Columnist – American Enterprise Institute, "Ben Bernanke And The Fed Gave Mitt Romney A Huge Gift", Business Insider, 2012, http://www.businessinsider.com/bernanke-fed-qe3-romney-obama-gop-2012-9)
Actually, however, the Fed’s monetary move could give a huge messaging boost to
AND
try and do something, anything, to boost growth and create jobs.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Razani card
(  ) Perm – do plan and all non-competitive parts of their worldview
(  ) Ontology not 1st and links to anti-politics
Jarvis 2K
(D.S.L., Lecturer n Government - U of Sydney, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 128-9)
Certainly it is right and proper that we ponder the depths of our theoretical imaginations
AND
than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.
( ) Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence
Small ’6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  "Moving Forward," The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  
(  ) "Being" args are too sweeping and dangerous. The world is not *one* way and their totalizing view condemns real people to atrocity.
Caputo ’93
(John D., Watson Professor of Humanities at Syracuse University, Against Ethics, p. 70)
That would mean you cannot have an obligation to Being or the Spirit or the
AND
remember. Replace it with a ranemo-technique for remembering proper names.
(  ) Perm – do both
(  ) Fusion causes re-constructive humanism. We turn their arg by avoiding fission and we change relationship to abundance.
Charlesworth 7 (JJ, Writer – Art Monthly, Art Review, and Time Out London, "FUSION NOW%21 Art and the Politics of Energy", Manifesto Club, 12-20, http://www.manifestoclub.com/fusionnowessay)
There are many political issues that could be the subject for an art exhibition today
AND
touches on questions of science, history, industry, aesthetics and subjectivity.
No alternative to nature – already irreversibly altered nature
Zimmerman 3 (Michael, Professor of Philosophy – Tulane University, Eco-Phenomenology : Back to the Earth Itself, p. 79-80)
Heidegger’s talk of "letting things be," "caring for beings," and being
AND
(if not "original" or "pristine") condition.2°
(  ) Particularity beats ontology args. Such universals are wrong and makes poor scholarship.
Potrc ’4
(et al; Dr. Matjaž Potrč is a Professor for Analytic Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana
Metaphysics: Ultimate and Regional Ontology – Inf. Filosofica, I/2004, 1, pp. 21-45. Also available as doc via conventional google search)
Thus there is still the following logical possibility. (1) The ultimate ontology
AND
namely the rich and common sense compatible world of everyday objects and events.
(  ) Action not always fail – pessimism bias and alts more dangerous.
Tallis ’97
Raymond Tallis, Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester – Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409
If we deny or rubbish the progress that mankind has already made, and at
AND
poverty of spirit and meanness of mind will not have the last word.
Space Addon
Fusion makes space travel effective —- key to survival
Grant 12 (Andrew, Associate Editor – Discover Magazine, "How to Survive the End of the Universe", Discover Magazine, 2-28, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/dec/16-how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe/article_view?b_start:int=1%26-C)
So where to next? Martian colonies could pack up the spaceship and relocate to
AND
size of Earth, and believe many billions more exist within our galaxy.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
CP’s too low-level and no means or risk-tolerance
Drake 7 (Michael, M.D. and Chancellor – University of California, Irvine, “The Role of Public Investment in Promoting Economic Growth”, Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services – CQ Congressional Testimony, 3-23, Lexis) 

WHY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?
AND
it will continue to spread that message through the Congress and the Administration.

A) Linkage. Sponsoring agency gets the tech —- that’s Miller. Key to fusion leadership.
Randall 1 (Don M., President – University of Chicago, with other University Presidents, "Revitalizing Science in the Department of Energy", American Physics Society White Paper, December,http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/-http://www.aps.org/policy/tools/coalitions/esc/upload/Grassroots_2001_ESC_WhitePaperRevitalizingScienceDOE.pdf)
New and Creative Ideas and Innovation¶ "If the United States does not invest
AND
sustains U.S. world leadership across most science and engineering disciplines.
B) Scope. Fed’s key to jump-start broad transition to fusion —- that’s Freed. States are broke.
Carnegie 8 (Statement by Public Higher Education Leaders Convened By Carnegie Corporation of New York,http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Press_Releases2%26TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm%26CONTENTID=30394)
At this critical juncture in our history, America’s public research universities, state colleges
AND
diminishing state funding that supports less and less the cost of educating students.
C) Monitoring. Federal grants are key to oversight. Ensures commercialization and international distribution.
EDA 10 (EDA Magazine, "State of Basic Research Funding", EDACafe,http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?articleid=209174%26page_no=1)
Federal Funding of Scientific Research and Development ¶ As all schoolchildren know Queen Isabella of
AND
companies, industries and countries. Only the federal government can insure this. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support of fusion energy research and development for fusion energy production in the United States.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Outside funding’s illegal
OTA 88 (Office of Technology Assessment – The Defense Technology Base: Introduction and Overview – Chapter Five – March 1988 – http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8810/881007.PDF)

Multiprogram Laboratories
DOE … and Examination Program.”
Causes court strike-down --- broad federal presumption exists for nuclear issues
Eggen 6 (Jean Macchiaroli, Professor of Law – Widener University School of Law, “The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine”, Alabama Law Review, Spring, 57 Ala. L. Rev. 725, Lexis)

A. The Doctrinal Context
… by illegal conduct.
Threat alone creates a chilling effect that deters innovation
Liu 9 (Chang Derek Liu, JD – Columbia Law School, “The Blank Page Before You: Should the Preemption Doctrine Apply to Unwritten Practices?”, Columbia Law Review, March, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 350, Lexis)

1. Stifling State Innovation. … decisions proves troublesome.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
War in the Middle East won’t go nuclear and won’t escalate to extinction
Ferguson 6 (Niall, Professor of History at Harvard University, Senior Research Fellow of Jesus College,
Oxford, and Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution, Stanford, LA Times, July 24)

Could today's quarrel between Israelis and Hezbollah over Lebanon produce World War III? That's
AND
, at any rate, is clearly the assumption being made in Washington.
No compromise and no impact- can’t get things together in time but some short term fix is inevitable
Yahoo Finance, 10-5-2012 http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/breakout/fiscal-cliff-bad-may-good-115045087.html

Picture this scene. It's a cold, wintry night. The roads are icy
AND
and thus, take a bite out of nearly every American household's budget.

They can’t produce a card Obama is pushing-
Fox News, 9-12, 12, http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/on-the-record/2012/09/12/moodys-puts-pressure-congress-debt-deal-most-predictable-crisis-youll-ever-see#ixzz26GDjJCeB

THUNE: Well, look, I think that there's -- you know, this
AND
pounding the heads in the Senate and pounding the heads in the House?
Capital isn’t key
Dickinson 9 (Matthew, Professor of Political Science – Middlebury College and Former Professor – Harvard University, “Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power”, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, 5-26, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/

As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward almost certain confirmation goes as follows
AND
has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee.

Election thumps the DA
NPR, 9-20-2012 http://www.npr.org/2012/09/20/161442506/fiscal-cliff-scenarios-leave-economists-on-edge

But that's not the worst-case scenario. This is: Congress may not
AND
and make it harder to come up with compromises by New Year's Eve.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
(  ) We’re contingent and particular claims. Cranks complexity K for three reasons.
 Didn’t endorse universal model for prediction
 We’re accurate
 Can permute

PRICE ‘98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

(  ) Turn – Neg’s inference that OUR PARTICULAR AuthorS used linear models is the foundation of poor scholarship.

Hantrais ‘99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
AND
about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.

(  ) Complexity K gets trapped – alt goes from stagnant to violent. 

Lake 11
(David A., Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California – San Diego, “Why ‘‘isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology,
and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress,” International Studies Quarterly (2011) 55, 465–480)

These five pathologies combine to divert professional debate from the substance of world politics to
AND
religions. By whatever definition, we have stopped doing ‘‘science.’’

(  ) Alt won’t trickle up – specific to your K.

Zanetti ‘97
Lisa A. Zanetti is an associate professor in the Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs at the University of Missouri-Columbia –American Review of Public Administration, June 1997 v27 n2 p145(23) – via Business and Company Resource Center database.
This article addresses the current condition of critical theory in public administration. Despite 15
AND
version of the status quo--tinkering at the margins, nothing more. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Won’t label
Trenin 12 (Dmitri, Director of the Moscow Center – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Republicans’ Russia Approach Wide Open”, Carnegie Commentary, 8-31, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/31/republicans-russia-approach-wide-open/dr5j)

Everything said on … or for bad.

Neither will label
Dennis 9-19 (Steven T., Staff Writer – Roll Call, “An Odd Silence on China Currency”, Roll Call, 2012, http://www.rollcall.com/issues/58_22/An-Odd-Silence-On-China-Currency-217673-1.html?pos=opolh)

Mitt Romney and …. if he's elected."

Romney win
Steve Farrell, 10-2-2012 http://www.themoralliberal.com/2012/09/27/rasmussen-daily-tracking-poll-has-romney-and-obama-tied/

The Rasmussen Daily Tracking Poll, perhaps the most trusted of polls, Thursday shows
AND
Reports will be basing its daily updates solely upon the results including leaners.

Anything can happen- Greece, Syria, Libya, jobs report and super PACs
The Daily Beast, 10-3-2012 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/03/benghazi-backlash-mideast-implosion-jobless-numbers-the-real-potential-october-surprises.html

External events provide the other known unknown—the kind of a foreign or domestic
AND
likely to come from outside; external events that no one can control.
Chavez election thumps the DA
TNR, 9-27-2012 http://www.tnr.com/blog/plank/107802/will-hugo-chavez-help-mitt-romney-win-the-election

With pundits rushing to file their Romney campaign obits ahead of the rush, the
AND
. Hugo Chávez might be about to hand him one on a plate. 

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Hardy

Plan

====The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy generation in the United States. ====

Advantage 1

Contention 1 —- Fusion

U.S. fusion research has been gutted by a lack of federal funding

Hammond 12 (Not Jeremy, Bill, Columnist and Editorial Writer – New York Daily News, "Don~’t Let the Sun Set on Fusion", New York Daily News, 4-3, http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/sun-set-fusion-article-1.1054771)

President Obama has touted federal investment in energy technology as a smart and environmentally friendly

AND

S. share of ITER construction costs is %24150 million and growing.

Increased funding is key to U.S. fusion commercialization —- it~’s feasible and delivers huge energy

Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, ~http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source

AND

the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.

Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.

Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.

AND

. The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.

Targeting energy production and spending beyond ITER spurs quick development

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy~’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Why Fusion Energy Could Enhance Future Energy Independence", The Daily Energy Report, August, http://www.dailyenergyreport.com/2011/08/why-fusion-energy-could-enhance-future-energy-independence/)

Ben Lack: Are there other countries that have maybe more research or backing than

AND

investment if we really want to get the fusion as quickly as possible.

Only federal funding solves

Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear~’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have appropriate numbers of high-quality NSE graduates for the needs of government and national laboratories, particularly for nuclear security roles, and for industry to continue to contribute to the growth and strength of nuclear power as well as to the other many applications of nuclear processes (e.g., nuclear medicine and food safety). As such, the Committee has concluded that Congress~’s mandate in the Atomic Energy Act, which required the federal government, through the DOE, to be actively involved in supporting U.S. nuclear education, remains necessary and warranted today. Indeed, the Committee believes that it is in the economic and national security interests of the United States to remain at the forefront of nuclear R%26D worldwide. As a consequence, the U.S. government, and specifically the DOE, must serve as a steward for the national nuclear research and education enterprise.¶ For the purposes of this study, NSE includes the disciplines of nuclear engineering, health physics, and nuclear physics of direct relevance to nuclear engineering, as well as nuclear and radiochemistry of direct relevance to nuclear engineering. For our purposes, nuclear engineering is concerned with the practical application of nuclear and radiation processes. In addition to energy from nuclear fission and fusion processes, nuclear engineering includes the production and use of radiation and radioisotopes in medicine, food processing, and industrial processes. It includes issues related to nuclear waste management and nuclear security, including technologies to protect against proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear material as well as against nuclear terrorism. It is based on fundamental areas related to the interaction of radiation with matter.¶ THE DOE ROLE IN US NSE EDUCATION¶ Although university-based NSE programs across the country receive support from various state and federal agencies as well as industry, there are very important differences when they are compared to other science and engineering disciplines. The understanding of nuclear processes in the core of a nuclear reactor is generally not a subject within the purview of the federal government~’s basic research funding agencies (e.g., NSF). This is due in large part to DOE~’s clear charter, dating from the Atomic Energy Act, as the principal steward of the U.S. nuclear education enterprise. Further, issues associated with the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter, biological and nonbiological, are generally ignored by funding agencies other than the DOE ~~the National Aeronautics and Space Administration~’s (NASA~’s) interest in radiation effects on humans in space is a notable exception~~.¶ It is true that university-based NSE programs often conduct research that is only somewhat related to nuclear processes and that funding for these activities can beobtained from basic research and mission-related programs across the federal government. For example, many nuclear engineering departments have substantial research activities in areas such as thermal hydraulics, materials science, and/or plasma physics. These research activities, all related to the practical applications of nuclear energy, may be funded by the NSF, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), the DOE/SC, and other agencies. But, to a large extent, fundamental nuclear process research cannot be addressed without the financial support of the DOE. For example, the support of computational methods development for neutron transport processes, a field that underpins nuclear reactor analysis, medical physics, and nuclear weapons design, is not available outside DOE/NE.¶ DOE support of graduate programs in NSE is particularly important. Because NSE is so complex and applicable in so many fields, today~’s undergraduate nuclear engineering program must cover a broad range of technical material. It is only in graduate school that an NSE student can focus on a particular application, e.g., design of new nuclear power plants, development of instruments to detect nuclear materials in shipping containers, new techniques for radiation treatment of cancer, etc. Many of the NSE positions in government agencies, national laboratories, universities, and medical facilities can be filled only by people holding graduate degrees. A graduate degree in NSE requires both study of advanced theory and research that involves practical application of theory in the student~’s area of specialization. That research, which is guided by a professor, typically requires specialized equipment and significant financial support. However, it serves two purposes. It is part of the student~’s training, but it also provides information of value to the sponsoring agency. Thus, DOE funding of NSE programs is important not only because it provides training for future essential NSE professionals but also because the results of the research can be immediately useful.¶ The Committee believes the Atomic Energy Act also requires the DOE to take a general role in nurturing and monitoring NSE education in support of the national interest. This role includes monitoring (a) the relationship between demand and supply of NSE graduates; (b) the NSE education infrastructure, including faculty, facilities, and equipment; and (c) the level and quality of research in NSE university programs. The DOE must provide financial support to sustain faculty, students, and infrastructure to the extent needed to assure a healthy NSE enterprise in the country.¶ On the other hand, the DOE NSE education support programs cannot, alone, provide the resources needed for a healthy and comprehensive national effort. University-based NSE programs must continue to aggressively seek and obtain research and education support from mission agencies, basic research funding organizations, national laboratories, and industry.¶ In short, the Committee believes DOE~’s stewardship role is to continuously monitor the NSE education enterprise to ensure that it meets present and future national needs and to conduct a modest research, development, and education program, to appropriately augment other federal and industry supporting efforts, assuring the near- and long-term robustness and health of the discipline to address national needs.¶ DEMAND FOR UNIVERSITY-BASED NSE RESEARCH¶ University-based NSE activities lead to R%26D results, as well as to graduates for government, national laboratories, and industry. In the R%26D realm, there are challenges in energy security, nuclear security, and other fields. In the area of nuclear energy, there are new, DOE-funded initiatives in advanced reactors, in nuclear energy for hydrogen production, and in spent-fuel management. Advanced reactor programs include novel ideas in water-cooled, gas-cooled, and liquid-metal-cooled reactors. Research programs are directed toward fielding Generation IV reactors in the first half of the 21st century. In addition, there continue to be R%26D efforts to demonstrate the tokamak and other plasma confinement concepts that could lead to a demonstration fusion reactor in the middle of the century. Nuclear energy can potentially be used to produce hydrogen for transportation applications in an economically feasible manner and there is a vigorous research program to develop high-temperature reactors for this purpose. A newly announced DOE program, the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP), is intended to develop the systems, technologies, and policy regimes to allow recycling of used light water reactor fuel and, to a large extent, eliminate the actinides in fast-spectrum reactors in a way that enhances proliferation resistance. The resulting waste streams are envisioned to have characteristics that would lessen the demand for geologic repository assets. These and other DOE-funded research efforts will need to make great use of university-based NSE capabilities.¶ In the nuclear security arena, unclassified research needs are also varied and rich. In addition to assuring the safety, reliability, and security of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile, innovations are needed to detect and defend against the proliferation of weapons-usable nuclear materials. From systems analysis to new nuclear detector innovations and new approaches to analyze intelligence data, research opportunities abound. Defense against nuclear terrorism requires new approaches to border security and new methodologies to attribute nuclear and radiological contamination to a particular country or source. Federal agencies are specifically targeting universities for innovations in these fields. New attention is also being given to other applications of nuclear processes, especially to provide process heat. Potential applications vary from water desalination to recovery of usable petroleum products from oil shale and tar sands. These needs will challenge university-based NSE programs to respond. One might think that with such challenges there is no need for support for NSE research from a DOE university program to supplement the effort. However, owing to the cyclic nature of such programs and the tendency in such efforts to focus on applied research as opposed tobasic research, infrastructure support, and education, the Committee believes that maintaining a stand-alone program to support general university-based NSE research is a key component of the DOE stewardship mission.¶ DEMAND FOR NSE GRADUATES¶ The needs of many U.S. Government agencies, as well as medical, manufacturing, R%26D, and energy industries, for educated nuclear scientists and engineers are widely recognized. The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) estimates that 26% of engineers working in U.S. nuclear utilities will be eligible for retirement in the next 5 years (Ref. 3). Unlike other sectors, the electrical energy generation industry cannot be readily outsourced overseas.¶ In addition, at least 4 DOE offices (Nuclear Energy, Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, Nuclear Security, and Environmental Management), 10 national laboratories, at least 27 utilities, and a large number of nuclear power vendors are expected to experience increased demand for NSE graduates within the next 10 years. Also, an increased number of NSE graduates are now being sought for other federal agencies in addition to the DOE, including the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, NASA, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), many agencies of the intelligence community, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and every uniformed service.¶ NSE human resources requirements also exist in the nuclear medical research, nuclear medicine, and medical physics communities, as well as in many other non-energy users of nuclear scientists and engineers.¶ Further stressing the limited human resources pool, many university nuclear engineering departments are seeking new faculty members and department heads, including the newly formed Nuclear Engineering Department at Idaho State University.¶ When conducting its research, the Committee found nearly uniform anecdotal evidence that the current production rate for NSE graduates is not sufficient to meet demand. For example, one division at one of the national laboratories has recently (unsuccessfully) sought 100 nuclear scientists and engineers, and Westinghouse, General Electric, AREVA, and the NRC are attempting to hire hundreds of engineers per year, many of them nuclear, from too small a pool of candidates. Recognizing the looming shortages, several federal agencies have established or are in the process of establishing NSE fellowships and scholarships and/or NSE research programs ~~e.g., DOE / Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM), DOE / National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), NRC, and DHS~~.¶ However, the Committee found it difficult to quantify the aggregate national human resources requirements because while the nuclear energy industry has conducted extensive studies of its needs, no comprehensive analysis of requirements for nuclear-educated graduates for all fields has ever been completed.¶ As such, the Committee believes the DOE, in keeping with Section 1101 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, should conduct a comprehensive study of the nation~’s requirements for production of nuclear scientists and engineers as soon as possible. This study should also be repeated/updated periodically, on the order of every few years. Such studies are a critical component of the DOE NSE stewardship role.¶ STATUS OF THE US NSE EDUCATION ENTERPRISE¶ Given the clear demands to be placed on the U.S. university-based NSE enterprise, it is important to look at its present overall condition. As will be seen, the enterprise has strengths, weaknesses, and vulnerabilities, and the Committee believes the DOE should be actively involved in monitoring its capacity and capabilities as part of its stewardship role.¶ Nuclear engineering programs and departments were formed in the late 1950s and 1960s from interdisciplinary efforts in many of the top research universities, providing the human resources for this new technical discipline with an initial emphasis on fission reactor engineering. In the same time period, many university nuclear reactors were constructed and commenced operations, providing key facilities needed for research as well as education of students engaged in this profession. Since the 1960s, U.S. universities have led the world in this technology with a commitment to furnish the necessary human resources and the associated infrastructure. In the 1990s the number of NSE programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels declined precipitously, particularly in the latter part of the decade, as Fig. 1 indicates.¶ The closures of these programs and departments were linked to the declines in enrollment of undergraduate and graduate students as well as in the research support from federal and industrial sources. Another feature compounding this problem is the aging nature of nuclear engineering faculty. More than two-thirds of current U.S. faculty are 45 years or older, and the rate of new faculty hiring diminished by more than 10% through the late 1990s.¶ Today, the demand for nuclear-educated personnel is again on the rise. The enrollment in NSE university programs has increased dramatically in response to this demand (see Fig. 2), although even with this increase the mismatch between supply and demand will become more severe without continued and growing DOE support.¶ STATUS OF US RESEARCH REACTORS AND OTHER FACILITIES¶ University research reactors have a long history of supporting research and education in nuclear science and technology. They also enable multidisciplinary research in other fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, epidemiology, environmental science, material science, fluid mechanics, geology, archeology, paleontology, forensic science, human factors, and many other fields.¶ The history of research reactors in the United States closely parallels the rise and decline of the number of academic programs in the NSE discipline described above. During the 1960s and 1970s, many universities developed nuclear science facilities for research and training activities, including a significant number of research reactors. These facilities enabled students to obtain important hands-on understanding, familiarity, and respect for the unique requirements and challenges related to working with nuclear reactors, radioactivity, and radiation. These facilities also enabled students to learn about radiation protection, radioactive materials handling, and other reactor-related skills.¶ Hands-on understanding and respect are essential to the education and training of future nuclear scientists and engineers. An early introduction into the "nuclear safety culture" has been a vital part of the education of nuclear engineers, health physicists, and nuclear scientists for more than 50 years. Access to state-of-the-art research tools and instrumentation is important training for students at all degree levels including those studying for associate, baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral degrees. Access is also important to the training and education of postdoctoral researchers, especially if they have not been introduced to the unique requirements of NSE during their prior studies.¶ The National Organization of Test, Research, and Training Reactors (TRTR) has chronicled the decline in the number of research reactors for more than two decades. The data, as seen in Fig. 1, show that over the past 25 years, the number of university- and nonacademic-based research reactors has fallen from 63 facilities to the current number of 27 research reactors. TRTR has worked with the DOE over the years to establish and maintain programs that assist universities with reactors to provide local support to and engagement of their various constituencies. DOE~’s Reactor Sharing and University Reactor Instrumentation programs were developed in order to support these important facilities and capabilities. The Committee believes that future DOE NSE programs must continue to monitor these facilities and provide support to assure long-term strength of the national NSE education infrastructure.¶ SCOPE OF THE PRESENT DOE/NE UNIVERSITY PROGRAM¶ The current DOE/NE university program is comprehensive in scope, providing fuel services for research reactors, basic research grants, support for industry matching grants, infrastructure support, fellowships and scholarships for students, and partnerships to share reactors with other universities and industries, and it includes minority-serving institutions in the national NSE education enterprise. The program has been cyclic in funding, growing from virtually zero a decade ago to %2427 million in FY 2006. As earlier stated, the program has been critical in sustaining NSE as a discipline and must be maintained. Program details are available at:¶ http://www.ne.doe.gov/universityPrograms/neUniversity2a.html.¶ Comparison of Present Federal Investment in NSE Compared to Other Disciplines Although university-based NSE education programs receive financial support from a wide range of federal agencies as well as industry, there are very important differences when compared to other science and engineering disciplines. Most notably, core NSE research thrusts are generally not funded by the other federal research funding agencies (i.e., NSF, NIH, DOD, NASA, etc.) because they are viewed as the exclusive jurisdiction of the DOE, as set forth in the Atomic Energy Act. Recent statistics bear this out. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)–NSF survey in 2004 for basic R%26D at universities indicates that engineering disciplines other than NSE receive a minor fraction of their R%26D funding from the DOE, in comparison to other federal agencies; i.e., less than 10 to 20% is due to the DOE for all other engineering disciplines compared to 40 to 60% for NSE programs as noted below.¶ Although university-based NSE programs often conduct research that is somewhat indirectly related to nuclear processes, funding for these activities is obtained primarily from basic research and mission-related programs within the DOE. The Committee performed a survey of leading NSE programs for the same time period as the AAAS-NSF statistics in 2004. As Table 1 indicates, a majority of the funding for nuclear engineering programs is derived from the DOE and from the DOE/NE university program in particular. Although the overall fraction varies to some greater or lesser extent for any individual institution, it is substantial in comparison to other engineering disciplines.¶ In short, no other engineering discipline is as reliant on DOE research support as nuclear engineering. As such, fluctuations in DOE funding inevitably have a tangible, even disproportionate, impact on both university-based NSE education and research programs in the U.S. nuclear education enterprise as a whole. These university-basedresearch programs provide new science and engineering results as well as provide the technical human resources so critical to the nation.¶ FUTURE FEDERAL INVESTMENTS IN NSE¶ The university-based NSE community is responding rapidly to the new challenges and opportunities to participate in research and provide newly educated scientists and engineers to the many agencies and industries participating in nuclear energy and nuclear security. Some of these new research efforts are supported by mission agencies including DOE/NE, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, and NRC. However, the Committee firmly believes that the DOE must play an integrative role to fulfill the stewardship charter envisioned in the Atomic Energy Act.¶ This begins not only by maintaining the DOE/NE university program but also by expanding its scope and funding. The program should monitor the mission-directed university-based NSE research effort to assure that the overall strength and health of the enterprise are maintained. Program personnel should also be watchful for trends that might make the research portfolio unhealthy. For example, one might easily imagine that the overall portfolio might be very much skewed toward near-term, applied research efforts, with little support for the long-term, basic research needed to further understand basic nuclear processes of importance to applications in the future. A separately funded NSE university program should support such mission-relevant, basic research efforts, as needed, to augment the mission-directed research efforts.¶ In addition, in the long run, the mission-directed NSE research efforts of the nation will need a healthy NSE infrastructure. This need includes a healthy and reasonably sized fleet of university-based reactors for research and NSE education. These reactors can obtain some funding through efforts on the part of their directors to seek federal, state, and private funding. However, experience has indicated that an important role can be performed by the DOE in monitoring these reactors and establishing peer-reviewed grant programs to support them. Support from the DOE for the nuclear fuel for these reactors is also required.¶ Another role derived from the Atomic Energy Act is to monitor the national educational programs in NSE to assure that the supply and demand of graduates is reasonably balanced. This will require periodic surveys, conducted by the DOE, to assess supply and demand. It is expected that university administrators, working with a wide array of funding sources, would keep the faculty and teaching infrastructure up to a level to meet the demand for graduates. However, given the fact that many fellowship and scholarship programs typically do not support NSE students, DOE programs are critical in attracting students into masters- and doctoral-level programs. Diversity of graduates has also been enhanced by DOE NSE education programs targeting minority institutions. Such efforts will likely be required for an indefinite period in the future.

That~’s key to global energy leadership

Freed 9 (Josh, Vice President – Third Way Clean Energy Program, and Avi Zevin, Policy Advisor – Third Way, and Jesse Jenkins, Associate Director – Breakthrough Institute, "Jumpstarting a Clean Energy Revolution with a National Institutes of Energy", September, http://thebreakthrough.org/blog/Jumpstarting_Clean_Energy_Sept_09.pdf)

When the United States faces a significant challenge and decides it is critical to act

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limiting our access to a major economic driver of the next century.16

Fusion R%26D~’s the key test case

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy~’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Investing in Fusion Research Crucial to U.S. Competitiveness", PPPL Fact Sheet, http://www.pppl.gov/polImage.cfm?doc_Id=769%26size_code=Doc)

QUESTION: Why should the U.S. maintain its funding of the fusion

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U.S. contributed. And time is important in this problem.

Energy leadership secures U.S. primacy and leverages great power rivals

Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "~Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)

By not addressing climate change more aggressively and creatively, the United States is squandering

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means of leverage that can be employed to keep potential foes in check.

Extinction

Brzezinski 12 (Zbigniew, Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies – Johns Hopkins University, Counselor – CSIS and Trustee and Co-Chair – CSIS Advisory Board, Former National Security Advisor – Carter, "After America", Foreign Policy, January / February, ~http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/artic les/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full)

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single

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policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

====Decline causes a vacuum – supremacy prevents regional blocs from spiraling out of control====

**Zhang and Shi**, 1/22/**11** – Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.; Lin Shi is from Columbia University. She also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank in Washington, D.C. (America~’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/)

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it

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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

====Solves their DA impacts – alternatives cause war====

Dr. Robert J. **Art 12** (Christian A. Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University, May 2012, "America~’s Path Grand Strategy for the Next Administration" Center for New American Security ~http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AmericasPath_FontaineAndLord.pdf-http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AmericasPath_FontaineAndLord.pdf)

Why are these national interests crucial to the United States? Clearly, the country

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the United States has to lead, it also has to avoid excessive unilateralism

Independent of heg —- U.S. leverage solves multiple existential threats

Jervis 9 – Professor of International Politics

Robert, professor of international politics at Columbia University, Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective, World Politics, Muse

To say that the system is unipolar is not to argue that the unipole can

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vision and believe that its leadership is benign. ~~End Page 211~~

Global fusion~’s inevitable —- but without the U.S., it~’ll be too slow

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – U.S. Department of Energy~’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences – Princeton University, "Perspective On: The future of Fusion", 5-12, http://www.pppl.gov/polPressReleases.cfm?doc_id=772)

Why should the U.S. maintain its funding of the fusion program?¶

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U.S. contributed. And time is important in this problem.

Energy crash causes extinction within a generation —- quick U.S.-led fusion development is the only solution

Freeman 10 (Marsh, Lecturer on Nuclear Physics – New York University, "The True History of The U.S. Fusion Program —And Who Tried To Kill It", 21^^st^^ Century Science %26 Technology, Winter 2009/2010, p. 15-17)

There is no disputing that the world is facing an energy crisis of vast proportions

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, and the descent has already begun. We must reverse it now.

Only fusion can provide the massive boost in energy generation necessary for survival

Lee 10 (Dr. Lee Sing, Adjunct Professor – INTI International University, and Dr. Saw Sor Heoh, Director – Centre for Plasma Research and Ph.D. in Plasma Physics – University of Malaysia, "Nuclear Fusion Energy- The Dawning of the Fusion Age", ~http://www.plasmafocus.net/IPFS/2011papers/0%202011%20Papers.htm-http://www.plasmafocus.net/IPFS/2011papers/0 2011 Papers.htm) *Gender Edited

6. Conclusion¶ The world moves inexorably towards the biggest and most serious crisis

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next half century- and that would be not a moment too soon.

====Depletion causes extinction —- famine, disease, internal instability —- combined effect means no defense applies====

**Price 95** (David, Professor of Anthropology – University of Cornell, "Energy and Human Evolution", Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 16(4), http://www.jayhanson.us/page137.htm)

THE MECHANISMS OF COLLAPSE¶ Operative mechanisms in the collapse of the human population will

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is a consequence of abundant resources, and cannot long outlive their depletion.¶

====Doubling energy production~’s key to solve global economic collapse and international conflict —- efficiency and conservation can~’t solve====

**Holdren 95** (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President~’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

Energy Demand in the Mid-Twenty-First Century¶ Future global energy demand

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to foster international stability, and to facilitate investments that improve environmental quality.

Major funding immediately changes global perceptions of resource shortages and averts conflict

CN 12 (Challenge Network – International Partnership of Expert Individuals, Most of Whom Have Occupied Senior Planning or Management Roles in Commerce and the Public Sector, "Nuclear Fusion: Penurious Promise", The Challenge Network, http://www.chforum.org/scenario2012/paper-1-4.shtml)

The section on technical potential shows that we are now in a position in which

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beta emission. That said, realising it is an immense technical challenge.

Resource wars are likely and cause extinction

Woolridge 9 (Frosty, Former Officer – US Army Medical Service Corps, "America Galloping Toward Its Greatest Crisis in the 21^^st^^ Century", The Examiner, 5-22, http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3515-Denver-Political-Issues-Examiner~~y2009m5d22-America-galloping-toward-its-greatest-crisis-in-the-21st-century)

"It is clear that most politicians and most citizens do not recognize that returning

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worst (and not unlikely) case, a nuclear war ending civilization.

Advantage 2

Contention 2 —- Leadership

Fusion spending is the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America~’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol

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that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Plan sends a huge signal of commitment to fusion

Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research

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across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played

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be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Only federal energy R%26D spending solves

Betancor 12 (Fernando, International Business Analyst – Capital One, Master~’s in Business Administration – Georgetown University and BA Economics – College of William %26 Mary, "The Energy Policy that Wasn~’t", Common Sense, 1-20, http://www.fdbetancor.com/2012/01/20/the-energy-policy-that-wasnt/)

A long-term, strategic energy policy would bring immediate benefits to the economy

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on mere politics. Show leadership and give the country what it needs.

Stable and predictable funding streams are key

Thome 12 (Kathreen, Ph.D. Candidate in Nuclear Physics – University of Wisconsin, with 257 Graduate Students, "Student Fusion Funding Letter", 3-25, ~http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student-http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wisc_student fusionfundingletter.pdf)

• Long-term progress in fusion research depends on the continuous transfer of knowledge

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fusion energy program, but it can only move forward with adequate support.

Strong domestic fusion~’s critical to an international lead role on next-gen energy

Kerry 12 (Senator John F., "Letter on Friday, March 2 to the Senate Appropriators to Support Fusion at the %24450 M Level", 3-2, http://www.pppl.gov/pdf/Kerry-JohnF.letter.pdf)

I am writing you today to express my serious concerns about the funding included in

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to take a lead role in developing the next generation of energy research.

Otherwise, multiple countries will pass the U.S., undermining fusion leadership

Holt 12 (Rush, United States Representative, et al., "3-FY13 Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Letter to House Appropriations Energy %26 Water Subcommittee", 3-16, http://www.fusionfuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OFES_Fusion_FY13_SIGNED_3_2012_dear_colleague.pdf)

The Administration~’s FY 2013 budget requests just %24248.3 million for the domestic

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to working with you on this issue as the appropriations process moves forward.

That ruins a unique model for deep international collaboration

Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President~’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the U.S. program of fusion energy research and

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grow in relation to the capacities of individual nations to pay for it.

The impact is failed states, terrorism, and disease

Fedoroff 8 (Dr. Nina, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID, "Making Science Diplomacy More Effective", Testimony before the House Science Subcommittee on Research and Science Education,

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank

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a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Failed states cause nuclear war

TI 7 (Transnational Institute, Africa Studies Centre Report, "Failed and Collapsed States in the International System", April, http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/archives/reports/failedstates.pdf)

In the malign scenario of global developments the number of collapsed states would grow significantly

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European states - could be faced with direct attacks on their national security.

Disease causes extinction

Keating 9 (Joshua, Web Editor – Foreign Policy Magazine, "The End of the World", Foreign Policy, 11-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full)

How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees

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. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

U.S. leadership shapes global norms of fusion adoption —- stops weaponization

Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., "The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development", Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President~’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The sense of complacency in the United States engendered by this country~’s relative energy-

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We hope that readers of our report will read that one, too.

Otherwise, fusion weaponization~’s inevitable —- shatters the nuclear firebreak

Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Statement Before the National Press Club", 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these new highly dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons from being developed.

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because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.

Extinction

Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones

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we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Funding must be full and federal to ensure leadership on safe next-gen tech

NM 12 (New Millennium Nuclear Energy Partnership, "A Strategy for the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Consolidated Working Group Report", June, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/540/Third_Way_Report_-_A_Strategy_for_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy.pdf)

Enabling Success for the U.S. Government and Industry¶ For more than

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deployment stages, industry should shoulder an increasing share of the funding responsibility.

Plan~’s key to Obama~’s energy leadership —- solves global conflict, including the Caucasus

Lugar 8 (Dick, United States Senator – R-IN, "U.S. Energy Security and the 2008 Presidential Election", January, http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/press/speech/brookings2.cfm)

Third, energy is the underlying condition that exacerbates almost every major foreign policy issue

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. I am confident that you will do the same. Thank you.

Global nuclear war

Amineh 3 – Professor of International Relations @ Webster University ~~Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, Ph.D (Ph. D in Poli Sci @ University of Amsterdam %26 Senior research fellow and Programme director of the Energy Programme Asia @ International Institute for Asian Studies) "Globalisation, Geopolitics and Energy Security in Central Eurasia and the Caspian Region," Hand-out of lecture held on June 19 2003, Clingendael International Energy Programme, pg. ~~

Prospect ¶ The increasing involvement of the US, the EU, Russia, China

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war on terrorism in Afghanistan, and the war and crisis in Iraq.

====Fusion weaponization would be rapid —- no availability constraints====

**Makhijani 98** (Arjun Makhijani, Ph.D. and President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Hisham Zerriffi, Project Scientist, "Dangerous Thermonuclear Quest: The Potential of Explosive Fusion Research for the Development of Pure Fusion Weapons", July, http://ieer.org/resource/reports/dangerous-thermonuclear-quest/)

If pure fusion weapons are developed, the problems facing today~’s proliferation controls and safeguards

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, there is some level of national and international control on its sale.

====Bypasses fissile material controls====

**Von Hippel 1** (Frank, Co-Chair – International Panel on Fissile Materials, 21st Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready?, Ed. Sokolski, p. 84)

No nuclear weapon can be made without kilogram quantities of fissile material such as highly

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of materials made excess by nuclear disarmament or changes in nuclear energy policy.

====Blurs the firebreak – causes rapid escalation and nuke war====

**Zerriffi 99** (Hisham, Project Scientist – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Arjun Makhijani, "Pure Fusion Weapons?", Peace Magazine, January / February, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v15n1p24.htm)

Nuclear weapons changed in 1953, when nuclear fission (the splitting of atoms)

AND

implications of this military arithmetic for nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament would be profound.

====Applied research and development is topical====

**EIA 99** – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined¶ Federal energy-related R%26D can be described

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out of the %2430 million for new or improved nuclear power plants.

====Applied R%26D is an incentive —- distinct from basic research====

**EIA 1** – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Research and Development¶ Government research and development (R%26D), especially applied

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1 shows renewable energy R%26D funding over time in 1999 dollars.

====Applied R%26D is an incentive —- distinct from basic research====

**EIA 1** – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Research and Development¶ Government research and development (R%26D), especially applied

AND

1 shows renewable energy R%26D funding over time in 1999 dollars.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No perception
Celli 1 – Chief of the Civil Rights Bureau, New York State Attorney General's Office (Andrew, 64 Alb. L. Rev. 1091, “A CONVERSATION ON FEDERALISM AND THE STATES: THE BALANCING ACT OF DEVOLUTION”, lexis

I also saw … civil rights laws.
Sends a mixed signal
Robinson 7 (Nick, JD – Yale Law School, “Citizens Not Subjects: U.S. Foreign Relations Law and the Decentralization of Foreign Policy”, Akron Law Review, 40 Akron L. Rev. 647, Lexis)

It would seem … with other nations.
Causes confusion and uncertainty
Bilder 89 (Richard B., Professor of Law – University of Wisconsin-Madison, “Distribution of Constitutional Authority: The Role of States and Cities in Foreign Relations”, American Journal of International Law, October, 83 A.J.I.L. 821, Lexis)

The arguments ….. as a whole.

Only the Federal government can reliably store data
Reamer 12 (Andrew, Research Professor – George Washington Institute of Public Policy, “The Economic Impact of Ending or Reducing Funding for the American Community Survey and Other Government Statistics”, 6-19, http://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?a=Files.ServeandFile_id=0d424afe-a179-4a15-80e8-2914684cbe75)

In conversations, non-… many times over.

Cyber-hacks will occur --- only fed solves
Lewis 11 (James A., Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Cybersecurity: Assessing the Immediate Threat to the United States”, Testimony Before the House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 5-25, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/5-25-11_Lewis_NatSec_Testimony.pdf)

A final category …. division of labor:

Corrupts data
Wilson 12 (Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman and Dicker LLP, “Data Security and Cyber Liability”, http://www.wilsonelser.com/practices/ServiceDetail.aspx?firmService=100andmode=print)

Technology is boss … and state regulations.

Data preservation is a huge problem for fusion --- undermines research
Layne 11 (R., EURATOM-CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, “Long Term Preservation of Scientific Data: Lessons from JET and Other Domains”, http://www.iop.org/Jet/fulltext/EFDC110302.pdf)

4. Lessons for Future ….. longer in the workplace.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Resource Depletion – Impact – Heg
U.S. efforts to secure dwindling reserves will collapse hegemony
Heinberg 3 – Richard Heinberg, core faculty member at New College of California, The Party’s Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies, 2003, p. 197-198

Regional rivalries and long-term strategy: Even without competition for energy resources,
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military increasingly overextended, the US is well into its imperial twilight years.
Science Diplomacy – Fusion Key
Weakness on fusion undercuts overall scientific leadership --- full funding’s key
Olynyck 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Fusion Research is a Wise Investment”, The Tech – Online Edition, 3-6, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N9/olynyk.html)

Course 22 senior Derek Sutherland’s article in last Friday’s Tech did a great job of
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ITER obligation. The U.S. should support a fusion future.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
This excludes electricity distribution
Touran 12 (Nick, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – University of Michigan, “Power Basics (Terminology)”, http://www.whatisnuclear.com/physics/power_basics.html)

Before embarking on …………. fast reactors pushing 200GWd/MT.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Peak oil’s coming and sparks global war and economic collapse --- only fusion can fill-in
Smith 5 (Chris Llewyn, Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Fusion Engineering and Design, #74)

In any case, fossil fuels will not last forever. At current rates of
AND
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and technology needed to make robust, reliable, economical fusion power stations?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Science diplomacy solves terrorism --- that’s Federoff --- global nuclear war
Speice 6 (Patrick, JD Candidate – College of William and Mary, “Negligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating the Current Liability Barrier to Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs”, William and Mary Law Review, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February, Lexis)

Terrorist groups could acquire a nuclear weapon by a number of methods, including "
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draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
(  ) K is too sweeping – doesn’t respond to fusion. K also jacks hope for livable planet. 

Lorimer ‘92
(Doug, Professor Emeritus – Tri University and Member – National Executive of the Democratic Socialist Party, “Should We Oppose Fusion Technology?”, Green Left Weekly, 2-19, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2210)

Undemocratic technology? While he points out that with "more human and financial resources
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achieve. And Marxists certainly shouldn't oppose it because it requires scientific knowledge.

Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex --- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites
(Yellow=1AC, Blue=2AC)
Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Batman Fusion Redemption”, Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)
Fusion doesn’t melt …Nuclear Weapons WIN.¶ 

(  ) Ontology not 1st and links to anti-politics

Jarvis 2K
(D.S.L., Lecturer n Government - U of Sydney, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF POSTMODERNISM, p. 128-9)
Certainly it is right and proper that we ponder the depths of our theoretical imaginations
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than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

 (  ) “Being” args are too sweeping and dangerous. The world is not *one* way and their totalizing view condemns real people to atrocity.

Caputo ‘93
(John D., Watson Professor of Humanities at Syracuse University, Against Ethics, p. 70)

That would mean you cannot have an obligation to Being or the Spirit or the
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remember. Replace it with a ranemo-technique for remembering proper names. 

No alternative to nature – already irreversibly altered nature

Zimmerman 3 (Michael, Professor of Philosophy – Tulane University, Eco-Phenomenology : Back to the Earth Itself, p. 79-80)

Heidegger's talk of "letting things be," "caring for beings," and being
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(if not "original" or "pristine") condition.2°

 (  ) Scientific Method accurate – fact checking and self-correction

Cohen ‘7
(et al – Louis Cohen is Emeritus Professor of Education at Loughborough University. Research methods in education – pg. 6-7)

A further means by which we set out to discover truth is research. This
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particularly as far as the natural sciences are concerned (Burg 1963).'

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solyndra poisoned public perception – plan gives Romney more ammo to swing voters
National Journal, 12  (6/6, http://mobile.nationaljournal.com/energy/insiders-romney-wins-on-clean-energy-messaging-20120606?page=1)
When Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney made a surprise campaign stop last week at the
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economy, President Obama will not win this argument,” said one Insider.

tax credits don’t solve solar deployment
Roberts ’12 (David Roberts, a primary staff writer for Grist Magazine, an online environmental publication, 3-6-12, “Rooftop revolution: How to get solar to 100 million Americans,” http://grist.org/solar-power/rooftop-revolution-how-to-get-solar-onto-100-million-u-s-homes/)

1. Obviously this doesn’t … the solar market.

Ice Age – 2AC
Ice Age’s coming --- fusion stops it from causing extinction
Witzsche 6 (Rolf A. F., Independent Economics Researcher and Author of Eleven Novels, “Nuclear Fusion Power”, Truth Versus Guns, 6-3, http://members.shaw.ca/rolfwitzsche/canada/nuclear_fusion.html) *Gender Modified

It becomes necessary … is already being done.
Nuclear Pollution – 2AC
Nuclear waste and accidents cause extinction --- fusion solves
Wilson 12 (Taylor, Genius, Thiel Fellowship Winner and Youngest Person Ever to Build a Fusion Reactor, “Why We Need Nuclear Energy”, CNN, 6-8, http://whatsnext.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/08/taylor-wilson-why-we-need-nuclear-energy/)

One of these technologies, nuclear fusion, is perhaps the disruptive technology that we
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 into the future.

Solar fails - fusion’s key
Pace 11 (David, Scientist – DIII-D National Fusion Facility, “All of Fusion Energy Research Needs Increased Support”, http://www.davidpace.com/physics/graduate-school/increase-fusion-energy-support.htm)

Why Support Fusion?
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such a potentially unreliable energy source as our only means of energy production.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
AT: Russia Impact
No impact- will maintain a working relationship with Russia
Business Insider, 9-1-2012 http://www.businessinsider.com/mitt-romneys-foreign-policy-chops-come-into-light-2012-9

At the same time, the potential impact of a Romney presidency should not be
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-conservativism, populist isolationism, realism, liberal internationalism) is unclear.
Elections

Romney win
Steve Farrell, 10-2-2012 http://www.themoralliberal.com/2012/09/27/rasmussen-daily-tracking-poll-has-romney-and-obama-tied/

The Rasmussen Daily Tracking Poll, perhaps the most trusted of polls, Thursday shows
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Reports will be basing its daily updates solely upon the results including leaners.

Anything can happen- Greece, Syria, Libya, jobs report and super PACs
The Daily Beast, 10-3-2012 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/03/benghazi-backlash-mideast-implosion-jobless-numbers-the-real-potential-october-surprises.html

External events provide the other known unknown—the kind of a foreign or domestic
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likely to come from outside; external events that no one can control.
No link- plan is after the election- best for real world education and fairness
The Hill, 10-1-2012 http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/259379-what-will-be-this-years-october-surprise

 But with both … key battleground states.
Winners win elections- the plan is key to Obama’s momentum- able to completely turn the tide
Creamer, 11 – political strategist for over four decades
(Robert, he and his firm, Democracy Partners, work with many of
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, accessed 9-1-12, mss)
 2). Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New
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have them on the run - that's the time to chase them.

Fusion’s too small
Eriksson 11 (Jimmy, Professional freelancer in Green Technology and Scientific Development – RPN, “Fusion Energy: The Truth”, Renewable Power News, 6-23, http://www.renewablepowernews.com/archives/2580)

Nuclear fusion energy remains vague or unknown to the general public for many years.
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manipulate its commercial prospects. Can fusion energy live up to its promises?
Fission incentives now
Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now!, “Big Nuclear's Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration”, The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling,
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Pac money), President Obama is fulfilling his promise to push nuclear power.
Public supports fusion spending
Webster 10 (AJ, “Fusion Energy Branch”, Submission to the Institute of Physics Plasma Visions Survey 2010, 11-22)

Block Grant Funding… and respected scientists.
Evidence about fission doesn’t apply
Simonen 00 (T.C., Professor of Physics – University of California, Berkeley, “What is Happening With Fusion Energy?”, The Industrial Physicist, April, https://web.gat.com/pubs-ext/miscpubs/A23372.pdf)

Fusion energy, the result of fusing light atoms such as hydrogen to form heavier
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much energy as 300 gallons of gasoline with just a little helium exhaust.
DoE funds the plan --- that’s Hammond. Shields Obama.
Fox 9 (Justin, Professor of Political Science – Yale University and Stuart V. Jordan, Professor of Political Science – University of Rochestor, “Delegation and Accountability”, 12-16, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1524585)

Can legislators control
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executive, and delegation necessarily diminishes \legislative power and with it accountability."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
*It’ll overcome remaining barriers
Holland 12 (Andrew, Senior Fellow – American Security Project and Nicholas Cunningham, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, “Through Innovation and Investment, the U.S. Can Lead in Next-Generation Energy, Nuclear Fusion”, AOL Energy, 8-3, http://energy.aol.com/2012/08/03/through-innovation-and-investment-the-u-s-can-lead-in-next-gen/?icid=trending1)

One striking example is the proposed budget cuts for fusion energy. Research in fusion
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million cut from the domestic fusion program, a drastic reduction of 16%.
Breakthroughs are coming
Mauel 12 (Michael E., Professor of Applied Physics – Columbia University, “Will Fusion Realize Its Potential?”, Our Energy Policy, 4-5, http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/will-fusion-realize-its-potential/)

Here’s a personal “physics” prediction: there will be breakthroughs in fusion research
AND
fields of physics and make possible other industries that we haven’t yet imagined.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solves limits --- only applied RandD is topical
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, “3. Federal Energy Research and Development”, http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
…….. nuclear power plants.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No chance of overt hostility
Newsday 5 (2-27, Lexis)

Relations between Washington and Moscow are now more like a marriage of convenience. It's
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to cooperate on mutually useful issues and by fundamental disagreements not easily resolved.

Distrust will not spill-over into open conflict
Sakwa 8 (Richard, h ead of the department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent, International Afairs 8, March 2008 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119391506/PDFSTART)

 The end of the Cold War has been repeatedly announced, yet the beast
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of the world views of either party but requires a rethinking of both. 

no collapse or conflict
Economist 12 (“Romney Could Screw Up US Relations With Russia”, Business Insider, 9-1, http://www.businessinsider.com/mitt-romneys-foreign-policy-chops-come-into-light-2012-9)

A rockier road
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-conservativism, populist isolationism, realism, liberal internationalism) is unclear.
No difference --- Obama can’t sustain relations and Romney will moderate
Kramer 12 (David, President – Freedom House and Former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, and Lilia Shevtsova, Senior Fellow – Carnegie Endowment, Moscow, “Obama vs. Romney: Who Would Putin Pick?”, The American Interest, 9-11, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=1312)

Does all this mean that Russia would prefer to see Obama reelected? Would the
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Obama presidency could become a serious test for both—Russia and America.

Thump
Syrian intervention coming --- jacks Obama
Wingfield 12 (Kyle, Political Columnist – AJC, “Poll Position: If WMDs Are Used in Syria, Should U.S. Intervene?”, Atlanta Journal Constitution, 8-24, http://blogs.ajc.com/kyle-wingfield/2012/08/24/poll-position-if-wmds-are-used-in-syria-should-u-s-intervene/)

Everyone waiting for
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least they’re anti-war when a Republican is in the White House.)

Not perceived
Wood 12 (Elisa, Energy Writer – AOL Energy, Bloomberg, PennWell, and Renewable Enerfy World, Former Publications Director – Emerson College, Award Winner from the New England Press Association, National Council for Advancement and Support of Education, “What Voters Don't Know About Energy”, AOL Energy, 8-8, http://energy.aol.com/2012/08/08/what-voters-don-t-know-about-energy/)

Funny thing about Americans. We've got strong opinions about what's wrong with energy,
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for the American Petroleum Institute, which has a Vote4Energy media campaign underway.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.

Adv 1
Contention Two is Space:
First – fusion key to deep travel.
Kennedy ‘9
(Jack Kennedy has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He is the Co-Founder of the Energy Technology Summit; a member of the Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority Board of Directors. He holds a JD, Clerk of the Circuit Court – Wise and Norton Counties, VA, and also holds Six Degrees in Business, Management, Judicial Administration, Political Science, Space Science, and Law, “Fusion: The Holy Grail for Space Propulsion Systems and Earth Energy Independence”, 10-12, http://spaceports.blogspot.com/2009/10/fusion-holy-grail-for-space-propulsion.html)

'Wild card' energy technology may prove to be humanity's 'game-changer' if nuclear scientists
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flop. Bottomline: humanity must learn atomic fusion to solve many problems.
Deep travel checks inevitable extinction – other fuels fail
Grant ‘12
(Andrew, Associate Editor of Discover Magazine, former reporter and researcher for Discover and appears in The Best American Science and Nature Writing for 2011. “How to Survive the End of the Universe”, Discover Magazine, 2-28, http://discovermagazine.com/2011/dec/16-how-to-survive-the-end-of-the-universe/article_view?b_start:int=1and-C)

So where to next? Martian colonies could pack up the spaceship and relocate to
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size of Earth, and believe many billions more exist within our galaxy.
Impossible to explore space without fusion. Fission will be attempted, causing accidents.
Schulze ‘92
(Norman R., United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Safety and Mission Quality, Technical Standards Division, “Fusion Energy for Space: Feasibility Demonstration”, October, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930022120_1993022120.pdf)

One consideration having great importance to NASA's research and space science future is the fact
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first-wall exposure become acceptable from D-3He's reduced neutron flux.
Fission accidents are deadly
Gutheinz 5
(Joseph, Former Senior Special Agent – NASA Office of Inspector and JD, “NASA’s Plutonium Gamble”, http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/plutogamble.html)

Nukes in Space The Cassini-Huygens mission is a joint project of NASA and
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reactors on the moon from where it will launch atomic-propelled rockets.
Fusion feasible – Aff’s push overcomes barriers.
White ‘12
(et al., Anne white is an Assistant Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT. She holds a Ph.D., Physics, University of California, Los Angeles; an M.S. - Physics, University of California, Los Angeles; and a B.S. - Physics and Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson – “MIT Fusion Researchers Answer Your Questions”, Slashdot Forums, 4-11, http://hardware.slashdot.org/story/12/04/11/0435231/mit-fusion-researchers-answer-your-questions)

MIT Researchers: Questions 11 and 14 are similar and we have answered them together
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parallel. Something similar could be done in fusion, given the money.

Funding’s key to fusion commercialization --- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, “CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research”, EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source
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the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.
AND
. The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.
Isotopes are abundant and there’s no downside
Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh the downsides by a landslide. One of the
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be built makes them very desirable and advantageous as an applicable power source.
Engineering barriers will be overcome
Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, “Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion”, March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is that “fusion reactors...hopeless because of engineering
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tokamak reactors, relative to projections based on ‘conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.

Fed’s key
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The United States must have appropriate numbers of high-quality NSE graduates for the
AND
Such efforts will likely be required for an indefinite period in the future.

Adv 2
Contention 2 --- Fusion Leadership
Fusion spending is the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s
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that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.
Plan sends a huge signal of commitment to fusion
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, “Energy Myth Eleven – Energy RandD Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market”, Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs “crowd out” other research
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

The plan spurs a unique model for deep international collaboration
Holdren 95 (John P., Professor of Energy – University of California, Berkeley, et al., “The U.S. Program of Fusion Energy Research and Development”, Report of the Fusion Review Panel – The President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, July, http://science.energy.gov/~/media/fes/fesac/pdf/1990-99/1995_jul.pdf)

The principal objective of the U.S. program of fusion energy research and
AND
grow in relation to the capacities of individual nations to pay for it.

Increasing fusion funding signals commitment to broad scientific collaboration
Hutchinson 5 (Ian H., Head of the Nuclear Science Department – MIT, “Fusion Research: What About the U.S.?”, Technology Review, http://www.technologyreview.com/article/404616/fusion-research-what-about-the-us/2/)

The United States still has two world-renowned tokamaks -- one at MIT,
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overall fusion program.

Science cred spills over to broader US/North Korea relations
Thorson ‘10
Dr. Stuart Thorson, Professor, Maxwell School of Political Science, Syracuse University. Dr. Thorson is directing research in the area of integrated information technology involving collaborative research teams from Syracuse University and Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, DPRK. KEIA – On Korea – Volume 3 – “Academic Science Engagement with North Korea” Aug 9th – page 105. Also available at: http://www.keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/APS-Seo_Thorson_Final.pdf

Science diplomacy
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to¶ provide an important mechanism for supporting more traditional diplomatic¶ relationships.
That stops nuclear war --- recent internal statements make it likely
Lederer ‘12
She is internal quoting North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Pak Kil Yon – Edith Lederer, is the chief correspondent for the Associated Press at the United Nations, the recipient of the 2008 Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Women’s Media Foundation, and has worked on every continent except Antarctica covering political upheavals. Huffington Post – 10-1-12
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20121001/un-un-general-assembly-north-korea/

A North Korean minister lashed out at the United States on Monday, saying its
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the reunification of the country and reconciliation" without interference from outside forces.
It’s not Western IR – but under-studied North Korean IR. Internal docs show hyper-realism best explains their reactions.
Woo ‘11
Seongji Woo is currently an Associate Professor at the College of International Studies,¶ Kyung Hee University.¶ Pacific Focus, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (August 2011), 188–205.¶ doi: 10.1111/j.1976-5118.2011.01062.x¶ © 2011 Center for International Studies, Inha University – available via EBSCO-HOST database. 

As witnessed by two nuclear tests and intermittent missile launches, the¶ so-
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the¶ current world order and to build a new world order.25

Underview:
Contention Three is the underview:

Fusion is a direct challenge to the military-industrial complex --- conflating nuclear energy with weapons plays into the hands of elites
Razani 12 (Rezwan, Executive Director – Focus Fusion Society, “Batman Fusion Redemption”, Fusion Energy League, 7-26, http://www.fusionenergyleague.org/index.php/blog/article/batman_fusion_redemption)

Fusion doesn’t melt down. TDKR confuses fission and fusion. Fission (FIZZ)
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energy with nuclear weapons means:¶ Nuclear Energy Loses.¶ Nuclear Weapons WIN.

(  ) K is too sweeping – doesn’t respond to fusion. K also jacks hope for livable planet. 

Lorimer ‘92
(Doug, Professor Emeritus – Tri University and Member – National Executive of the Democratic Socialist Party, “Should We Oppose Fusion Technology?”, Green Left Weekly, 2-19, http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2210)

Undemocratic technology? While he points out that with "more human and financial resources
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achieve. And Marxists certainly shouldn't oppose it because it requires scientific knowledge.

Sweeping claims don’t undercut the Aff. We can advance contingent  and particular knowledge without “Big T” Epistemology.

PRICE ‘98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
AND
violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

Particularity standard best – improves decisions and knowledge.

Smith ‘6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database

In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain 'coercive' (Dancy 1993:
AND
serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

“Epistemology or Ontology 1st” wrong and links to anti-politics

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
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than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Ditto for Reps. They also don’t create reality

Gross ‘94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. and Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors' original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

We examine postmodernism with a view to understand its appeal to the politically discontented.
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regard the whole business as a species of con game. (79)

We’ll indict “pre-fiat” and micro-politics. Those args mask that macro-politics shapes the local more than vice-versa.

Ebert ‘5
Teresa L. Ebert is a professor of cultural theory at the University at Albany, State University of New YorkScience and Society, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2005, 33–55, available at: http://people.missouristate.edu/WilliamBurling/Adobe%20files/Rematerializing%20Feminism.pdf
The emergence of micropolitics marks the impact of the globalization of capitalist production and the
AND
ethnographical studies of the behavior of the subject in its multiple consuming relations.

By over-emphasizing the “local”, pre-fiat-style args breed apathy

Eliasoph ‘97
Nina Eliasoph is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Southern California –Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 5 (Oct., 1997), pp. 605-647 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/658024
If it's not something that pause effects pause my pause
AND
horizons, sometimes it shrinks them, sometimes it does both at once.  
That cedes the political in a dangerous way

Eliasoph ‘97
Nina Eliasoph is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Southern California –Theory and Society, Vol. 26, No. 5 (Oct., 1997), pp. 605-647 – Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/658024
If the key to the mystery of "close to home" is not deformed
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they take anything else seriously, or acknowledge that close and far are inseparable

Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
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engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  

Time Permitting 1.0

High-Bar Arg – demand proof when contextualizing – not assertion. Pre-req to accuracy and scholarship. 

Hantrais ‘99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database 

Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
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about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.

(  ) Yes, value to life

Coontz’1
Phyllis D. Coontz, PhD Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, et al, JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING, 2001, 18(4), 235-246 – J-Stor
In the 1950s, psychiatrist and theorist Viktor Frankl (1963) described an existential
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and fu- ture to strengthen one's present life (Reed, 1991b).

Asteroid Reps K wrong – history proves it mobilizes positive action and Earth-based tracking 

Kirby ‘3
Prof. David A. Kirby is a Lecturer in Science Communication at the University of Manchester – Molecular Interventions 3:54-60 –2003 – http://molinterv.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/2/54
Indeed, many advisors perceive fictional film as a way to promote their science in
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of their research areas and help make the case for more research support. 

Micro-politics get zero solvency in our particular context. Only our ev assumes K’s of nuclear power.

Martin ‘93
Brian Martin is an associate professor in Science and Technology Studies at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He is on the advisory board of Philosophy and Social Action. Science, Technology, and Human Values, Vol. 18, No. 2, Spring 1993, pp. 247-259
http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/93sthv.html

• Environment and health. This is one area where critiques of science abound:
  AND
  is inevitable, because creating social change by extending the analysis is impossible.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T – RandD = Production
2AC (Long)
We meet --- plan’s targeted at energy, not open-ended research --- that’s Prager.
“Production” is generation by combining atoms --- includes RandD
Ontario 10 (Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, Energy Guide, 2-20, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ospe.on.ca/resource/resmgr/doc_advocacy/2011_doc_20feb_energyguide.pdf)

Nuclear fusion energy …… centuries to come.
This excludes electricity distribution
Touran 12 (Nick, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – University of Michigan, “Power Basics (Terminology)”, http://www.whatisnuclear.com/physics/power_basics.html)

Before embarking
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reaching about 45 GWd/MT and fast reactors pushing 200GWd/MT.
“For” means “in support of”
OED 11 (Oxford English Dictionary, “for”, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
1 in support of or …. in a referendum
“Financial incentives” are resource transfer to lower cost of production. Includes RandD.
EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
regulatory mandates generally require no expenditures or loss of revenue by the Government. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Fusion Infeasible – 2AC
JET, ITER, and the Sun prove it’s feasible. Money’s key.
Forshaw 12 (Jeff, Professor of Theoretical Physics – University of Manchester, “Nuclear Fusion – Your Time Has Come”, The Guardian, 9-10, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/sep/16/nuclear-fusion-iter-jet-forshaw?newsfeed=true)

A fusion reactor
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event at the Joint European Torus (Jet) in Culham, Oxfordshire.

A2: Fusion Infeasible – Rhodes
New breakthroughs changed his mind
Rhodes 9-5 – Chris Rhodes, Sussex University, Physical Chemistry Professor, “Current Commentary: Energy from Nuclear Fusion – Realities, Prospects and Fantasies?”, Scitizen, 2012, http://scitizen.com/future-energies/current-commentary-energy-from-nuclear-fusion-realities-prospects-and-fantasies-_a-14-3751.html
NOTE – This is essentially the Neg article, republished 3 months later. Rhodes added, though, an opening and concluding section where he says new developments in inertial fusion make quick development a lot more likely

Recent reports of the Energy Catalyzer or E-cat device raise again the spectre
AND
AND
to achieve ignition this would need to be increased a thousand-fold.

A2: Fusion Infeasible – Commercialization
Commercialization’s feasible
Bednyagin 10 (Dr. Dennis, Ph.D. and Research Assistant – Laboratory of Energy Systems, “Socio-Economic Assessment of Fusion Energy Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment Programme”, http://biblion.epfl.ch/EPFL/theses/2010/4732/EPFL_TH4732.pdf)

Looking at the second half of the century we have to admit that controlled thermonuclear
AND
even earlier if a more ambitious Fusion RandD programme is undertaken.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Exceptionalism K
Space not exceptionalist—changes us
(  ) Framing Point – Relative Plausibility. Space Solvency trumps their neg arg

Ashworth ‘10
Stephen Ashworth is a long-standing Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society. He works in academic publishing in the Voltaire Foundation, part of Oxford University – Towards the Sociology of the Universe, part 1 – “A Review of Dickens and Ormrod, Cosmic Society – 18 December 2010 – http://www.astronist.demon.co.uk/space-age/essays/Sociology1.html
And the desired implication is unashamedly blatant when the plans of space advocates – often
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deal with the world as it is, not as an unattainable utopia.
 (  ) Obama’s particular template beats sweeping Space K’s – universal theories CAN’T explain his stance. 

D'Souza ‘10
Dinesh D'Souza is currently the president of the King's College in New York City. Prior to that, D'Souza was a Fellow at Stanford and the author of a best-selling book on Christianity and Global Religion. He also authored a recently published book on Barack Obama – The Christian Science Monitor – October 13, 2010 -- lexis
Soon after becoming president, Barack Obama evidently gave the space agency NASA a new
AND
because I'm from the third world and that's the way I saw it.

Particularity is the best approach to psychoanalysis – sweeping generalizations are worse scholarship
Segal 86
(Julia, Fellow of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy and counselor for people with disabilities in London, Phantasy in Everyday Life, p. 16)

Psychoanalytical insights illuminate and are illuminated by literature, social observation in settings other than
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the analyst may not even be recognized by people trained in different disciplines.

Sweeping tech K’s wrong and empowers the right
Bronner 4 – Stephen Eric Bronner, Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, 2004, Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, p. 160

Critics of the Enlightenment may have correctly emphasized the price of progress, the costs
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transcend the crude categories of technical criteria and slide-rule measurements.”7

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Linkage --- sponsoring agency gets the tech --- DoE’s established, CP’s new partner disrupts
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas AandM University, “Nuclear’s Human Element”, A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The need to monitor and support university‐based NSE research and education efforts,
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of DOE including NRC, DOD, DHS, NASA, and others.
Crushes fusion
Deutch 11 (John M., Institute Professor and Dean of Science – Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry – MIT, “An Energy Technology Corporation Will Improve the Federal Government’s Efforts to Accelerate Energy Innovation”, Brookings Institution Hamilton Project Discussion Paper, May, http://www.brook ings.edu//media/research/files/papers/2011/5/energy%20corporation%20deutch/05_energy_corporation_deutch_paper)

IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR
AND
competitiveness are broader economic objectives that are not unique to the energy sector.
State funding is legally tech transfer --- strict non-federal requirements apply
GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, “Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories”, June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

What GAO Found: Although DOE’s laboratories routinely share their technologies, capabilities, and
AND
of 2009 and the additional funding provided to DOE to meet those goals.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Research only stifles innovation and commercialization --- development’s key to bridge valleys of death
Yin 12 (Clifton, Clean Energy Policy Analyst – Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Masters in Public Policy – Georgetown University, and Former Policy Fellow – Americans for Energy Leadership, “Basic Research the Wrong Focus for ARPA-E”, Innovation Files, 8-28, http://www.innovationfiles.org/basic-research-the-wrong-focus-for-arpa-e/)

The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) has enjoyed bipartisan
AND
that ARPA-E was originally created to overcome and ultimately stifle innovation.
Explicit mandate for development’s key to capitalize on fusion breakthroughs
Dean 8 (Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, “The Rationale for an Expanded Inertial Fusion Energy Program”, Journal of Fusion Energy, 27, p. 152)

We Must Prepare Now for NIF Ignition
In order to be prepared to capitalize on NIF ignition in a timely manner,
AND
newly created ARPA-E.
Support for research jump-starts innovation, but lets the market choose commercialization
Nelson 12 (Jim, CEO – Solar3D, Inc., “US Government Should Trust the Free Market for Green Energy Investment”, Renewable Energy World, 5-29, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/05/us-government-should-trust-the-free-market-for-green-energy-investment)

The loan guarantee …… to private investors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Neither will label
Dennis 9-19 (Steven T., Staff Writer – Roll Call, “An Odd Silence on China Currency”, Roll Call, 2012, http://www.rollcall.com/issues/58_22/An-Odd-Silence-On-China-Currency-217673-1.html?pos=opolh)

Mitt Romney and ….. if he's elected."
Anything can happen- Greece, Syria, Libya, jobs report and super PACs
The Daily Beast, 10-3-2012 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/10/03/benghazi-backlash-mideast-implosion-jobless-numbers-the-real-potential-october-surprises.html

External events provide the other known unknown—the kind of a foreign or domestic
AND
likely to come from outside; external events that no one can control.

It’s too late- early voting
Jonah Goldberg is an editor-at-large of National Review Online, 10-24-2012 http://www.hollandsentinel.com/opinions/x346785509/COLUMN-A-vote-against-early-voting?zc_p=1

 I suspect most voters watching Monday night’s debate found it pretty boring. President
AND
the whole country in the same time frame seems essential to that idea.
Romney wins—national polls
The Examiner, 10-18-2012 http://www.examiner.com/article/thursday-s-gallup-poll-shows-romney-with-7-point-lead

A new national poll that includes one day of polling data after the second presidential
AND
in the Gallup survey and comes less than three weeks before the election.
Neither side will campaign on it
Wood 12 (Elisa, Two Decade Contributor – McGraw-Hill/Platts Energy and Long-Time Energy Writer, “What Obama and Romney Don't Say About Energy”, AOL Energy, 9-13, http://energy.aol.com/2012/09/13/what-obama-and-romney-dont-say-about-energy/)

Fossil fuels and …. of the discussion.
Fission incentives now
Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now!, “Big Nuclear's Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration”, The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling,
AND
Pac money), President Obama is fulfilling his promise to push nuclear power.

Public supports fusion spending
Webster 10 (AJ, “Fusion Energy Branch”, Submission to the Institute of Physics Plasma Visions Survey 2010, 11-22)

Block Grant Funding: …..and respected scientists.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.
Contention 1 —- Leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear power continues to struggle in the shadow of the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
But an abundant, safe and clean energy source once thought to be the stuff of science fiction is closer than many realize: nuclear fusion. Making it a reality, however, will take significant investment from the government at a time when spending on scientific research is under threat.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, the energy that powers the sun and the stars, has been a goal of physicists worldwide since the 1950s. It is essentially inexhaustible and it can be created using hydrogen isotopes — chemical cousins of hydrogen, like deuterium — that can readily be extracted from seawater.
Fusion energy is created by fusing two atomic nuclei, in the process converting mass to energy, which appears as heat. The heat, as in conventional nuclear fission reactors, turns water into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity, or is used to produce fuels for transportation or other uses.
Fusion energy generates zero greenhouse gases. It offers no chance of a catastrophic accident. It can be available to all nations, relying only on the Earth’s oceans. When commercialized, it will transform the world’s energy supply.
There’s a catch. The development of fusion energy is one of the most difficult science and engineering challenges ever undertaken. Among other challenges, it requires production and confinement of a hot gas — a plasma — with a temperature around 100 million degrees Celsius.
But potential solutions to these daunting technical challenges are emerging. In one approach,
AND
combustion engine, with multiple mini-explosions (about five per second).
Once a poorly understood area of research, plasma physics has become highly developed. Scientists not only produce 100 million-degree plasmas routinely, but they control and manipulate such "small suns" with remarkable finesse. Since 1970 the power produced by magnetic fusion in the lab has grown from one-tenth of a watt, produced for a fraction of a second, to 16 million watts produced for one second — a billionfold increase in fusion energy.
Seven partners — the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States — have teamed up on an experiment to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for 500 seconds and longer by 2020, demonstrating key scientific and engineering aspects of fusion at the scale of a reactor.
However, even though the United States is a contributor to this experiment, known as ITER, it has yet to commit to the full program needed to develop a domestic fusion reactor to produce electricity for the American power grid. Meanwhile other nations are moving forward to implement fusion as a key ingredient of their energy security.
Indeed, fusion research facilities more modern than anything in the United States are either under construction or operating in China, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The will and enthusiasm of governments in Asia to fill their energy needs with fusion, as soon as possible, is nearly palpable.
What has been lacking in the United States is the political and economic will. We need serious public investment to develop materials that can withstand the harsh fusion environment, sustain hot plasma indefinitely and integrate all these features in an experimental facility to produce continuous fusion power.
This won’t be cheap. A rough estimate is that it would take %2430 billion and 20 years to go from the current state of research to the first working fusion reactor. But put in perspective, that sum is equal to about a week of domestic energy consumption, or about 2 percent of the annual energy expenditure of %241.5 trillion.
Fusion used to be an energy source for my generation’s grandchildren; now, plans
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
public considers such changes to be surrogates for progress toward particular societal goals.
To get a feel for the depth of this worldview, consider the National Institutes
AND
this information he inferred a "crisis" in federal support for science.
Given the totemic importance of the federal R%26D budget, and the centrality of the budget in S%26T policy discourse, what can we learn about the U.S. science and technology enterprise from an examination of budgetary trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
AND
and lessen our impact on the world, will require new energy sources.
Fusion is coming into it’s own today.  It is the best of all possible
AND
in demand throughout the world with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.

Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under enormous pressure from terrorism, endemic poverty, environmental challenges, debt, corruption, civil unrest, and regional, tribal, and religious conflicts. The result is a climate of despair, and potential breeding grounds for radical politics and extremism.
A successful American foreign policy must include thinking through actions and policies, and how
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years. Too often we tend to confuse tactical action for strategic thinking.
A matter of mutual understanding
American foreign policy has always required a principled realism that is true to our values as we face the world as it really is in all of its complexities. We need to accept the reality that there is not a short-term solution to every problem in the world. What we must do is manage these realities and complex problems, moving them into positions of solution possibilities and resolution.
American foreign policy has always dared to project a vision of a world where all
AND
little margin for error with the stakes so high in the world today.
America must strengthen its global alliances. Common-interest alliances will be required in
AND
economic, intelligence, diplomatic, humanitarian, military and law enforcement fields.
The centrality of alliances and multi-lateral institutions to a successful foreign policy is fundamental. Alliances and multi-lateral institutions must be understood as expansions of our influence, not as constraints on our power.  Alliances are imperfect, as are all institutions. But like "process," they help absorb shocks.
Beyond military solutions
Alliances must be built on solid foundations to handle both routine and sudden unforeseen challenges. Crisis-driven "coalitions of the willing" by themselves are not the building blocks for a stable world. We need to think more broadly, deeply and strategically.
American military power and force structure cannot sustain its commitments without a shift to a more comprehensive strategic approach to global threats and a more flexible and agile military. Cyber warfare is a paramount example of these new threats.
The perception of American power around the world must not rest solely on a military orientation or optic. There must be an underlying commitment to engagement and humanity. Engagement is not appeasement, nor is it negotiation. It is not a guarantee of anything, but rather a smart diplomatic bridge to better understanding and possible conflict resolution.
American foreign policy must reflect the realities and demands of the global economy. The
AND
strength must be as high a priority as any other foreign policy priority.
America’s security and growth are connected to both the American and global economies. A centerpiece of this security is energy security. Energy security and energy interdependence are interconnected parts of a broad and deep foreign policy paradigm that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

yContention 2 —- STEM

Scientists watch federal fusion funding —- cuts turn away grad students
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, "Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research", Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets-http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government experiments to have their funding pulled.  Yet
AND
the country to the international fusion project ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).
All in all, the budget allotment for fusion sciences will decrease by less than
AND
responsible for contributing nearly 300 million dollars a year on average until 2019.
Given that the total DOE fusion energy budget for next year is under 400 million
AND
and might even dip into funds intended for high-energy physics experiments.
The arguments for a strong domestic fusion program generally focus on the future need for
AND
optimistic – they contribute to ITER while maintaining their domestic programs as well.
Jen Sierchio, attends physics graduate school at MIT where she works on Alcator C
AND
scientists worry domestic funding for fusion research is still very much at risk.
Unlike many types of research that can be performed with a few beakers of chemicals
AND
is perhaps the greatest problem with path we’re on," Greenwald told Science.

This breaks the STEM pipeline
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., "Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era", 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget does not set FES on a path to create a workforce commensurate with the goals of full utilization of ITER, the development of a follow-on experiment, and the subsequent commercialization of fusion energy. These goals have been repeatedly outlined by FESAC and explicitly endorsed by multiple outside review committees and auditors.
Cutting support for Ph.D training and closing university-based fusion research facilities will "break the pipeline" of the next generation of fusion researchers. Furthermore, when highly trained workers leave fusion research, they cannot easily be replaced or rehired when a new facility finally opens. Managing and developing the workforce is thus a critical part of any plan that is to be developed by FESAC and the FES program.
Universities are indispensable to creating the U.S. fusion workforce. The 2004
AND
consider the role and health of the nation’s university programs in any prioritization.
If the FES program wants to meet its scientific goals, it needs to ensure
AND
fusion reactors will requires attracting and retaining the world’s best scientists and engineers.

The entire nuclear program will become ineffective
Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Continue Funding C-Mod", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor is one of the largest experiments at MIT
AND
not be cut and urges Congress to rethink the Department of Energy’s recommendation.
Why should the U.S. fund fusion research at MIT? As Derek
AND
fund domestic fusion research (especially when the two efforts are mutually beneficial).
Some may feel that fusion research is a waste of time and money. After
AND
breakthroughs in engineering and science that might make the seemingly-impossible possible.
Cutting the program also hurts the Institute more directly. Students who have not completed
AND
to effectively analyze any of its data because it will lack the experts.
If you agree that C-Mod deserves funding, how can you help?
AND
well that it can trust MIT to put it’s money to good use.

Plan steers them back
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and the right investment, the potential strategic gains for the U.S. in the aggressive development and deployment of fusion power plants are extraordinary. These would include:
• Clean, safe, sustainable, and affordable electricity generation in the U.S. and the world;
• Energy independence and associated freedom from foreign countries for our energy supplies;
• Transition to an electricity-generating economy to power our cars and trucks;
• Elimination of the actinides in spent nuclear-fuel by building fusion/fission hybrid plants (using the high neutron fields from fusion to transmute the actinides in spent fuel and thereby render the spent fuel non-toxic within 200 years – not tens of thousands of years);
• The two-fold boost to the U.S. economy of reducing our huge trade imbalance by eliminating the cost of importing oil and making the U.S. a world-leader in the energy market by providing fusion generating plants for the whole world;
• Creation of a large number of jobs in building and maintaining commercialized fusion power plants;
• Demonstration of how U.S. leadership in technology can be leveraged to drive leadership in energy; and
• Increase interest and high-paying jobs for young people going into scientific and engineering fields.

Signal alone solves
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
AND
sector R%26D and R%26D in other federal programs.12
12.6. CONCLUSION
First and foremost, we find that the myth that research and development in energy
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Fed’s key
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future", September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology has now advanced to the point that it can and should play a leading role in driving educational innovation. Moreover, we believe that STEM education should be the leading wedge for such change. In this chapter, we therefore recommend that the Federal Government launch a major new initiative in educational R%26D tied to information technologies. Our recommendation is rooted in several observations.
• First, educational technology has been advancing rapidly in recent years and is likely to create major strides in the near future. From a scientific and technological standpoint, there is unprecedented ferment in the field.
• Second, there will be a growing need for new instructional materials, new professional development materials, and new kinds of assessments that are aligned with higher standards and provide much richer learning experiences and more vibrant sources of information. To that end, technology has the ability to shorten innovation cycles, expand the market of suppliers, and assess learning in deeper ways. It also has the capability to respond to the diverse learning styles of students.150
• Third, the ’’collection and use of data’’ is one of the Department of Education’s four assurances. Technology is a powerful tool in support of this goal, because it provides efficient ways to gather, integrate, and analyze rich and diverse data streams to evaluate and improve programs.
• Fourth, technology is becoming increasingly affordable, accessible, and versatile. This trend will continue over the next decades, and will encompass personal and mobile devices.
• Fifth, today’s students are increasingly digital natives. They are used to technology and have come to expect high-quality uses of technology.
• Sixth, instructional materials for students and teachers developed in the United States could have uses throughout the world, bringing together students and educators in partnerships and activities that will benefit all participants and contributing to the Nation’s outreach to the next generation of students throughout the world.
• Finally, while the provision of education is the province of the states, only the Federal Government has the ability to fund the basic R%26D necessary to develop truly transforming platforms and instructional materials for education. State and local educational authorities lack the necessary resources or scale.

University nuclear science’s key to stockpile stewardship
Miller 7 (Warren, Research Professor and Associate Director of the Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute – Texas A%26M University, "Nuclear’s Human Element", A Report By the American Nuclear Society Special Committee on Federal Investment in Nuclear Education, February, http://www.ans.org/pi/fine/docs/finereport.pdf)

The situation in the world today is extremely complex as it relates to nuclear technology
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); and energy security concerns driving nations toward more diverse electricity production portfolios.
At the same time, concerns about the potential malevolent use of nuclear technology have
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and people who are literate, trained, and educated in nuclear processes.
The United States must have appropriate numbers of high‐quality NSE graduates for the
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must serve as a steward for the national nuclear research and education enterprise.
For the purposes of this study, NSE includes the disciplines of nuclear engineering,
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is based on fundamental areas related to the interaction of radiation with matter.
THE DOE ROLE IN US NSE EDUCATION
Although university‐based NSE programs across the country receive support from various state and
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) interest in radiation effects on humans in space is a notable exception.
It is true that university‐based NSE programs often conduct research that is only
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, and nuclear weapons design, is not available outside DOE/NE.
DOE support of graduate programs in NSE is particularly important. Because NSE is so
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professionals but also because the results of the research can be immediately useful.
The Committee believes the Atomic Energy Act also requires the DOE to take a general
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to the extent needed to assure a healthy NSE enterprise in the country.
On the other hand, the DOE NSE education support programs cannot, alone, provide the resources needed for a healthy and comprehensive national effort. University‐based NSE programs must continue to aggressively seek and obtain research and education support from mission agencies, basic research funding organizations, national laboratories, and industry.
In short, the Committee believes DOE’s stewardship role is to continuously monitor the NSE education enterprise to ensure that it meets present and future national needs and to conduct a modest research, development, and education program, to appropriately augment other federal and industry supporting efforts, assuring the near‐ and long‐term robustness and health of the discipline to address national needs.
DEMAND FOR UNIVERSITY‐BASED NSE RESEARCH
University‐based NSE activities lead to R%26D results, as well as
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efforts will need to make great use of university‐based NSE capabilities.
In the nuclear security arena, unclassified research needs are also varied and rich.
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desalination to recovery of usable petroleum products from oil shale and tar sands.

Decline cracks the backbone of deterrence
Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., "Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century", Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States is quickly losing its leadership position in science and technology (S%26T). We are seeing this in our schools, our research institutes, in the intelligence community, and in our National Laboratories.*
CONTINUES – TO FOOTNOTE

Declining federal investment in R%26D has had a significant impact on our
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the Gathering Storm (Washington: National Academies Press, 2007): 137.
FOOTNOTE ENDS
Thus, it is imperative that a set of new and strategic grand challenges be
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to tackle the nation’s dominant challenges, particularly those pertinent to national security.
This report of the Stimson Center’s Task Force on "Leveraging the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories
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T capabilities to service a wider array of 21st century national security needs.
The erosion of the nation’s S%26T base partly reflects the lack of clarity
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a diffuse array of threats, including support to a changing strategic posture.
For more than 40 years, the United States has relied on the nuclear weapons
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design, production, and certification capability to meet an evolving strategic outlook.
In past decades, the size of the nuclear weapons budget allowed for a healthy
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scientific reservoirs brimming with critical capabilities that could be leveraged on the cheap.
Our nuclear arsenal and the premier scientific infrastructure that ensures its safety, reliability,
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of factors does not give rise to decisions that could degrade US security.
On the campaign trail, President Obama embraced the vision of a nuclear free world
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, the work to achieve this vision should not undercut US nonproliferation goals.
It’s failing and risks great power conflict
Spring 12 (Baker, F. M. Kirby Research Fellow in National Security Policy – Heritage Foundation, and Michaela Bendikova, Research Assistant for Missile Defense and Foreign Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies – Heritage Foundation, "Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad", Heritage Backgrounder, 1-27, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2012/pdf/bg2646.pdf)

Abstract: The U.S. nuclear triad of heavy bombers, intercontinental-
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require significant investments in modernizing the U.S. nuclear weapons arsenal.
In today’s multipolar proliferated environment, the United States needs to maintain and modernize its
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Posture of the United States (the Schlesinger–Perry Commission) stated:
The triad of strategic delivery systems continues to have value. Each leg of the nuclear triad, comprised of heavy bombers, intercontinental- range ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and sub-marine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), provides unique contributions to stability. As the overall force shrinks, their unique values become more prominent.1
President Barack Obama has expressed support for modernization of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, but the Administration now appears to be backing out of its commitment.
In 2010, General Kevin Chilton, commander of the U.S. Strategic Command, stated regarding the U.S. stockpile arsenal:
I do not agree that it is more than is needed. I think the
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geopolitical concerns that might…cause us to need more weapons deployed.2
General Chilton’s statement calls into question the rationale that the Obama Administration is now developing
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increase investments in its nuclear weapons complex and reverse two decades of deterioration.
Continuing Utility of the Triad
The U.S. "nuclear umbrella" contributed more to the nonproliferation regime
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awesome capability, it is that it demands constant and undivided attention.5

Global nuclear war
Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent", Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have profound policy implications, particularly if they emerge at a time when a nuclear-armed great power is pursuing a more aggressive strategy toward U.S. allies and partners in its region in a bid to enhance its regional and global clout.
■  A dangerous period of vulnerability would open for the United States and those nations that depend on U.S. protection while the United States attempted to rectify th problems with its nuclear forces. As it would take more than a decade for the United States to produce new nuclear weapons, ensuing events could preclude a return to anything like the status quo ante.
■ The assertive, nuclear-armed great power, and other major adversaries, could be willing to challenge U.S. interests more directly in the expectation that the United States would be less prepared to threaten or deliver a military response that could lead to direct conflict. They will want to keep the United States from reclaiming its earlier power position.
■ Allies and partners who have relied upon explicit or implicit assurances of U.S. nuclear protection as a foundation of their security could lose faith in those assurances. They could compensate by accommodating U.S. rivals, especially in the short term, or acquiring their own nuclear deterrents, which in most cases could be accomplished only over the mid- to long term. A more nuclear world would likely ensue over a period of years.
■ Important U.S. interests could be compromised or abandoned, or a major war could occur as adversaries and/or the United States miscalculate new boundaries of deterrence and provocation. At worst, war could lead to state-on-state employment of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) on a scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Nuclear science stops testing —- monitors arms control and maintains the SSP
Henning 10 (Walter, Senior Physicist – Argonne National Laboratory and Member – American Association for the Advancement of Science, "Accelerators for America’s Future", June, http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep-http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep ort.pdf)

From the earliest days of their development, accelerators have made critical contributions to the
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eliminate the need for highly enriched uranium and nuclear reactor facilities for production.

SSP failure forces testing
Smith 98 (Harold P., Former Assistant to the Secretary of Defense and Richard S. Soll, Senior Scientist and Head of Special Projects – Science Applications International Corporation, "Challenges of Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship Under A Comprehensive Test Ban", Arms Control Today, March, http://www.armscontrol.org/print/304)

In the absence of underground nuclear test explosions and with no new U.S
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, the evaluation of aging effects and the development of advanced computational technologies.
The SSMP is tied to a new certification procedure. Each year, DOD and
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Department of Defense would play a critical role in such a momentous step.

Global nuclear war
Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms control and non- proliferation regimes collapsed. Americans weren’t bothered
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and grumbling won’t keep us safe. It is time to speak out.

Contention 3 —- Fusion

Funding’s key to fusion commercialization —- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source
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) priority. Funding for fusion has been anemic since the late 1950s.
According to the Focus Fusion Society, a New Jersey-based non-profit
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as Tokamaks and alternatives. Does that seem like a lot to you?
I can’t confirm those FFS numbers are correct (anyone who can provide better/
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the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.

Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.
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practical consequences beyond fusion—from understanding the cosmos to fabricating computer chips.
Third, Congressman Rohrabacher noted that despite large funding, we have not yet achieved
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. The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.

Isotopes are abundant and there’s no downside
Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, "Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source", 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh the downsides by a landslide. One of the
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element, which is hazardous if proper precautions are not taken 3.
     Another advantage of nuclear fusion as a power source is that nuclear fusion produces
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desirable than fission is because of the difference in the products 3.
     While fission is a very dangerous and difficult process which can cause catastrophic meltdowns like Chernobyl, fusion is a relatively simple process, which can be easily monitored and controlled 9. For these reasons nuclear fusion is much more desirable as a global power source than nuclear fission
Inertial Confinement Fusion
Inertial confinement nuclear fusion is a specific type of nuclear fusion. It, just
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very desirable process, there are other reasons, which will be examined.
     Theoretically inertial confinement nuclear fusion could produce an enormous amount of "green"
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atmosphere and join the already present particles of the same type already circulating.
     For these reasons, it is clear that inertial confinement nuclear fusion is the correct choice to continue researching and eventually using to supply the world with energy.
ENDING THE ENERGY CRISIS
When the drawbacks of nuclear fusion are completely resolved, we could end the energy
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be built makes them very desirable and advantageous as an applicable power source.

Engineering barriers will be overcome
Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, "Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion", March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is that "fusion reactors...hopeless because of engineering
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tokamak reactors, relative to projections based on ’conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.

DoE lab’s are key
Holdren 99 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation", President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf)

Beyond the market failures and barriers just discussed, other rationales for government involvement include
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non-energy policies are taken up in a separate subsection, below.

Fusion tech will be adopted by the Navy —- key to global, rapid power projection
Triola 8 (Larry C., Naval Surface Warfare Center, "Energy %26 National Security: An Exploration of
Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures", 10-9, http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf-http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf)

Current nuclear power technology offers potential to replace all electrical-grid power production without
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use, but could serve as grid power should they eventually be developed.
The Bussard Polywell machine has shown remarkable recent success 55–57. The
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all encompassing to project—no less than emergence of a new civilization.
Virtually all U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and submarines are nuclear powered.
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independence, can be a net energy exporter with emerging nuclear power options.

Multiple hotspots will erupt with WMD conflict —- rapid naval mobility stops escalation
Green 97 (Kevin, Rear Admiral, Commander – United States Navy, NTC, Great Lakes, "What the Best Damn Navy in the World Is For", Vital Speeches of the Day, 7-15, Ebsco)

And the list of troubles wouldn’t be complete without mentioning that by the year 2000
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, the Navy-Marine corps team has to be ready for them.

Goes global
Conway 7 (James T., General – U.S. Marine Corps, Gary  Roughead, Admiral – U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral – U.S. Coast Guard, "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability as war among major powers
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and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
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the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Military will integrate them
Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, "ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems", 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology
In a compilation of several surveys, it was found that the most numerous technology
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major role in the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program 74.
Superconductive magnets are also of great interest for the "plasma separation process"
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for a number of military applications where similar or related properties are important.

That checks sea-skimming missiles —- threat’s high
CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, "Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar", http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are so accurate they define the "Volt," goes the saying. The true testament to the intrinsic accuracy that results from the properties of superconductors is that the metrology standard for realizing the electrical unit of "Volt" is indeed a superconducting circuit. In addition to accuracy, superconductors enable the most sensitive detectors of electromagnetic radiation and are used in scientific research both at ground-based astronomy observatories as well as in space-based NASA missions.
Instrumentation
The earliest applications of superconducting electronics were, and continue to be, custom instruments based primarily on superb sensitivity in detecting magnetic fields. These instruments are based on various designs of SQUIDs and find applications in research laboratories for physics, chemistry, and materials science research as well as in field geological expeditions such as airborne detection of salt domes, a frequent indicator of potential new oil fields.
Sensors
Besides being ultrasensitive detectors of magnetic fields, superconductors also excel in the detection of
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SCUB-2 infrared camera on the James Clerk Maxwell telescope in Hawaii.
Standards
It took several decades of research and international collaboration to realize that superconducting devices can
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the precision and accuracy of the existing DC-standards. 1
Radar
Superconductive electronics can dramatically enhance anti-ship missile defense radars. Emerging threats include
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these life-saving sensors affordable for a wide variety of Navy ships.
Issues and Recommendations
Besides continued support for the R%26D required to advance these devices and applications
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sensors and standards as well as benefiting superconductor-based applications in communications.

Escalates conflict with Iran —- goes global and nuclear
Williams 10 – Lawrence, Adjunct Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences – Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Ph.D. in Defense and Strategic Studies – University of Madras, "Peril Awaits at the Strait of Hormuz", 7-22, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2557996/posts)

The Gulf-Southwest Asia region has always been a hyper-flash point of
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in Iran and the domino effect that has followed by the Arab states.
Iran holds the position of a pivotal state in the Gulf Region and has been
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-western allied Arab states and the lone free democratic state of Israel.
Geo-strategic importance of the Strait: The maritime archipelagic framework of the Gulf-Southwest Asian region is characterized by the Persian Gulf (also known as "Gulf" avoiding the contending Persian and Arab nomenclature claims), Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman constituting a primary jugular of the sea way of the region.
The topography of the Strait is complex with the narrowest point the Strait being 21 miles wide. The shipping lanes consist of two-mile wide channels for inbound and outbound tanker traffic, as well as a two-mile wide buffer zone.
Iran’s access to the Strait and the pivotal role as a littoral state to control shipping movements with the capability to jeopardize international shipping has been a critical sinew of strength. In terms of its power profile, Iran could marshal its economic, military and demographic power to overwhelm the fragile states of the Arabian Peninsula that includes the regional giant Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States.
The geo-strategic significance of the Strait of Hormuz would continue to increase in
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like China and India which have very critical hydrocarbon stakes in the region.
The Iranian move to close the strait would have a very steep impact of jeopardizing
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witness a number of sunken ships thus blocking the strait of physical access.
Emergent Naval Dynamics of the Gulf: Five significant issues pattern the naval dynamics in the Gulf that has its impact on the region, Iran and the external powers that includes India:
One, The high stakes of Gulf Security in view of the enormous oil and
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US and Western naval and air intervention and support that comes into the region
Two, Iran on the other hand was an earlier pro-US and western
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Chinese supplied ballistic missile technologies and the naval anti-ship cruise missiles;
Three, External powers like France and India have increased considerable offshore access and basing
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It thus brings India into the Gulf Region with a secure access agreement.
Four, the role of the Israeli Navy in the region adds to the interesting
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targets in a prospective joint US-led strike against Iranian nuclear installations.
Five, In an event of a conflagration in the Strait of Hormuz, there
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Iranian leadership that is determined to stall a US-led preemptive strike.
These naval operational realities cloud and condition the naval theatre of the Strait of Hormuz that is increasingly vulnerable and prone to assertive asymmetric strikes / counter strikes by Iran.
Sources of Iranian Conduct and Responses: Iran’s template of operational conduct and responses is
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the Iranians in their strategic calculus have always been calculated in their responses.
The penchant of an Iranian overdrive by an asymmetric operational strategy either by missile strikes or by naval disruptions could be either as an initiative to subdue the militarily weaker but the oil-rich Sunni Gulf Arab states and Saudi Arabia or as an attempt to deflect US-Israeli targeting by inciting the Hezbollah-Hamas terrorist brigades which are in effect the auxiliary units of the IRGC.
A second source of Iranian strategic conduct emerges from its maritime aspirations to control the Gulf and Caspian Sea. With both seas being critically important as oil and natural gas rich repositories, Iran would prefer to maintain sea-control and sea-denial capabilities employing an asymmetric operational approach of sea-based strike missiles, submarines and aggressive naval posturing that could dent the effectiveness of any naval interventionist force.
The third possible source of Iranian asymmetric conduct could come from its keen interest in
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of Hormuz off the Arabian Sea coast could simply paralyze all interventionist forces.
Iranian responses to an offensive strike could include the intense barrage of sea-skimming
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per barrel or even more dealing with a decimation to the global economy.
Assessment An escalating conflict in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf Region would be very complex and could have portentous consequences that could have irreparable consequences:

Iranian missiles push the U.S. out of the Gulf —- detection’s key
OA 12 – Oxford Analytica, "Iran’s Missile Assets May Constrain US Threat Response", 1-6, http://www.oxan.com/Analysis/DailyBrief/Samples/IranMissileAssets.aspx

Analysis
Iran has a fairly well-developed indigenous capacity to produce missiles, with particular strength in anti-ship and ballistic designs. Technical help has come from North Korea in exchange for Iranian investment to bankroll the necessary research; China has also had input, and Iranian scientists have been adapting and improving Chinese designs.
Anti-ship missiles
The naval exercise earlier this week showcased two new assets:
The Qader is a domestically produced system with a range of 200 kilometres, designed to be launched from either sea or land to hit large surface vessels. It is a sea-skimming missile, is not ballistic and cannot carry a nuclear warhead.
The Noor missile is similar to the Qader: both are based on the Chinese C-802, although the Noor has a longer range. While the Noor in the latest case was launched from a ship, in the event of any hostilities in the Persian Gulf, Iran would most likely rely on its land-based missile assets.
Western naval vessels would have the defensive capabilities to cope with Iranian anti-ship
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and the like; these will degrade the performance of defensive radar systems.
US carrier deployments may be constrained by enhanced Iranian missile capabilities
The Qader’s enhanced ability to skim the sea surface (at an altitude of 5
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longer range, which entails less time over targets and reduced ordnance payloads.

Withdrawal shatters global credibility —- shreds Asian alliances
Etzioni 11 – Amitai, University Professor and Professor of International Relations – The George Washington University and Director – Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, "The Coming Test of U.S. Credibility", Military Review, March, http://www.readperiodicals.com/201103/2312505741.html

All three countries face transitions that could make them more vulnerable to Iranian influence - for instance, if the Palestinian majority plays more of a role in the government of Jordan or the Muslim Brotherhood in that of Egypt. However, these developments are particularly difficult to foretell. What is much clearer is that these nations are unlikely to serve as bulwarks against emerging Iranian hegemony in the region.
In addition, since 2008, both the Israeli government and the majority of Israeli voters have grown suspicious of U.S. support, in response to various reports about President Obama’s viewpoints and acts.
American allies in other regions are also consumed by doubts. South Korea, Taiwan
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on the support of an America that is scaling back its international role.
These countries are already consumed by doubts. Thus, a senior Japanese official briefed
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use the information provided, but not to cite the source or venue.)
The fact that the United States is drawing back in the Middle East cannot be
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core is to deal directly with Iran itself in one way or another.
Best, and least likely, is for continued negotiations and engagement to work.
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it sees as its global responsibilities and live up to its commitments overseas.

Global nuclear war
Bennett 7 – Christoher, Major – United States Air Force and Masters of Science – Joint Advanced Warfighting School, "Shaping China’s Development: Stable Growth Of an Asia-Pacific Might", 4-5, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468786.pdf

As stated in the National Security Strategy, "the United States is a Pacific
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. interests, as well as those of U.S. allies.
The region has several flashpoints, which if ignited could quickly create regional or global
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to the nature of the environment, along with military interaction and preparation.
The U.S. has seven bilateral defense alliances across the globe, and
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U.S. maintains a significant force structure presence in sovereign nations.

The plan is applied R and D – solves limits and is topical
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
Federal energy-related R%26D can be described as falling into three classes: basic research, research that seeks to develop new energy technologies, and research that seeks to improve existing technologies.
• Basic Research. The potential beneficiaries of basic research could be considered to be the population of the United States or the world as a whole. Basic research includes research projects designed to pursue the advancement of scientific knowledge and the understanding of phenomena rather than specific applications.
• Research To Develop New Technologies. The efforts in this context involve attempts to discover new scientific knowledge that can have commercial application. Although the end objective of the research is known, the research task is difficult and uncertain.
• Research To Improve Existing Technologies. These efforts emphasize the use of scientific knowledge to design and test new processes that may have substantial technical and cost uncertainties. The immediate beneficiaries are generally well defined: current producers and consumers of particular fuels or operators, and customers of the technology being improved.
Energy Research and Development as a Subsidy
It is easier to measure energy R%26D spending than to it characterize from a subsidy perspective. R%26D spending is intended to create useful knowledge that benefits society. Thus, all Federal R%26D spending could, in a general way, be considered a subsidy to knowledge; however, the extent to which specific R%26D programs actually affect energy markets is more difficult to ascertain.
The results of research are inherently uncertain. Many programs will advance knowledge across a
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likely to be measurable only years after the funded research effort is initiated.
Federal R%26D is intended to support research that the private sector would not
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the program will be a substitute for private-sector R%26D.
There are no means to determine conclusively whether or not particular Federal energy R%26
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historical perspective on the changing composition of Federal energy R%26D efforts.
There is another issue that is specific to U.S. energy R%26
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technology adoption, and considering the competitive consequences of any new technologies introduced.
Finally, much of the expenditure that is formally defined as "energy research and
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spending may not have a material impact on current or future energy markets.
Energy Research and Development Trends
Table 8 allocates Federal energy R%26D by energy type and function. Currently
AND
, the balance of this chapter focuses on applied energy R%26D.
Table 8 lists both "estimated" and "actual" research and development appropriations
AND
, prepared in early 1997, which show final appropriations by budget account.
The differences between the two columns have multiple causes. The Department transfers (with
AND
Other Solar" category were interchanged with biomass expenditures in the 1992 report.
Applied R%26D is aimed primarily at improving existing technology. Appropriations for applied
AND
a variety of research centers and provides support services and other related expenses.
Figure 3 illustrates trends in Federal applied energy R%26D appropriations from fiscal year
AND
oil and gas is budgeted at %24164 million in fiscal year 1999.
Another recent trend in Federal R%26D is a tendency for Congress to mandate
AND
energy sources, including nuclear power, end use, and renewable energy.
Nuclear Power
Figure 4 illustrates trends in DOE’s nuclear power R%26D programs. DOE received an appropriation of %24640 million for nuclear R%26D in fiscal year 1999, but the majority of the funds 

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Thompson
Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially augment funding for production of magnetic fusion energy in the United States. 

Contention 1 --- Leadership
Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: …future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.
Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, “Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. RandD Budget”, Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science … thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.
Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, “Introduction to Fusion”, 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced … with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.
Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Change”, The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even … that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

Contention 2 --- STEM
Scientists watch federal fusion funding --- cuts turn away grad students
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, “Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research”, Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government experiments to have … with path we’re on,” Greenwald told Science.
This breaks the STEM pipeline
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., “Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era”, 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget does not set FES on a … the world's best scientists and engineers.
The entire nuclear program will become ineffective
Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Continue Funding C-Mod”, The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor is one of the largest …. And the government knows well that it can trust MIT to put it’s money to good use.
Plan steers them back
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security”, American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and the right investment, … people going into scientific and engineering fields.
Signal alone solves
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, “Energy Myth Eleven – Energy RandD Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market”, Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs …, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.
Fed’s key
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future”, September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology has now advanced to the … and local educational authorities lack the necessary resources or scale.
Workforce shortages undermine nuclear archeology
Bender 10 – Bryan, National Security Correspondent – Boston Globe and Former Washington Bureau Chief – Jane’s Defense Weekly, “Alarm Over Shortage Of Nuclear Experts”, 4-3, http://www-ners.engin.umich.edu/news_archive/20100625140822mlr

The United States is facing a critical shortage of nuclear … their commitments in arms control agreements.
Archeology’s key to effective arms control --- spurs multilateral agreement and solves breakout
Davis 10 – Dr. Jay Davis, National Security Fellow – Center for Global Security Research, Founding Director – Defense Threat Reduction Agency of the United States Department of Defense, and Chair – American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs, et al., “Technical Steps to Support Nuclear Arsenal Downsizing”, February, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/nucleardownsizing.PDF

Disclosure of Stockpiles
An essential component of robust future nuclear arms … identify amounts of plutonium and uranium production.
Extinction
Müller 00 (Harold, Director of the Peace Research Institute-Frankfurt and Professor of International Relations at Goethe University, “Compliance Politics: A Critical Analysis of Multilateral Arms Control Treaty Enforcement”, Nonproliferation Review, 7(2), Summer)

In this author's view,3 at least four distinct missions … and assist in ushering in new relations of global cooperation.
Breakout causes rearm races and nuclear war
Glaser 98 – Charles L., Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, “The Flawed Case for Nuclear Disarmament”, Survival, Spring, 40(1), p. 114-116

Because nuclear arsenals could be rebuilt, much of the effort in …- but this seems just as likely in the formerly disarmed world.
Multilateral arms control stops US/China arms competition
Dunn 9 (Lewis A., Senior Vice President – Science Applications International Corp and Former U.S. Ambassador to the NPT, “Reshaping Strategic Relationships: Expanding the Arms Control Toolbox”, Arms Control Today, May, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_5/Dunn)

Multilateral efforts, such as working to achieve the … should take advantage of the full spectrum of these activities.
Escalates --- transparency solves
Lewis 9 (Dr. Jeffrey, Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation, “Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization”, Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, Ed. Hansell and Potter, p. 44-46)

New Challenges in Sino-U.S. Crisis Stability
In the United States, we tend to think about two implications that will arise from …of accidents, miscalculations, or misunderstandings.
Global nuclear war
Hunkovic 9 (Lee J, American Military University, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/ Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the … will determine its eventual outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Contention 3 --- Fusion
Funding’s key to fusion commercialization --- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy
Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, “CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research”, EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to … would render these zero-sum budget games moot.
Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.
Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that … to achieve this milestone.
Isotopes are abundant and there’s no downside
Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, “Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source”, 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh the downsides by a …advantageous as an applicable power source.
Engineering barriers will be overcome
Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, “Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion”, March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is that “fusion reactors...... relative to projections based on ‘conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.
DoE lab’s are key
Holdren 99 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation”, President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf)

Beyond the market failures and barriers just discussed, … ERD3 policies and other energy and non-energy policies are taken up in a separate subsection, below.
Fusion tech will be adopted by the Navy --- key to global, rapid power projection
Triola 8 (Larry C., Naval Surface Warfare Center, “Energy and National Security: An Exploration of
Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures”, 10-9, http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf)

Current nuclear power technology offers …, can be a net energy exporter with emerging nuclear power options.
Multiple hotspots will erupt with WMD conflict --- rapid naval mobility stops escalation
Green 97 (Kevin, Rear Admiral, Commander – United States Navy, NTC, Great Lakes, “What the Best Damn Navy in the World Is For”, Vital Speeches of the Day, 7-15, Ebsco)

And the list of troubles wouldn't be complete … for them, the Navy-Marine corps team has to be ready for them.
Goes global
Conway 7 (James T., General – U.S. Marine Corps, Gary  Roughead, Admiral – U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral – U.S. Coast Guard, “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower,” October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

No other disruption is as potentially … projection enable extended campaigns ashore.
Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been … with any high-level research.
Military will integrate them
Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, “ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems”, 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology
In a compilation of several surveys, it was … where similar or related properties are important.
That checks sea-skimming missiles --- threat’s high
CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, “Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar”, http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are so accurate … applications in communications.

Sea skimming threat causes perception of U.S. weakness --- emboldens China to spark conflict with Japan
Elwar 9-19 – Elliott, Digital Journalist, Research, and Military Writer, “The U.S. War Against Iran Could Shift The Balance Of Power”, Digital Journal, 2012, http://digitaljournal.com/article/333174

From The News: The head of Iran’s powerful Revolutionary Guards … supreme naval power in Asia. This is not good for Pacific countries as Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Extinction
Baker 12 – Kevin Robert, Political Analyst, “What Would Happen If China and Japan Went To War?”, 9-17, http://appreviews4u.com/2012/09/17/what-would-happen-if-china-and-japan-went-to-war/

So could this island dispute spark off a full blown war? … years at best, if there are ample supplies of course.

Escalation’s likely --- multiple factors overwhelm reluctance
Bush 10 (Richard C. III., Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies – Brookings Institution and Ph.D. in Political Science – Columbia University, “China-Japan Security Relations”, Brookings Policy Brief Series #177, October, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2010/10/china-japan-bush)

A Senkaku Scenario ¶ These trends plus the salience … of succeeding in their efforts to manage the crisis. 

Escalation tanks the global economy
Chan 12 (John, Writer – WSIS, “IMF Chief Warns: China-Japan Dispute Threatens World Economy”, 10-8, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/chjp-o08.shtml)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned of the …, following a massive 70 percent surge since 2010.
Extinction
Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the … consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Aff solves the econ but the fiscal cliff doesn’t
Lara Hoffmans, Contributor Forbes, 10-31-2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/larahoffmans/2012/10/31/the-fiscal-cliff-things-that-already-happened/

That’s the way those politicians are thinking. Which is fine—… cliff what it really is: a fiscal plane.

The aff is applied R and D – solves limits
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, “3. Federal Energy Research and Development”, http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
Federal energy-related RandD can be …, out of the $30 million for new or improved nuclear power plants.

States don’t solve - duplication and lack of coordination undermine solvency. And they can’t access national labs, which are key.
Olynyk 12 – Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, B.Sc (Eng), Engineering Physics – Queen's University, Summer NSERC USRA Internship – Royal Military College of Canada, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html

Now, the other part of the question is - why the U.S. federal …to be coordinated nationally, reducing duplication of effort.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Thompson
T – Nuclear Power – 2AC
Factually, “nuclear power” includes fusion
Mueller 12 (Danielle, and Jessica Mermigos, Graduate Students in Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, “Nuclear Fusion: Energy for the Future”, Conference Paper #2232, 3-1, p. 1-2)

Nuclear Fission
There is a common misconception in … produce different energy outputs.
T – RandD = Production – 2AC
We meet --- plan’s targeted at energy, not open-ended research --- that’s Prager.
“Production” is generation by combining atoms --- includes RandD
Ontario 10 (Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, Energy Guide, 2-20, http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ospe.on.ca/resource/resmgr/doc_advocacy/2011_doc_20feb_energyguide.pdf)

Nuclear fusion energy is … supply anticipated global energy needs for centuries to come.
“For” means “in support of”
OED 11 (Oxford English Dictionary, “for”, http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/for?view=uk)

preposition
1 in support of or in favour of (a person or policy): troops who had fought for Napoleon they voted for independence in a referendum
“Financial incentives” are resource transfer to lower cost of production. Includes RandD.
EIA 1 – US Energy Information Administration (Renewable Energy 2000: Issues and Trends, Report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration, “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy”, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for … or loss of revenue by the Government.
STEM Testing – Impact – 2AC
Nuclear testing causes global nuclear war --- every region of the planet will rapidly prolif and cause breakout conflicts --- escalates Russia, China, India, collapses deterrence and causes extinction --- that’s Johnson

Also causes bio war --- extinction
Ochs 2 (Richard, Member – Chemical Weapons Working Group, “Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately, 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the … plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.  

NIF Bad DA – 2AC
Funding inevitable
Adams 10/2
Rod, “National Ignition Facility – No Closer to Useful Fusion Power Than Before”, Adams is a former small nuclear plant operator and designer, 10/2/12, available online at http://atomicinsights.com/2012/10/national-ignition-facility-no-closer-to-useful-fusion-power-than-before.html

Based on its distant promise of being … operating budget request ever since.

Don’t cut funding CP
Funding cut now
Pdb
PDCP
Doesn’t solve STEM
Unistar, 10
(January, This UniStar Issue Brief is a publication of UniStar Nuclear Energy, a joint venture of Constellation Energy and EDF Group, "Rebuilding the Nuclear Energy Workforce," http://www.unistarnuclear.com/IB/workforce.pdf)

The Time is Now
Increasing the use of nuclear energy—… industry with more than just words.
Incremental funding wrecks innovation
NM 12 (New Millennium Nuclear Energy Partnership, “A Strategy for the Future of Nuclear Energy: The Consolidated Working Group Report”, June, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/540/Third_Way_Report_-_A_Strategy_for_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Energy.pdf)

It is an appropriate and necessary function … stages, industry should shoulder an increasing share of the funding responsibility.

IFR CP
IFR will be expensive and uncompetitive
Amory B. Lovins, chief scientist @ RMI, 3-21-2009, ““New” nuclear reactors, same old story,” Rocky Mountain Institute, http://www.rmi.org/Knowledge-Center/Library/2009-07_NuclearSameOldStory

No new kind of reactor is likely to be much, … away, contrary to all experience.
IFRs only feasible by 2025 even with incentives
Ingersoll 12 Daniel, Senior Program Manager for the Nuclear Technology Programs Office at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “Emerging Nuclear Technologies”, Federation of American Scientists, February, www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf

High-temperature and fast-spectrum reactors, … and minimize development costs.

EPSCoR Mechanism – 2AC Additions
(FYI – THEIR TEXT – “The State and Territorial Governments in the Department of Energy’s Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research should substantially increase financial support for federal programs for fusion energy generation in the United States.”)
CP doesn’t fund ESPCor
EPSCoR fails ---
Fusion’s too expensive --- costs billions --- but EPSCoR’s capped
NM 9 – New Mexico EPSCoR, “DOE EPSCoR State and National Laboratory Partnership Program”, 6-5, http://nmepscor.org/content/doe-epscor-state-and-national-laboratory-partnership-program

The Department of Energy's Experimental …. No funds are permitted to support Laboratory infrastructure.
The solicitation requires a pre-application.
States can only contribute 10%
EPSCoR 12 – EPSCoR/IDeA Foundation, “EPSCoR/IDeA In Fiscal Year 2013”, March, http://www.epscorideafoundation.org/documents/publications/EPSCoRinFY2013.pdf

Overview. Positioned within the Office of Science at … with the DOE National Laboratories to conduct collaborative research and train students.
Mean it can’t go to C-Mod, DIII-D, or PPPL --- they haven’t opted in --- we’ll introduce a chart
NSF 9 – National Science Foundation, “EPSCoR States”, September, http://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/programs/epscor/EPSCoR_States_Sept_09.pdf

They’re key
Holland 12 – Andrew Holland is a Senior Fellow and Nicholas Cunningham is a Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project, a non-partisan think tank devoted to studying questions of America's long-term national security, 8/3/2012
http://energy.aol.com/2012/08/03/through-innovation-and-investment-the-u-s-can-lead-in-next-gen/?icid=apb2#page2

We know that fusion works, it is … in every corner of the country.
Perm --- do both --- shields the link
Conditionality is a voter --- creates time and strategy skews, argumentative irresponsibility, and dispo solves their offense
Zero solvency: DoE nationals labs are key --- unique capabilities and international linkages make them essential to fusion --- that’s Holdren
State funding fails: distributed risk and no jurisdiction
Hartwig 12 – Zach, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, BS in Physics – Boston University, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-hartwig.html

Geoff forwarded me your email regarding the …t fusion is under federal jurisdiction at the moment)
CP’s legally tech transfer --- jacks solvency
GAO 9 – United States Government Accountability Office, “Technology Transfer: Clearer Priorities and Greater Use of Innovative Approaches Could Increase the Effectiveness of Technology Transfer at Department of Energy Laboratories”, June, http://www.gao.gov/assets/300/290971.html

What GAO Found: Although DOE’s laboratories … and the additional funding provided to DOE to meet those goals.
Fiscal Cliff – 2AC

20 different issues thump the DA
Erik Wasson, Staff Writer at The Hill  11-7-2012 http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/266667-25-problems-now-facing-obama-congress

A slew of thorny issues awaits President Obama … oversight that could endanger vital information handed to the new regulator.
No FC deal- no time and election didn’t change anything
WSJ, 11-7-2012 http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/11/07/economists-worry-about-fiscal-cliff-resolution/

Economists at Wall Street’s biggest banks are … wrangle over a deal.
No push
Fox News, 9-12, 12, http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/on-the-record/2012/09/12/moodys-puts-pressure-congress-debt-deal-most-predictable-crisis-youll-ever-see#ixzz26GDjJCeB

THUNE: Well, look, I think that there's -- you know, … the heads in the Senate and pounding the heads in the House?
Compromise won’t include PTC and that thumps the impact
NYT, 10-1-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/01/business/economy/payroll-tax-cut-unlikely-to-survive-into-next-year.html?_r=1andhp

Regardless of who wins the presidential … domestic spending programs will be reduced.
Strong Congressional support for fusion research
Rowberg 00 (Richard E., Senior Specialist in Science and Technology in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division – CRS, “Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis”, Congressional Research Service Report, 1-31, http://fire.pppl.gov/RL30417.pdf)

In the 1990s, Congress maintained its support of … of many highly trained scientists and engineers.
DoE does the plan --- that’s 1AC Miller --- shields the link
Schoenbrod 93 (David, Professor of Law – New York Law School, Adjunct Scholar – Cato Institute and Former Staff Attorney and Co-Director – Project on Urban Transportation, Power Without Responsibility, p. 9-10)

Delegation, Like Budget Deficits, Hides Costs
Delegation can shield our elected … can appear to kiss both sides of the apple."
Winners win
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)

Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle … his party can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

ITER Trade-Off – 2AC
Strong domestic fusion’s a pre-requisite to effective ITER --- U.S. must have the equipment and know-how to take advantage --- that’s Hammond --- and research beyond ITER is key to commercialization --- that’s Prager
U.S. won’t bail
Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, “Fusion Confusion”, Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012andsegmentID=2)

GELLERMAN: But if the funding for … Chu, that they have to keep their oar in.
Domestic fusion’s key to ITER --- unique workforce --- that’s Prager --- and research niches
Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, “Fusion Confusion”, Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012andsegmentID=2)

DEAN: Originally, say ten years ago, … hole in the international physics development.
Not intrinsic --- logical policymaker can do the plan and fund ITER
No impact to budget cuts—takes out your link but not our turns
Feder 12 (Toni, Editor – Physics Today, “Progress in Fusion, But Not in its US Funding”, Physics Today, June, http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i6/p25_s1?view=print)

To meet its obligation, the US … of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. “It’s unbelievable.”
Other countries will pull the plug on collaboration
Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the program, and … if these transitions are not managed adroitly.

Natural Gas – 2AC
Resource depletion makes the DA inevitable --- population growth and finite supply will cause a massive crunch, economic collapse, and war --- that’s Freeman and Lee
Abundance solves the impact --- fusion changes perception of resources from finite to an unlimited resource --- removes the driver for conflict in economic decline --- that’s CN
Fusion doesn’t link --- only competes with renewables and fission
Dean 99 (Stephen O., Fusion Power Associates, “External Factors Affecting Fusion Energy Development”, Journal of Fusion Energy, 18(2), June, p. 4)

The above data suggests that oil and gas will … since 1980 (Figure 1) and further reductions are forecast. 9
Consumption cuts inevitable --- unsustainable and renewables will quickly develop
Kungl 10 (Kungl Vetenskapsakademien – Energy Committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, “Energy Resources and Their Utilization in a 40-Year Perspective Up to 2050”, 5-3, http://www.kva.se/Documents/Vetenskap_samhallet/Energi/Utskottet/syntes_energi_eng_2010.pdf)

Global trends in energy supply and … further increase the capacity of wind power.
Low prices spur diversification --- key to growth and stability
Keane 11 (Jodie, Research Officer in the International Economic Development Group – Overseas Development Institute, “Diversifying Exports in the Context of Climate Change”, Overseas Development Institute, April, http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7090.pdf)

The diversification of exports is a crucial part … generally, for example, given the proliferation of regional trade agreements.
Gas imports are plummeting
Karl 12 (David J., President – Asia Strategy Initiative and Ph.D. in International Relations – University of Southern California, “New World Coming: America the Energy Superpower”, Foreign Policy Association, 7-24, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/07/24/new-world-coming-america-the-energy-superpower/)

The energy boom upends arguments about the … largest producer of oil and gas by 2020.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard DT  | Judge: Thompson
Fiscal Cliff – 2AC

20 different issues thump the DA
Erik Wasson, Staff Writer at The Hill  11-7-2012 http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/266667-25-problems-now-facing-obama-congress

A slew of thorny issues awaits President Obama … oversight that could endanger vital information handed to the new regulator.
No FC deal- no time and election didn’t change anything
WSJ, 11-7-2012 http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2012/11/07/economists-worry-about-fiscal-cliff-resolution/

Economists at Wall Street’s biggest banks are … wrangle over a deal.
No push
Fox News, 9-12, 12, http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/on-the-record/2012/09/12/moodys-puts-pressure-congress-debt-deal-most-predictable-crisis-youll-ever-see#ixzz26GDjJCeB

THUNE: Well, look, I think that there's -- you know, … the heads in the Senate and pounding the heads in the House?
Compromise won’t include PTC and that thumps the impact
NYT, 10-1-2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/01/business/economy/payroll-tax-cut-unlikely-to-survive-into-next-year.html?_r=1andhp

Regardless of who wins the presidential … domestic spending programs will be reduced.
Strong Congressional support for fusion research
Rowberg 00 (Richard E., Senior Specialist in Science and Technology in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division – CRS, “Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis”, Congressional Research Service Report, 1-31, http://fire.pppl.gov/RL30417.pdf)

In the 1990s, Congress maintained its support of … of many highly trained scientists and engineers.
DoE does the plan --- that’s 1AC Miller --- shields the link
Schoenbrod 93 (David, Professor of Law – New York Law School, Adjunct Scholar – Cato Institute and Former Staff Attorney and Co-Director – Project on Urban Transportation, Power Without Responsibility, p. 9-10)

Delegation, Like Budget Deficits, Hides Costs
Delegation can shield our elected … can appear to kiss both sides of the apple."
Winners win
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, “For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made”, National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)

Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle … his party can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them. 

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Thompson
ITER Trade-Off – 2AC
Strong domestic fusion’s a pre-requisite to effective ITER --- U.S. must have the equipment and know-how to take advantage --- that’s Hammond --- and research beyond ITER is key to commercialization --- that’s Prager
U.S. won’t bail
Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, “Fusion Confusion”, Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012andsegmentID=2)

GELLERMAN: But if the funding for … Chu, that they have to keep their oar in.
Domestic fusion’s key to ITER --- unique workforce --- that’s Prager --- and research niches
Dean 12 (Dr. Stephen, President – Fusion Power Associates, “Fusion Confusion”, Living on Earth – Public Radio International, 3-23, http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=12-P13-00012andsegmentID=2)

DEAN: Originally, say ten years ago, … hole in the international physics development.
Not intrinsic --- logical policymaker can do the plan and fund ITER
No impact to budget cuts—takes out your link but not our turns
Feder 12 (Toni, Editor – Physics Today, “Progress in Fusion, But Not in its US Funding”, Physics Today, June, http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v65/i6/p25_s1?view=print)

To meet its obligation, the US … of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. “It’s unbelievable.”
Other countries will pull the plug on collaboration
Fonck 9 (Dr. Raymond J., Professor of Engineering Physics – University of Wisconsin-Madison, “The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research”, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Executing this transition of the program, and … if these transitions are not managed adroitly.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Thompson
Natural Gas – 2AC
Resource depletion makes the DA inevitable --- population growth and finite supply will cause a massive crunch, economic collapse, and war --- that’s Freeman and Lee
Abundance solves the impact --- fusion changes perception of resources from finite to an unlimited resource --- removes the driver for conflict in economic decline --- that’s CN
Fusion doesn’t link --- only competes with renewables and fission
Dean 99 (Stephen O., Fusion Power Associates, “External Factors Affecting Fusion Energy Development”, Journal of Fusion Energy, 18(2), June, p. 4)

The above data suggests that oil and gas will … since 1980 (Figure 1) and further reductions are forecast. 9
Consumption cuts inevitable --- unsustainable and renewables will quickly develop
Kungl 10 (Kungl Vetenskapsakademien – Energy Committee at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, “Energy Resources and Their Utilization in a 40-Year Perspective Up to 2050”, 5-3, http://www.kva.se/Documents/Vetenskap_samhallet/Energi/Utskottet/syntes_energi_eng_2010.pdf)

Global trends in energy supply and … further increase the capacity of wind power.
Low prices spur diversification --- key to growth and stability
Keane 11 (Jodie, Research Officer in the International Economic Development Group – Overseas Development Institute, “Diversifying Exports in the Context of Climate Change”, Overseas Development Institute, April, http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7090.pdf)

The diversification of exports is a crucial part … generally, for example, given the proliferation of regional trade agreements.
Gas imports are plummeting
Karl 12 (David J., President – Asia Strategy Initiative and Ph.D. in International Relations – University of Southern California, “New World Coming: America the Energy Superpower”, Foreign Policy Association, 7-24, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/07/24/new-world-coming-america-the-energy-superpower/)

The energy boom upends arguments about the … largest producer of oil and gas by 2020.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially augment funding for production of magnetic fusion energy in the United States.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 1 —- Leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear power continues to struggle in the shadow of the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
But an abundant, safe and clean energy source once thought to be the stuff of science fiction is closer than many realize: nuclear fusion. Making it a reality, however, will take significant investment from the government at a time when spending on scientific research is under threat.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, the energy that powers the sun and the stars, has been a goal of physicists worldwide since the 1950s. It is essentially inexhaustible and it can be created using hydrogen isotopes — chemical cousins of hydrogen, like deuterium — that can readily be extracted from seawater.
Fusion energy is created by fusing two atomic nuclei, in the process converting mass to energy, which appears as heat. The heat, as in conventional nuclear fission reactors, turns water into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity, or is used to produce fuels for transportation or other uses.
Fusion energy generates zero greenhouse gases. It offers no chance of a catastrophic accident. It can be available to all nations, relying only on the Earth’s oceans. When commercialized, it will transform the world’s energy supply.
There’s a catch. The development of fusion energy is one of the most difficult science and engineering challenges ever undertaken. Among other challenges, it requires production and confinement of a hot gas — a plasma — with a temperature around 100 million degrees Celsius.
But potential solutions to these daunting technical challenges are emerging. In one approach,
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combustion engine, with multiple mini-explosions (about five per second).
Once a poorly understood area of research, plasma physics has become highly developed. Scientists not only produce 100 million-degree plasmas routinely, but they control and manipulate such "small suns" with remarkable finesse. Since 1970 the power produced by magnetic fusion in the lab has grown from one-tenth of a watt, produced for a fraction of a second, to 16 million watts produced for one second — a billionfold increase in fusion energy.
Seven partners — the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States — have teamed up on an experiment to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for 500 seconds and longer by 2020, demonstrating key scientific and engineering aspects of fusion at the scale of a reactor.
However, even though the United States is a contributor to this experiment, known as ITER, it has yet to commit to the full program needed to develop a domestic fusion reactor to produce electricity for the American power grid. Meanwhile other nations are moving forward to implement fusion as a key ingredient of their energy security.
Indeed, fusion research facilities more modern than anything in the United States are either under construction or operating in China, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The will and enthusiasm of governments in Asia to fill their energy needs with fusion, as soon as possible, is nearly palpable.
What has been lacking in the United States is the political and economic will. We need serious public investment to develop materials that can withstand the harsh fusion environment, sustain hot plasma indefinitely and integrate all these features in an experimental facility to produce continuous fusion power.
This won’t be cheap. A rough estimate is that it would take %2430 billion and 20 years to go from the current state of research to the first working fusion reactor. But put in perspective, that sum is equal to about a week of domestic energy consumption, or about 2 percent of the annual energy expenditure of %241.5 trillion.
Fusion used to be an energy source for my generation’s grandchildren; now, plans
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that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Federal funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
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public considers such changes to be surrogates for progress toward particular societal goals.
To get a feel for the depth of this worldview, consider the National Institutes
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this information he inferred a "crisis" in federal support for science.
Given the totemic importance of the federal R%26D budget, and the centrality of the budget in S%26T policy discourse, what can we learn about the U.S. science and technology enterprise from an examination of budgetary trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Overcomes alt causes

Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
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and lessen our impact on the world, will require new energy sources.
Fusion is coming into it’s own today.  It is the best of all possible
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in demand throughout the world with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.

Extinction

Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under enormous pressure from terrorism, endemic poverty, environmental challenges, debt, corruption, civil unrest, and regional, tribal, and religious conflicts. The result is a climate of despair, and potential breeding grounds for radical politics and extremism.
A successful American foreign policy must include thinking through actions and policies, and how
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years. Too often we tend to confuse tactical action for strategic thinking.
A matter of mutual understanding
American foreign policy has always required a principled realism that is true to our values as we face the world as it really is in all of its complexities. We need to accept the reality that there is not a short-term solution to every problem in the world. What we must do is manage these realities and complex problems, moving them into positions of solution possibilities and resolution.
American foreign policy has always dared to project a vision of a world where all
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little margin for error with the stakes so high in the world today.
America must strengthen its global alliances. Common-interest alliances will be required in
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economic, intelligence, diplomatic, humanitarian, military and law enforcement fields.
The centrality of alliances and multi-lateral institutions to a successful foreign policy is fundamental. Alliances and multi-lateral institutions must be understood as expansions of our influence, not as constraints on our power.  Alliances are imperfect, as are all institutions. But like "process," they help absorb shocks.
Beyond military solutions
Alliances must be built on solid foundations to handle both routine and sudden unforeseen challenges. Crisis-driven "coalitions of the willing" by themselves are not the building blocks for a stable world. We need to think more broadly, deeply and strategically.
American military power and force structure cannot sustain its commitments without a shift to a more comprehensive strategic approach to global threats and a more flexible and agile military. Cyber warfare is a paramount example of these new threats.
The perception of American power around the world must not rest solely on a military orientation or optic. There must be an underlying commitment to engagement and humanity. Engagement is not appeasement, nor is it negotiation. It is not a guarantee of anything, but rather a smart diplomatic bridge to better understanding and possible conflict resolution.
American foreign policy must reflect the realities and demands of the global economy. The
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strength must be as high a priority as any other foreign policy priority.
America’s security and growth are connected to both the American and global economies. A centerpiece of this security is energy security. Energy security and energy interdependence are interconnected parts of a broad and deep foreign policy paradigm that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 2 —- STEM

Scientists watch federal fusion funding —- cuts turn away grad students

Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, "Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research", Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets-http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government experiments to have their funding pulled.  Yet
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the country to the international fusion project ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).
All in all, the budget allotment for fusion sciences will decrease by less than
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responsible for contributing nearly 300 million dollars a year on average until 2019.
Given that the total DOE fusion energy budget for next year is under 400 million
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and might even dip into funds intended for high-energy physics experiments.
The arguments for a strong domestic fusion program generally focus on the future need for
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optimistic – they contribute to ITER while maintaining their domestic programs as well.
Jen Sierchio, attends physics graduate school at MIT where she works on Alcator C
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scientists worry domestic funding for fusion research is still very much at risk.
Unlike many types of research that can be performed with a few beakers of chemicals
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is perhaps the greatest problem with path we’re on," Greenwald told Science.

This breaks the STEM pipeline

Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., "Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era", 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget does not set FES on a path to create a workforce commensurate with the goals of full utilization of ITER, the development of a follow-on experiment, and the subsequent commercialization of fusion energy. These goals have been repeatedly outlined by FESAC and explicitly endorsed by multiple outside review committees and auditors.
Cutting support for Ph.D training and closing university-based fusion research facilities will "break the pipeline" of the next generation of fusion researchers. Furthermore, when highly trained workers leave fusion research, they cannot easily be replaced or rehired when a new facility finally opens. Managing and developing the workforce is thus a critical part of any plan that is to be developed by FESAC and the FES program.
Universities are indispensable to creating the U.S. fusion workforce. The 2004
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consider the role and health of the nation’s university programs in any prioritization.
If the FES program wants to meet its scientific goals, it needs to ensure
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fusion reactors will requires attracting and retaining the world’s best scientists and engineers.

The entire nuclear program will become ineffective

Sutherland 12 (Derek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "Continue Funding C-Mod", The Tech – Online Edition, 3-23, http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N14/editorial.html)

The Alcator C-Mod fusion reactor is one of the largest experiments at MIT
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not be cut and urges Congress to rethink the Department of Energy’s recommendation.
Why should the U.S. fund fusion research at MIT? As Derek
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fund domestic fusion research (especially when the two efforts are mutually beneficial).
Some may feel that fusion research is a waste of time and money. After
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breakthroughs in engineering and science that might make the seemingly-impossible possible.
Cutting the program also hurts the Institute more directly. Students who have not completed
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to effectively analyze any of its data because it will lack the experts.
If you agree that C-Mod deserves funding, how can you help?
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well that it can trust MIT to put it’s money to good use.

Plan steers them back

Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, "Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security", American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf-https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political will and the right investment, the potential strategic gains for the U.S. in the aggressive development and deployment of fusion power plants are extraordinary. These would include:
• Clean, safe, sustainable, and affordable electricity generation in the U.S. and the world;
• Energy independence and associated freedom from foreign countries for our energy supplies;
• Transition to an electricity-generating economy to power our cars and trucks;
• Elimination of the actinides in spent nuclear-fuel by building fusion/fission hybrid plants (using the high neutron fields from fusion to transmute the actinides in spent fuel and thereby render the spent fuel non-toxic within 200 years – not tens of thousands of years);
• The two-fold boost to the U.S. economy of reducing our huge trade imbalance by eliminating the cost of importing oil and making the U.S. a world-leader in the energy market by providing fusion generating plants for the whole world;
• Creation of a large number of jobs in building and maintaining commercialized fusion power plants;
• Demonstration of how U.S. leadership in technology can be leveraged to drive leadership in energy; and
• Increase interest and high-paying jobs for young people going into scientific and engineering fields.

Signal alone solves

Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, "Energy Myth Eleven – Energy R%26D Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market", Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs "crowd out" other research
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sector R%26D and R%26D in other federal programs.12
12.6. CONCLUSION
First and foremost, we find that the myth that research and development in energy
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across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.

Fed’s key

Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future", September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that technology has now advanced to the point that it can and should play a leading role in driving educational innovation. Moreover, we believe that STEM education should be the leading wedge for such change. In this chapter, we therefore recommend that the Federal Government launch a major new initiative in educational R%26D tied to information technologies. Our recommendation is rooted in several observations.
• First, educational technology has been advancing rapidly in recent years and is likely to create major strides in the near future. From a scientific and technological standpoint, there is unprecedented ferment in the field.
• Second, there will be a growing need for new instructional materials, new professional development materials, and new kinds of assessments that are aligned with higher standards and provide much richer learning experiences and more vibrant sources of information. To that end, technology has the ability to shorten innovation cycles, expand the market of suppliers, and assess learning in deeper ways. It also has the capability to respond to the diverse learning styles of students.150
• Third, the ’’collection and use of data’’ is one of the Department of Education’s four assurances. Technology is a powerful tool in support of this goal, because it provides efficient ways to gather, integrate, and analyze rich and diverse data streams to evaluate and improve programs.
• Fourth, technology is becoming increasingly affordable, accessible, and versatile. This trend will continue over the next decades, and will encompass personal and mobile devices.
• Fifth, today’s students are increasingly digital natives. They are used to technology and have come to expect high-quality uses of technology.
• Sixth, instructional materials for students and teachers developed in the United States could have uses throughout the world, bringing together students and educators in partnerships and activities that will benefit all participants and contributing to the Nation’s outreach to the next generation of students throughout the world.
• Finally, while the provision of education is the province of the states, only the Federal Government has the ability to fund the basic R%26D necessary to develop truly transforming platforms and instructional materials for education. State and local educational authorities lack the necessary resources or scale.

Workforce shortages undermine nuclear archeology

Bender 10 – Bryan, National Security Correspondent – Boston Globe and Former Washington Bureau Chief – Jane’s Defense Weekly, "Alarm Over Shortage Of Nuclear Experts", 4-3, http://www-ners.engin.umich.edu/news_archive/20100625140822mlr

The United States is facing a critical shortage of nuclear scientists and engineers, even
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Iran or North Korea live up to their commitments in arms control agreements.

Archeology’s key to effective arms control —- spurs multilateral agreement and solves breakout

Davis 10 – Dr. Jay Davis, National Security Fellow – Center for Global Security Research, Founding Director – Defense Threat Reduction Agency of the United States Department of Defense, and Chair – American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs, et al., "Technical Steps to Support Nuclear Arsenal Downsizing", February, http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/nucleardownsizing.PDF

Disclosure of Stockpiles
An essential component of robust future nuclear arms reduction agreements will be the declaration of existing stockpiles of weapons and fissile materials to establish baseline data against which to measure future reductions. Without a declaration that specifies how many and what kind of nuclear materials are where, it will be difficult - if not impossible - to verify whether a country is complying with the agreed limitations.
To establish a meaningful baseline for reductions, this declaration should include the number of
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the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces and the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaties.
This declaration can provide the basis for building the confidence needed to make sizeable reductions
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nuclear disarmament. Further public declarations could follow as confidence and transparency increase.
Official disclosure of stockpile numbers by the US and Russia is key to expanding agreements
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as it calculates the impact of nuclear arms reductions on its national security.
The inventory (amounts, location, and form) of highly-enriched uranium
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must be paid to monitoring delivery systems, particularly those with dual capabilities.
Verification Technology
As the numbers of nuclear weapons decrease, any uncertainties in the arsenals of other
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sensitive information (restricted data) relating to nuclear weapon design or manufacturing.
The verification challenges are many:
• First: determine the requirements to verify inventories of special nuclear material, production capabilities, and numbers of weapons;
• Second: assess the state of technology necessary to meet those requirements;
• Third: develop any needed science and technology (S%26T);
• Fourth: determine whether that S%26T could reveal information that would compromise U.S. national security;
• And fifth: develop methods to protect the security of our assets.
A further challenge is to make certain the verification happens in a manner that does not reveal weapons details to non-nuclear weapon states as proscribed by Article I of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, or classified information reflecting national security interests and controlled through relevant U.S. laws and regulations.4
Recent monitoring and inspection practices affecting the United States and Russia focused on verifying the
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agreements the techniques employed and the inspectors must guarantee international assurance of compliance.
Each reduction involving nuclear weapons offers possibilities for monitoring and verification that can confirm that the states are honoring their commitments. Verification will likely include two complementary efforts: confirming declared activities and detecting clandestine materials or operations. Science and Technology and Research and Development are needed to enable such steps.
In terms of the diagram below, the verification of declared disposition is straightforward, paralleling IAEA safeguards on direct-use fissile material in non-nuclear weapon States. Such verification will require the use of specialized methods and managed access.
A number of storage and dismantlement verification technologies — focused primarily in the areas of radiation detection, remote monitoring, and tamper-indicating devices — were developed over the last 15 years to support a variety of negotiations and exercises. These technologies may be applicable to support verification throughout the dismantlement process, including monitoring and verification of weapons removed from operational deployment through various storage conditions and disassembly processes to the end states of disposed uranium and plutonium.
High-quality radiation measurements are central to determining that a weapon or material is
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in developing information barrier design concepts and a legal framework and deployment arrangement.
NNSA has continued to support development of second and third generation versions of these radiation
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all parties, and comprehensive adversarial analysis, commonly called "red teaming."
While current information barriers are not perfect, substantial progress has been made. In
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other nuclear-armed states would benefit the eventual application of universal measures.
As these techniques are considered for use in inspection protocols and transparency measures for warhead
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subjecting an item to a stream of neutrons and/or gamma rays.
Passive detection techniques are excellent in many situations but they are inherently limited by the strength of the signal that reaches the detector from the measured item. For some materials or in cases of inadvertent or intentional shielding, active systems may be required.
In active detection systems (Fig. 2), a photon or neutron beam could
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and creativity of the international arms control and nonproliferation technical community are engaged.
The techniques that have received the most attention for the purposes of warhead or material
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more complex coincidence and multiplicity techniques have been used to determine plutonium masses.
Measurements of some highly-enriched uranium (HEU) characteristics and material mass using
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to determine the feasibility and applicability of these techniques for potential verification measures.
Authentication of the equipment (ensuring that the measurements taken and answers given can be
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secure storage of sensitive materials and warhead systems of concern in this study.
In addition to these measuring and inventory technologies, the development of modeling and analytical
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maturation process for new technologies to be used in future arms control activities.
The United States and Russia already have many years of experience in sharing verification technologies
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of these systems in support of a wide variety of treaties and agreements.
Further, such verification centers offer the opportunity to develop a truly international approach to
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and critical scholarly thinking can be integrated into the technology development process. 12
One technology area that would benefit from the establishment of verification centers is that of
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-based lags behind the development of approaches for passive radiation detection systems.
Significant precedents exist that may serve as models for establishing these centers, including U
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of operational realism, classification sensitivities, technical expertise and required radioactive sources.
There are a number of facilities around the world that may meet the desired characteristics
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an international center for nuclear disarmament research under the auspices of the IAEA.
Such centers should be chosen with specific security missions and corresponding security arrangements in mind. International centers should be established with consideration of the ability to allow participation of experts from all nuclear-armed states. The work these centers provide will facilitate future treaties and agreements.
Nuclear Archeology
As noted above, for sustainable progress to be made towards the goal of ultimately
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archeology" may offer new and promising tools to certifying completeness and accuracy.
In general, nuclear archeology is the study of nuclear facilities or fissile materials to
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operation of nuclear facilities and therefore identify amounts of plutonium and uranium production.

Extinction

Müller 00 (Harold, Director of the Peace Research Institute-Frankfurt and Professor of International Relations at Goethe University, "Compliance Politics: A Critical Analysis of Multilateral Arms Control Treaty Enforcement", Nonproliferation Review, 7(2), Summer)

In this author’s view,3 at least four distinct missions continue to make arms
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level of conflict and assist in ushering in new relations of global cooperation.

Breakout causes rearm races and nuclear war

Glaser 98 – Charles L., Professor of Political Science and International Affairs – George Washington University, "The Flawed Case for Nuclear Disarmament", Survival, Spring, 40(1), p. 114-116

Because nuclear arsenals could be rebuilt, much of the effort in establishing a disarmament
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to be designed to enable states to rearm at essentially equal rates.8
In addition to a carefully designed rearmament plan, disarmament would have to wait until
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good that the possibility of an adversarial relationship had become non-existent.
Disarmament would also require that all non-nuclear states with the potential to build
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arsenals and could well be the first states to violate the disarmament regime.
As long as political relations remained so good, disarmament could not significantly reduce the probability of major-power war. Under these political conditions, states would not get into crises, and would not fight conventional or nuclear wars, whether or not they deployed nuclear weapons. Therefore, under these conditions disarmament would avoid wasting scarce resources, but would not increase states’ security.
The impact of disarmament on nuclear war thus hinges on how well it would work
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is a serious possibility, disarmament would probably collapse into a rearmament race.
So, is deliberate nuclear war more likely when states are engaged in a rearmament
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the promise of forthcoming deployments, thus returning safely to a nuclear world.
In contrast, the nuclear world promises to avoid all of these asymmetries and vulnerabilities
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irrationally - but this seems just as likely in the formerly disarmed world.

Multilateral arms control stops US/China arms competition

Dunn 9 (Lewis A., Senior Vice President – Science Applications International Corp and Former U.S. Ambassador to the NPT, "Reshaping Strategic Relationships: Expanding the Arms Control Toolbox", Arms Control Today, May, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2009_5/Dunn)

Multilateral efforts, such as working to achieve the entry into force of the Comprehensive
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an arms control process involving the United States, Russia, and China.
As with Russia, one step would be for U.S. officials to
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accurately from the United States than via leaks and third-party descriptions.
As already noted, given mutual uncertainties about each other’s strategic plans, programs,
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with U.S. and Russian restraints on their offenses and defenses.
Planning for Nuclear Abolition
Speaking in Prague on April 5, Obama declared "America’s commitment to seek the
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NPT nuclear-weapon states, including agreement on transparency measures.~11~
Dialogue among these five countries on the goal of nuclear abolition will assuredly accelerate in the months ahead. As part of that dialogue, U.S. officials could not only encourage or support joint studies and experiments but also explore possible development of an action plan for nuclear disarmament.
Joint Studies and Experiments
The United Kingdom has already conducted its own technical assessment of verification of nuclear disarmament
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joint experiment on the monitored storage of nuclear warheads prior to their elimination.
Nuclear Transparency
The time has come for a favorable response to Sarkozy’s call for agreed transparency measures
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the basis for a joint transparency initiative at the 2010 NPT Review Conference.
Nuclear Abolition Action Plan
Finally, the five countries should pursue their own action plan for nuclear abolition.
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take at the review conference, and pave the way for later action.
Conclusion
The Obama administration has moved swiftly to take arms control out of the "cold storage" where it was relegated by the Bush administration. The primary focus of the new administration has rightly been on resetting the U.S.-Russian strategic relationship and on negotiating a replacement for START. The administration also has acted to reinvigorate the strategic dialogue with China, while signaling support for a wider nuclear dialogue among the five NPT nuclear-weapon states.
In pursuing these goals, U.S. officials can draw on a rich
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integrate China into the bilateral U.S.-Russian arms control process.
The bottom line of this analysis can be stated quite simply: as part of an expanded arms control toolbox, many different cooperative security activities can contribute to reshaping the U.S.-Russian and U.S.-Chinese strategic relationships successfully, as well as building habits of cooperation among the five NPT nuclear-weapon states. U.S. officials and their counterparts in other countries should take advantage of the full spectrum of these activities.

Escalates —- transparency solves

Lewis 9 (Dr. Jeffrey, Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation, "Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization", Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, Ed. Hansell and Potter, p. 44-46)

New Challenges in Sino-U.S. Crisis Stability
In the United States, we tend to think about two implications that will arise
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a dialogue can reduce the possibility of accidents, miscalculations, or misunderstandings. 

Global nuclear war

Hunkovic 9 (Lee J, American Military University, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict: Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/ Hunkovic.pdf-http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
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outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 3 —- Fusion

Funding’s key to fusion commercialization —- it’s feasible and delivers huge energy

Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source
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) priority. Funding for fusion has been anemic since the late 1950s.
According to the Focus Fusion Society, a New Jersey-based non-profit
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as Tokamaks and alternatives. Does that seem like a lot to you?
I can’t confirm those FFS numbers are correct (anyone who can provide better/
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the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.

Scientific capability exists. Money is the outstanding variable.

Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.
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practical consequences beyond fusion—from understanding the cosmos to fabricating computer chips.
Third, Congressman Rohrabacher noted that despite large funding, we have not yet achieved
AND
. The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.

Isotopes are abundant and there’s no downside

Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, "Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source", 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh the downsides by a landslide. One of the
AND
element, which is hazardous if proper precautions are not taken ~3~.
     Another advantage of nuclear fusion as a power source is that nuclear fusion produces
AND
desirable than fission is because of the difference in the products ~3~.
     While fission is a very dangerous and difficult process which can cause catastrophic meltdowns like Chernobyl, fusion is a relatively simple process, which can be easily monitored and controlled ~9~. For these reasons nuclear fusion is much more desirable as a global power source than nuclear fission
Inertial Confinement Fusion
Inertial confinement nuclear fusion is a specific type of nuclear fusion. It, just
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very desirable process, there are other reasons, which will be examined.
     Theoretically inertial confinement nuclear fusion could produce an enormous amount of "green"
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atmosphere and join the already present particles of the same type already circulating.
     For these reasons, it is clear that inertial confinement nuclear fusion is the correct choice to continue researching and eventually using to supply the world with energy.
ENDING THE ENERGY CRISIS
When the drawbacks of nuclear fusion are completely resolved, we could end the energy
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be built makes them very desirable and advantageous as an applicable power source.

Engineering barriers will be overcome

Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, "Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion", March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is that "fusion reactors...hopeless because of engineering
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tokamak reactors, relative to projections based on ’conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.

DoE lab’s are key

Holdren 99 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, "Powerful Partnerships: The Federal Role in International Cooperation on Energy Innovation", President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology Report, June, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph241/ferguson2/docs/pcast99_full.pdf)

Beyond the market failures and barriers just discussed, other rationales for government involvement include
AND
non-energy policies are taken up in a separate subsection, below.

Fusion tech will be adopted by the Navy —- key to global, rapid power projection

Triola 8 (Larry C., Naval Surface Warfare Center, "Energy %26 National Security: An Exploration of
Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures", 10-9, http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf-http://www.theeestory.com/files/may6LTriola.pdf)

Current nuclear power technology offers potential to replace all electrical-grid power production without
AND
use, but could serve as grid power should they eventually be developed.
The Bussard Polywell machine has shown remarkable recent success ~55–57~. The
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all encompassing to project—no less than emergence of a new civilization.
Virtually all U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and submarines are nuclear powered.
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independence, can be a net energy exporter with emerging nuclear power options.

Multiple hotspots will erupt with WMD conflict —- rapid naval mobility stops escalation

Green 97 (Kevin, Rear Admiral, Commander – United States Navy, NTC, Great Lakes, "What the Best Damn Navy in the World Is For", Vital Speeches of the Day, 7-15, Ebsco)

And the list of troubles wouldn’t be complete without mentioning that by the year 2000
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, the Navy-Marine corps team has to be ready for them.

Goes global

Conway 7 (James T., General – U.S. Marine Corps, Gary  Roughead, Admiral – U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral – U.S. Coast Guard, "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," October, http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf)

No other disruption is as potentially disastrous to global stability as war among major powers
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and sustain forces, sea control and power projection enable extended campaigns ashore.

Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
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the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Military will integrate them

Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, "ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems", 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology
In a compilation of several surveys, it was found that the most numerous technology
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major role in the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program ~74~.
Superconductive magnets are also of great interest for the "plasma separation process" ~
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for a number of military applications where similar or related properties are important.

That checks sea-skimming missiles —- threat’s high

CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, "Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar", http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are so accurate they define the "Volt," goes the saying. The true testament to the intrinsic accuracy that results from the properties of superconductors is that the metrology standard for realizing the electrical unit of "Volt" is indeed a superconducting circuit. In addition to accuracy, superconductors enable the most sensitive detectors of electromagnetic radiation and are used in scientific research both at ground-based astronomy observatories as well as in space-based NASA missions.
Instrumentation
The earliest applications of superconducting electronics were, and continue to be, custom instruments based primarily on superb sensitivity in detecting magnetic fields. These instruments are based on various designs of SQUIDs and find applications in research laboratories for physics, chemistry, and materials science research as well as in field geological expeditions such as airborne detection of salt domes, a frequent indicator of potential new oil fields.
Sensors
Besides being ultrasensitive detectors of magnetic fields, superconductors also excel in the detection of
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SCUB-2 infrared camera on the James Clerk Maxwell telescope in Hawaii.
Standards
It took several decades of research and international collaboration to realize that superconducting devices can
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the precision and accuracy of the existing DC-standards. ~1~
Radar
Superconductive electronics can dramatically enhance anti-ship missile defense radars. Emerging threats include
AND
these life-saving sensors affordable for a wide variety of Navy ships.
Issues and Recommendations
Besides continued support for the R%26D required to advance these devices and applications
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sensors and standards as well as benefiting superconductor-based applications in communications.

Sea skimming threat causes perception of U.S. weakness —- emboldens China to spark conflict with Japan

Elwar 9-19 – Elliott, Digital Journalist, Research, and Military Writer, "The U.S. War Against Iran Could Shift The Balance Of Power", Digital Journal, 2012, http://digitaljournal.com/article/333174

From The News: The head of Iran’s powerful Revolutionary Guards warned about retaliation against
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not good for Pacific countries as Japan, South Korea, and Australia. 

Extinction

Baker 12 – Kevin Robert, Political Analyst, "What Would Happen If China and Japan Went To War?", 9-17, http://appreviews4u.com/2012/09/17/what-would-happen-if-china-and-japan-went-to-war/

So could this island dispute spark off a full blown war? Well, if you take a look at how most wars begin it’s always in the wake of something small or remote happening. Such as when two people end up in a fight over an initial remark. The Balkan countries after all acted as the stage to spark the last world wars.
So, in a nuclear age when nuclear war has disappeared from popular debate and
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up before we see the knock on results of greed damaging the environment.
So, let’s look at the strength of the two countries . . .
Population
Japan: 126,500,000 – China: 1,350,000,000
As you can see the population of China far exceeds that of Japan. This could be a positive thing for drafting soldiers but also would spell more casualties.
Military Manpower Available
Japan: 53,600,000 – China: 750,500,000
The manpower available clearly tips in China’s direction here.
Active Military Personnel
Japan: 240,000 – China: 2,300,000
Trained military personnel in China clearly outweighs Japan’s trained and active military personnel.
Total Naval Units
Japan: 110 – China: 972
Without allies coming to bolster the amount of ships available to Japan, China would have the upper hand. China also has more submarines, an aircraft carrier and more frigates and destroyers.
Defence Budget/Expenditure
Japan: %2470,500,000,000 – China: %24100,000,000,000
Here the two countries are not far off each other. Japan is a more developed nation with a stronger economy when it comes to nation size comparison of course.
Economy and Allies
Here’s where Japan excels economy wise, as it has the second largest economy for
AND
. However, Japan has one enormous ally and that is the USA.
China has the fastest growing economy in the world after opening up to the rest
AND
the USA and China are strained at times, to say the least.
China is not an isolationist country but it is quite nationalistic. Their allies include, Russia, which is a big super power, Pakistan and Iran as well as North Korea. They have more allies than Japan, although most relations have been built on economic strategies, being a money-centric nation.
Countries potentially hostile toward China in the event of a Japan vs. China war include Germany, Britain, Australia and South Korea. So even though Japan does not outwardly build relationships with allies, Japan would have allies rallying around them if China were to attack Japan.
The island dispute would not play out as it did in the UK vs. Argentina island dispute, as both sides could cause massive damage to each other, whereas the UK was far superior in firepower compared to Argentina.
Conclusion
Even though China outweighs Japan in numbers, the likelihood that a war would develop into a nuclear war means that numbers don’t really mean anything anymore. The nuclear capabilities of Japan and China would mean that each country could destroy each other many times over. The island dispute would then escalate to  possible mass extinction for the human race.
The nuclear fall out would affect most of Asia and to a certain extent the
AND
maybe 20 years at best, if there are ample supplies of course.

Escalation’s likely —- multiple factors overwhelm reluctance
Bush 10 (Richard C. III., Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies – Brookings Institution and Ph.D. in Political Science – Columbia University, "China-Japan Security Relations", Brookings Policy Brief Series ~%23177, October, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2010/10/china-japan-bush)

A Senkaku Scenario ¶ These trends plus the salience of naval and air operations suggest
AND
Tokyo and Beijing’s chances of succeeding in their efforts to manage the crisis. 

Escalation tanks the global economy
Chan 12 (John, Writer – WSIS, "IMF Chief Warns: China-Japan Dispute Threatens World Economy", 10-8, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/chjp-o08.shtml)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned of the consequences for the global
AND
or %24230 billion, following a massive 70 percent surge since 2010.

Extinction

Kemp 10 (Geoffrey, Director of Regional Strategic Programs – Nixon Center and Former Director of the Middle East Arms Control Project – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-234)

The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
AND
expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Aff solves the econ but the fiscal cliff doesn’t

Lara Hoffmans, Contributor Forbes, 10-31-2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/larahoffmans/2012/10/31/the-fiscal-cliff-things-that-already-happened/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/larahoffmans/2012/10/31/the-fiscal-cliff-things-that-already-happened/

That’s the way those politicians are thinking. Which is fine—I’m no fan
AND
should call the fiscal cliff what it really is: a fiscal plane.

The aff is applied R and D – solves limits

EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, "3. Federal Energy Research and Development", http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
Federal energy-related R%26D
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improved nuclear power plants.

States don’t solve - duplication and lack of coordination undermine solvency. And they can’t access national labs, which are key.

Olynyk 12 – Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, B.Sc (Eng), Engineering Physics – Queen’s University, Summer NSERC USRA Internship – Royal Military College of Canada, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html-http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html

Now, the other part of the question is - why the U.S. federal government in particular, and not state governments? Before we get to that, one thing should be mentioned here. Unlike in most fields of research, fusion is one where the United States does not dominate. U.S. domestic fusion research was about %24299-million in Fiscal Year 2012; it was multiple times higher than that in the European Union. The U.S. contribution to the ITER project is 9% - the same level as India, South Korea, Japan, China, and Russia. Europe is paying 46%. So while it’s often a good assumption that U.S. research in a field ~= world research in a field, this is not the case for fusion. Funding for fusion in this country is about a third (in real terms) of what it was in the ’70s and ’80s during the oil crisis, when energy research was briefly taken extremely seriously on a national level — see the graph png (I made this graph and it’s freely available to use - click it to get the full-resolution version.)
Okay, but U.S. research is still an important part of the
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splitting up a big experiment so each tokamak facility does part of it).
Also, the research gains from a new tokamak or stellarator are nonlinear. That
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Pegasus at Wisconsin) in conjunction with the large "headline" experiments.
Regarding national labs (Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory,
AND
Atomics which runs the DIII-D facility in La Jolla, CA.)
So to sum up, private industry won’t fund fusion because it’s too long-
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it nationally allows it to be coordinated nationally, reducing duplication of effort.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pepperdine | Judge: Herndon

2ac Politics

Pepsi challenge—no internal link

— Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, "Poverty as a Cause of Wars?", Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
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by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

No agreement- hardline negotiating by both sides

Baltimore Sun, 1-2-2013 http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-fiscal-cliff-20130101,0,5837371.story-http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-fiscal-cliff-20130101,0,5837371.story

They agreed to put off the mandatory spending cuts made under a process known as
AND
the stage for more Republican gamesmanship while the economy hangs in the balance.

Obama won’t fight for debt ceiling agreement

Huffington Post, 1-3-2013 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/obama-debt-ceiling-fiscal-cliff_n_2394164.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/obama-debt-ceiling-fiscal-cliff_n_2394164.html

Speaking after winning a "fiscal cliff" victory, President Barack Obama vowed on
AND
a little less drama" in coming budget talks about cutting government spending.

Sandy thumps the DA

PBS, 1-2-2013 http://www.netnebraska.org/node/834376-http://www.netnebraska.org/node/834376

A number of Republicans had insisted on offsetting spending cuts. But Boehner’s decision was
AND
be taken by the new Congress that’s due to be sworn in tomorrow.
Obama lost on fiscal cliff —- jacks his agenda
Kurtz 1-1 – Howard, Washington Bureau Chief for Newsweek, "Obama Fiscal Cliff Victory Could Invite Years of Warfare With the GOP", The Daily Beast, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/01/01/obama-fiscal-cliff-victory-could-invite-years-of-warfare-with-the-gop.html

The president is riding high now that many Republicans have joined in raising taxes on the wealthy. But Howard Kurtz says it could prove a pyrrhic victory that could threaten his second-term agenda.
President Obama clearly won the fiscal cliff skirmish on Tuesday as he faced down the Republicans, forcing them despite years of fervent promises to raise tax rates on the wealthy. But he also made concessions over New Year’s weekend that could weaken his hand in future battles.
U.S. President Barack Obama delivers remarks about the fiscal cliff negotiations in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building next to the White House December 31, 2012 in Washington, DC. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty)
Beating back a conservative revolt in his party, Speaker John Boehner brought to the House floor the compromise bill passed in a predawn session in the Senate. The bill passed late Tuesday night, with Nancy Pelosi’s Democrats providing 172 votes, enough to offset substantial Republican defections. Eighty-five Republicans voted for the bill.
The measure will restore the Bush tax cuts for individuals making less than %24400,000 and families under %24450,000 a year, while also extending unemployment insurance for a year and reviving an inheritance tax exemption for estates under %245 million.
During several tense hours, with Majority Leader Eric Cantor opposing his own speaker, it appeared the House would amend the bill to include %24300 billion in spending cuts—which, if it had passed, would have required further negotiations with the Senate that probably would have run out the clock. But the leadership decided to stick with the "clean" version, knowing full well that Democrats would get the ball across the finish line.
At the same time, Obama has left some in his party disaffected as well. By raising the income threshold at which higher taxes kick in from %24250,000 to %24400,000, the president did more than back off his constantly repeated campaign vow. He gave away a huge amount of future revenue that will make it more difficult to fund the entitlement and social programs dear to Democratic hearts.
Obama also signaled that when push comes to shove, when the final deadline is at hand, he will retreat from his line-in-the-sand position, although the White House would call it reasonable compromise that spared most people a nasty tax hike.
Still, this was his moment of greatest political leverage. And now that the messy and embarrassing slog over the tax issue has been resolved, the playing field will be more favorable to Republicans in 2013. The administration has little left to trade now that the debate will focus on the %24110 billion in automatic spending cuts that Tuesday’s voting delayed for two months.
Even more troublesome, from the White House point of view, is that Republicans can again play the debt ceiling card, as they did in the summer of 2011. The threat of a government default in late February will bring enormous pressure on the president to reach an accommodation on spending cuts, just as the fiscal cliff essentially forced the Republicans to sacrifice wealthier taxpayers to avoid blame for higher levies on 98 percent of Americans.
After the House vote, Obama served notice that he does not want to be drawn into another game of fiscal chicken over the debt ceiling. "While I will negotiate over many things," he said, "I will not have another debate with this Congress over whether or not they should pay the bills that they’ve already racked up through the laws that they passed."
That, at least, is his stated position. But it is hard to imagine the Democrats sticking to that stance if the government’s ability to borrow is on the line. The political approach of blaming the GOP for a default might be tempting, but Obama would share responsibility for a credit downgrade that could rattle the markets and likely push the country into recession.
The threat of a government default in late February will bring enormous pressure on the president to reach an accommodation on spending cuts.
Of course, many Republicans aren’t going to want to jump over that cliff—a real one, as opposed to the artificial crisis that Congress created this time—but the party is in such disarray at the moment that anything is possible.
The White House wasn’t shy about declaring victory after the Senate’s 2 a.m. vote, saying "the president achieved a bipartisan solution that keeps income taxes low for the middle class and grows the economy," while also providing "significant new revenue"—about %2460 billion for this year.
But since the coming weeks and perhaps months will now be devoted to the next round of the budget battle, another problem for the president is that this could encroach on his second-term agenda.
Strong Congressional support for fusion research
Rowberg 00 (Richard E., Senior Specialist in Science and Technology in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division – CRS, "Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis", Congressional Research Service Report, 1-31, http://fire.pppl.gov/RL30417.pdf)

In the 1990s, Congress maintained its support of the goals of the fusion program
AND
an ultimate long-term advanced energy source for the country ... .14
Even after the FY1996 changes, expressions of support continued. In the FY2000 DOE appropriations report, the House Committee on Appropriations stated, The Committee remains committed to a fusion program that is based on ... the ultimate goal of practical fusion energy.15
During the 42-year span that witnessed substantial changes in budget levels, congressional support for a federally funded fusion energy R%26D effort and for its goal appears to have remained high. Over that period, Congress has noted also other benefits of the program such as advances in plasma science and engineering and the production of many highly trained scientists and engineers.
Energy focus outweighs budget concerns
Rowberg 00 (Richard E., Senior Specialist in Science and Technology in the Resources, Science, and Industry Division – CRS, "Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis", Congressional Research Service Report, 1-31, http://fire.pppl.gov/RL30417.pdf)

6. Federal budget constraints.
Throughout the past 42 years, Congress has on a number of occasions stated that
AND
the focus on energy issues appears to have overcome concerns about budget limitations.
The situation begin to change in the early 1980s, as energy receded as a
AND
expressed approval of the steps DOE had taken in reorienting the program.53
While concerns about federal spending have existed throughout most of this period, Congress has not often invoked those concerns in dealing with the program’s budget request. It seems clear that while fiscal constraints are an important consideration for Congress, other issues, such as the nation’s energy problems, may override those constraints to some degree.
Fiat solves the link —- it’s instant —- no political effect
DoE does the plan —- that’s 1AC Miller —- shields the link
Schoenbrod 93 (David, Professor of Law – New York Law School, Adjunct Scholar – Cato Institute and Former Staff Attorney and Co-Director – Project on Urban Transportation, Power Without Responsibility, p. 9-10)

Delegation, Like Budget Deficits, Hides Costs
Delegation can shield our elected lawmakers from blame for harming the public not only when
AND
by which a politician can appear to kiss both sides of the apple."
Not intrinsic —- do the plan and pass _.
Winners win
Halloran 10 (Liz, Reporter – NPR, "For Obama, What A Difference A Week Made", National Public Radio, 4-6, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125594396)

Amazing what a win in a major legislative battle will do for a president’s spirit
AND
can reverse what the polls now suggest is a losing issue for them.
Fission incentives now
Goodman 12 (Amy, Award Winning Journalist – The Guardian and Host – Democracy Now%21, "Big Nuclear’s Cosy Relationship with the Obama Administration", The Guardian, 3-8, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/ cifamerica/2012/mar/08/big-nuclear-cosy-relationship-obama-administration)

This is mind-boggling, on the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, with the chair of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission warning that lessons from Fukushima have not been implemented in this country. Nevertheless, Democrats and Republicans agree on one thing: they’re going to force nuclear power on the public, despite the astronomically high risks, both financial and environmental.
One year ago, on 11 March 2011, the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami hit the northeast coast of Japan, causing more than 15,000 deaths, with 3,000 more missing and thousands of injuries. Japan is still reeling from the devastation – environmentally, economically, socially and politically. Naoto Kan, Japan’s prime minister at the time, said last July;
"We will aim to bring about a society that can exist without nuclear power."
He resigned in August after shutting down production at several power plants. He said that another catastrophe could force the mass evacuation of Tokyo, and even threaten "Japan’s very existence". Only two of the 54 Japanese power plants that were online at the time of the Fukushima disaster are currently producing power. Kan’s successor, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, supports nuclear power, but faces growing public opposition to it.
This stands in stark contrast to the United States. Just about a year before Fukushima, President Obama announced %248bn in loan guarantees to the Southern Company, the largest energy producer in the southeastern US, for the construction of two new nuclear power plants in Waynesboro, Georgia, at the Vogtle power plant, on the South Carolina border.
Since the 1979 nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, and then the catastrophe at Chernobyl in 1986, there have been no new nuclear power plants built in the US. The 104 existing nuclear plants are all increasing in age, many nearing their originally slated life expectancy of 40 years.
While campaigning for president in 2008, Barack Obama promised that nuclear power would remain
AND
Pac money), President Obama is fulfilling his promise to push nuclear power.
Capital isn’t key
Dickinson 9 (Matthew, Professor of Political Science – Middlebury College and Former Professor – Harvard University, "Sotomayor, Obama, and Presidential Power", Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, 5-26, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/

As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward almost certain confirmation goes as follows
AND
has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee.
Kerry supports the plan —- 1AC evidence —- key to the agenda
Leibovich 9 (Mark, Reporter – NYT, "After a Humbling Spiral, Kerry Returns to Form", New York Times, 11-24, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/25/us/politics/25kerry.html?_r=1%26ref=johnkerry)

Mr. Kerry’s long, lined face will always suggest some weariness, and he is walking more slowly around the Capitol than he used to after a hip replacement in August ("too much hockey, too much running, too much soccer and too much skiing").
But at 65, after a humbling spiral — from almost-president to Democratic scapegoat to campaign pariah (2006) to wannabe secretary of state (passed over for Hillary Rodham Clinton) — Massachusetts’ new senior senator has settled into an influential role as legislative bridge builder, international troubleshooter and party elder statesman.
He finds himself at the center of some of the hottest items on the national
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plans that was considered a crucial provision in the Senate’s health care bill.
"It’s clear he is back in stride — he’s harnessed up," Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. said in an interview, adding that he talks more to Mr. Kerry than anyone else on Capitol Hill. (Mr. Kerry has met with President Obama 14 times since he took office, according to the senator’s office.)

1ar

Econ %21

Economic collapse doesn~’t cause instability

Fareed Zakaria was named editor of Newsweek International in October 2000, overseeing all Newsweek editions abroad, December 12, 2009, "The Secrets of Stability," http://www.newsweek.com/2009/12/11/the-secrets-of-stability.html
Others predicted that these economic shocks would lead to political instability and violence in the
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. The predictions of economic and political collapse have not materialized at all.

Ext. No PC

Won~’t get involved in negotiations

Weekly Standard, 1-2-2013 ~~http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-debt-ceiling-not-negotiation_693488.html-http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/obama-debt-ceiling-not-negotiation_693488.html~~~~

After hailing the passage of the "fiscal cliff" last night, President Barack
AND
the legal debt limit should be higher than %2416.394 trillion.

It~’s a matter of principles

Daily Caller, 12-28-2012 ~~http://dailycaller.com/2012/12/28/gop-holds-line-on-debt-ceiling-fight/-http://dailycaller.com/2012/12/28/gop-holds-line-on-debt-ceiling-fight/~~~~

"A top Obama administration official" told The Huffington Post that "they don~’t view an unresolved debt ceiling fight as too generous a concession because, as a matter of principle, the president will not negotiate with Republicans over raising it down the road."

1AR Sandy Thumper

Sandy spending T of the D

AP, 1-2-2013 ~~http://www.eastoregonian.com/news/nation_world/obama-ny-and-nj-lawmakers-press-for-sandy-aid/article_e1ef6bb5-83f5-528b-9dd0-a148aa2bc43b.html-http://www.eastoregonian.com/news/nation_world/obama-ny-and-nj-lawmakers-press-for-sandy-aid/article_e1ef6bb5-83f5-528b-9dd0-a148aa2bc43b.html~~~~

Under intense pressure from angry Republicans, House Speaker John Boehner agreed Wednesday to a
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will be taken by the new Congress that will be sworn in Thursday.

Triggers controversial spending fights

New York Times 11/12
~~~"Cuomo to Seek %2430 Billion in Aid for Storm Relief", NYT, 11/12/12, available online at ~~http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/nyregion/cuomo-to-seek-30-billion-in-aid-for-storm-relief.html?_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/nyregion/cuomo-to-seek-30-billion-in-aid-for-storm-relief.html?_r=0~~~~, accessed 11/12/12Thur~~~
Mr. Cuomo~’s request could be seen as a challenge to Mr. Obama to
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and Virginia — will almost certainly be seeking federal assistance for their constituents.

Controversial but the vote is Friday

PBS, 1-2-2013 ~~http://www.netnebraska.org/node/834376-http://www.netnebraska.org/node/834376~~~~

STEVEN DENNIS: And it was almost — it was amazing to see almost a
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of it. So they are going to apparently get this money now.

Obama pushing

Bayou Buzz, 1-2-2012 ~~http://www.bayoubuzz.com/us-news/item/237527-house-speaker-says-still-committed-to-sandy-aid-http://www.bayoubuzz.com/us-news/item/237527-house-speaker-says-still-committed-to-sandy-aid~~~~

House Speaker John Boehner insisted on Wednesday he is committed to passing a Superstorm Sandy
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cliff" budget deal that sidestepped stiff tax hikes and deep spending cuts.

Agenda Politics – Obama Good – Ext – PC Not Key

Capital~’s not key —- media~’s wrong —- ideology outweighs —- that~’s Dickinson

Best studies prove
Jacobs 10 – University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond King, "Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama Presidency", Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802)  

But personality is not a solid foundation for a persuasive explanation of presidential impact and
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, and anticipated voter reactions. Presidential sales pitches go only so far.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: liberty | Judge: 

* 1AC vs Liberty – don’t read ahead 3

Adv 1- leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear power continues to struggle in the shadow of the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
But an abundant, safe and clean energy source once thought to be the stuff of science fiction is closer than many realize: nuclear fusion. Making it a reality, however, will take significant investment from the government at a time when spending on scientific research is under threat.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, the energy that powers the sun and the stars, has been a goal of physicists worldwide since the 1950s. It is essentially inexhaustible and it can be created using hydrogen isotopes — chemical cousins of hydrogen, like deuterium — that can readily be extracted from seawater.
Fusion energy is created by fusing two atomic nuclei, in the process converting mass to energy, which appears as heat. The heat, as in conventional nuclear fission reactors, turns water into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity, or is used to produce fuels for transportation or other uses.
Fusion energy generates zero greenhouse gases. It offers no chance of a catastrophic accident. It can be available to all nations, relying only on the Earth’s oceans. When commercialized, it will transform the world’s energy supply.
There’s a catch. The development of fusion energy is one of the most difficult science and engineering challenges ever undertaken. Among other challenges, it requires production and confinement of a hot gas — a plasma — with a temperature around 100 million degrees Celsius.
But potential solutions to these daunting technical challenges are emerging. In one approach,
AND
combustion engine, with multiple mini-explosions (about five per second).
Once a poorly understood area of research, plasma physics has become highly developed. Scientists not only produce 100 million-degree plasmas routinely, but they control and manipulate such "small suns" with remarkable finesse. Since 1970 the power produced by magnetic fusion in the lab has grown from one-tenth of a watt, produced for a fraction of a second, to 16 million watts produced for one second — a billionfold increase in fusion energy.
Seven partners — the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States — have teamed up on an experiment to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for 500 seconds and longer by 2020, demonstrating key scientific and engineering aspects of fusion at the scale of a reactor.
However, even though the United States is a contributor to this experiment, known as ITER, it has yet to commit to the full program needed to develop a domestic fusion reactor to produce electricity for the American power grid. Meanwhile other nations are moving forward to implement fusion as a key ingredient of their energy security.
Indeed, fusion research facilities more modern than anything in the United States are either under construction or operating in China, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The will and enthusiasm of governments in Asia to fill their energy needs with fusion, as soon as possible, is nearly palpable.
What has been lacking in the United States is the political and economic will. We need serious public investment to develop materials that can withstand the harsh fusion environment, sustain hot plasma indefinitely and integrate all these features in an experimental facility to produce continuous fusion power.
This won’t be cheap. A rough estimate is that it would take %2430 billion and 20 years to go from the current state of research to the first working fusion reactor. But put in perspective, that sum is equal to about a week of domestic energy consumption, or about 2 percent of the annual energy expenditure of %241.5 trillion.
Fusion used to be an energy source for my generation’s grandchildren; now, plans
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Federal funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
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public considers such changes to be surrogates for progress toward particular societal goals.
To get a feel for the depth of this worldview, consider the National Institutes
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this information he inferred a "crisis" in federal support for science.
Given the totemic importance of the federal R%26D budget, and the centrality of the budget in S%26T policy discourse, what can we learn about the U.S. science and technology enterprise from an examination of budgetary trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Overcomes alt causes

Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
AND
and lessen our impact on the world, will require new energy sources.
Fusion is coming into it’s own today.  It is the best of all possible
AND
in demand throughout the world with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.

Extinction

Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under enormous pressure from terrorism, endemic poverty, environmental challenges, debt, corruption, civil unrest, and regional, tribal, and religious conflicts. The result is a climate of despair, and potential breeding grounds for radical politics and extremism.
A successful American foreign policy must include thinking through actions and policies, and how
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years. Too often we tend to confuse tactical action for strategic thinking.
A matter of mutual understanding
American foreign policy has always required a principled realism that is true to our values as we face the world as it really is in all of its complexities. We need to accept the reality that there is not a short-term solution to every problem in the world. What we must do is manage these realities and complex problems, moving them into positions of solution possibilities and resolution.
American foreign policy has always dared to project a vision of a world where all
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little margin for error with the stakes so high in the world today.
America must strengthen its global alliances. Common-interest alliances will be required in
AND
economic, intelligence, diplomatic, humanitarian, military and law enforcement fields.
The centrality of alliances and multi-lateral institutions to a successful foreign policy is fundamental. Alliances and multi-lateral institutions must be understood as expansions of our influence, not as constraints on our power.  Alliances are imperfect, as are all institutions. But like "process," they help absorb shocks.
Beyond military solutions
Alliances must be built on solid foundations to handle both routine and sudden unforeseen challenges. Crisis-driven "coalitions of the willing" by themselves are not the building blocks for a stable world. We need to think more broadly, deeply and strategically.
American military power and force structure cannot sustain its commitments without a shift to a more comprehensive strategic approach to global threats and a more flexible and agile military. Cyber warfare is a paramount example of these new threats.
The perception of American power around the world must not rest solely on a military orientation or optic. There must be an underlying commitment to engagement and humanity. Engagement is not appeasement, nor is it negotiation. It is not a guarantee of anything, but rather a smart diplomatic bridge to better understanding and possible conflict resolution.
American foreign policy must reflect the realities and demands of the global economy. The
AND
strength must be as high a priority as any other foreign policy priority.
America’s security and growth are connected to both the American and global economies. A centerpiece of this security is energy security. Energy security and energy interdependence are interconnected parts of a broad and deep foreign policy paradigm that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

Adv 2 - spinoffs

Fusion research generates spin-off technologies —- budget cuts make this impossible

Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)

Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological breakthroughs experienced. Just as discoveries and innovations in the space industry led to GPS technology and cell phones, advancements in the fusion industry would create new business applications.
Fusion energy holds great promise, and the scientific community is "united" in the belief that its commercialization is possible. But, several challenges remain.
The first problem is scientific. More research and development is needed for the technology to mature, and serious hurdles have to be passed before it is ready for commercial application.
The second problem is more immediate. The industry is under threat from budget cuts from Congress, which could derail ongoing research, dismantle the workforce, and push a date for first ’burning plasma’ further off into the future. Fusion cuts could spell the end for America’s lead in this industry, as China, South Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.

Overall funding increase’s key

Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "A Tough Budget for Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/

The cut in the domestic fusion program would have a devastating impact on U.S. fusion research. It would  shut down the Alcator C-Mod at MIT, one of the three facilities critical to continued U.S. leadership in fusion.
The truth is, that after years of operating on minimal budgets and essentially level funding, the domestic fusion program cannot absorb the proposed reductions without significant negative impacts to the program and our scientific and engineering contributions.
It is very important that this budget is changed, not only to save this
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
They have also put together an excellent graph on the future of the fusion budget: as you can see on the graph that the MIT student put together (at left), the purple part is the U.S. budget commitment to ITER, which will crowd out over 3/4 of the total budget.
ASP believes that the fusion budget should be increased significantly, up to the point
AND
be able to capitalize on the advancements in fusion science that will come.

Happens immediately, even if sustained fusion is far off

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
AND
the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Spinoffs will occur in optics

Pomeroy 12 (Ross, Assistant Editor – RealClearScience, "Fusion: The Energy of Tomorrow, Today", Real Clear Science, 6-21, http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10-http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10 6303.html)

It’s high time that politicians, and indeed all Americans, recognize that a new
AND
will drive innovation in multitudes of fields ranging from optics to materials science.

Optics science is key to aerospace – speed, lightness, and security

Howard 11
(Courtney E., senior technical editor at Computer Graphics World, "Optical technology: at the speed of light," 4-1-11, http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-22/issue-4/technology-focus/optical-technology-at-the-speed-of-light.html-http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-22/issue-4/technology-focus/optical-technology-at-the-speed-of-light.html)

Optical components and systems benefit aerospace and defense applications with high speed, low weight
AND
of meters apart and interact as though they are in the same chassis."

That’s the lynchpin of air power – suppliers are on the brink

Thompson 9 (David, President – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, "The Aerospace Workforce", Federal News Service, 12-10, Lexis)

Aerospace systems are of considerable importance to U.S. national security, economic
AND
in the common industrial supply base that our entire space sector relies on.

Global nuclear war

Tellis 98 (Ashley, Senior Political Scientist – RAND, "Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century", http://www.rand. org/publications/MR/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf)

This subsection attempts to synthesize some of the key operational implications distilled from the analyses
AND
long-range cruise missiles during the time frames examined in this report. 

Optics solve next-generation Internet

ITU 11
(United Nations International Telecommunication Union, "The Optical World," June 2011, http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf-http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf)

II. Why optical technology? Optical technology is viewed by industry experts as the
AND
will continue to be a strategic enabler for next-generation Internet services. 

Checks disease spread and bioterrorism

Mackenzie 3 (John and Peter Yellowlees, Professors of Microbiology and Parasitology – University of Queensland, "Telehealth Responses to Bio-Terrorism and Emerging Infections", Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 9(Suppl. 2), p. 80-81)

The advent in February and March 2003 of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
AND
or cross-border issues and potentially better health outcomes for all groups. 

Retaliation causes nuclear war —- quick containment’s key

Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, "Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack", Air %26 Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
AND
be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made."48 

Attack coming by 2013, we’re unprepared, and the impact is huge

Glassman 12
(James K., founding executive director of the George W. Bush Institute and former president of the Atlantic Monthly magazine, publisher of the New Republic magazine, executive vice president of U.S. News %26 World Report, and editor and co-owner of Roll Call, the Congressional newspaper, "We’re Letting Our Bioterrorism Defenses Down," 4-4-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/)

A little over three years ago, a commission of experts, established by Congress
AND
the relative ease of making a bioweapon and the relative difficulty of defending."

Threats to grid reliability are escalating and collapse the economy —- fusion spinoffs solve

CCAS 9 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, "Superconductivity: Present and Future Applications", http://www.ccas-web.org/pdf/ccas_brochure_web.pdf-http://www.ccas-web.org/pdf/ccas_brochure_web.pdf
~NOTE – "HTS" = High Temperature Superconductor~

The US Power Grid Under Stress
Power industry experts in the United States are widely agreed that today’s aging power grid
AND
flows and policy reforms that threaten the power industry and our overall economy.

Blackouts causes meltdowns —- impact’s as big as US/Russian nuclear war

Goldes 11 – MA @ Brandeis and San Francisco State
Mark Goldes Former Research Fellow at Brandeis University is Founder of the Aesop Institute. Formerly Senior Director of the Berlin Corridor control radar in Germanyfor US Air Force SOLAR MEGASTORMS can GENERATE a GLOBAL NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html-http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html

We face a severe potential emergency. External threats serve to unite. The world faces an unrecognized nuclear peril%21 Uniting to confront it can generate the missing popular and government support to generate millions of jobs and revitalize the global economy.
A THREAT GREATER THAN ANY TERROR ATTACK%21
A NASA funded study by the National Academy of Sciences was titled Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts. The resulting Report detailed what might happen in the event of a solar megastorm launching a powerful Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) that strikes our geomagnetic field. The study predicts blackouts that may last for years. As the map above indicates, highly vulnerable areas include most of the Eastern and Northwestern parts of the nation.
The NOAA estimates each 11 year sunspot cycle is capable of launching 4 "extreme" (X class) CMEs and 100 "severe" CMEs at the earth. More X class events than were anticipated have occurred in the current cycle. The most dangerous period is the next 5 years. The peak peril is predicted by some to occur in May, 2013.
So far, neither NASA nor NOAA have publicly acknowledged the mortal threat these events may cause as the result of multiple meltdowns of nuclear plants worldwide. To date, there is no indication that the White House, Congress, Homeland Security, the Department of Defense and/or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission have adequately prepared to prevent the horrendous effects of such a solar megastorm.
The recent statement by a NASA scientist that human life would not end as the
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specific year. This entire 11 year sunspot cycle should be of concern.

Adv 3 - cmod

Alcator C-Mod will close without federal fusion funding – DOE’s key to reverse the shutdown order

Lin 9-7-12
(Leon, writer for The Tech at MIT, "Alcator C-Mod may lose funds," http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html-http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html)

President Obama’s budget request to Congress for fiscal year (FY) 2013, announced in February, proposed to shut down MIT’s federally-funded Alcator C-Mod, a tokamak (toroidal magnetic confinement device). To give itself six more months to agree on a formal appropriations bill, Congress will pass a continuing resolution this month. The resolution will likely sustain funding for Alcator C-Mod at current levels until the final budget for FY 2013 is out. If the final budget passed by Congress is in line with the president’s request, technical, engineering, and administrative staff would be laid off, and some 30 PhD students in Nuclear Science %26 Engineering (Course 22) would be forced to graduate by October 2013. The Department of Energy (DOE) has ordered Alcator C-Mod not to operate in the interim. However, researchers at the tokamak will not begin dismantling the device just yet, in case Congress decides to resume funding for research at Alcator C-Mod, which aims to develop a source of clean energy from nuclear fusion power. "Our best information at this point indicates that C-Mod will be put into a ’ready standby,’" says Zach S. Hartwig, a Course 22 PhD student, who believes and hopes that there will be no layoffs. "We are essentially buckling down until the next continuing resolution, due in February or March of 2013, or approved FY13 budget, under which we hope to receive funding to resume full experimental operations." In June, 12 MIT PhD students, including Hartwig, and an undergraduate from the University of Texas at Austin visited Congress, meeting with almost 30 congressional offices. "Our goal was to educate congressional offices on the situation and ask for support for domestic fusion in the upcoming continuing resolution," says Hartwig. The only three tokamaks in operation in the United States are Alcator C-Mod, DIII-D at General Atomics, and NSTX at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The presidential FY 2013 budget would cut money out of all three to support ITER (International Thermonuclear Expansion Reactor), an international project to build the biggest and best tokamak fusion reactor yet. Of the three, Alcator C-Mod has received the smallest share of the DOE’s fusion energy funding. Alcator C-Mod is also the only one that would be completely shut down under the presidential budget request. The budget request allocates about %24150 million to ITER contributions (up nearly %2450 million from FY 2012) and about %24250 million to domestic programs, maintaining the total of about %24400 million that has gone to fusion energy sciences in the past few years. The Senate Energy and Water Subcommittee has proposed legislation with similar numbers. The House Energy and Water Subcommittee, however, has proposed a bill that would supply about %24300 million to the domestic fusion energy program and about %24180 million to ITER. According to Hartwig, "%24300 million is a widely agreed upon ’minimum funding’ level required to maintain a robust, successful domestic program." Does the U.S. need three tokamaks? The heads of DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod, and NSTX told Nature for the journal’s July article that all three sites contribute uniquely to science and preliminary research for ITER. They have also argued that a strong domestic fusion energy presence will be necessary to benefit from ITER results. "We must be training the next generation of fusion scientists and engineers, which requires domestic facilities to train them on, as well as maintaining our scientific lead as one of the great fusion powerhouses of the world, which requires our unique domestic facilities to perform the research, if we hope to be ’building’ fusion power plants in the future rather than ’buying’ them from China or Europe. Sacrificing the domestic program for ITER makes no sense," says Hartwig. The ITER budget has nearly quintupled since the U.S. became an ITER partner, said Hartwig, and at the time the DOE and "the U.S. fusion community" agreed that funds would not be siphoned from domestic programs to support ITER. Alcator C-Mod is the single largest experiment at MIT, according to http://fusionfuture.org, which was started by graduate students to campaign against funding cuts. According to Hartwig, it’s the largest in terms of both of funding and number of people employed. Alcator C-Mod supports about 120 people directly, including scientists, professors, students, and technical staff. The grant money also supports the equivalent of about 100 MIT staff and another 80 full-time jobs from subcontracting. Supporters of the domestic fusion program foresee serious consequences if Congress decides to wind down Alcator C-Mod in FY 2013. Hartwig worries that MIT’s plasma physics group will disappear. Hartwig also echoes fusionfuture.org’s warning that "without an increase in funding, the domestic fusion program will be effectively eliminated to pay for ITER."

Only consistent federal funding stops the DOE from closing C-Mod

Cadwallader 12
(Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division at the American Nuclear Society, "ANS Fusion Energy Division statement on FY2013 energy appropriations," 4-18-12, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/)

The FY-2013 budget request by the Administration endangers the United States’ domestic fusion
AND
budget and, separately, fully funding this nation’s promised annual ITER contribution.

Federal funding now is key to sustain C-Mod in future budgets

Holland 12
(Andrew, American Security Project’s Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate, "A Tough Budget for Fusion," 3-1-12, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/)

The details of the FY13 fusion budget are these: The budget requests %24398
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.

C-Mod is vital for research in quantum mechanics

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

The basic science research performed on Alcator C-Mod fuels innovation, leading to
AND
offs which are the direct result of fusion research can be found here.

That’s key to quantum computing – prevents loss of military computer security

Aaronson 8
(Scott, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, "Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment," 12-12-08, http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf-http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf)

For the last fifty years computers have grown faster, smaller, and more powerful
AND
into understanding how to build codes which are not breakable by quantum computers. 

Nuclear war

Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, "Could Terrorists Launch America’s Nuclear Missiles?" 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
AND
, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.

C-Mod closure cements Chinese fusion leadership – federal funding reverses it

Vastag 12
(Brian, science reporter at The Washington Post, "Budget cuts threaten pursuit of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source," 6-25-12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html)

President Obama’s budget request for next year cuts domestic fusion research by 16 percent,
AND
for 60 years of research; we’ll take it from here.’ "

Shutdown cause brain drain from DOE programs

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

Alcator C-Mod’s shut down threatens US preeminence in science and technology For the
AND
closure represent a "brain-drain" from the DOE fusion program.

Chinese fusion leadership causes weaponization

Zhao 9
(Yan, writer for the China Military Report, "SHOCKED%21 CHINA’S FOURTH GENERATION OF NUCLEAR EXPOSURE," http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html-http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html)

More advanced and clean, the fourth-generation nuclear weapons are: the fusion
AND
to compete for third in the world, fusion bombs in no different.

Shatters the nuclear firebreak

Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Statement Before the National Press Club", 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these new highly dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons from being developed. The time to do so is now, before their feasibility is established. Once feasibility is demonstrated, the pressures from nuclear weapons laboratories as well as the military establishment to design and build them will be immense. We have one advantage over the time when fission-triggered thermonuclear weapons were developed in the 1950s. We have a CTBT that bans all nuclear explosions.
Besides the nuclear dangers that pure fusion weapons would pose, there is an immediate
AND
regarding which fusion explosions, if any, might be regarded as legal.
As my colleague Hisham Zerriffi will explain, the negotiating record regarding fission explosions as
AND
laser fusion machines, like NOVA in Livermore and GEKKO XII in Japan.
No country has actually announced the goal of building pure fusion weapons. Given the insistent international calls for nuclear disarmament and the requirement of the thirty-year-old Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that nuclear powers end the nuclear arms race at an "early date," those powers could hardly announce an explicit goal for developing pure fusion weapons.
Pure fusion weapons have long been a dream for nuclear weapons designers. Present-
AND
relatively small pure fusion weapons would be much larger than today’s nuclear weapons.
Pure fusion weapons would present far greater nuclear proliferation dangers since the acquisition of highly
AND
because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.

Extinction

Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones
AND
we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Blackouts collapse agriculture

Hecht 11 – Editor in Chief @ 21st Century Magazine
Laurence, Solar Storm Threatening Power Grids – Yet no Action Taken to Implement Defences, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html-http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html

A prolonged lack of electricity in any of these areas would reduce the population to
AND
unprepared for a return to pre-electricity conditions could descend into chaos.

Extinction

Lugar 4 (Richard G., U.S. Senator – Indiana and Former Chair – Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Plant Power", Our Planet, 14(3), http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
that the growing world population will need vastly more basic food to eat.
Complicating a solution to this problem is a dynamic that must be better understood in
AND
we will have to produce an annual average of 25 tonnes per hectare.
Can we possibly boost output that much? Well, it’s been done before. Advances in the use of fertilizer and water, improved machinery and better tilling techniques combined to generate a threefold increase in yields since 1935 – on our farm back then, my dad produced 2.8 to 3 tonnes per hectare. Much US agriculture has seen similar increases.
But of course there is no guarantee that we can achieve those results again.
AND
research will generate the innovations that will be necessary to feed the world.
The United States can take a leading position in a productivity revolution. And our success at increasing food production may play a decisive humanitarian role in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet. 

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase grants for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.

Tournament: USC | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Mich AM | Judge: 

* 1AC vs mich

Adv 1 – fusion leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear power continues to struggle in the shadow of the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
But an abundant, safe and clean energy source once thought to be the stuff of science fiction is closer than many realize: nuclear fusion. Making it a reality, however, will take significant investment from the government at a time when spending on scientific research is under threat.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, the energy that powers the sun and the stars, has been a goal of physicists worldwide since the 1950s. It is essentially inexhaustible and it can be created using hydrogen isotopes — chemical cousins of hydrogen, like deuterium — that can readily be extracted from seawater.
Fusion energy is created by fusing two atomic nuclei, in the process converting mass to energy, which appears as heat. The heat, as in conventional nuclear fission reactors, turns water into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity, or is used to produce fuels for transportation or other uses.
Fusion energy generates zero greenhouse gases. It offers no chance of a catastrophic accident. It can be available to all nations, relying only on the Earth’s oceans. When commercialized, it will transform the world’s energy supply.
There’s a catch. The development of fusion energy is one of the most difficult science and engineering challenges ever undertaken. Among other challenges, it requires production and confinement of a hot gas — a plasma — with a temperature around 100 million degrees Celsius.
But potential solutions to these daunting technical challenges are emerging. In one approach,
AND
combustion engine, with multiple mini-explosions (about five per second).
Once a poorly understood area of research, plasma physics has become highly developed. Scientists not only produce 100 million-degree plasmas routinely, but they control and manipulate such "small suns" with remarkable finesse. Since 1970 the power produced by magnetic fusion in the lab has grown from one-tenth of a watt, produced for a fraction of a second, to 16 million watts produced for one second — a billionfold increase in fusion energy.
Seven partners — the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States — have teamed up on an experiment to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for 500 seconds and longer by 2020, demonstrating key scientific and engineering aspects of fusion at the scale of a reactor.
However, even though the United States is a contributor to this experiment, known as ITER, it has yet to commit to the full program needed to develop a domestic fusion reactor to produce electricity for the American power grid. Meanwhile other nations are moving forward to implement fusion as a key ingredient of their energy security.
Indeed, fusion research facilities more modern than anything in the United States are either under construction or operating in China, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The will and enthusiasm of governments in Asia to fill their energy needs with fusion, as soon as possible, is nearly palpable.
What has been lacking in the United States is the political and economic will. We need serious public investment to develop materials that can withstand the harsh fusion environment, sustain hot plasma indefinitely and integrate all these features in an experimental facility to produce continuous fusion power.
This won’t be cheap. A rough estimate is that it would take %2430 billion and 20 years to go from the current state of research to the first working fusion reactor. But put in perspective, that sum is equal to about a week of domestic energy consumption, or about 2 percent of the annual energy expenditure of %241.5 trillion.
Fusion used to be an energy source for my generation’s grandchildren; now, plans
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Federal funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
public considers such changes to be surrogates for progress toward particular societal goals.
To get a feel for the depth of this worldview, consider the National Institutes
AND
this information he inferred a "crisis" in federal support for science.
Given the totemic importance of the federal R%26D budget, and the centrality of the budget in S%26T policy discourse, what can we learn about the U.S. science and technology enterprise from an examination of budgetary trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Overcomes alt causes

Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
AND
and lessen our impact on the world, will require new energy sources.
Fusion is coming into it’s own today.  It is the best of all possible
AND
in demand throughout the world with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.

Extinction

Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under enormous pressure from terrorism, endemic poverty, environmental challenges, debt, corruption, civil unrest, and regional, tribal, and religious conflicts. The result is a climate of despair, and potential breeding grounds for radical politics and extremism.
A successful American foreign policy must include thinking through actions and policies, and how
AND
years. Too often we tend to confuse tactical action for strategic thinking.
A matter of mutual understanding
American foreign policy has always required a principled realism that is true to our values as we face the world as it really is in all of its complexities. We need to accept the reality that there is not a short-term solution to every problem in the world. What we must do is manage these realities and complex problems, moving them into positions of solution possibilities and resolution.
American foreign policy has always dared to project a vision of a world where all
AND
little margin for error with the stakes so high in the world today.
America must strengthen its global alliances. Common-interest alliances will be required in
AND
economic, intelligence, diplomatic, humanitarian, military and law enforcement fields.
The centrality of alliances and multi-lateral institutions to a successful foreign policy is fundamental. Alliances and multi-lateral institutions must be understood as expansions of our influence, not as constraints on our power.  Alliances are imperfect, as are all institutions. But like "process," they help absorb shocks.
Beyond military solutions
Alliances must be built on solid foundations to handle both routine and sudden unforeseen challenges. Crisis-driven "coalitions of the willing" by themselves are not the building blocks for a stable world. We need to think more broadly, deeply and strategically.
American military power and force structure cannot sustain its commitments without a shift to a more comprehensive strategic approach to global threats and a more flexible and agile military. Cyber warfare is a paramount example of these new threats.
The perception of American power around the world must not rest solely on a military orientation or optic. There must be an underlying commitment to engagement and humanity. Engagement is not appeasement, nor is it negotiation. It is not a guarantee of anything, but rather a smart diplomatic bridge to better understanding and possible conflict resolution.
American foreign policy must reflect the realities and demands of the global economy. The
AND
strength must be as high a priority as any other foreign policy priority.
America’s security and growth are connected to both the American and global economies. A centerpiece of this security is energy security. Energy security and energy interdependence are interconnected parts of a broad and deep foreign policy paradigm that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

Adv 2 - cmod

Alcator C-Mod will close without federal fusion funding – DOE’s key to reverse the shutdown order

Lin 9-7-12
(Leon, writer for The Tech at MIT, "Alcator C-Mod may lose funds," http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html-http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html)

President Obama’s budget request to Congress for fiscal year (FY) 2013, announced in February, proposed to shut down MIT’s federally-funded Alcator C-Mod, a tokamak (toroidal magnetic confinement device). To give itself six more months to agree on a formal appropriations bill, Congress will pass a continuing resolution this month. The resolution will likely sustain funding for Alcator C-Mod at current levels until the final budget for FY 2013 is out. If the final budget passed by Congress is in line with the president’s request, technical, engineering, and administrative staff would be laid off, and some 30 PhD students in Nuclear Science %26 Engineering (Course 22) would be forced to graduate by October 2013. The Department of Energy (DOE) has ordered Alcator C-Mod not to operate in the interim. However, researchers at the tokamak will not begin dismantling the device just yet, in case Congress decides to resume funding for research at Alcator C-Mod, which aims to develop a source of clean energy from nuclear fusion power. "Our best information at this point indicates that C-Mod will be put into a ’ready standby,’" says Zach S. Hartwig, a Course 22 PhD student, who believes and hopes that there will be no layoffs. "We are essentially buckling down until the next continuing resolution, due in February or March of 2013, or approved FY13 budget, under which we hope to receive funding to resume full experimental operations." In June, 12 MIT PhD students, including Hartwig, and an undergraduate from the University of Texas at Austin visited Congress, meeting with almost 30 congressional offices. "Our goal was to educate congressional offices on the situation and ask for support for domestic fusion in the upcoming continuing resolution," says Hartwig. The only three tokamaks in operation in the United States are Alcator C-Mod, DIII-D at General Atomics, and NSTX at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The presidential FY 2013 budget would cut money out of all three to support ITER (International Thermonuclear Expansion Reactor), an international project to build the biggest and best tokamak fusion reactor yet. Of the three, Alcator C-Mod has received the smallest share of the DOE’s fusion energy funding. Alcator C-Mod is also the only one that would be completely shut down under the presidential budget request. The budget request allocates about %24150 million to ITER contributions (up nearly %2450 million from FY 2012) and about %24250 million to domestic programs, maintaining the total of about %24400 million that has gone to fusion energy sciences in the past few years. The Senate Energy and Water Subcommittee has proposed legislation with similar numbers. The House Energy and Water Subcommittee, however, has proposed a bill that would supply about %24300 million to the domestic fusion energy program and about %24180 million to ITER. According to Hartwig, "%24300 million is a widely agreed upon ’minimum funding’ level required to maintain a robust, successful domestic program." Does the U.S. need three tokamaks? The heads of DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod, and NSTX told Nature for the journal’s July article that all three sites contribute uniquely to science and preliminary research for ITER. They have also argued that a strong domestic fusion energy presence will be necessary to benefit from ITER results. "We must be training the next generation of fusion scientists and engineers, which requires domestic facilities to train them on, as well as maintaining our scientific lead as one of the great fusion powerhouses of the world, which requires our unique domestic facilities to perform the research, if we hope to be ’building’ fusion power plants in the future rather than ’buying’ them from China or Europe. Sacrificing the domestic program for ITER makes no sense," says Hartwig. The ITER budget has nearly quintupled since the U.S. became an ITER partner, said Hartwig, and at the time the DOE and "the U.S. fusion community" agreed that funds would not be siphoned from domestic programs to support ITER. Alcator C-Mod is the single largest experiment at MIT, according to http://fusionfuture.org, which was started by graduate students to campaign against funding cuts. According to Hartwig, it’s the largest in terms of both of funding and number of people employed. Alcator C-Mod supports about 120 people directly, including scientists, professors, students, and technical staff. The grant money also supports the equivalent of about 100 MIT staff and another 80 full-time jobs from subcontracting. Supporters of the domestic fusion program foresee serious consequences if Congress decides to wind down Alcator C-Mod in FY 2013. Hartwig worries that MIT’s plasma physics group will disappear. Hartwig also echoes fusionfuture.org’s warning that "without an increase in funding, the domestic fusion program will be effectively eliminated to pay for ITER."

Only consistent federal funding stops the DOE from closing C-Mod

Cadwallader 12
(Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division at the American Nuclear Society, "ANS Fusion Energy Division statement on FY2013 energy appropriations," 4-18-12, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/)

The FY-2013 budget request by the Administration endangers the United States’ domestic fusion
AND
budget and, separately, fully funding this nation’s promised annual ITER contribution.

Federal funding now is key to sustain C-Mod in future budgets

Holland 12
(Andrew, American Security Project’s Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate, "A Tough Budget for Fusion," 3-1-12, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/)

The details of the FY13 fusion budget are these: The budget requests %24398
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.

C-Mod is vital for research in quantum mechanics

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

The basic science research performed on Alcator C-Mod fuels innovation, leading to
AND
offs which are the direct result of fusion research can be found here.

That’s key to quantum computing – prevents loss of military computer security

Aaronson 8
(Scott, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, "Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment," 12-12-08, http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf-http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf)

For the last fifty years computers have grown faster, smaller, and more powerful
AND
into understanding how to build codes which are not breakable by quantum computers. 

Nuclear war

Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, "Could Terrorists Launch America’s Nuclear Missiles?" 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
AND
, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.

C-Mod closure cements Chinese fusion leadership – federal funding reverses it

Vastag 12
(Brian, science reporter at The Washington Post, "Budget cuts threaten pursuit of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source," 6-25-12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html)

President Obama’s budget request for next year cuts domestic fusion research by 16 percent,
AND
for 60 years of research; we’ll take it from here.’ "

Shutdown cause brain drain from DOE programs

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

Alcator C-Mod’s shut down threatens US preeminence in science and technology For the
AND
closure represent a "brain-drain" from the DOE fusion program.

Chinese fusion leadership causes weaponization

Zhao 9
(Yan, writer for the China Military Report, "SHOCKED%21 CHINA’S FOURTH GENERATION OF NUCLEAR EXPOSURE," http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html-http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html)

More advanced and clean, the fourth-generation nuclear weapons are: the fusion
AND
to compete for third in the world, fusion bombs in no different.

Shatters the nuclear firebreak

Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Statement Before the National Press Club", 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these new highly dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons from being developed. The time to do so is now, before their feasibility is established. Once feasibility is demonstrated, the pressures from nuclear weapons laboratories as well as the military establishment to design and build them will be immense. We have one advantage over the time when fission-triggered thermonuclear weapons were developed in the 1950s. We have a CTBT that bans all nuclear explosions.
Besides the nuclear dangers that pure fusion weapons would pose, there is an immediate
AND
regarding which fusion explosions, if any, might be regarded as legal.
As my colleague Hisham Zerriffi will explain, the negotiating record regarding fission explosions as
AND
laser fusion machines, like NOVA in Livermore and GEKKO XII in Japan.
No country has actually announced the goal of building pure fusion weapons. Given the insistent international calls for nuclear disarmament and the requirement of the thirty-year-old Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that nuclear powers end the nuclear arms race at an "early date," those powers could hardly announce an explicit goal for developing pure fusion weapons.
Pure fusion weapons have long been a dream for nuclear weapons designers. Present-
AND
relatively small pure fusion weapons would be much larger than today’s nuclear weapons.
Pure fusion weapons would present far greater nuclear proliferation dangers since the acquisition of highly
AND
because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.

Extinction

Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones
AND
we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Adv 3 - development

Fusion research generates spin-off technologies —- budget cuts make this impossible

Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)

Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological breakthroughs experienced. Just as discoveries and innovations in the space industry led to GPS technology and cell phones, advancements in the fusion industry would create new business applications.
Fusion energy holds great promise, and the scientific community is "united" in the belief that its commercialization is possible. But, several challenges remain.
The first problem is scientific. More research and development is needed for the technology to mature, and serious hurdles have to be passed before it is ready for commercial application.
The second problem is more immediate. The industry is under threat from budget cuts from Congress, which could derail ongoing research, dismantle the workforce, and push a date for first ’burning plasma’ further off into the future. Fusion cuts could spell the end for America’s lead in this industry, as China, South Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.

Overall funding increase’s key

Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "A Tough Budget for Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/

The cut in the domestic fusion program would have a devastating impact on U.S. fusion research. It would  shut down the Alcator C-Mod at MIT, one of the three facilities critical to continued U.S. leadership in fusion.
The truth is, that after years of operating on minimal budgets and essentially level funding, the domestic fusion program cannot absorb the proposed reductions without significant negative impacts to the program and our scientific and engineering contributions.
It is very important that this budget is changed, not only to save this
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
They have also put together an excellent graph on the future of the fusion budget: as you can see on the graph that the MIT student put together (at left), the purple part is the U.S. budget commitment to ITER, which will crowd out over 3/4 of the total budget.
ASP believes that the fusion budget should be increased significantly, up to the point
AND
be able to capitalize on the advancements in fusion science that will come.

Fusion research’s critical to utilize low-temperature plasma

Cowley 10 – Plasma 2010 Committee, co-chaired by Steven C. Cowley, Ph.D. in the Department of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University and professor at Imperial College London at the Blackett Laboratory, and John Peoples, Jr., director emeritus of Fermilab and recipient of the Distinguished Service Award from the National Science Foundation, 2007 (National Research Council of the National Academies, "Plasma Science: Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest", http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11960.html, p. 72-73)

Conclusion: Low-temperature plasma science and engineering share much intellectual space with other
AND
of plasma science. The time is now to tap into this synergy.

Happens quickly, even if sustained fusion’s far off

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
AND
the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Plasmas are key to solve global environmental collapse —- impact’s extinction

Woskov 12 – Paul, Senior Research Engineer – MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "About Plasmas – Cleaning the Environment", http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/environment.pdf

"Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends,
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could make today’s "global garbage cans" a thing of the past.

Solves anti-biotic resistant pandemics —- risk’s high

Graves 12 (David, Professor – University of California, Berkeley, "David Graves Details Plasma’s Power to Prevent Infection", Plasma Page – Coalition for Plasma Science, 15(1), June, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_pages/pp_jun2012.htm)

On March 28, 2012, the Coalition for Plasma Science presented the 17th in a series of educational talks to members of Congress and their staffs. In a talk entitled "Plasma Power: Battling Contagion Using Electricity and Air," Prof. David Graves of U.C. Berkeley provided a compelling argument for using plasma as a means of combating infectious disease.
After reviewing the broad range of temperatures used in plasma applications, from the very
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all increase the potential for exposure to infectious, life-threatening disease.
Prof. Graves spent time explaining the challenge of "Hospital-Acquired Infections"
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plant and animal autoimmune systems - Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS).
The fact that RONS have been part of immune systems for billions of years suggests
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water, and synergize with UV; finally, the technology is inexpensive.

Extinction

Plotkin 00 (Mark J., Ph.D., President – Amazon Conservation Team and Research Associate – Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History, Trained Ethnobotanist, and Tropical Researcher, "Searching for Nature’s Medicines", Action Bioscience, October, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/plotkin.html)

Rain forests and coral reefs have incredible potential for natural medicines.
Plotkin: The hottest regions, in terms of immediate potential, would be rain
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not only understand it but also to protect and maybe even use it?
Is it possible to find an organism in nature that will alleviate the threat of antibiotic resistance?
We desperately need to solve the antibiotic resistance crisis and nature may hold the key.
Plotkin: I really do believe we’re at a crisis point. There is a
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-resistant bacteria that are out there, gram negative and gram positive.
It’s interesting that you mention the word "organism" to treat this. We
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mixture of nature and science, which promises so much for the future.

Solves bioterror, Mad Cow, and battlefield decontamination

Kong 12 – Michael, Professor of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering – Loughborough University (UK) and Ph.D. – University of Liverpool, "About Plasmas – Destroying Biological Hazards", Coalition for Plasma Science, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/destroying-biohazards.pdf

Anthrax. Mad Cow Disease. Biological Weapons. These words have filled headlines,
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of effectiveness and low cost, the future of plasma decontamination is bright.

Bioterror causes extinction

Ochs 2 (Richard Ochs, Fmr President – Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, "Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately", 6-9-2002, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
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Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE. 

Mad cow outbreaks collapse trade

Buzby 3 – Jean C., Economist in the Food Economics Division – USDA, Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER-828) 145, November, http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/321515/aer828a_1_.pdf

This report presents ERS research on the interaction between food safety and international trade. Food safety challenges are mounting and crises like "mad cow disease" are becoming more pronounced. Growth in world food trade means that U.S. consumers are more dependent on the food safety measures used in other countries and that there are greater opportunities for U.S. food exports.
This research was performed by examining the conceptual relationships between food safety and international trade and by examining the meat and poultry, produce, food/animal feed crop, and seafood sectors for trends in trade, food safety regulation, and the resolution of incidents and disputes related to both.
Food safety regulations and standards evolve differently around the world as countries respond to food
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private sector will be similarly pre-emptive where market incentives are strong.

Extinction

Panzer 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)

The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war. 

Battlefield decontamination’s key to readiness

Mara 9 – Dr. Andrew Mara, Science and Technology Policy Fellow at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University and PhD in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology – Yale University, and Lynn McGrath, Research Assistant – Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, "Defending the Military Food Supply: Acquisition, Preparation, and Protection of Food at U.S. Military Installations", September, Center for Technology and National Security Policy – National Defense University, http://www.ndu.edu/CTNSP/docUploaded/DTP%2068%20Defending%20the%20Military%20Food-http://www.ndu.edu/CTNSP/docUploaded/DTP 68 Defending the Military Food %20Supply.pdf

These facts, however, do not support the position that military food defense should
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food supply have additional benefits for food safety, delivery, and storage.
Threats to the Food Supply
Biological
The prevalence of accidental contamination of food with dangerous pathogens such as E. coli
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salad bars in Oregon with Salmonella demonstrates that these barriers are not insurmountable.

Global nuclear war

Feldstein 7 (Martin, George F. Baker Professor of Economics – Harvard University
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and perhaps the reality — of the U.S. military structure.

Collapse of readiness undermines hegemony and causes global war

Spencer 00 (Jack, Policy Analyst – Heritage Foundation, The Facts About Military Readiness, 9-15, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1394.cfm)

The evidence indicates that the U.S. armed forces are not ready to
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from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.

Plasma research’s key to mitigate solar storms —- causes blackout and satellite disruption

Garcia 12 – Dr. Leonard, Research Scientist – Wyle Information Systems at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ph.D. in Astronomy – University of Florida, and Timothy Eastman, Wyle Information Systems, LLC., "About Plasmas – Space Weather", Coalition for Plasma Science, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/space-weather.pdf

A ghostly thin breeze from the Sun, the solar wind, blows persistently through
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solar storms on communications and other technologies that we increasingly depend upon today.

Happens globally

Brooks 9 – Brooks, PhD in Quantum Physics, 3/23/09
~Michael, New Scientist, "Space Storm Alert: 90 Seconds From Catastrophe"~

Such nightmare scenarios are not restricted to North America. High latitude nations such as
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Most of the time it’s alright, but occasionally it will get you."

Extinction

Hecht 11 – Editor in Chief @ 21st Century Magazine
Laurence, Solar Storm Threatening Power Grids – Yet no Action Taken to Implement Defences, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html-http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html

A known and cataclysmic threat to the U.S. electric power grid is
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unprepared for a return to pre-electricity conditions could descend into chaos.

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase grants for non-inertial fusion energy generation in the United States.

Fusion is applied R and D

CFR 12 – Code of Federal Regulations, Department of Energy: Title 10 – Energy, PT. 500-End, p. 249-250

3. Fusion Energy
The magnetic fusion
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development.

State funding fails: distributed risk and no jurisdiction

Hartwig 12 – Zach, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, BS in Physics – Boston University, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-hartwig.html

Geoff forwarded me your email
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Constitution so it’s important that fusion is under federal jurisdiction at the moment)

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 2 | Opponent: Idaho State | Judge: 

Adv 1 - food

There’s no singular cause of famine – but the best remedy rests with energy strategies that minimize vulnerability to food shocks.

POTTIER ’97
JOHAN POTTIER – Professor, Department of Anthropology and Sociology with reference to Africa;  SOAS, University of London, Review of "Stephen Devereux. Theories of Famine. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993 – Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 67, No. 2 (1997) – Dr Stephen Devereux – internally referenced – is an Economist working predominantly on food security, famine, rural livelihoods, social protection and poverty reduction at the University of Sussex – Jstor

Scanning a variety of theories for a variety of famine settings, Devereux demonstrates the
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, whether common property assets are as fiercely protected as private ones are.

Fusion solves supply shocks for two reasons. It will be shared. And, if it’s not, it still lowers prices by obviating US agro-fuel. Both solve global prices.

Fusion for Freedom ’11
("We Can Feed the World With the Energy of Fusion", 6-3, http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html-http://www.fusion4freedom.com/food4all.html)

The need for a change from fossil fuels is so much more than the high
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synthetic materials, the cost of clear greenhouse plastic will also drop greatly.

Price spikes cause large death tolls.

Brown ’5
(Lester, President – Earth Policy Institute, , People and the Planet, "Falling Water Tables ’Could Hit Food Supply’", 2-7, http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2424)

Many Americans see terrorism as the principal threat to security, but for much of
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For them, it is the next meal that is the overriding concern."

Adv 2 - waste

Funding’s key to fusion commercialization —- pessimists are wrong.

Burnett 12 (Burke, Executive Secretary – Pacific Science Association, Executive Director – Indo-Pacific Conservation Alliance, and MA in International Relations – Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "CBS News Segment On Potentially Game-Changing Fusion Research", EnterSpace, 4-1, http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html-http://enterspace.typepad.com/blog/2012/04/fusion-research-at-nif.html)

In terms of physics, there is no barrier to fusion as a successful source
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) priority. Funding for fusion has been anemic since the late 1950s.
According to the Focus Fusion Society, a New Jersey-based non-profit
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as Tokamaks and alternatives. Does that seem like a lot to you?
I can’t confirm those FFS numbers are correct (anyone who can provide better/
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the board, which would render these zero-sum budget games moot.

Optimism warranted in this narrow instance. Money’s the outstanding variable.

Prager 9 (Dr. Stewart C., Director – Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, "The Next Generation of Fusion Energy Research", Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, 10-29, http://fire.pppl.gov/house_fusion_hearing_2010.pdf)

Second, Congressman Rohrabacher asserted that there has been little progress in fusion energy.
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practical consequences beyond fusion—from understanding the cosmos to fabricating computer chips.
Third, Congressman Rohrabacher noted that despite large funding, we have not yet achieved
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. The scientific knowledge has existed for some time to achieve this milestone.

Isotopes are abundant and there’s few downsides to this particular technology.

Carr 12 – Jacob, University of Pittsburgh and Research Engineer – National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and Ty Gumbert, Engineering – University of Pittsburgh, "Nuclear Fusion Technologies and Their Applications as a Global Power Source", 136.142.82.187/eng12/Chair/data/papers/2186/2186.docx

     The upsides of fusion outweigh the downsides by a landslide. One of the
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element, which is hazardous if proper precautions are not taken ~3~.
     Another advantage of nuclear fusion as a power source is that nuclear fusion produces
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desirable than fission is because of the difference in the products ~3~.
     While fission is a very dangerous and difficult process which can cause catastrophic meltdowns like Chernobyl, fusion is a relatively simple process, which can be easily monitored and controlled ~9~. For these reasons nuclear fusion is much more desirable as a global power source than nuclear fission
Inertial Confinement Fusion
Inertial confinement nuclear fusion is a specific type of nuclear fusion. It, just
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very desirable process, there are other reasons, which will be examined.
     Theoretically inertial confinement nuclear fusion could produce an enormous amount of "green"
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atmosphere and join the already present particles of the same type already circulating.
     For these reasons, it is clear that inertial confinement nuclear fusion is the correct choice to continue researching and eventually using to supply the world with energy.
ENDING THE ENERGY CRISIS
When the drawbacks of nuclear fusion are completely resolved, we could end the energy
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be built makes them very desirable and advantageous as an applicable power source.

No engineering barriers –  techno-pessimism is off-base in this particular instance.

Stacey 99 (Weston M., Callawy Regents Professor of Nuclear Engineering – Georgia Tech, Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering – MIT, Multiple Award Winner, Including American Nuclear Society Seaborg Medal for Nuclear Research, Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, and Outstanding Achievement in Fusion Award, "Commentaries on Criticisms of Magnetic Fusion", March, http://fire.pppl.gov/fusion_critic_response_stacey.pdf)

Dr. Parkins’ central theme is that "fusion reactors...hopeless because of engineering
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tokamak reactors, relative to projections based on ’conventional’ tokamak plasma performance.
Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Hybrids feasible in short-term.
UT 9 
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29^th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/-http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)

"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste
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product of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.

Yucca storage harms billions. This pre-empts "apocalypse" args.

Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, and therefore none of that is unthinkable. We
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cannot create unnecessary catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.

Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.

Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the waste at Yucca Mountain will still be deadly
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explosion ever. It could be the last bookkeeping error mankind ever made. 

Squo and K alts can’t get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous and goes to sea. 

Cohen ’12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://www.undergroundsunshine.com/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ’fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is one of the great non
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challenges are "daunting", as the experience of the USA perfectly reveals.

Sea waste bad – hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.

Van Dyke ’2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development %26
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor %26 Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a magnitude totally different from any previous ocean cargoes.
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carrying radioactive cesium destined for medical purposes, but retrieval was not attempted.

Ocean harm risks major impacts.

Craig ’3 
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member
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in Florida and Hawaii," 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis
The world’s oceans contain many resources and provide many services that humans consider valuable.
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jelly." 864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.
And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.

Ross ’11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of solid radioactive waste accumulating in the cooling pools next to
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a result of our nuclear plants, a story not being effectively told.
Fusion ends current waste and won’t make more.

Holland ’12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. "America’s Energy Choices", ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not produce radioactive waste at nearly the same level as fission.
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-term environmental sustainability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants.

Rejecting markets and fusion foregoes a means to end fission and get fusion.

Science Master ’10
(The ScienceMaster team includes science professionals, educators, subject matter experts, and technical advisors who work collaboratively to bring you the best science resources. Their goal is to bring scientific issues to the attention of today’s youth by using the Internet – Sept 13^th – available at: http://www.sciencemaster.com/jump/physical/fusion_energy.php)
The successful commercialization of fusion energy (which could be realized by the middle of
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controlled fusion can reach its potential as an environmentally benign source of energy.

Plan

Plan:

The United States Federal Government should lift  Work-for-Others ceilings pertaining to fusion energy production in the United States.

Work for other restrictions prevent funding – key to solvency

OTA ’88
(Office of Technology Assessment – The Defense Technology Base: Introduction and Overview – Chapter Five – March 1988 – http://www.princeton.edu/~~ota/disk2/1988/8810/881007.PDF)

Multiprogram Laboratories DOE nuclear weapons R%26D and nuclear materials production are of obvious
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and directing the Three Mile Island "Technical Information and Examination Program."

Politics:

Contention Three is Politics

First –"Conflix" frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory for three reasons.

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
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new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.

Notes to students: 

 Three warrants why critical theory is worse:
o No path after prevailing orthodoxy = cut-down
o Assumes squo dynamics are categorically bad
o Under-estimates reformism
 Role-play is NOT STALE

Other forms of "politics" do exist — Our pedagogy is superior to those that privilege "me-search"

Chandler ’7
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster –
"The Attraction of Post-Territorial Politics: Ethics and Activism in the International Sphere" – Inaugural Lecture – May – available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/short_articles/Inaugural%20lecture.pdf)
However, politics is no less important to many of us today. Politics still
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about how theory might be used to understand and engage with the world.  

Avoiding anti-politics is key to check the worst violence

Small ’6 
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  "Moving Forward," The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)
What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
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engagement consequently takes on a more specific and political meaning in this context.  

We can advance contingent  and particular knowledge without "Big T" Epistemology.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
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violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.

"Epistemology or Ontology 1^st" wrong and links to anti-politics

Jarvis 2K
Jarvis, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sydney, 2k (Darryl, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-129)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
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than those foolish enough to be scholastically excited by abstract and recondite debate.

Ditto for Reps. They also don’t create reality

Gross ’94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. %26 Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors’ original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)

We examine postmodernism with a view to understand its appeal to the politically discontented.
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regard the whole business as a species of con game. (79)

We’d like to clarify what our authors mean when they say ironic: Our authors defend reformism and not indoctrination

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This fits well with our conception of ironic curriculum, in the sense that students
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created a safe place for students to challenge the vocabulary of civics education.

Our author means "ironic curriculum" in a different sense:

Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
Barry, 17, and Peter, 16, are enrolled in two of Gary’s
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to mean a curriculum that embraces surprise and contrast with what is expected.

Politics isn’t screwed up now,  But, if the World’s too "conservative" now it’s because our form of political engagement is TOO THIN. It’s linear.

Chandler ’9
David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – ’The Global Ideology: Rethinking the Politics of the "Global Turn" in IR’, International Relations, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2009), pp. 530-547.
http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Journal%20of%20Int%20Rels%20-%20Global%20Ideology%20published.pdf
While the Cold War discipline of international relations is understood in ideological terms of power
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rather than as a result of the expanded nature of collective political engagement. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy production in the United States. 

Contention 1 --- Fusion
Fusion research generates spin-off technologies --- budget cuts make this impossible
Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, “The Future of Fusion”, American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)

Fourth, a robust …. in fusion technology.
Overall funding increase’s key
Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, “A Tough Budget for Fusion”, American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/

The cut in ….. that will come.
Happens immediately, even if sustained fusion is far off
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing …. high-level research.
Spinoffs will occur in optics
Pomeroy 12 (Ross, Assistant Editor – RealClearScience, “Fusion: The Energy of Tomorrow, Today”, Real Clear Science, 6-21, http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10 6303.html)

It's high time that politicians, and indeed all Americans, recognize that a new
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will drive innovation in multitudes of fields ranging from optics to materials science.

Optics solve next-generation Internet
ITU 11
(United Nations International Telecommunication Union, “The Optical World,” June 2011, http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf)

II. Why optical technology? Optical technology is viewed by industry experts as the
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will continue to be a strategic enabler for next-generation Internet services.
Checks disease spread and bioterrorism
Mackenzie 3 (John and Peter Yellowlees, Professors of Microbiology and Parasitology – University of Queensland, “Telehealth Responses to Bio-Terrorism and Emerging Infections”, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 9(Suppl. 2), p. 80-81)

The advent in February and March 2003 of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
AND
or cross-border issues and potentially better health outcomes for all groups.
Retaliation causes nuclear war --- quick containment’s key
Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, “Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack”, Air and Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
AND
be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”48
Attack coming by 2013, we’re unprepared, and the impact is huge
Glassman 12
(James K., founding executive director of the George W. Bush Institute and former president of the Atlantic Monthly magazine, publisher of the New Republic magazine, executive vice president of U.S. News and World Report, and editor and co-owner of Roll Call, the Congressional newspaper, “We're Letting Our Bioterrorism Defenses Down,” 4-4-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/)

A little over three years ago, a commission of experts, established by Congress
AND
the relative ease of making a bioweapon and the relative difficulty of defending.”
Threats to grid reliability are escalating -- fusion spinoffs solve
CCAS 9 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, “Superconductivity: Present and Future Applications”, http://www.ccas-web.org/pdf/ccas_brochure_web.pdf
NOTE – “HTS” = High Temperature Superconductor

The US Power Grid Under Stress
Power industry experts in the United States are widely agreed that today’s aging power grid
AND
flows and policy reforms that threaten the power industry and our overall economy.
Blackouts causes meltdowns --- impact’s as big as US/Russian nuclear war
Goldes 11 – MA @ Brandeis and San Francisco State
Mark Goldes Former Research Fellow at Brandeis University is Founder of the Aesop Institute. Formerly Senior Director of the Berlin Corridor control radar in Germanyfor US Air Force SOLAR MEGASTORMS can GENERATE a GLOBAL NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html

We face a severe
AND
specific year. This entire 11 year sunspot cycle should be of concern.

Immediate spin-off benefits will be produced in super-conductivity
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing ….
high-level research.
Military will integrate them
Gsponer 8 (Dr. Andre, Director and Senior Researcher – Independent Scientific Research Institute, “ITER: The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and the NuclearWeapons Proliferation Implications of ThermonuclearFusion Energy Systems”, 2-2, http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0401110v3.pdf)

2.7.2 Military spinoffs of MCF technology
AND
for a number of military applications where similar or related properties are important.
That checks sea-skimming missiles --- threat’s high
CCAS 12 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, “Instrumentation, Sensors, Standards and Radar”, http://www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/iss/

Superconducting devices are
AND
sensors and standards as well as benefiting superconductor-based applications in communications.
Escalates conflict with Iran --- goes global and nuclear
Williams 10 – Lawrence, Adjunct Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences – Indian Institute of Technology-Madras and Ph.D. in Defense and Strategic Studies – University of Madras, “Peril Awaits at the Strait of Hormuz”, 7-22, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/2557996/posts)

The Gulf-Southwest Asia region has always been a hyper-flash point of
AND
consequences that could have irreparable consequences:
Iranian missiles push the U.S. out of the Gulf --- detection’s key
OA 12 – Oxford Analytica, “Iran's Missile Assets May Constrain US Threat Response”, 1-6, http://www.oxan.com/Analysis/DailyBrief/Samples/IranMissileAssets.aspx

Analysis
Iran has
AND
longer range, which entails less time over targets and reduced ordnance payloads.
Withdrawal shatters global credibility --- shreds Asian alliances
Etzioni 11 – Amitai, University Professor and Professor of International Relations – The George Washington University and Director – Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies, “The Coming Test of U.S. Credibility”, Military Review, March, http://www.readperiodicals.com/201103/2312505741.html

All three countries face transitions that could make them more vulnerable to Iranian influence - for instance, if the
AND
it sees as its global responsibilities and live up to its commitments overseas.
Global nuclear war
Bennett 7 – Christoher, Major – United States Air Force and Masters of Science – Joint Advanced Warfighting School, “Shaping China’s Development: Stable Growth Of an Asia-Pacific Might”, 4-5, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a468786.pdf

As stated in the National Security Strategy, “the United States is a Pacific
AND
U.S. maintains a significant force structure presence in sovereign nations. 

Sea skimming threat causes perception of U.S. weakness --- emboldens China to spark conflict with Japan
Elwar 9-19 – Elliott, Digital Journalist, Research, and Military Writer, “The U.S. War Against Iran Could Shift The Balance Of Power”, Digital Journal, 2012, http://digitaljournal.com/article/333174

From The News: The head of Iran’s powerful Revolutionary Guards warned about retaliation against
AND
not good for Pacific countries as Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Extinction
Baker 12 – Kevin Robert, Political Analyst, “What Would Happen If China and Japan Went To War?”, 9-17, http://appreviews4u.com/2012/09/17/what-would-happen-if-china-and-japan-went-to-war/

So could this …….
maybe 20 years at best, if there are ample supplies of course.

Contention 2 --- CMOD
Alcator C-Mod will close without federal fusion funding – DOE’s key to reverse the shutdown order
Lin 9-7-12
(Leon, writer for The Tech at MIT, “Alcator C-Mod may lose funds,” http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html)

President Obama’s budget ….pay for ITER.”
Only consistent federal funding stops the DOE from closing C-Mod
Cadwallader 12
(Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division at the American Nuclear Society, “ANS Fusion Energy Division statement on FY2013 energy appropriations,” 4-18-12, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/)

The FY-2013 budget request by the Administration endangers the United States’ domestic fusion
AND
budget and, separately, fully funding this nation’s promised annual ITER contribution.
Federal funding now is key to sustain C-Mod in future budgets
Holland 12
(Andrew, American Security Project's Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate, “A Tough Budget for Fusion,” 3-1-12, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/)

The details of the FY13 fusion budget are these: The budget requests $398
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
C-Mod is vital for research in quantum mechanics
Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , “C-Mod for Science and Technology,” http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

The basic science research performed on Alcator C-Mod fuels innovation, leading to
AND
offs which are the direct result of fusion research can be found here.
That’s key to quantum computing – prevents loss of military computer security
Aaronson 8
(Scott, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, “Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment,” 12-12-08, http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf)

For the last fifty years computers have grown faster, smaller, and more powerful
AND
into understanding how to build codes which are not breakable by quantum computers.
Nuclear war
Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, “Could Terrorists Launch America's Nuclear Missiles?” 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
AND
, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.
C-Mod closure cements Chinese fusion leadership – federal funding reverses it
Vastag 12
(Brian, science reporter at The Washington Post, “Budget cuts threaten pursuit of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source,” 6-25-12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html)

President Obama’s budget request for next year cuts domestic fusion research by 16 percent,
AND
for 60 years of research; we’ll take it from here.’ ”
Shutdown cause brain drain from DOE programs
Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , “C-Mod for Science and Technology,” http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

Alcator C-Mod’s shut down threatens US preeminence in science and technology For the
AND
closure represent a “brain-drain” from the DOE fusion program.
Chinese fusion leadership causes weaponization
Zhao 9
(Yan, writer for the China Military Report, “SHOCKED! CHINA'S FOURTH GENERATION OF NUCLEAR EXPOSURE,” http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html)

More advanced and clean, the fourth-generation nuclear weapons are: the fusion
AND
to compete for third in the world, fusion bombs in no different.
Shatters the nuclear firebreak
Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, “Statement Before the National Press Club”, 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these
AND
because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.
Extinction
Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones
AND
we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

The plan is applied R and D
CFR 12 – Code of Federal Regulations, Department of Energy: Title 10 – Energy, PT. 500-End, p. 249-250

3. Fusion Energy
The magnetic ….technology and development.

Solves limit
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, “3. Federal Energy Research and Development”, http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development …improved nuclear power plants.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge: Jacob Thompson

States CP – Ext – Jurisdiction – 1AR

Causes court strike-down —- broad federal presumption exists for nuclear issues

Eggen 6 (Jean Macchiaroli, Professor of Law – Widener University School of Law, "The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine", Alabama Law Review, Spring, 57 Ala. L. Rev. 725, Lexis)

A. The Doctrinal Context¶ The preemption doctrine is derived from the Supremacy Clause
AND
, remove all means of judicial recourse for those injured by illegal conduct.

Threat alone creates a chilling effect that deters innovation

Liu 9 (Chang Derek Liu, JD – Columbia Law School, "The Blank Page Before You: Should the Preemption Doctrine Apply to Unwritten Practices?", Columbia Law Review, March, 109 Colum. L. Rev. 350, Lexis)

1. Stifling State Innovation. - From a federalism perspective, the most troubling
   AND
   they surely are, allowing preemption to reach into discretionary decisions proves troublesome.

States CP – Ext – Signal – 1AR

Doesn’t solve the signal —- state-by-state approach is too low-level and risk adverse —- bold federal action’s key to leadership —- that’s Drake

No perception

Celli 1 – Chief of the Civil Rights Bureau, New York State Attorney General’s Office (Andrew, 64 Alb. L. Rev. 1091, "A CONVERSATION ON FEDERALISM AND THE STATES: THE BALANCING ACT OF DEVOLUTION", lexis

I also saw that state enforcement officers, like me and like Peter Lehner,
AND
wants us to do, as expressed in the federal civil rights laws.

Spinoffs

Duplication wastes and slows research —- fed’s key

Olynyk 12 – Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, B.Sc (Eng), Engineering Physics – Queen’s University, Summer NSERC USRA Internship – Royal Military College of Canada, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-23, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk-2.html

3. Well, there is a lot more
AND
to the state level in the U.S.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial support for fusion energy production in the United States. 

Leadership
Contention one is leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.
Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, “Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. RandD Budget”, Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
AND
one chooses to examine.
Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, “Introduction to Fusion”, 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
AND
The time is now for fusion.
Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Change”, The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in ………………….and the world.
Stem

Contention two is stem

Scientists watch federal funding streams. Low fusion spending turns away STEM grad students.
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, “Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research”, Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not uncommon for government experiments to have their funding pulled.  Yet
AND
is perhaps the greatest problem with path we’re on,” Greenwald told Science.
This breaks the pipeline of STEM workers
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., “Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era”, 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 budget
AND
fusion reactors will requires attracting and retaining the world's best scientists and engineers.
Multiple fields will be affected. Fusion investment steers students back.
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security”, American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political … and engineering fields.
Funding sends a signal of commitment that increases enrollment in nuclear science
Kammen 7 (Daniel, Professor in Public Policy Specializing in Energy and Resources – University of California, Berkeley, and Gregory F. Nemet, Professor of Public Policy – University of California, Berkeley, “Energy Myth Eleven – Energy RandD Investment Takes Decades To Reach The Market”, Energy and American Society – Thirteen Myths, Ed. Sovacool and Brown, p. 304-305)

We also examined the thesis that these large programs “crowd out” other research
AND
across technologies, sectors, and the multiple stages of the innovation process.
Only federal spending solves
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future”, September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes that …… necessary resources or scale.

U.S. expertise is critical to nuclear expansion in the UAE
Patel 11 – Prachi, Contributing Editor – IEEE Spectrum and MA in Electrical Engineering – Princeton University, “The Aging Nuclear Workforce”, IEEE Spectrum, May, http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/tech-careers/the-aging-nuclear-workforce

But there's a problem
AND
China, has representatives there to help during construction as well as training.
It’s stalling because of a global skills shortage
AME 12 – Arabian Modern Equipment Est. via Kalem Journal, “Skills Shortage May Dent Gulf's Nuclear Power Initiatives”, 3-21, http://www.kalemjournal.com/skills-shortage-may-dent-gulfs-nuclear-power-initiatives.html

As the UAE, ………. industry - Germany, for example."
Power shortages are coming and wreck growth --- nuclear development solves
Williams 12 – Jane, Editor at Knowledge Arabia, “Going Green – Or Else: The Dilemma Facing Abu Dhabi”, Knowledge Instead, 12-6, http://knowledge.insead.edu/csr/sustainability-energy/going-green-or-else-the-dilemma-facing-abu-dhabi-2353

With depleting gas ……. told INSEAD Knowledge.
Spills over to Europe and Asia
Rienzi 12 – Michael V., Navy Reservist and Masters from American Military University (AMU) in Intelligence Studies with a concetration in Homeland Security, “Iran’s Response to a U.S. Attack”, Small Wars Journal, 2-17, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/irans-response-to-a-us-attack

There are other ways for Iran to cause economic damage besides cause an increase in
AND
others in the region.
European growth solves multiple existential threats
Stokes 10 (Bruce, International Economics Columnist – National Journal, “Greek Tragedy Haunts Global Markets, Policies”, YaleGlobal, 3-17, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2010/03/137_62527.html)

To paraphrase the noted economist Woody Allen, Europe is at a crossroads as it
AND
their act together and to articulate forcefully US interests in their crisis management.
Asian growth solves global war
Auslin 9 (Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, “Averting Disaster”, The Weekly Standard, 2-5, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/016/115jtnqw.asp)

AS THEY DEAL WITH a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the
AND
 credibility in Asia.
Economic instability undermines UAE military co-op with the U.S.
Foley 99 – Sean, Graduate Student in Georgetown University’s Arab Studies Program, Taher Scholarship in Arab Studies, Former State Department Intern, “The UAE: Political Issues and Security Dilemmas”, MERIA Journal, March, http://www.gloria-center.org/1999/03/foley-1999-03-03/

Nonetheless, the UAE is strategically important because it produces 10% of the world’s
AND
very real, and will merely intensify if they are not addressed soon.
UAE access is vital to Gulf power projection
Francona 6 – Francona, former NBC Middle East military analyst and retired intelligence officer, 6 (Rick, 2-24-06, “Dubai – Strategic Importance of the UAE,” http://francona.blogspot.com/2006/02/dubai-strategic-importance-of-uae.html)

Dubai is the second largest of the seven, but probably the most in tune
AND
in Bahrain, it's ships use Emiri ports - with no security problems.
Nuclear war
Cook 12 – Mitchell A., Department of Defense Civilian, Master of Strategic Studies at US Army War College, “Enduring U.S. Interests in the Persian Gulf Region”, 2-3, www.hsdl.org/?viewanddid=718798

Despite the withdrawal of combat troops from Iraq in 2011, the United States maintains
AND
in any post-conflict U.S.-Iraqi security arrangement.10

Low Temp Plasma – 1AC
Contention 3 is spinoffs
Fusion research’s critical to utilize low-temperature plasma
Cowley 10 – Plasma 2010 Committee, co-chaired by Steven C. Cowley, Ph.D. in the Department of Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University and professor at Imperial College London at the Blackett Laboratory, and John Peoples, Jr., director emeritus of Fermilab and recipient of the Distinguished Service Award from the National Science Foundation, 2007 (National Research Council of the National Academies, “Plasma Science: Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest”, http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11960.html, p. 72-73)

Conclusion: Low-temperature plasma science and engineering share much intellectual space with other
AND
of plasma science. The time is now to tap into this synergy.
Happens quickly, even if sustained fusion’s far off
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, “The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion”, Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

“Despite fusion’s tantalizing …. any high-level research.

Plasmas are key to solve global environmental collapse --- impact’s extinction
Woskov 12 – Paul, Senior Research Engineer – MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, “About Plasmas – Cleaning the Environment”, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/environment.pdf

“Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends,
AND
could make today’s “global garbage cans” a thing of the past.
Solves anti-biotic resistant pandemics --- risk’s high
Graves 12 (David, Professor – University of California, Berkeley, “David Graves Details Plasma's Power to Prevent Infection”, Plasma Page – Coalition for Plasma Science, 15(1), June, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_pages/pp_jun2012.htm)

On March 28, 2012, the Coalition
AND
water, and synergize with UV; finally, the technology is inexpensive.
Extinction
Plotkin 00 (Mark J., Ph.D., President – Amazon Conservation Team and Research Associate – Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of Natural History, Trained Ethnobotanist, and Tropical Researcher, “Searching for Nature’s Medicines”, Action Bioscience, October, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/plotkin.html)

Rain forests and coral reefs have incredible potential for natural medicines.
Plotkin: The hottest regions, in terms of immediate potential, would be rain
AND
mixture of nature and science, which promises so much for the future.

Solves bioterror, Mad Cow, and battlefield decontamination
Kong 12 – Michael, Professor of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering – Loughborough University (UK) and Ph.D. – University of Liverpool, “About Plasmas – Destroying Biological Hazards”, Coalition for Plasma Science, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/destroying-biohazards.pdf

Anthrax. Mad Cow Disease. Biological Weapons. These words have filled headlines,
AND
of effectiveness and low cost, the future of plasma decontamination is bright.
Bioterror causes extinction
Ochs 2 (Richard Ochs, Fmr President – Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately”, 6-9-2002, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html)

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.
Mad cow outbreaks collapse trade
Buzby 3 – Jean C., Economist in the Food Economics Division – USDA, Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER-828) 145, November, http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/321515/aer828a_1_.pdf

This report presents ERS
AND
private sector will be similarly pre-emptive where market incentives are strong.
Extinction
Panzer 8 (Michael J., Faculty – New York Institute of Finance, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, p. 137-138)

The rise in isolationism and protectionism will bring about ever more heated arguments and dangerous
AND
between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
Battlefield decontamination’s key to readiness
Mara 9 – Dr. Andrew Mara, Science and Technology Policy Fellow at the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University and PhD in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology – Yale University, and Lynn McGrath, Research Assistant – Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, “Defending the Military Food Supply: Acquisition, Preparation, and Protection of Food at U.S. Military Installations”, September, Center for Technology and National Security Policy – National Defense University, http://www.ndu.edu/CTNSP/docUploaded/DTP%2068%20Defending%20the%20Military%20Food %20Supply.pdf

These facts, however, do not support the position that military food defense should
AND
salad bars in Oregon with Salmonella demonstrates that these barriers are not insurmountable.
Global nuclear war
Feldstein 7 (Martin, George F. Baker Professor of Economics – Harvard University
AND
and perhaps the reality -- of the U.S. military structure.

Collapse of readiness undermines hegemony and causes global war
Spencer 00 (Jack, Policy Analyst – Heritage Foundation, The Facts About Military Readiness, 9-15, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1394.cfm)

The evidence indicates that the U.S. armed forces are not ready to
AND
from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.

DoE agrees
CFR 12 – Code of Federal Regulations, Department of Energy: Title 10 – Energy, PT. 500-End, p. 249-250

3. Fusion Energy
The magnetic … technology and development.

Solves limits --- only applied RandD is topical
EIA 99 – Energy Information Administration / Federal Energy Market Interventions 1999: Primary Energy, “3. Federal Energy Research and Development”, http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy/pdf/research.pdf)

Research and Development Defined
….. nuclear power plants.

State funding fails: distributed risk and no jurisdiction
Hartwig 12 – Zach, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, BS in Physics – Boston University, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-hartwig.html

Geoff forwarded me ….. jurisdiction at the moment)
Duplication and lack of coordination undermine solvency. And they can’t access national labs, which are key.
Olynyk 12 – Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy – MIT, B.Sc (Eng), Engineering Physics – Queen's University, Summer NSERC USRA Internship – Royal Military College of Canada, Email Exchange with Casey Harrigan, 10-22, http://msudebate.blogspot.com/2012/10/exchange-with-olynyk.html

Now, the other …. duplication of effort.

Plasma research’s key to mitigate solar storms --- causes blackout and satellite disruption
Garcia 12 – Dr. Leonard, Research Scientist – Wyle Information Systems at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ph.D. in Astronomy – University of Florida, and Timothy Eastman, Wyle Information Systems, LLC., “About Plasmas – Space Weather”, Coalition for Plasma Science, http://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/space-weather.pdf

A ghostly thin breeze from the Sun, the solar wind, blows persistently through
AND
solar storms on communications and other technologies that we increasingly depend upon today.
Happens globally
Brooks 9 – Brooks, PhD in Quantum Physics, 3/23/09
Michael, New Scientist, “Space Storm Alert: 90 Seconds From Catastrophe”

Such nightmare scenarios are not restricted to North America. High latitude nations such as
AND
Most of the time it's alright, but occasionally it will get you."
Extinction
Hecht 11 – Editor in Chief @ 21st Century Magazine
Laurence, Solar Storm Threatening Power Grids – Yet no Action Taken to Implement Defences, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html

A known and cataclysmic threat to the U.S. electric power grid is
AND
unprepared for a return to pre-electricity conditions could descend into chaos.
Causes global meltdowns --- impact’s as big as nuclear war
Goldes 11 – MA @ Brandeis and San Francisco State
Mark Goldes Former Research Fellow at Brandeis University is Founder of the Aesop Institute. Formerly Senior Director of the Berlin Corridor control radar in Germanyfor US Air Force SOLAR MEGASTORMS can GENERATE a GLOBAL NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html

We face a severe …. be of concern.
Satellites solve extinction
Dunstan 9 – James, JD, Space and Technology Lawyer – Garvey Schubert Barer, and Berin Szoka, Senior Feelow – Progress and Freedom Foundation, Director – Space Frontier Foundation, and Member of the Commerical Space Transportation Advisory Committee – Federal Aviation Administration, “Beware Of Space Junk: Global Warming Isn’t the Only Major Environmental Problem”, http://techliberation.com/2009/1t2/18/beware-of-space-junk-global-warming-isnt-the-only-major-environmental-problem/

As world leaders meet in Copenhagen to consider drastic carbon emission restrictions that could require
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making humanity a multi-planetary civilization capable of surviving true climatic catastrophes.
z

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase grants for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.

Contention 1 —- Leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear power continues to struggle in the shadow of the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
But an abundant, safe and clean energy source once thought to be the stuff of science fiction is closer than many realize: nuclear fusion. Making it a reality, however, will take significant investment from the government at a time when spending on scientific research is under threat.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, the energy that powers the sun and the stars, has been a goal of physicists worldwide since the 1950s. It is essentially inexhaustible and it can be created using hydrogen isotopes — chemical cousins of hydrogen, like deuterium — that can readily be extracted from seawater.
Fusion energy is created by fusing two atomic nuclei, in the process converting mass to energy, which appears as heat. The heat, as in conventional nuclear fission reactors, turns water into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity, or is used to produce fuels for transportation or other uses.
Fusion energy generates zero greenhouse gases. It offers no chance of a catastrophic accident. It can be available to all nations, relying only on the Earth’s oceans. When commercialized, it will transform the world’s energy supply.
There’s a catch. The development of fusion energy is one of the most difficult science and engineering challenges ever undertaken. Among other challenges, it requires production and confinement of a hot gas — a plasma — with a temperature around 100 million degrees Celsius.
But potential solutions to these daunting technical challenges are emerging. In one approach,
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combustion engine, with multiple mini-explosions (about five per second).
Once a poorly understood area of research, plasma physics has become highly developed. Scientists not only produce 100 million-degree plasmas routinely, but they control and manipulate such "small suns" with remarkable finesse. Since 1970 the power produced by magnetic fusion in the lab has grown from one-tenth of a watt, produced for a fraction of a second, to 16 million watts produced for one second — a billionfold increase in fusion energy.
Seven partners — the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States — have teamed up on an experiment to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for 500 seconds and longer by 2020, demonstrating key scientific and engineering aspects of fusion at the scale of a reactor.
However, even though the United States is a contributor to this experiment, known as ITER, it has yet to commit to the full program needed to develop a domestic fusion reactor to produce electricity for the American power grid. Meanwhile other nations are moving forward to implement fusion as a key ingredient of their energy security.
Indeed, fusion research facilities more modern than anything in the United States are either under construction or operating in China, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The will and enthusiasm of governments in Asia to fill their energy needs with fusion, as soon as possible, is nearly palpable.
What has been lacking in the United States is the political and economic will. We need serious public investment to develop materials that can withstand the harsh fusion environment, sustain hot plasma indefinitely and integrate all these features in an experimental facility to produce continuous fusion power.
This won’t be cheap. A rough estimate is that it would take %2430 billion and 20 years to go from the current state of research to the first working fusion reactor. But put in perspective, that sum is equal to about a week of domestic energy consumption, or about 2 percent of the annual energy expenditure of %241.5 trillion.
Fusion used to be an energy source for my generation’s grandchildren; now, plans
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that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Federal funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
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public considers such changes to be surrogates for progress toward particular societal goals.
To get a feel for the depth of this worldview, consider the National Institutes
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this information he inferred a "crisis" in federal support for science.
Given the totemic importance of the federal R%26D budget, and the centrality of the budget in S%26T policy discourse, what can we learn about the U.S. science and technology enterprise from an examination of budgetary trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Overcomes alt causes

Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
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and lessen our impact on the world, will require new energy sources.
Fusion is coming into it’s own today.  It is the best of all possible
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in demand throughout the world with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.

Extinction

Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under enormous pressure from terrorism, endemic poverty, environmental challenges, debt, corruption, civil unrest, and regional, tribal, and religious conflicts. The result is a climate of despair, and potential breeding grounds for radical politics and extremism.
A successful American foreign policy must include thinking through actions and policies, and how
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years. Too often we tend to confuse tactical action for strategic thinking.
A matter of mutual understanding
American foreign policy has always required a principled realism that is true to our values as we face the world as it really is in all of its complexities. We need to accept the reality that there is not a short-term solution to every problem in the world. What we must do is manage these realities and complex problems, moving them into positions of solution possibilities and resolution.
American foreign policy has always dared to project a vision of a world where all
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little margin for error with the stakes so high in the world today.
America must strengthen its global alliances. Common-interest alliances will be required in
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economic, intelligence, diplomatic, humanitarian, military and law enforcement fields.
The centrality of alliances and multi-lateral institutions to a successful foreign policy is fundamental. Alliances and multi-lateral institutions must be understood as expansions of our influence, not as constraints on our power.  Alliances are imperfect, as are all institutions. But like "process," they help absorb shocks.
Beyond military solutions
Alliances must be built on solid foundations to handle both routine and sudden unforeseen challenges. Crisis-driven "coalitions of the willing" by themselves are not the building blocks for a stable world. We need to think more broadly, deeply and strategically.
American military power and force structure cannot sustain its commitments without a shift to a more comprehensive strategic approach to global threats and a more flexible and agile military. Cyber warfare is a paramount example of these new threats.
The perception of American power around the world must not rest solely on a military orientation or optic. There must be an underlying commitment to engagement and humanity. Engagement is not appeasement, nor is it negotiation. It is not a guarantee of anything, but rather a smart diplomatic bridge to better understanding and possible conflict resolution.
American foreign policy must reflect the realities and demands of the global economy. The
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strength must be as high a priority as any other foreign policy priority.
America’s security and growth are connected to both the American and global economies. A centerpiece of this security is energy security. Energy security and energy interdependence are interconnected parts of a broad and deep foreign policy paradigm that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

Contention 2 —- Fusion

Fusion research generates spin-off technologies —- budget cuts make this impossible

Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)

Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological breakthroughs experienced. Just as discoveries and innovations in the space industry led to GPS technology and cell phones, advancements in the fusion industry would create new business applications.
Fusion energy holds great promise, and the scientific community is "united" in the belief that its commercialization is possible. But, several challenges remain.
The first problem is scientific. More research and development is needed for the technology to mature, and serious hurdles have to be passed before it is ready for commercial application.
The second problem is more immediate. The industry is under threat from budget cuts from Congress, which could derail ongoing research, dismantle the workforce, and push a date for first ’burning plasma’ further off into the future. Fusion cuts could spell the end for America’s lead in this industry, as China, South Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.

Overall funding increase’s key

Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "A Tough Budget for Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/

The cut in the domestic fusion program would have a devastating impact on U.S. fusion research. It would  shut down the Alcator C-Mod at MIT, one of the three facilities critical to continued U.S. leadership in fusion.
The truth is, that after years of operating on minimal budgets and essentially level funding, the domestic fusion program cannot absorb the proposed reductions without significant negative impacts to the program and our scientific and engineering contributions.
It is very important that this budget is changed, not only to save this
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, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
They have also put together an excellent graph on the future of the fusion budget: as you can see on the graph that the MIT student put together (at left), the purple part is the U.S. budget commitment to ITER, which will crowd out over 3/4 of the total budget.
ASP believes that the fusion budget should be increased significantly, up to the point
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be able to capitalize on the advancements in fusion science that will come.

Happens immediately, even if sustained fusion is far off

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
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the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Spinoffs will occur in optics

Pomeroy 12 (Ross, Assistant Editor – RealClearScience, "Fusion: The Energy of Tomorrow, Today", Real Clear Science, 6-21, http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10-http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10 6303.html)

It’s high time that politicians, and indeed all Americans, recognize that a new
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will drive innovation in multitudes of fields ranging from optics to materials science.

Optics science is key to aerospace – speed, lightness, and security

Howard 11
(Courtney E., senior technical editor at Computer Graphics World, "Optical technology: at the speed of light," 4-1-11, http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-22/issue-4/technology-focus/optical-technology-at-the-speed-of-light.html-http://www.militaryaerospace.com/articles/print/volume-22/issue-4/technology-focus/optical-technology-at-the-speed-of-light.html)

Optical components and systems benefit aerospace and defense applications with high speed, low weight
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of meters apart and interact as though they are in the same chassis."

That’s the lynchpin of air power – suppliers are on the brink

Thompson 9 (David, President – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, "The Aerospace Workforce", Federal News Service, 12-10, Lexis)

Aerospace systems are of considerable importance to U.S. national security, economic
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in the common industrial supply base that our entire space sector relies on.

Global nuclear war

Tellis 98 (Ashley, Senior Political Scientist – RAND, "Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century", http://www.rand. org/publications/MR/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf)

This subsection attempts to synthesize some of the key operational implications distilled from the analyses
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long-range cruise missiles during the time frames examined in this report. 

Optics solve next-generation Internet

ITU 11
(United Nations International Telecommunication Union, "The Optical World," June 2011, http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf-http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf)

II. Why optical technology? Optical technology is viewed by industry experts as the
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will continue to be a strategic enabler for next-generation Internet services. 

Checks disease spread and bioterrorism

Mackenzie 3 (John and Peter Yellowlees, Professors of Microbiology and Parasitology – University of Queensland, "Telehealth Responses to Bio-Terrorism and Emerging Infections", Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 9(Suppl. 2), p. 80-81)

The advent in February and March 2003 of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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or cross-border issues and potentially better health outcomes for all groups. 

Retaliation causes nuclear war —- quick containment’s key

Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, "Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack", Air %26 Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
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be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made."48 

Attack coming by 2013, we’re unprepared, and the impact is huge

Glassman 12
(James K., founding executive director of the George W. Bush Institute and former president of the Atlantic Monthly magazine, publisher of the New Republic magazine, executive vice president of U.S. News %26 World Report, and editor and co-owner of Roll Call, the Congressional newspaper, "We’re Letting Our Bioterrorism Defenses Down," 4-4-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/)

A little over three years ago, a commission of experts, established by Congress
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the relative ease of making a bioweapon and the relative difficulty of defending."

Threats to grid reliability are escalating and cause blackouts —- fusion spinoffs solve

CCAS 9 – Coalition for the Commercial Application of Superconductors, "Superconductivity: Present and Future Applications", http://www.ccas-web.org/pdf/ccas_brochure_web.pdf-http://www.ccas-web.org/pdf/ccas_brochure_web.pdf
~NOTE – "HTS" = High Temperature Superconductor~

The US Power Grid Under Stress
Power industry experts in the United States are widely agreed that today’s aging power grid
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flows and policy reforms that threaten the power industry and our overall economy.

Blackouts causes meltdowns —- impact’s as big as US/Russian nuclear war

Goldes 11 – MA @ Brandeis and San Francisco State
Mark Goldes Former Research Fellow at Brandeis University is Founder of the Aesop Institute. Formerly Senior Director of the Berlin Corridor control radar in Germanyfor US Air Force SOLAR MEGASTORMS can GENERATE a GLOBAL NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html-http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html

We face a severe potential emergency. External threats serve to unite. The world faces an unrecognized nuclear peril%21 Uniting to confront it can generate the missing popular and government support to generate millions of jobs and revitalize the global economy.
A THREAT GREATER THAN ANY TERROR ATTACK%21
A NASA funded study by the National Academy of Sciences was titled Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts. The resulting Report detailed what might happen in the event of a solar megastorm launching a powerful Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) that strikes our geomagnetic field. The study predicts blackouts that may last for years. As the map above indicates, highly vulnerable areas include most of the Eastern and Northwestern parts of the nation.
The NOAA estimates each 11 year sunspot cycle is capable of launching 4 "extreme" (X class) CMEs and 100 "severe" CMEs at the earth. More X class events than were anticipated have occurred in the current cycle. The most dangerous period is the next 5 years. The peak peril is predicted by some to occur in May, 2013.
So far, neither NASA nor NOAA have publicly acknowledged the mortal threat these events may cause as the result of multiple meltdowns of nuclear plants worldwide. To date, there is no indication that the White House, Congress, Homeland Security, the Department of Defense and/or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission have adequately prepared to prevent the horrendous effects of such a solar megastorm.

The recent statement by a NASA scientist that human life would not end as the result of the direct effects of a solar storm during 2012 is misleading. A solar megastorm that causes widespread meltdowns of numerous nuclear power plants can seriously end millions, if not hundreds of millions, or even billions, of lives from radioactivity. This event could very well parallel the aftermath of a nuclear weapons exchange had there been war between the USA and the USSR — massive amounts of radioactivity carried on prevailing winds all over the planet. The issue is not the specific year. This entire 11 year sunspot cycle should be of concern.

Blackouts collapse agriculture

Hecht 11 – Editor in Chief @ 21st Century Magazine
Laurence, Solar Storm Threatening Power Grids – Yet no Action Taken to Implement Defences, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html-http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html

A prolonged lack of electricity in any of these areas would reduce the population to
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unprepared for a return to pre-electricity conditions could descend into chaos.

Extinction

Lugar 4 (Richard G., U.S. Senator – Indiana and Former Chair – Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Plant Power", Our Planet, 14(3), http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
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that the growing world population will need vastly more basic food to eat.
Complicating a solution to this problem is a dynamic that must be better understood in
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we will have to produce an annual average of 25 tonnes per hectare.
Can we possibly boost output that much? Well, it’s been done before. Advances in the use of fertilizer and water, improved machinery and better tilling techniques combined to generate a threefold increase in yields since 1935 – on our farm back then, my dad produced 2.8 to 3 tonnes per hectare. Much US agriculture has seen similar increases.
But of course there is no guarantee that we can achieve those results again.
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research will generate the innovations that will be necessary to feed the world.
The United States can take a leading position in a productivity revolution. And our success at increasing food production may play a decisive humanitarian role in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet. 

C-Mod – 1AC

Alcator C-Mod will close without federal fusion funding – DOE’s key to reverse the shutdown order

Lin 9-7-12
(Leon, writer for The Tech at MIT, "Alcator C-Mod may lose funds," http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html-http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html)

President Obama’s budget request to Congress for fiscal year (FY) 2013, announced in February, proposed to shut down MIT’s federally-funded Alcator C-Mod, a tokamak (toroidal magnetic confinement device). To give itself six more months to agree on a formal appropriations bill, Congress will pass a continuing resolution this month. The resolution will likely sustain funding for Alcator C-Mod at current levels until the final budget for FY 2013 is out. If the final budget passed by Congress is in line with the president’s request, technical, engineering, and administrative staff would be laid off, and some 30 PhD students in Nuclear Science %26 Engineering (Course 22) would be forced to graduate by October 2013. The Department of Energy (DOE) has ordered Alcator C-Mod not to operate in the interim. However, researchers at the tokamak will not begin dismantling the device just yet, in case Congress decides to resume funding for research at Alcator C-Mod, which aims to develop a source of clean energy from nuclear fusion power. "Our best information at this point indicates that C-Mod will be put into a ’ready standby,’" says Zach S. Hartwig, a Course 22 PhD student, who believes and hopes that there will be no layoffs. "We are essentially buckling down until the next continuing resolution, due in February or March of 2013, or approved FY13 budget, under which we hope to receive funding to resume full experimental operations." In June, 12 MIT PhD students, including Hartwig, and an undergraduate from the University of Texas at Austin visited Congress, meeting with almost 30 congressional offices. "Our goal was to educate congressional offices on the situation and ask for support for domestic fusion in the upcoming continuing resolution," says Hartwig. The only three tokamaks in operation in the United States are Alcator C-Mod, DIII-D at General Atomics, and NSTX at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The presidential FY 2013 budget would cut money out of all three to support ITER (International Thermonuclear Expansion Reactor), an international project to build the biggest and best tokamak fusion reactor yet. Of the three, Alcator C-Mod has received the smallest share of the DOE’s fusion energy funding. Alcator C-Mod is also the only one that would be completely shut down under the presidential budget request. The budget request allocates about %24150 million to ITER contributions (up nearly %2450 million from FY 2012) and about %24250 million to domestic programs, maintaining the total of about %24400 million that has gone to fusion energy sciences in the past few years. The Senate Energy and Water Subcommittee has proposed legislation with similar numbers. The House Energy and Water Subcommittee, however, has proposed a bill that would supply about %24300 million to the domestic fusion energy program and about %24180 million to ITER. According to Hartwig, "%24300 million is a widely agreed upon ’minimum funding’ level required to maintain a robust, successful domestic program." Does the U.S. need three tokamaks? The heads of DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod, and NSTX told Nature for the journal’s July article that all three sites contribute uniquely to science and preliminary research for ITER. They have also argued that a strong domestic fusion energy presence will be necessary to benefit from ITER results. "We must be training the next generation of fusion scientists and engineers, which requires domestic facilities to train them on, as well as maintaining our scientific lead as one of the great fusion powerhouses of the world, which requires our unique domestic facilities to perform the research, if we hope to be ’building’ fusion power plants in the future rather than ’buying’ them from China or Europe. Sacrificing the domestic program for ITER makes no sense," says Hartwig. The ITER budget has nearly quintupled since the U.S. became an ITER partner, said Hartwig, and at the time the DOE and "the U.S. fusion community" agreed that funds would not be siphoned from domestic programs to support ITER. Alcator C-Mod is the single largest experiment at MIT, according to http://fusionfuture.org, which was started by graduate students to campaign against funding cuts. According to Hartwig, it’s the largest in terms of both of funding and number of people employed. Alcator C-Mod supports about 120 people directly, including scientists, professors, students, and technical staff. The grant money also supports the equivalent of about 100 MIT staff and another 80 full-time jobs from subcontracting. Supporters of the domestic fusion program foresee serious consequences if Congress decides to wind down Alcator C-Mod in FY 2013. Hartwig worries that MIT’s plasma physics group will disappear. Hartwig also echoes fusionfuture.org’s warning that "without an increase in funding, the domestic fusion program will be effectively eliminated to pay for ITER."

Only consistent federal funding stops the DOE from closing C-Mod

Cadwallader 12
(Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division at the American Nuclear Society, "ANS Fusion Energy Division statement on FY2013 energy appropriations," 4-18-12, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/)

The FY-2013 budget request by the Administration endangers the United States’ domestic fusion
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budget and, separately, fully funding this nation’s promised annual ITER contribution.

Federal funding now is key to sustain C-Mod in future budgets

Holland 12
(Andrew, American Security Project’s Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate, "A Tough Budget for Fusion," 3-1-12, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/)

The details of the FY13 fusion budget are these: The budget requests %24398
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, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.

C-Mod is vital for research in quantum mechanics

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

The basic science research performed on Alcator C-Mod fuels innovation, leading to
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offs which are the direct result of fusion research can be found here.

That’s key to quantum computing – prevents loss of military computer security

Aaronson 8
(Scott, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, "Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment," 12-12-08, http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf-http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf)

For the last fifty years computers have grown faster, smaller, and more powerful
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into understanding how to build codes which are not breakable by quantum computers. 

Nuclear war

Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, "Could Terrorists Launch America’s Nuclear Missiles?" 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
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, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.

C-Mod closure cements Chinese fusion leadership – federal funding reverses it

Vastag 12
(Brian, science reporter at The Washington Post, "Budget cuts threaten pursuit of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source," 6-25-12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html)

President Obama’s budget request for next year cuts domestic fusion research by 16 percent,
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for 60 years of research; we’ll take it from here.’ "

Shutdown cause brain drain from DOE programs

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

Alcator C-Mod’s shut down threatens US preeminence in science and technology For the
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closure represent a "brain-drain" from the DOE fusion program.

Chinese fusion leadership causes weaponization

Zhao 9
(Yan, writer for the China Military Report, "SHOCKED%21 CHINA’S FOURTH GENERATION OF NUCLEAR EXPOSURE," http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html-http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html)

More advanced and clean, the fourth-generation nuclear weapons are: the fusion
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to compete for third in the world, fusion bombs in no different.

Shatters the nuclear firebreak

Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Statement Before the National Press Club", 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these new highly dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons from being developed. The time to do so is now, before their feasibility is established. Once feasibility is demonstrated, the pressures from nuclear weapons laboratories as well as the military establishment to design and build them will be immense. We have one advantage over the time when fission-triggered thermonuclear weapons were developed in the 1950s. We have a CTBT that bans all nuclear explosions.
Besides the nuclear dangers that pure fusion weapons would pose, there is an immediate
AND
regarding which fusion explosions, if any, might be regarded as legal.
As my colleague Hisham Zerriffi will explain, the negotiating record regarding fission explosions as
AND
laser fusion machines, like NOVA in Livermore and GEKKO XII in Japan.
No country has actually announced the goal of building pure fusion weapons. Given the insistent international calls for nuclear disarmament and the requirement of the thirty-year-old Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that nuclear powers end the nuclear arms race at an "early date," those powers could hardly announce an explicit goal for developing pure fusion weapons.
Pure fusion weapons have long been a dream for nuclear weapons designers. Present-
AND
relatively small pure fusion weapons would be much larger than today’s nuclear weapons.
Pure fusion weapons would present far greater nuclear proliferation dangers since the acquisition of highly
AND
because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.

Extinction

Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones
AND
we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase grants for magnetic fusion energy generation in the United States.

Contention 1 —- Leadership

Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership

Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, "How Seawater Can Power the World", New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1%26ref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s energy supply is heating up: gas prices are rising, ethanol is under attack and nuclear power continues to struggle in the shadow of the Fukushima disaster in Japan.
But an abundant, safe and clean energy source once thought to be the stuff of science fiction is closer than many realize: nuclear fusion. Making it a reality, however, will take significant investment from the government at a time when spending on scientific research is under threat.
Harnessing nuclear fusion, the energy that powers the sun and the stars, has been a goal of physicists worldwide since the 1950s. It is essentially inexhaustible and it can be created using hydrogen isotopes — chemical cousins of hydrogen, like deuterium — that can readily be extracted from seawater.
Fusion energy is created by fusing two atomic nuclei, in the process converting mass to energy, which appears as heat. The heat, as in conventional nuclear fission reactors, turns water into steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity, or is used to produce fuels for transportation or other uses.
Fusion energy generates zero greenhouse gases. It offers no chance of a catastrophic accident. It can be available to all nations, relying only on the Earth’s oceans. When commercialized, it will transform the world’s energy supply.
There’s a catch. The development of fusion energy is one of the most difficult science and engineering challenges ever undertaken. Among other challenges, it requires production and confinement of a hot gas — a plasma — with a temperature around 100 million degrees Celsius.
But potential solutions to these daunting technical challenges are emerging. In one approach,
AND
combustion engine, with multiple mini-explosions (about five per second).
Once a poorly understood area of research, plasma physics has become highly developed. Scientists not only produce 100 million-degree plasmas routinely, but they control and manipulate such "small suns" with remarkable finesse. Since 1970 the power produced by magnetic fusion in the lab has grown from one-tenth of a watt, produced for a fraction of a second, to 16 million watts produced for one second — a billionfold increase in fusion energy.
Seven partners — the European Union, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States — have teamed up on an experiment to produce 500 million watts of fusion power for 500 seconds and longer by 2020, demonstrating key scientific and engineering aspects of fusion at the scale of a reactor.
However, even though the United States is a contributor to this experiment, known as ITER, it has yet to commit to the full program needed to develop a domestic fusion reactor to produce electricity for the American power grid. Meanwhile other nations are moving forward to implement fusion as a key ingredient of their energy security.
Indeed, fusion research facilities more modern than anything in the United States are either under construction or operating in China, Germany, Japan and South Korea. The will and enthusiasm of governments in Asia to fill their energy needs with fusion, as soon as possible, is nearly palpable.
What has been lacking in the United States is the political and economic will. We need serious public investment to develop materials that can withstand the harsh fusion environment, sustain hot plasma indefinitely and integrate all these features in an experimental facility to produce continuous fusion power.
This won’t be cheap. A rough estimate is that it would take %2430 billion and 20 years to go from the current state of research to the first working fusion reactor. But put in perspective, that sum is equal to about a week of domestic energy consumption, or about 2 percent of the annual energy expenditure of %241.5 trillion.
Fusion used to be an energy source for my generation’s grandchildren; now, plans
AND
that will shape our future. Scientists and engineers stand ready to help.

Federal funding is the focal point

Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, "Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. R%26D Budget", Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
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public considers such changes to be surrogates for progress toward particular societal goals.
To get a feel for the depth of this worldview, consider the National Institutes
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this information he inferred a "crisis" in federal support for science.
Given the totemic importance of the federal R%26D budget, and the centrality of the budget in S%26T policy discourse, what can we learn about the U.S. science and technology enterprise from an examination of budgetary trends? The first thing to be said is that it depends on which trends one chooses to examine.

Overcomes alt causes

Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, "Introduction to Fusion", 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
AND
and lessen our impact on the world, will require new energy sources.
Fusion is coming into it’s own today.  It is the best of all possible
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in demand throughout the world with a non carbon-producing energy source.
The time is now for fusion.

Extinction

Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, "The Challenge of Change", The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we face in 2012 is of a different character than even a few years ago. Many developing nations are fragile states and are under enormous pressure from terrorism, endemic poverty, environmental challenges, debt, corruption, civil unrest, and regional, tribal, and religious conflicts. The result is a climate of despair, and potential breeding grounds for radical politics and extremism.
A successful American foreign policy must include thinking through actions and policies, and how
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years. Too often we tend to confuse tactical action for strategic thinking.
A matter of mutual understanding
American foreign policy has always required a principled realism that is true to our values as we face the world as it really is in all of its complexities. We need to accept the reality that there is not a short-term solution to every problem in the world. What we must do is manage these realities and complex problems, moving them into positions of solution possibilities and resolution.
American foreign policy has always dared to project a vision of a world where all
AND
little margin for error with the stakes so high in the world today.
America must strengthen its global alliances. Common-interest alliances will be required in
AND
economic, intelligence, diplomatic, humanitarian, military and law enforcement fields.
The centrality of alliances and multi-lateral institutions to a successful foreign policy is fundamental. Alliances and multi-lateral institutions must be understood as expansions of our influence, not as constraints on our power.  Alliances are imperfect, as are all institutions. But like "process," they help absorb shocks.
Beyond military solutions
Alliances must be built on solid foundations to handle both routine and sudden unforeseen challenges. Crisis-driven "coalitions of the willing" by themselves are not the building blocks for a stable world. We need to think more broadly, deeply and strategically.
American military power and force structure cannot sustain its commitments without a shift to a more comprehensive strategic approach to global threats and a more flexible and agile military. Cyber warfare is a paramount example of these new threats.
The perception of American power around the world must not rest solely on a military orientation or optic. There must be an underlying commitment to engagement and humanity. Engagement is not appeasement, nor is it negotiation. It is not a guarantee of anything, but rather a smart diplomatic bridge to better understanding and possible conflict resolution.
American foreign policy must reflect the realities and demands of the global economy. The
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strength must be as high a priority as any other foreign policy priority.
America’s security and growth are connected to both the American and global economies. A centerpiece of this security is energy security. Energy security and energy interdependence are interconnected parts of a broad and deep foreign policy paradigm that frames the complexity of the challenges that face America and the world.

C-Mod – 1AC

Alcator C-Mod will close without federal fusion funding – DOE’s key to reverse the shutdown order

Lin 9-7-12
(Leon, writer for The Tech at MIT, "Alcator C-Mod may lose funds," http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html-http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html)

President Obama’s budget request to Congress for fiscal year (FY) 2013, announced in February, proposed to shut down MIT’s federally-funded Alcator C-Mod, a tokamak (toroidal magnetic confinement device). To give itself six more months to agree on a formal appropriations bill, Congress will pass a continuing resolution this month. The resolution will likely sustain funding for Alcator C-Mod at current levels until the final budget for FY 2013 is out. If the final budget passed by Congress is in line with the president’s request, technical, engineering, and administrative staff would be laid off, and some 30 PhD students in Nuclear Science %26 Engineering (Course 22) would be forced to graduate by October 2013. The Department of Energy (DOE) has ordered Alcator C-Mod not to operate in the interim. However, researchers at the tokamak will not begin dismantling the device just yet, in case Congress decides to resume funding for research at Alcator C-Mod, which aims to develop a source of clean energy from nuclear fusion power. "Our best information at this point indicates that C-Mod will be put into a ’ready standby,’" says Zach S. Hartwig, a Course 22 PhD student, who believes and hopes that there will be no layoffs. "We are essentially buckling down until the next continuing resolution, due in February or March of 2013, or approved FY13 budget, under which we hope to receive funding to resume full experimental operations." In June, 12 MIT PhD students, including Hartwig, and an undergraduate from the University of Texas at Austin visited Congress, meeting with almost 30 congressional offices. "Our goal was to educate congressional offices on the situation and ask for support for domestic fusion in the upcoming continuing resolution," says Hartwig. The only three tokamaks in operation in the United States are Alcator C-Mod, DIII-D at General Atomics, and NSTX at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The presidential FY 2013 budget would cut money out of all three to support ITER (International Thermonuclear Expansion Reactor), an international project to build the biggest and best tokamak fusion reactor yet. Of the three, Alcator C-Mod has received the smallest share of the DOE’s fusion energy funding. Alcator C-Mod is also the only one that would be completely shut down under the presidential budget request. The budget request allocates about %24150 million to ITER contributions (up nearly %2450 million from FY 2012) and about %24250 million to domestic programs, maintaining the total of about %24400 million that has gone to fusion energy sciences in the past few years. The Senate Energy and Water Subcommittee has proposed legislation with similar numbers. The House Energy and Water Subcommittee, however, has proposed a bill that would supply about %24300 million to the domestic fusion energy program and about %24180 million to ITER. According to Hartwig, "%24300 million is a widely agreed upon ’minimum funding’ level required to maintain a robust, successful domestic program." Does the U.S. need three tokamaks? The heads of DIII-D, Alcator C-Mod, and NSTX told Nature for the journal’s July article that all three sites contribute uniquely to science and preliminary research for ITER. They have also argued that a strong domestic fusion energy presence will be necessary to benefit from ITER results. "We must be training the next generation of fusion scientists and engineers, which requires domestic facilities to train them on, as well as maintaining our scientific lead as one of the great fusion powerhouses of the world, which requires our unique domestic facilities to perform the research, if we hope to be ’building’ fusion power plants in the future rather than ’buying’ them from China or Europe. Sacrificing the domestic program for ITER makes no sense," says Hartwig. The ITER budget has nearly quintupled since the U.S. became an ITER partner, said Hartwig, and at the time the DOE and "the U.S. fusion community" agreed that funds would not be siphoned from domestic programs to support ITER. Alcator C-Mod is the single largest experiment at MIT, according to http://fusionfuture.org, which was started by graduate students to campaign against funding cuts. According to Hartwig, it’s the largest in terms of both of funding and number of people employed. Alcator C-Mod supports about 120 people directly, including scientists, professors, students, and technical staff. The grant money also supports the equivalent of about 100 MIT staff and another 80 full-time jobs from subcontracting. Supporters of the domestic fusion program foresee serious consequences if Congress decides to wind down Alcator C-Mod in FY 2013. Hartwig worries that MIT’s plasma physics group will disappear. Hartwig also echoes fusionfuture.org’s warning that "without an increase in funding, the domestic fusion program will be effectively eliminated to pay for ITER."

Only consistent federal funding stops the DOE from closing C-Mod

Cadwallader 12
(Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division at the American Nuclear Society, "ANS Fusion Energy Division statement on FY2013 energy appropriations," 4-18-12, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/)

The FY-2013 budget request by the Administration endangers the United States’ domestic fusion
AND
budget and, separately, fully funding this nation’s promised annual ITER contribution.

Federal funding now is key to sustain C-Mod in future budgets

Holland 12
(Andrew, American Security Project’s Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate, "A Tough Budget for Fusion," 3-1-12, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/)

The details of the FY13 fusion budget are these: The budget requests %24398
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.

C-Mod is vital for research in quantum mechanics

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

The basic science research performed on Alcator C-Mod fuels innovation, leading to
AND
offs which are the direct result of fusion research can be found here.

That’s key to quantum computing – prevents loss of military computer security

Aaronson 8
(Scott, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, "Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment," 12-12-08, http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf-http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf)

For the last fifty years computers have grown faster, smaller, and more powerful
AND
into understanding how to build codes which are not breakable by quantum computers. 

Nuclear war

Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, "Could Terrorists Launch America’s Nuclear Missiles?" 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html-http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
AND
, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.

C-Mod closure cements Chinese fusion leadership – federal funding reverses it

Vastag 12
(Brian, science reporter at The Washington Post, "Budget cuts threaten pursuit of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source," 6-25-12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html)

President Obama’s budget request for next year cuts domestic fusion research by 16 percent,
AND
for 60 years of research; we’ll take it from here.’ "

Shutdown cause brain drain from DOE programs

Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , "C-Mod for Science and Technology," http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/-http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

Alcator C-Mod’s shut down threatens US preeminence in science and technology For the
AND
closure represent a "brain-drain" from the DOE fusion program.

Chinese fusion leadership causes weaponization

Zhao 9
(Yan, writer for the China Military Report, "SHOCKED%21 CHINA’S FOURTH GENERATION OF NUCLEAR EXPOSURE," http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html-http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/10/shocked-chinas-fourth-generation-of.html)

More advanced and clean, the fourth-generation nuclear weapons are: the fusion
AND
to compete for third in the world, fusion bombs in no different.

Shatters the nuclear firebreak

Makhijani 98 (Arjun, President – Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, "Statement Before the National Press Club", 7-15, http://ieer.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1998/07/dtq-statement-arjun.pdf)

We must prevent these new highly dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons from being developed. The time to do so is now, before their feasibility is established. Once feasibility is demonstrated, the pressures from nuclear weapons laboratories as well as the military establishment to design and build them will be immense. We have one advantage over the time when fission-triggered thermonuclear weapons were developed in the 1950s. We have a CTBT that bans all nuclear explosions.
Besides the nuclear dangers that pure fusion weapons would pose, there is an immediate
AND
regarding which fusion explosions, if any, might be regarded as legal.
As my colleague Hisham Zerriffi will explain, the negotiating record regarding fission explosions as
AND
laser fusion machines, like NOVA in Livermore and GEKKO XII in Japan.
No country has actually announced the goal of building pure fusion weapons. Given the insistent international calls for nuclear disarmament and the requirement of the thirty-year-old Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that nuclear powers end the nuclear arms race at an "early date," those powers could hardly announce an explicit goal for developing pure fusion weapons.
Pure fusion weapons have long been a dream for nuclear weapons designers. Present-
AND
relatively small pure fusion weapons would be much larger than today’s nuclear weapons.
Pure fusion weapons would present far greater nuclear proliferation dangers since the acquisition of highly
AND
because of their smaller individual size and relative lack of fall-out.

Extinction

Anderson 6 – Philip W. Anderson, Joseph Henry Professor of Physics, Princeton University, et al, 2006, Nuclear Option Off the Table, http://physics.ucsd.edu /petition/DCflyer.pdf

There are no sharp lines between small "tactical" nuclear weapons and large ones
AND
we urge the American people to make their voices heard on this matter.

Contention 2 —- Fusion

Fusion research generates spin-off technologies —- budget cuts make this impossible

Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)

Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological breakthroughs experienced. Just as discoveries and innovations in the space industry led to GPS technology and cell phones, advancements in the fusion industry would create new business applications.
Fusion energy holds great promise, and the scientific community is "united" in the belief that its commercialization is possible. But, several challenges remain.
The first problem is scientific. More research and development is needed for the technology to mature, and serious hurdles have to be passed before it is ready for commercial application.
The second problem is more immediate. The industry is under threat from budget cuts from Congress, which could derail ongoing research, dismantle the workforce, and push a date for first ’burning plasma’ further off into the future. Fusion cuts could spell the end for America’s lead in this industry, as China, South Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.

Overall funding increase’s key

Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "A Tough Budget for Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/

The cut in the domestic fusion program would have a devastating impact on U.S. fusion research. It would  shut down the Alcator C-Mod at MIT, one of the three facilities critical to continued U.S. leadership in fusion.
The truth is, that after years of operating on minimal budgets and essentially level funding, the domestic fusion program cannot absorb the proposed reductions without significant negative impacts to the program and our scientific and engineering contributions.
It is very important that this budget is changed, not only to save this
AND
, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
They have also put together an excellent graph on the future of the fusion budget: as you can see on the graph that the MIT student put together (at left), the purple part is the U.S. budget commitment to ITER, which will crowd out over 3/4 of the total budget.
ASP believes that the fusion budget should be increased significantly, up to the point
AND
be able to capitalize on the advancements in fusion science that will come.

Happens immediately, even if sustained fusion is far off

Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)

"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
AND
the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.

Funding creates quick spinoffs that spur de-mining —- solves thousands of systemic deaths

Kulcinski 96 – G.L., Associate Dean for Research, Grainger Professor of Nuclear Engineering, and Director of the Fusion Technology Institute – University of Wisconsin, "Near Term Commercial Opportunities from Long Range Fusion Research", Presented at the 12th Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Power. 16—20 June 1996, Reno NV, http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm1025.pdf

A complete discussion ......they produce results.

Conventional demining attempts are inevitable, but fail —- fusion tech’s key to effectiveness

Yoshikawaa 7 – K., Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, et al., "Current Status of R%26D of the Humanitarian Landmine Detection System by a Compact Fusion Neutron Source", 11-3, http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM29225/prcdngs/papers/B-04.pdf

At present most of the humanitarian demining is done using conventional methods, such as
AND
not need tritium that needs replacement often and has its own safety issues.
2. A New IECF Neutron Source with a Water Jacket
For the detection of landmines, a CW stable operation of the neutron source is essential. Also, the enhanced fusion neutron flux towards the ground is strongly preferred, although emission of fusion neutrons in the IECF device is basically isotropic.

Spinoffs will occur in optics

Pomeroy 12 (Ross, Assistant Editor – RealClearScience, "Fusion: The Energy of Tomorrow, Today", Real Clear Science, 6-21, http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10-http://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2012/06/21/fusion_the_energy_of_tomorrow_today_10 6303.html)

It’s high time that politicians, and indeed all Americans, recognize that a new
AND
will drive innovation in multitudes of fields ranging from optics to materials science.

Optics solve next-generation Internet

ITU 11
(United Nations International Telecommunication Union, "The Optical World," June 2011, http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf-http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/23/01/T23010000130001PDFE.pdf)

II. Why optical technology? Optical technology is viewed by industry experts as the
AND
will continue to be a strategic enabler for next-generation Internet services. 

Checks disease spread and bioterrorism

Mackenzie 3 (John and Peter Yellowlees, Professors of Microbiology and Parasitology – University of Queensland, "Telehealth Responses to Bio-Terrorism and Emerging Infections", Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 9(Suppl. 2), p. 80-81)

The advent in February and March 2003 of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
AND
or cross-border issues and potentially better health outcomes for all groups. 

Retaliation causes nuclear war —- quick containment’s key

Conley 3 (Lieutenant Colonel Harry W., Chief of the System Analysis Branch – Headquarters Air Combat Command, "Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack", Air %26 Space Power Journal, Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html)

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the
AND
be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made."48 

Attack coming by 2013, we’re unprepared, and the impact is huge

Glassman 12
(James K., founding executive director of the George W. Bush Institute and former president of the Atlantic Monthly magazine, publisher of the New Republic magazine, executive vice president of U.S. News %26 World Report, and editor and co-owner of Roll Call, the Congressional newspaper, "We’re Letting Our Bioterrorism Defenses Down," 4-4-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesglassman/2012/04/04/were-letting-our-bioterrorism-defenses-down/)

A little over three years ago, a commission of experts, established by Congress
AND
the relative ease of making a bioweapon and the relative difficulty of defending."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention 1 —- waste

Contention One is Waste:
Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Even if full-fusion is distant, fusion neutron harnessing isn’t.
UT’9  
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/-http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste
AND
product of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.
Yucca storage harms billions. Our author’s qual’d and beats "exaggeration" accusations.
Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, and therefore none of that is unthinkable. We
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cannot create unnecessary catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.
Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.
Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the waste at Yucca Mountain will still be deadly
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explosion ever. It could be the last bookkeeping error mankind ever made.
The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous, goes to sea, and there’s few options.
Cohen ’12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://www.undergroundsunshine.com/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ’fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is one of the great non
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challenges are "daunting", as the experience of the USA perfectly reveals.
Waste on high seas bad – either seriously hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.
Van Dyke ’2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development %26
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor %26 Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a magnitude totally different from any previous¶ ocean cargoes
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carrying radioactive cesium destined for medical purposes, but retrieval was not attempted.
Harming the ocean risks major impacts.
Craig ’3
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member
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in Florida and Hawaii," 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis
The world’s oceans contain many resources and provide many services that humans consider valuable.
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jelly." 864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.
And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.
Ross ’11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of solid radioactive waste accumulating in the cooling pools next to
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a result of our nuclear plants, a story not being effectively told.
(optional card)
Enhanced US support can change the paradigm – reducing fission waste.
Silverstein ’12
(Ken Silverstein is a journalist specializing in writing about energy. He is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider. He is Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions
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without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
(optional card)
Fusion eliminates current waste and won’t make its own.
Holland ’12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. "America’s Energy Choices", ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not produce radioactive waste at nearly the same level as fission.
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-term environmental sustainability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants.
(optional card)
Also we solve through plant replacement.
Science Master ’10
(The ScienceMaster team includes science professionals, educators, subject matter experts, and technical advisors who work collaboratively to bring you the best science resources. Their goal is to bring scientific issues to the attention of today’s youth by using the Internet – Sept 13th – available at: http://www.sciencemaster.com/jump/physical/fusion_energy.php)
The successful commercialization of fusion energy (which could be realized by the middle of
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controlled fusion can reach its potential as an environmentally benign source of energy.
Contention 2 —- Fusion

Cuts coming to PPPL —- devastates plasma science research
Altmann 12
"Obama budget proposal would mean big cuts for PPPL", Jennifer Altmann is a staff writer for the Princetown Alumni Weekly, 3/21/12, available online at http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2012/03/21/pages/8264/index.xml-http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2012/03/21/pages/8264/index.xml~~
President Obama’s proposed budget for fiscal year 2013 calls for increases to several federal agencies
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aspects of plasma physics, would be "greatly impeded," he said.
Federal funds are key to PPPL research breakthroughs
Duffy 12
Erin, "With upgrade, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory chases dream of lighting fusion’s torch", Duffy is a staff writer for the Trenton Times, 1/8/12, available online at http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/01/with_upgrade_princeton_plasma.html-http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/01/with_upgrade_princeton_plasma.html~~
The device — the vessel, the cables, the huge box that powers a
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yank funding for another PPPL fusion project, the National Compact Stellarator Experiment.
Fusion research generates spin-off technologies —- budget cuts make this impossible
Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)
Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological breakthroughs experienced. Just as discoveries and innovations in the space industry led to GPS technology and cell phones, advancements in the fusion industry would create new business applications.
Fusion energy holds great promise, and the scientific community is "united" in the belief that its commercialization is possible. But, several challenges remain.
The first problem is scientific. More research and development is needed for the technology to mature, and serious hurdles have to be passed before it is ready for commercial application.
The second problem is more immediate. The industry is under threat from budget cuts from Congress, which could derail ongoing research, dismantle the workforce, and push a date for first ’burning plasma’ further off into the future. Fusion cuts could spell the end for America’s lead in this industry, as China, South Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.
Overall funding increase’s key
Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "A Tough Budget for Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/
The cut in the domestic fusion program would have a devastating impact on U.S. fusion research. It would  shut down the Alcator C-Mod at MIT, one of the three facilities critical to continued U.S. leadership in fusion.
The truth is, that after years of operating on minimal budgets and essentially level funding, the domestic fusion program cannot absorb the proposed reductions without significant negative impacts to the program and our scientific and engineering contributions.
It is very important that this budget is changed, not only to save this
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, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
They have also put together an excellent graph on the future of the fusion budget: as you can see on the graph that the MIT student put together (at left), the purple part is the U.S. budget commitment to ITER, which will crowd out over 3/4 of the total budget.
ASP believes that the fusion budget should be increased significantly, up to the point
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be able to capitalize on the advancements in fusion science that will come.
Happens immediately, even if sustained fusion is far off
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
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the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.
Funding creates quick spinoffs that spur de-mining —- solves thousands of systemic deaths
Kulcinski 96 – G.L., Associate Dean for Research, Grainger Professor of Nuclear Engineering, and Director of the Fusion Technology Institute – University of Wisconsin, "Near Term Commercial Opportunities from Long Range Fusion Research", Presented at the 12th Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Power. 16—20 June 1996, Reno NV, http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm1025.pdf
A complete discussion of all of the above applications is beyond the scope of this paper. However, the Fusion Torch concept has been described in detail elsewhere.30-32 Therefore, only a few selected examples will be used here to illustrate the concept of using fusion reaction products for commercial products.
IV. DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES
With the increase in terrorist activity around the world, the continuation of local insurgencies
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.....they produce results.
Conventional demining attempts are inevitable, but fail —- fusion tech’s key to effectiveness
Yoshikawaa 7 – K., Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, et al., "Current Status of R%26D of the Humanitarian Landmine Detection System by a Compact Fusion Neutron Source", 11-3, http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM29225/prcdngs/papers/B-04.pdf
At present most of the humanitarian demining is done using conventional methods, such as
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not need tritium that needs replacement often and has its own safety issues.
2. A New IECF Neutron Source with a Water Jacket
For the detection of landmines, a CW stable operation of the neutron source is essential. Also, the enhanced fusion neutron flux towards the ground is strongly preferred, although emission of fusion neutrons in the IECF device is basically isotropic.
Independently – U.S. key to Vietnamese demining
Lan 12
Phuong, Lead editor at Look at Vietnam, a think tank focused on Vietnamese culture and policy, "Vietnam Needs Billions of USD for Landmine Clearance", 4/4, Look at Vietnam, http://www.lookatvietnam.com/2012/04/vietnam-needs-billions-of-usd-for-landmine-clearance.html-http://www.lookatvietnam.com/2012/04/vietnam-needs-billions-of-usd-for-landmine-clearance.html~~
"To clean bombs and mines left by the war, Vietnam needs %2410
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. The country aims to fulfill this mission in less than 100 years.
Better demining efforts key to ASEAN cooperation
Mishra 11
Rahul, Research Assistant at the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, "’Merchants of Death’: The Problem of Landmines in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam", January, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), Issue No. 23, http://www.claws.in/administrator/uploaded_files/1294237638IB_23__05.01.11.pdf~~
From these examples, it is evident that while the ¶ governments of these countries
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¶ cooperation would help them overcome the problems ¶ more effectively and efficiently.
It’s the key locus of coop and gets Vietnam on board
Xinhua 12
Official Press agency of the PRC, "Cambodia Releases Details of Forthcoming 21st ASEAN Summit, Related Summits", 11/15, CCTV, http://english.cntv.cn/20121115/105445.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20121115/105445.shtml~~
Cambodia on Thursday released the detailed agendas for the 21st ASEAN Summit and related Summits
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. Leaders’ Summit will focus on strengthening and expanding cooperation between the two blocs
ASEAN collapse immanent causing SCS war—Vietnam cooperation key
Bangkok Post 12
"ASEAN Divided Against Itself", 7/16, Bangkok Post, http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/302589/asean-divided-against-itself-http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/302589/asean-divided-against-itself~~
The spectacular collapse of the conference of foreign ministers in Cambodia last week is a
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a reef known as the Scarborough Shoal. Beijing angrily rejected its inclusion.
Extinction
Wittner 11
Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany and former editor of Peace %26 Change, a journal of peace research, "COMMENTARY: Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?," November 28, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html~~
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.  
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that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.
The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current mines. They last for a long-time.
Gayle ’3
Helene D., MD and MPH, Executive Board – CARE (Global Health NGO), "Philanthropy and Landmines", January, http://www.synergos.org/globalgivingmatters/issuebriefs/01landmines.htm
Landmines wreak indiscriminate destruction. Each day, up to 55 people die or are
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in countries in conflict or emerging from conflict — can afford it least.
Critical frameworks won’t resolve landmine issues. Abstraction bad in this particular context.
Pettiford ’98
(et al, Dr Lloyd Pettiford is in the Department of International Studies, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane,¶ Nottingham NGHJ 8NS, UK – Third World Quarterly – vol 19, %231 – available via J-Stor)
The basic argument put forward is that whilst the security debate within¶ international relations
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, we are not seeking to deny¶ the role of intellectual endeavor.
Barriers are technological, not political. US is generous with de-mining tech and wouldn’t hoard breakthroughs.
Garwin ’97
(et al; Richard L. Garwin received the B.S. in Physics from Case Institute of Technology and the Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Chicago in 1949. He is IBM Fellow Emeritus at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York. After three years on the faculty of the University of Chicago, he joined IBM Corporation in 1952, and was until June 1993 IBM Fellow at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York. In addition, he is a consultant to the U.S. government on matters of military technology and has participated in demining operation. He has been a member an Adjunct Research Fellow in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; and Adjunct Professor of Physics at Columbia University. He has also been Professor of Public Policy in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. From 1997 to 2004 he was Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York. – Prepared for the Xth Amaldi Conference Paris, 20-22 November 1997 – PROGRESS IN HUMANITARIAN DEMINING:  TECHNICAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES – http://www.fas.org/rlg/de-mining.htm)
Landmines are remarkably durable, posing a threat years after the wars¶ for which
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to a person’s arm" (Associated Press,¶ 1997). (5)
Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase grants for fusion energy generation at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
Sweeping claims don’t undercut the Aff. We can advance contingent  and particular knowledge without "Big T" Epistemology.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
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violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.
–"Conflix" frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory for three reasons.
Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
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new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.
Reps first cause right fill in and don’t shape reality
Gross ’94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. %26 Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors’ original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)
We examine postmodernism with a view to understand its appeal to the politically discontented.
AND
regard the whole business as a species of con game. (79)
High-Bar Arg – demand proof when contextualizing – not assertion. Pre-req to accuracy and scholarship.
Hantrais ’99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database
Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
AND
about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.
Particularity standard best – improves decisions and knowledge.
Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database
In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain ’coercive’ (Dancy 1993:
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serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention 1 —- waste

Contention One is Waste:
Fusion solves fission waste and Yucca storage. Even if full-fusion is distant, fusion neutron harnessing isn’t.
UT’9  
(This is a Multi-Disciplinary release from the University of Texas – it internally quotes Physics Professors, Mechanical Engineers, and Fusion Experts. "Nuclear Fusion-Fission Hybrid Could Destroy Nuclear Waste and Contribute to Carbon-Free Energy Future", 1-27, This article also appears in This article also appears in Science Daily on Jan 29th – both web addresses are included: http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/-http://www.utexas.edu/news/2009/01/27/nuclear_hybrid/; http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127131654.htm)
"We have created a way to use fusion to relatively inexpensively destroy the waste
AND
product of fusion—neutrons—can be achieved in the near term.
Yucca storage harms billions. Our author’s qual’d and beats "exaggeration" accusations.
Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
None of that is impossible, and therefore none of that is unthinkable. We
AND
cannot create unnecessary catastrophic risks like biosphereicide, the agonizing death of billions.
Yes, Yucca accident – quakes, human error or water.
Comarow ’1
(David Comarow has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. David is a former faculty member of the College of Southern Nevada, where he established the Solar Energy Technology Training Program and the Center for Appropriate Technology in 1976. He holds a BS in biology from State University of New York, Albany, an MS in Urban Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a JD from California Western School of Law, He is also an Advisory Board Member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) – a international non-profit, marine wildlife conservation organization. "Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable", Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, 12-8, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/yucca-mountain-testimony-comarow_2001-12-08.htm)
In several hundred thousand years, the waste at Yucca Mountain will still be deadly
AND
explosion ever. It could be the last bookkeeping error mankind ever made.
The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current waste. It’s dangerous, goes to sea, and there’s few options.
Cohen ’12
Dr. Martin Cohen has a multi-disciplinary background and is tough to pigeon-hole as someone that could logically be from a singular epistemological school of thought. He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in Britain and Australia, Cohen moved to France to concentrate on journalism. He is active in several environmental causes. Cohen has been a frequent contributor and reviewer for the New Statesman (on environmental issues) and the Guardian (London) (on the role of computers in education). He is also co-author of the published book The Doomsday Machine: the high price of nuclear energy. This article was written for Infowars.com on June 15, 2012, and was re-posted at: http://www.undergroundsunshine.com/article-of-nuclear-waste/
The history of ’fly-tipping’ nuclear waste is one of the great non
AND
challenges are "daunting", as the experience of the USA perfectly reveals.
Waste on high seas bad – either seriously hurts ocean or kills by going airborne.
Van Dyke ’2
Jon M. Van Dyke is a Visiting Professor at Berkeley Law. He has taught International Law at the William S. Richardson School of Law at the University of Hawaii. He is a leading practitioner in environmental and ocean law. He served as faculty for the Environmental Law Program at the School of Law at the Univ. of Hawaii – Ocean Development %26
International Law – vol 33:1, 77-108 – available via Taylor %26 Francis Database
These shipments present risks of a magnitude totally different from any previous¶ ocean cargoes
AND
carrying radioactive cesium destined for medical purposes, but retrieval was not attempted.
Harming the ocean risks major impacts.
Craig ’3
Robin Kundis Craig has a background in several disciplines. She served as a member
AND
in Florida and Hawaii," 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Lexis
The world’s oceans contain many resources and provide many services that humans consider valuable.
AND
jelly." 864 More importantly, the Black Sea is not necessarily unique.
And, on-site storage bad – already harms people now.
Ross ’11
Sherwood Ross is a Miami-based consultant and columnist. He has reported for the Chicago Daily News, regularly writes for Reuters, and has worked as a columnist for wire services. Global Research, November 10, 2011 – http://www.globalresearch.ca/fukushima-japan-s-second-nuclear-disaster/?print=1
The thousands of tons of solid radioactive waste accumulating in the cooling pools next to
AND
a result of our nuclear plants, a story not being effectively told.
(optional card)
Enhanced US support can change the paradigm – reducing fission waste.
Silverstein ’12
(Ken Silverstein is a journalist specializing in writing about energy. He is the editor-in-chief of EnergyBiz Insider. He is Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions
AND
without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
(optional card)
Fusion eliminates current waste and won’t make its own.
Holland ’12
(Andrew Holland has a multi-disciplinary background. He currently serves as Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate
Expertise Energy, Climate Change, and Infrastructure Policy at the American Security Project. He is an experienced writer and strategic analyst. He has spoken about energy security, Arctic policy, and water resources at high-level events in South Korea, Brussels, Washington, London, Geneva, and China. He was the manager of the Transatlantic Dialogue on Climate Change and Security. This dialogue brought together subject experts from government, the military, NGOs, Think Tanks, and academia. He has a close relationship with a diverse group of energy, security, and environmental experts from around the world. Prior to joining the IISS, he was a Legislative Assistant on Energy, Environment, and Infrastructure for United States Senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska. He holds a Master’s Degree in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a  Bachelor’s Degree in History and Economics from Wake Forest University. "America’s Energy Choices", ASP White Paper, 8-2, http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Americas-Energy-Choices-ASP-Andrew-Holland-FINAL-.pdf)
Fusion power does not produce radioactive waste at nearly the same level as fission.
AND
-term environmental sustainability of existing U.S. nuclear power plants.
(optional card)
Also we solve through plant replacement.
Science Master ’10
(The ScienceMaster team includes science professionals, educators, subject matter experts, and technical advisors who work collaboratively to bring you the best science resources. Their goal is to bring scientific issues to the attention of today’s youth by using the Internet – Sept 13th – available at: http://www.sciencemaster.com/jump/physical/fusion_energy.php)
The successful commercialization of fusion energy (which could be realized by the middle of
AND
controlled fusion can reach its potential as an environmentally benign source of energy.
Contention 2 —- Fusion

Cuts coming to PPPL —- devastates plasma science research
Altmann 12
"Obama budget proposal would mean big cuts for PPPL", Jennifer Altmann is a staff writer for the Princetown Alumni Weekly, 3/21/12, available online at http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2012/03/21/pages/8264/index.xml-http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2012/03/21/pages/8264/index.xml~~
President Obama’s proposed budget for fiscal year 2013 calls for increases to several federal agencies
AND
aspects of plasma physics, would be "greatly impeded," he said.
Federal funds are key to PPPL research breakthroughs
Duffy 12
Erin, "With upgrade, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory chases dream of lighting fusion’s torch", Duffy is a staff writer for the Trenton Times, 1/8/12, available online at http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/01/with_upgrade_princeton_plasma.html-http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/01/with_upgrade_princeton_plasma.html~~
The device — the vessel, the cables, the huge box that powers a
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yank funding for another PPPL fusion project, the National Compact Stellarator Experiment.
Fusion research generates spin-off technologies —- budget cuts make this impossible
Cunningham 12 (Nicholas, Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "The Future of Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 6-5, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-future-of-fusion/)
Fourth, a robust fusion industry would have important spillover effects that previous technological breakthroughs experienced. Just as discoveries and innovations in the space industry led to GPS technology and cell phones, advancements in the fusion industry would create new business applications.
Fusion energy holds great promise, and the scientific community is "united" in the belief that its commercialization is possible. But, several challenges remain.
The first problem is scientific. More research and development is needed for the technology to mature, and serious hurdles have to be passed before it is ready for commercial application.
The second problem is more immediate. The industry is under threat from budget cuts from Congress, which could derail ongoing research, dismantle the workforce, and push a date for first ’burning plasma’ further off into the future. Fusion cuts could spell the end for America’s lead in this industry, as China, South Korea and Japan increase their investments in fusion technology.
Overall funding increase’s key
Holland 12 – Andrew, Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate – American Security Project, "A Tough Budget for Fusion", American Security Project Blog, 3-1, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/
The cut in the domestic fusion program would have a devastating impact on U.S. fusion research. It would  shut down the Alcator C-Mod at MIT, one of the three facilities critical to continued U.S. leadership in fusion.
The truth is, that after years of operating on minimal budgets and essentially level funding, the domestic fusion program cannot absorb the proposed reductions without significant negative impacts to the program and our scientific and engineering contributions.
It is very important that this budget is changed, not only to save this
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, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
They have also put together an excellent graph on the future of the fusion budget: as you can see on the graph that the MIT student put together (at left), the purple part is the U.S. budget commitment to ITER, which will crowd out over 3/4 of the total budget.
ASP believes that the fusion budget should be increased significantly, up to the point
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be able to capitalize on the advancements in fusion science that will come.
Happens immediately, even if sustained fusion is far off
Silverstein 12 (Ken, Editor of Energy Central and Contributor – Forbes, "The Tantalizing Promise And Peril Of Nuclear Fusion", Forbes Magazine, 4-15, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2012/04/15/nuclears-strongest-potential-weapon-fusion/)
"Despite fusion’s tantalizing benefits, it has been largely ignored in energy policy discussions because it is viewed as a technology too immature to affect energy production over the next few decades, when it is most needed," says the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The lab, which is part of a %243.5 billion research effort to help commercialize fusion, says that the United States is in a "unique position to change this paradigm."
To be clear, fusion is different from fission, which is how today’s nuclear reactor’s produce energy. Fission splits atoms apart whereas fusion combines them — a process that thus far consumes more energy than it generates. The aim, though, is to heat the hydrogen gas to more than 100 million degrees Celsius so that the atoms will bond instead of bounce off each another.
If scientists are ultimately able to achieve success, the end result would be the production of 10 million times more power than a typical chemical reaction, such as the burning of fossil fuels. And it would occur without the carbon emissions or the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
To that end, an international consortium has already spent %2420 billion on fusion
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the scientific and engineering skills needed to bring such a concept to scale.
What immediate benefits do those participants get from funding ITER, or from making their own national investments in nuclear fusion? Magnet technology is one area, which is used in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imagery that allows doctor’s see completely inside the human brain.
That’s what Michael Claessens, head of communications for ITER Organization, explained to this reporter in an email. Superconducting and advanced materials are two additional benefits, he notes, adding that more such bonuses will occur in the future, as it does with any high-level research.
Funding creates quick spinoffs that spur de-mining —- solves thousands of systemic deaths
Kulcinski 96 – G.L., Associate Dean for Research, Grainger Professor of Nuclear Engineering, and Director of the Fusion Technology Institute – University of Wisconsin, "Near Term Commercial Opportunities from Long Range Fusion Research", Presented at the 12th Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Power. 16—20 June 1996, Reno NV, http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/pdf/fdm1025.pdf
A complete discussion of all of the above applications is beyond the scope of this paper. However, the Fusion Torch concept has been described in detail elsewhere.30-32 Therefore, only a few selected examples will be used here to illustrate the concept of using fusion reaction products for commercial products.
IV. DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES
With the increase in terrorist activity around the world, the continuation of local insurgencies
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.....they produce results.
Conventional demining attempts are inevitable, but fail —- fusion tech’s key to effectiveness
Yoshikawaa 7 – K., Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, et al., "Current Status of R%26D of the Humanitarian Landmine Detection System by a Compact Fusion Neutron Source", 11-3, http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/meetings/TM29225/prcdngs/papers/B-04.pdf
At present most of the humanitarian demining is done using conventional methods, such as
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not need tritium that needs replacement often and has its own safety issues.
2. A New IECF Neutron Source with a Water Jacket
For the detection of landmines, a CW stable operation of the neutron source is essential. Also, the enhanced fusion neutron flux towards the ground is strongly preferred, although emission of fusion neutrons in the IECF device is basically isotropic.
Independently – U.S. key to Vietnamese demining
Lan 12
Phuong, Lead editor at Look at Vietnam, a think tank focused on Vietnamese culture and policy, "Vietnam Needs Billions of USD for Landmine Clearance", 4/4, Look at Vietnam, http://www.lookatvietnam.com/2012/04/vietnam-needs-billions-of-usd-for-landmine-clearance.html-http://www.lookatvietnam.com/2012/04/vietnam-needs-billions-of-usd-for-landmine-clearance.html~~
"To clean bombs and mines left by the war, Vietnam needs %2410
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. The country aims to fulfill this mission in less than 100 years.
Better demining efforts key to ASEAN cooperation
Mishra 11
Rahul, Research Assistant at the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, "’Merchants of Death’: The Problem of Landmines in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam", January, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), Issue No. 23, http://www.claws.in/administrator/uploaded_files/1294237638IB_23__05.01.11.pdf~~
From these examples, it is evident that while the ¶ governments of these countries
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¶ cooperation would help them overcome the problems ¶ more effectively and efficiently.
It’s the key locus of coop and gets Vietnam on board
Xinhua 12
Official Press agency of the PRC, "Cambodia Releases Details of Forthcoming 21st ASEAN Summit, Related Summits", 11/15, CCTV, http://english.cntv.cn/20121115/105445.shtml-http://english.cntv.cn/20121115/105445.shtml~~
Cambodia on Thursday released the detailed agendas for the 21st ASEAN Summit and related Summits
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. Leaders’ Summit will focus on strengthening and expanding cooperation between the two blocs
ASEAN collapse immanent causing SCS war—Vietnam cooperation key
Bangkok Post 12
"ASEAN Divided Against Itself", 7/16, Bangkok Post, http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/302589/asean-divided-against-itself-http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/302589/asean-divided-against-itself~~
The spectacular collapse of the conference of foreign ministers in Cambodia last week is a
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a reef known as the Scarborough Shoal. Beijing angrily rejected its inclusion.
Extinction
Wittner 11
Wittner, Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany and former editor of Peace %26 Change, a journal of peace research, "COMMENTARY: Is a Nuclear War with China Possible?," November 28, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/avoiding-a-us-china-war.html~~
While nuclear weapons exist, there remains a danger that they will be used.  
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that of the world, they should be working to encourage these policies.
The Squo and K alts must explain how they’ll get rid of current mines. They last for a long-time.
Gayle ’3
Helene D., MD and MPH, Executive Board – CARE (Global Health NGO), "Philanthropy and Landmines", January, http://www.synergos.org/globalgivingmatters/issuebriefs/01landmines.htm
Landmines wreak indiscriminate destruction. Each day, up to 55 people die or are
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in countries in conflict or emerging from conflict — can afford it least.
Critical frameworks won’t resolve landmine issues. Abstraction bad in this particular context.
Pettiford ’98
(et al, Dr Lloyd Pettiford is in the Department of International Studies, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane,¶ Nottingham NGHJ 8NS, UK – Third World Quarterly – vol 19, %231 – available via J-Stor)
The basic argument put forward is that whilst the security debate within¶ international relations
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, we are not seeking to deny¶ the role of intellectual endeavor.
Barriers are technological, not political. US is generous with de-mining tech and wouldn’t hoard breakthroughs.
Garwin ’97
(et al; Richard L. Garwin received the B.S. in Physics from Case Institute of Technology and the Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Chicago in 1949. He is IBM Fellow Emeritus at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York. After three years on the faculty of the University of Chicago, he joined IBM Corporation in 1952, and was until June 1993 IBM Fellow at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York. In addition, he is a consultant to the U.S. government on matters of military technology and has participated in demining operation. He has been a member an Adjunct Research Fellow in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; and Adjunct Professor of Physics at Columbia University. He has also been Professor of Public Policy in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. From 1997 to 2004 he was Philip D. Reed Senior Fellow for Science and Technology at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York. – Prepared for the Xth Amaldi Conference Paris, 20-22 November 1997 – PROGRESS IN HUMANITARIAN DEMINING:  TECHNICAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES – http://www.fas.org/rlg/de-mining.htm)
Landmines are remarkably durable, posing a threat years after the wars¶ for which
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to a person’s arm" (Associated Press,¶ 1997). (5)
Plan

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase grants for fusion energy generation at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory.
Sweeping claims don’t undercut the Aff. We can advance contingent  and particular knowledge without "Big T" Epistemology.

PRICE ’98
(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)
One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that
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violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself.
–"Conflix" frames Ballot’s role. Defends State-based, Role Play as better curriculum than critical theory for three reasons.
Kupperman ’5
(et al, Jeff Kupperman is an Associate Professor of Education at the University of Michigan-Flint and a core member of the University of Michigan’s Interactive Communications %26 Simulations group. Gary Weisserman is head of school at the 180-student Oakland Early College. He is also affiliated with the University of Michigan and West Bloomfield High School – Curriculum games: An online character-playing project as "ironist curriculum" – April 4, 2005 – available at: http://blog.jkupp.com/files/curriculum_games.pdf)
This paper is a mixture of narrative and theory. The narratives were collected from
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new vocabularies, can have in creating a more just distribution of power.
Reps first cause right fill in and don’t shape reality
Gross ’94
(et al, Paul R. Gross, who is a University Professor of Life Sciences (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. He has taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester – Excerpts from: Gross, P.R. %26 Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science. A note from L. Kurt Englehart – who abridged this book – he is a Philosopher and is also from the Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center Sonoma State University University of San Francisco. In the process of abridging this work, we have made every effort to truly communicate the spirit of the authors’ original message. Any changes appear in brackets. Available at: http://kengelhart.home.igc.org/supersti.htm)
We examine postmodernism with a view to understand its appeal to the politically discontented.
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regard the whole business as a species of con game. (79)
High-Bar Arg – demand proof when contextualizing – not assertion. Pre-req to accuracy and scholarship.
Hantrais ’99
LINDA HANTRAIS is Professor of European Social Policy in the Department of Politics at Loughborough University. She has been Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science. International Journal of Social Research Methodology Date: April 1, 1999 – available via EBSCO database
Contextualization is central to all three of these approaches. In the first case,
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about causality are drawn because the wrong level of inference is being used.
Particularity standard best – improves decisions and knowledge.
Smith ’6
Dr. Benedict Smith – Research Fellow in the Department of Philosophy and a member of staff at the University of Durham – Acta Analytica – Volume 21, Number 2 – available via Springer Link Database
In a related way, Dancy seeks to undermine certain ’coercive’ (Dancy 1993:
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serve to rationally constrain any candidate beliefs or actions in a given circumstance.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
Leadership
Fusion’s the litmus test of U.S. energy leadership
Prager 11 (Stewart, Director – Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Professor of Astrophysical Sciences –  Princeton University, “How Seawater Can Power the World”, New York Times, 7-10, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/opinion/11Prager.html?_r=1andref=opinion)

DEBATE about America’s ….. ready to help.
Federal funding is the focal point
Sarewitz 3 (Daniel, Professor of Science and Society and Co-Director of the Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes – Arizona State University, “Does Science Policy Exist, and If So, Does it Matter?: Some Observations on the U.S. RandD Budget”, Discussion Paper for Earth Institute Science, Technology, and Global Development Seminar, 4-8, http://www.cspo.org/documents/budget_seminar.pdf)

It is not only axiomatic but also true that federal science policy is largely played
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chooses to examine.
Overcomes alt causes
Woodruff 11 (Woodruff Scientific Ltd, C-Corp established in 2005 in Seattle, Washington. WSI Performs Research Under Contract to Private and Public Institutions, as well as through Awards from the U.S. Department of Energy, “Introduction to Fusion”, 3-3, http://woodruffscientific.com/wp/fusion/nwea-introduction-to-fusion)

The need for fusion could not be more pronounced than today: the world is
……….
The time is now for fusion.
Extinction
Hagel 12 – Charles, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of National Governance – Georgetown University, “The Challenge of Change”, The Atlanticist, 5-15, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/challenge-change

The world we ……..and the world.

STEM
Contention 2 --- STEM Education
Scientists watch federal funding streams. Low fusion spending turns away STEM grad students.
Derose 12 (Kimberly, Miliken Scholar, MS in Journalism – USC, AB Physics – Harvard University, and Science Writer –  UCLA Office of Media Relations, “Dire Prospects for Domestic Fusion Energy Research”, Spring 2012 Money, Markets and Media – USC Annenberg School of Communication, 3-3, http://ascjweb.org/moneymarkets media/?p=433)

It is certainly not
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Greenwald told Science.
This breaks the pipeline of STEM workers
Olynyk 12 (Geoff, Ph.D. Candidate in Plasma Science and Fusion – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, et al., “Don’t Break the Pipeline: Ensuring a Workforce for the Burning Plasma Era”, 7-27, http://fire.pppl.gov/FESAC_WP_workforce_MIT.pdf)

Recommendations
The proposed FY2013 ………scientists and engineers.
Multiple fields will be affected. Fusion investment steers students back.
Ludes 11 (Dr. Jim, Executive Director – American Security Project, “Fusion Energy: An Opportunity for American Leadership and Security”, American Security Project White Paper, 1-24, https://life.llnl.gov/life_in_the_media/pdfs/fusion_2020_paper.pdf)

With the political ……… and engineering fields.
Funding sends a signal of commitment that increases enrollment in nuclear science --- demand-side drivers are key
Atkinson 10 – Robert, President of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Doctorate in City and Regional Planning from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Refueling the U.S. Innovation Economy”, 12-7, http://www.itif.org/files/2010-refueling-innovation-economy.pdf

Expand Government RandD …….. at the right times.
Federal signal’s key
Holdren 10 (John P., Former Director and Faculty Chair in the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, “Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future”, September, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stemed-report.pdf)

PCAST believes ……… resources or scale.
STEM recruitment’s key to a strong defense base --- solves multiple scenarios for nuclear war
O’Hanlon 11 (Michael, Senior Fellow – Brookings Institution, “The National Security Industrial Base: A Crucial Asset of the United States Whose Future May Be in Jeopardy”, 21st Century Defense Initiative Policy Paper, February, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2011/2/defense%20ohanlon/02_defense_ ohanlon)

The infrastructure that
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afflict military organizations.

Nuclear expertise is the backbone of deterrence
Townsend 9 (Frances Fragos, Former Assistant to President Bush for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism and Senior Member of the Department of Justice, et al., “Leveraging Science for Security: A Strategy for the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories in the 21st Century”, Task Force on Leveraging the Scientific and Technological Capabilities of the NNSA National Laboratories for 21st Century National Security, March, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Leveraging_Science_for_Security_FINAL.pdf)

The United States ………US nonproliferation goals.
Global nuclear war
Caves 10 (John P. Jr., Senior Fellow – Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent”, Strategic Forum, 252, January, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20252_John%20Caves.pdf)

Perceptions of a ……… terrorists alone could inflict.

Nuclear science stops global weapons testing
Henning 10 (Walter, Senior Physicist – Argonne National Laboratory and Member – American Association for the Advancement of Science, “Accelerators for America’s Future”, June, http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/Rep ort.pdf)

From the earliest days of their development, accelerators have made critical contributions to the
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eliminate the need for highly enriched uranium and nuclear reactor facilities for production.
Global nuclear war
Johnson 1 (Rebecca, Executive Director – Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy, The Guardian, 7-17, Lexis)

Then the international arms control and non- proliferation regimes collapsed. Americans weren't bothered
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and grumbling won't keep us safe. It is time to speak out.

Contention 2 - C-Mod
Alcator C-Mod will close without federal fusion funding – DOE’s key to reverse the shutdown order
Lin 9-7-12
(Leon, writer for The Tech at MIT, “Alcator C-Mod may lose funds,” http://tech.mit.edu/V132/N35/alcator.html)

President Obama’s budget …….. to pay for ITER.”
Only consistent federal funding stops the DOE from closing C-Mod
Cadwallader 12
(Lee, Chair of the Fusion Energy Division at the American Nuclear Society, “ANS Fusion Energy Division statement on FY2013 energy appropriations,” 4-18-12, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2012/04/18/ans-fusion-energy-division-statement-on-fy2013-energy-appropriations/)

The FY-2013 budget request by the Administration endangers the United States’ domestic fusion
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budget and, separately, fully funding this nation’s promised annual ITER contribution.
Federal funding now is key to sustain C-Mod in future budgets
Holland 12
(Andrew, American Security Project's Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate, “A Tough Budget for Fusion,” 3-1-12, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/the-budget-for-fusion/)

The details of the FY13 fusion budget are these: The budget requests $398
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, www.fusionfuture.org that details the importance of this budget.
C-Mod is vital for research in quantum mechanics
Olynyk et al 12
(Geoff,Ph.D student at MIT in plasma physics , “C-Mod for Science and Technology,” http://www.fusionfuture.org/what-is-alcator-c-mod/c-mod-for-education/)

The basic science research performed on Alcator C-Mod fuels innovation, leading to
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offs which are the direct result of fusion research can be found here.
That’s key to quantum computing – prevents loss of military computer security
Aaronson 8
(Scott, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, “Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment,” 12-12-08, http://www.cra.org/ccc/docs/init/Quantum_Computing.pdf)

For the last fifty years computers have grown faster, smaller, and more powerful
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into understanding how to build codes which are not breakable by quantum computers.
Nuclear war
Blair 10
(Bruce, President of the World Security Institute and Co-coordinator of Global Zero, “Could Terrorists Launch America's Nuclear Missiles?” 11-11-10, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2030685,00.html)

The communications and computer networks used to control nuclear forces are supposed to be firewalled
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, rather than less, vulnerable to the threats of the 21st century.
C-Mod closure cements Chinese fusion leadership – federal funding reverses it
Vastag 12
(Brian, science reporter at The Washington Post, “Budget cuts threaten pursuit of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source,” 6-25-12, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/budget-cuts-threaten-pursuit-of-nuclear-fusion-as-a-clean-energy-source/2012/06/25/gJQAKlpS2V_story.html)