| 10/14/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Courts defer to preemption and the executive branch now – new ruling is key to environmental federalism
Engel 2006. Professor of Law, University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law (Kirsten H. “FILLING THE GAPS? ARTICLE: HARNESSING THE BENEFITS OF DYNAMIC FEDERALISM IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW,” 56 Emory L.J. 159) The disconnect between the actual practice of environmental federalism and theories advocating a nonoverlapping allocation
AND
executive branches for "revisiting the basic structure of federal environmental law." n77 Agency deference destroys efficient production – stable legal interpretation is key to industry innovation
Buzbee 2010 – Professor of Law, Emory Law School; Director of Emory Environmental and Natural Resources Law Program; Director of Emory Center on Federalism and Intersystemic Governance (William, New Directions in Environmental Law: Clean Air Act Dynamism and Disappointments: Lessons for Climate Legislation to Prompt Innovation and Discourage Inertia, 32 Wash. U. J.L. andPol'y 33, Lexis) If an environmental law - or any law - is perpetually in flux, it
AND
officials or legislators controlling their budgets, or upsetting established modes of action. Environmental federalism is key to grid decentralization, solves attacks
Ferrey 2004 – Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law School (SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, AND STATES' RIGHTS: DISCERNING THE ENERGY FUTURE THROUGH THE EYE OF THE DORMANT COMMERCE CLAUSE, 12 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 507, Lexis) We are embarked on a significant and ultimately inevitable transition from fossil fuels to renewable
AND
constitutional violations can the energy future be founded on a truly sustainable base. Attack at an energy grid would crush our critical infrastructure and escalate to nuclear war
Habiger, 2/1/2010(Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 13-15) There is strong evidence to suggest that al Qaeda has the ability to conduct cyberterror
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war. |
| 10/14/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
The aff’s scientific approach to the market depoliticizes the economy and is the worst kind of ideology- their claims ignore the fantasy of a harmonious market that underpins their actions
ZIZEK ‘8, (Slavoj, Institute for Social Sciences Ljubljana, The Liberal Utopia II: The Market Mechanism for the Race of Devils, http://www.lacan.com/zizliberal2.htm)
The "regulative idea" that underlies today's global liberal justice is not only to
AND
one can master society by way of applying to it a theoretical project. Resisting this reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
Our alternative is to completely withdraw from the ideology of capital –
This is essential to destroy the fetish that allows capital to survive
Johnston, interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University, 2004
Adrian, Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society, December v9 i3 p259 page infotrac AND
comforting fiction ("Capitalist commodity fetishism or the truth? I choose fetishism"). |
| 10/14/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Obama wins now, but it’s close to a tossup
Nate Silver 10/12/12 fivethirtyeight New York Times blog. Oct. 12: Romney Debate Gains Show Staying Power http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/12/oct-12-romney-debate-gains-show-staying-power/ The only really good news AND . Mr. Romney is on the verge of that threshold. Energy key election issue.
Skorobogatov 12. Yana, intern @ StateImpact Texas – a collaboration of public radio stations focused on environmental and energy issues coordinated by NPR,“Poll: Consumers favor domestic energy production, natural gas” State Impact -- April 10 -- http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/04/10/poll-consumers-favor-domestic-energy-production-natural-gas/
Americans will AND presidential issue. Obama victory key to prevent economic collapse, war and warming --- impact is extinction
Mogulescu, 12 --- Entertainment attorney, writer, and political activist (7/13/2012, Miles, “Progressive Critics of President Obama Must Go All Out to Defeat Romney,” www.huffingtonpost.com/miles-mogulescu/progressive-critics-of-pr_b_1671367.html ) That said, I consider the AND to do likewise. |
| 10/14/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Immortal Technique, The Poverty of Philosophy, in 2001
PLAY: Poverty of Philosophy, off of Revolutionary Vol. 1
Lyrics: This is particularly important in the debate-space. Education centered on cultural difference allows commodification of identity, and leaves class structures partially intact. Without direct examination of capital as an overarching and all-inclusive system of oppression, racism will only continually get worse.
Peter Mclaren and Rodolfo Torres in 1999. (QUALS) “Racism and Multicultural Education: Rethinking 'Race' and 'Whiteness' in Late Capitalism” Chapter 2 of Critical Multiculturalism: Rethinking Multicultural and Antiracist Education. Pps 42-74 1999 USA Falmer Press. Taylor and Francis. Accessed online w/ QUESTIA (10/25/2010) There has been AND new racialized formations. |
| 10/14/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
The Affirmative should defend an instrumental implementation of the plan as the reason to vote aff through the 2AR. Vote neg: - It Violates Non-Consensual Reciprocity: The sublime pleasure of rule-breaking is naïve, self-destructive, and violates the basic premise of Fair Play… which is that we submit ourselves to ground rules even if we don’t like them.
Armstrong 2K (Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”) The ideal polis of play would be a community of difference based on nonconsensual reciprocity
AND
and force of disciplinary constraints without seeing them as unequivocally coercive and determining.
2. We co-opt their offense because Game rules inspire creativity and pedagogical transformation. Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”) The contradictory combination of restriction and openness in how play deploys power is evident in
AND
discovery and self-expansion are enhanced by the limits shaping their interactions. - 3. Play Short-Circuits their Offense: This is an exclusive and prior question to objections to Topicality. There is no METHOD to the playful fiction of debate. Rules elude epistemological and ontological definitions.
Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”) From the early days of reader-response criticism, Wolfgang Iser’s literary theory has
AND
ever imprisoning itself in any of the shapes obtained” (FI xi). |
| 10/14/2012 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
THE AFFIRMATIVES FOCUS ON THE DISCURSIVE/SYMBOLIC REVEALS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY HAVE GIVEN UP ON ACTUALLY CHALLENGING THE STRUCTURES OF OPPRESSION. BUT FAR FROM BEING A POST-CAPITALIST AGE IN WHICH ALL SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IS TEXTUALLY OR DISCURSIVELY PRODUCED, IT IS A MATERIAL WORLD. ONLY A MATERIALIST METHOD CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE WAYS IN WHICH CERTAIN CLASSES CREATE AND DEPLOY RHETORIC TO LEGITIMIZE A CAPITALIST MODE OF SOCIAL RELATIONS CLOUD (Prof of Comm at Texas) 2001
Dana, “The Affirmative Masquerade”, p. online: http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm wyo-tjc At the very least, however, it is clear that poststructuralist discourse theories have
AND
It is the means for producing transformative knowledges. (p. 7) THE OPPRESSION OF WOMEN AND RELEGATION OF REPRODUCTION TO THE PRIVATE SPHERE ARE NOT AHISTORICAL PRODUCTS OF SEXISM OR PATRIARCHY, BUT RATHER ARE HISTORICAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE EMERGENCE OF A CLASSED SOCIETY FOUNDED ON THE LOGIC OF SURPLUS ACCUMULATION. THIS SHIFT FROM NECESSITY TO SURPLUS SOLIDIFIED THE PRE-EXISTING DIVISION OF LABOR BASED ON NEED AND THEN SEXED IT TO JUSTIFY INEQUALITY CLOUD (Prof. Comm at UT) 2003
Dana, “Marxism and Oppression”, Talk for Regional Socialist Conference, April 19, 2003, p. online wyo-tjc In order to challenge oppression, it is important to know where it comes from
AND
men against women encourage us to fight each other rather than organizing together. NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS IN THE FIRST PLACE
Read green
DYER-WITHERFORD (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999 Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism. For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of “will over nature”
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.
FINALLY, IF WE WIN A SINGLE LINK, YOU LOSE ALL YOUR OFFENSE—GAINS IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST GENDER VIOLENCE ARE IMPOSSIBLE SO LONG AS CAPITAL PROPOGATES THE IDEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT THAT FACILITATES VIOLENCE IN THE FIRST PLACE COTTER 2002
Jennifer, nqa, “War and Domestic Violence”, Red Critique, Sept/Oct, p. online wyo-tjc What actually lies behind these contradictions are historical conditions of necessity in capitalism: the
AND
of private property and their ideological effects that enable domestic violence against women.
It is not an autonomous "state power" (which locates change in "
AND
cannot be freed from the conditions that reproduce domestic violence and imperialist warfare. Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC. THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION
Read green
TUMINO (Prof. English @ Pitt) 2001
Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online wyo-tjc Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
SECOND, THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE OF GENDER AND SEXUAL IDENTITY. PARTICULARIZATION OF IDENTITY LOCALIZES KNOWLEDGE WHICH ERASES ANY SYSTEM THEORY THAT ALLOWS US TO SEE HOW SO MANY DIFFERENT CONTEXTUALIZED OPPRESSIONS ARE SUBORDINATED TO THE SAME FRAMEWORK—WE MUST ABANDON THIS METHOD OF KNOWLEDGE IN FAVOR OF A HISTORICAL LENS THAT RENDERS CAPITALISM VISIBLE HENNESSY (Prof @ SUNY Albany) 2000
Rosemary, Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism, Routledge wyo-tjc While capitalism has always relied on global and local relations of production, it has
AND
immediately experience and the social structures they are shaped by and help support. |
| 01/03/2013 | Tournament: USC | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
The affirmatives utilization of incentives/restrictions is fundamentally complicit in the fantasy of the perfect market. This is dangerous because they fail to account for desire which turns case and leads to the annihilation of subjectivity.
Jeanne L. Schroeder 98 Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, COMMENTARY: THE END OF THE MARKET: A PSYCHOANALYSIS OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 112 Harv. L. Rev. 483
B. Making the Impossible Possible
The postmodernist ….. comforting Imaginary substitutes erected to stand in its place. Our Alternative to reject the affirmative and make the impossible choice to Act.
This Recognizes the Lack Inherent In the False Choice of Our Subjectivity and Re-organizes the Co-ordinates of the World—Only this Impossibility Can Deal With The Fact that Within The Current Structure Revolution Will Never Occur
Zizek 2000 Slavoj, Rather Prolific Author, “Class Struggle or Postmodernism? Yes, please!” Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left, New York City: Verso, 2000
Precisely because … terrain for a new beginning |
| 01/03/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Executive orders have had a substantial role in formulating energy policy
Ginocchio 08 (Alaine, Author and Project Leader, “The Boundaries of Executive Authority: An Evaluation of Priority Proposals from the Presidential Climate Action Plan”, Center for Energy and Environmental Security, University of Colorado Law School Vol. 2, 7/17/08) Each of ...ders. We save capital relative to plan—preempts opposition Joel Fleishman, Professor, Law and Policy Sciences, Duke University, LAW and CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, Summer 1976, p. 38. Several ..... Congress off balance, to reduce its ability to formulate a powerful opposing position. |
| 01/03/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge: Immigration reform will pass now --- top priority and other issues don’t thump.
Huffington Post, 1-2-2013, p. www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/obama-immigration-reform_n_2398507.html Despite a bruising fiscal ... and singing 'Kumbaya,'" Sharry said. Plan costs capital Political capital is key.
Dallas Morning News, 1-2-2013, p. www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130102-editorial-actions-must-match-obamas-immigration-pledge.ece The president’s words to NBC’s ... in an interview on Meet the Press Sunday That includes high-skilled worker reform --- key to competitiveness.
Aaron Kinnari, Policymic, 12-29-2012, Immigration Reform Would Be the Biggest Gift We Could Get This Year, p. www.policymic.com/articles/21633/immigration-reform-would-be-the-biggest-gift-we-could-get-this-year President Obama has ... keep on giving for generations to come. Competitiveness creates benign hegemony Richard Armitage, Former Deputy Secretary of State, and Joseph Nye, Professor of Political Science at Harvard. 12-12-07. “Why So Angry, America?” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IL12Df01.html The world is ....a barrage of artillery across the Fulda Gap precisely because of this integrated approach. Heg decline causes multiple nuclear wars, systemic global instability, and magnifies all impacts Niall Ferguson, Professor, History, School of Business, New York University and Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, September-October 2004 (“A World Without Power” – Foreign Policy) http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3009996.html So what is left? ....order. |
| 01/04/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
A. Our Interpretation: The affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of a topical plan by the United States federal government. - “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School ‘04
(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces ...l petition the mayor. 2. “USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ‘03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains certain ... you propose. B. Violation: They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action C. Vote Neg – multiple netbenfits to our interpretation
First, is decision-making
There is immense educational value in policy-focus discussions – it teaches fabulous decision-making skills and the ability to work with complex information – prefer our evidence because it’s in the context of undergraduate studies.
Carver ‘96
Robert H. Carver teaches business and public administration at Stonehill College in North Easton, Massachusetts, where he is also affiliated with the Joseph Martin Institute for Law and Society
Where Does Policy Analysis Belong in the Undergraduate Public Administration Major?
Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sep., 1996), pp. 521-525 Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/420836
As introduction to the ... role in the curriculum. Second is dialogue
Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM.... end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61). Third is switch side,
Undermining switch side debate destroys critical activism – debating both sides -- empirically creates powerful liberal coalitions
Guilhot ‘05
Guilhot, research fellow – Social Science Research Council, prof sociology – LSE, ‘5
(Nicolas, The Democracy Makers, p. 13-14) Finally, there can .... if not its sides. We coopt your offense – having a broad framework of regulatory rules is crucial to creativity – this rules are not ruthlessly imposed, rather they serve as guides.
Armstrong, 00
(Paul, Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory,” New Literature History, pg 211–223 ag)
The contradictory .... limits shaping their interactions. |
| 01/04/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
THE AFFIRMATIVES FOCUS ON THE DISCURSIVE/SYMBOLIC REVEALS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY HAVE GIVEN UP ON ACTUALLY CHALLENGING THE STRUCTURES OF OPPRESSION. BUT FAR FROM BEING A POST-CAPITALIST AGE IN WHICH ALL SOCIAL EXPERIENCE IS TEXTUALLY OR DISCURSIVELY PRODUCED, IT IS A MATERIAL WORLD. ONLY A MATERIALIST METHOD CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE WAYS IN WHICH CERTAIN CLASSES CREATE AND DEPLOY RHETORIC TO LEGITIMIZE A CAPITALIST MODE OF SOCIAL RELATIONS CLOUD (Prof of Comm at Texas) 2001
Dana, “The Affirmative Masquerade”, p. online: http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm wyo-tjc At the very least,... means for producing transformative knowledges. (p. 7) DIVORCING IDEOLOGICAL CRITIQUE FROM ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE BASE COLLAPSES QUICKLY INTO NOTHING MORE THAN RELATIVISM—IF EVERYTHING IS CONSTRUCTED OR IDEOLOGICAL THAN THERE BECOMES NO BASIS ON WHICH TO JUDGE OR DISCREDIT THE HEGEMONIC FORMS OF CAPITALISM
CLOUD (Prof of Comm at Texas) 2001
Dana, “The Affirmative Masquerade”, p. online: http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm wyo-tjc It is difficult ... fascistic one.
NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS IN THE FIRST PLACE
Read green
DYER-WITHERFORD (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999 Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism. For capitalism, the use ... is all too obvious. Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC. THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION
Read green
TUMINO (Prof. English @ Pitt) 2001
Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online wyo-tjc Any effective political...as social theory. |
| 01/05/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Links: Ontological critique of technology kills trans-humanism: Heidegger reaches his limit in genetic technology—we have to embrace the terror of new selves… this transforms our ethics. Slavov Zizek, jet-setter, Nature and its Discontents: Beyond Fukuyama, SubStance #117, Vol. 37, no. 3, 2008, muse. With the latest developments, ... constantly expanding, reproducing itself through selfdivision. Transhuman Ethics are the key to all True Extinction
Scenarios. Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy Oxford University, The Transhumanist FAQ- A General Introduction, Version 2.1 (2003), google. Yes, and this ....reduce existential risks. We Control Access: This Debate Helps reverse the Failures of humanism: speciesm, racism, and
disposability. We control access to root causes. Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy Oxford University, The Transhumanist FAQ- A General Introduction, Version 2.1 (2003), google. Transhumanism is ., moral status as humans have in their current form. |
| 01/07/2013 | Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Fresno BT | Judge: Dunn, Izak
K
FIRST, RACE AND CLASS ARE DIALECTICALLY CONJOINED IN THE REPRODUCTION OF CAPITALIST RELATIONS—CAPITALISM RACIALIZES SUBJECTS TO ENTRENCH COMPETITION AND DESTROY UNIVERSAL CONSCIOUSNESS AS WELL AS SUSTAINS WHITE RACISM AS A METHOD OF PAPERING OVER CONTRADICTIONS. ALL OF THIS IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE SYSTEM OF CAPITAL ACCUMULATION SAN JUAN (Fulbright Lecturer @ Univ. of Leuven, Belgium) 2003
E., “Marxism and the Race/Class Problematic: A Re-Articulation”, p. online: http://clogic.eserver.org/2003/sanjuan.html wyo-tjc It seems obvious that racism …. d subordination. NEXT, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A LONG LIST OF OTHER OPPRESSIONS SUCH AS RACE AND GENDER, DESTROYS THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF CLASS TO REACH ACROSS ALL LINES OF INDENTITY AND FORGE POLITICAL ACTION. CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT—OTHERWISE THE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO SATISFY DEMANDS ON GROUNDS OF FORMAL EQUALITY, DESTROYING ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION* GIMENEZ (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) 2001
Martha, “Marxism and Class; Gender and Race”, Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html wyo-tjc There are many …. "intersectionality" is class power. The absence of structural historicism is no mere oversight, nor is it enough to simply mention economics in a few of your cards-- the reliance of indenty-based politics is not an accidental instance of ignoring class. The demand arises out of the crisis of liberalism—such politics particularizes the oppressions of capitalism to the point that the universal system is naturalized. Attaining white, male bourgeoisse privilege becomes the bench-mark of political success, re-entrenching the very foundation of the system Wendy Brown, Professor and genuis, “Wounded Attachments,” POLITICAL THEORY, August 1993, ASP. Although this détente between …. to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking. NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS IN THE FIRST PLACE
DYER-WITHERFORD (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999 Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism. For capitalism, …. obvious. Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC. THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION OR KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION
TUMINO (Prof. English @ Pitt) 2001
Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critique, p. online wyo-tjc Any effective political theory ….masquerades as social theory. |
| 01/11/2013 | Tournament: CSUF | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Plan causes Hagel loss: Senate will confirm Hagel, but ANY distraction de-rails it
NBC 1/8 “First Thoughts: No margin for error in Hagel nomination” http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/01/08/16412788-first-thoughts-no-margin-for-error-in-hagel-nomination?lite - No margin for ..... a good week or so.
Hagel key to rebalancing US defense policy as a pro-engagement and diplomacy agenda.
Paul D. Eaton, Major General, ret., 1-4-2013, A soldier’s national security dream team, Reuters, p. blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/01/04/a-soldiers-national-security-dream-team/ President Barack .... will be equally so at Defense. Strong diplomacy agenda key to hegemony.
Gen. Michael W. Hagee and Adm. James M. Loy, 3-27-2012, What it takes to keep U.S. safe today, Politico, p. www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/74509.html The challenges we face .... a lot cheaper than sending soldiers.” Extinction.
Thomas P.M. Barnett, chief analyst, Wikistrat, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S. and Globalization, at Crossroads,” WORLD POLITICS REVIEW, 3—7—11, www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads Events in Libya are ..... Pacific Century now unfolding. |
| 01/12/2013 | Tournament: UofC Berkeley | Round: 3 | Opponent: UNVL EJ | Judge: Peters, Donny
The affirmatives utilization of incentives/restrictions is fundamentally complicit in the fantasy of the perfect market. This is dangerous because they fail to account for desire which turns case and leads to the annihilation of subjectivity.
Jeanne L. Schroeder 98 Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, COMMENTARY: THE END OF THE MARKET: A PSYCHOANALYSIS OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 112 Harv. L. Rev. 483
B. Making the Impossible Possible
The postmodernist subject must learn the …. but comforting Imaginary substitutes erected to stand in its place.
The Lacanian concept of desire is the driving force behind the operation of the economy
Jeanne L. Schroeder 2k Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, THE ECONOMICS OF RACE AND GENDER: Rationality in Law and Economics Scholarship 79 Or. L. Rev. 147
5. The objet petit a Perhaps Lacan's … it begins.
Our endless desire to consume is no more than an unfulfillable fantasy---we always constantly desire more, to the point where death becomes the only cure to our desires
Jeanne L. Schroeder 98 Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University, COMMENTARY: THE END OF THE MARKET: A PSYCHOANALYSIS OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 112 Harv. L. Rev. 483
According to Hegel, we seek property ….eventually give way to Thanatos. n51
The alternative to reject the affirmative and make the impossible choice to Act.
This Recognizes the Lack Inherent In the False Choice of Our Subjectivity and Re-organizes the Co-ordinates of the World—Only this Impossibility Can Deal With The Fact that Within The Current Structure Revolution Will Never Occur
Zizek 2000 Slavoj, Rather Prolific Author, “Class Struggle or Postmodernism? Yes, please!” Contingency, Hegemony, Universality: Contemporary Dialogues on the Left, New York City: Verso, 2000
Precisely because of this …that only such a `self-destructive' act could clear the terrain for a new beginning The Alternative Solves—While Your Indictments of the Indeterminate World “After” the Act Assume a Causal Series, The True Act is Its Own Immediate Realization, Not a Process Which Reaches a Distant Goal—Only Radical Criticism, Which Cares Not For Success By the Standards of the System, Can Reach Outside the Boundaries it Already Accomadates
Slavoj Žižek, Critical Inquiry, Winter 2002 (http://www.egs.edu/faculty/zizek/zizek-a-plea-for-leninist-intolerance.html)
Today we can already discern …. ontological proof, an immediate index of its own truth. Fantasy comes first: to have any chance at addressing problems you must address the fantasy that contains and constructs those problems. Our method escapes the desire for a neutral question (Evidence Has been Gender Modified)
Bernard Selinger, “The Navajo, Psychosis, Lacan, and Derrida,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language Vol 49 Iss 1, 2007 p. 64-100
Discovering the "truth" about oneself …. of the fundamental phantasy becomes the drive." 37 |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: NU | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Policy focus inevitably creates cycles of failure, reduces world to bare life, nature to standing reserve – a radical ethics is key
Smith ‘11 (Mick, associate professor and Queen’s National Scholar in the Department of Philosophy and the School of Environmental Studies at Queen’s University, Against Ecological Sovereignty: Ethics, Biopolitics, and Saving the Natural World, “In Relation to the Lack of Environmental Policy”)
THE PURPOSE OF .... of ecological sovereignty. Vote neg - methodological investigation is a prior question to the aff – strict policy focus creates a myth of objectivity that sustains a violent business-as-usual approach
Scrase and Ockwell 10 (J. Ivan - Sussex Energy Group, SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, David G - Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, SPRU, Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, “The role of discourse and linguistic framing effects in sustaining high carbon energy policy—An accessible introduction,” Energy Policy: Volume 38, Issue 5, May 2010, Pages 2225–2233) The way in which ... are explored in detail further below). The use of the word “government” is a d-rule
Mann 97 (Frederick, entrepreneur, author and founder of Free World Order. NSPIC Debate. http://www.mind-trek.com/reports/tl07e.htm)
You might think,.... deal with them. |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: NU | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
the aff’s use of environmental crisis rhetoric causes eco-authoritarianism and political apathy---turns the case
Buell 3 Frederick—cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books, From Apocalypse To Way of Life, pages 185-186
Looked at critically,.. clearly terminal “nature.” |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: NU | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Fear of spread is grounded in racist ideology that the Third-World is not competent to handle reactors – this discourse is part of a production of the American fantasy that demonizes the other Hugh Gusterson prof @ MIT Antrhopology Department, 1999 “Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination”, Cultural Anthropology, 14:1 Thus in Western ... recognized nuclear powers. Fears of the Third World lack of technical and political maturity re-entrenches dominant discourse of proliferation that divides a simplistic binary
Hugh Gusterson prof @ MIT Antrhopology Department, 1999 “Nuclear Weapons and the Other in Western Imagination”, Cultural Anthropology, 14:1 In the following .. institutions and states. |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
The affirmative’s drives hegemony is identical to the drive for ontological certainty which creates a closed system of logic that makes questioning impossible and violence inevitable-turns case
Burke 2007 Anthony Burke s Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney.
10:2 | © 2007 Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason
I see such a drive ... them betray not only commitments but their own substance'. 21
Turns case-their conception of security corrupts policymaking-resulting in serial policy failure
Burke 2007 Anthony Burke s Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney.
10:2 | © 2007 Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason
My argument here,.... dysfunctional or chaotic. |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: NU | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
The affirmative’s claims to how China will act and react to certain policies like the plan depends on a rationalization of China—this flawed positivist epistemology seeks to render all of the international arena knowable and predictable—the result is the inevitable emergence of a ‘China threat’ based on orientalization
Chengxin Pan 4 prof school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR, “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics,” 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html
Having examined how .... U.S. foreign policy. |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Their econ impact justifies imperialist lashout to remake the world in the image of market liberalization
Lipschutz ‘95, Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz, On Security, pg 15-17) Consider, then,.... for this to happen again? |
| 02/14/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
Every 2NR, save one, has been the Market K. At NU, its was one-off. |
| 03/02/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
1NC
REM prices stable now --
Currie 2/14
By Adam Currie - Exclusive to Rare Earth Investing NewsRare Earth Prices Unlikely to Replicate 2003 Decline Thursday February 14, 2013, 4:30am PST
However, …. prevent drastic price variations. Sudden energy investment skyrockets rare earth prices – devastates manufacturers and deters innovation across all industries.
Epstein 12 Nicholas Epstein, Chicago Policy Review, Medium Rare: What’s Cooking in the Rare Earth Element Market? Evaluating Rare Earth Element Availability: A case with Revolutionary Demand From Clean Technologies Elisa Alonso, Andrew M. Sherman, Timothy J. Wallington, Mark P. Everson, Frank R. Field, Richard Roth, and Randolph E. Kirchain Environmental Science and Technology. 2012.Jul 12th, 2012 http://chicagopolicyreview.org/2012/07/12/medium-rare-whats-cooking-in-the-rare-earth-element-market/ REE … innovation. China will respond by cutting off rare earth supply – culminates in U.S.-China war.
Cohen 7 David Cohen, New Scientist, 5-23-7 “Earth's natural wealth: an audit” http://environment.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg19426051.200-earths-natural-wealth-an-audit.html These may sound like drastic … of conflict, says Reller. Extinction.
White 11 Mr. Hugh White is professor of strategic studies at the Australian National University in Canberra and a visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute in Sydney. The Obama Doctrine WSJ, 11/25/11 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204452104577057660524758198.html One risk is that … might be dangerously unclear and disastrously low.
1NC
the aff has attached themselves to the narrative of sovereign authority, that despite the ills of the United States, we just need to use it in one more instance. This is the move of power that caused the extermination of the First Nations and makes extinction inevitable
Churchill ‘8
Ward Churchill, “I Am Indigenist,” November 18, 2008, http://www.zcommunications.org/i-am-indigenist-by-ward-churchill
Let me say, before I go …. be termed "Eurocentric business as usual."7
Our alternative is to claim this place for those who should be here- the First Nations peoples.
We must remove the blinder of Eurocentrism from our academic discussions surrounding energy and colonial practice. Only the alternative’s intervention into history effectively reinvigorates indigenous and dominated persons agency by striking colonization at its root. The affirmative can never be as effective, because it remains built upon a rotting foundation of Eurocentric thought, seeing colonization as a natural product of history.
Churchill ‘8
Ward Churchill, “I Am Indigenist,” November 18, 2008, http://www.zcommunications.org/i-am-indigenist-by-ward-churchill
"The past is also … not Western."10 Spatial politics are a prior question- only understanding policies and history within their spatial context allows us to prevent conflicts and social extermination, as well as prevent error replication.
Yeh ‘3
Emily Yeh, “Tibetan Range Wars: Spatial Poltics and Authority on the Grasslands of Amdo,” 2003, Institute of Social Studies, Development and Change, 34(3), pages 499-523
In this essay, I have … perhaps been easier to resolve. 1NC Shell
A. The United States is the 50, DC, and Puerto Rico
USDA 08 (“Regulations Governing the Financing of Commercial Sales of Agricultural Commodities § 17.2 Definition of terms”, P.L. 480 Federal Regulations, Last modified: Monday, April 14, 2008 06:13:23 PM, http://www.fas.usda.gov/excredits/FoodAid/Title%201/pl00172.html) United States--the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
B. Violation: Native Americans have separate sovereign territory they are not part of the United States
William Rehnquist, Former Chief Justice of The Supreme Court, Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Potawatomi Tribe,1991 http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=USandvol=498andinvol=505
A doctrine of Indian … circumstances, we are not disposed to modify the long-established principle of tribal sovereign immunity. 498 U.S. 505, 511
Limits: There are an unlimited number of groups outside of the U.S. or places where the aff could build transportation infrastructure-makes it impossible for the neg to predict and adequately prepare to debate. They justify affs that build roads and bridges in South America or Asia. T is a voter for fairness and education. Reasonability is arbitrary and leads to judge intervention—it’s not what you do but what you justify
IMDA CP
Text: The United States Federal Government should amend the statutory definition of ‘mineral resources’ in the Indian Mineral Development Act to include wind and solar energy. AMENDING IMDA ALSO US TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF TWO DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH THE ACT…WITH THE PLAN, YOU ARE STARTING ANEW Royster, 2012
Judith A. Royster, prof law, Universityof Tulsa March, 2012, Stanford Environmental Law Journal, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91, 19049 words, ARTICLE: Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, L/N At the time the IMDA … .development itself. Trust Doctrine 1NC The Link: Self-D trades off with the trust doctrine. Decreasing federal power increases tribal liability
Rosser, 2005
Erza Rosser, Westerfield Fellow, Loyola University New Orleans School of Law; M. Phil, University of Cambridge, 2004; J.D. Harvard Law School, 2003. The Trade-off Between Self-Determination and the Trust Doctrine: Tribal Government and the Possibility of Failure ARKANSAS LAW REVIEW v58 p336 L/N
The Court's focus … Government is not." n276 TRIBES DIFFER IN HOW MUCH THEY WEIGH THE BENEFITS OF SOVEREIGNTY AND THE TRUST DOCTRINE
Rosser, 2005
Erza Rosser, Westerfield Fellow, Loyola University New Orleans School of Law; M. Phil, University of Cambridge, 2004; J.D. Harvard Law School, 2003. The Trade-off Between Self-Determination and the Trust Doctrine: Tribal Government and the Possibility of Failure ARKANSAS LAW REVIEW v58 p336 L/N
Professor Robert Laurence …. short-changes them when it comes time for reasoned resistance.
GIVEN THE REALITY OF THE TRADE-OFF, IT MAKES SENSE FOR SOME TRIBES TO RELY ON THE PROTECTIONS THAT COME WITH A LARGE DEGREE OF FEDERAL CONTROL
Rosser, 2005
Erza Rosser, Westerfield Fellow, Loyola University New Orleans School of Law; M. Phil, University of Cambridge, 2004; J.D. Harvard Law School, 2003. The Trade-off Between Self-Determination and the Trust Doctrine: Tribal Government and the Possibility of Failure ARKANSAS LAW REVIEW v58 p336 L/N
The belief that tribes … policies, or tribal resources. Trust Doctrine tradeoff means that USFG will hold them liable. Turns Self-D
Rosser, 2005
Erza Rosser, Westerfield Fellow, Loyola University New Orleans School of Law; M. Phil, University of Cambridge, 2004; J.D. Harvard Law School, 2003. The Trade-off Between Self-Determination and the Trust Doctrine: Tribal Government and the Possibility of Failure ARKANSAS LAW REVIEW v58 p336 L/N
Larry Curley, a former IHS … terms for them.
Case No impact - Biopower in contemporary society is an expression of the enhancement of life, not the power to kill
Ojakangus 05 (Mika, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies , “Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power” http://www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf)
In fact, the history of modern …. of the success of bio-power. Biopolitical modes of governance are no longer a threat to anyone – the crisis of the sovereign state has caused violent biopolitics to be abandoned entirely Jonathan Short, Ph.D. candidate in the Graduate Programme in Social and Political Thought, York University, 2005, “Life and Law: Agamben and Foucault on Governmentality and Sovereignty,” Journal for the Arts, Sciences and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1 Adding to the dangerousness …. and have been all but abandoned. Wind energy destroys migratory bat species Kunz et al 7 (Thomas H., Professor of Biology, and Director, Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology, PhD, University of Kansas, “Ecological impacts of wind energy development on bats: questions, research needs, and hypotheses”, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 315–324, ebsco, og) Relatively small numbers of bat fatalities were reported at wind energy facilities in the US before 2001 (Johnson 2005), … has been the predominance of migratory, tree-roosting species among the fatalities. states in a more dog-eat-dog world. NUCLEAR WAR OUTWEIGHS OPPRESSION
Russell, Sociology Professor at Mills College, 1989 (Diana, Exposing Nuclear Fallacies, p. 74) In conclusion- the threat of …. holocaust. 1AC Restruction reduction treats all tribes uniformly – this essentializes all Native Americans.
Prakash, 2004
Saikrishna Prakash, Professor of Law, University of San Diego. Visiting Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law Cornell Law Review, July, 2004, 89 Cornell L. Rev. 1069, AGAINST TRIBAL FUNGIBILITY, L/N
Some people have ….tribe-by-tribe basis. n19 Turns the case: essentializing all tribes creates serial policy failure.
Rosser, 2005
Erza Rosser, Westerfield Fellow, Loyola University New Orleans School of Law; M. Phil, University of Cambridge, 2004; J.D. Harvard Law School, 2003. December, 2005, Harvard Law Review Forum, Ambiguity and the Academic: The Dangerous Attraction of Pan-Indian Legal Analysis, L/N
Professor Philip Frickey's … grounded in the erasure of, rather than the imperfect reconciliation of, the nation's" tribal diversity. n8 |
| 03/02/2013 | Tournament: | Round: | Opponent: | Judge:
1NC Procedural
A. Our Interpretation: The affirmative must defend the hypothetical implementation of a topical plan by the United States federal government. - “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School ‘04
(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces ..... a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ‘03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition ... that you propose. 3. "Reduce" means decrease in quantity – they just reduce a social restriction
St. Croix 9 (County Ordinances, "Chapter 43 – Recycling Ordinance", http://www.co.saint-croix.wi.us/Ordinances/CHAPTER%2043%20-RECYCLING.pdf)
"Reduce" means decreasing the quantity of materials or products or both that are generated as waste or disposed of.
4. Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced. Aff only reduces a regulation on production.
Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf The United States ....e of all government measures.
B. Violation: They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action
C. Vote Neg -- - There is immense educational value in policy-focus discussions – it teaches fabulous decision-making skills and the ability to work with complex information – prefer our evidence because it’s in the context of undergraduate studies.
Carver ‘96
Robert H. Carver teaches business and public administration at Stonehill College in North Easton, Massachusetts, where he is also affiliated with the Joseph Martin Institute for Law and Society
Where Does Policy Analysis Belong in the Undergraduate Public Administration Major?
Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sep., 1996), pp. 521-525 Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/420836
As introduction .... role in the curriculum.
2. Simulating specific policies breaks out of traditional pedagogy and enhances active learning—even if we aren’t in positions of power
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government .... on information.14
3. Decisionmaking is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals
Shulman ‘09
Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ‘9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x)
These are the kinds .... pedagogical transformation. Armstrong 2K
(Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)
The contradictory combination .... the limits shaping their interactions. 1NC It was on paper. It was Gibson Graham. Figure it out. 1NC The affirmative speaks of violence as if it were “out there” and perpetrated under specific mitigating circumstances – this is wrong. When we try to explain violence in terms of conditions that allow for it, we abdicate the individual agent of any responsibility for their acts of violence
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Akhawayn University. “The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior,” 1995. Pgs 1-3)
What is striking is that ... agent's decision to act as he did. And, instead of placing responsibility for war and violence at the level (economic collapse, biopower, etc) we should find the true root of war – the generals, the president, the individual – stepping back to analyze violence is key to opening up space for real peace
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Akhawayn University. “The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior,” 1995. Pgs 9-11)
'We are the war', ...g as not acting or doing nothing.
The implication –
The affirmative’s representations entrenches us in ideological violence and warfare – this outweighs large scale war and turns the aff
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Akhawayn University. “The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior,” 1995. Pgs 6-7)
This means engaging .... to fight back.
Here’s our alternative text – We should begin to interrogate violence with a local refusal to endorse the affirmative’s violence. Our strategy of local analysis aims to challenge the individual’s will to violence and allows for personal culpability
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Akhawayn University. “The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior,” 1995. Pgs 4-5)
If we nevertheless ..... and for a non-violent society. |
