Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Advantage 1 is Europe
European dependence on Russian natural gas undermines their credibility and transatlantic cooperation
Cohen, Heritage Russia Senior Fellow, 7
(Ariel, Ph.D., Heritage Foreign Policy studies Russian and Eurasian Senior Research Fellow, 11-5-7, "Europe's Strategic Dependence on Russian Energy," http://www.heritage.org/Research/Europe/bg2083.cfm, accessed 2-12-12) PM

From the American perspective, growing Euro­pean dependence on energy from and infrastructure
AND
supply and siding with the U.S. on some key issues.
EU credibility solves extinction
Bruton, Deputy Joint Committee on European Affairs, 2
John, “A REPORT FOR THE JOINT OIREACHTAS COMMITTEE ON EUROPEAN AFFAIRS BY JOHN BRUTON T.D: The Future of the European Union,” http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2002/europe/index.htm, 01-31-02, access date: 10-28-11, MAY 

As the Laeken Declaration put it, "Europe needs to shoulder its responsibilities in
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truly human, prevail over blind global forces that will otherwise overwhelm us.
Transatlantic coop solves peace talks in the Balkans – that prevents conflict
Conley, Europe program director at CSIS, ‘11
(Heather, James Bugajski, co-director of the New European Democracies Project, CSIS senior Europe fellow, “A New Transatlantic Approach for the Western Balkans: time for a change in Serbia, Kosovo, and Bosnia-Herzegovina,” November 2011, http://csis.org/files/publication/111110_Bugajski_TransatlanticApproach_web.pdf, accessed 1-29-12) PM

A New International Presence: We recommend that a new international structure be negotiated that
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the country toward a future of stability and prosperity within the transatlantic community.
Balkan conflict escalates
Conley, Europe program director at CSIS, ‘11
(Heather, James Bugajski, co-director of the New European Democracies Project, CSIS senior Europe fellow, “A New Transatlantic Approach for the Western Balkans: time for a change in Serbia, Kosovo, and Bosnia-Herzegovina,” November 2011, http://csis.org/files/publication/111110_Bugajski_TransatlanticApproach_web.pdf, accessed 1-29-12) PM

In this alternative, Bosnia-Hercegovina slides toward conflict and potential violence, characterized
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on to Dayton was that it ensured state continuity in the postwar setting.
Russia will use the EU’s reliance as a political weapon for expansionism
Cohen and Graham, Senior Research Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, Research Assistant at the Heritage Foundation, 2009
Ariel Cohen, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security at the Katherine and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies at The Heritage Foundation, Owen Graham, Research Assistant at the Davis Institute, “Can Europe Be Taken Hostage by Russia’s Natural Gas Supply?,” The Cutting Edge, http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=1071andpageid=andpagename=, 02-09, access date: 12-29-11, MAY

It is clear that Russia has not ceased its efforts to use energy as a
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United States to diversify sources of energy and stand up to Russian bullying.
Russian expansionism leads to regional instability
Cook, Department of National Defence (Canada), 98
Major D.G. Cook, “The Empire Strikes Back: Russia's Strategy is Still a Threat to Canada's Security” Canadian Forces College, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/doctrine/0027.htm, 1997-1998, access date: 12-28-11, MAY

Russia has come a long way since the demise of the Soviet Union. Russian
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then Canada will be facing the same threat as during the Cold War.
Russia war causes extinction
Bostrom, Oxford philosophy faculty, 2
Nick, “Existential Risks Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” Published in the Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html

A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
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existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.
Russia won’t backlash to the plan – they’ll adapt to demand or find other markets
Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12
(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

The more likely development is that we’ll continue to see a hybrid model playing out
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tonnes of LNG Shtokman and Sakhalin should hold, tells us as much.

Advantage 2 is Warming
Warming is real and anthropogenic – positive feedbacks outweigh cooling effects
Eurasia Review, 1-8-12
“Global Warming Caused By Greenhouse Gases Delays Natural Patterns Of Glaciation” http://www.eurasiareview.com/08012012-global-warming-caused-by-greenhouse-gases-delays-natural-patterns-of-glaciation/?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29, accessed 1-13-12, TAP

Unprecedented levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are disrupting normal patterns of glaciation
AND
for several million years,” Channell said. “All bets are off.” 

Global warming now – exponential carbon dioxide rates are human caused.
Riti, Pace University School of Law center for environmental legal studies graduate research fellow, 2010
Christopher, Pace University school of law LLM candidate, 27 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 783, “COMMENT: Three Sheets to the Wind: The Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit, Congressional Political Posturing, and an Unsustainable Energy Policy” Lexis, accessed 8-19-12, TAP

*785  Besides the obvious strategic disadvantages associated with enslavement to fossil fuels,
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ecosystems to the brink of collapse and fundamentally altering the human community. n15

Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction
Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International
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-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.
Supply mismanagement makes collapse of natural gas inevitable – only the plan solves
Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12
(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

The same debate is raging in the US. Despite the phenomenal breakthroughs in American
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fundamentals. US LNG could be the straw that breaks oil indexation back.
Natural gas is key – collapse makes reducing emissions impossible
Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12
(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.
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fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”
Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable
Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12
(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the
AND
in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.

Solvency
Thus the plan:
The United States Federal Government should amend section 3 of the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to allow for exports to countries with which the United States has extended the status of Permanent Normal Trade Relations.
Removing restrictions solves the glut and leads to increased production
Rascoe, Reuters, 6-27-12
(Ayesha, “US should be open to crude oil exports-EIA head,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/27/usa-oil-exports-idUSL2E8HRDY320120627, accessed 6-27-12, CMM)

Sieminski's comments come as the Energy Department weighs whether it is in the country's interest
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a handful of countries that have free trade agreements with the United States.
*Sieminski = Adam Sieminski, the former Deutsche Bank economist who was sworn in as EIA administrator earlier this month
Increased US natural gas exports are key to globalize the gas market
Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12
(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

These are exciting times for international gas markets. Not only has gas demand grown
AND
. The deeper gas markets get, the more credible independent benchmarks become.
US exports are key AND perception solves – other producers use bad pricing models that hurt the market. Only the US has the production capabilities to play a big enough role in Europe
Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12
(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

Producer Plan B Not Enough: American Checkmate?¶ Russia and Qatar are of course
AND
Intra Atlantic Basin spreads are on their way to glorious long term convergence.
Exports solve the domestic supply glut – that allows for a transition to renewables
Friedman, NYT, 8-4-12
(Thomas, “Get it right on gas,” 8-4-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/opinion/sunday/friedman-get-it-right-on-gas.html?_r=3andemc=tntandtntemail1=y, accessed 8-19-12) PM

The enormous stores of natural gas that have been locked away in shale deposits across
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and other renewables “for years to come” so they remain competitive.
Exports are key to solve warming – allows for renewables to compete
Mufson, Washington Post, 12
(Steven, 2-1-12, “Cheap natural gas jumbles energy markets, stirs fears it could inhibit renewables,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cheap-natural-gas-jumbles-energy-markets-stirs-fears-it-could-inhibit-renewables/2012/01/08/gIQApLr5hQ_story.html, accessed 8-22-12, CMM)

For the past three years, promoters of shale gas and environmentalists opposed to coal
AND
boom and there’s a sense that natural gas resources will be around forever.”¶
Exporting is possible – there are no barriers
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

We will discuss more about the global LNG market in the implications ¶ section.
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¶ to the U.S. going ahead with exports of LNG.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. We meet – plan removes a restriction
   Green, API, 8-14-12
   (Mark, “The United States of Red Tape,” 8-14-12, http://energytomorrow.org/blog/the-united-states-of-red-tape/#/type/all, accessed 9-5-12) PM

Here’s what he’s talking about – 10 opportunities for economic growth and job creation through
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result in less energy, fewer jobs and less tax revenue to government.  

It’s direct to production
Luther et al, Congressional Research Service, ‘11
(Linda, Paul Perfomak, and Michael Ratner, analysts in environmental policy, “U.S. Natural Gas Exports: New Opportunities, Uncertain Outcomes,” 11-4-11, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R42074_20111104.pdf, accessed 8-19-12) PM

As estimates for the amount of U.S. natural gas resources have grown
AND
. produced natural gas ¶ in 2010, are also likely to rise. 

2. We meet – the plan is also an incentive
Levi, senior fellow for energy and environment at CFR, 8-15-12
(Michael, “The Case for Natural Gas Exports,” 8-15-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/opinion/the-case-for-natural-gas-exports.html, accessed 8-16-12) PM

At the same time, exports would likely reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover
AND
in the ground, because there would be less incentive to extract it.

3. Counter interp – Natural gas production is the process of converting it into electricity
Dones, Bauer, and Heck, Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland, ‘7
(Roberto, Christian, and Thomas, “LCA of current coal, gas and nuclear electricity systems and electricity mix in the USA,” 2007 (most recent date cited), http://gabe.web.psi.ch/pdfs/lca/Dones_etal-LCA_of_current_coal_gas_and_nuclear_electricity_systems_and_electricity_mix_in_the_USA.pdf, accessed 8-14-12) PM

Fig. 2 shows the basic structure of the natural gas chain model 4.
The natural gas chain includes datasets for extraction, processing, ¶ transport to the
AND
as used in the electricity ¶ mix, see below) is provided.
AND that’s what we do
Kemp, Reuters, ‘12
(John, “COLUMN-U.S. should resist protectionism in gas: Kemp,” 1-20-12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/20/column-us-gas-exports-idUSL6E8CK1KK20120120, accessed 9-5-12) PM

DOE/FE accepted AND  not otherwise do so".

6. Ground – the plan is key to increase production – that solves their offense
Boman, Rigzone, ‘12
(Karen, “Paper: US LNG Export Benefits Outweigh Modest Impacts on Industrial Output,” 6-6-12, http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=36408, accessed 9-5-12) PM

The impact of U.S. LNG exports on U.S. industrial
AND
supply growing as increased production in response to exports," Levi told Rigzone.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Debates about threats in the academic world result in better policy-making—real threats can be confronted and risks can be weighed.
Walt, IR professor at Harvard, 91
Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago – 1991 (Stephen, INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, p.  229-30)

A recurring theme of this essay has been the twin dangers of separating the study
AND
training the new generation of experts gives academics an additional avenue of influence. 

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

epistemology Doesn’t come first
Wight, University of Exeter School of Humanities and social sciences politics department, 2007
Colin, “Inside the epistemological cave all bets are off” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/jird/jird_200703_v10n1_d.pdf, p.43-46, accessed 10-22-11, TAP

In some respects, this might seem to place me close to the position that
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in unforeseen ways, again often irrespective of our descriptions of them. 19 

a/t: consumption
The permutation solves- science and technology can acknowledge its shortcomings to incorporate the criticism. The alternative provides no mechanism to solve making the permutation the best and only option to solve science/technology’s pitfalls.
Heine, professor in the Religious Studies Department at Villanova University, 90
(Steve, April, “Philosophy for an `age of death': The critique of science and technology in Heidegger and Nishitani,” Philosophy East and West, Vol. 40, Issue 2, Issue 2, p175, 19p, ebsco, accessed 6-22-12, CMM)

Since Heidegger and Nishitani do not offer an ethics, it may be necessary to
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other, both require and define our bonds and our freedom." 41
Every alternative paradigm is inevitably circular – resolution requires weighing impacts – not ethics.
- The alt is circular – undercuts any ethics based argument
- Consequentialism is inevitable
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

A pragmatic approach to environmental decision making requires  *255  environmental advocates to recognize
AND
. n139 Persuasion, not stubborn dogmatism, is the key to progress.

Perspectives aren’t irreconcilable – incorporating conceptions of the oppressed into the law is the only way to produce structural change.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

Pragmatism may prove a useful tool in environmental debates simply because such debates can be
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be, even if the weight of legal institutions coherently excludes them." n134

The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
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where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

Defer to pragmatism over the alt – actions shape reality, not theorizing – if they don’t have a paradigm for operating in the world, you assign them zero solvency.
Ihde, State University of New York Stony Brook philosophy professor, 2012
Don, “Experimental Phenomenology” second edition, p.116-7, TAP

Carl Mitcham, himself a pragmatist, has pointed out that one salient feature of
AND
not wish to enter since my program here is more prescriptive than expository. 

4. Intellectual change fails – environmental pragmatism is key.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.11-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many eco-radicals hope that a massive ideological campaign can transform popular perceptions,
AND
political plans must be devised if those policies are ever to be realized.

6. Population growth inevitable.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Radical environmentalism is similarly culpable on the issue of demography. While adherents argue powerfully
AND
is also likely to ensure that high fertility rates remain the global norm.

7. Rejecting reforms risk ecological apocalypse – embracing the alternative is embracing insanity.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.7, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

More frightening, and more immediate, is the specter of a few radicals actually
AND
destruction in order to save it in the future should be readily apparent.
You go back to medieval shit.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.7, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

While such are the fantasies only of the most moonstruck extremists, even moderate radicals
AND
firms are able to devise, or afford, adequate pollution abatement equipment.

The alternative fails – can’t overcome human nature.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

Delgado opens his attack by examining traditional trust relationships to determine the basic precepts of
AND
protection, in Delgado's estimation, may require a great deal of luck.

Transition wars
Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6  
(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has
AND
social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.

The rebound effect small
Giberson, instructor with the Center for Energy Commerce in the Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University, 8-9-12
(Michael, “The rebound effect: the ACEEE strikes back,” theenergycollective.com/michaelgiberson/101156/rebound-effect-aceee-strikes-back?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=The+Energy+Collective+(all+posts),accessed 8-13-12, CMM)

This would be a matter of mere technical interest among energy policy economists but for
AND
rebound effects can substantially tilt cost-benefit analysis against energy efficiency policies.
The environment has already been completely managed – only tech can solve and rejecting management crushes biodiversity.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Radical environmentalism presents yet another threat to the earth in its unyielding opposition to the
AND
numerous endangered animal species currently being bred in zoological gardens (Conway 1988). 

Careful management is critical to save the environment.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://www.amazon.com/Green-Delusions-Environmentalist-Critique-Environmentalism/dp/0822314746, p.57, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many practicing ecologists, however, have begun to reassess that standard environmentalist view of
AND
attempt to restore primordial conditions, we often only accelerate processes of degradation.
AND they don’t solve warming – we’re past the tipping point and new tech is key
Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1
(Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, accessed 9-10-10) PM

Our economies and technologies are changing certain basic structures of planetary life, such as
AND
with relatively minor risks to the greater whole associated with their inevitable collapse.

Environmental securitization is good – mobilizes the public.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

During the 1960s and 70s, discussions turned to environmental ethics, and philosophy and
AND
notions and shifts in our understanding of the value of natural resources. n171

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a
AND
the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Enviro Outweighs
Elliot, University of Florida philosophy professor, 3
Herschel, “The Revolutionary Import of Garrett Hardin’s Work,” The Garrett Harden Society July 2003, http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/tributes/tr_elliot_2003jul.html, accessed 11-4-10, TP

Consequently a priori reasoning and non-empirical arguments do not suffice to justify moral
AND
as to make human life in a finite world ever more worth living.

Extend pragmatism –  
Role-playing is key to solve overconsumption
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

Mark Dowie, a journalist and sometimes historian of the American environmental movement, writes
AND
impact” = “population” x “affluence” x “technology.”

Any environmental strategy that fails to activate political forces will fail – only state action produces effective change.
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental
AND
they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22

Engaging the state is key – they control the levers of power in energy policy. Any other strategy will fail to motivate action.
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

Ironically, those laboring to highlight global environmental ills, in the hope that an
AND
, the forces that systematically individualize responsibility for environmental degradation must be challenged.

The potential for education on this topic in the university space and the skills taught in debate are uniquely key to achieving environmental sustainability – otherwise, extinction is inevitable.
Segalàsa et al, UNESCO Chair of Sustainability, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, 10
(J., D. Ferrer-Balasb, Centre for Sustainability, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, K.F. Mulderc, Technology Dynamics and Sustainable Development, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, “What do engineering students learn in sustainability courses? The effect of the pedagogical approach,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 18, Issue 3, February 2010, Pages 275–284, Science Direct, accessed 6-12-12, CMM)

There are a considerable number of signs suggesting that our industrialised society might eventually cause
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work within transdisciplinary frameworks and to develop values consistent with the sustainability paradigm.

Tournament: gsu | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Exports solve volatility – ensure long term investments
Bass, Navigant Energy director, ‘12
(Richard, Gordon Pickring, “The U.S. Has A Natural Gas Glut; Why Exporting It As LNG Is A Good Idea,” 6-13-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/energysource/2012/06/13/the-u-s-has-a-natural-gas-glut-why-exporting-it-as-lng-is-a-good-idea/, accessed 9-21-12) PM

The emergence of shale gas has caused natural gas prices in North America to drop
AND
can be made with greater confidence in long-term natural gas pricing.
Low risk of major volatility – studies
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

There is also a lot of concern surrounding the impact of LNG exports on ¶
AND
export-induced ¶ volatility, we believe, will be extremely limited.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Won’t trigger warming
Chameides, Dean of Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, ‘12
(Bill, “Natural Gas: A Bridge to a Low-Carbon Future or Not?,” 7-20-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-chameides/-natural-gas-a-bridge-to_b_1690857.html, accessed 9-20-12) PM

Since the paper's publication, other investigators and studies have weighed in on the matter
AND
there's the issue of the short-term climate effects from fugitive emissions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
3. CP tanks credibility
Wilkinson, Fourt Circuit Appeals Judge, 2004
Harvie, “The Use of International Law in Judicial Decisions”, 27 Harv. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 423, Spring Lexis

So judges must not wade, sua sponte, into international law's deep blue sea
AND
in foreign and military matters were later repudiated and contradicted by judicial decree.
4. Links to politics and rollback
Campbell, Government Professor, 2K
(Colton, CONGRESS CONFRONTS THE COURTS, p. 22)

The final situation in which the judiciary usurps the legislative power may be equally dangerous
AND
elitist, and out-of-touch is unlikely to be respected.
7. Courts don’t have jurisdiction, no test case takes out solvency, and FERC would block the case from reaching the court
Natural Gas Act, no date
(Natural Gas Act, with amendments included made by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/ResearchCenter/FactSheets/Documents/www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Natural%20Gas%20Act%20as%20Amended_1.pdf, accessed 9-12-12) PM

Any party to a proceeding under this chapter aggrieved by an order issued by the
AND
States upon certiorari or certification as provided in section 1254 of Title 28. 

2AC – Courts – Gspec
C. Not specifying means no legal weight and rollback
Post, Law professor at Berkeley, ‘1
(Robert, “The Supreme Court as Institutional Practice: Dissent, Legal Scholarship, and Decisionmaking in the Taft Court,” May 2001, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/186, accessed 11-1-10) PM

So, for example, the editors of the American Law Review argued in 1886
AND
reasons which a portion of the court may give for the opposing view.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The plan is key to trade leadership
Slutz, President of Global Energy Strategies LLC, 9-4-12
(James, “The Shale Gas Revolution¶ Implications for U.S. and Canadian Energy Policy ¶ and Asian Energy Security,” 9-4-12, http://www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/ETA/Slutz_interview_09042012.pdf, accessed 9-6-12) PM

Fundamentally, governments need to decide under what trade principles they wish to operate.
AND
gas trade would weaken its stance as a leader of global free trade.
US leadership is key to global trade
Panitchpakdi, Secretary-General of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2/26/2004
Supachai, former Director-General of the WTO, "To Director General American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative? ," http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm
 Supachai, "To Director General American Leadership and the World Trade Organization: What is the Alternative? ," http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/spsp_e/spsp22_e.htm 

I can sum up my message today in three sentences: The United States,
AND
if the challenges have increased, it is because the stakes are higher.  
The bigger challenge to American leadership comes from inside — not outside — the United
AND
ideas — was essential to peace and prosperity, a more just world.  
That causes global war
Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 2007
Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165

Second, the mercantilist nature of the current competitive regionalism tends to evoke the strikingly
AND
seriously lest we repeat the same historical errors and are punished for them.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2. Perm – do the plan and request the condition – there’s no reason the condition has to be an explicit bargaining chip
Power, World Policy Institute, 3/20/2009
Jonathan, "On How Not to Press the Reset Button," http://worldpolicy.org/wordpress/2009/03/20/jonathan-power-on-how-not-to-press-the-reset-button/, 11/14

Precise quid pro quos are not good in marital or romantic relationships. Neither do
AND
with the quid pro quos and offer the hand of friendship without preconditions.
4. Should means desirability
American Heritage, 2009, “should,” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should 

the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based,
AND
spoken contraction should've. See Usage Notes at if, rather, shall.
This is distinct from shall, which means mandatory – this means we don’t have to defend certainty
Atlas Collaboration, 1999, “Use of shall, should, may can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html 

'shall' describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses 'shall', then that
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means).
It’s normal means in the context of the aff
Natural Gas Act, no date
(Natural Gas Act, with amendments included made by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/ResearchCenter/FactSheets/Documents/www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Natural%20Gas%20Act%20as%20Amended_1.pdf, accessed 9-12-12) PM

Exportation or importation of natural gas; LNG terminals ¶ (a) Mandatory authorization
AND
such supplemental order in the premises as it may find necessary or appropriate.
Congress blocks – lack of transparency and Vietnam
Bloomberg, 9-2-12
(“Obama Envoy Kirk Says 2013 Key for Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement,” http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-02/obama-envoy-kirk-says-2013-key-for-asia-pacific-trade-agreement, accessed 9-17-12, CMM)

Congress signaled its discontent with the TPP negotiation process in June, with 132 lawmakers
AND
, according to data from the U.S. International Trade Commission.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2. Perm – do the plan and request the condition – there’s no reason the condition has to be an explicit bargaining chip
Power, World Policy Institute, 3/20/2009
Jonathan, "On How Not to Press the Reset Button," http://worldpolicy.org/wordpress/2009/03/20/jonathan-power-on-how-not-to-press-the-reset-button/, 11/14

Precise quid pro quos are not good in marital or romantic relationships. Neither do
AND
with the quid pro quos and offer the hand of friendship without preconditions.
4. Should means desirability
American Heritage, 2009, “should,” http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should 

the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based,
AND
spoken contraction should've. See Usage Notes at if, rather, shall.
This is distinct from shall, which means mandatory – this means we don’t have to defend certainty
Atlas Collaboration, 1999, “Use of shall, should, may can,” http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html 

'shall' describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses 'shall', then that
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what  'thoroughly' means).
It’s normal means in the context of the aff
Natural Gas Act, no date
(Natural Gas Act, with amendments included made by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/ResearchCenter/FactSheets/Documents/www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Natural%20Gas%20Act%20as%20Amended_1.pdf, accessed 9-12-12) PM

Exportation or importation of natural gas; LNG terminals ¶ (a) Mandatory authorization
AND
such supplemental order in the premises as it may find necessary or appropriate.
Congress blocks – lack of transparency and Vietnam
Bloomberg, 9-2-12
(“Obama Envoy Kirk Says 2013 Key for Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement,” http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-09-02/obama-envoy-kirk-says-2013-key-for-asia-pacific-trade-agreement, accessed 9-17-12, CMM)

Congress signaled its discontent with the TPP negotiation process in June, with 132 lawmakers
AND
, according to data from the U.S. International Trade Commission.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Manufacturing is down now AND not key to the economy
Spicer, Reuters, 9-4-12
(Jonathan, “Manufacturing another headache for U.S. economy,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/04/us-usa-economy-manufacturing-idUSBRE8830MA20120904, accessed 9-6-12, CMM)

Manufacturing in the United States shrank at its sharpest clip in more than three years
AND
add jobs more than three years after the recession was formally declared over.
Exports wouldn’t hurt manufacturing
Levi, CFR Senior Energy Fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Rebutting the IECA Attack on My Natural Gas Exports Study,” 6-20-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/07/20/rebutting-the-ieca-attack-on-my-natural-gas-exports-study/, accessd 9-17-12) PM

The IECA authors write, “The paper’s biggest omission is a full discussion of
AND
be exported and having X units of natural gas be used in manufacturing.

Turn – manufacturing benefits offset and outweigh losses
Levi, CFR Senior Energy Fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Rebutting the IECA Attack on My Natural Gas Exports Study,” 6-20-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/07/20/rebutting-the-ieca-attack-on-my-natural-gas-exports-study/, accessd 9-17-12) PM

IECA Claim: “Increased demand through LNG exports does not help the manufacturing sector
AND
NGLs might not be stripped out. I don’t ignore it at all.
Econ decline doesn’t cause war – the recent recession proves.
Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, 9
(Thomas P.M., contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine, 8-24-09, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/4213/the-new-rules-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis, accessed 12-20-11, CMM)

When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
great resilience of America's post-World War II international liberal trade order.

Statistical and historical analyses prove.
Miller, economist, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, 2K
(Morris, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, Winter, “Poverty as a cause of wars?,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, http://www.management.uottawa.ca/miller/poverty.htm, accessed 9-4-10, CMM)

Do wars spring from a popular reaction to an economic crisis that exacerbates poverty and
AND
by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another.)
2AC – Obama Good

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The permutation solves- science and technology can acknowledge its shortcomings to incorporate the criticism. The alternative provides no mechanism to solve making the permutation the best and only option to solve science/technology’s pitfalls.
Heine, professor in the Religious Studies Department at Villanova University, 90
(Steve, April, “Philosophy for an `age of death': The critique of science and technology in Heidegger and Nishitani,” Philosophy East and West, Vol. 40, Issue 2, Issue 2, p175, 19p, ebsco, accessed 6-22-12, CMM)

Since Heidegger and Nishitani do not offer an ethics, it may be necessary to
AND
other, both require and define our bonds and our freedom." 41
Criticizing instrumental views of nature of looking for intrinsic value in nature fails – immeasurable and subjective.
- Motivating people key – it doesn’t which makes it subjective
- Policy makers can’t assess the value of nature to use productively
Light, George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director, 2002
Andrew, Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.427-8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Even with the ample development in the field of various theories designed to answer these
AND
theory, they will arguably never be able to make such a contribution.
Every alternative paradigm is inevitably circular – resolution requires weighing impacts – not ethics.
- The alt is circular – undercuts any ethics based argument
- Consequentialism is inevitable
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

A pragmatic approach to environmental decision making requires  *255  environmental advocates to recognize
AND
. n139 Persuasion, not stubborn dogmatism, is the key to progress.
Interrogating the relationship between humans and nature doesn’t solve AND the alt can’t spillover – prefer pragmatic change
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.11-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many eco-radicals hope that a massive ideological campaign can transform popular perceptions,
AND
political plans must be devised if those policies are ever to be realized.
Meditating perpetuates environmental destruction – it shuts down scientific inquiry that is key to solve.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://www.amazon.com/Green-Delusions-Environmentalist-Critique-Environmentalism/dp/0822314746, p.135, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

The eco-radical attack on the reductionism and specialization inherent in science is environmentally
AND
, ergotism and its associated social pathologies began to disappear (Matossian 1989).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Romm doesn’t look at the right variables – that’s key to solve
Levi, CFR energy fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Why Allowing Natural Gas Exports Is Probably Good for Climate Change,” 8-17-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/, accessed 9-23-12) PM

First, though Romm doesn’t say it, the IEA report is describing a scenario
AND
on a 450 gas. Natural gas would bring average CO2 intensity down.
Romm is wrong – he uses flawed studies
Levi, CFR energy fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Why Allowing Natural Gas Exports Is Probably Good for Climate Change,” 8-17-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/, accessed 9-23-12) PM

Romm begins with this:¶ The NY Times piece asserts offers sic this
AND
case, none of this has anything to do with my LNG argument.
No impact to leakage – the plan is net good for warming
Levi, CFR energy fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Why Allowing Natural Gas Exports Is Probably Good for Climate Change,” 8-17-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/, accessed 9-23-12) PM

Onward with Romm’s analysis:¶ It is head-scratching to say the least to
AND
makes a dent in the greenhouse gas advantages of natural gas over coal.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Link non unique – Natural gas production high and increasing
NGI 9-17-12
(Natural Gas Intelligence, weekly NG news source, EIA: Natural Gas Production to Continue Torrid Pace, 9-17-12, http://intelligencepress.com/subscribers/ngi/news/n20120917b.html?printable=yesandhighlight=export, accessed 9-18-12) PM

Domestic natural gas production will be at an all-time high this year and
AND
over-year growth in 2012 of 2.6 Bcf/d.
That’s crowding out coal now – outweighs their uniqueness claims
Aboii, NPR State Impact, 7-30-12
(Sheyda, “In the Great Energy Race, Coal Takes Another Hit,” 7-30-12, http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/07/30/in-the-great-energy-race-coal-takes-another-hit/, accessed 8-19-12) PM

Earlier this month, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
AND
in coal power generation thus far with a total loss of 9 gigawatts.
Coal dying now – multiple warrants
Aboii, NPR State Impact, 7-30-12
(Sheyda, “In the Great Energy Race, Coal Takes Another Hit,” 7-30-12, http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/07/30/in-the-great-energy-race-coal-takes-another-hit/, accessed 8-19-12) PM

According to the report by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, several
AND
compliance with anticipated and existing state laws and regulations including renewable portfolio standards.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Case is a prerequisite – Every alternative paradigm is inevitably circular – resolution requires weighing impacts – not ethics.
- The alt is circular – undercuts any ethics based argument
- Consequentialism is inevitable
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

A pragmatic approach to environmental decision making requires  *255  environmental advocates to recognize
AND
. n139 Persuasion, not stubborn dogmatism, is the key to progress.

AND perspectives aren’t irreconcilable – incorporating conceptions of the oppressed into the law is the only way to produce structural change.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

Pragmatism may prove a useful tool in environmental debates simply because such debates can be
AND
be, even if the weight of legal institutions coherently excludes them." n134
Perm solves – mixed motivations is key to successful policy and disads to the perm are empirically denied.
Light, George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director, 2002
Andrew, Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.440-1, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Katz and Oechsli are not alone in overlooking the importance of local human interests in
AND
frame of environmental problems should at least warrant a consideration of the latter.

The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

Anthropocentrism is inevitable – humans still have to weigh it as a value.
- Intrinsic value is crafted to convince people to care about nature – no way to necessarily make it trump human needs
- Not all human interests become subservient – doesn’t rule out the aff impacts
- Ruling out anthropocentric goal generates an absurd and impossible position
Light, George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director, 2002
Andrew, Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.438, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

First, the, perhaps, externalism of this approach (or motivational rationalism),
AND
would quickly degenerate into an absurd position (see Lynch and Wells 1998). 

The environment has already been completely managed – only tech can solve and rejecting management crushes biodiversity.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Radical environmentalism presents yet another threat to the earth in its unyielding opposition to the
AND
numerous endangered animal species currently being bred in zoological gardens (Conway 1988).
Careful management is critical to save the environment.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://www.amazon.com/Green-Delusions-Environmentalist-Critique-Environmentalism/dp/0822314746, p.57, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many practicing ecologists, however, have begun to reassess that standard environmentalist view of
AND
attempt to restore primordial conditions, we often only accelerate processes of degradation.
AND they don’t solve warming – we’re past the tipping point and new tech is key
Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1
(Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, accessed 9-10-10) PM

Our economies and technologies are changing certain basic structures of planetary life, such as
AND
with relatively minor risks to the greater whole associated with their inevitable collapse.

No – you go back to medieval shit.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.7, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

While such are the fantasies only of the most moonstruck extremists, even moderate radicals
AND
firms are able to devise, or afford, adequate pollution abatement equipment.

The alt just speeds up environmental destruction.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Finally, the radical green movement threatens nature by advocating a return to the land
AND
metropolitan areas, rural populations would soar and wildlife habitat would necessarily diminish.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan Text
Plan: The United States Federal Government should increase incentives for domestic production of natural gas.

Crowd Out Adv
Advantage 1 is Crowd Out
Producers are going to cut back gas production now – prices need to stay low
Dlouhy, Houston Chronicle, 7-16-12
(Jennifer, “Natural gas glut a dilemma for Obama,” http://www.chron.com/business/article/Natural-gas-glut-a-dilemma-for-Obama-3706576.php, accessed 7-16-12, CMM)

Prices to rise?¶ Many analysts contend natural gas prices are destined to rise even
AND
terminals for receiving natural gas imports that were built before today's drilling boom.
Natural gas crowds out coal and nuclear
Schwartz, Senior Vice President for Global Relations and Strategic Planning for Salesforce.com, 8-17-12
(Peter, futurist, author, and cofounder of the Global Business Network (GBN), an elite corporate strategy firm, specializing in future-think and scenario planning, “Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Are Putting the Kabosh on Clean Energy,” http://www.wired.com/business/2012/08/mf_naturalgas/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

But this is changing. We’ve long been acutely aware of the geopolitical ramifications of
AND
united than ever in their struggle against environmental racism and for environmental justice.
Nuclear power, through demand for uranium mining, constitutes a genocide against Native Americans – that causes health and cultural damage and upholds a logic of paternalism that should be rejected
Brook, Sociology at UC Davis, ‘98
(Daniel, “Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), accessed 9-30-12, Ebsco) PM

GENOCIDE AGAINST NATIVE AMERICANS CONTINUES in modern times with modern techniques. In the past
AND
united than ever in their struggle against environmental racism and for environmental justice.
Natural gas is key to crowd out coal – that solves harmful emissions
Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12
(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Increased reserves and production of shale gas mean that domestically produced natural gas could play
AND
bridge" to a new energy future that will likely use developing technologies.  
Coal emissions disproportionately affect minorities and people of low-income – causes death and serious health problems
Earthjustice, Environmental non-profit, ‘11
(“Communities of Color, Poverty Bear Burden of Air Pollution,” 5-27-11, http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2011/communities-of-color-poverty-bear-burden-of-air-pollution, accessed 9-30-12) PM

ATLANTA - Earthjustice and the Environmental Justice Research Center at Clark Atlanta University have collaborated
AND
Atlanta today to be no different. Americans want and deserve clean air."
Warming Adv
Natural gas solves warming
Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12
(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.
AND
fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”
Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable
Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12
(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the
AND
in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.
Climate change disproportionately affects minorities.
Baird, Minority Rights Group International, 2008
Rachel, “The Impact of Climate Change on Minorities and Indigenous Peoples” http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Minority_Rights_Group_International.pdf, p.1-4, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Despite consulting with climate change and development¶ specialists within NGOs, academia and intergovernmental
AND
plantations of biofuel crops, threatens¶ the very existence of some cultures.
Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction
Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International
AND
-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.
Now is a unique moment for discussing climate change – anti-science ideology is on the rise – it is generating skepticism toward global warming that precludes institutional change.
Gleick, National Academy of Sciences fellow, 2011
Peter, Pacific Institute CEO,  8-31-11, “Why Anti-Science Ideology is Bad for America” http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Anti-science ideology isn’t completely new in the U.S. — there
AND
hide, or misrepresent science in service of political wars and ideological positions.
Climate denialism maintains white privilege.
Mooney, DeSMOG, 2011
Chris, ranked top 25 blog by Time Magazine, “What’s Up With Conservative White Men and Climate Change Denial?” http://www.desmogblog.com/what-s-conservative-white-men-and-climate-change-denial, accessed 9-29-12, TAP

They come at you at public events, wanting to argue. They light up
AND
their default. ¶ Oh: And they're maybe a little too defensive.
Rejecting denialism is an ethical choice.
Hamilton, Center for applied philosophy and public ethics professor, 2009
Clive, “Hamilton: Denying the coming climate holocaust” http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

If the climate deniers were to succeed, and stopped the world responding to the
AND
morally worse than Holocaust denialism is no, at least, not yet.
Public and open deliberation is critical to challenging denialism.
Hobson, University of Oxford, and Niemeyer, Australian National University, 1-10-12
Kersty and Simon, Public Understanding of Science, “''What sceptics believe'': The effects of information and deliberation on climate change skepticism” http://jonathanstray.com/papers/What%20Climate%20Sceptics%20Believe.pdf, Sagepub, p.3, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Thus, researchers and commentators now have the means to categorise and discuss different forms
AND
beliefs and concerns: a hypothesis explored in the remainder of this paper.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – AT: Narrative
Basing arguments in personal identity means we have to debate against someone’s identity – this guarantees comments that fractures community, creates shallow dialogue and hurts individuals
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University linguistics professor, ‘98, “The Argument Culture,” p. 81-3

In explaining his decision, Admiral Inman described his personal reaction to criticism he considered
AND
sound-bitten to death by the phrase “quota queen.’”
2AC – Permutation – Emporia
Perm resolves their legitimization and white-washing DAs – supporting positive policies while questioning others – their advocacy would prevent any reform effort solidifying oppressive status quo politics
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
AND
normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.
State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to end white supremacy – individual action and dialogue is insufficient
Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87
The perm is how we access our social location in productive ways
Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p. 91-96

That's the question for which this country has never quite found an answer: What
AND
to civilize others. The real White People's Burden is to civilize ourselves.

2AC – Role Playing/Fiat Good
B. Debating as the federal government is key to understand policy - knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions
Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000
Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2

"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent conversation. "I'm an organizer."
The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is
AND
set as the minimum needed to keep a family of four above poverty.

2AC – Spectatorship DA
Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
2AC – AT: Alternative/Framework – Emporia – 3 Tier
Can’t solve the case
Banholzer, executive vice president and chief technology officer of The Dow Chemical Company, 8-15-12
(Wlliam, he manages a $1.7 billion research and development budget, elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2002 and currently serves on the National Research Council’s Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, “Solar-Powered Cars? Clean Energy Hype Needs a Sober Dose Of Reality,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/08/15/solar-powered-cars-clean-energy-hype-needs-a-sober-dose-of-reality/print/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

The distinction between what’s possible and what’s practical is sorely missing from the clean energy
AND
must be charted with pragmatism or we risk getting lost along the way.

2AC – AT: Method Focus
Method shouldn’t be the top priority
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
Consequences are key
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

Fracking Safe
Fracking safe – their evidence is about Niger Delta which isn’t fracking and is entirely about oil
Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12
(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

While there are risks inherent in all oil and gas production activities, opponents allege
AND
outright lies to argue a case that cannot be supported with verifiable facts.
Narratives
Personalizing debate destroys its benefits – individual manipulate and lie in order to get the win
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 9-10

But with most arguments, little is resolved, worked out, or achieved when
AND
can tell when someone is lying. The problem is, we can’t.

State Good
Engaging the state is key – they control the levers of power in energy policy. Any other strategy will fail to motivate action.
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

Ironically, those laboring to highlight ... environmental degradation must be challenged.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
US natural gas market will crash without exports
Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12
(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

The same debate is raging in the US. Despite the phenomenal breakthroughs in American
AND
fundamentals. US LNG could be the straw that breaks oil indexation back.
Collapse of US natural gas makes warming inevitable
Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12
(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.
AND
fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”
Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable
Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12
(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the
AND
in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.
Warming is real and anthropogenic – positive feedbacks outweigh cooling effects
Eurasia Review, 1-8-12
“Global Warming Caused By Greenhouse Gases Delays Natural Patterns Of Glaciation” http://www.eurasiareview.com/08012012-global-warming-caused-by-greenhouse-gases-delays-natural-patterns-of-glaciation/?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+eurasiareview%2FVsnE+%28Eurasia+Review%29, accessed 1-13-12, TAP

Unprecedented levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are disrupting normal patterns of glaciation
AND
for several million years,” Channell said. “All bets are off.”
Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction
Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International
AND
-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.
Exports are key to solve warming – allows for renewables to compete
Mufson, Washington Post, 12
(Steven, 2-1-12, “Cheap natural gas jumbles energy markets, stirs fears it could inhibit renewables,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cheap-natural-gas-jumbles-energy-markets-stirs-fears-it-could-inhibit-renewables/2012/01/08/gIQApLr5hQ_story.html, accessed 8-22-12, CMM)

For the past three years, promoters of shale gas and environmentalists opposed to coal
AND
boom and there’s a sense that natural gas resources will be around forever.”¶
Exports solve the supply glut – that allows for a transition to renewables
Friedman, NYT, 8-4-12
(Thomas, “Get it right on gas,” 8-4-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/opinion/sunday/friedman-get-it-right-on-gas.html?_r=3andemc=tntandtntemail1=y, accessed 8-19-12) PM

The enormous stores of natural gas that have been locked away in shale deposits across
AND
and other renewables “for years to come” so they remain competitive.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Gas exports key to Obama commitment to Asia pivot
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

We predict that U.S. LNG will soften, but not break, the oil index pricing ¶ regimes prevailing in both the Atlantic and Pacific basins. In the Pacific basin, ¶ particularly, this will have a salutary effect on U.S. foreign policy and relations. It will ¶ provide supply relief and diversity to our strategic allies, an issue that is particularly ¶ important in light of the President's recent U.S. "Pivot to Asia" policy.
Exports are key – otherwise energy demand will drive the US back to the Middle East
Palti-Guzman, global energy analyst at Eurasia Review, 9-13-12
(Leslie, “Should the U.S. Export Natural Gas?” 9-13-12, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444226904577561300198957854.html, accessed 10-1-12) PM

There is no question that LNG exports could have numerous economic benefits. It could increase GDP, create jobs, and reverse account deficits as well as reduce international energy prices.¶ There are also numerous energy-security benefits associated with LNG exports. The U.S. gas bonanza is giving Washington a key geostrategic opportunity to reposition itself in Asia-Pacific, and slowly away from the Middle East, and to help key allies.
Increasing trade in Asia is key to American economic leadership and sets a model that deters protectionism
Suominen, resident fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States in Washington, 7-6-12
(Kati, “America the Absent,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/07/06/america_the_absent?page=full, accessed 7-7-12, CMM)

In the 20th century, beginning with the creation of the Bretton Woods system in
AND
serves our national interests. But such a world is America's to make.

Protectionism escalates to global war
Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 2007
Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165

Second, the mercantilist nature of the current competitive regionalism tends to evoke the strikingly
AND
seriously lest we repeat the same historical errors and are punished for them.
Successful pivot is key to solve Asian conflict
Friedberg, Princeton IA professor, 9-4-11
(Aaron L., “China’s Challenge at Sea,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/05/opinion/chinas-challenge-at-sea.html?_r=1, accessed 9-30-11, CMM)

If the United States and its Asian friends look to their own defenses and coordinate
AND
the South China Sea suggest that this already may be starting to happen.
Many of China’s neighbors … power balance, but it must lead. 

US-China conflict escalates to nuclear war.
Glaser, GW University Political Science Professor, 11
(Charles, HARLES GLASER is Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director of the Institute for Security and Conflict Studies at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University., "Will China's Rise Lead to War? ", Foreign Affairs, Mar/April 2011, Vol. 90, Issue 2, factiva, accessed 11-9-11, CMM)

The prospects for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth
AND
relationship, placing it in a different category than Japan or South Korea.
A crisis over Taiwan could fairly easily escalate to nuclear war, because each step
AND
in which the United States found itself following events rather than leading them.
Such dangers have been around for decades, but ongoing improvements in China's military capabilities
AND
military efforts and a general poisoning of U.S.-Chinese relations.

No relations disads – maintaining US power is key to relations.
Felzenberg et al, University of Pennsylvania and Yale lecturer, 11
(Alvin and Alexander B. Gray, student at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and the war-studies department of King’s College, London. 1/3/11, “The New Isolationism,” http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/256150, accessed 8/28/11, ES)

If appropriately funded, the United States Navy has the capacity to play a similar
AND
as a rising world power, with commensurate influence on the world stage.
Should China conclude, on the other hand, that the United States intends to
AND
result would wreak irreparable damage both to America’s economy and to its security.
Messrs. Frank and Paul and their supporters have taken it into their minds that
AND
of a kind that would make us nostalgic for the Cuban Missile Crisis.
US influence is key to check CCP collapse
Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, 11
(Thomas P.M., contributing editor for Esquire magazine, 9-20-11, “The New Rules: China Still Needs U.S. in Global Security Role,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/6445/the-new-rules-china-still-needs-u-s-in-global-security-role, accessed 10-9-11, CMM) 

As a result, Beijing is running a race with itself -- simultaneously shifting internal
AND
weapons-spending and driving several scared neighboring states into Washington's strategic embrace.
As for the U.S. response to these shifts, one doesn't have
AND
, we might quickly see just how brittle Beijing's political structure really is.
China's military hasn't fought … torpedo China's single-party rule.
Instability escalates to nuclear war
Yee Prof Politics and IR ‘2, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University and Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 02 (Herbert Yee, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002, “The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” p5)

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.
Perception of US commitment is key to prevent an arms race
Blumenthal et al, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 9-6-11
(Dan, member of the Project 2049 Institute’s Board of Advisors, was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs; Mark Stokes is executive director of the Project 2049 Institute; Michael Mazza is a senior research associate in foreign and defense policy studies at AEI; Foreign Policy, “Avoiding Armageddon with China,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china, accessed 9-7-11, CMM)

The paper argues that it is time for the United States to offer more serious
AND
quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon.
Arms race leads to global nuclear war
Cimbala, Penn State Political Science Professor, 10
(Steven, Nuclear weapons and cooperative security in the 21st century: the new disorder, p. 117-118, ES)

Failure to contain proliferation in Pyongyang could spread nuclear fever throughout Asia. Japan and
AND
forestall attack as offensive preparations for attack, thus triggering a mistaken preemption. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Exports don’t increase prices – studies prove
Kenderdine, MIT Energy Initiative Executive Director, ‘12
(Melanie, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

Well, the recent events in the world, I think, suggest ¶ that
AND
of a global gas market, and that's what we saw in 2030.
EIA study sucked – err aff
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

A large part of the implications part of the study looked at the leading,
AND
the range is ¶ extremely small and is in the mid single digits.
Manufacturing is down now AND not key to the economy
Spicer, Reuters, 9-4-12
(Jonathan, “Manufacturing another headache for U.S. economy,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/04/us-usa-economy-manufacturing-idUSBRE8830MA20120904, accessed 9-6-12, CMM)

Manufacturing in the United States shrank at its sharpest clip in more than three years
AND
add jobs more than three years after the recession was formally declared over.
Exports wouldn’t hurt manufacturing
Levi, CFR Senior Energy Fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Rebutting the IECA Attack on My Natural Gas Exports Study,” 6-20-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/07/20/rebutting-the-ieca-attack-on-my-natural-gas-exports-study/, accessd 9-17-12) PM

The IECA authors write, “The paper’s biggest omission is a full discussion of
AND
be exported and having X units of natural gas be used in manufacturing.

Turn – manufacturing benefits offset and outweigh losses
Levi, CFR Senior Energy Fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Rebutting the IECA Attack on My Natural Gas Exports Study,” 6-20-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/07/20/rebutting-the-ieca-attack-on-my-natural-gas-exports-study/, accessd 9-17-12) PM

IECA Claim: “Increased demand through LNG exports does not help the manufacturing sector
AND
NGLs might not be stripped out. I don’t ignore it at all.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Energy demand is causing China to become more aggressive in the South China Sea
Mastro, CNAS Fellow, ‘12
(Oriana Skylar, “The Sansha Garrison: China’s ¶ Deliberate Escalation in the ¶ South China Sea,” September 2012, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/flashpoints/CNAS_ESCA_bulletin5.pdf, accessed 9-18-12) PM

The Sansha upgrade and garrison show that China’s increasingly ¶ assertive behavior in the South
AND
Committee, central ¶ authorities may have previously authorized the types of activities.
India wants US natural gas
NGI 8-24-12
(Natural Gas Intelligence, “Japan, India Said to Urge U.S. to Allow LNG Exports,” 8-24-12, http://intelligencepress.com/subscribers/daily/news/d20120824i.html?printable=yesandhighlight=export, accessed 9-18-12) PM

Two potential beneficiaries of relatively cheap North American natural gas supplies, Japan and India
AND
the United States for LNG (see Daily GPI, Feb. 24).
Demand for gas will force India to cooperate with Vietnam on gas exploration
Daiss, Energy Tribune, 9-5-12
(Tim, “The Sino Indian Vietnamese Triangle: Old Grudges, Hydrocarbons, And Geopolitical Gamesmanship Part One ,” 9-5-12, http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm/11624/The-Sino-Indian-Vietnamese-Triangle~-~-Old-Grudges-Hydrocarbons~-~--And-Geopolitical-Gamesmanship-Part-One, accessed 9-11-12) PM

Nevertheless, all is not well for the country’s natural gas future. Vietnam’s Natural
AND
national pride, hydrocarbons and control of much of the South China Sea.
That leads to Indo-Vietnamese energy cooperation over the Paracel Islands
Daiss, East Asian energy correspondent for Energy Tribune, 9-12-12
(Tim, “The Sino Indian Vietnamese Triangle: Old Grudges, Hydrocarbons, And Geopolitical Gamesmanship Part Two ,” 9-12-12, http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm/11658/The-Sino-Indian-Vietnamese-Triangle~-~-Old-Grudges-Hydrocarbons~-~-And-Geopolitical-Gamesmanship-Part-Two, accessed 9-17-12) PM

Along with Vietnam, India also has strained relations with China albeit even more complicated
AND
development and a substantial oil and gas discovery is made,” he said.
That causes multiple scenarios for conflict that escalates – the Paracels are key
Cronin, CNAS Asian security director, 9-4-12
(Patrick, “Averting Conflict in the South China Sea,” 9-4-12, http://www.cnas.org/node/8931, accessed 9-18-12) PM

China’s growing tensions with the Philippines, as well as with Vietnam, have been
AND
requirements. Regional polarization and a naval arms race could well be catalyzed.
South China Sea conflict risks major escalation
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm
AND
relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.
Conflict is likely – territorial disputes and economic interests prove
Kaplan senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11
(Robert D., national correspondent for the Atlantic, and a member of the U.S. Defense Department's Defense Policy Board, Sept/Oct, Foreign Policy, “The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_south_china_sea_is_the_future_of_conflict, accessed 9-5-11, CMM)

Southeast Asia, by contrast, is already deep into the post-Cold War
AND
Taiwan one, Vietnam 25, the Philippines eight, and Malaysia five.
The risk of Chinese miscalc is growing with leadership change next year.
Auslin, resident scholar in Asian studies at the American Enterprise Institute, 10-25-11
(Michael, “Asian Anxiety,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/opinion/26iht-edauslin26.html, accessed 10-27-11, CMM)

For all the increased joint training between the U.S. Navy and Southeast
AND
. Panetta. The answer, unfortunately, may well rest with Beijing.
Asian instability escalates
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.
That collapses the economy
Cronin, CNAS Asian security director, 9-4-12
(Patrick, “Averting Conflict in the South China Sea,” 9-4-12, http://www.cnas.org/node/8931, accessed 9-18-12) PM

South China Sea conflict can and should be averted.  It can be avoided because
AND
, the South China Sea is a vital part of the global commons.
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
US influence is key to prevent energy conflict
Rogers, CNAS Energy fellow, 9-5-12
(Will, “Navigating U.S. Policy in the South China Sea,” 9-5-12, accessed online 9-18-12) PM

"Access to the South China Sea's potential petroleum resources is increasingly viewed as zero
AND
all countries in the region to benefit from the sea's natural resource wealth."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan gets leverage – forces IPR concessions
Naoki, president of the Center for International Public Policy Studies, ‘11
(Tanaka, PhD in economics, TPP May Spark Japanese Political Restructuring,” Feb/March 2011, http://www.japanechoweb.jp/jew0505/, accessed 10-4-12) PM

For this reason, the TPP has become a mechanism of economic integration that surpasses
AND
in a position to counter China in terms of scale and other conditions.
Leads to disease
Spurgaitis, The United Church Observer, 12-2-10
(Kevin, “Prescription for a pandemic,” http://www.ucobserver.org/ethics/2010/12/pandemic/, accessed 12-24-10, CMM)

Reversing the spread of HIV-AIDS is possible. Mass prescription of anti-
AND
AIDS, significantly reduce their ability to transmit the virus to another person.
Unchecked AIDS spread causes instability in major power, escalating to nuclear conflict
Cheek, a senior fellow and Africa analyst at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, 4
(Randy, December, Foreign Service Journal, “PUBLIC HEALTH AS A GLOBAL SECURITY ISSUE,” www.afsa.org/fsj/dec04/Cheek.pdf, page 27, accessed 12-24-10, CMM)

As Atwood notes, HIV is much more than a social or developmental threat —
AND
, will only increase the poten- tial for regional conflict and instability.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Heg War
Unipolarity is not peaceful – empirical evidence goes neg.
Monteiro, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, 11
(Nuno P., Winter 11/12, “"Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity Is Not Peaceful",” International Security, volume 36, issue 3, pages 9-40, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21648/unrest_assured.html, accessed 1-23-12, CMM)

How well, then, does the argument that unipolar systems are peaceful ac-
AND
47 These figures provide no evi- dence that unipolarity is peaceful.48 

Primacy Bad – Terrorism
Primacy cause terrorism and counterbalancing that makes primacy unsustainable.
Barry Posen, MIT Political Science Professor, Security Studies Program Member, December 2007, "The Case for Restraint," http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=331, access 3/19/11

Whatever else it may achieve, U.S. activism is bound to discomfit
AND
it becomes unsustainable. But it would be unwise to count on it.

Terrorism leads to global nuclear war
Speice, JD Candidate, February 2006
Patrick, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, Lexis

The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
AND
draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Primacy Bad – Prolif 

Primacy is the cause of nuclear proliferation – offshore balancing slows and halts it
John J. Mearsheimer, University of Chicago R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Political Science Professor, 12/16/2010, "Imperial by Design," http://nationalinterest.org/print/article/imperial-by-design-4576, access 3/2/11

IF ALL of this were not enough, global dominance, especially the Bush administration’s
AND
resist this advice and keep threatening states that will not follow Washington’s orders.

The ultimate impact of proliferation is extinction
Victor A. Utgoff, Deputy Dir – Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analysis, Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions, Survival, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2002, p. 87-90

Many readers are probably willing to accept that nuclear proliferation is such a grave threat
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Primacy Bad – China

Primacy makes war with China inevitable.
Christopher Layne, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, 2007, "The Case Against the American Empire," American Empire: A Debate, Published by Routledge, ISBN 0415952034, p. 73-74

To be sure, the United States should not ignore the potential strategic ramifications of
AND
its current primacy, however, Sino-American conflict is virtually certain.

No Resource Wars
Scarcity does not lead to conflict – not causational and empirically causes cooperation
Buckland, International Peace Bureau, June 2007
Ben, "A Climate of War?," http://ipb.org/i/pdf-files/A_Climate_of_War_Stopping_the_Securitisation_of_Climate_Change.pdf

Since the 1970s there have been calls for a broader security framework encompassing  environmental issues
AND
the risk of violent conflict that is the real threat of climate change. 

2AR
Restrained Heg Possible
Retrenchment coming now – nothing blocking in squo – the CP sustains heg
Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Miami, and MacDonald, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Wellesley College, 11
(Joseph, and Paul, “The Wisdom of Retrenchment,” Foreign Affairs; Nov/Dec2011, Vol. 90 Issue 6, p32-47, 16p, ebsco, accessed 11-23-11, CMM)

Others warn that the U.S. political system is too fragmented to implement
AND
course, U.S. policymakers need only possess foresight and will.

Terror
Primacy makes terrorist attacks against the US inevitable.
Christopher Layne, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, 2007, "The Case Against the American Empire," American Empire: A Debate, Published by Routledge, ISBN 0415952034, p. 69-70

Terrorism: When Over There Becomes Over Here 9/11 was not a random
AND
it will be the target of politically motivated terrorist groups like at Qaeda.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
Plan Text
Plan: The United States Federal Government should increase incentives for domestic production of natural gas.

Crowd Out Adv
Advantage 1 is Crowd Out
Producers are going to cut back gas production now – prices need to stay low
Dlouhy, Houston Chronicle, 7-16-12
(Jennifer, “Natural gas glut a dilemma for Obama,” http://www.chron.com/business/article/Natural-gas-glut-a-dilemma-for-Obama-3706576.php, accessed 7-16-12, CMM)

Prices to rise?¶ Many analysts contend natural gas prices are destined to rise even
AND
terminals for receiving natural gas imports that were built before today's drilling boom.
Natural gas crowds out coal and nuclear
Schwartz, Senior Vice President for Global Relations and Strategic Planning for Salesforce.com, 8-17-12
(Peter, futurist, author, and cofounder of the Global Business Network (GBN), an elite corporate strategy firm, specializing in future-think and scenario planning, “Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Are Putting the Kabosh on Clean Energy,” http://www.wired.com/business/2012/08/mf_naturalgas/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

But this is changing. We’ve long been acutely aware of the geopolitical ramifications of
AND
united than ever in their struggle against environmental racism and for environmental justice.
Nuclear power, through demand for uranium mining, constitutes a genocide against Native Americans – that causes health and cultural damage and upholds a logic of paternalism that should be rejected
Brook, Sociology at UC Davis, ‘98
(Daniel, “Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), accessed 9-30-12, Ebsco) PM

GENOCIDE AGAINST NATIVE AMERICANS CONTINUES in modern times with modern techniques. In the past
AND
united than ever in their struggle against environmental racism and for environmental justice.
Natural gas is key to crowd out coal – that solves harmful emissions
Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12
(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Increased reserves and production of shale gas mean that domestically produced natural gas could play
AND
bridge" to a new energy future that will likely use developing technologies.  
Coal emissions disproportionately affect minorities and people of low-income – causes death and serious health problems
Earthjustice, Environmental non-profit, ‘11
(“Communities of Color, Poverty Bear Burden of Air Pollution,” 5-27-11, http://earthjustice.org/news/press/2011/communities-of-color-poverty-bear-burden-of-air-pollution, accessed 9-30-12) PM

ATLANTA - Earthjustice and the Environmental Justice Research Center at Clark Atlanta University have collaborated
AND
Atlanta today to be no different. Americans want and deserve clean air."
Warming Adv
Natural gas solves warming
Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12
(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.
AND
fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”
Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable
Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12
(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the
AND
in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.
Climate change disproportionately affects minorities.
Baird, Minority Rights Group International, 2008
Rachel, “The Impact of Climate Change on Minorities and Indigenous Peoples” http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Minority_Rights_Group_International.pdf, p.1-4, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Despite consulting with climate change and development¶ specialists within NGOs, academia and intergovernmental
AND
plantations of biofuel crops, threatens¶ the very existence of some cultures.
Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction
Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009
Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International
AND
-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.
Now is a unique moment for discussing climate change – anti-science ideology is on the rise – it is generating skepticism toward global warming that precludes institutional change.
Gleick, National Academy of Sciences fellow, 2011
Peter, Pacific Institute CEO,  8-31-11, “Why Anti-Science Ideology is Bad for America” http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Anti-science ideology isn’t completely new in the U.S. — there
AND
hide, or misrepresent science in service of political wars and ideological positions.
Climate denialism maintains white privilege.
Mooney, DeSMOG, 2011
Chris, ranked top 25 blog by Time Magazine, “What’s Up With Conservative White Men and Climate Change Denial?” http://www.desmogblog.com/what-s-conservative-white-men-and-climate-change-denial, accessed 9-29-12, TAP

They come at you at public events, wanting to argue. They light up
AND
their default. ¶ Oh: And they're maybe a little too defensive.
Rejecting denialism is an ethical choice.
Hamilton, Center for applied philosophy and public ethics professor, 2009
Clive, “Hamilton: Denying the coming climate holocaust” http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

If the climate deniers were to succeed, and stopped the world responding to the
AND
morally worse than Holocaust denialism is no, at least, not yet.
Public and open deliberation is critical to challenging denialism.
Hobson, University of Oxford, and Niemeyer, Australian National University, 1-10-12
Kersty and Simon, Public Understanding of Science, “''What sceptics believe'': The effects of information and deliberation on climate change skepticism” http://jonathanstray.com/papers/What%20Climate%20Sceptics%20Believe.pdf, Sagepub, p.3, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Thus, researchers and commentators now have the means to categorise and discuss different forms
AND
beliefs and concerns: a hypothesis explored in the remainder of this paper.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – ASpec
3. Incremental reforms are better political strategies
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

As discussed above in Part IV, the thrust of applying pragmatism to environmental critique
AND
dominant legal paradigms and demonstrates the pessimism resulting from the failure to persuade.

2AC – Crowd Out Adv
Fracking will be banned on native lands
Taylor, Greenwire, 4-11-12
(Phil, “House hearing will explore impacts of fracking regs on American Indian lands,” www.rlch.org/news/house-hearing-will-explore-impacts-fracking-regs-american-indian-lands, accessed 7-12-12, CMM)

A House subcommittee next week will hold a hearing to examine the effects of new
AND
for a tribe to develop a mineral resource on its own tribal lands."
We solve coal
Aboii, NPR State Impact, 7-30-12
(Sheyda, “In the Great Energy Race, Coal Takes Another Hit,” 7-30-12, http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/07/30/in-the-great-energy-race-coal-takes-another-hit/, accessed 8-19-12) PM

Earlier this month, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
AND
in coal power generation thus far with a total loss of 9 gigawatts.

2AC – Warming Adv
2. New developments solve the problems with fracking
Pierobon, Energy Collective, 8-31-12
(Jim, “New sensible efforts are raising the bar for safer, more transparent hydraulic fracturing,” 8-31-12, http://theenergycollective.com/jimpierobon/108381/new-sensible-efforts-are-raising-bar-safer-more-transparent-hydraulic-fracturing, accessed 9-3-12) PM

The funding of research by the philanthropic arm of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and
AND
, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming.
Won’t trigger warming
Chameides, Dean of Duke University’s Nicholas School of the Environment, ‘12
(Bill, “Natural Gas: A Bridge to a Low-Carbon Future or Not?,” 7-20-12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-chameides/-natural-gas-a-bridge-to_b_1690857.html, accessed 9-20-12) PM

Since the paper's publication, other investigators and studies have weighed in on the matter
AND
there's the issue of the short-term climate effects from fugitive emissions.
Fracking decreases overall emissions and regs check
Begos, AP, 7-22-12
(Kevin, “Experts: Some fracking critics use bad science,” http://www.usnews.com/science/news/articles/2012/07/22/experts-some-fracking-critics-use-bad-science_print.html, accessed 9-4-12) PM

Critics of fracking also repeat claims of extreme air pollution threats, even as evidence
AND
be weighed against the direct harm from the industrial processes of gas extraction."
2AC – Permutation – WGA
Perm resolves their legitimization and white-washing DAs – supporting positive policies while questioning others – their advocacy would prevent any reform effort solidifying oppressive status quo politics
Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001
Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As
AND
normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.
State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to end white supremacy – individual action and dialogue is insufficient
Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87

I'm all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be
AND
in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.
2AC – Spectatorship DA
Engaging in theoretical philosophy only meant to persuade those in the room without any call to action outside of it creates a spectator mentality – it undermines all action to end human misery and change political structures
David E. McClean, New School University Professor, and Society for the Study of Africana Philosophy President, 2001, “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty's Achieving Our Country
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."
2AC – AT: Link – USFG Not Ethical (Wilderson)

1. Threshold frame – all we need to do to win a link turn is win ONE instance of the USFG doing something good. The burden for them winning this link has to be that the state is ALWAYS bad, which it isn’t
   Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005
   Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p. 91-96

That's the question for which this country has never quite found an answer: What
AND
to civilize others. The real White People's Burden is to civilize ourselves.
2AC – Role Playing/Fiat Good
B. Debating as the federal government is key to understand policy - knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions
Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000
Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2

"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent conversation. "I'm an organizer."
The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is
AND
set as the minimum needed to keep a family of four above poverty.

2AC – AT: Method Focus
Method shouldn’t be the top priority
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
Consequences are key
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness. 

2AC – AT: Afro-Pessimism (Wilderson)
The perm solves their black ontology arguments
Sexton, University of California Irvine, 2011
Jared, “The Social Life of Social Death” http://www.yorku.ca/intent/issue5/articles/pdfs/jaredsextonarticle.pdf, p.33-7, accessed 3-26-12, TAP

29 As a way of stepping into it, again, and of
AND
-pessimism is “not but nothing other than” black optimism.xvii
Afro-pessimism is wrong
Macedo, University of Massachusetts Boston Applied Linguistics Master of Arts program graduate program director, 2000
Donaldo, writes the new introduction to the anniversary edition to Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p.32-3, TAP

Freire is able to do this because he operates on one basic assumption: that
AND
right to say his or her own word, to name the world.
We don’t endorse any gender language within this card

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should reduce Federal Energy Regulatory Commission authorization restrictions on natural gas liquefaction facilities.

Removing restrictions solves the glut and leads to increased production
Rascoe, Reuters, 6-27-12
(Ayesha, “US should be open to crude oil exports-EIA head,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/27/usa-oil-exports-idUSL2E8HRDY320120627, accessed 6-27-12, CMM)

Sieminski's comments come as the Energy Department weighs whether it is in the country's interest
AND
a handful of countries that have free trade agreements with the United States.
*Sieminski = Adam Sieminski, the former Deutsche Bank economist who was sworn in as EIA administrator earlier this month

Exporting is possible – the infrastructure is already in the works
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

We will discuss more about the global LNG market in the implications ¶ section.
AND
¶ to the U.S. going ahead with exports of LNG.

Plan solves – Removing FERC restrictions frees up companies to make better economic proposals that the DOE will approve
Sullivan, SNL Daily Gas Report, 9-5-12
(Sean, “Attorney: LNG exporters should avoid links to gas reserves,” 9-5-12, accessed 10-2-12, Lexis) PM

An attorney said decisions by the U.S. Department of Energy and FERC
AND
resources unless there are benefits that offset the environmental vulnerabilities of such claims.

No negative impacts and exports solve
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

The Brookings team distilled the findings of the feasibility and ¶ implications of LNG exports
AND
, we found that the environmental¶ implications of LNG exports are negligible.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Opens up the global market – leads to lower prices
Levi, Energy Security Program Director at the CFR, ‘12
(Michael, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

I think this is tricky territory. If you're theorizing that U.S.
AND
the consuming markets, and that has implications for ¶ your manufacturing sector.
Worst case scenarios won’t happen – short term price increases will be small
Jones, USA Today Editor, ‘12
(Brent, “Editorial: Exporting natural gas would not hurt U.S.,” 6-20-12, http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/story/2012-06-20/export-liquefied-natural-gas/55722204/1, accessed 8-17-12) PM

Meanwhile, prices in import-dependent Asian countries have spiked as high as $
AND
scenario — slower exports of modest amounts — would raise prices about 10%.
It’s use it or lose it – Canadian exports jack prices
Hussain, Financial Post, ‘12
(Yadullah, “The coming battle over natural gas,” 4-4-12, http://business.financialpost.com/2012/04/04/natural-gas-battle-set-to-heat-up-between-canada-and-u-s/, accessed 8-19-12) PM

But regardless of the U.S. decision on LNG exports, gas prices
AND
U.S., it’s a case of use it or lose it.”
Exports don’t increase prices – studies prove
Kenderdine, MIT Energy Initiative Executive Director, ‘12
(Melanie, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

Well, the recent events in the world, I think, suggest ¶ that
AND
of a global gas market, and that's what we saw in 2030.
No volatility – studies
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

There is also a lot of concern surrounding the impact of LNG exports on ¶
AND
export-induced ¶ volatility, we believe, will be extremely limited.
Link is small
Levi, CFR Senior Energy Fellow, ‘12
(Michael, “Rebutting the IECA Attack on My Natural Gas Exports Study,” 6-20-12, http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/07/20/rebutting-the-ieca-attack-on-my-natural-gas-exports-study/, accessd 9-17-12) PM

The IECA authors write, “The paper’s biggest omission is a full discussion of
AND
be exported and having X units of natural gas be used in manufacturing.
Neg studies aren’t realistic
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

A large part of the implications part of the study looked at the leading,
AND
the range is ¶ extremely small and is in the mid single digits.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Perm – do the CP. Reduce means to lower, not remove
Corpus Juris Secundum, authoritative American legal encyclopedia that provides a clear statement of each area of law including areas of the law that are evolving and provides footnoted citations to case law and other primary sources of law, ’52 (Corpus Juris Secundum, vol. 76, p. 178)

It has been said that in its ordinary signification “reduce” does not mean
AND
to lower; to degrade or impair; to replace; to restore.
CP links to politics
Raso, Yale Law School JD candidate and Stanford University political science PHD, 2010
Connor, has since graduated from both institutions in the spring of 2010, 119 Yale L.J. 782, January 2010, “Note: Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents” Lexis, accessed 9-4-12, TAP

1. Procedural Requirements¶ ¶ The APA has long required agencies to publish interpretive
   AND
   from many other procedures required for legislative rules. n44¶ *793
   If their politics link is true, the CP gets rolled back
   Raso, Yale Law School JD candidate and Stanford University political science PHD, 2010
   Connor, has since graduated from both institutions in the spring of 2010, 119 Yale L.J. 782, January 2010, “Note: Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents” Lexis, accessed 9-4-12, TAP

A number of forces shape the intensity of congressional and presidential preferences on regulatory issues
AND
agency decisions via institutionalized procedures such as OMB review of agency legislative rules.
Certainty key
Chadbourne and Parke LLP global finance and energy conference, 9-12-12
Christopher Smith, a managing director of Energy Management, Inc., Paul Cavicchi, executive vice president of IPR-GDF SUEZ Energy, Roberto Simone, managing director and head of project finance at Société Genérale, and Noam Ayali, a project finance partner with Chadbourne in Washington, “The remaking of the US power sector” http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=db5376a1-8a44-4738-bd49-4b3cb95dd46a, accessed 10-4-12, TAP

Low natural gas prices are turning the energy sector upside down. Gas prices are
AND
, rather than politics, that will limit the number of export terminals.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Every alternative paradigm is inevitably circular – resolution requires weighing impacts – not ethics.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

A pragmatic approach to environmental decision making requires  *255  environmental advocates to recognize
AND
. n139 Persuasion, not stubborn dogmatism, is the key to progress.

Perspectives aren’t irreconcilable – incorporating conceptions of the oppressed into the law is the only way to produce structural change.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

Pragmatism may prove a useful tool in environmental debates simply because such debates can be
AND
be, even if the weight of legal institutions coherently excludes them." n134

The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.
The environment has already been completely managed – only tech can solve and rejecting management crushes biodiversity.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Radical environmentalism presents yet another threat to the earth in its unyielding opposition to the
AND
numerous endangered animal species currently being bred in zoological gardens (Conway 1988). 

Intellectual change has little effect on consumption patterns – concrete actions are key.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.11-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many eco-radicals hope that a massive ideological campaign can transform popular perceptions,
AND
political plans must be devised if those policies are ever to be realized.
Transition wars
Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6  
(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has
AND
social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Framing Issue – Burden is on the Aff.
Stefanelli, Georgia State American Atheists director, 8-30-11
Al, author of A Voice of Reason in an Unreasonable World, “Proving The Christian God Does Not Exist” http://www.examiner.com/atheism-in-national/proving-the-christian-god-does-not-exist, accessed 2-18-12, TAP

The most common argument that Atheists are asked to defend is to provide proof that
AND
I ask him or her to prove it with real, empirical evidence.

God is evil.
Carrier, Super qualled, 2006
Richard, B.A. History (minor in Classical Civilization), UC Berkeley (1997) M.A. Ancient History, Columbia University (1998) M.Phil. Ancient History, Columbia University (2000) Ph.D. Ancient History, Columbia University (2008) Affiliations:  Member of the American Philological Association Member of the Association of Ancient Historians Member of the Freedom From Religion Foundation Member of the History of Science Society Member of the Historical Society, “The End of Pascal's Wager: Only Nontheists Go to Heaven” http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/heaven.html, accessed 3-11-12, TAP

If presented with strong evidence that a god must either be evil or not exist
AND
crimes, etc.). Only an evil god would probably allow such things.

Big Bang started the universe.
Thomas, Atheists of Silicon Valley president, 2008
Mark, “Why Atheism?” http://www.godlessgeeks.com/WhyAtheism.htm, accessed 2-24-12, TAP

The Big Bang  The beginning of the observable universe — of all the matter and
AND
in which we're so irrelevant would be made for us is beyond me.”

Not everything has a cause – learn quantum mechanics.
Thomas, Atheists of Silicon Valley president, 2008
Mark, “Why Atheism?” http://www.godlessgeeks.com/WhyAtheism.htm, accessed 2-24-12, TAP

First Cause, or Cosmological Argument  The First Cause, or Cosmological Argument, says
AND
.  So I hope you can accept nature as she is — absurd.”
Doesn’t matter how many explanations they have – they have to prove each is true.
Scriven, University of California Berkeley philosophy professor, 1966
Michael, “The Presumption of Atheism” http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Scriven-The-Presumption-of-Atheism.pdf, p.6, accessed 2-19-12, TAP

There used to be a standing joke in the Rationalist Club at Melbourne University about
AND
proofs go. They either do the whole trick or nothing at all.

No bias.
Scriven, University of California Berkeley philosophy professor, 1966
Michael, “The Presumption of Atheism” http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Scriven-The-Presumption-of-Atheism.pdf, p.2, accessed 2-19-12, TAP

How are you going to show what the real facts are? You show this
AND
word for the new events, you must show that it is applicable.

Defer to science – no agreement between theologians and their claims aren’t testable.
Scriven, University of California Berkeley philosophy professor, 1966
Michael, “The Presumption of Atheism” http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Scriven-The-Presumption-of-Atheism.pdf, p.2, accessed 2-19-12, TAP

Might not some or all scientific beliefs be wrong too? This is conceivable,
AND
or the adult convert and hence is not independent in the required way.

Low probability means round down.
Scriven, University of California Berkeley philosophy professor, 1966
Michael, “The Presumption of Atheism” http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Scriven-The-Presumption-of-Atheism.pdf, p.3-4, accessed 2-19-12, TAP

Against this it has commonly been held that the absence of arguments for the existence
AND
. Atheism is obligatory in the absence of any evidence for God's existence.

God can’t exist – Hell and people who will never hear the word
Stefanelli, Georgia State American Atheists director, 8-30-11
Al, author of A Voice of Reason in an Unreasonable World, “Proving The Christian God Does Not Exist” http://www.examiner.com/atheism-in-national/proving-the-christian-god-does-not-exist, accessed 2-18-12, TAP

Another proof that god is not perfect is the venue that he chose to communicate
AND
beliefs rather than his actions is imperfect, and thus does not exist.
They don’t prove anything – dozens of explanations.
Thomas, Atheists of Silicon Valley president, 2008
Mark, “Why Atheism?” http://www.godlessgeeks.com/WhyAtheism.htm, accessed 2-24-12, TAP

Argument from Prophesy and Miracles  Now, let’s discuss prophesy and miracles.  I am
AND
and miracles have actually occurred, or that they are just tall tales?

Bible isn’t really historically accurate.
Thomas, Atheists of Silicon Valley president, 2008
Mark, “Why Atheism?” http://www.godlessgeeks.com/WhyAtheism.htm, accessed 2-24-12, TAP

Argument from Authority  I think that most people begin their belief in a god because
AND
thus likely a complete fabrication which fulfilled a common story line for saviors.

Jesus didn’t exist – no reliable historical evidence.
Thomas, Atheists of Silicon Valley president, 2008
Mark, “Why Atheism?” http://www.godlessgeeks.com/WhyAtheism.htm, accessed 2-24-12, TAP

Did Jesus Exist?  Like most people (especially those raised Christian, like I
AND
to that conclusion after he studied the historical evidence for the prophet's life.
State’s good
Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural
AND
or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.” 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
And status quo solves the net-benefit
Eugene J. Koprowski, World Net Daily, 12/26/2010, "Obama to give Manhattan back to Native Americans?," http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.viewandpageId=243153, access 12/29/10

President Obama is voicing support for a U.N. resolution that could accomplish
AND
Indian Education Institute at Eastern Oregon State, one expert recalled for WND.
Corporations fill in – that’s uniquely worse
Mary Christina Wood, Oregon Law Professor, 1994
(“Protecting the Attributes of Native Sovereignty” Utah Law Review, p. L/N)

A barrage of recent development proposals directed to tribes starkly demonstrates an intense modern pressure
AND
dynamics and deference to tribes ushered in by the Self-Determination era.
Their author is a joke – he has the credentials of a high school teacher – his claims are outlandish hyperboles backed up by literally nothing – Churchill blatantly lies about his qualifications
Victor Davis Hanson, Hoover Institute Senior Fellow, 2005
(“The Seven Faces of “Dr” Churchill” http://www.nationalreview.com/hanson/hanson200503240801.asp)

Professors outside the arts at major research universities are supposed to have Ph.D
AND
of the last half-century are now so deeply etched and lined.

They lead to transition wars
James Aune, Texas AandM Communications Professor, 2000
Selling the Free Market: the Rhetoric of Economic Correctness 

Strangely enough, if taken seriously as a prescription for policy, the essay contradicts
AND
the bourgeoisie – to implement its proposals in the teeth of popular resistance.
Use of the state is compatible with its inevitable abandonment – their advocacy risks a roll back of democracy and rights and dooms any hope for a free society
Noam Chomsky, Professor of Linguistics, MIT, CANADIAN DIMENSION, May 15, 1997, p. online. 

By visions, I mean the conception of a future society that animates what we
AND
a much more free society; if the appropriate circumstances can be achieved.

Taking actions towards recognition and working within the system is key – radical utopian actions fail to create progressive change
Frank Pommersheim, South Dakota Law Professor,  1999
(31 Arizona state Law Journal 439 p. Lexis)

Neither of these responses-in their purist form-is tenable in a modern
AND
recently articulated a wide- ranging proposal to decolonize federal Indian law. n33

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Method focus leads to policy paralysis
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
Epistemology not first
Wight, University of Exeter School of Humanities and social sciences politics department, 2007
Colin, “Inside the epistemological cave all bets are off” http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/jird/jird_200703_v10n1_d.pdf, p.43-46, accessed 10-22-11, TAP

In some respects, this might seem to place me close to the position that
AND
in unforeseen ways, again often irrespective of our descriptions of them. 19
Consequences come first
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

A pragmatic approach to environmental decision making requires  *255  environmental advocates to recognize
AND
. n139 Persuasion, not stubborn dogmatism, is the key to progress.
Utilitarianism
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a
AND
the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.
AND, the case turns the K, not the other way around
Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
Can’t solve either advantage
Brooks, Chair of Climate Change Studies at the University of Adelaide, ‘11
(Barry, “Australia’s nuclear options CEDA policy perspective,” November 2011, http://ceda.com.au/media/153125/nuclearfinal8nov.pdf, accessed 10-8-12) PM

Improved efficiency in the way we use energy offers a partial fix, at least
AND
an environmentally aware society, to deliver these aspirations in a sustainable way.
Tech key to warming
Atkisson, President and CEO of environmental sustainability group, ‘1
(Alan, The Atkisson Group, international sustainability group that advises governments and corporations, “Sustainability is Dead – Long Live Sustainability,” 10-18-01, http://www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/SustainabilityManifesto2001.pdf, accessed 9-10-10) PM

Our economies and technologies are changing certain basic structures of planetary life, such as
AND
with relatively minor risks to the greater whole associated with their inevitable collapse.
Scenario planning is sweet
Garrett, director of the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council, ‘12
(Banning, “In Search of Sand Piles and Butterflies,” 1-23-12, http://www.acus.org/disruptive_change/search-sand-piles-and-butterflies, accessed 3-9-12) PM

“Disruptive change” that produces “strategic shocks” has become an increasing concern
AND
respond, and our ability to see opportunities that we would otherwise miss.”
Growth sustainable
Kurzweil 08 (Ray, Scientist, Inventor and Entrepreneur inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and winner of the 1999 National Medal of Technology, Washington Post, “Making the World A Billion Times Better”, 4-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/11/AR2008041103326.html)

MIT was so advanced in 1965 (the year I entered as a freshman)
AND
, in all its forms, is helping the future look brighter exponentially.
The rebound effect small
Giberson, instructor with the Center for Energy Commerce in the Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University, 8-9-12
(Michael, “The rebound effect: the ACEEE strikes back,” theenergycollective.com/michaelgiberson/101156/rebound-effect-aceee-strikes-back?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=The+Energy+Collective+(all+posts),accessed 8-13-12, CMM)

This would be a matter of mere technical interest among energy policy economists but for
AND
rebound effects can substantially tilt cost-benefit analysis against energy efficiency policies.
Movements fail – action through the state is key.
Hager, Bryn Mawr College political science professor, ‘92
Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70, accessed 10-7-12, AFB

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
restructuring that could only be accomplished through their direct participation in parliamentary politics.
Perspectives aren’t irreconcilable – incorporating conceptions of the oppressed into the law is the only way to produce structural change.
Hirokawa, Northwestern School of Law LLM, 2002
Keith, LLM is an advanced degree that goes beyond JD, 21 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 225, “ARTICLE: Some Pragmatic Observations About Radical Critique In Environmental Law” Lexis, accessed 7-8-12, TAP

Pragmatism may prove a useful tool in environmental debates simply because such debates can be
AND
be, even if the weight of legal institutions coherently excludes them." n134

The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

Alt fails – intellectual change is impossible
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.11-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many eco-radicals hope that a massive ideological campaign can transform popular perceptions,
AND
political plans must be devised if those policies are ever to be realized.

Population growth inevitable.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Radical environmentalism is similarly culpable on the issue of demography. While adherents argue powerfully
AND
is also likely to ensure that high fertility rates remain the global norm.
Human nature takes out the alt – we’re geared to consume
Matthey, Research Associate, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group, 10
(Astrid, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group, Jena, Germany,  “Less is more: the influence of aspirations and priming on well-being,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 18, Issue 6, April 2010, Pages 525-530, Science Direct, accessed 12-21-11, CMM)

Matthey 10 conducts a simple experiment to test the influence of priming on
AND
of measures that do not aim at restoring economic growth and increasing consumption.

Reformism key to solve apocalypse
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.7, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

More frightening, and more immediate, is the specter of a few radicals actually
AND
destruction in order to save it in the future should be readily apparent.

Alt looks like medieval times
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.7, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

While such are the fantasies only of the most moonstruck extremists, even moderate radicals
AND
firms are able to devise, or afford, adequate pollution abatement equipment.
Transition wars
Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6  
(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has
AND
social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan Text

Plan: The United States Federal Government should increase incentives for domestic production of natural gas.

Contention 1: Crowd Out

Advantage 1 is Crowd Out

Producers are going to cut back gas production now – prices need to stay low

Dlouhy, Houston Chronicle, 7-16-12

(Jennifer, “Natural gas glut a dilemma for Obama,” http://www.chron.com/business/article/Natural-gas-glut-a-dilemma-for-Obama-3706576.php, accessed 7-16-12, CMM)

Prices to rise?¶ Many analysts contend natural gas prices are destined to rise even

AND

terminals for receiving natural gas imports that were built before today's drilling boom.

Natural gas crowds out coal

Schwartz, Senior Vice President for Global Relations and Strategic Planning for Salesforce.com, 8-17-12

(Peter, futurist, author, and cofounder of the Global Business Network (GBN), an elite corporate strategy firm, specializing in future-think and scenario planning, “Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Are Putting the Kabosh on Clean Energy,” http://www.wired.com/business/2012/08/mf_naturalgas/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

But this is changing. We’ve long been acutely aware of the geopolitical ramifications of

AND

potent than C02 so even a little leakage can have a large impact.

Natural gas is key to crowd out coal – that solves harmful emissions

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Increased reserves and production of shale gas mean that domestically produced natural gas could play

AND

bridge" to a new energy future that will likely use developing technologies. 

Coal emissions disproportionately affect minorities and people of low-income – causes death and serious health problems

Earthjustice, Environmental non-profit, ‘11

(“Communities of Color, Poverty Bear Burden of Air Pollution,” 5-27-11, http:~/~/earthjustice.org/news/press/2011/org/news/press/2011/communities-of-color-poverty-bear-burden-of-air-pollution, accessed 9-30-12) PM

ATLANTA - Earthjustice and the Environmental Justice Research Center at Clark Atlanta University have collaborated

AND

Atlanta today to be no different. Americans want and deserve clean air."

Contention 2: Warming

Natural gas solves warming

Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12

(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.

AND

fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”

Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable

Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12

(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the

AND

in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.

Climate change disproportionately affects minorities.

Baird, Minority Rights Group International, 2008

Rachel, “The Impact of Climate Change on Minorities and Indigenous Peoples” http:~/~/www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Minority_Rights_Group_pdf, p.1-4, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Despite consulting with climate change and development¶ specialists within NGOs, academia and intergovernmental

AND

plantations of biofuel crops, threatens¶ the very existence of some cultures.

Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction

Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009

Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International

AND

-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.

Now is a unique moment for discussing climate change – anti-science ideology is on the rise – it is generating skepticism toward global warming that precludes institutional change.

Gleick, National Academy of Sciences fellow, 2011

Peter, Pacific Institute CEO,  8-31-11, “Why Anti-Science Ideology is Bad for America” http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Anti-science ideology isn’t completely new in the U.S. — there

AND

hide, or misrepresent science in service of political wars and ideological positions.

Climate denialism maintains white privilege.

Mooney, DeSMOG, 2011

Chris, ranked top 25 blog by Time Magazine, “What’s Up With Conservative White Men and Climate Change Denial?” http:~/~/www.desmogblog.com/com/what-s-conservative-white-men-and-climate-change-denial, accessed 9-29-12, TAP

They come at you at public events, wanting to argue. They light up

AND

their default. ¶ Oh: And they're maybe a little too defensive.

Rejecting denialism is an ethical choice.

Hamilton, Center for applied philosophy and public ethics professor, 2009

Clive, “Hamilton: Denying the coming climate holocaust” http:~/~/www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

If the climate deniers were to succeed, and stopped the world responding to the

AND

morally worse than Holocaust denialism is no, at least, not yet.

Fracking is safe

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

While there are risks inherent in all oil and gas production activities, opponents allege

AND

outright lies to argue a case that cannot be supported with verifiable facts.

State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to end oppression – individual action and dialogue is insufficient

Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005

Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87

I'm all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be

AND

in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.

New developments solve the problems with fracking

Pierobon, Energy Collective, 8-31-12

(Jim, “New sensible efforts are raising the bar for safer, more transparent hydraulic fracturing,” 8-31-12, http:~/~/theenergycollective.com/jimpierobon/108381/com/jimpierobon/108381/new-sensible-efforts-are-raising-bar-safer-more-transparent-hydraulic-fracturing, accessed 9-3-12) PM

The funding of research by the philanthropic arm of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and

AND

, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming.

No evidence to support groundwater pollution

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Does hydraulic fracturing pose a significant risk to public health and the environment? Even

AND

shows, there is considerable vertical separation between target depth and freshwater zones. 

Public and open deliberation is critical to challenging denialism.

Hobson, University of Oxford, and Niemeyer, Australian National University, 1-10-12

Kersty and Simon, Public Understanding of Science, “''What sceptics believe'': The effects of information and deliberation on climate change skepticism” http:~/~/jonathanstray.com/papers/What%20Climate%20Sceptics%20Believe.pdf, Sagepub, p.3, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Thus, researchers and commentators now have the means to categorise and discuss different forms

AND

beliefs and concerns: a hypothesis explored in the remainder of this paper.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC – AT: Methodology

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis

Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002

James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method

AND

, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

2AC – Util

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002

(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It

AND

not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a

AND

the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.

2AC – No Root Cause

No root cause and case turns the K

Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of

AND

on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

2AC – Permutation

Perm resolves their legitimization and white-washing DAs – supporting positive policies while questioning others – their advocacy would prevent any reform effort solidifying oppressive status quo politics

Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001

Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As

AND

normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

2AC – AT: State Link

State’s key to the aff impacts

Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1

(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental

AND

they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22

2AC – AT: Role Playing/Fiat Link

B. Debating as the federal government is key to understand policy - knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions

Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000

Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2

"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent conversation. "I'm an organizer."

The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is

AND

set as the minimum needed to keep a family of four above poverty.

AND, Role-playing the government is the only way to assess state action and acquire the knowledge to challenge it

Ryan Galloway, University of Georgia Debate Coach, 2-21-1

Debate as a Dialectic, p. http:~/~/www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0588.html||target="_blank" accessed 11-10-6

Second, dialectics are more persuasive than one-sided "preaching to the choir

AND

experiment and then say "We've found cold fusion! Viva le Revolution."

2AC – AT: Link – Contingent Ethics

Don’t question our intent – this destroys our own agency, and insulates them from criticism – argumentative opposition becomes impossible if you can question other people’s sincerity

Paul Schiff Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95

The hermeneutics of suspicion tends to place the scholarly observer in a position superior to

AND

the people being studied, leading to a richer, more textured view.

This assumption that Colin and I will become spectators as a result of debate is flawed – counter-examples prove this is a hasty generalization that is not verifiable – because you can’t prove our motives, you should assign their claim zero weight

Archie, Lander history and philosophy professor, 7

(Lee C. Archie, “Psychological Egoism”, 11-14-7, http:~/~/philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/html, accessed 10-21-8)

Abstract:  Psychological egoism, the view that people act solely in their own interest

AND

we would have to know what kind of actions isn't self-interested.

2AC – AT: Debate Bad – Anti Politics

That links more to them – they trade off with political and critical thinking necessary to challenge real world problems

Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 273-4

Americans need little encouragement to play the doubting game because we regard it as synonymous

AND

the disadvantage of making them less likely to learn from the author's work.

Their alt is a pipedream – the polarized nature of debate means that they can’t effectuate real world change

Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 25

Philosopher John Dewey said, on his ninetieth birthday, "Democracy begins in conversation

AND

one another; then the argument culture is doing more damage than good.

No mindset shifts – people attribute losses to tactics and performance, not ideology

Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 174

Another scholar who questions the usefulness of opposition as the sole path to truth is

AND

usually attributes that loss to poor performance or to an adversary's unfair tactics.

Trying to use debate as a platform for their movement creates incentives to label and dismiss opposition without engaging – their state link arguments prove

Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University professor of linguistics and University Professor, 1998, “The Argument Culture,” p. 276

In this short comment, Steinem puts her finger on several aspects of the argument

AND

, and demonized. False dichotomies are often at the heart of discord.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal HS | Judge: 

2AC – Sequestration

Won’t pass or inevitable.

Taylor, AP, 11-8-12

Andrew, “Fiscal cliff: Impasse on tax rates is big hurdle” http:~/~/www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jy2WZo_a8HqccfWT5FAVpVwuGvRA?docId=com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jy2WZo_a8HqccfWT5FAVpVwuGvRA?docId=f024325e89f740d784c8e535f2f12eb6, accessed 11-9-12, TAP

House Republicans' hard line against higher tax rates for upper-income earners leaves re

AND

and the day-to-day operating budgets of domestic Cabinet agencies.

No incentive for compromise – perception

Lubold, Foreign Policy, 11-8-12

(Gordon, “The cliff that could happen,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/08/the_cliff_that_could_happen, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

With the election behind the White House and Congress, the focus of effort in

AND

furloughs or layoffs among the DoD civilian workforce and cuts to military healthcare.

No link uniqueness – multiple warrants

Wasson, The Hill, 11-7-12

Erik, “25 problems facing Obama, Congress” http:~/~/thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/266667-25-com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/266667-25-problems-now-facing-obama-congress, accessed 11-8-12, TAP

A slew of thorny issues awaits President Obama and Congress in the lame-duck

AND

a technical oversight that could endanger vital information handed to the new regulator.

Bipartisan support for exports

NGI 8-13-12

(Natural Gas Intelligence, “Lawmakers Urge DOE to Expedite LNG Export Approvals,” 9-13-12, http:~/~/intelligencepress.com/subscribers/ngi/news/n20120813s.html?printable=yesandhighlight=html?printable=yesandhighlight=export, accessed 9-18-12) PM

A bipartisan group of 44 U.S. representatives from Texas, Oklahoma,

AND

Democrats with a majority of them (28) representing districts in Texas.

Obama pushing now and plan’s not Congress

Snow, OGJ Editor, 9-26-12

(Eric, “Western House members urge Chu to move faster on LNG exports,” 9-26-12, http:~/~/www.ogj.com/articles/2012/09/western-house-members-urge-chu-to-move-faster-on-lng-exports.html?cmpid=html?cmpid=EnlDailySeptember262012, accessed 10-1-12) PM

Sixteen western US House members asked Sec. of Energy Steven Chu to move forward

AND

designed to create jobs by doubling US exports by 2015,” he observed.

Winners win

Green, professor of political science at Hofstra University, 10

(David Michael, 6-11-10, “The Do-Nothing 44^th President,” http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html, accessed 1-26-11, CMM)

Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement

AND

of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.

No impact – cuts will delayed and miligated

Barno et al, senior advisor and senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11-7-12

(Lieutenant General (Ret.) David W. Barno is a senior advisor and senior fellow, Dr. Nora Bensahel is the deputy director of studies and a senior fellow, and Joel Smith and Jacob Stokes are research assistants, “Brace Yourself,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/07/brace_yourself?page=full, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

If we do go off the fiscal cliff, all is not lost for the

AND

priorities, such as the Overseas Contingency Operations budget that supports deployed troops.

• • • 1AR *

EXTN – Won’t Pass

The fiscal cliff is inevitable and there’s no impact
Barno et al, senior advisor and senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11-7-12
(Lieutenant General (Ret.) David W. Barno is a senior advisor and senior fellow, Dr. Nora Bensahel is the deputy director of studies and a senior fellow, and Joel Smith and Jacob Stokes are research assistants, “Brace Yourself,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/07/brace_yourself?page=full, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

Scenario 3: Congress and the president fail to reach any agreement, and the
AND
reaching a broader consensus in 2013 about balancing the nation's revenues and expenditures.

Won’t pass – McConnell blocks
Bouie, staff writer at The American Prospect, 11-8-12
(Jamelle, “Mitch McConnell is already back to obstruction at all costs,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/mitch-mcconnell-is-already-back-to-obstruction-at-all-costs/2012/11/08/37a05f00-29cf-11e2-96b6-8e6a7524553f_blog.html, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

Negotiations about the “fiscal cliff” are set to begin soon, and Mitch
AND
that restored balance to Washington after two years of one-party control.”

AT: Comprehensive Deal
Won’t pass – Reid was a comprehensive deal, Boehner wants to wait till 2013
Grant, Christian Science Monitor, 11-7-12
(David, “Election Day bears fruit? Boehner, Reid talk of compromise on 'fiscal cliff.' (+video),” http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2012/1107/Election-Day-bears-fruit-Boehner-Reid-talk-of-compromise-on-fiscal-cliff.-video, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

Reid said Congress should deal with the cliff as part of what others have called
AND
be a “catalyst” for “major solutions, enacted in 2013.”
No PC/Mandate
No mandate – gridlock
Jouet, Huff Post, 11-7-12
(Mugambi, “Obama's Second Term Could Be Marked by Continued Gridlock and Polarization,”  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mugambi-jouet/obamas-reelection-could-m_b_2087314.html, accessed 11-7-12, CMM)

Barack Obama's supporters understandably feel uplifted by his reelection. Chants of "Four more
AND
by the continuation of the exceptionally bitter gridlock that marked his first term.
No momentum
Greenblatt, NPR, 11-7-12
(Alan, “For Obama, Vindication, But Not A Mandate,” http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/11/07/164444409/for-obama-vindication-but-not-a-mandate?ft=3&f=1001&sc=nl&cc=nh-20121107, accessed 11-9-12, CMM)

But having won the popular vote by a bare majority — and still facing a
AND
me out and they couldn't take the Senate,' " Olsen says.
PC Fails
GOP won’t bend
Babington, AP, 11-7-12
(Charles, “Analysis: With Congress little changed, and both sides claiming mandates, Obama renews agenda,” http://www.newser.com/article/da2d31k80/analysis-with-congress-little-changed-and-both-sides-claiming-mandates-obama-renews-agenda.html, accessed 11-7-12, CMM)

John Feehery, a former top House Republican aide, said Obama's re-election
AND
"will do the deals and put Obama on mute," he said.

Winners Win
Winners win – solves lame duck positioning.
Baker, New York Times, 11-7-12
[Peter, “Question for the Victor: How Far Do You Push?” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/us/politics/obama-second-term-has-immediate-challenges.html?ref=politics&pagewanted=all&_r=0, accessed 11-9-12, TAP]

Mr. Obama is acutely aware that time for progress is limited in any second
AND
will be marginalized by your own party and the other side very quickly.”

Last Lame duck proves
Robison, University of Vermont Middle East politics professor, 12-29-10
[Gordon“Obama returns to winning ways” http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/obama-returns-to-winning-ways-1.737442, accessed 12-29-10, TP]

If you spend time watching Washington from the outside, it is often hard to
AND
were built on unique political dynamics unlikely to be recreated any time soon. 

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Berkeley HS  | Judge: 

2AC – Fracking K

2. New developments solve the problems with fracking

Pierobon, Energy Collective, 8-31-12

(Jim, “New sensible efforts are raising the bar for safer, more transparent hydraulic fracturing,” 8-31-12, http:~/~/theenergycollective.com/jimpierobon/108381/com/jimpierobon/108381/new-sensible-efforts-are-raising-bar-safer-more-transparent-hydraulic-fracturing, accessed 9-3-12) PM

The funding of research by the philanthropic arm of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and

AND

, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming.

No evidence to support groundwater pollution

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Does hydraulic fracturing pose a significant risk to public health and the environment? Even

AND

shows, there is considerable vertical separation between target depth and freshwater zones. 

AND the chemicals are safe

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Are Any of the Chemical Additives Considered Hazardous?¶ Yes. Analysis of the materials

AND

PAM, it has gen-erally been assumed that PAM is safe.

No root cause

Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of

AND

on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002

(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It

AND

not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a

AND

the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.

The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.

Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12

Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http:~/~/truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might

AND

where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

4. Intellectual change fails – environmental pragmatism is key.

Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992

Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http:~/~/books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.11-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many eco-radicals hope that a massive ideological campaign can transform popular perceptions,

AND

political plans must be devised if those policies are ever to be realized.

Transition wars

Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6 

(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has

AND¶ , place economic and social justice high on a list of priorities.

AND

social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.

Only the aff can solve the China adv

Brooks, Chair of Climate Change Studies at the University of Adelaide, ‘11

(Barry, “Australia’s nuclear options CEDA policy perspective,” November 2011, http:~/~/ceda.com.au/media/153125/pdf, accessed 10-8-12) PM

Improved efficiency in the way we use energy offers a partial fix, at least

AND

an environmentally aware society, to deliver these aspirations in a sustainable way.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 1 is Crowd Out

Producers are going to cut back gas production now – prices need to stay low

Dlouhy, Houston Chronicle, 7-16-12

(Jennifer, “Natural gas glut a dilemma for Obama,” http://www.chron.com/business/article/Natural-gas-glut-a-dilemma-for-Obama-3706576.php, accessed 7-16-12, CMM)

Prices to rise?¶ Many analysts contend natural gas prices are destined to rise even

AND

terminals for receiving natural gas imports that were built before today's drilling boom.

Inexpensive natural gas forces coal out of the market

Schwartz, Senior Vice President for Global Relations and Strategic Planning for Salesforce.com, 8-17-12

(Peter, futurist, author, and cofounder of the Global Business Network (GBN), an elite corporate strategy firm, specializing in future-think and scenario planning, “Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Are Putting the Kabosh on Clean Energy,” http://www.wired.com/business/2012/08/mf_naturalgas/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

But this is changing. We’ve long been acutely aware of the geopolitical ramifications of

AND

potent than C02 so even a little leakage can have a large impact.

That prevents harmful emissions – natural gas is key

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Increased reserves and production of shale gas mean that domestically produced natural gas could play

AND

bridge" to a new energy future that will likely use developing technologies. 

Coal emissions causes widespread systemic death – disproportionately affecting minorities

Earthjustice, Environmental non-profit, ‘11

(“Communities of Color, Poverty Bear Burden of Air Pollution,” 5-27-11, http:~/~/earthjustice.org/news/press/2011/org/news/press/2011/communities-of-color-poverty-bear-burden-of-air-pollution, accessed 9-30-12) PM

ATLANTA - Earthjustice and the Environmental Justice Research Center at Clark Atlanta University have collaborated

AND

Atlanta today to be no different. Americans want and deserve clean air."

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 2 is Warming

Natural gas solves warming

Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12

(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.

AND

fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”

The plan solves global emissions cuts – renewables can’t fill in

*Renewables take too long

**only gas can solve global emissions.

Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12

(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the

AND

of radical cuts in carbon dioxide emissions over the short and medium term.

Climate change disproportionately affects minorities.

Baird, Minority Rights Group International, 8

Rachel, “The Impact of Climate Change on Minorities and Indigenous Peoples” http:~/~/www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/Submissions/Minority_Rights_Group_pdf, p.1-4, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Despite consulting with climate change and development¶ specialists within NGOs, academia and intergovernmental

AND

plantations of biofuel crops, threatens¶ the very existence of some cultures.

Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction

Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009

Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International

AND

-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.

Now is a unique moment for discussing climate change – anti-science ideology is on the rise – it is generating skepticism toward global warming that precludes institutional change.

Gleick, National Academy of Sciences fellow, 11

Peter, Pacific Institute CEO,  8-31-11, “Why Anti-Science Ideology is Bad for America” http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Anti-science ideology isn’t completely new in the U.S. — there

AND

hide, or misrepresent science in service of political wars and ideological positions.

Climate denialism maintains white privilege.

Mooney, DeSMOG, 11

Chris, ranked top 25 blog by Time Magazine, “What’s Up With Conservative White Men and Climate Change Denial?” http:~/~/www.desmogblog.com/com/what-s-conservative-white-men-and-climate-change-denial, accessed 9-29-12, TAP

They come at you at public events, wanting to argue. They light up

AND

their default. ¶ Oh: And they're maybe a little too defensive.

Rejecting denialism is an ethical choice.

Hamilton, Center for applied philosophy and public ethics professor, 9

Clive, “Hamilton: Denying the coming climate holocaust” http:~/~/www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

If the climate deniers were to succeed, and stopped the world responding to the

AND

morally worse than Holocaust denialism is no, at least, not yet.

Public and open deliberation is critical to challenging denialism.

Hobson, University of Oxford, and Niemeyer, Australian National University, 1-10-12

Kersty and Simon, Public Understanding of Science, “''What sceptics believe'': The effects of information and deliberation on climate change skepticism” http:~/~/jonathanstray.com/papers/What%20Climate%20Sceptics%20Believe.pdf, Sagepub, p.3, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Thus, researchers and commentators now have the means to categorise and discuss different forms

AND

beliefs and concerns: a hypothesis explored in the remainder of this paper.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 3 is Fracking

Hydraulic fracturing uses millions of gallons of water – that causes ground and surface water pollution, waste mismanagement, and health consequences. Lack of regulation and oversight make these problems uniquely likely

Finkel, Professor of clinical public health at Cornell, ‘11

(Madelon and Adam Law, doctor at Cornell Medical College, “The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol 101, No 5, May 2011, https:~/~/journals.eventjournal.com/upload/349/The%20Rush%20to%20Drill%20for%20Natural%20Gas%20-%20A%20Public%20Health%20Cautionary%20Tale.pdf, accessed 8-29-12) PM

Hydraulic fracturing relies on¶ pumping as much as five million¶ gallons of surface

AND

human health ranging from the¶ comparatively benign to the more¶ serious.

Groundwater pollution is discursively justified through a hydro-social system of exclusion – it marginalizes those who need water for the sake of energy needs. The aff shifts the debate to focus on the calculus behind water-based fracking

Finewood, assistant professor of sustainability at the Chatham University School of Sustainability and the Environment, and Stroup, assistant professor of Environmental Studies at St. Michael’s College, ’12

(Michael and Laura, “Fracking and the Neoliberalization of the Hydro-Social Cycle in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 147.1, pp72-79, March 2012, accessed 10-22-12) PM

The complex energy-water nexus (whereby energy and water are understood to be

AND

, it would then no longer be quantifiable in a global energy market.

Hydraulic fracking establishes those in fracking communities as acceptable sacrifices for the sake of national interest

Finewood, assistant professor of sustainability at the Chatham University School of Sustainability and the Environment, and Stroup, assistant professor of Environmental Studies at St. Michael’s College, ’12

(Michael and Laura, “Fracking and the Neoliberalization of the Hydro-Social Cycle in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 147.1, pp72-79, March 2012, accessed 10-22-12) PM

But more broadly, we are interested in contributing to a context-specific analysis

AND

water-energy nexus, and to strive for a more equitable future.

Text: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial incentives for liquid petroleum gas fracturing for the energy production of natural gas.

Waterless fracking solves all the problems with fracking

Brino, Midwest Energy News, 5-15-12

(Anthony, “Waterless fracking technique makes its debut in Ohio,” http://www.midwestenergynews.com/2012/05/15/waterless-fracking-technique-makes-its-debut-in-ohio/, accessed 7-27-12, CMM)

Although no one really knows how much there is, oil and gas companies are

AND

the company for BMO Capital Markets.¶ “The environmental benefits are secondary.”

Waterless still solves natural gas production AND it’s safer than hydraulic fracturing

LeBLANC et al, Principal Engineer for Reservoir and Production Engineering of Eastex Petroleum Consultants, 11

(Don, LARRY HUSKINS is the Drilling and Completions Team Lead for Corridor Resources, ROBERT LESTZ is a degreed petroleum engineer with 26 years of experience and the Chief Technology Officer for GasFrac Energy Services, July, “Propane-based fracturing improves well performance in Canadian tight reservoirs,” http://www.worldoil.com/July-2011-Propane-based-fracturing-improves-well-performance-in-Canadian-tight-reservoirs.html, accessed 8-19-12, CMM)

The McCully tight gas field in New Brunswick, Canada, is being developed by

AND

flowback continued to be produced even after 1,000 days of production.

Concerns with fracking center on water usage – the plan sidesteps

Goodman, CBS DFW, 12

(Matt, CBS Dallas-Fort Worth, 1-12-12, “Waterless Fracking Method Targets Natural Gas Industry’s Gaze,” dfw.cbslocal.com/2012/01/12/waterless-fracking-method-target-for-natural-gas-industrys-gaze/, accessed 8-18-12, CMM)

The debates for and against hydraulic fracturing all center on the world’s most essential natural

AND

. operations. “We use what actually comes out of the ground.”

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Evaluating state policies creates good education

Hager, Bryn Mawr College political science professor, ‘92

Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70, accessed 10-7-12, AFB

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement

AND

restructuring that could only be accomplished through their direct participation in parliamentary politics.

2AC – AT: Methodology

Focusing on method is bad – there are always methodological objections

Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002

James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method

AND

, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

2AC – Util

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002

(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It

AND

not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a

AND

the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.

2AC – No Root Cause

No root cause and case turns the K

Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of

AND

on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

2AC – Permutation

Perm resolves their legitimization and white-washing DAs – supporting good policies while questioning others – their advocacy would prevent any reform effort solidifying oppressive status quo politics

Berman, University of Connecticut Law School Associate Professor, 2001

Paul Schiff, “APPROACHES TO THE CULTURAL STUDY OF LAW: TELLING A LESS SUSPICIOUS STORY: NOTES TOWARD A NON-SKEPTICAL APPROACH TO LEGAL/CULTURAL ANALYSIS,” 13 Yale J.L. and Human. 95, Lexis

indicates edits

The second drawback of the hermeneutics of suspicion is perhaps even more important. As

AND

normative scholarship cannot extricate scholars from the fundamental questions that I am discussing.

2AC – AT: State Link

State’s key to the aff impacts

Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1

(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental

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they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory, getting co-opted by the government or society. It may be necessary but is not sufficient

Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural

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or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human home.”

2AC – AT: Link – USFG Not Ethical (Wilderson)

1. Threshold frame – all we need to do to win a link turn is win ONE instance of the USFG doing something good. The burden for them winning this link has to be that the state is ALWAYS bad, which it isn’t

Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005

Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p. 91-96

That's the question for which this country has never quite found an answer: What

AND

to civilize others. The real White People's Burden is to civilize ourselves.

2AC – AT: Link – Roleplaying

We are not complicit with the status quo – hydraulic fracking establishes those in fracking communities as acceptable sacrifices for the sake of national interest

Finewood, assistant professor of sustainability at the Chatham University School of Sustainability and the Environment, and Stroup, assistant professor of Environmental Studies at St. Michael’s College, ’12

(Michael and Laura, “Fracking and the Neoliberalization of the Hydro-Social Cycle in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 147.1, pp72-79, March 2012, accessed 10-22-12) PM

But more broadly, we are interested in contributing to a context-specific analysis

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water-energy nexus, and to strive for a more equitable future.

B. Debating as the federal government is key to understand policy - knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions

Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000

Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2

"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent

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set as the minimum needed to keep a family of four above poverty.

2AC – AT: Link – Duffy

He supports Switch side debate

Duffy, Cal Poly Communication professor, 83

Bernard, Rhetoric PhD – Pitt, Communication Prof – Cal Poly, “The Ethics of Argumentation in Intercollegiate Debate: A Conservative Appraisal,” National Forensics Journal, Spring, pp 65-71, accessed at http:~/~/www.nationalforensics.org/journal/pdf

I am not proposing AND positions they oppose.

He supports rules

Duffy, Cal Poly Communication professor, 83

Bernard, Rhetoric PhD – Pitt, Communication Prof – Cal Poly, “The Ethics of Argumentation in Intercollegiate Debate: A Conservative Appraisal,” National Forensics Journal, Spring, pp 65-71, accessed at http:~/~/www.nationalforensics.org/journal/pdf

But in this case, why talk AND  them to follow the rules.

He also supports context

Duffy, Cal Poly Communication professor, 83

Bernard, Rhetoric PhD – Pitt, Communication Prof – Cal Poly, “The Ethics of Argumentation in Intercollegiate Debate: A Conservative Appraisal,” National Forensics Journal, Spring, pp 65-71, accessed at http:~/~/www.nationalforensics.org/journal/pdf

 Instead there are countless arguments from authority. Authority is fine as a source

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and not simply the complex operations of mind we refer to as logic.

Duffy is wrong - Switch side debate is good

Koehle 10

Joe Koehle, Phd candidate in communications at Kansas, former West Georgia debater

http:~/~/www.k-state.edu/actr/2010/12/20/reuniting-old-friends-the-sophists-and-academic-debate-joe-koehle/htm, p. 14-17, accessed 10-28-12, AFB

 Much like criticism of the sophists has persisted throughout time; criticism of switch

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capable of making sound decisions (Mitchell, “Pedagogical Possibilities”, 41). 

2AC – AT: Afropessimism

Reconceptualize the state – the state is not static and fixed – constant opposition allows rampant neoliberalism to continue – we must be open to a more fluid understanding of the state to understand its governmentality.

Oksala, University of Helsinki philosophy and politics in feminist theory professor, 2011

Johanna, Academy of Finland research project senior fellow, Constellations Volume 18, No 3, “Violence and Neoliberal Governmentality” Wiley, p.476, accessed 7-18-12, TAP

Many commentators now see the year 1979 when Foucault delivered his lecture series at¶

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¶ became a way of governing, a way of doing things.13

Focusing upon the traumatic elements of black subjectivity denies the agency present within black attempts at thwarting white supremacy and domination

Walker, Graduate of Psychosocial studies, 12

(Tracey, Graduate of Psychosocial Studies at Birbeck University of London, Graduate Journal of Social Science July 2012, Vol. 9, Issue 2, " The Future of Slavery: From Cultural Trauma to Ethical Remembrance" pg. 165-167, http://gjss.org/images/stories/volumes/9/2/Walker%20Article.pdf, accessed 11-8-12 TAT)

To argue that there is more to the popular conception of slaves as victims who

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relation with our ancestors who lived and survived in the time of slavery.

Their ontological framing of blackness dooms the alternative. Placing Blackness as oppositional denies it any existence independent of white supremacy and makes identity reliant on opression

Pinn, Macalester College Professor of Religious Studies, 4

(Anthony, Dialog: A Journal of Theology, Volume 43, Number 1, Spring 2004, '‘‘Black Is, Black Ain’t’’: Victor Anderson, African American Theological Thought, and Identity', pg.57-58, Wiley online Library, accessed 11-10-12 TAT)

This connection between ontological blackness and¶ religion is natural because: ‘‘ontological blackness

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foster¶ balance while embracing difference as positive?¶ Anderson looks to Nietzsche.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Quarters | Opponent: NU LV | Judge:
Plan- The United States Federal Government should allow investment by the Ralls Corporation in wind installations in the United States by determining that the definition of national security used by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States should exclude economic competition. 

Relations – 1AC
US and China are on the brink of a trade war now – it will escalate
Crawshaw, Money News, 8-23-12
Julie, “Stephen Roach: Disastrous Trade War With China Looms” http://www.moneynews.com/StreetTalk/Roach-China-trade-war/2012/08/23/id/449486, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Stephen Roach, former Chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia and current Yale professor, warns
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will prevail, allowing Washington and Beijing to step back from the brink.
Obama recently decided to block Chinese investment in wind power – that causes protectionist backlash
Graeber, Oil Price, 10-1-12
Daniel, “Energy New Front in Economic Warfare” http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Energy-New-Front-in-Economic-Warfare.html, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Opposition leaders in Canada suggested a string of cyber security threats to domestic companies might
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becomes the norm, so too may a different kind of global warfare.
The timing could not be worse – Obama’s decision will trigger a firestorm.
Alden, CFR senior fellow, 9-28-12
Edward, “Obama Slapdown on Chinese Wind Deal Sends Wrong Message” http://blogs.cfr.org/renewing-america/2012/09/28/obama-slapdown-on-chinese-wind-deal-sends-wrong-message/, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

President Obama has become the first president in 22 years to issue a formal order
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the United States – that needs all the foreign investment it can get.
The signal uniquely triggers protectionism.
Xinhua, 9-30-12
“The alarm bell of US protectionism rings loud” http://www.china.org.cn/business/2012-09/30/content_26681566.htm, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

A recent decision by U.S. President Barack Obama to block a Chinese
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uphold the principle of free trade during this moment of global economic crisis.
US-China trade war uniquely escalates to war – also collapses global trade and the economy.
Jianhua and Yunlu, Xinhua, 2011
Wang and Li, 10-13-11, “China-US trade war no good for anyone” http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90780/7616581.html, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

A trade war between the United States and China, each of which is the
AND
and will even lead to political and military confrontations in some sensitive regions.
Trade solves global war
Panzner, Prof. at the New York Institute of Finance, ‘9
(Michael, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase, Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse, 2009, p. 136-138) 

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of finance and trade will inspire the United
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between Muslims and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.
China war escalates and draws in great powers
Hunkovic, American Military University student in the Masters in Intelligence Studies, 9
(Lee J, 2009, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America”, http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf, accessed 11-8-11, CMM)

A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
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outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
Escalation is likely – misperception and miscalc
Stares, Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow for Conflict Prevention and Director of the Center for Preventive Action, 11
(Paul B., September, “Managing Instability on China’s Periphery,” http://www.cfr.org/china/managing-instability-chinas-periphery/p25838, pages7-8, accessed 10-10-11, CMM)

Crises are inherently volatile events. Misinformation, miscommuni- cation, and misunderstanding can
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done jointly, others will happen unilaterally but in a mutually supportive way. 

FDI – SCS – 1AC
The Ralls decision specifically stifles cooperation with China – perceived as particular scrutiny toward China that deters investment.
Baker Botts LLP, 10-1-12
“President Obama Blocks Chinese-Owned Wind-Farm Development” http://www.bakerbotts.com/file_upload/Update201210IntlTrade-PresidentObamaBlocksChinese-OwnedWind-FarmDevelopment2.htm, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

On Friday, September 28, 2012, the President issued an order to block
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disclosed acquisition much more skeptically, particularly when a Chinese investor is involved.
Generates uncertainty to all investors – the decision wasn’t transparent.
Abrams, Beijing Central University of Finance and Economics FDI pofessor, 10-1-12
Stan, “Obama Shoots Down Ralls Deal. What Happens Next?” http://www.chinahearsay.com/obama-shoots-down-ralls-deal-what-happens-next/, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

You may recall I wrote a post a couple weeks ago about a Chinese company
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deals, such as Nexen, will be somehow influenced by this case.
Blocking Chinese wind investment creates a chilling effect for ALL Chinese investment in the US economy.
Juliano and McArdle, Environment and Energy Daily, 10-2-12
Nick and John, “Obama’s blocking of wind farm adds to U.S.-China tension” http://www.governorswindenergycoalition.org/?p=3480, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

President Obama’s decision to block a Chinese-owned firm’s plan to build wind farms
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economy still struggling to create jobs, that’s the wrong signal to send.”
FDI key to clean energy cooperation
Lin, World Bank chief economist, 2011
Justin, 1-21-11, “China, the US and clean energy cooperation” http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/china-the-us-and-clean-energy-cooperation, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Presidents Hu and Obama created buzz earlier this week in Washington when they met on
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planet’s resources and safeguard future generations from the damaging effects of climate change.
Conflict escalating in the South China Sea now – energy cooperation is the only way to contain it.
Cronin, Center for New American Security Asia-Pacific security program senior director, 9-7-12
Patrick, “Averting Conflict in the South China Sea” http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/averting-conflict-in-the-south-china-sea/, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Despite rising tensions over the South China Sea, conflict can and should be averted
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the South China Sea will only be harnessed when there is such cooperation.
South China Sea conflict risks major escalation
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm
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relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.
Conflict is likely – territorial disputes and economic interests prove
Kaplan senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11
(Robert D., national correspondent for the Atlantic, and a member of the U.S. Defense Department's Defense Policy Board, Sept/Oct, Foreign Policy, “The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_south_china_sea_is_the_future_of_conflict, accessed 9-5-11, CMM)

Southeast Asia, by contrast, is already deep into the post-Cold War
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Taiwan one, Vietnam 25, the Philippines eight, and Malaysia five.
Most probable scenario for conflict
Kolotov, Head of the Far East History Department at St. Petersburg State University, September 12
(Vladimir N., “Russia’s Views of the Security Situation in East Asia”, Brookings Opinion, September, p. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/09/17-russia-east-asia-kolotov)

The most correct indicator of the established geopolitical balance of forces in the region is
AND
plays a very important role in the contemporary Great Game in East Asia.
Asian instability escalates
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
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that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
Solvency – 1AC
The United States Federal Government should allow investment by the Ralls Corporation in domestic wind installations by limiting the definition of national security used by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States should exclude economic competition.
Plan solves – redefining national security sets a precedent for future investment and trade
Carroll, Emory University honors JD, 2009
James, Emory International Law Review, 23 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 167, COMMENT: BACK TO THE FUTURE: REDEFINING THE FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY ACT'S CONCEPTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY” Lexis, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

Exon-Florio should be amended to more narrowly define national security. The open
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than waste resources analyzing nearly every transaction involving a foreign governmental takeover. n226

Huge amounts of wind now
Restuccia, The Hill, 2011
Andrew, 12-28-11, “The Race for Wind: Wind Industry Sees Good Prospects for Tax Credit Extension” http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=53497andpageid=andpagename=, accessed 8-22-12, TAP

AWEA said recently that 2011 was a banner year for wind energy, citing lower
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statement. “But the PTC movement gathered momentum heading into next year.”
PTC will get extended
Lee, Recharge News (UK), 11-7-12
(Andrew, “Election offers hope for one-year PTC extension, analysts say,” 11-7-12, http://www.rechargenews.com/energy/wind/article326932.ece, accessed 11-7-12) PM

Barack Obama’s US election win offers the chance of a one-year renewal of
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3GW in 2013, which it dubs the “clean-tech cliff”.
Other incentives take out DAs
Styles, The Energy Collective, 8-2-12
Geoffrey, “Last Hurrah for the Wind Power Tax Credit?” http://theenergycollective.com/geoffrey-styles/99336/last-hurrah-wind-power-tax-credit, accessed 8-22-12, TAP

The US wind industry has received substantial government support in recent years.  When the
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receive a total of $4.5 B over the next decade.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU LV | Judge:
2AC – Substantial = %

2. Counter interpretation – substantially means great in size or degree
WordNet, no date
Http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=substantiallyandsub=Search+WordNetando2=ando0=1ando7=ando5=ando1=1ando6=ando4=ando3=andh=00

Substantially is to a great extent or degree
2AC – Restrictions Not Regs

1. We meet restriction
   Marchick, National Foundation for American Policy, 2007
   David, Jan 2007, “Swinging the Pendulum too far: An analysis of the CFIUS process post-Dubai ports world” http://www.nfap.net/researchactivities/studies/NFAPPolicyBriefCFIUS0107.pdf
   p.5, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

In the 18 years that Exon-Florio has been in force, there have
AND
a company if a President were to block an acquisition would be substantial.
It’s a decrease in production
Baker Botts LLP, 10-1-12
“President Obama Blocks Chinese-Owned Wind-Farm Development” http://www.bakerbotts.com/file_upload/Update201210IntlTrade-PresidentObamaBlocksChinese-OwnedWind-FarmDevelopment2.htm, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

On Friday, September 28, 2012, the President issued an order to block
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as to whether to approve CFIUS’ order or allow the project to proceed.
2. Counter interp – Restrictions are policy barriers that block energy production
USEA, 2003
United States Energy Association, Energy Policy Bulletin, Issue 5, 4-16-03, “Energy Supply Diversity” http://w.sari-energy.org/Publications/Documents/bulletins/bulletin5.pdf, p.1, accessed 8-15-12, TAP

Government policy makers should identify barriers to energy resource development and to energy efficiency and
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protection and more recently, the need to drastically improve our homeland security.
On means directed towards
American Heritage 2k
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000

Used to indicate the object affected by actual, perceptible action: The spotlight fell
AND
perception or thought: gazed on the vista; meditated on his actions.
AND, the plan is a financial incentive
EIA ‘1
(Energy Information Administration, “Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy,” February 2001, http://www.eia.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf, accessed 9-22-12) PM

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable¶ energy have been used to
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or¶ service; or,¶ Creating or expanding a market for producers.

For means targeted
Random House ‘12
(Dictionary.com unabridged, from Random House Dictionary, 2012 edition, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/for?s=t, accessed 10-18-12) PM

preposition¶ 1.¶ with the object or purpose of: to run for exercise
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something to be experienced or obtained): O, for a cold drink!
2AC – AT: Doesn’t Block Investment/Rubber Stamp
Card goes aff – they’re quoting a straw person
Marchick, National Foundation for American Policy, 2007
David, Jan 2007, “Swinging the Pendulum too far: An analysis of the CFIUS process post-Dubai ports world” http://www.nfap.net/researchactivities/studies/NFAPPolicyBriefCFIUS0107.pdf
p.5, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

In the 18 years that Exon-Florio has been in force, there have
AND
a company if a President were to block an acquisition would be substantial.
2AC – Heidegger (Short)
Criticizing instrumental views of nature of looking for intrinsic value in nature fails – immeasurable and subjective.
- Motivating people key – it doesn’t which makes it subjective
- Policy makers can’t assess the value of nature to use productively
Light, George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director, 2002
Andrew, Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.427-8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Even with the ample development in the field of various theories designed to answer these
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theory, they will arguably never be able to make such a contribution.
Interrogating the relationship between humans and nature doesn’t solve AND the alt can’t spillover – prefer pragmatic change
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.11-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Many eco-radicals hope that a massive ideological campaign can transform popular perceptions,
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political plans must be devised if those policies are ever to be realized.
Meditating perpetuates environmental destruction – it shuts down scientific inquiry that is key to solve.
Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992
Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://www.amazon.com/Green-Delusions-Environmentalist-Critique-Environmentalism/dp/0822314746, p.135, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

The eco-radical attack on the reductionism and specialization inherent in science is environmentally
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, ergotism and its associated social pathologies began to disappear (Matossian 1989).
Defer to pragmatism over the alt – actions shape reality, not ontology – if they don’t have a paradigm for operating in the world, you assign them zero solvency.
Ihde, State University of New York Stony Brook philosophy professor, 2012
Don, “Experimental Phenomenology” second edition, p.116-7, TAP

Carl Mitcham, himself a pragmatist, has pointed out that one salient feature of
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not wish to enter since my program here is more prescriptive than expository.
2AC – Courts
USFG doesn’t mean all three branches
Chicago Manual of Style, 2006, University of Chicago Manual of Style, “Capitalization, Titles”, http://web.archive.org/web/20061125021652/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles29.html, access 9/9/10

Q. When I refer to the government of the United States in text,
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the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.
3. CP tanks credibility
Wilkinson, Fourt Circuit Appeals Judge, 2004
Harvie, “The Use of International Law in Judicial Decisions”, 27 Harv. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 423, Spring Lexis

So judges must not wade, sua sponte, into international law's deep blue sea
AND
in foreign and military matters were later repudiated and contradicted by judicial decree.
4. Links to politics and rollback
Campbell, Government Professor, 2K
(Colton, CONGRESS CONFRONTS THE COURTS, p. 22)

The final situation in which the judiciary usurps the legislative power may be equally dangerous
AND
elitist, and out-of-touch is unlikely to be respected.
Not specifying means no legal weight and rollback
Post, Law professor at Berkeley, ‘1
(Robert, “The Supreme Court as Institutional Practice: Dissent, Legal Scholarship, and Decisionmaking in the Taft Court,” May 2001, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/186, accessed 11-1-10) PM

So, for example, the editors of the American Law Review argued in 1886
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reasons which a portion of the court may give for the opposing view.
2AC – SEP
2. Perm – do the CP. Reduce means to lower, not remove
Corpus Juris Secundum, authoritative American legal encyclopedia that provides a clear statement of each area of law including areas of the law that are evolving and provides footnoted citations to case law and other primary sources of law, ’52 (Corpus Juris Secundum, vol. 76, p. 178)

It has been said that in its ordinary signification “reduce” does not mean
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to lower; to degrade or impair; to replace; to restore.
3. CP causes uncertainty
Bonorris, Editor, The Public Law Research Institute University of California, Hastings College of the Law, 7
(Steven, , “Supplemental Environmental Projects A Fifty State Survey with Model Practices,”
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/services/enforce/settlements/ABAHastingsSEPreport.pdf, accessed 10-18-12, CMM)

Apart from the problem of the opportunistic violator, another criticism of the SEP¶
AND
risk tolerant¶ would-be violators to adopt a different compliance strategy.
SEP enforcement guts solvency
Bonorris, Editor, The Public Law Research Institute University of California, Hastings College of the Law, 7
(Steven, , “Supplemental Environmental Projects A Fifty State Survey with Model Practices,”
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/services/enforce/settlements/ABAHastingsSEPreport.pdf, accessed 10-18-12, CMM)

In addition, the allowance of a SEP as part of an enforcement action is
AND
the agency will then deduct from the mitigation amount of the SEP.186
Violators won’t pay full amounts – kills solvency for net benefit
Bonorris, Editor, The Public Law Research Institute University of California, Hastings College of the Law, 7
(Steven, , “Supplemental Environmental Projects A Fifty State Survey with Model Practices,”
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/services/enforce/settlements/ABAHastingsSEPreport.pdf, accessed 10-18-12, CMM)

The capacity for underdeterrence is particularly acute as the SEP cost itself is a new
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has not quantified the efficacy of these¶ measures against opportunistic violators. 189
Even small penalties are enough to deter
Dana, Boston University law professor, 1998
David, Wisconsin law review, 1998 Wis. L. Rev. 1181, “ARTICLE: THE UNCERTAIN MERITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT REFORM: THE CASE OF SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS” Lexis, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

In government grant programs, regulators have a strong incentive to deny grant applications for
AND
by refusing to engage in SEP settlements that promise only modest environmental returns.
Doesn’t lead to noncompliance – the CP is just an additional penalty. If the CP removes current penalties, then perm – do the plan, remove current penalties, and do the SEP solves all their offense
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, EPA, January 2001
“Beyond Compliance: Supplemental Environmental Projects”,http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=50000JIT.PDF, acc 10.29.12 JDK
If the Agency believes that an individual or company has failed to comply with Federal
AND
management, and ¶ expanding the public’s right to know about their environment.
No environment net benefit
Dana, Boston University law professor, 1998
David, Wisconsin law review, 1998 Wis. L. Rev. 1181, “ARTICLE: THE UNCERTAIN MERITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT REFORM: THE CASE OF SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS” Lexis, accessed 10-29-12, TAP

The claim that SEPs produce attitudinal transformations lacks verified empirical support. There is no
AND
regulated entities or may come only after a long period of regulatory noncompliance.

2AC – Sequestration
Won’t pass or inevitable.
Taylor, AP, 11-8-12
Andrew, “Fiscal cliff: Impasse on tax rates is big hurdle” http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jy2WZo_a8HqccfWT5FAVpVwuGvRA?docId=f024325e89f740d784c8e535f2f12eb6, accessed 11-9-12, TAP

House Republicans' hard line against higher tax rates for upper-income earners leaves re
AND
and the day-to-day operating budgets of domestic Cabinet agencies.
No incentive for compromise – perception
Lubold, Foreign Policy, 11-8-12
(Gordon, “The cliff that could happen,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/08/the_cliff_that_could_happen, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

With the election behind the White House and Congress, the focus of effort in
AND
furloughs or layoffs among the DoD civilian workforce and cuts to military healthcare.
No link uniqueness – multiple warrants
Wasson, The Hill, 11-7-12
Erik, “25 problems facing Obama, Congress” http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/266667-25-problems-now-facing-obama-congress, accessed 11-8-12, TAP

A slew of thorny issues awaits President Obama and Congress in the lame-duck
AND
a technical oversight that could endanger vital information handed to the new regulator.
China lobbying shields the link
Pomfret, Washington Post, ‘10
(John, “China's lobbying efforts yield new influence, openness on Capitol Hill,” 1-9-10, accessed 11-8-12) PM

By last year, Congress was seeing the state-owned Chinese behemoth in a
AND
he said. "I think their understanding of China is much deeper."
Plan popular – perceived economic benefits
Fagan, Partner and Foreign Investment Expert at Covington and Burling LLP, ‘12
(David, “Hearing on “The Evolving U.S.-China Trade and Investment Relationship” Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission,” 6-14-12, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2012hearings/written_testimonies/12_6_14/Fagan.pdf, accessed 11-7-12) PM

FDI has received long-standing, bi-partisan policy backing: every Administration
AND
percent of total U.S. private RandD ¶ investment.
Massive support for wind
Smart Grid News, 10-25-12
“Heavyweight support grows for wind production tax credit” http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/Technologies_DG_Renewables/Heavyweight-support-grows-for-wind-production-tax-credit-5224.html#.UJMMEcW_GSp, accessed 11-1-12, TAP

But more supporters are lining up to fight for an extension to the wind energy
AND
have announced layoffs as a result of the uncertainty over the tax credit.
Wind lobby is extremely powerful – they will get it through.
Eilperin, Washington Post, 9-20-12
Juliet, “Unusual coalitions clash over wind energy tax credit” http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/unusual-coalitions-clash-over-wind-energy-tax-credit/2012/09/20/fd775f1a-01c7-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_print.html, accessed 9-20-12, TAP

The wind power industry boasts enviable political assets in its fight to preserve a prized
AND
working to ensure it stays in place for at least one more year.
Winners win
Green, professor of political science at Hofstra University, 10
(David Michael, 6-11-10, “The Do-Nothing 44th President,” http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html, accessed 1-26-11, CMM)

Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement
AND
of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.
No impact – cuts will delayed and miligated
Barno et al, senior advisor and senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11-7-12
(Lieutenant General (Ret.) David W. Barno is a senior advisor and senior fellow, Dr. Nora Bensahel is the deputy director of studies and a senior fellow, and Joel Smith and Jacob Stokes are research assistants, “Brace Yourself,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/07/brace_yourself?page=full, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

If we do go off the fiscal cliff, all is not lost for the
AND
priorities, such as the Overseas Contingency Operations budget that supports deployed troops.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: NU LV | Judge:
EXTN – Won’t Pass

The fiscal cliff is inevitable and there’s no impact
Barno et al, senior advisor and senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11-7-12
(Lieutenant General (Ret.) David W. Barno is a senior advisor and senior fellow, Dr. Nora Bensahel is the deputy director of studies and a senior fellow, and Joel Smith and Jacob Stokes are research assistants, “Brace Yourself,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/07/brace_yourself?page=full, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

Scenario 3: Congress and the president fail to reach any agreement, and the
AND
reaching a broader consensus in 2013 about balancing the nation's revenues and expenditures.

Won’t pass – McConnell blocks
Bouie, staff writer at The American Prospect, 11-8-12
(Jamelle, “Mitch McConnell is already back to obstruction at all costs,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/post/mitch-mcconnell-is-already-back-to-obstruction-at-all-costs/2012/11/08/37a05f00-29cf-11e2-96b6-8e6a7524553f_blog.html, accessed 11-8-12, CMM)

Negotiations about the “fiscal cliff” are set to begin soon, and Mitch
AND
that restored balance to Washington after two years of one-party control.”

Link Turn- China Lobby
Err aff – NONE of their evidence speaks to new Chinese lobbying strategy
Eckert, Reuters, ‘12
(Paul, Rachelle Younglai and David Ljunggren, “Insight: China ups lobbying game, but faces key tests in U.S., Canada,” 8-23-12, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/23/us-china-northamerica-lobbying-idUSBRE87L15N20120823, accessed 11-7-12) PM

(Reuters) - Back in the day, before the U.S.
AND
buff their image; and seek acquisitions less likely to stir nationalistic fervor.
Econ
This evidence concludes aff – it says that political support cancels backlash
Merrill, JD from Columbia Law School, ‘11
(Margaret, “Overcoming CFIUS Jitters: A Practical Guide for Understanding the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States”, 30 Quinnipiac L. Rev. 1, 2011, accessed 11-8-12, Lexis) PM

The second measure relates to the public's perception of the proposed covered transaction. Considering
AND
for the transaction will make it that much more resistant to political attack.

Winners Win

Winners win – solves lame duck positioning.
Baker, New York Times, 11-7-12
Peter, “Question for the Victor: How Far Do You Push?” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/us/politics/obama-second-term-has-immediate-challenges.html?ref=politicsandpagewanted=alland_r=0, accessed 11-9-12, TAP

Mr. Obama is acutely aware that time for progress is limited in any second
AND
will be marginalized by your own party and the other side very quickly.”

Last Lame duck proves
Robison, University of Vermont Middle East politics professor, 12-29-10
Gordon“Obama returns to winning ways” http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/obama-returns-to-winning-ways-1.737442, accessed 12-29-10, TP

If you spend time watching Washington from the outside, it is often hard to
AND
were built on unique political dynamics unlikely to be recreated any time soon. 

Capital isn’t finite – its like muscle
Marshall, editor and publisher of TalkingPointsMemo.com, 11
(John, TPM, 8-10-11, “Was It Worth It?”, http://talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/2011/08/was_it_worth_it_1.php?ref=fpblg, accessed 1-5-12, CMM)

But it's wrong to see political energy and resources as finite and something to be
AND
. And the exercise itself demonstrates that a political movement can bite back.

Wins energize the base
Creamer, political organizer and strategist for four decades, 11
(Robert, he and his firm, Democracy Partners, work with many of the country’s most significant issue campaigns, one of the major architects and organizers of the successful campaign to defeat the privatization of Social Security, he has been a consultant to the campaigns to end the war in Iraq, pass universal health care, pass Wall Street reform, change America’s budget priorities and enact comprehensive immigration reform, he has also worked on hundreds of electoral campaigns at the local, state and national level, 12-23-11, "Why GOP Collapse on the Payroll Tax Could be a Turning Point Moment," www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-creamer/why-gop-collapse-on-the-p_b_1167491.html, accessed 1-23-12, CMM)

2) Strength and victory are enormous political assets. Going into the New Year
AND
you have them on the run, that's the time to chase them.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake HQ | Judge: Reed

1AC

Contention 1: Warming

Gas Prices are artificially low – that causes major production cutbacks and shifts back to coal

Samuelson, Washington Post (Op-Ed), 12-23-12

(Robert, “Don’t kill the shale-gas boom,” 12-23-12, http:~/~/www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/robert-samuelson-dont-kill-the-shale-gas-boom/2012/12/23/815ceb4c-4b9c-11e2-b709-667035ff9029_html, accessed 12-31-12) PM

Let’s not smother the shale-gas boom. It is the crown jewel of

AND

levels. Companies won’t drill unless they can profitably sell what they find.

Price spikes are coming and will collapse the industry – only raising prices to stable levels can solve

Finger, Forbes, 10-14-12

(Richard, “$8 Natural Gas: We're Right On Schedule,” 10-14-12, http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/richardfinger/2012/10/14/8-natural-gas-were-right-on-schedule/?ss=business%3Aenergyhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/richardfinger/2012/10/14/8-natural-gas-were-right-on-schedule/?ss=business%3Aenergy, accessed 10-25-12) PM

New natural gas rig counts hit the wires Friday morning and on cue the number

AND

Bcf/day.  Time will tell but the tipping point is near.

Mass exports are key

Levi, CFR Energy and Environment Fellow, 12-5-12

(Michael, “Thoughts on a Long-Awaited Natural Gas Exports Study,” 12-5-12, http:~/~/blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/12/05/thoughts-on-a-long-awaited-natural-gas-exports-study/http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/12/05/thoughts-on-a-long-awaited-natural-gas-exports-study/, accessed 12-31-12) PM

Despite these often-massive export volumes, NERA projects consistently limited natural gas price

AND

U.S. prices always remain well below overseas ones despite exports.

US natural gas market will crash without exports

Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12

(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

The same debate is raging in the US. Despite the phenomenal breakthroughs in American

AND

fundamentals. US LNG could be the straw that breaks oil indexation back.

Collapse of US natural gas makes warming inevitable

Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12

(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.

AND

fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”

Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable

Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12

(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the

AND

in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.

Now’s key to reduce emissions

Sawyer, Global Wind Energy Council secretary general, 9

Steve, World Environment Magazine, June 2009 Issue 3, “Wind Energy as a Key Climate Solution” http:~/~/www.worldenvironment.tv/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=185:wind-energy-as-a-key-climate-solutionandcatid=24:energy-categoryandItemid=39url:http://www.worldenvironment.tv/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=185:wind-energy-as-a-key-climate-solutionandcatid=24:energy-categoryandItemid=39, accessed 10-4-12, TAP

When climate change first started to worry the scientific community in the 1980s, the

AND

world, and the economic disaster of the reliance on imported fossil fuels.

Warming is real and anthropogenic – multiple scenarios for extinction

Strom, University of Arizona professor emeritus of planetary sciences, 7

Robert, Professor Emeritus of planetary sciences in the Department of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona, (studied climate change for 15 years, the former Director of the Space Imagery Center, a NASA Regional Planetary Image Facility, “Hot House”, SpringerLink, p.211-216

We currently face the greatest threat to humanity since civilization began. This is the

AND

starvation, and political and economic chaos with all their ramifications for civilization.

Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction

Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009

Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International

AND

-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.

Exports are key to solve warming – allows for renewables to compete

Mufson, Washington Post, 12

(Steven, 2-1-12, “Cheap natural gas jumbles energy markets, stirs fears it could inhibit renewables,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cheap-natural-gas-jumbles-energy-markets-stirs-fears-it-could-inhibit-renewables/2012/01/08/gIQApLr5hQ_story.html, accessed 8-22-12, CMM)

For the past three years, promoters of shale gas and environmentalists opposed to coal

AND

boom and there’s a sense that natural gas resources will be around forever.”¶

Contention 2: Gas Prices

Now’s key for a gas pricing transition – major US exports key

Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12

(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 12-28-12) PM

These are exciting times for international gas markets. Not only has gas demand grown

AND

keep markets where they are: local at worst, regional at best.

Huge amount of exports key – small amount won’t provide enough market pressure

Kaplan, Chief Geopolitical Analyst for Stratfor, 12-19-12

(Robert, “The Geopolitics of Shale,” 12-19-12, http:~/~/www.stratfor.com/weekly/com/weekly/geopolitics-shale, accessed 12-22-12) PM

The United States, it turns out, has vast deposits of shale gas:

AND

shift would require significant exports of shale gas from North America to Europe).

Only the US can put enough pressure on the market – mass exports key

Hulbert, Lead Analyst at European Energy Review, and Goldthau, Head of the Department of Public Policy at the Central European University, an American graduate school based in Budapest, Hungary, 8-5-12

(Matthew, consultant to a number of governments, most recently as Senior Research Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations, and Andreas, prior to joining CEU, he worked for Rand, SWP Germany and the Paul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a Fellow with the Global Public Policy Institute’s Global Energy Governance program and an Adjunct Professor with Johns Hopkins University’s MSc in Energy Policy and Climate, “Why America Can Make or Break A New Global Gas World,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewhulbert/2012/08/05/why-america-can-make-or-break-a-new-global-gas-world/print/, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

It sounds complex stuff, but between this Qatari-Russia intrigue, rests the

AND¶ not like it can place LNG into its neighbouring but saturated US market

AND

Asia gives us a fair indication of where things are expected to go.

Spot pricing causes global prices to go down – that undermines Algerian exports to Europe

De Bock and Gijon, IMF economists, ‘12

(Reinout and Jose, “IMF Study Examines Changing Patterns in Global Gas Markets,” 2-1-12, http:~/~/www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/htm, accessed 1-1-13) PM

IMF Survey online: How have all these changes affected the gas export trade of major suppliers?

Gijón: The 2009 financial crisis depressed demand for gas in Europe. For some

AND

investing earnings from oil and gas in sectors that will generate tradable income.

Algeria will try to hold the line on oil pricing – guarantees they lose the European market

Patel, Bloomberg, ‘10

(Tara, “Algeria Rejects Spot Natural Gas Prices as Buyers Change Orders,” 10-4-10, http:~/~/www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-04/html, accessed 1-1-13) PM

Algeria isn’t supplying natural gas to spot markets and doesn’t favor renegotiating long-term

AND

57 percent of its long-term contracted supply from the three countries.

Terrorist attack on Algerian gas terror is inevitable – internal and external instability puts their energy infrastructure at risk

Soufan Group ‘12

(International strategic consultancy that works with governments, companies, and institutions, “TSG IntelBrief: Algeria: The Rising Storm of Turmoil,” 7-13-12, http:~/~/soufangroup.com/briefs/details/?Article_Id=337url:http://soufangroup.com/briefs/details/?Article_Id=337, accessed 1-1-13) PM

Algeria is, perhaps more than ever before, bracketed by deep turmoil. To

AND

the hinterlands, and even more so given the instability on the borders.

That would cause a supply shock

Ratner, Congressional Research Service energy policy analyst, and Nerurkar, CRS energy policy analyst, 11

Michael, and Neelesh, “Middle East and North Africa Unrest: Implications for Oil and Natural Gas Markets” http:~/~/www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/pdf, p.6, accessed 12-27-11, TAP

The global natural gas market is much more regionally segmented than the oil market,

AND

, Asian prices have remained almost flat since the unrest started in Libya.

That would collapse Greece and cause Eurozone disintegration

Tverberg, financial forecasting and modeling expert, ‘12

(Gail, has done financial work on her own site, Our Finite World, as well as for the Oil Drum and other groups, “Financial Issues Affecting Energy Security,” 11-7-12, http:~/~/theenergycollective.com/gail-tverberg/140016/com/gail-tverberg/140016/financial-issues-affecting-energy-security, accessed 1-2-13) PM

Countries vary in their exposure to high oil prices. Oil importers who get a

AND

,  whose per-capita energy use lags far behind the world average.

That causes global collapse and protectionism

Wright, security fellow at Brookings, ‘12

(Thomas, “What if Europe Fails?” Washington Quarterly, Summer 2012, http:~/~/csis.org/files/publication/pdf, accessed 1-2-13) PM

The most immediate and obvious impact would be on the European and global¶ economy

AND

economic integration and open the door to¶ neo-mercantilism and protectionism.

Economic collapse leads to global war.

Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010

Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the

AND

Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.

Protectionism causes global war

Cho, Assistant Law Professor Chicago-Kent, 2007

Sungjoon, Illinois Institute of Technology "Doha's Development," 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 165

Second, the mercantilist nature of the current competitive regionalism tends to evoke the strikingly

AND

seriously lest we repeat the same historical errors and are punished for them.

Solvency

Exports inevitable – doesn’t solve the aff

Geman, The Hill, 12-9-12

(Ben, “Shell’s US chief sees Obama approving ‘phased’ natural-gas exports,” 12-9-12, http:~/~/thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/271829-com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/271829-shells-us-chief-sees-obama-blessing-phased-gas-exports, accessed 12-24-12) PM

Marvin Odum, the head of Royal Dutch Shell’s U.S. arm,

AND

a “stronger belief in the resilience and the duration of these resources.”

Exporting is possible – the infrastructure is already in the works

Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12

(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_edu/~~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

The Brookings team distilled the findings of the feasibility and ¶ implications of LNG exports

AND

, we found that the environmental¶ implications of LNG exports are negligible.

Supply disputes block exports now – creating sustainable supplies is key

Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12

(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_edu/~~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 10-22-12) PM

For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible

AND

concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes.

New supply leads to exports – changing perception of uncertainty is key

Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12

(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/~~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_edu/~~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 10-22-12) PM

Aside from the price impact of potential U.S. ¶ LNG exports,

AND

-directional import/export facilities) ¶ to import gas when economic. 

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce leasing restrictions on natural gas drilling in the Outer Continental Shelf.

There’s tons of gas in the OCS – guarantees long term supply. Plan is key to leasing certainty that solves production

Griles, Deputy Secretary of the Department of the Interior, ‘3

(Steven, “ENERGY PRODUCTION ON FEDERAL LANDS,” Hearing before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of the US Senate, 2-27-03, http:~/~/www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg86709/html/htm , accessed 10-23-12) PM

Mr. Griles. America's public lands have an abundant ¶ opportunity for exploration and

AND

and buy, so ¶ they can have certainty about where to go.

Functional moratorium now – means we can’t access 98% of OCS reserves. Plan removes those restrictions

Pyle, President of the Institute for Energy Research, ‘12

(Thomas, “Energy Department sneaks offshore moratorium past public; Jobs and oil-supply potential are shut down,” 7-10-12, accessed 10-23-12, Lexis) PM

While the Obama administration was taking a victory lap last week after the 5-

AND

the above" president is responsible for increased production and reduced oil import.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC

Warming Adv – AT: Romm Turn

We solve warming – their studies use the wrong variables

Levi, CFR energy fellow, ‘12

(Michael, “Why Allowing Natural Gas Exports Is Probably Good for Climate Change,” 8-17-12, http:~/~/blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/, accessed 9-23-12) PM

First, though Romm doesn’t say it, the IEA report is describing a scenario

AND

on a 450 gas. Natural gas would bring average CO2 intensity down.

Romm uses flawed studies

Levi, CFR energy fellow, ‘12

(Michael, “Why Allowing Natural Gas Exports Is Probably Good for Climate Change,” 8-17-12, http:~/~/blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/, accessed 9-23-12) PM

Romm begins with this:¶ The NY Times piece asserts offers sic this

AND

case, none of this has anything to do with my LNG argument.

AT: Methane

No impact to methane

Levi, CFR energy fellow, ‘12

(Michael, “Why Allowing Natural Gas Exports Is Probably Good for Climate Change,” 8-17-12, http:~/~/blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/08/17/why-allowing-natural-gas-exports-is-probably-good-for-climate-change/, accessed 9-23-12) PM

Onward with Romm’s analysis:¶ It is head-scratching to say the least to

AND

makes a dent in the greenhouse gas advantages of natural gas over coal.

AT: CCS

CCS is impossible

Long timeframe for CCS

Investment fails

Emissions force transition inevitably

Hone, Senior Climate Change Advisor for Royal Dutch Shell, 8-3-12

(David, Chairman of the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA), “Encouraging CCS in Europe,” http://theenergycollective.com/davidhone/99781/encouraging-ccs-europe?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=The+Energy+Collective+%28all+posts%29, accessed 8-7-12, CMM)

All this still points to the need for some CCS activity in Europe this decade

AND

of the ZEP constituency, is backed by industry, academia and NGOs.

2AC – Bond Condition

No evidence to support groundwater pollution

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

Does hydraulic fracturing pose a significant risk to public health and the environment? Even

AND

shows, there is considerable vertical separation between target depth and freshwater zones. 

2AC – K

No root cause

Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of

AND

on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002

(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It

AND

not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a

AND

the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.

Focusing on method is bad – it leads to political paralysis

Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002

James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method

AND

, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

The alt is vague – that’s a reason to reject the team because it makes them a moving target that we can’t test to determine if it is true, and vague alts fail.

Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12

Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http:~/~/truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might

AND

where they are – to point B – where they want to be.

The environment has already been completely managed – only tech can solve and rejecting management crushes biodiversity.

Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992

Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http:~/~/books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.8, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

Radical environmentalism presents yet another threat to the earth in its unyielding opposition to the

AND

numerous endangered animal species currently being bred in zoological gardens (Conway 1988).

Some degree of centralized structures is good and doesn’t cause totalitarianism – the critiques all or nothing approach results in economic chaos, war, and oppression.

Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992

Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http://www.amazon.com/Green-Delusions-Environmentalist-Critique-Environmentalism/dp/0822314746, p.101-2, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

The eco-radical fear of cities and other large-scale structures seems to

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increasing centralization, although certain political interest groups may well pull for it.

No – you go back to medieval shit.

Lewis, George Washington University geography and regional science professor, 1992

Martin, “Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism” http:~/~/books.google.com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=com/books?id=cMThEEHW2JYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandqandf=false, p.7, accessed 7-10-12, TAP

While such are the fantasies only of the most moonstruck extremists, even moderate radicals

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firms are able to devise, or afford, adequate pollution abatement equipment.

2AC – Obama Good

No immigration reform- too much opposition among Reps and Dems

Dallas News, 1-2-13

(“Editorial: Actions must match Obama’s immigration pledge,” http:~/~/www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130102-ece, accessed: 1-2-13, LLL)

President Barack Obama said all the right things Sunday about immigration reform. The president

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how to bring enough Democrats along, while also reaching out to Republicans.

Hagel thumps

Ratnam, Bloomberg, 12-27-12

(Gopal, “Obama Has Double Dilemma in Choice of New Pentagon Chief,” 12-27-12, http:~/~/www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-28/html, accessed 1-2-13) PM

President Barack Obama faces a growing dilemma in his choice of a new defense secretary

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he needs for the bigger battle over the federal budget and deficit reduction.

Gun control and econ thump

LA Times, 12-30-12

(Brian Bennett, “Immigration reform could get overshadowed in Congress,” http:~/~/articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/30/nation/com/2012/dec/30/nation/la-na-immigration-20121230, accessed: 1-2-13, LLL)

The window to pass immigration laws next year is narrowing as the effort competes with

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shift would push the debate in Congress over immigration reform into the spring.

The plan is political capital – Obama will horse trade with the plan for his agenda

Davenport, National Journal, 12-6-12

(Coral, “How Obama and Congress Could Find Common Ground on Energy,” http:~/~/www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/com/magazine/how-obama-and-congress-could-find-common-ground-on-energy-20121206, accessed 12-26-12, CMM)

As always, the question will be what kind of bill can get through Congress

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could use those decisions as chips in a broader grand bargain on energy.

Plan’s bipart

API, American Petroleum Institute, 8-15-12

(“71 percent of voters favor more oil and natural gas development,” http://www.pennenergy.com/index/petroleum/display/7835286447/articles/pennenergy/petroleum/exploration/2012/august/71-percent_of_voters.html?cmpid=EnlDailyPetroAugust162012, accessed 8-18-12, CMM)

Seventy-one percent of American voters favor increased access to U.S. oil and natural gas resources, 90 percent believe more oil and natural gas development could lead to more U.S. jobs, and 87 percent believe it could lower energy costs for consumers, according to a new poll released today.

"Strong majorities of voters support more domestic energy development, regardless of party affiliation

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access to domestic oil and natural gas could lead to more American jobs.

Winners win

Green, professor of political science at Hofstra University, 10

(David Michael, 6-11-10, “The Do-Nothing 44^th President,” http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html, accessed 1-26-11, CMM)

Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement

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of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.

Democratic peace flawed - alternative explanations and instances of war between democracies disprove

Friedman, University of Wisconsin Political Science Chair, 2000 

Edward, congressional China specialist, What If China Doesn’t Democratize?,  227-8

Democratic India has been militarily engaged with both Sri Lanka and Pakistan, even when

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, an absolute claim that democracies do not fight each other is unpersuasive.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake HQ | Judge: 

1AR

1AR – VTL

Always value to life

Schwartz, Glasow philosophy professor and M.D., 3

(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” www.fleshandbones/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf accessed 9/4/9)

The second assertion made by supporters of the quality of life as a criterion for decision- making is closely related to the first, but with an added dimension. This assertion suggests that the determination of the value of the quality of a given life is a subjective determination to be made by the person experiencing that life. The important addition here is that the decision is a personal one that, ideally, ought not to be made externally by another person but internally by the individual involved. Katherine Lewis made this decision for herself based on a comparison between two stages of her life. So did James Brady. Without this element, decisions based on quality of life criteria lack salient information and the patients concerned cannot give informed consent. Patients must be given the opportunity to decide for themselves whether they think their lives are worth living or not. To ignore or overlook patients’ judgement in this matter is to violate their autonomy and their freedom to decide for themselves on the basis of relevant information about their future, and comparative consideration of their past. As the deontological position puts it so well, to do so is to violate the imperative that we must treat persons as rational and as ends in themselves. It is important to remember the subjectivity assertion in this context, so as to emphasize that the judgement made about the value of a life ought to be made only by the person concerned and not by others.

1AR – Environment D

Resiliency checks biod loss

Kareiva et al, Chief Scientist and Vice President, The Nature Conservancy, 12

(Peter, Michelle Marvier, professor and department chair of Environment Studies and Sciences at Santa Clara University, Robert Lalasz, director of science communications for The Nature Conservancy, Winter, “Conservation in the Anthropocene,” http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/conservation-in-the-anthropocene/, accessed 12-18-12, CMM)

2. As conservation became a global enterprise in the 1970s and 1980s, the movement's justification for saving nature shifted from spiritual and aesthetic values to focus on biodiversity. Nature was described as primeval, fragile, and at risk of collapse from too much human use and abuse. And indeed, there are consequences when humans convert landscapes for mining, logging, intensive agriculture, and urban development and when key species or ecosystems are lost.¶ But ecologists and conservationists have grossly overstated the fragility of nature, frequently arguing that once an ecosystem is altered, it is gone forever. Some ecologists suggest that if a single species is lost, a whole ecosystem will be in danger of collapse, and that if too much biodiversity is lost, spaceship Earth will start to come apart. Everything, from the expansion of agriculture to rainforest destruction to changing waterways, has been painted as a threat to the delicate inner-workings of our planetary ecosystem.¶ The fragility trope dates back, at least, to Rachel Carson, who wrote plaintively in Silent Spring of the delicate web of life and warned that perturbing the intricate balance of nature could have disastrous consequences.22 Al Gore made a similar argument in his 1992 book, Earth in the Balance.23 And the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment warned darkly that, while the expansion of agriculture and other forms of development have been overwhelmingly positive for the world's poor, ecosystem degradation was simultaneously putting systems in jeopardy of collapse.24¶ The trouble for conservation is that the data simply do not support the idea of a fragile nature at risk of collapse. Ecologists now know that the disappearance of one species does not necessarily lead to the extinction of any others, much less all others in the same ecosystem. In many circumstances, the demise of formerly abundant species can be inconsequential to ecosystem function. The American chestnut, once a dominant tree in eastern North America, has been extinguished by a foreign disease, yet the forest ecosystem is surprisingly unaffected. The passenger pigeon, once so abundant that its flocks darkened the sky, went extinct, along with countless other species from the Steller's sea cow to the dodo, with no catastrophic or even measurable effects.¶ These stories of resilience are not isolated examples -- a thorough review of the scientific literature identified 240 studies of ecosystems following major disturbances such as deforestation, mining, oil spills, and other types of pollution. The abundance of plant and animal species as well as other measures of ecosystem function recovered, at least partially, in 173 (72 percent) of these studies.25¶ While global forest cover is continuing to decline, it is rising in the Northern Hemisphere, where "nature" is returning to former agricultural lands.26 Something similar is likely to occur in the Southern Hemisphere, after poor countries achieve a similar level of economic development. A 2010 report concluded that rainforests that have grown back over abandoned agricultural land had 40 to 70 percent of the species of the original forests.27 Even Indonesian orangutans, which were widely thought to be able to survive only in pristine forests, have been found in surprising numbers in oil palm plantations and degraded lands.28¶ Nature is so resilient that it can recover rapidly from even the most powerful human disturbances. Around the Chernobyl nuclear facility, which melted down in 1986, wildlife is thriving, despite the high levels of radiation.29 In the Bikini Atoll, the site of multiple nuclear bomb tests, including the 1954 hydrogen bomb test that boiled the water in the area, the number of coral species has actually increased relative to before the explosions.30 More recently, the massive 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was degraded and consumed by bacteria at a remarkably fast rate.31¶ Today, coyotes roam downtown Chicago, and peregrine falcons astonish San Franciscans as they sweep down skyscraper canyons to pick off pigeons for their next meal. As we destroy habitats, we create new ones: in the southwestern United States a rare and federally listed salamander species seems specialized to live in cattle tanks -- to date, it has been found in no other habitat.32 Books have been written about the collapse of cod in the Georges Bank, yet recent trawl data show the biomass of cod has recovered to precollapse levels.33 It's doubtful that books will be written about this cod recovery since it does not play well to an audience somehow addicted to stories of collapse and environmental apocalypse.¶ Even that classic symbol of fragility -- the polar bear, seemingly stranded on a melting ice block -- may have a good chance of surviving global warming if the changing environment continues to increase the populations and northern ranges of harbor seals and harp seals. Polar bears evolved from brown bears 200,000 years ago during a cooling period in Earth's history, developing a highly specialized carnivorous diet focused on seals. Thus, the fate of polar bears depends on two opposing trends -- the decline of sea ice and the potential increase of energy-rich prey. The history of life on Earth is of species evolving to take advantage of new environments only to be at risk when the environment changes again.¶ The wilderness ideal presupposes that there are parts of the world untouched by humankind, but today it is impossible to find a place on Earth that is unmarked by human activity. The truth is humans have been impacting their natural environment for centuries. The wilderness so beloved by conservationists -- places "untrammeled by man"34 -- never existed, at least not in the last thousand years, and arguably even longer.

1AR – Priming

Human nature takes out the alt – we’re geared to consume

Matthey, Research Associate, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group, 10

(Astrid, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group, Jena, Germany,  “Less is more: the influence of aspirations and priming on well-being,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 18, Issue 6, April 2010, Pages 525-530, Science Direct, accessed 12-21-11, CMM)

Matthey 10 conducts a simple experiment to test the influence of priming on people's reference states. Priming is a method that is frequently used in psychology, and is meant to activate certain concepts in the subjects' minds without drawing their attention to this activation (see, e.g., 14). Participants in this experiment had to form 20 meaningful phrases from a group of five words per phrase. Ten of these phrases were neutral and the same across groups. The other ten referred to either material achievements (e.g., “Smart investors become rich.”), social contents (e.g., “Children help their parents.”) or neutral contents. This task took about 5 min. It was intended to activate social vs. material concepts in the subjects' minds. Then participants were given an endowment of 5 Euro and had to decide how much of it to invest in a lottery. In this lottery they would either triple or lose the invested amount with equal probability. The non-invested amounts could be kept for sure.

As the next step, subjects' risk attitudes were inferred from their observed investment decisions

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of measures that do not aim at restoring economic growth and increasing consumption.

No mindset shift toward sustainability – there’s no support

Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6 

(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

Our failure to be effective in protecting our critical ecological and social systems while making

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who warn of collapse and disaster are accused of being doomsayers and Cassandras.

1AR – Consumption Alt

Transition wars

Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6 

(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has

AND

social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.

1AR – Solvency

We don’t have enough shale – supply estimates are still uncertain

Nelder, Slate energy analyst, 11

(Chris, 12-29-11, “What the Frack?,” http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_worth_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html, accessed 8-21-12, CMM)

The recent press about the potential of shale gas would have you believe that America

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, yet those same advocates never adjust their years of supply estimates accordingly.¶

1AR – Fracking Safe

Chemicals can’t migrate – prevents groundwater pollution

Furlow, associate editor of the Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, and Hays, adjunct professor of energy law at UT, ‘12

(John Furlow and John Hays, “ARTICLE: DISCLOSURE WITH PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS COMES TO THE HYDRAULIC FRAC-TURING REVOLUTION,” Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 289, 2011-12, accessed 8-14-12, Lexis) PM

As the UT Energy Institute noted, many of the same chemical additives can be

AND

public health and the environment. No rational connection was demonstrated or attempted.

New developments solve the problems with fracking

Pierobon, Energy Collective, 8-31-12

(Jim, “New sensible efforts are raising the bar for safer, more transparent hydraulic fracturing,” 8-31-12, http:~/~/theenergycollective.com/jimpierobon/108381/com/jimpierobon/108381/new-sensible-efforts-are-raising-bar-safer-more-transparent-hydraulic-fracturing, accessed 9-3-12) PM

The funding of research by the philanthropic arm of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg and

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, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma and Wyoming.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Wake HQ | Judge:
China Shale Adv
Contention 3: China

US exports are key to stabilize Chinese transition to shale
Styles, managing director of GSW Strategy Group, 12-13-12
(Geoffrey, GSW is an energy and environmental strategy consulting firm, Should Alaska Export More LNG to Asia? 12-13-12, http://theenergycollective.com/geoffrey-styles/155936/should-alaska-export-more-lng-asia?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=The+Energy+Collective+%28all+posts%29, accessed 12-24-12) PM

China presents a more … heavily on LNG imports. 

Mass exports key – Chinese demand proves
Scott, NYT, 10-23-12
(Mark, “The Big New Push to Export America’s Gas Bounty,” 10-23-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/energy-environment/excelerate-energy-aims-to-be-a-leader-in-natural-gas.html?_r=0, accessed 1-4-13) PM

Once dependent on natural gas …. it will always be an importer.”

Chinese development of shale gas causes China to draw down African influence
Kaplan, Chief Geopolitical Analyst for Stratfor, 12-19-12
(Robert, non-resident senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security in Washington, D.C., and has been a foreign correspondent for The Atlantic for over 25 years, In 2009, he was appointed to the Pentagon's Defense Policy Board, which advised former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates on key issues, Kaplan served on the board through 2011, from 2006 to 2008, he was the Class of 1960 Distinguished Visiting Professor in National Security at the U.S. Naval Academy, “The Geopolitics of Shale,” stratfor, accessed 12-19-12, CMM)

The countries that might … plentiful in its own interior.

Increased Chinese presence in Africa risks terrorist blowback in China – causes SCS conflict and hurts US-Sino relations
Mazza, research fellow in foreign and defense policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, 1-3-13
(Michael, “Four Surprises That Could Rock Asia in 2013,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/03/four_surprises_that_could_rock_asia_in_2012?page=full, accessed 1-6-13, CMM)

China has managed simmering …. themselves at loggerheads.

Key to relations
Karl, president of the Asia Strategy Initiative, an analysis and advisory firm that has a particular focus on South Asia, 7-24-12
(David J., serves on the board of counselors of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy and previously on the Executive Committee of the Southern California chapter of TiE (formerly The Indus Entrepreneurs), the world's largest not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting entrepreneurship, previously served as director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, in charge of the Council’s think tank focused on foreign policy issues of special resonance to the U.S West Coast, and was project director of the Bi-national Task Force on Enhancing India-U.S. Cooperation in the Global Innovation Economy that was jointly organized by the Pacific Council and the Federation of Indian Chambers and Industry, “New World Coming: America the Energy Superpower,” http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2012/07/24/new-world-coming-america-the-energy-superpower/, accessed 7-25-12, CMM)

Given that China possesses its … economic development.

US-Sino coop is key to the global economy
Clinton, Secretary of State, 11
(Hillary, November, Foreign Policy, “America’s Pacific Century,”
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/americas_pacific_century?page=full, accessed 10-11-11, CMM)

On the economic front, the …, and broader prosperity.

Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of …, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.

Key to Chinese energy security
Downs, senior fellow at Brookings, 2K
(Erica, “CHINA’S ENERGY SECURITY ACTIVITIES,” http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1244/MR1244.ch3.pdf, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The Chinese government … as quickly as possible.¶ 

Solves SCS conflict
Clement, editor at Dezan Shira Law Firm (China), ‘12
(Nicholas, “China and India Vie for Energy Security,” 5-25-12, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The competitive relationship ... unnecessary or accidental escalation.

South China Sea conflict risks major escalation
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent … implications for regional peace and stability.

Asian instability escalates
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think … Commerce Department. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
Plan
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce leasing restrictions on conventional natural gas production in the United States Outer Continental Shelf.

Contention 1: Solvency
Shale’s unsustainable – that will collapse the industry now
Ahmed, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development and Chief Research Officer at Unitas Communications Ltd where he leads on geopolitical risk,
1-10-13
(Nafeez Mosaddeq, “The Great Oil Swindle,” www.fpif.org/articles/the_great_oil_swindle, accessed 1-15-13, CMM)

Headlines about 2012’s World Energy Outlook (WEO) from the International Energy Agency (
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even bigger financial mess, on a faster trajectory toward costly environmental destruction.
Supply disputes block exports now – creating sustainable supplies is key
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 10-22-12) PM

For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible
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concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes.
There’s tons of gas in the OCS – guarantees long term supply. Plan is key to leasing certainty that solves production
Griles, Deputy Secretary of the Department of the Interior, ‘3
(Steven, “ENERGY PRODUCTION ON FEDERAL LANDS,” Hearing before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of the US Senate, 2-27-03, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg86709/html/CHRG-108shrg86709.htm , accessed 10-23-12) PM

Mr. Griles. America's public lands have an abundant ¶ opportunity for exploration and
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and buy, so ¶ they can have certainty about where to go.

Regulatory barriers get removed inevitably – supply is all that matters
Smith, Seeking Alpha, 1-6-13
(Larry, energy stock and investment researcher, “The U.S. May Lead LNG Exports: Who Will Be The Winners?,” 1-6-13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1096911-the-u-s-may-lead-lng-exports-who-will-be-the-winners, accessed 1-12-13) PM

Events from the last few weeks have made it clear to me that the United
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awaiting DOE approval for approval to export to non free-trade countries.
Contention 2: China
Exports key to Chinese energy security
Downs, senior fellow at Brookings, 2K
(Erica, “CHINA’S ENERGY SECURITY ACTIVITIES,” http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1244/MR1244.ch3.pdf, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The Chinese government can also improve China’s energy security¶ through development of the country’s
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the¶ government’s desire to bring reserves on line as quickly as possible.¶
Mass exports key – Chinese and Indian demand proves
Scott, NYT, 10-23-12
(Mark, “The Big New Push to Export America’s Gas Bounty,” 10-23-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/energy-environment/excelerate-energy-aims-to-be-a-leader-in-natural-gas.html?_r=0, accessed 1-4-13) PM

Once dependent on natural gas imports, the United States has gone from a buyer
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China, the tremendous domestic demand ensures it will always be an importer.”
US LNG solves
Toyoda, chairman and chief executive officer of the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, 2-12-13
(Masakazu, Toyoda began his career in 1973 in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now called METI) and worked extensively in the area of energy, environment, trade and industrial policy, He was the vice-minister for international affairs in 2007, and became a special adviser on Asian economy and climate change in the Cabinet Secretariat in 2009 “The Case for Energy Cooperation in East Asia: Part I,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12710/the-case-for-energy-cooperation-in-east-asia-part-I, accessed 3-3-13, CMM)

Over the past few months, Japan’s relations with China and South Korea have deteriorated
AND
. China, South Korea and Japan must act together to achieve this.

That solves SCS conflict
Clement, editor at Dezan Shira Law Firm (China), ‘12
(Nicholas, “China and India Vie for Energy Security,” 5-25-12, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The competitive relationship between China and India has become a defining feature of the strategic
AND
ongoing diplomatic engagement between China and India to avoid unnecessary or accidental escalation.
Energy is key
Martin, Pike Research, 1-12-13
(Richard, Pike Research is a market research and consulting firm that provides in-depth analysis of global clean technology markets, “Around Lonely Islands, An Energy War Brews,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2013/01/12/around-lonely-islands-an-energy-war-brews/, accessed 1-14-13, CMM)

For an international flashpoint, the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea just southwest
AND
sources, but the chances of that happening have increased in recent weeks.
SCS escalates
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, Three Days Ago, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Lurking just behind the Iranian imbroglio, however, is a potential crisis of far
AND
show-of-force operations by both sides in the disputed waters.
Escalation in the short term is likely – perception of the plan is enough
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

As 2012 ended and the New Year began, the situation only deteriorated. On
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.
Causes global nuclear war
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. 

Institutions don’t check
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Regional diplomacy, that classic way of settling disputes in a peaceful manner, has
AND
Chinese press, while officials there refused to cede any ground at all.
Trade doesn’t check
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm
AND
relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.

Contention 3: Mexico (NEW)
The US gas glut causes Mexican energy sector collapse – PEMEX can’t expand now
Rodriguez, Reuters, ‘12
(Carlos Manuel, “U.S. Shale Glut Means Gas Shortage for Mexican Industry: Energy,” 9-4-12, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-03/u-s-shale-glut-means-gas-shortage-for-mexican-industry-energy.html, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Mexico has begun cutting natural gas supplies to some of its largest customers by as
AND
short-term to balance the natural-gas market, Gabriel said.
PEMEX is critical to the Mexican economy
Samples and Vittor, associate and partners at Hogan Lovells US LLP, ’12
(Tim R. and Jose Luis, “Energy Reform and the Future of Mexico’s Oil Industry: The Pemex Bidding Rounds and Integrated Service Contracts”, Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law, 6-21-12, http://tjogel.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Samples-Formatted_Final_June13.pdf, accessed 3-18-13) PM

In recent years, Latin America has seen an uptick in interest as a destination
AND
Mexican oil industry was passed in November 2008 (the Energy Reforms). 14
Makes collapse inevitable – uncertainty and lack of planning
MarketWatch 8-22-12 Laurence Iliff, Pemex declares critical natural gas shortage, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/pemex-declares-critical-natural-gas-shortage-2012-08-22?reflink=MW_news_stmp

When critical alerts are announced, industry and distributors must halt or limit their use
AND
called on the government for long-term solutions to Mexico's energy needs.
PEMEX decline will trigger instability throughout Mexico – timeframe is 10 years
Kohl, Energy and Capital, ‘12 (Keith, “Crisis of Consumption,” 11-27-12, http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/mexican-oil-crisis/2833, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Of course, we all know the story behind the Cantarell field's downfall. Once
AND
I believe the country will be a net oil importer within ten years.

Pemex success key to fight drug cartels
O’Sullivan, professor of international affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, ’12
(Meghan, served on the National Security Council from 2004 to 2007, and was deputy national security advisor for Iraq and Afghanistan, “Mexican Oil Reforms Are Vital on Both Sides of the Border”, reprinted from CFR at Bloomberg, 7-30-12, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-30/mexican-oil-reforms-are-vital-on-both-sides-of-the-border.html, accessed 3-18-13) PM

In recent days a coalition of Mexican advocacy groups has been protesting in front of
AND
oil by 2020, ceasing exports to the U.S. altogether.
That causes Latin American instability
Bonner, senior principal of the Sentinel HS Group, ’10
(Robert C., former administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, “The New Cocaine Cowboys”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2010, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66472/robert-c-bonner/the-new-cocaine-cowboys, accessed 3-18-13) PM

The recent headlines from Mexico are disturbing: U.S. consular official gunned
AND
powerful transnational drug cartels that threaten the stability of Central and South America.
 
That causes nuclear war and extinction
Manwaring, adjunct professor of international politics at Dickinson, 05
(Max G., Retired U.S. Army colonel, Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian Socialism, and Asymmetric Warfare, October 2005, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub628.pdf, accessed 3-18-13) PM

President Chávez also understands that the process leading to state failure is the most
AND
and their associated problems endanger global security, peace, and prosperity.65

Domestic stability key to Mexican global engagement- including TPP
Johnson, CSIS Americas program director, ‘12
(Stephen, "Mexico: Prospects for a New Foreign Policy," CSIS, 11-15-12, csis.org/files/publication/121115_Johnson_MexicoForeignPolicy.pdf, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Foreign policy is not an area where one wants or expects to see a lot
AND
may seem more domestically oriented, its impact is likely to be global.
Mexico key to TPP success
Palacios, University of Guadalajara political studies professor, ‘12
(Juan, "Mexico and the Trans-Pacific Partnership," East Asia Forum, 9-26-12, www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/09/26/mexico-and-the-trans-pacific-partnership/, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Claude Barfield noted that the most significant development at the G20 Summit in Los Cabos
AND
, of which about four-fifths correspond to high-technology goods.
TPP is key to the Asia Pivot
Stratfor, 11-2-11
(“APEC, EAS Meetings a Test of the U.S. Re-Engagement in Asia,” http://www.stratfor.com/print/204156, accessed 11-4-11, CMM)

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC was established in 1989 in Canberra, Australia
AND
the institution’s agenda, Beijing perceives it as counter to its economic interest.
Pivot solves Asian arms race – causes Armageddon
Blumenthal et al, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 9-6-11
(Dan, member of the Project 2049 Institute’s Board of Advisors, was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs; Mark Stokes is executive director of the Project 2049 Institute; Michael Mazza is a senior research associate in foreign and defense policy studies at AEI; Foreign Policy, “Avoiding Armageddon with China,” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china, accessed 9-7-11, CMM)

The paper argues that it is time for the United States to offer more serious
AND
quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon.
Arms race leads to global nuclear war
Cimbala, Penn State Political Science Professor, 10
(Steven, Nuclear weapons and cooperative security in the 21st century: the new disorder, p. 117-118, ES)

Failure to contain proliferation in Pyongyang could spread nuclear fever throughout Asia. Japan and
AND
forestall attack as offensive preparations for attack, thus triggering a mistaken preemption. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – Not Enough Shale
Their studies assume impossible extraction rates
Nelder, Slate energy analyst, 11
(Chris, 12-29-11, “What the Frack?,” http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_worth_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html, accessed 8-21-12, CMM)

One complicating factor here is recoverability, because we are never able to extract all
AND
, yet those same advocates never adjust their years of supply estimates accordingly.¶
Reserves are overestimated and well productivity is declining
Nelder, Slate energy analyst, 11
(Chris, 12-29-11, “What the Frack?,” http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_worth_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html, accessed 8-21-12, CMM)

The truly devilish details of supply forecasts, however, rest in the production models
AND
by 80 percent. Similar adjustments may be ahead for other shale plays.
Industry experts prove
Urbina, NYT, 6-25-11
(Ian, “Insiders Sound an Alarm Amid a Natural Gas Rush,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/us/26gas.html?_r=3andpagewanted=print, accessed 1-19-13) PM

Some doubts about the industry are being raised by people who work inside energy companies
AND
for ConocoPhillips, said he absolutely believed that shale gas is economically viable.
Perception is enough
Lundgren, Bloomberg, ‘12
(Kari, “U.S. Shale Gas Exports Face Hurdles, Former Exxon CEO Says,” 2-10-12, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-10/u-s-shale-gas-exports-face-hurdles-former-exxon-ceo-says.html, accessed 1-6-13) PM

Political constraints and concern production gains at shale fields aren’t sustainable will hinder the development
AND
long-term competitive supply because these are huge investments,” Raymond said.

1AR T
Production must include extraction – consensus
Barrett, Oklahoma Law Review, 93
(Beverly, “OIL AND GAS: ROYE REALTY V. WATSON: ARE ROYALTIES OWED ON ALL TAKE-OR-PAY SETTLEMENTS IN OKLAHOMA?,” 46 Okla. L. Rev. 745, lexis, accessed 3-24-13, CMM)

A royalty interest is defined as "the landowner's share of production, free of
AND
the terms "produced" or "production" are not used. n95
Oil and gas law is distinct and demands its own terms
Keeling, Shareholder, Keeling and Downes, P.C., and Gillespie, Counsel, Beck, Redden and Secrest, L.L.P., 5
(Byron and Karolyn, “THE FIRST MARKETABLE PRODUCT DOCTRINE: JUST WHAT IS THE "PRODUCT"?,” http://www.keelingdownes.com/marketableproduct.pdf, accessed 3-24-13, CMM)

The law governing oil and gas leases "did not spring sui generis from the
AND
very heart of the body of precedent¶ governing oil and gas leases.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
AT: Berman Indict – He’s Awesome
Berman’s right
Ahmed, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development and Chief Research Officer at Unitas Communications Ltd where he leads on geopolitical risk,
1-10-13
(Nafeez Mosaddeq, “The Great Oil Swindle,” www.fpif.org/articles/the_great_oil_swindle, accessed 1-15-13, CMM)

The worst-case scenario is that several large oil companies find themselves facing financial
AND
even bigger financial mess, on a faster trajectory toward costly environmental destruction.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
AT: Impact Turn – Allies Relations
Plan solves miscalc and alliedperceptions – their impact d can be true
Goh, Oxford International relation lecturer, 8
(Evelyn, 7/24/08, Oxford Journals Database, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, “Hierarchy and the role of the United States in the East Asian security order,” 2008 8(3): 353-377)

Apart from making greater sense of recent history, conceiving of the US' role in
AND
, has stymied potential progress in these regional institutions (Malik, 2006). 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – Allow Exports
Even if they win long term certainty, it doesn’t solve the case
Ryan, AOL Energy, 12-7-12
(Margaret, “LNG Project Angst Builds in US Energy Industry,” 12-7-12, http://energy.aol.com/2012/12/07/lng-project-angst-builds-in-us-energy-industry/?icid=related1, accessed 12-24-12) PM

As of the end of October, the Department of Energy (DOE) had
AND
against gas scarcity, can take two years or more for full approvals.
CP causes shale to backfire – collapses the industry
Butterfield, Huffington Post, 12
(Anne, Columnist for the "Boulder Daily Camera", 4-19-12, “Colorado's Elegant Solution for Fracking,”  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anne-butterfield/colorado-fracking_b_1413811.html, accessed 8-19-12, CMM)

And in case anyone has forgotten -- there are huge economic risks with shale gas
AND
bonanza is exhausted sooner than most expected and few profit in the end."
CP links to politics
Rascoe, Reuters, 9-17-12
(Ayesha, “Energy Dept delays release of LNG export report,” 9-17-12, http://news.yahoo.com/energy-department-delays-release-lng-export-report-211004170~-~-finance.html, accessed 9-27-12) PM

The Obama administration on Monday once again delayed release of a report on expanding liquefied
AND
Resources and Sempra Energy on hold pending the outcome of the economic analysis.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – Environment
Regs check the impact
BOEM ‘11
(Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, “Proposed Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program 2012-2017”, November, http://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/Proposed_OCS_Oil_Gas_Lease_Program_2012-2017.pdf)

Offshore Drilling Safety, Spill Preparedness and the Lessons of Deepwater Horizon The Deepwater Horizon
AND
appropriately balanced management and oversight of the nation’s offshore oil and gas resources.
Empirically denied – cleanup funds check the impact
Davis, Associate professor of economic analysis and policy at Berkeley, ‘12
(Lucas, Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley, “Modernizing Bonding Requirements for Natural Gas Producers,” Brookings Hamilton Center Study, June 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/6/13%20bonds%20davis/06_bonds_davis, accessed 1-6-13) PM

The presence of so many small and medium-sized firms ¶ in hydraulic fracturing
AND
into bankruptcy, leaving the cleanup to be ¶ financed with public funds.
Don’t prioritize systemic risk because of the magnitude
Wiener, Duke law, environmental, and public policy professor, 5
(Jonathan B., Perkins Professor of Law, Environmental Policy, and Public Policy at Duke University, and a University Fellow of Resources for the Future, “Book Review: Catastrophe: Risk and Response; Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed”, Journal of Public Analysis and Management, Autumn, Volume 24, Issue 4, pp. 885-9)

Moreover, there are at least two major questions about the remedies for risks of
AND
a premium  for  risk aver- sion) justifies some cost of prevention.
No biod impact – their linear risk and systemic frames are wrong AND resilience is true – assumes their oil leaks and drilling impacts
Kareiva et al, Chief Scientist and Vice President, The Nature Conservancy, 12
(Peter, Michelle Marvier, professor and department chair of Environment Studies and Sciences at Santa Clara University, Robert Lalasz, director of science communications for The Nature Conservancy, Winter, “Conservation in the Anthropocene,” http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/conservation-in-the-anthropocene/, accessed 12-18-12, CMM) 

2. As conservation became a global enterprise in the 1970s and 1980s, the
AND
at least not in the last thousand years, and arguably even longer.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency – AT: Gas Only Leases
Wouldn’t deter – companies can work around
Humphries, CRS Energy Policy Analyst, ‘8
(Marc, “Outer Continental Shelf Leasing: Side-by-Side: Comparison of Five Legislative Proposals,” 9-16-8, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34667_20080916.pdf, accessed 2-24-13) PM

Sec. 109. The Secretary¶ of the Interior would¶ establish regulations for
AND
established and applied¶ to new and existing¶ non-producing  leases.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – Immigration – Straight Up
Won’t pass- Conservatives oppose path to citizenship language and logistics
Stanton, Buzzfeed, 3-21-13
(John, “How Washington's Immigration Momentum Could Collapse At Any Moment,” http://www.buzzfeed.com/johnstanton/how-immigration-reform-could-collapse-at-any-moment, accessed: 3-27-13, LLL)

But Becerra, like most lawmakers involved in the effort, is cognizant of the
AND
could undo all of this," a senior House GOP leadership aide said.
Won’t pass- business and labor disputes
Chokshi, National Journal, 3-26-13
(Niraj, “Why Immigration Reform Is So Hard,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/why-immigration-reform-is-so-hard-20130326, accessed: 3-26-13, LLL) 

Here’s why immigration reform is so tough: It has to balance the conflicting needs
AND
broadly, its viability will depend on a delicate balance of conflicting interests.
Obama pushing cyber security – top priority
Martinez, The Hill, 3-18-13
(Jennifer, “Cyberattacks sound alarms as business, lawmakers scramble to bolster defenses,” 3-18-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/288643-cyberattacks-sound-alarms-dc-scrambles, accessed 3-27-13) PM

President Obama planned to address cybersecurity in all of his meetings with the four congressional
AND
and how the government and private sector can work together to thwart them.
Obama’s pushing fuel emission standards and they’re super unpopular
Eilperin, Washington Post, 3-28-13
(Juliet, “Obama administration moves ahead with sweeping rules requiring cleaner gasoline,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-administration-moves-ahead-with-sweeping-rules-requiring-cleaner-gasoline/2013/03/28/4ea2e01c-97cd-11e2-814b-063623d80a60_print.html, accessed 3-28-13, CMM)

The Environmental Protection Agency will move ahead Friday with a rule requiring cleaner gasoline and
AND
that these cars and vans and pickup trucks are producing,” Nolen said.
Plan’s bipart
Russell, President of the Independent Petroleum Association of America, ‘12
(Barry, “Energy Must Transcend Politics,” 8-15-12, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php?comments=expandall#comments, accessed 1-6-13) PM

There have been glimpses of great leadership, examples when legislators have reached across the
AND
) is another Democratic leader who consistently votes to promote responsible energy development.
Plan solves jobs
Mason, banking department chair at the LSU Ourso College of Business, ‘9
(Joseph, “The Economic Contribution of Increased Offshore Oil Exploration and Production to Regional and National Economies,” Feb 2009, http://www.americanenergyalliance.org/images/aea_offshore_updated_final.pdf, accessed 1-2-13) PM

Until recently, Congressional and Presidential leasing¶ moratoria have withdrawn from production oil and
AND
stimulus are particularly ¶ attractive in the face of a severe economic downturn.
Jobs shields the link
Izadi, National Journal, 12
(Elahe, "Former Sen. Trent Lott, Ex-Rep. Jim Davis Bemoan Partisanship on Energy Issues,” 8-29-12, http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-election/former-members-bemoan-partisanship-on-energy-issues-20120829, accessed 1-6-13) PM

In a climate where everything from transportation issues to the farm bill have gotten caught
AND
Congress.¶ “The job of the next president is critical on energy and
many of these issues, and the job is very simple: adult supervision of the Congress,” Davis said.
Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AR AT: Warming
Even worst case scenarios don’t lead to extinction
Hsu, MA in journalism from NYU’s Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program and majored in History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania, 10
(Jeremy, “Can Humans Survive?,” http://www.livescience.com/9956-humans-survive.html, accessed: 3-16-13, LLL)

Frank Fenner, a microbiologist at Australian National University who helped wipe out the disease
AND
The rhetoric of fear and alarm that some people tend toward is counterproductive."

Global warming doesn’t result in extinction and will be long-time frame
de Mesquita, NYU Political Science Professor, Hoover Institute Senior Fellow, Nov/Dec. 2009
Bruce, "Recipe for Failure," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/16/recipe_for_failure?page=full, 119

So how might we solve global warming and make the world in 500 years look
AND
, warming our solar system, our galaxy, and beyond with abandon.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
CP AT: Must Produce
There are vast number of idle leases now
Wilderness Society, 2-12-13
(“Latest oil and gas statistics show millions of acres unused,” http://wilderness.org/update/latest-oil-and-gas-statistics-show-millions-acres-unused, accessed 3-16-13, CMM)

The latest info from the Bureau of Land Management shows a continuing trend: oil
AND
of U.S. in natural gas production: 2 (source)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Nuclear War = Extinction
Nuclear war causes extinction – independently collapses the ozone
Starr, Physicians for Social Responsibility Senior Scientist, Buletin of Atomic Scientists, Fall 2008
Steven, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2008/10/10_starr_high_alert.pdf, 10/22

General knowledge of nuclear weapon effects is also  sadly lacking. Most people have no
AND
be suicidal, and have called  for a new global nuclear environmental treaty. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC
Plan
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce leasing restrictions on conventional natural gas production in the United States Outer Continental Shelf.

Contention 1: China
Shale’s unsustainable – that will collapse the industry now
Ahmed, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development and Chief Research Officer at Unitas Communications Ltd where he leads on geopolitical risk,
1-10-13
(Nafeez Mosaddeq, “The Great Oil Swindle,” www.fpif.org/articles/the_great_oil_swindle, accessed 1-15-13, CMM)

Headlines about 2012’s World Energy Outlook (WEO) from the International Energy Agency (
AND
even bigger financial mess, on a faster trajectory toward costly environmental destruction.
Supply disputes block exports now – creating sustainable supplies is key
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 10-22-12) PM

For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible
AND
concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes.
Exports key to Chinese energy security
Downs, senior fellow at Brookings, 2K
(Erica, “CHINA’S ENERGY SECURITY ACTIVITIES,” http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1244/MR1244.ch3.pdf, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The Chinese government can also improve China’s energy security¶ through development of the country’s
AND
the¶ government’s desire to bring reserves on line as quickly as possible.¶
Mass exports key – Chinese and Indian demand proves
Scott, NYT, 10-23-12
(Mark, “The Big New Push to Export America’s Gas Bounty,” 10-23-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/energy-environment/excelerate-energy-aims-to-be-a-leader-in-natural-gas.html?_r=0, accessed 1-4-13) PM

Once dependent on natural gas imports, the United States has gone from a buyer
AND
China, the tremendous domestic demand ensures it will always be an importer.”
US LNG solves
Toyoda, chairman and chief executive officer of the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, 2-12-13
(Masakazu, Toyoda began his career in 1973 in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now called METI) and worked extensively in the area of energy, environment, trade and industrial policy, He was the vice-minister for international affairs in 2007, and became a special adviser on Asian economy and climate change in the Cabinet Secretariat in 2009 “The Case for Energy Cooperation in East Asia: Part I,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12710/the-case-for-energy-cooperation-in-east-asia-part-I, accessed 3-3-13, CMM)

Over the past few months, Japan’s relations with China and South Korea have deteriorated
AND
. China, South Korea and Japan must act together to achieve this.

That solves SCS conflict
Clement, editor at Dezan Shira Law Firm (China), ‘12
(Nicholas, “China and India Vie for Energy Security,” 5-25-12, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The competitive relationship between China and India has become a defining feature of the strategic
AND
ongoing diplomatic engagement between China and India to avoid unnecessary or accidental escalation.
Energy is key
Martin, Pike Research, 1-12-13
(Richard, Pike Research is a market research and consulting firm that provides in-depth analysis of global clean technology markets, “Around Lonely Islands, An Energy War Brews,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2013/01/12/around-lonely-islands-an-energy-war-brews/, accessed 1-14-13, CMM)

For an international flashpoint, the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea just southwest
AND
sources, but the chances of that happening have increased in recent weeks.
SCS escalates
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, Three Days Ago, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Lurking just behind the Iranian imbroglio, however, is a potential crisis of far
AND
show-of-force operations by both sides in the disputed waters.
Escalation in the short term is likely – perception of the plan is enough
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

As 2012 ended and the New Year began, the situation only deteriorated. On
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.
Causes global nuclear war
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. 

Institutions don’t check
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Regional diplomacy, that classic way of settling disputes in a peaceful manner, has
AND
Chinese press, while officials there refused to cede any ground at all.
Trade doesn’t check
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm
AND
relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.

Contention 2: IPI

LNG exports prevent IPI pipeline
Johston, WSJ, ‘13
(Robert, Leslie Palti-Guzman, “Johnston and Palti-Guzman: The Foreign Policy Uses of an Energy Bounty,” 1-10-13, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Furthermore, the rise of American LNG exports makes it easier for Washington to convince
AND
as a global gas superpower. The world is waiting for its answer.
That’s key to prevent Hormuz closure
Cohen, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies at Heritage, ‘8
(Ariel, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Cen­ter for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Lisa Curtis, Senior Research Fellow for South Asia in the Asian Studies Center; and Owen Graham is a Research Assistant in the Allison Center at The Heritage Foundation, "The Proposed Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline: An Unacceptable Risk to Regional Security," 5-30-08, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/05/the-proposed-iran-pakistan-india-gas-pipeline-an-unacceptable-risk-to-regional-security, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Finally, by forgoing the IPI pipeline and thus constraining Iran's overland export capability,
AND
option may increase Iran's interest in promoting stability in this extremely important chokepoint.
High risk of closure now
Cordesman, Burke Chair of Strategy at CSIS ‘13
(Anthony H., Bryan Gold, CSIS, Bradley Bosserman, CSIS, Sam Khazai, CSIS, "U.S. and Iranian Strategic Competition: Sanctions, Energy, Arms Control, and Regime Change," 1-22-13, csis.org/publication/us-and-iranian-strategic-competition-sanctions-energy-arms-control-and-regime-change, 3-18-13) PM

The report provides an in-depth analysis of US and Iranian competition focusing on
AND
tactics and is a familiar part of the US-Iranian strategic relationship.
Spikes oil prices
Krauss, NYT, ‘12
(Clifford, "Oil Price Would Skyrocket if Iran Closed the Strait of Hormuz," 1-4-12, www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/business/oil-price-would-skyrocket-if-iran-closed-the-strait.html, accessed 3-18-13) PM

HOUSTON — If Iran were to follow through with its threat to blockade the Strait
AND
Relations, “but there is no certainty in this kind of situation.”
That collapses the economy
The Economist, 11
(3-3-11, “The Price of Fear,” http://www.economist.com/node/18285768, accessed 11-7-11, CMM)

The reason for a rise in the oil price is as important as how large
AND
, after the biggest one-week increase since Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.
IPI wrecks UN security council coop on Iran
Cohen, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies at Heritage, ‘8
(Ariel, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Cen­ter for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Lisa Curtis, Senior Research Fellow for South Asia in the Asian Studies Center; and Owen Graham is a Research Assistant in the Allison Center at The Heritage Foundation, "The Proposed Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline: An Unacceptable Risk to Regional Security," 5-30-08, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/05/the-proposed-iran-pakistan-india-gas-pipeline-an-unacceptable-risk-to-regional-security, accessed 3-18-13) PM

The foreign policies of India and Pakistan are driven increasingly by energy security. To
AND
other energy sources, including clean coal, hydroelectric, and civilian nuclear.
Gas revenues undermine the effectiveness of sanctions
Cohen, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies at Heritage, ‘8
(Ariel, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Cen­ter for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Lisa Curtis, Senior Research Fellow for South Asia in the Asian Studies Center; and Owen Graham is a Research Assistant in the Allison Center at The Heritage Foundation, "The Proposed Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline: An Unacceptable Risk to Regional Security," 5-30-08, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/05/the-proposed-iran-pakistan-india-gas-pipeline-an-unacceptable-risk-to-regional-security, accessed 3-18-13) PM

Iran is an important economic power in the nat­ural gas and petroleum industry
AND
incapable of supplying gas to Pakistan and India through the IPI.39
Both are key to solve Iran prolif
Frenkel, McClatchy Newspapers, ‘13
(Sheera, “Israel: Iran slowing nuclear program, won’t have bomb before 2015,”, 1-28-13, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/01/28/181276/israel-iran-slowing-nuclear-program.html#storylink=cpy, accessed 3-18-13) PM

TEL AVIV, Israel — Israeli intelligence officials now estimate that Iran won’t be able
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firms while blocking Iran from obtaining key materials necessary for its automobile industries.
Sanctions are working – now is key
Gordon, NYT, 2-5-13
(Michael, chief military correspondent for The New York Times, Alan Cowell, senior correspondent for NYT, “Iran Nuclear Talks to Resume This Month,” 2-5-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-talks-to-resume-this-month.html?_r=1and, accessed 2-22-13) PM)

Breaking a deadlock over the location and timing of new talks on its disputed nuclear
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become a nuclear weapons state and indicated that military action is an option.
Iran proliferation ensnares Israel-Iran into nuclear war through proxies
Robb, J.D. at the University of Virginia Law School, ‘12
(Charles, B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Charles Wald, Master of Political Science degree in international relations, Troy State University, Bipartisan Policy Center Board Member “The Price of Inaction: Analysis of Energy and Economic Effects of a Nuclear Iran,” 10-10-12, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/PriceofInaction.pdf, accessed 2-22-13) PM

A nuclear Iran would immediately encounter another nuclear state—even if an undeclared one
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as a much smaller country Israel has far less room for maneuver. Xxvi
Israeli strikes escalate- success irrelevant
Goldberg, The Atlantic, ‘10
(Jeffrey, National correspondent, “The Point of No Return,” September 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/09/the-point-of-no-return/8186/, accessed 2-22-13) PM

When the Israelis begin to bomb the uranium-enrichment facility at Natanz, the
AND
once-admired refuge for a persecuted people into a leper among nations.
MAD doesn’t apply
Henzel, Masters’ candidate at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International relations, ‘12
(John, “Deconstructing Policy Responses to the Iranian Nuclear Program”, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy at t Seton Hall University, http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2012/12/deconstructing-policy-responses-to-the-iranian-nuclear-program/, accessed 2-22-13) PM

Of foremost concern, is the question of if Iran should be allowed to acquire
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far less scruples in handling its nuclear materials than in other nuclear states.
Solvency

There’s tons of gas in the OCS – guarantees long term supply. Plan is key to leasing certainty that solves production
Griles, Deputy Secretary of the Department of the Interior, ‘3
(Steven, “ENERGY PRODUCTION ON FEDERAL LANDS,” Hearing before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of the US Senate, 2-27-03, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg86709/html/CHRG-108shrg86709.htm , accessed 10-23-12) PM

Mr. Griles. America's public lands have an abundant ¶ opportunity for exploration and
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and buy, so ¶ they can have certainty about where to go.

Regulatory barriers get removed inevitably – supply is all that matters
Smith, Seeking Alpha, 1-6-13
(Larry, energy stock and investment researcher, “The U.S. May Lead LNG Exports: Who Will Be The Winners?,” 1-6-13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1096911-the-u-s-may-lead-lng-exports-who-will-be-the-winners, accessed 1-12-13) PM

Events from the last few weeks have made it clear to me that the United
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awaiting DOE approval for approval to export to non free-trade countries.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – China Reps
Threat con doesn’t apply – SCS is unique
Kaplan, senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, 11
(Robert D., national correspondent for the Atlantic, and a member of the U.S. Defense Department's Defense Policy Board, Sept/Oct, Foreign Policy, “The South China Sea Is the Future of Conflict,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_south_china_sea_is_the_future_of_conflict, accessed 9-5-11, CMM)

JUST AS GERMAN SOIL constituted the military front line of the Cold War, the
AND
nationalism, has a geographical home, it is the South China Sea.
No self-fulfilling prophecy
Blumenthal, current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 10-3-11
(Dan, “The Top 10 Unicorns of China Policy,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/03/the_top_ten_unicorns_of_china_policy?page=full, accessed 10-5-11, CMM)

Here are my own top 10 China-policy unicorns:  The self-fulfilling
AND
most fantastical claim about China policy and thus the No. 1 unicorn. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – Framework
c. Engaging the state is key to education and environmental solutions
Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1
(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

And yet mainstream environmentalism has not always advanced an individualized consumeristic strategy for redressing environmental
AND
they were lovely visionaries, naive about the forces that confronted them.22
Method focus causes endless paradigm wars
Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002
James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002
(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.
Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a
AND
the earth we tamper with a mystery. We are in deep ignorance.
No root cause
Joshua Goldstein, American University International Relations Professor, 2001, “War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa,” p.411-412

I began this book hoping to contribute in some way to a deeper understanding of
AND
on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
2AC – Pettman
There is always value to life – external claims about others life destroy individual autonomy
Schwartz, Glasow philosophy professor and M.D. , 2003,
(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” www.fleshandbones/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf accessed 9/4/9)

The second assertion made by supporters of the quality of life as a criterion for
AND
ought to be made only by the person concerned and not by others.
Growth is sustainable – history proves
Ellis, Associate Professor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 12
(Erle, Winter, “The Planet of No Return,” http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/the-planet-of-no-return/, accessed 12-18-12, CMM)

Over the last several decades, a consensus has grown among scientists that humans have
AND
of continuing to support a burgeoning population by engineering and transforming the planet.
Drives don’t match reality – no impact.
Carel, University of the West of England philosophy senior lecturer, 2006
Havi, “Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger” http://books.google.com/books/about/Life_and_Death_in_Freud_and_Heidegger.html?id=Z3Q-HdiGYTEC, p.39-40, accessed 1-19-13, TAP

Secondly, the constancy principle on which these ideas are based is incompatible with observational
AND
support for discarding the Nirvana principle and reconstructing the death drive as aggression.
Their psychological method is flawed – can’t measure individual emotional reactions, individual data can’t be generalized to groups, and political applications create an incentive for dishonesty
Saurette, Associate Prof. of Political Studies @ University of Ottawa, ‘6
(Paul, “You dissin me? Humiliation and post 9/11 global politics”, Review of International Studies (2006), 32, 495–522, accessed 1-16-13, JStor) PM

Investigating  the role of humiliation in global politics  is not, however, an easy
AND
even if  they were able to correctly analyse  them in a group setting.
Psychoanalysis isn’t falsifiable
Beystenhner, Northwestern University, 98
Kristen, "Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality," http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html

Popper, by far one of psychoanalysis' most well-known critics and a strong
AND
then the regulations that govern psychoanalytic interpretation are undependable (p. 55).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC – Lazzarato
Perm is justified because of the vague and utopian nature of the alt – that also dooms solvency
Farber, City University of New York Brooklyn College political science professor, 9-13-12
Samuel, “Occupy Wall Street and the Art of Demanding” http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11507-occupy-wall-street-and-the-art-of-demanding, accessed 9-15-12, TAP

The OWS reluctance to formulate demands might have been beneficial initially in that it might
AND
where they are – to point B – where they want to be.
Governmentality is good – the law is not always bad and the perm is key
Daly, Australian National University Philosophy Department research fellow, '04
Frances borderlands e-journal, "The non-citizen and the concept of 'human rights,'" Vol. 3 No. 1, http://www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au/vol3no1_2004/daly_noncitizen.htm

19. If we are to understand the real function of rights in the modern
AND
the intention towards human dignity, a rich heritage of critique is sidelined.
the perm’s expression of opposition between the aff and the alt solves
Edelman, professor of Political Science @ U of Wisconsin, 87(Murray, U of Minnesota Law Review, September) 

Oppositions in expressed “opinion” accordingly make for social stability: they are almost
AND
that a consensus on common action to oust the regime is easily built.
Democratic structure checks the impact
Dickinson, U.C. Berkeley Associate History Professor, ‘04
Edward Ross, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’,” Central European History, vol. 37 no. 1, pg 1-48

We may draw some brief conclusions from this story. First, there clearly was
AND
were not responsible for the crimes of the Nazis. The Nazis were.
Structural violence doesn’t escalate – they essentialize degrees of violence, systems of violence are not causal to international war
Hinde and Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2000
Robert and Lea,  DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge , UK, 3-8 August http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm

People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows.
AND
multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.
Pragmatic reformist approaches solve their arguments about mapping truth
Rorty ‘80
(Richard, Philosopher (ADD MORE QUALS), "Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism", Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association Vol. 53, No. 6 August 1980, p. 726-7, JSTOR, accessed 8-19-12 TAT)

Let me sum up by offering a third and final characterization of pragmatism: it
AND
projects, not in our obedience ¶ to permanent non-human constraints. 

*This evidence has been gender paraphrased*

Transition wars
Barnhizer, Cleveland State University Law Professor, 6  
(David R. Barnhizer, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government,” Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis, accessed 7-4-12, CMM)

The scale of social needs, including the need for expanded productive activity, has
AND
social justice while avoiding and mitigating the most destructive consequences of our behavior.
Can’t overcome human nature
Matthey, Research Associate, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group, 10
(Astrid, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Strategic Interaction Group, Jena, Germany,  “Less is more: the influence of aspirations and priming on well-being,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 18, Issue 6, April 2010, Pages 525-530, Science Direct, accessed 12-21-11, CMM)

Matthey 10 conducts a simple experiment to test the influence of priming on
AND
of measures that do not aim at restoring economic growth and increasing consumption.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: 

Text: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial incentives for waterless fracturing for the energy production of natural gas.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: 

Contention 1: Warming

Contention 1 is Warming

Warming is real and anthropogenic – 2020 is the tipping point

Sawyer, Global Wind Energy Council secretary general, 9

Steve, World Environment Magazine, June 2009 Issue 3, “Wind Energy as a Key Climate Solution” http:~/~/www.worldenvironment.tv/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=185:wind-energy-as-a-key-climate-solutionandcatid=24:energy-categoryandItemid=39url:http://www.worldenvironment.tv/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=185:wind-energy-as-a-key-climate-solutionandcatid=24:energy-categoryandItemid=39, accessed 10-4-12, TAP

When climate change first started to worry the scientific community in the 1980s, the

AND

world, and the economic disaster of the reliance on imported fossil fuels.

Warming causes multiple scenarios for extinction – passing 4 degrees means no adaptation

Roberts, Grist, 1-10-13

(David, “If you aren’t alarmed about climate, you aren’t paying attention,” 1-10-13, http:~/~/grist.org/article/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal/http://grist.org/article/climate-alarmism-the-idea-is-surreal/, accessed 1-15-13) PM

We know we’ve raised global average temperatures around 0.8 degrees C so far

AND

, but a world that is inexorably more inhospitable with every passing decade.

Reducing emissions is key to solve extinction

Keating, Foreign Policy Web Editor, 11/13/2009

Joshua, "The End of the World," http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full, 11/15

How it could happen: Under the worst-case scenario predicted by the International

AND

-ending outcomes could be mitigated by a substantial reduction in carbon emissions.

Natural gas solves warming – getting rid of coal is key

Bryce, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, 7-17-12

(Robert, “Inside the strange world of 'green energy' politics and how it's ruining the US,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/07/17/inside-strange-world-green-energy-politics-and-how-it-ruining-us/, accessed 7-17-12, CMM)

The United States is leading the world in reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide.

AND

fuels is equally beneficial in percentage terms no matter how fast the transition.”

The plan solves global emissions cuts – renewables can’t fill in

Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12

(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the

AND

of radical cuts in carbon dioxide emissions over the short and medium term.

Producers are going to cut back gas production now – prices need to stay low

Dlouhy, Houston Chronicle, 7-16-12

(Jennifer, “Natural gas glut a dilemma for Obama,” http://www.chron.com/business/article/Natural-gas-glut-a-dilemma-for-Obama-3706576.php, accessed 7-16-12, CMM)

Prices to rise?¶ Many analysts contend natural gas prices are destined to rise even

AND

terminals for receiving natural gas imports that were built before today's drilling boom.

Inexpensive natural gas forces coal out of the market

Schwartz, Senior Vice President for Global Relations and Strategic Planning for Salesforce.com, 8-17-12

(Peter, futurist, author, and cofounder of the Global Business Network (GBN), an elite corporate strategy firm, specializing in future-think and scenario planning, “Abundant Natural Gas and Oil Are Putting the Kabosh on Clean Energy,” http://www.wired.com/business/2012/08/mf_naturalgas/all/, accessed 8-17-12, CMM)

Cheap domestic gas will ultimately have three effects. First it will delay or kill

AND

, nuclear has stalled, and wind and solar projects are being canceled.

Now is a unique moment – anti-science ideology is on the rise – it is generating skepticism toward global warming that precludes institutional change.

Gleick, National Academy of Sciences fellow, 11

Peter, Pacific Institute CEO,  8-31-11, “Why Anti-Science Ideology is Bad for America” http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/http://www.forbes.com/sites/petergleick/2011/08/31/why-anti-science-ideology-is-bad-for-america/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

Anti-science ideology isn’t completely new in the U.S. — there

AND

hide, or misrepresent science in service of political wars and ideological positions.

Rejecting denialism is an ethical choice.

Hamilton, Center for applied philosophy and public ethics professor, 9

Clive, “Hamilton: Denying the coming climate holocaust” http:~/~/www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/11/16/hamilton-denying-the-coming-climate-holocaust/, accessed 9-30-12, TAP

If the climate deniers were to succeed, and stopped the world responding to the

AND

morally worse than Holocaust denialism is no, at least, not yet.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: 

Contention 2: Fracking

Contention 2 is Fracking

Hydraulic fracturing uses millions of gallons of water – that causes ground and surface water pollution, waste mismanagement, and health consequences. Lack of regulation and oversight make these problems uniquely likely

Finkel, Professor of clinical public health at Cornell, ‘11

(Madelon and Adam Law, doctor at Cornell Medical College, “The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol 101, No 5, May 2011, https:~/~/journals.eventjournal.com/upload/349/pdf, accessed 8-29-12) PM

Hydraulic fracturing relies on¶ pumping as much as five million¶ gallons of surface

AND

human health ranging from the¶ comparatively benign to the more¶ serious.

Groundwater pollution is discursively justified through a hydro-social system of exclusion – it marginalizes those who need water for the sake of energy needs. The aff shifts the debate towards a calculus behind water-based fracking

Finewood, assistant professor of sustainability at the Chatham University School of Sustainability and the Environment, and Stroup, assistant professor of Environmental Studies at St. Michael’s College, ’12

(Michael and Laura, “Fracking and the Neoliberalization of the Hydro-Social Cycle in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 147.1, pp72-79, March 2012, accessed 10-22-12) PM

The complex energy-water nexus (whereby energy and water are understood to be

AND

, it would then no longer be quantifiable in a global energy market.

Hydraulic fracking establishes those in fracking communities as acceptable sacrifices for the sake of national interest

Finewood, assistant professor of sustainability at the Chatham University School of Sustainability and the Environment, and Stroup, assistant professor of Environmental Studies at St. Michael’s College, ’12

(Michael and Laura, “Fracking and the Neoliberalization of the Hydro-Social Cycle in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 147.1, pp72-79, March 2012, accessed 10-22-12) PM

But more broadly, we are interested in contributing to a context-specific analysis

AND

water-energy nexus, and to strive for a more equitable future.

Solvency

Government incentives are key

Jenkins and Trembath, Breakthrough Institute, ‘12

(Jesse and Alex, “Avoiding a natural gas bridge to nowhere,” 1-19-12, http:~/~/thebreakthrough.org/archive/avoiding_a_natural_gas_org/archive/avoiding_a_natural_gas_bridge, accessed 8-22-12) PM

Just as the history of unconventional natural gas production in America was fundamentally shaped by

AND

in the development of the key technologies that enabled today's shale gas boom.

Waterless fracking solves all the problems with fracking

Brino, Midwest Energy News, 5-15-12

(Anthony, “Waterless fracking technique makes its debut in Ohio,” http://www.midwestenergynews.com/2012/05/15/waterless-fracking-technique-makes-its-debut-in-ohio/, accessed 7-27-12, CMM)

Although no one really knows how much there is, oil and gas companies are

AND

the company for BMO Capital Markets.¶ “The environmental benefits are secondary.”

Waterless still solves natural gas production AND it’s safer than hydraulic fracturing

LeBLANC et al, Principal Engineer for Reservoir and Production Engineering of Eastex Petroleum Consultants, 11

(Don, LARRY HUSKINS is the Drilling and Completions Team Lead for Corridor Resources, ROBERT LESTZ is a degreed petroleum engineer with 26 years of experience and the Chief Technology Officer for GasFrac Energy Services, July, “Propane-based fracturing improves well performance in Canadian tight reservoirs,” http://www.worldoil.com/July-2011-Propane-based-fracturing-improves-well-performance-in-Canadian-tight-reservoirs.html, accessed 8-19-12, CMM)

The McCully tight gas field in New Brunswick, Canada, is being developed by

AND

flowback continued to be produced even after 1,000 days of production.

It’s super safe and requires no water

Bakken Zone, 8-3-12

(Bakkenzone.com was launched in 2010 to serve as an informational resource about the North Dakota Bakken oil shale boom, “Chimera Energy the latest to develop waterless fracking method,” http://bakken-jobs.com/blog/2012/08/03/chimera-energy-the-latest-to-develop-waterless-fracking-method/, accessed 8-18-12, CMM)

Chimera Energy has become the latest company to reveal it’s development of a method of

AND

risk of contamination of groundwater supplies is going to be a great success.

Concerns with fracking center on water usage – the plan solves

Goodman, CBS DFW, 12

(Matt, CBS Dallas-Fort Worth, 1-12-12, “Waterless Fracking Method Targets Natural Gas Industry’s Gaze,” dfw.cbslocal.com/2012/01/12/waterless-fracking-method-target-for-natural-gas-industrys-gaze/, accessed 8-18-12, CMM)

The debates for and against hydraulic fracturing all center on the world’s most essential natural

AND

. operations. “We use what actually comes out of the ground.”

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: 

The role of the ballot is to evaluate the desirability of the implementation of the plan

a. Key to fairness – anything else moots the 1ac – eliminates 9 minutes of aff offense and makes it impossible to be aff

b. Implementation education – allowing us to weigh the case is key to test the alternative against different advocacies

c. Engaging the state is key to education and environmental solutions

Maniates, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Science at Allegheny College, 1

(Michael, “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the World?,” Global Environmental Politics 1:3, August 2001, http://merlin.allegheny.edu/employee/m/mmaniate/savetheworld.pdf, page 32-33, accessed 6-20-12, CMM)

And yet mainstream … confronted them.22

They crush critical thinking in debate – that uniquely solves racism. Critical thinking key to solve racism.

Also answers debate bad

Lundberg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill communications professor, 2010

Christian, Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century by Allan Louden, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” http:~/~/books.google.com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=com/books?id=ntHxX_9J7gYCandprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageandq=complex20worldandf=false, p.311-3, accessed 8-8-12, TAP

The second major problem … at colleges and universities.

Decision-making skills and engagement with the state energy apparatus prevents energy technocracy and actualizes radical politics

Hager, Bryn Mawr College political science professor, ‘92

Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70, accessed 10-7-12, AFB

During this phase, the citizen … modern technological society.61

Method focus causes endless paradigm wars

Fearon, Stanford Political Science Professor, and Wendt, Ohio State  IR Professor, 2002

James and Alexander, Handbook of International Relations, p. 68

It should be stressed … on all three levels.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002

(Jeffrey C. “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine Vol. 49 Issue 2, p32)

Power is not a dirty word … political effectiveness.

Utilitarianism precludes any other framework for evaluations, life comes first.

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human … in deep ignorance.

*Their reductionist view of the world is wrong – err towards rationalism

Rescher, Professor of Philosophy, 98

Nicholas Rescher, Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh, 1998, Complexity: a philosophical overview, p. 205-208

Students of contemporary … nor wish to understand.

Util is good – extinction flips ethical considerations

Schell, 2000 (policy analyst and proliferation expert, Jonathan, “The Fate of the Earth”, p. 94-5 *This card has been gender-modified)

To say that human extinction …. We are in deep ignorance.

The aff is an example of changing the calculus of utilitarian thinking – people at the margins of society now are excluded because institutions find it more worthwhile to use water they need to survive for natural gas production

B. Learning the language of the state is key to solve

Sullivan, the New Republic – editor, 1995 (Andrew, Virtually Normal, pg. 91-93)

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment … like a human home.”

Poststructural theories of black cultural expression reintrench the binaries of race that inform and motivate racialized practices

Radano, University of Wisconsin Assistant Professor of Afro-American Studies, 95

(Ronald M., "Soul Texts and the Blackness of Folk", Modernism/Modernity 2.1 (1995) 71-95), ProjectMuse, accessed 2-24-13 TAT)

Since the 1980s, as critics of … soundings of the soul of black folk.

Their use of Black poststructural literary theory alienates the black masses outside of academia-this limits its radical potential and increases alienation

Joyce, African American Literary theorist, 87

(Joyce A., New Literary History, Vol. 18, No. 2, Literacy, Popular Culture, and the Writing of History, Winter 1987, "The Black Canon: Reconstructing Black American Literary Criticism", JSTOR accessed 2-24-13 TAT)

Consequently, Black American .. poststructuralist methodology.

Expenditure is not transgressive- limitless consumption is useless theory

Paul Mann, 1999, “The Exquisite Corpse of Georges Bataille” in Masocriticism, p. 67-9

I would like at one and the same time to … theory-death. A double fatality.

Celebrating expenditure for its own sake is non-sensical – their criticism links to itself.

Wolin, City University of New York literature professor, 2004

 Richard, “Left Fascism” http:~/~/books.google.com/books?id=4H4BeyiYBuECandpg=PA165andlpg=PA165anddq=Bataille's+celebration+of+transgression+for+its+own+sake+seems+woefully+simplisticandsource=blandots=uuEteSR3Pqandsig=Cp0BLOVL34A586SHSDD-VrqvDL4andhl=enandsa=Xandei=-j1vUMLAHYTYqQHdrYCQCQandved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageandq=Bataille's20celebration20of20transgression20for20its20own20sake20seems20woefully20simplisticandf=com/books?id=4H4BeyiYBuECandpg=PA165andlpg=PA165anddq=Bataille's+celebration+of+transgression+for+its+own+sake+seems+woefully+simplisticandsource=blandots=uuEteSR3Pqandsig=Cp0BLOVL34A586SHSDD-VrqvDL4andhl=enandsa=Xandei=-j1vUMLAHYTYqQHdrYCQCQandved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageandq=Bataille's20celebration20of20transgression20for20its20own20sake20seems20woefully20simplisticandf=false, p. 165, accessed 10-5-12, TAP

At times, Bataille's … commodity exchange.

Black critics need to engage concrete political struggle. Gates' theory of Signifying is a retreat from the activist role of black intellectual

Joyce, African American Literary theorist, 87

(Joyce A., New Literary History, Vol. 18, No. 2, Literacy, Popular Culture, and the Writing of History, Winter 1987, "The Black Canon: Reconstructing Black American Literary Criticism", JSTOR accessed 2-24-13 TAT)

Certainly, W. E. B. Du Bois … in "The Signifying Monkey."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Towson JR | Judge: 

Agency is determined subjectively

Schwartz, Glasow philosophy professor and M.D. , 2003,

(Lisa, “The Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” www.fleshandbones/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf accessed 9/4/9)

The second assertion … and not by others.

Black critics need to engage concrete political struggle. Gates' theory of Signifying is a retreat from the activist role of black intellectual

Joyce, African American Literary theorist, 87

(Joyce A., New Literary History, Vol. 18, No. 2, Literacy, Popular Culture, and the Writing of History, Winter 1987, "The Black Canon: Reconstructing Black American Literary Criticism", JSTOR accessed 2-24-13 TAT)

Certainly, W. E. B. Du Bois was … "The Signifying Monkey."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: 

Plan

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce leasing restrictions on conventional natural gas production in the United States Outer Continental Shelf.

Contention 1: China

Shale’s unsustainable – that will collapse the industry now
Ahmed, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development and Chief Research Officer at Unitas Communications Ltd where he leads on geopolitical risk,
1-10-13
(Nafeez Mosaddeq, “The Great Oil Swindle,” www.fpif.org/articles/the_great_oil_swindle, accessed 1-15-13, CMM)

Headlines about 2012’s World Energy Outlook (WEO) from the International Energy Agency (
AND
even bigger financial mess, on a faster trajectory toward costly environmental destruction.
Supply disputes block exports now – creating sustainable supplies is key
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 10-22-12) PM

For an increase in U.S. exports of LNG to be considered feasible
AND
concern, owing to the continued rapid improvement in technologies and production processes.
Exports key to Chinese energy security
Downs, senior fellow at Brookings, 2K
(Erica, “CHINA’S ENERGY SECURITY ACTIVITIES,” http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1244/MR1244.ch3.pdf, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The Chinese government can also improve China’s energy security¶ through development of the country’s
AND
the¶ government’s desire to bring reserves on line as quickly as possible.¶
Mass exports key – Chinese and Indian demand proves
Scott, NYT, 10-23-12
(Mark, “The Big New Push to Export America’s Gas Bounty,” 10-23-12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/energy-environment/excelerate-energy-aims-to-be-a-leader-in-natural-gas.html?_r=0, accessed 1-4-13) PM

Once dependent on natural gas imports, the United States has gone from a buyer
AND
China, the tremendous domestic demand ensures it will always be an importer.”
US LNG solves 
Toyoda, chairman and chief executive officer of the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan, 2-12-13
(Masakazu, Toyoda began his career in 1973 in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (now called METI) and worked extensively in the area of energy, environment, trade and industrial policy, He was the vice-minister for international affairs in 2007, and became a special adviser on Asian economy and climate change in the Cabinet Secretariat in 2009 “The Case for Energy Cooperation in East Asia: Part I,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12710/the-case-for-energy-cooperation-in-east-asia-part-I, accessed 3-3-13, CMM)

Over the past few months, Japan’s relations with China and South Korea have deteriorated
AND
. China, South Korea and Japan must act together to achieve this.

That solves SCS conflict
Clement, editor at Dezan Shira Law Firm (China), ‘12
(Nicholas, “China and India Vie for Energy Security,” 5-25-12, http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2012/05/25/china-and-india-vie-for-energy-security-11177.html, accessed 1-4-13) PM

The competitive relationship between China and India has become a defining feature of the strategic
AND
ongoing diplomatic engagement between China and India to avoid unnecessary or accidental escalation.
Energy is key
Martin, Pike Research, 1-12-13
(Richard, Pike Research is a market research and consulting firm that provides in-depth analysis of global clean technology markets, “Around Lonely Islands, An Energy War Brews,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2013/01/12/around-lonely-islands-an-energy-war-brews/, accessed 1-14-13, CMM)

For an international flashpoint, the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea just southwest
AND
sources, but the chances of that happening have increased in recent weeks.
SCS escalates and collapses the global economy
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Lurking just behind the Iranian imbroglio, however, is a potential crisis of far
AND
show-of-force operations by both sides in the disputed waters.

Economic collapse leads to global war.
Lind, New America Foundation Economic Growth Program Policy Director, 5/11/2010
Michael, "Will the great recession lead to World War IV?," http://www.salon.com/news/economics/index.html?story=/opinion/feature/2010/05/11/great_recession_world_war_iv

If history is any guide, an era of global economic stagnation will help the
AND
Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania in 1984 is all too easy to imagine.

Escalation in the short term is likely – perception of the plan is enough
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

As 2012 ended and the New Year began, the situation only deteriorated. On
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.
Causes global nuclear war
Landay, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, 2K
(Jonathan S., “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”, 3-10, Knight Ridder/Tribune News) Accessed on LexisNexis 12-29-09

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
that totaled $600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department. 

Institutions don’t check
Klare, Peace and World Security Studies professor at Hampshire, 1-23-13
(Michael, “The Next War,” 1-23-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500.html, accessed 1-24-13) PM

Regional diplomacy, that classic way of settling disputes in a peaceful manner, has
AND
Chinese press, while officials there refused to cede any ground at all.
Trade doesn’t check
Medcalf, Lowy Institute (Sydney) International Security Programme Director, and Heinrichs, Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Scholar, 11
(Rory and Raoul, 6-27-11, “Asia’s Maritime Confidence Crisis,” http://the-diplomat.com/2011/06/27/asia%E2%80%99s-maritime-confidence-crisis/?all=true, accessed 10-9-11, CMM)

To the casual observer, recent security tensions in Asian waters might seem a storm
AND
relations among major powers, with dangerous implications for regional peace and stability.

Contention 2: The Mediterranean

US exports locks out Israel – undermines their influence
Wurmser, senior advisor on the Middle East, and Baron, founder and president of Baron Public Affairs, ‘12
(David, Ph.D. was a senior advisor on the Middle East to Cheney, Jonathan, held senior staff positions with members of the congressional leadership and is the founder and president of Baron Public Affairs, Israel's “Strategic Energy Opportunity Calls For Exports,” 9-27-12, http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/09/27/israels-strategic-energy-opportunity-calls-for-exports/, accessed 3-26-13) PM

Third, Israel’s offshore natural gas represents a strategically vital resource that must be exploited
AND
of supply, as well as help unlock considerable macroeconomic and geopolitical advantages.
Now’s key – Israeli gas exports make Mediterranean conflict inevitable
Zhukov, Fellow with the Program on Global Society and Security at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, 3-20-13
(Yuri, Trouble in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,” 3-20-13, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139069/yuri-m-zhukov/trouble-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-sea?page=show, accessed 3-26-13) PM

Although an open naval conflict in the eastern Mediterranean is unlikely in the near term
AND
skeptical of Israel’s and Cyprus’ intentions of adhering to any settlement reached now.
Conflict now is likely
Zhukov, Fellow with the Program on Global Society and Security at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, 3-20-13
(Yuri, Trouble in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,” 3-20-13, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139069/yuri-m-zhukov/trouble-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-sea?page=show, accessed 3-26-13) PM

In recent years, resource disputes in the South China Sea have made headlines across
AND
active engagement by outside powers, these disagreements will be difficult to resolve.
Causes Middle East war – their defense is wrong 
Luft, executive director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, ‘10
(Gal, “Is a Mideast War Brewing over Natural Gas Find?,” 7-19-10, http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=12392, accessed 3-26-13) PM

The discovery of a gigantic natural gas reservoir less than 100 miles off Israel's coast
AND
already announced its willingness to use force to protect its natural gas finds.
Nuclear war
RUSSELL, senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, 9
James A., , focused on Middle East security affairs, terrorism, and national security strategy. “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East” Spring http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandsource=webandcd=1andsqi=2andved=0CBMQFjAAandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.edu%2FAcademics%2Fcenters%2FCCC%2Ffaculty%2Fbiolinks%2Frussell%2FPP26_Russell_2009.pdfandrct=jandq=Strategic%20Stability%20Reconsidered%3A%20Prospects%20for%20Nuclear%20War%20and%20Escalation%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%22andei=y_dbTcmfD4K0lQeY7cTkCQandusg=AFQjCNGBgAt5-o6WwVPg7b503iUYltj2nwandsig2=9rGfIq5oVZNvgR8pn8vhvA, page 41, accessed 2-16-11, CMM 

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.
Russia and the US get drawn in
Zhukov, Fellow with the Program on Global Society and Security at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, 3-20-13
(Yuri, Trouble in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,” 3-20-13, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139069/yuri-m-zhukov/trouble-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-sea?page=show, accessed 3-26-13) PM

Due to these commitment problems, any serious attempt at conflict resolution would require mediation
AND
, however, it has become increasingly difficult to view Washington as impartial.
Extinction
Bostrom, Oxford philosophy faculty, 2
Nick, “Existential Risks Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” Published in the Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html

A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.
US is key
Zhukov, Fellow with the Program on Global Society and Security at Harvard University's Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, 3-20-13
(Yuri, Trouble in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,” 3-20-13, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139069/yuri-m-zhukov/trouble-in-the-eastern-mediterranean-sea?page=show, accessed 3-26-13) PM

Any one of the issues facing countries in the eastern Mediterranean -- disputes over gas
AND
ambitions, the United States remains the only viable contender for this mission.

Solvency

Functional moratorium now – means we can’t access 98% of OCS reserves. Plan removes those restrictions
Pyle, President of the Institute for Energy Research, ‘12
(Thomas, “Energy Department sneaks offshore moratorium past public; Jobs and oil-supply potential are shut down,” 7-10-12, accessed 10-23-12, Lexis) PM

While the Obama administration was taking a victory lap last week after the 5-
AND
of annual leases is down more than 50 percent from the Clinton era.
Under the new Obama plan, those numbers will only get worse. The 2012
AND
the above" president is responsible for increased production and reduced oil import.
Exporting is possible – the infrastructure is already in the works
Ebinger, Senior fellow and Director of the Energy Security Initiative at Brookings, ‘12
(Charles, “Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas,” 5-2-12, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports/20120502_lng_exports, accessed 8-17-12) PM

The Brookings team distilled the findings of the feasibility and ¶ implications of LNG exports
AND
, we found that the environmental¶ implications of LNG exports are negligible.

There’s tons of gas in the OCS – guarantees long term supply. Plan is key to leasing certainty that solves production
Griles, Deputy Secretary of the Department of the Interior, ‘3
(Steven, “ENERGY PRODUCTION ON FEDERAL LANDS,” Hearing before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee of the US Senate, 2-27-03, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg86709/html/CHRG-108shrg86709.htm , accessed 10-23-12) PM

Mr. Griles. America's public lands have an abundant ¶ opportunity for exploration and
AND
and buy, so ¶ they can have certainty about where to go.

Regulatory barriers get removed inevitably – supply is all that matters
Smith, Seeking Alpha, 1-6-13
(Larry, energy stock and investment researcher, “The U.S. May Lead LNG Exports: Who Will Be The Winners?,” 1-6-13, http://seekingalpha.com/article/1096911-the-u-s-may-lead-lng-exports-who-will-be-the-winners, accessed 1-12-13) PM

Events from the last few weeks have made it clear to me that the United
AND
awaiting DOE approval for approval to export to non free-trade countries.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge: 

Solvency – AT: Worker Shortage

Poaching from other professions solves
Olson et al, Bloomberg, 3-7-13
(Bradley, Edward Klump and Jack Kaskey, “Dearth of Skilled Workers Imperils $100 Billion Projects,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/dearth-of-skilled-workers-imperils-100-billion-projects.html, accessed 3-8-13, CMM)

Demand for skilled workers is so great that companies such as ConocoPhillips have begun to
AND
, global head of natural resources at Denham Capital Management LP in Houston.
No worker shortage – other industries fill in
Sebastian ‘12
Simone, “Labor shortage continues to plague expanding energy industry,” http://fuelfix.com/blog/2012/01/11/labor-shortage-continues-to-plague-expanding-oil-and-gas-industry/

Coton said the industry’s best chance for bridging the gap is to recruit workers from other fields, including shipbuilding and infrastructure industries.¶ Oil and gas companies also have set their sites on military workers, whose training in technical and high-pressure environments is comparable to oil field work.

2AC – Not Enough Shale (Short)

Shale unsustainable – newest data shows major reductions
Penn Energy 1-26-13
(“U.S. shale gas reserve estimates plummet,” 1-26-13, http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2012/01/u-s~-~-shale-gas-reserve.html, accessed 2-4-13) PM

The latest estimates of shale natural gas reserves in the U.S. represent
AND
production will rise even higher than previously predicted despite the smaller resource base.
Reserves are overestimated and well productivity is declining
Nelder, Slate energy analyst, 11
(Chris, 12-29-11, “What the Frack?,” http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_worth_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html, accessed 8-21-12, CMM)

The truly devilish details of supply forecasts, however, rest in the production models
AND
their claims. Reserves appear to be overstated by more than 100 percent¶

 Typically, the core 10 to 15 percent of a shale formation’s gas is
AND
by 80 percent. Similar adjustments may be ahead for other shale plays.

Perception is enough
Lundgren, Bloomberg, ‘12
(Kari, “U.S. Shale Gas Exports Face Hurdles, Former Exxon CEO Says,” 2-10-12, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-10/u-s-shale-gas-exports-face-hurdles-former-exxon-ceo-says.html, accessed 1-6-13) PM

Political constraints and concern production gains at shale fields aren’t sustainable will hinder the development
AND
long-term competitive supply because these are huge investments,” Raymond said.

Solvency – AT: Gas Only Leases

Wouldn’t deter – companies can work around
Humphries, CRS Energy Policy Analyst, ‘8
(Marc, “Outer Continental Shelf Leasing: Side-by-Side: Comparison of Five Legislative Proposals,” 9-16-8, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34667_20080916.pdf, accessed 2-24-13) PM

Sec. 109. The Secretary¶ of the Interior would¶ establish regulations for
AND
established and applied¶ to new and existing¶ non-producing  leases.
There are workarounds – their author – two paragraphs later
Maritime Executive, 08
(4-2-08, “Gas-Only Drilling in Offshore Moratorium Areas Suggested,” http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/2005-10-20gas-only-drilling-in-offshore-moratori, accessed 2-24-13) PM

However, the American Petroleum Institute (API), in comments this week to MMS
AND
, only to be forced to abandon the resource, stranding substantial investments."
THEIR CARD ENDS
Another set of comments submitted jointly by several groups -- including the Domestic Petroleum Council
AND
leases by companies unless the governor and state legislature allowing offshore production object. 

Solvency – AT: Price Differential Arguments (Close Gap, Cost, etc)

Always a price advantage
Harris, CEO of Recurrent Energy, 12-18-12
(Arno, “Export Natural Gas to Accelerate Our Clean Energy Future,” 12-18-12, http://theenergycollective.com/arnoharris/160796/export-natural-gas-accelerate-our-clean-energy-future?ref=node_related_posts, accessed 12-24-12) PM

The NERA study also addresses alarmist projections that export would result in disastrous price increases
AND
gas supply in the U.S. relative to their global rivals.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Mary Washington MM | Judge:
Renewables can’t fill in – that makes warming from emissions inevitable
Riley, professor of energy law at The City Law School at City University London, 8-13-12
(Alan, “Shale Gas to the Climate Rescue,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/opinion/shale-gas-to-the-climate-rescue.html?_r=1andpagewanted=print, accessed 8-14-12, CMM)

The battle against runaway climate change is being lost. The green movement and the
AND
we have a chance to reset the trajectory of global carbon dioxide emissions.

¶ A widespread turn to the use of shale gas would give the planet precious
AND
in carbon emissions that we can achieve by replacing coal with shale gas.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
Doesn’t solve the case – still leaves the whole Obama plan in place – causes huge uncertainty
Snow, OGJ Washington Editor, ‘12
(Nick, “DOI announces proposed final 2012-17 OCS leasing program,” 6-28-12, http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/06/doi-announces-proposed-final-2012-17-ocs-leasing-program.html , accessed 10-25-12) PM

“We are taking a cautious approach to leasing in the Arctic that accounts for
AND
Obama administration chose to follow the same tired path for American offshore exploration.”
Opening federal lands to drilling crushes the outdoors industry – that’s key to the economy.
Goad, Manager of Research and Outreach for the Public Lands Project at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, 2-15-13
(Jessica, “New Outdoor Industry Data Show The Power Of The Recreation Economy In Every State,” http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/02/15/1597431/new-outdoor-industry-data-show-the-power-of-the-recreation-economy-in-every-state/?mobile=nc, accessed 2-15-13, CMM)

The outdoor recreation economy is big business in America. Data released today by the
AND
ground has never been clearer, as data like those released today show.

Opening federal lands wouldn’t increase production much and it’s mostly shale so it can’t solve
Levi, CFR Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment, 3-8-13
(Michael, “The Shale Boom Won’t Be Repeated on Federal Lands,” http://blogs.cfr.org/levi/2013/03/08/the-shale-boom-wont-be-repeated-on-federal-lands/, accessed 3-14-13, CMM)

A visit to Yellowstone National Park last week has me thinking about federal lands.
AND
lot bigger with more access to federal lands. It probably wouldn’t be.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
Drilling is safe
Bradley, President and CEO, Institute for Energy Research, 3/25/2013
Robert, “Oil and Gas Isn't Just One Of The Richest Industries, It's Also One Of The Safest,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertbradley/2013/03/25/oil-gas-isnt-just-one-of-the-richest-industries-its-also-one-of-the-safest/

You wouldn’t know it from the major media coverage, but the American oil and
AND
, “alternative” energies are hardly cleaner, greener, and safer.
Regs check the impact
BOEM ‘11
(Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, “Proposed Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program 2012-2017”, November, http://www.boem.gov/uploadedFiles/Proposed_OCS_Oil_Gas_Lease_Program_2012-2017.pdf)

Offshore Drilling Safety, Spill Preparedness and the Lessons of Deepwater Horizon The Deepwater Horizon
AND
appropriately balanced management and oversight of the nation’s offshore oil and gas resources.
No biod impact – their linear risk and systemic frames are wrong AND resilience is true – assumes their oil leaks and drilling impacts
Kareiva et al, Chief Scientist and Vice President, The Nature Conservancy, 12
(Peter, Michelle Marvier, professor and department chair of Environment Studies and Sciences at Santa Clara University, Robert Lalasz, director of science communications for The Nature Conservancy, Winter, “Conservation in the Anthropocene,” http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/journal/past-issues/issue-2/conservation-in-the-anthropocene/, accessed 12-18-12, CMM) 

2. As conservation became a global enterprise in the 1970s and 1980s, the
AND
at least not in the last thousand years, and arguably even longer.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
Either uniqueness overwhelms because of shared interests or coop is down – alt causes
Weitz, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, 1-29-13
(Richard, World Politics Review senior editor, “Global Insights: Oil Sector a Challenge for Russia, Opportunity for U.S.,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12672/global-insights-oil-sector-a-challenge-for-russia-opportunity-for-u-s, accessed 3-25-13) PM

U.S.-based multinationals have the capital and technologies to help Russia exploit
AND
reduce corruption and bureaucracy; and insure that property rights are better protected.
Russia is expanding Arctic oil and gas drilling now
LeVitt, InvestorPlace Contributor, 2-14-13
(Aaron, “Rosneft: Russia’s Energy Giant Is One to Ride,” http://investorplace.com/2013/02/rosneft-russias-energy-giant-is-one-to-ride/, accessed 2-18-13, CMM)

The Arctic Circle truly is one of the last frontiers for energy exploration. Blessed
AND
it thins out the bitumen and allows it to be pumped through pipelines. 

No Arctic conflict over resources – disputes are overplayed and negotiations solve.
Brigham, distinguished professor of geography and Arctic policy at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, 10
(Lawson, Sept/Oct, “Think Again: The Arctic,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/16/think_again_the_arctic?page=full, accessed 11-4-12, CMM)

Maybe not, but many countries are looking at the Arctic today with fresh eyes
AND
borders and oil fields today are in regions that are badly destabilized already.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
Keystone thumps
RESTUCCIA, Politico, 2-8-13
(Andrew, “Can Obama pair Keystone, climate action?,” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/02/can-obama-pair-keystone-climate-action-87350.html, accessed 2-16-13, CMM)

President Barack Obama is approaching two of the most crucial energy decisions of his presidency
AND
give Obama an early opportunity to build some goodwill across the political spectrum.”
Massive desal expansion now and prices keep coming down
Craze, Bloomberg, 2-14-13
(Matt, “Desalination Seen Booming at 15% a Year as World Water Dries Up,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-14/desalination-seen-booming-at-15-a-year-as-world-water-dries-up.html, accessed 2-18-13, CMM)

As the global population soars by about 74 million people a year, water shortages
AND
like China, desalination is an economic slam- dunk,” he says.

Water wars empirically denied and just don’t make sense 
Allouche, research fellow at Institute for Development Studies at MIT, 11
(Jeremy, former professor – MIT, PhD in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Studies “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, Volume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Pages S3–S8, Science Direct, accessed 11-3-12, CMM)

The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
AND¶ the last two centuries humankind has breached many resource barriers that seemed unchallengeable
AND
Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
Won’t pass- Conservatives oppose path to citizenship language and logistics 
Stanton, Buzzfeed, 3-21-13
(John, “How Washington's Immigration Momentum Could Collapse At Any Moment,” http://www.buzzfeed.com/johnstanton/how-immigration-reform-could-collapse-at-any-moment, accessed: 3-27-13, LLL)

But Becerra, like most lawmakers involved in the effort, is cognizant of the
AND
could undo all of this," a senior House GOP leadership aide said.
Won’t pass- business and labor disputes 
Chokshi, National Journal, 3-26-13
(Niraj, “Why Immigration Reform Is So Hard,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/congress/why-immigration-reform-is-so-hard-20130326, accessed: 3-26-13, LLL) 

Here’s why immigration reform is so tough: It has to balance the conflicting needs
AND
broadly, its viability will depend on a delicate balance of conflicting interests.
Enviro backlash now
Geman, The Hill, 3-15-13
(Ben, “Report: EPA climate rules for power plants likely delayed,” http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/288455-report-epa-climate-rules-for-power-plants-likely-delayed, accessed 3-28-13, CMM)

The Obama administration is likely to revise controversial planned rules that would set carbon emissions
AND
restrictions on existing coal plants, a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.
The plan is political capital – Obama will horse trade with the plan for his agenda
Davenport, National Journal, 12-6-12
(Coral, “How Obama and Congress Could Find Common Ground on Energy,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/how-obama-and-congress-could-find-common-ground-on-energy-20121206, accessed 12-26-12, CMM)

As always, the question will be what kind of bill can get through Congress
AND
could use those decisions as chips in a broader grand bargain on energy.
Plan’s bipart
Russell, President of the Independent Petroleum Association of America, ‘12
(Barry, “Energy Must Transcend Politics,” 8-15-12, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php?comments=expandall#comments, accessed 1-6-13) PM

There have been glimpses of great leadership, examples when legislators have reached across the
AND
) is another Democratic leader who consistently votes to promote responsible energy development.
Plan solves jobs 
Mason, banking department chair at the LSU Ourso College of Business, ‘9
(Joseph, “The Economic Contribution of Increased Offshore Oil Exploration and Production to Regional and National Economies,” Feb 2009, http://www.americanenergyalliance.org/images/aea_offshore_updated_final.pdf, accessed 1-2-13) PM

Until recently, Congressional and Presidential leasing¶ moratoria have withdrawn from production oil and
AND
stimulus are particularly ¶ attractive in the face of a severe economic downturn.
Jobs shields the link
Izadi, National Journal, 12
(Elahe, "Former Sen. Trent Lott, Ex-Rep. Jim Davis Bemoan Partisanship on Energy Issues,” 8-29-12, http://www.nationaljournal.com/2012-election/former-members-bemoan-partisanship-on-energy-issues-20120829, accessed 1-6-13) PM

In a climate where everything from transportation issues to the farm bill have gotten caught
AND
Congress.¶ “The job of the next president is critical on energy and
many of these issues, and the job is very simple: adult supervision of the Congress,” Davis said.
Winners win on controversial issues
Hirsh, National Journal, 2-7-13
(Michael, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207?page=1, accessed 2-7-13, CMM)

Naturally, any president has practical and electoral limits. Does he have a majority
AND
right. He did. (At least until Vietnam, that is.)

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
US LNG key – multiple factors
Johston, WSJ, ‘13
(Robert, Leslie Palti-Guzman, “Johnston and Palti-Guzman: The Foreign Policy Uses of an Energy Bounty,” 1-10-13, accessed 3-18-13) PM
Furthermore, the rise of American LNG exports makes it easier for Washington to convince
AND
as a global gas superpower. The world is waiting for its answer.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
The U.S. economy is engine for the world
Caploe, 4/7/9
David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., “Focus still on America to lead global recovery”, April 7, The Strait Times, lexis

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have
AND
the US - and it is going to have to be solved there too
There’s decades worth
Robertson, USGS, ‘12
(Jessica, “World’s Oil and Gas Endowment,” 4-18-12, http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/worlds-oil-and-gas-endowment/, accessed 1-14-13) PM

The U.S. Geological Survey released today a new global estimate for conventional
AND
Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), according to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
Empirically denied by past spills and status quo drilling
NRDC ‘12
(National Resources Defense Council, “Deep Sea Treasures Protecting the Atlantic Coast's Ancient Submarine Canyons and Seamounts,” March 2012, http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/canyons/, accessed 1-13-13) PM

After the Deepwater Horizon and Exxon Valdez disasters, ¶ we now all know the
AND
, chromium, mercury, ¶ and carcinogens like toluene and benzene.¶ 1

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Emory DH | Judge:
The plan is popular and builds momentum for the agenda
Davenport, National Journal, 3-25-13
(Coral, “Five Easy Pieces of Energy Legislation,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/five-easy-pieces-of-energy-legislation-20130325, accessed 3-27-13, CMM)

After half a decade in which the energy debate in Washington has been dominated by
AND
and is being taken seriously by leadership on both sides of the aisle.

1AC - Exports with Warming and SCS
1NC - T (No exports), Spot Pricing Bad DA (Russia Impact), Manufacturing DA (Competitiveness Impact), Obama Good (Russia Relations)
2NR - Manufacturing and case

Everything is attached

1AC - Exports with SCS and Warming
1NC - T Export Restrictions, Obama Good (Bandow), Condition Bonds CP (Water NB), Cartel DA (Democracy), Byrne K, case
2NR - Elections, case

Everything is attached

1ac - exports, scs and warming
1nc - t, cartel, waivers, byrne k, elections, case
2nr - elections, case

Everything is attached

1AC - Exports with SCS and Warming
1NC - T Export Restrictions/Regs, Death Cult, Neolib
2NR - Neolib

Everything is attached

1ac - NG Incentives with Coal Pollution Bad and Warming
1nc - Local activism K
2nr - K

Wake people should've attached it.

1ac - NG Incentives with Coal Pollution Bad and Warming
1nc - Whiteness K (State links and NG waste links), case
2nr - Whiteness K (Performance comes first)

Wake people should've attached it.

1ac - Exports with SCS and Warming
1nc - T, Fiscal Cliff, Fracking K
2nr - Fiscal cliff, case

Wake people should've attached it.

1ac - Waterless Fracking with Coal Pollution Bad, Warming, Climate Denial Bad, Water-based Fracking Bad
1nc - Wilderson K, case
2nr - Wilderson, case

Wake people should've attached it.

1ac - OCS Exports with Spot Pricing Adv (Algeria Scenario) and Warming
1nc - Bond Condition CP, Immigration (Latin American relations), Byrne K, Warming turns, case
2nr - K, case

Everything above

1ac - OCS with Algeria and Warming
1nc - Immigration DA, Consumption K, Grand Bargain CP, case
2nr - Grand Bargain CP

1ac - OCS with Algeria and Warming
1nc - ASpec, Grand Bargain CP, Bond Condition CP, Immigration DA, Consumption K, case (Exports Bad - Israel and Russia, Warming turns)
2nr - Israel and case

1ac - OCS with Algeria and Warming
1nc - T Restrictions, Consult States CP (India Modeling NB), Consumption K
2nr - Consult States

1ac - OCS with Algeria and Warming
1nc - ASpec, Bond Condition CP, Immigration DA, Energy Politics K, Ban Exports CP, case
2nr - K

1ac - OCS with Algeria and Warming
1nc - SOE CP, Neoliberalism K, case
2nr - CP, K

1ac - OCS with Warming and China Shale
1nc - Hagel DA, Guidance Documents CP, Technocracy/Energy Politics K, case (warming turns, Russia DA, Watersheds DA)
2nr - Hagel, warming turns, case

1ac - OCS with Warming and EU Manufacturing
1nc - Allow Exports CP, SEP CP, Hagel DA, Russia-China DA, Russia-EU DA, case
2nr - Allow Exports, Hagel

1AC - OCS with Warming and SCS
1NC - Immigration, Non Del CP, Allow Exports CP, Security K, Methane Hydrates DA
2NR - Immigration, case

1AC - Waterless with Warming and Fracking Bad
1NC - Wilderson, case
2NR - Wilderson, case

1AC - OCS with Warming and SCS
1NC - Neolib K, case
2NR - Neolib, China reps link, case

1AC - Waterless Fracking with Water Fracking Bad and Warming
1NC - 3 tier methodology to support inclusion in debate
2NR - 3 tier method

1AC - OCS with Warming and SCS
1NC - T "in," Allow Exports CP, Immigration, State Bad K, case
2NR - CP and Politics

1AC - OCS with SCS and Warming
1NC - Reg Neg, Alaska Pipeline CP, Immigration, case (Saudi DA, Iran DA, Oil Prices DA, Russia DA)
2NR - Immigration, case

1AC - OCS with SCS and Warming
1NC - Consult Congress, Immigration, Taoism, case (dedev, methane turns)
2NR - Dedev

1AC - OCS with SCS and Trucking
1NC - Idle Leases CP, Keystone DA, Navy DA, Oceans DA, Energy Production/Technocracy K, case
2NR- Idle Leases, Navy, case

1AC - OCS with SCS and Warming
1NC - T Regs Not Restrictions, Idle Leases CP, Navy DA, Offshore Renewables DA, Immigration DA, Security K, case
2NR - Security K
2AR - ADA Rules Good

1AC - OCS with SCS and Warming
1NC - Bond CP, Idle Leases CP, Navy DA, Immigration DA, case
2NR - Bond CP, Internal Environment NB, case

1AC - OCS with SCS and Warming
1NC - T Regs Not Restrictions, A Spec, Bonds CP, Idle Leases CP, Immigration DA, Oceans DA, Russian Relations DA, Navy DA, Warming Good, case
2NR - T

1AC - OCS with SCS and Warming
1NC - Idle Leases CP, Waivers CP, Arctic Militarization DA, EPA Overstretch DA, Immigration DA, case
2NR - Idle Leases, Arctic Militarization, case

1AC - OCS (same plan text) with SCS (same) and Mexico (new)
1NC - T Energy Production is electricity, Remove export restrictions CP, Immigration, Offshore Drilling DA, case
2NR - T

Cites are attached

1AC - OCS with SCS and IPI Pipeline (NEW)
1NC - Pettman K, Lazzarato K, case (reps links and D)
2NR - Lazzarato, case

Everything is attached

1AC: OCS with Warming and Fracking
1NC: CP/K, Case
2NC: CP/K
1NR: Perm
2NR: Case

1AC - OCS with SCS and Mediterranean (NEW)
1NC - Federal Lands CP, Adv CP for SCS, Immigration, Oceans, Arctic Militarization, EPA Water Enforcement, case
2NR - Immigration, case

Everything is posted