Tournament: SMR | Round: All | Opponent: You | Judge:
DOD Plan
Plan: The Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors via a purchase power agreement for its domestic facilities.

Advantage One is Hegemony
The civilian power grid is fundamentally vulnerable to attacks that undermine global military readiness and disaster response – SMRs solve
Richard B. Andres and Hanna L. Breetz 2011 Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications STRATEGIC FORUM  Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf
Grid Vulnerability. ….
in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.

Military power is the key internal link to global stability and US hegemony – a world without the US collapses into chaos.
Kagan ‘12
By Robert Kagan, as if you don’t know Published: February 2, 2012 The importance of U.S. military might shouldn’t be underestimated http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-importance-of-us-military-might-shouldnt-be-underestimated/2012/02/02/gIQAX5pVlQ_print.html In case you don’t Kagan is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, writes a monthly column for The Post. 

These days “soft” power and “smart” power are in vogue (
AND
and where they need help the most, they will make other arrangements.
Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction-multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US military power smooths the transition and is empirically correlated to perpetual great-power peace
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis & Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
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the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

The sudden collapse of US leadership is a recipe for global catastrophe – causes global power realignment and conflict – there is no alternative
Brzezinski ‘12
BY ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies| JAN/FEB 2012 After America How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full

For if America falters,
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policy  or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

Advantage Two is Nuclear Leadership

The US has nuclear leadership now  but plant retirements and little new construction means it will decline
Domenici and Miller July ‘12
Co-chaired by Former Senator Pete Domenici and Dr. Warren F. “Pete” Miller former Department of Energy (DOE) Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy| July 2012 Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Nuclear Initiative
Nuclear power already plays an important role in the U.S. energy supply
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work with the international community to minimize the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation.

An SMR led revival of the industry restores US nuclear leadership which controls proliferation risks
Loudermilk, Senior Energy Associate @ NDU, ’11
[Micah J. Loudermilk, Senior Associate for the Energy & Environmental Security Policy program with The Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs,” Journal of Energy Security, May 2011, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs&catid=116:content0411&Itemid=375]
Combating proliferation with US leadership: Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the
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reactors are mitigated and concerns over the widespread distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.
SMR’s are key to negotiation pressure for nonproliferation - they are more desirable than other nuclear systems
Sanders, Associate Director Savannah National Lab, ’12
[Tom Sanders, Associate Laboratory Director for Clean Energy Initiatives at the Savannah River National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Former President of the American Nuclear Society, “Tom Sanders: Great expectations for small modular reactors,” Nuclear News, July 2012, pg. 48-49]
That’s a good question. One of the things that concerned me most in the
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with a large plant doesn’t make any sense if you can’t afford it.
AND the world goes boom! – laundry list
Kroenig ’12 (Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182%26tid=30)
Why Nuclear Proliferation Is a Problem
The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and U.S. national security including: nuclear war, nuclear terrorism, emboldened nuclear powers, constrained freedom of action, weakened alliances, and further nuclear proliferation.  This section explores each of these threats in turn.
Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear
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weapons is bad to the position that it is either good or irrelevant.  

Contention Two is Solvency
DOD action is key to technological lock-in – if we leave it up to the private sector, the military won’t get reactors that work for them.
Richard B. Andres and Hanna L. Breetz 2011 Richard B. Andres is
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Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications STRATEGIC FORUM  Feb 2011
Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach
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DOD leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

And an aggregate-output purchase-power agreement solves best- key to obtain private sector financing- the most qualified studies go aff
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs & Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock & Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research & Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research & Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock & Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation & Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric & Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
AND
, can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

SMRs are super safe
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

While the focus in this paper is on the business case for SMRs, the
AND
a detailed examination of these issues is beyond the scope of this paper.
DoE just massively increased SMR incentives, but it fails
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own
AND
be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
DOD Plan ?
Plan: The Department of Defense should offer a purchase-power agreement for small modular reactors use on its domestic facilities.
Contention One is Blackouts
The civilian power grid is fundamentally vulnerable to attacks that undermine global military readiness and disaster response – SMRs solve
Richard B. Andres and Hanna L. Breetz 2011 Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications STRATEGIC FORUM  Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf
Grid Vulnerability. …
or war would be greatly reduced.
Scenario One is Heg
Military power is the key internal link to global stability and US hegemony – a world without the US collapses into chaos.
Kagan ‘12
By Robert Kagan, as if you don’t know Published: February 2, 2012 The importance of U.S. military might shouldn’t be underestimated http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-importance-of-us-military-might-shouldnt-be-underestimated/2012/02/02/gIQAX5pVlQ_print.html In case you don’t Kagan is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, writes a monthly column for The Post.
These days “soft” power and “smart” power are in vogue (
AND
… , they will make other arrangements.
Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction---multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US military power smooths the transition and is empirically correlated to perpetual great-power peace
Barnett 11 (Thomas P.M, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat., worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” March 7 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads
It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of
AND
the 20th century, setting the stage for the Pacific Century now unfolding.

The sudden collapse of US leadership is a recipe for global catastrophe – causes global power realignment and conflict – there is no alternative
Brzezinski ‘12
BY ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at the School of Advanced International Studies| JAN/FEB 2012 After America How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full

For if ….
policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.
Scenario Two is Satellites
Blackouts independently crush satellites capabilities
Loudermilk ‘11 (Micah J. Loudermilk, Micah J. Loudermilk is a Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, “Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters”, March 27, 2011, LEQ)
Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University released a
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fears that would surely arise from the distribution of reactors across the country.
Sats are key to maintaining the information balance between India and Pakistan
Rehbein ‘02
ROBERT E. REHBEIN Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Rehbein is the Deputy Commander, 694th Intelligence Group, Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. Lietenant Colonel Rebhein has a B.A. from Cornell University and an M.A. from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Managing Proliferation in South Asia: A Case for Assistance to Unsafe Nuclear Arsenals The Nonproliferation Review/Spring 2002
U.S. provision of intelligence can also prove beneficial. For example,
AND
also whether it even knows where Indian and Pakistani NW storage sites are located

Accurate intelligence is key to prevent Indo-Pak conflict
Bringer et al ‘01
Shirin Tahir-Khelisia Program Johns Hopkins, Kent Bringer ative Monitoring Center CMC Occasional Papers Reducing Risk in South Asia: Managing India – Pakistan Tensions March 2001 http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand98-050520.pdf
The ability to assess the current operational and deployment status of nuclear weapons is perhaps
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nuclear device through accident or other unintentional means as escalation to nuclear war.

Indo-Pak war causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
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lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Contention Two is Space
Attempts at colonization are inevitable
Seedhouse 09 - research scientist specializing in life sciences and environmental physiology, Ph.D. in Physiology, studied at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the German Space Agency, worked for the European Space Agency,  Erik, “Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlements on Mars,” page 10-11, Praxi Publishing Ltd., ISBN 978-0-387-98190-1

Inevitably, humans will venture to Mars and other planets within the Solar System.
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avoided? The answers to these questions unfold in the pages that follow.
Modular Nuclear Tech IS Key to Long Term Colonies
Casey ‘11
Tina M. Casey; August 29th, 2011; (idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/08/nasa-testing-suitcase-sized-nukes-to-power-colonies-on-remote-planets.php) Specializes in military and corporate sustainability, advanced technology, emerging materials, biofuels, and water and wastewater issues. Professional background includes three years as Deputy Director of Public Affairs for the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, and two years as a researcher for the city’s Department of Consumer Affairs
NASA is …. in 2012.
SMRs are proven in space – only a matter of adoption
("Energy Horizons", United States Air Force, Energy SandT Vision, 2011-2026, http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120209-060.pdf)
In addition to improving photovoltaic efficiencies, other potential energy production is possible in the
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plants decrease in size, their utility on board space based assets increases.

Extinction inevitable – colonization solves
Schulze-Makuch and Davies ‘10 (Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and Paul Davies, Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University, “To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars”, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html) 

There are several reasons that motivate the establishment of a permanent Mars colony. We
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most favorable launch option takes about six months with current chemical rocket technology.

And colonization would reduce existential risk
Gott ‘11—Ph.D., professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, recipient of the Robert J. Trumpler Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, the Astronomical League Award, and Princeton's President's Award for Distinguished Teaching J. Richard Gott, III, “A One-Way Trip to Mars,” Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol 13, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars151.html

I've been advocating a one-way colonizing trip to Mars for many years (
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last 50 years. But will we be wise enough to do this?

Reducing existential risk by even a tiny amount outweighs every other impact—the math is conclusively on our side.
Bostrom ‘11 — Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html, Accessed 07-04-2011)

Holding probability constant, risks become more serious as we move toward the upper-
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the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.13
Multiplying probability and magnitude is key to ethical risk assessment—the most serious threats to humanity are the unknown and unthinkable.
Rees ‘8 — Sir Martin J. Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and Leicester University, Director of the Institute of Astronomy, Research Professor at Cambridge, 2008 (“Foreward,” Global Catastrophic Risks, Edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic, Published by Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198570509, p. x-xi)

These concerns are not remotely futuristic - we will surely confront them within next 10
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readership - and deserve special attention from scientists, policy-makers and ethicists

Contention Three is Solvency
DOD action is key to technological lock-in – if we leave it up to the private sector, the military won’t get reactors that work for them.
Richard B. Andres and Hanna L. Breetz 2011 Richard B. Andres is
AND
Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications STRATEGIC FORUM  Feb 2011
Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach
AND
 DOD leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

And an aggregate-output purchase-power agreement solves best- key to obtain private sector financing- the most qualified studies go aff
Rosner, Goldberg, and Hezir et. al. ‘11 (Robert Rosner, Robert Rosner is an astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago. He was the director of Argonne National Laboratory from 2005 to 2009, and Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, Joseph S. Hezir, Principal, EOP Foundation, Inc., Many people have made generous and valuable contributions to this study. Professor Geoff Rothwell, Stanford University, provided the study team with the core and supplemental analyses and very timely and pragmatic advice. Dr. J’Tia Taylor, Argonne National Laboratory, supported Dr. Rothwell in these analyses. Deserving special mention is Allen Sanderson of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago, who provided insightful comments and suggested improvements to the study. Constructive suggestions have been received from Dr. Pete Lyons, DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; Dr. Pete Miller, former DOE Assistant Secretary of Nuclear Energy; John Kelly, DOE Deputy Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Reactor Technologies; Matt Crozat, DOE Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy; Vic Reis, DOE Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary for Science; and Craig Welling, DOE Deputy Office Director, Advanced Reactor Concepts Office, as well as Tim Beville and the staff of DOE’s Advanced Reactor Concepts Office. The study team also would like to acknowledge the comments and useful suggestions the study team received during the peer review process from the nuclear industry, the utility sector, and the financial sector. Reviewers included the following: Rich Singer, VP Fuels, Emissions, and Transportation, MidAmerican Energy Co.; Jeff Kaman, Energy Manager, John Deere; Dorothy R. Davidson, VP Strategic Programs, AREVA; T. J. Kim, Director—Regulatory Affairs and Licensing, Generation mPower, Babcock and Wilcox; Amir Shahkarami, Senior Vice President, Generation, Exelon Corp.; Michael G. Anness, Small Modular Reactor Product Manager, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Matthew H. Kelley and Clark Mykoff, Decision Analysis, Research and Technology, Westinghouse Electric Co.; George A. Davis, Manager, New Plant Government Programs, Westinghouse Electric Co.; Christofer Mowry, President, Babcock and Wilcox Nuclear Energy, Inc.; Ellen Lapson, Managing Director, Fitch Ratings; Stephen A. Byrne, Executive Vice President, Generation and Transmission Chief Operating Officer, South Carolina Electric and Gas Company; Paul Longsworth, Vice President, New Ventures, Fluor; Ted Feigenbaum, Project Director, Bechtel Corp.; Kennette Benedict, Executive Director, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist; Bruce Landrey, CMO, NuScale; Dick Sandvik, NuScale; and Andrea Sterdis, Senior Manager of Strategic Nuclear Expansion, Tennessee Valley Authority. The authors especially would like to acknowledge the discerning comments from Marilyn Kray, Vice-President at Exelon, throughout the course of the study, “Small Modular Reactors – Key to Future Nuclear Power”, http://epic.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/SMRWhite_Paper_Dec.14.2011copy.pdf, November 2011, LEQ)

6.2 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIP OF MARKET TRANSFORMATION INCENTIVES Similar to other important energy technologies
AND
LEAD and FOAK plants very competitive (prior to consideration of subsidies). 47
Competitive pricing is an important, but not the sole, element to successful SMR
AND
, can surmount these challenges and provide critical initial markets for SMR plants.

SMRs are super safe
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

While the focus in this paper is on the business case for SMRs, the
….. a detailed examination of these issues is beyond the scope of this paper.
DoE just massively increased SMR incentives, but it fails
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD should lead the charge for small reactors to meet their own
AND
be left behind as we have been with other alternative energy production means.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Reinvigorating space colonization is key to the trans humanist movement
Andreadis ‘08
Athena Andreadis, author of The Biology of Star Trek, a molecular biologist who also writes stories and essays. Dreamers of a Better Future, Unite! March 13th, 2008 http://www.starshipnivan.com/blog/?p=60
And yet, despite ....inhabited worlds instead.

Embracing technological advancement leads to immortality – our post-human future link turns all their impacts
Max More, Chairman of Extropy Institute “On becoming posthuman,” 1994 google.
"You're playing God." ..... our natural brains.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
We made some cosmetic changes:  

Plan: The Department of Defense should offer a purchase-power agreement for the use of small modular reactors on its domestic facilities.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
New Plan: The Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on its domestic facilities.

Changes the Rosner and Goldberg PPA card for this:
DoD procurement solves best
Sarewitz et al ’12 (Daniel Sarewitz and Samuel Thernstrom Co-Directors, John Alic Technical Consultant, and Writer Travis Doom Research Assistant, A joint project of CSPO and CATF, We are grateful  for their time and their insights.  Fred Beach Postdoctoral Fellow,  University of Texas at Austin William Bonvillian Washington Office Director,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hanna Breetz PhD Candidate,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kay Sullivan Faith Graduate Fellow, RAND Erica Fuchs Assistant Professor of Engineering and Public Policy,  Carnegie Mellon University Ken Gabriel Deputy Director,  Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Anthony Galasso Director of Advanced Integration Capabilities,  Boeing Phantom Works David Garman Consultant Eugene Gholz Associate Professor of Public Affairs,  University of Texas at Austin Sherri Goodman Senior Vice President, Center for Naval Analysis Kevin Hurst Assistant Director for Energy RandD,  Office of Science and Technology Policy John Jennings Deputy Director for Innovation,  Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Operational Energy Todd Laporte Professor of Political Science,  University of California Berkley George Lea Military Branch Chief, Engineering and Construction,  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Sasha Mackler Bipartisan Policy Center Jeffrey Marqusee Executive Director, SERDP and ESTCP, U.S. Department of Defense William McQuaid Liaison for DoD Energy Conservation Programs,  Office of Management and Budget Srini Mirmira Commercialization,  Advance Research Projects Agency-Energy Dorothy Robyn Deputy Under Secretary of Defense,  Installations and Environment Richard Van Atta Institute for Defense Analyses Andrew Wiedlea Defense Threat Reduction Agency Aubrey Wigner Graduate Student,  Arizona State University Project Staff and Affiliates Daniel Sarewitz Co-Director,  Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes,  Arizona State University Samuel Thernstrom Senior Climate Policy Advisor,  Clean Air Task Force John Alic  Consultant Travis Doom Program Specialist,  Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes,  Arizona State University Joseph Chaisson Research and Technical Director,  Clean Air Task Force Armond Cohen Executive Director,  Clean Air Task Force Nate Gorence Associate Director for Energy Innovation,  Bipartisan Policy Center Suzanne Landtiser Graphic Designer, Fine Line Studio, “Energy Innovation At The Department Of Defense Assessing The Opportunities”, March 2012, LEQ)
Many pundits and leaders ... national capabilities. 

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 6 | Opponent: CSUF MS | Judge: Massey, Jackie
Life without value is better than death.
Kenneth Waltz (Institute of War and Peace Studied; Father of realism) 59 Man, The State, and War

St. Augustine h..... following reason.

AND, any kritik alternative that tries to discursively perfect politics fails: Disavowal of the violence of representation and calls for internal rethinking rely on assumptions of metaphysical innocence, fetishizing an authenticity that never existed

Bewes ’97 Timothy, doctorate in English Literature at the University of Sussex, Cynicism and Postmodernity, New York City: Verso, 1997, 195-6

Despite the .... 'the illusion of the end'.

Authenticity fetishization and its fear of reason and violence allow us to spend hours debating ethical minutae while gas chambers are built

Bewes ‘97
Timothy, doctorate in English Literature at the University of Sussex, Cynicism and Postmodernity, New York City: Verso, 1997,146-7

If it is unreasonable .... of cheap metaphysics.

AND, Debate is a game—WE PROVIDE A BETTER MODEL FOR EDUCATION. Viewing debate as a game is a radical refiguring of the political landscape. In-round discourse does not directly reproduce political discourse.

Armstrong 2K (Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

On the other hand, in contrast ... model for the ethical use of power. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
DOD Plan
Plan: The Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on its domestic facilities.
Contention One is Transhuman Space
FIRST, Attempts at colonization are inevitable
Seedhouse 09 - research scientist specializing in life sciences and environmental physiology, Ph.D. in Physiology, studied at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the German Space Agency, worked for the European Space Agency,  Erik, “Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlements on Mars,” page 10-11, Praxi Publishing Ltd., ISBN 978-0-387-98190-1

Inevitably, humans ...questions unfold in the pages that follow.
Modular Nuclear Tech IS Key to Long Term Colonies
Casey ‘11
Tina M. Casey; August 29th, 2011; (idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/08/nasa-testing-suitcase-sized-nukes-to-power-colonies-on-remote-planets.php) Specializes in m... ready for action in 2012.
Extinction inevitable – colonization solves
Schulze-Makuch and Davies ‘10 (Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and Paul Davies, Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University, “To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars”, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html) 

There are several ... months with current chemical rocket technology.

And colonization solves any and all existential risk
Gott ‘11—Ph.D., professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, recipient of the Robert J. Trumpler Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, the Astronomical League Award, and Princeton's President's Award for Distinguished Teaching J. Richard Gott, III, “A One-Way Trip to Mars,” Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol 13, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars151.html

I've been advocating ...enough to do this?

Reducing existential risk by even a tiny amount outweighs every other impact—the math is conclusively on our side.
Bostrom ‘11 — Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2011 (“The Concept of Existential Risk,” Draft of a Paper published on ExistentialRisk.com, Available Online at http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html, Accessed 07-04-2011)

Holding probability .... the unknown and unthinkable.
Rees ‘8 — Sir Martin J. Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and Leicester University, Director of the Institute of Astronomy, Research Professor at Cambridge, 2008 (“Foreward,” Global Catastrophic Risks, Edited by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic, Published by Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198570509, p. x-xi)

These concerns are ...special attention from scientists, policy-makers and ethicists

Using and embracing nuclear tech as a stepping stone to space is a uniquely transhumanist stance that recognizes the inevitable role of tech. Our epistemic burden is progressive engagement in emerging technologies.
João Pedro de Magalhães ( Portuguese researcher working on the biology and genetics of aging. Prof in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Liverpool) "H: The Sky Is the Limit" Senescene, 9/22/08. accessed online 10/14/09 at page: http://jp.senescence.info/thoughts/transhumanism.html

A significant fraction ... colonization is key to the trans humanist movement
Andreadis ‘08
Athena Andreadis, author of The Biology of Star Trek, a molecular biologist who also writes stories and essays. Dreamers of a Better Future, Unite! March 13th, 2008 http://www.starshipnivan.com/blog/?p=60
And yet, despite ...s and inhabited worlds instead.

We win at the ontological level: embrace that we are already and inevitably bound to technology

Slavov Zizek, jet-setter, Nature and its Discontents: Beyond Fukuyama, SubStance #117, Vol. 37, no. 3, 2008, muse.

The Uses and .... technological mobilization. 

We also have the best epistemic frame: The only radical path is accepting the terror of our “inhumanity”. Our interaction with the world through technology is always in flux. Using historical reference and social theorization without technology is bad scholarship.
Slavov Zizek, Nature and its Discontents: Beyond Fukuyama, SubStance #117, Vol. 37, no. 3, 2008, muse.

The aftermath of ... in-human subject.
We have the biggest impact: Embracing progressive transhumanism leads to immortality – our post-human future link turns all their impacts
Max More, Chairman of Extropy Institute “On becoming posthuman,” 1994 google.
"You're playing God." "Somebody has to!"
--Steve Martin, The Man with Two Brains
I teach you the overman. Man is something that is to be overcome. What have you done to overcome him?
--Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, I prologue, p. 3.
Humanism and Transhumanism
Should we "play God?" .... allowed by our natural brains.

Vote aff to embrace a transhuman ethic—each step is critical. Your participation in the transhuman project can restore agency

Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy Oxford University, The Transhumanist FAQ- A General Introduction, Version 2.1 (2003), google.

Focusing solely ...... difference here. 

Contention Two is Solvency
DoD procurement solves best
Sarewitz et al ’12 (Daniel Sarewitz and Samuel Thernstrom Co-Directors, John Alic Technical Consultant, and Writer Travis Doom Research Assistant, A joint project of CSPO and CATF, We are grateful  for their time and their insights.  Fred Beach Postdoctoral Fellow,  University of Texas at Austin William Bonvillian Washington Office Director,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hanna Breetz PhD Candidate,  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kay Sullivan Faith Graduate Fellow, RAND Erica Fuchs Assistant Professor of Engineering and Public Policy,  Carnegie Mellon University Ken Gabriel Deputy Director,  Defense Advanced Research Project Agency Anthony Galasso Director of Advanced Integration Capabilities,  Boeing Phantom Works David Garman Consultant Eugene Gholz Associate Professor of Public Affairs,  University of Texas at Austin Sherri Goodman Senior Vice President, Center for Naval Analysis Kevin Hurst Assistant Director for Energy RandD,  Office of Science and Technology Policy John Jennings Deputy Director for Innovation,  Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Operational Energy Todd Laporte Professor of Political Science,  University of California Berkley George Lea Military Branch Chief, Engineering and Construction,  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Sasha Mackler Bipartisan Policy Center Jeffrey Marqusee Executive Director, SERDP and ESTCP, U.S. Department of Defense William McQuaid Liaison for DoD Energy Conservation Programs,  Office of Management and Budget Srini Mirmira Commercialization,  Advance Research Projects Agency-Energy Dorothy Robyn Deputy Under Secretary of Defense,  Installations and Environment Richard Van Atta Institute for Defense Analyses Andrew Wiedlea Defense Threat Reduction Agency Aubrey Wigner Graduate Student,  Arizona State University Project Staff and Affiliates Daniel Sarewitz Co-Director,  Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes,  Arizona State University Samuel Thernstrom Senior Climate Policy Advisor,  Clean Air Task Force John Alic  Consultant Travis Doom Program Specialist,  Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes,  Arizona State University Joseph Chaisson Research and Technical Director,  Clean Air Task Force Armond Cohen Executive Director,  Clean Air Task Force Nate Gorence Associate Director for Energy Innovation,  Bipartisan Policy Center Suzanne Landtiser Graphic Designer, Fine Line Studio, “Energy Innovation At The Department Of Defense Assessing The Opportunities”, March 2012, LEQ)
Many pundits ... national capabilities.
Plan key to the development of SMRS -- doesn’t pick winners
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ ...a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.
SMRs are super safe
Rosner and Goldberg 11
Robert Rosner, Stephen Goldberg, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago, The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, November 2011, SMALL MODULAR REACTORS –KEY TO FUTURE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION IN THE U.S., https://epic.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/epic.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/EPICSMRWhitePaperFinalcopy.pdf

While the focus in ... these issues is beyond the scope of this paper.
DoE just massively increased SMR incentives, but it fails
DoD Energy Blog, 2/16/11, Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power Good Things in Small Packages:Small Reactors for Military Power, dodenergy.blogspot.com/2011/02/good-things-in-small-packagessmall.html

They conclude that DOD ... alternative energy production means.

Contention Three is the Underview
Life without value is better than death.
Kenneth Waltz (Institute of War and Peace Studied; Father of realism) 59 Man, The State, and War

St. Augustine ...t of following reason.

AND, any kritik alternative that tries to discursively perfect politics fails: Disavowal of the violence of representation and calls for internal rethinking rely on assumptions of metaphysical innocence, fetishizing an authenticity that never existed

Bewes ’97 Timothy, doctorate in English Literature at the University of Sussex, Cynicism and Postmodernity, New York City: Verso, 1997, 195-6

Despite the ...'the illusion of the end'.

Authenticity fetishization and its fear of reason and violence allow us to spend hours debating ethical minutae while gas chambers are built

Bewes ‘97
Timothy, doctorate in English Literature at the University of Sussex, Cynicism and Postmodernity, New York City: Verso, 1997,146-7

If it is unreasonable ... cheap metaphysics.

AND, Debate is a game—WE PROVIDE A BETTER MODEL FOR EDUCATION. Viewing debate as a game is a radical refiguring of the political landscape. In-round discourse does not directly reproduce political discourse.

Armstrong 2K (Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

On the other hand, in contrast ...l for the ethical use of power. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
DOD Plan
Plan: The Department of Defense should procure small modular reactors for use on its domestic facilities.
Contention One is Transhuman Space
FIRST, Attempts at colonization are inevitable
Seedhouse 09 - research scientist specializing in life sciences and environmental physiology, Ph.D. in Physiology, studied at the Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the German Space Agency, worked for the European Space Agency,  Erik, “Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlements on Mars,” page 10-11, Praxi Publishing Ltd., ISBN 978-0-387-98190-1

Inevitably, humans .... these questions unfold in the pages that follow.
Modular Nuclear Tech IS Key to Long Term Colonies
Casey ‘11
Tina M. Casey; August 29th, 2011; (idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/08/nasa-testing-suitcase-sized-nukes-to-power-colonies-on-remote-planets.php) Specializes in military and corporate sustainability, advanced technology, emerging materials, biofuels, and water and wastewater issues. Professional background includes three years as Deputy Director of Public Affairs for the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, and two years as a researcher for the city’s Department of Consumer Affairs
NASA is developing .... demonstration unit of 12 kWe (kilowatts of electrical energy), which should be ready for action in 2012.
Extinction inevitable – colonization solves
Schulze-Makuch and Davies ‘10 (Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Ph.D., School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University and Paul Davies, Ph.D., Beyond Center, Arizona State University, “To Boldly Go: A One-Way Human Mission to Mars”, http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars108.html) 

There are several ... months with current chemical rocket technology.

Using and embracing nuclear tech as a stepping stone to space is a uniquely transhumanist stance that recognizes the inevitable role of tech. Our epistemic burden is progressive engagement in emerging technologies.
João Pedro de Magalhães ( Portuguese researcher working on the biology and genetics of aging. Prof in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Liverpool) "H: The Sky Is the Limit" Senescene, 9/22/08. accessed online 10/14/09 at page: http://jp.senescence.info/thoughts/transhumanism.html

A significant fraction ....is key to the trans humanist movement
Andreadis ‘08
Athena Andreadis, author of The Biology of Star Trek, a molecular biologist who also writes stories and essays. Dreamers of a Better Future, Unite! March 13th, 2008 http://www.starshipnivan.com/blog/?p=60
And yet, ... species and inhabited worlds instead.

We also have the best epistemic frame: The only radical path is accepting the terror of our “inhumanity”. embrace that we are already and inevitably bound to technology. Our interaction with the world through technology is always in flux. Using historical reference and social theorization without technology is bad scholarship.
Slavov Zizek, Nature and its Discontents: Beyond Fukuyama, SubStance #117, Vol. 37, no. 3, 2008, muse.

The aftermath of .... in-human subject.
We have the biggest impact: Embracing progressive transhumanism leads to immortality – our post-human future link turns all their impacts
Max More, Chairman of Extropy Institute “On becoming posthuman,” 1994 google.
"You're playing .... allowed by our natural brains.

Vote aff to embrace a transhuman ethic—each step is critical. Your participation in the transhuman project can restore agency

Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy Oxford University, The Transhumanist FAQ- A General Introduction, Version 2.1 (2003), google.

Focusing solely on .... significant difference here.
Transhuman Ethics are the key to all Extinction Scenarios.
Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy Oxford University, The Transhumanist FAQ- A General Introduction, Version 2.1 (2003), google.

Yes, and this ... existential risks. 

We Control Access: This Debate Helps reverse the Failures of humanism: speciesm, racism, and  disposability. We control access to root causes.

Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy Oxford University, The Transhumanist FAQ- A General Introduction, Version 2.1 (2003), google.
Transhumanism is compatible ... level of moral status as humans have in their current form. 

Contention Three is Solvency
Plan key to the development of SMRS -- doesn’t pick winners
Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University and Hanna L, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications",  www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
DOD as First Mover¶ Thus ... industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Contention Four is the Underview
AND, Debate is a game—WE PROVIDE A BETTER MODEL FOR EDUCATION. Viewing debate as a game is a radical refiguring of the political landscape. In-round discourse does not directly reproduce political discourse.

Armstrong 2K (Paul B., Dean and Professor of Literature at Brown University, New Literary History, 31: 211–223, “The Politics of Play: The Social Implications of Iser’s Aesthetic Theory”)

On the other hand, .... use of power. 

Roleplaying is a good form of doubling: Roles and texts are not instrumental. A topical performance can be radical, and epistemically accepts human nature as being in constant flux.
Armstrong, Paul B. “Being "Out of Place": Edward W. Said and the Contradictions of Cultural Differences. MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly 64.1 (2003) 97-121

The doubleness of cultural ... tell of their timeless homogeneity.

There is immense educational value in policy-focus discussions – it teaches excellent decision-making skills and the ability to work with complex information – prefer our evidence because it’s in the context of undergraduate studies.
Carver ‘96
Robert H. Carver teaches business and public administration at Stonehill College in North Easton, Massachusetts, where he is also affiliated with the Joseph Martin Institute for Law and Society
Where Does Policy Analysis Belong in the Undergraduate Public Administration Major?
Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sep., 1996), pp. 521-525 Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/420836
As introduction to .... capstone role in the curriculum.

Decisionmaking is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals
Shulman ‘09
Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ‘9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) 

These are the kinds .... role in the lives of citizens.