Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Obama winning but external events can swing it.
Silver, NYT statistician, 9-24-12
(Nate, “The Statistical State of the Presidential Race”, http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/24/the-statistical-state-of-the-presidential-race/, DOA: 9-27-12, ldg)

To the extent ……..essentially random factors. 

SMRs provoke massive NIMBY backlash
Taso, Tufts University Masters in  11
(Firas Eugen, Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy and Master of Arts in Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning, “21st Century Civilian Nuclear Power and the Role of Small Modular Reactors,” 2011, ProQuest, accessed 9-24-12, mtf)

Paolo Ferroni also ………..effect picking winners.

Romney will hurt relations with Russia
Sanger, New York Times Reporter, 5-12-12
(David, “Is There a Romney Doctrine?,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/sunday-review/is-there-a-romney-doctrine.html?_r=3) 

On some issues, ………..“reset the reset.” 

Romney hurts relations with Russia
Bandow, CATO Institute Senior Fellow, 4-23-12
(Doug, “Romney and Russia: Complicating American Relationships,” accessed 6-6-12, http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/romney-and-russia-complicating-american-relationships/) 

Mitt Romney has ….indulge its paranoia.

US-Russian cooperation is key to prevent nuclear war, nuclear terrorism, and to preserve US power projection globally
Cohen, Ph.D., Professor of Politics Emeritus at Princeton University, 11
 (Stephen, professor of Russian studies at New York University, “Obama's Russia 'Reset': Another Lost Opportunity?” http://www.thenation.com/article/161063/obamas-russia-reset-another-lost-opportunity?page=full, accessed 10-17-11, tlr)

An enduring existential ……….for better or worse.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Renewable investments at all time high now – billions in investment
McGinn, ACORE, 9-12
(Dennis, President of the American Council on Renewable Energy, international security senior fellow at the Rocky Mountain Institute, co-chairman of the CNA Military Advisory Board advising policy makers on the nexus of energy and national security, “Ending renewable energy’s villainy,” 9-12-12, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2012/09/12/ending-renewable-energys-villainy/, accessed 9-13-12, ara)

The fact is ……major financial institutions. 

Nuclear power and renewables incompatible – 5 reasons
Verbruggen, Energy and Environmental Economics professor, University of Antwerp, 8
(Aviel, Energy and Environmental Economist Professor at the University of Antwerp, “Renewable and nuclear power: A common future?” 7-29-08, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508003030, accessed 7-29-12, ara)

For realizing a ……..renewable power technologies 

Renewables key to global food production – solve price fluctuations AND now is key
FAO, 11
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “’Energy-smart’ agriculture needed to escape fossil fuel trap,” 11-29-11, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/95161/icode/, accessed 8-3-12, ara)

The global food ………now, FAO says. 

Food price shocks lead to state failures – outweighs and turns all your impacts AND no risk of defense – best source
Brown, President, EPI, 9
(Lester R, President of the Earth Policy Institute, Masters degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Maryland, founded the Worldwatch Institute, the first research institute devoted to the analysis of global environmental issues, formerly worked at the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service as an international analyst, later appointed Administrator of the department's International Agricultural Development Service, author or coauthor of over 50 books, recipient of many prizes and awards, including 25 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” May 2009, http://biomass.age.uiuc.edu/images/c/cd/FoodShortageBrown.pdf, published by Scientific American, accessed 8-3-12, ara)

For many years ……..thanol-fuel distilleries. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
SMRs are inefficient and are subject to greater danger
Baker, Policy Analyst – American Security Project, 12
(Matthew, June 22, 2012, “Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?”, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/, 6/25/12, atl)

Unfortunately all the …….than its benefits.

No solvency lack of means experience
Squassoni, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Senior Associate, 08
(Sharon, “The Realities of Nuclear Expansion” House Select Committee for Energy Independence and Global Warming Washington, DC March 12, 2008, 7/4/12, atl)
There are significant …………in recent years.

Military personal don’t have the knowledge
Parthemore et al., CNAS Bacevich Fellow, 2010
(Christine, “Broadening Horizons: Climate Change and the U.S. Armed Forces”, April, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Broadening%20Horizons_Carmen%20Parthemore%20Rogers.pdf, DOA: 9-23-12, ldg)

Many serious complications ……………..for these purposes. 

Multiple barriers to SMRs on military bases and risk theft overseas
Andres, NWC national security strategy professor, 2011
(Richard, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications”, February, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf, DOA: 9-23-12, ldg)

Small reactors used ………….into enemy hands. 

Way too many barriers to SMR spread-both internationally and domestically
ITA 2011
(Department of Commerce International Trade Administration, “The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors”, February, http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf, DOA: 9-23-12, ldg)

A number of U.S. ………..ameliorate this concern. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. The US is encouraging multilateral cooperation on space issues now
   Rose, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance Deputy Assistant Secretary, 11
   (Frank, “Strengthening Stability in Space”, 4-6-11, AP, http://sg.news.yahoo.com/strengthening-stability-space-20110405-123630-843.html, accessed 8-24-12 wdw)

Why is SSA ……………misperceptions, and mistrust.

2. SPS has ABM capabilities- Aff will be seen as a violation of the ABM treaty
Pop, space lawyer,  2000
(Virgiliu , PhD Student, Law School, University of Glasgow, space lawyer  “Security Implications of Non-Terrestrial Resource Exploitation” October 2000, http://www.spacefuture.com/pr/archive/security_implications_of_non_terrestrial_resource_exploitation.shtml, accessed 8/15/12, vc)

The bilateral USA-USSR ………..weapons system"25. 

3. Space weaponization causes massive prolif
Podvig and Zhang, Research Associates,  ‘8
(Pavel, Research Associate at the Center for International Cooperation at Stanford University.  PhD, Political Science, Moscow Institute,  and Hui, Research  Research Associate in the Project on Managing the Atom in the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government., Ph.D. in nuclear physics from Beijing University “Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space” American Academy of Arts and Sciences http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/militarySpace.pdf accessed: 8-18-12 mlb)

Each scholar suggests ………..country’s security interests. 

4. Nuclear war
Chomsky, Linguistics and Philosophy MIT Professor, 1
(Noam  “Militarizing Space ‘to protect U.S. interests and investment” http://www.isreview.org/issues/19/NoamChomsky.shtml accessed: 8-16-12 mlb)

 It’s arousing …………..do anything defensive. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The United States Federal Government should initiate a binding substantive environmental impact statement, including but not limited to a health impact assessment regarding the consequences of substantially increasing financial incentives for space-based solar power. and adopt such measure only if it can be made consistent with the results of the statement. We’ll clarify.

CP solves-public participation is key and equity norms make the plan more sustainable
Bratspies, CUNY law professor, 2010
(Rebecca, “The Intersection Of International Human Rights And Domestic Environmental Regulation”, 8-20, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1662576, DOA: 8-18-12, ldg)

There are many ……….leases less likely. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Wind farms kill military readiness – compromise air defense and surveillance
Robyn, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, 10
(Dorothy, June 29, “Impact of Wind Farms on Military Readiness,” http://www.acq.osd.mil/ie/download/robyn_testimony_hascr_29jun10.pdf 

Wind turbines can ……….clutter and shadowing. 

Readiness solves global conflict
Kagan, Yale University Professor of History, 97
(Donald, ORBIS, Spring, p. 188-9)

America's most vital …….existing international structure. 

Turn-Military readiness key to the economy
Norrlof, political science professor at Toronto, 2010
(Carla, America’s Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation, pg 172-3 ldg)

One of the ………with military defeats. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency

No wind growth regardless of PTC
Linowes, Industrial Wind Action Group Executive Director, 12
(Lisa, holds Bachelor of Science in Software Science from the Rochester Institute of Technology and a Masters in Business Administration from Southern New Hampshire University, April 19, “Impact of Tax Policies on the Commercial Application of Renewable Energy Technology,” http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/HHRG-112-SY21-WState-LLinowes-20120419.pdf, d/a 7-23-12, ads)

In a press reports ……….happens with the PTC.

Industry won’t collapse without PTC – it doesn’t drive growth and other factors are more influential
Linowes, Industrial Wind Action Group Executive Director, 12
(Lisa, holds Bachelor of Science in Software Science from the Rochester Institute of Technology and a Masters in Business Administration from Southern New Hampshire University, April 19, “Impact of Tax Policies on the Commercial Application of Renewable Energy Technology,” http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/HHRG-112-SY21-WState-LLinowes-20120419.pdf, d/a 7-23-12, ads)

The AWEA insists ………irrelevant in those years. 

Doesn’t foster investment – narrow financing structure
Kahn, Former Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Senior Staff Scientist, 96
(Edward, Ph.D. and M.A., University of California, Berkeley; B.A., Amherst College, “The production tax credit for wind turbine powerplants is an ineffective incentive,” Energy Policy Vol. 24 Num. 5, pp. 427-435, d/a 7-21-12, ads)

A major driving ……..fraction of total cost. 

Doesn’t solve the economy - their evidence doesn’t assume additional costs
Lea, Arbuthnot Banking Group Director, 12
(Ruth, Former Chief Economist at Mitsubishi Bank, former Chief UK Economist at Lehman Brothers, Director of the Centre for Policy Studies from 2004 to 2007,  and Director of Global Vision from 2007 to 2010. She is also a former Governor of the London School of Economics, and has Honorary Doctorates from the University of Greenwich and BPP University College, January, “Electricity Costs: The folly of wind-power,” http://www.civitas.org.uk/economy/electricitycosts2012.pdf, d/a 6-23-12, ads)

Onshore wind looks ..medium-term projects.

Warming
Wind causes more warming – backup generators cause excessive C02
Lea, Arbuthnot Banking Group Director, 12
(Ruth, Former Chief Economist at Mitsubishi Bank, former Chief UK Economist at Lehman Brothers, Director of the Centre for Policy Studies from 2004 to 2007,  and Director of Global Vision from 2007 to 2010. She is also a former Governor of the London School of Economics, and has Honorary Doctorates from the University of Greenwich and BPP University College, January, “Electricity Costs: The folly of wind-power,” http://www.civitas.org.uk/economy/electricitycosts2012.pdf, d/a 6-23-12, ads)

At first glance …….at full power.

Best studies conclusively prove no C02 reduction
Business Wire, 11
(July 19, “The Wind Power Paradox: BENTEK Analysis Shows CO2 Savings Through Wind Power Are Either So Minimal As To Be Irrelevant or Too Expensive To Be Practical,” http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110719007251/en/Wind-Power-Paradox-BENTEK-Analysis-Shows-CO2, d/a 6-24-12, ads)

Government tax breaks …….o wind generation.

Heg

Environmental leadership not key to heg
Falkner, Energy, Environment and Development Programme fellow, 05
(Robert, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment associate, Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit senior research fellow. “American Hegemony and the Global Environment.” International Studies Review, Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2005. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3699676.pdf. Accessed: 9/12/2012. ADC)

 Second, there is …..foreign environmental policy.  

No US environmental influence – lack of treaty participation
Ivanova and Esty, College of William and Mary Government and Environment Policy professor and Yale University Environmental Law and Policy professor, 08
(Maria, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy Global Environmental Governance Project director. Daniel C., Yale University Center for Business and Environment Center for Environmental Law and Policy director. “Reclaiming U.S. Leadership in Global Environmental Governance.” SAIS Review, Volume 28, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2008. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v028/28.2.ivanova.html#back. Accessed: 9/12/2012. ADC

 However, the United ……….fundamental global problems.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency

No inherency- Obama expanded nuclear loan guarantee program by $36 billion
Woody, Environment Editor at Forbes, 2011
(Todd, "U.S. Official Affirms Nuclear Loan Guarantees", New York Times, March 17, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/17/u-s-official-affirms-nuclear-loan-guarantees/, accessed 9/28/12, SLC)

With many riveted ……….some loan decisions.

Nuclear loan guarantee expansions empirically don't solve
Schlissel et al., Senior Consultant at Synapse Energy Economics, 2009
(David, BS and MS degrees in Astronautical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University, Juris Doctor degree from Stanford University School of Law, studied Nuclear Engineering and Project Management at MIT; Michael Mullett, Mullett and Associates; Robert Alvarez, Institute For Policy Studies," Nuclear Loan Guarantees Another Taxpayer Bailout Ahead?", Union of Concerned Scientists, March, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-loan-guarantees.pdf, accessed 9/28/12, SLC)

However, ensuring that ………..the first few plants. 

More loan guarantees causes hundreds of billions of dollars in taxpayer bailouts- empirically proven
Schlissel et al., Senior Consultant at Synapse Energy Economics, 2009
(David, BS and MS degrees in Astronautical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University, Juris Doctor degree from Stanford University School of Law, studied Nuclear Engineering and Project Management at MIT; Michael Mullett, Mullett and Associates; Robert Alvarez, Institute For Policy Studies," Nuclear Loan Guarantees Another Taxpayer Bailout Ahead?", Union of Concerned Scientists, March, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-loan-guarantees.pdf, accessed 9/28/12, SLC)

The GAO estimates ………..guaranteeing nuclear loans: 

Heg

Continued U.S. military dominance ensures future great power wars
Glaser, Univ. of Chicago Public Policy Prof., 04 (Charles, “When Are Arms Races Dangerous?; Rational versus Suboptimal Arming,” International Security, Spring 2004, p. lexis)
Although a major ……………in future decades

U.S. can’t deploy heg to solve conflicts – public restraint, international relations, and deployment capabilities
Talmadge, Staff Writer for the Harvard International Review, 2006
(Caitlin, Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Restrained Hegemon," 5-6-06, Harvard International Review, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://hir.harvard.edu/intelligence/the-restrained-hegemon, accessed 3-17-11, mtf)

First, the domestic ……….acting like one.\

No impact to heg collapse - Regional cooperation fills in
Sachs, Columbia University Professor of Economics, 11
(Jeffrey, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia, Special Adviser to United Nations Secretary-General on the Millennium Development Goals, "A world of regions", http://www.social-europe.eu/2011/05/a-world-of-regions, accessed 1-6-12, AT)
In almost every …………….rivalries and conflicts

China and India Economic Strategies prevent conflict-
Rusko and Sasikumar, Research Assistant at the Simons Centre for Disarmament and Non-proliferation Research and Postdoctoral Fellow at the Simons Centre for Disarmament and Nonproliferation, 2007
(Christopher and Karthika, INDIA AND CHINA:FROM TRADE TO PEACE?”, ASIAN PERSPECTIVE, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2007, pp. 99-123, http://www.brics.global.wisc.edu/v31n4-d.pdf, ldg)

The mechanism underlying …………..economic well-being.
No India-Pakistan conflict – global economic integration
Marmoon , Institute of International Studies, 2007
(Dawood, and Global Development Network, , “Trading for peace,” The
Broker, http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/index.php/en/layout/set/print/articles/Trading-for-peace

Our research has ………………likely to diminish

Dialogue deescalates conflict
Curtis, Senior Research Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, 2007
(Lisa, India/Pakistan analyst, former staff member on Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Asian Issues, Senior Advisor State Department's South Asia Bureau, “India and Pakistan Poised to Make Progress on Kashmir,” The Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/research/AsiaandthePacific/bg1997.cfm) JBA

The three-year ………to any compromise.
Middle East conflict won’t escalate – local conflicts don’t spillover
Cook, Takeyh, and Maloney, 2007
(Steven A, Ray, fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations, Suzanne, senior fellow at Saban Center, “Why the Iraq war won't engulf the Mideast”, International Herald Tribune June 28, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/why-iraq-war-wont-engulf-mideast/p13702

Finally, there is ……….entire Middle East. 

Econ

Alt cause to economy – housing recession
Schoen, NBC News staff writer, 9/19
(John W.  “Choosy lenders holding back housing recovery.” 2012. http://economywatch.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/19/13964453-choosy-lenders-holding-back-housing-recovery?lite. Accessed: 9/27/2012. ADC)

Don't let the …….CNBC's Diana Olick.
US economy is resilient
Gross, Newsweek global business editor, 2012
(Daniel, “Myth Of Decline: U.S. Is Stronger and Faster Than Anywhere Else”, 4-30, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/04/29/myth-of-decline-u-s-is-stronger-and-faster-than-anywhere-else.html, DOA: 9-8-12, ldg)
The U.S. remains ……….as one of regeneration.

only literature on this question concludes there is no causality
Payne, Professor of Economics, Illinois State University, 10
(J.E. e-, J.P. Taylor, Professor of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, “Nuclear Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the U.S.: An Empirical Note”, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 6/29/12, atl)

Following the work ………..in the future.

Econ is resilient AND decline doesn’t cause war
Barnett, columnist for World Politics Review, 9
(Thomas P.M. “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” World Politics Review, 8/252009, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx, 9-26-11, zml)
So, to sum ……….Internet is for.  
No transition wars, states focus on solving economy
Bennet and Nordstrom, Political Science Professors and Penn State, 10
(D. Scott Bennett and Timothy Nordstrom, February 2010. Department of Political Science Professors at Pennsylvania State. “Foreign Policy Substitutability and Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Ebsco., d/a 9-26-11, zml)

In this analysis, we …………..ubstitutability between them.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Solvency
No solvency and turn: Construction and launching of SPS emits co2
Keiichiro et.al, Department of Environmental Policy, 2000
(Asakura, Collins Patrick, Nomura Koji, Hayami Hitoshi, and Yoshiok Kanji, Department of Environmental Policy, Azabu University, Keio economic observatory, July, http://policy.rutgers.edu/cupr/iioa/AsakuraCollinsNomuraHayamiandYoshioka_LifeCycleCO2.pdf, p. 4, accessed:8/13/2012, vc)

Solar power generation, ………..in electric power.

SPS won’t solve global warming -Technological innovation is insufficient
Mitchell, Professor of political science and environmental studies, 12
(Ronald B., Professor, Department of Political Science and Program in Environmental Studies, University of Oregon “Technology Is Not Enough : Climate Change, Population, Affluence, and Consumption” March 2012, http://jed.sagepub.com/content/21/1/24.full.pdf+html, accessed 8/13/12,vc)

Reducing human emissions ………doing so will pose. 

SPS can’t solve – many conditions aren’t met
Fetter,  Assistant Director in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, ‘4
(Steve  has held visiting positions at Stanford, Harvard, and MIT,  Ph.D. in energy and resources from the University of California, Berkeley, and an S.B. in physics from MIT. Former Dean of University of Maryland School of Public Policy “Space Solar Power: An Idea Whose Time Will Never Come?” 2004 http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/3992/1/2004-P%26S-SSP.pdf accessed: 8-13-12 mlb)

Arthur Smith laments …….unwise and  unwarranted. 

No solvency – 30 Billion in launch costs
Dessanti et al, Georgia Institute of Technology Experimental Aerodynamics and Concepts Research Assistant, 11
(“A US-India Power Exchange Towards a Space Power Grid” 6-3-11 http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/2011-US-IndiaPowerExchange.pdf accessed: 8-16-12 mlb)

The 1979 NASA/DOE ………beamed infrared power. 

FW

Cuomo concedes that avoiding conflict escalation is important.
Cuomo 1996 (chris, war is not just an event, page 32-33, 35)

I propose ………kind of event.

Turn- Violent conflict blocks efforts to solve structural violence
Posthumus, free-lance journalist, October 1999
(Bram, “Towards a Code of Conduct for Conflict Practitioners : 'In a State of Creative Conceptual Confusion'”, Publication Conflict Prevention Newsletter, Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 2-7, http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=45&formid=72&action=show&articleid=38)

Violent conflict prevention/ ………..van Eck has urged. 

Threats are real and we should act on them – they exist independent of fear
Knudsen, Sodertom political science professor, 2001
(Olav, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing Securitization”, Security Dialogue 2001 32: 355, SAGE, ldg)

Moreover, I have …………dealing with them. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention One: Our Interpretation

A. Interpretation: The Aff should have to defend the resolution by advocating United States Federal Government action to increase incentives or decrease regulation for energy 

B. Our interpretation is Grounded in the Resolution

1. The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon—the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters
   Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing 2k 

Use of a ……….a capital letter. 

2. The United States Federal Government is the one in D.C.
ENCARTA WORLD ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIA, 2006, p. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781/United_States_(Government).html 

United States Government, …….in Washington, D.C.

3. Should implies policy – it expresses that the government has a duty or obligation
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language04
("should." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 20 Sep. 2006. Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=should)

should (shd)  ………..
send her a note. 

C. Violation –

1. The affirmative fails to defend a fiat based interpretation of an expansion of visa policy through the United States Federal Government, instead they seek to expand the scope of the discussion.

Contention Two: Reasons to Prefer

Resolution centered debate is critical to a fair debate – it’s a voting issue.

1. Predictability-
   A. the resolution sets the topic for discussion- allowing the aff to choose their ground outside of the resolution makes it impossible for the negative to engage the affirmative. There are an infinite amount of non-policy advocacies unrelated to the topic which are impossible to predict- this leaves the negative unprepared to debate

B. Exploding predictable limits neutralizes the discursive benefits to debate and renders their advocacy meaningless—only our interpretation preserves the revolutionary potential of a deliberative activity
Ruth Shively, former professor of political science at Texas AandM, 2000 (Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 180)

Thus far, I ………..and democracy.

C. Aff conditionality- only a resolutionally-based plan prevents shifting advocacies- their framework allows aff vagueness, enabling the aff to become a moving target which destroys discussion, advocacy skills and fair ground

D. The resolution presents an agreed question which is the focus of the debate. Debate is worthless without the predictability that is necessary to generate a starting point for discussion
Ruth Shively, former professor of political science at Texas AandM, 2000 (Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 181-2)

The requirements given ………..agreement or harmony.

E. Unpredictable or unfair debates preclude an informed discussion that allows us to critically examine their approach- this prevents informed clash which outweighs all other impacts - fairness is a prerequisite because we can’t test the truth-value of an argument or advocacy without rigorously examining it.

2. Education -
A. policy options are key to real world education about possible reforms- their framework devastates learning about the real world with reciprocal and clear deliberation about the merits of an idea

B. Topical Education—by manipulating the topic to access their political project they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government.  Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform.  Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism
Martin W. Lewis, Professor of Geography and Regional Science at George Washington University, 1992 (Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism. Page 247)

A majority of …….their instructors’ intentions.
 

C. Implementation- the aff will always win the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract- we can only debate the merits of arguments if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation
Michael Ignatieff, Harvard Carr Center for Human Rights Policy director and human rights practices professor, 04 (The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, 20-21)

There are two ………to betray another.

D. Informed Citizens - Fiat is key to being informed citizens, without it we never learn about the political process and don’t take responsibility for the possible bad outcomes of our actions. Simulating policy solves all their offense, allowing people a safe space to test new ideas
Christopher C. Joyner, Professor of International Law in the Government Department at Georgetown University, Spring 1999 (Teaching International Law: Views From An International Relations Political Scientist, 5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377)

Use of the debate can ………critique, and legal defense.
 

3. Our Framework is Good – it prevents things like personal stories and narratives which risk intruding on and damaging other peoples personal lives.

A. When we make debate about stories we have to debate those stories – risking dehumanization and forcing people to quit
Deborah Tannen, Ph.D., Georgetown University linguistics professor, ‘98, “The Argument Culture,” p. 81-3

In explaining his ……..the phrase “quota queen.’”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Focusing on liberation requires re-affirmation of animality to justify the liberation of those the affirmative targets which re-entrenches speciesism.
Kim, UC Irvine political science professor, 2009
(Claire, “Slaying the Beast:  Reflections on Race, Culture, and Species”, http://aapf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/kalfou.pdf, ldg)

Dyson gives a ……and our actions 

There is an institutional bias in favor of speciesism-the AFF’s failure to directly challenge it allows hegemonic discourses to constrain the parameters of discussion and political activity which allows specieisism to continue.
Jackman, UC Davis sociology professor, 1994
(Mary, The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations, pg 64-68, ldg)

The institutionalization of ………..durable social control. 

Speciesism makes possible “systematic beastilization” which justifies non-criminal putting to death of the other—root cause of all oppression
Rossini, postdoctoral Fellow ASCA, 2006
(Manuela, “To the Dogs: Companion speciesism and the new feminist materialism”, text and image Volume 3, September, http://intertheory.org/rossini, ldg)

What is equally ……….sine qua non 

The alternative is to embrace the standpoint of the animal—this overcomes the humanist bias of the affirmative scholarship, connects the experiences of human and non-human animals and allows for total liberation by providing understanding of all oppression
Best, UT El Paso philosophy professor, 2009
(Steven, “The Rise of Critical Animal Studies: Putting Theory into Action and Animal Liberation into Higher Education “, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VII, Issue 1, 2009, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/issue_9/JCAS%20VII%20Issue%201%20MAY%20ISSUE%20The%20Rise%20of%20Critical%20Animal%20Studies%20pgs%209-52.pdf, ldg)

Postmodern critiques have ………..ecological healing and balance. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Exclusive focus on methodology is counter-productive and ineffective
Fearon, Political Science Professor Stanford University, Wendt, International Relations Professor Ohio State University, 2002
(James, Alexander, “Handbook of International Relations,” p. 68) jba

It should be …….all three levels.

Critical theory destroys the ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions.
Chandler, Westminster IR professor, 2009
(David, “Questioning Global Political Activism” What is Radical Politics Today?, pg 81-2, ldg)

Today more and more …….debate and organisation. 

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees violence
Monbiot, former Environmental Policy professor, 2003
(George, “Manifesto for a New World Order,” p. 11-13) jba

But most of ……….for its survival.

Role playing as public actors shatters apathy and political alienation which is critical to check inequality and exploitation
Mitchell, communications professor at Pittsburgh University, 2000
(Gordon, “SIMULATED PUBLIC ARGUMENT AS A PEDAGOGICAL PLAY ON WORLDS.”, Argumentation and Advocacy 36.3 (Wntr 2000): p134, OneFile, ldg)

When we assume …………significant emancipatory potential.
 

w
Whiteness overtheorizes and underexplains violence – best historical analysis goes aff
Kolchin, Delaware University Professor of History, 02
(Peter, “Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America,” The Journal of American History, Vol. 89, No. 1 (Jun., 2002), pp. 154-173, JSTOR)

The central question ……..ideology and behavior.28 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Climate change is not a threat – global cooling solves
Ferrara, Heartland senior fellow,  2012
(Peter. “Sorry Global Warming Alarmists, The Earth Is Cooling.” 6-1. http://blog.heartland.org/2012/06/sorry-global-warming-alarmists-the-earth-is-cooling/. Accessed: 6/4/2012. ADC)

Climate change itself …………….Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).

No impact to climate change we will adapt
Frijters, University of Queensland professor, 2011
(Paul. “Climate change: it’s inevitable, we have to adapt, let’s spend wisely.” 9-5. http://theconversation.edu.au/climate-change-its-inevitable-we-have-to-adapt-lets-spend-wisely-3182. Accessed: 5/22/2012. ADC)

I think we …..the new climate. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Anti-imperialism fails-totalizing critique prevents struggles that engage struggles for human rights and causes paralysis.
Zakaria, Indiana Political science PhD, 2007
(Rafia, “`Other' imperialism” Frontline Volume 24, Issue 6, http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2406/stories/20070406000607600.htm, DOA: 9-22-11, ldg)

The most astute ………..of military intervention.

Cultural Barriers will lead to genocide and war.  Globalization from neo lib is key to breaking down cultural barriers and promoting a peaceful harmony.
Rothkopf 1997

(IN PRAISE OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM? David, managing director of Kissinger Associates and an adjunct professor of international affairs at Columbia University. He served as a senior official in the U.S. Department of Commerce during the first term of the Clinton administration, “In Praise of Cultural Imperialism?”  Foreign Policy, 00157228, Summer97, Issue 107) gek

Culture is not ………celebrated and preserved.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Wilderson doesn’t agree with having the stand point of native americans be , he thinks it risks coption
Wilderson ’10 Frank B. Wilderson, Wilderson is an associate professor of African American studies and drama at the University of California, Irvine, “Red, White, and Black: Cinema and Structure of US Antagonisms”, 2010, Pg. 50-52 soap

Indians perpetually shuttle ……itself from slaveness.

Historical projects fail – they cause political failure and move-away from their ultimate objective.
Wolin, CUNY modern European history professor, 2002
(Richard, “September 11 and the Self-Castigating Left”, South Central Review, Vol. 19, No. 2/3, 9/11 (Summer - Autumn, 2002), pp. 39-49, JSTOR, ldg)

Amid the fog ……….own political irrelevance.   

Exclusive focus on methodology is counter-productive and ineffective
Fearon, Political Science Professor Stanford University, Wendt, International Relations Professor Ohio State University, 2002
(James, Alexander, “Handbook of International Relations,” p. 68) jba

It should be ………….all three levels.

Critical theory destroys the ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions.
Chandler, Westminster IR professor, 2009
(David, “Questioning Global Political Activism” What is Radical Politics Today?, pg 81-2, ldg)

Today more and ……….ebate and organisation. 

Sole focus on negative aspects of America devastates progressivism that is key to solve the aff
Rorty, 94
(Richard, Princeton University Philosophy professor, February 13, 1994, “The Unpatriotic Academy”, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/13/opinion/the-unpatriotic-academy.html, 10/6/12, atl)

Most of us, ………….object of contempt.

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees violence
Monbiot, former Environmental Policy professor, 2003
(George, “Manifesto for a New World Order,” p. 11-13) jba

But most of ………requires for its survival.

Role playing as public actors shatters apathy and political alienation which is critical to check inequality and exploitation
Mitchell, communications professor at Pittsburgh University, 2000
(Gordon, “SIMULATED PUBLIC ARGUMENT AS A PEDAGOGICAL PLAY ON WORLDS.”, Argumentation and Advocacy 36.3 (Wntr 2000): p134, OneFile, ldg)

When we assume …….ignificant emancipatory potential

Tribal dependence prevents successful transition
Porter, Assoc. Prof. of law and Dir. Of Tribal law and Gov’t Center, University of Kansas, 1998 (Robert, 31 U. Mich. J.L. Ref. 899 P. Lexis)

Finally, the Self-Governance …territory and affairs. 

self-determination risks catastrophic transition wars, ensuring all the harms are inevitable and short-circuiting solvency for the alternative
Gidon Gottlieb, Director, Council on Foreign Relations Middle East Peace Project, 1993
(NATION AGAINST STATE: A NEW APPROACH TO ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND THE DECLINE OF SOVEREIGNTY, 1993, p. 26.)

Self-determination unleashed ………security and prosperity.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Prices are increasing but it’s tenuous
Sheppard, Daily Star Staff Writer, 9-1-12
(David, “Oil prices rise above $113 per barrel,”http:www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Middle-East/2012/Sep-01/186321-oil-prices-rise-above-$113-per-barrel.ashx#axzz25d70Eznv, accessed 9-4-12, ads)

Oil prices rose …………level watched by traders.

Nuclear power reduces oil dependence – displaces oil power generation, powers maritime and ground transportation, and causes hydrogen transition
American Nuclear Society, 12
(“Top 10 Myths about Nuclear Energy,” http://www.new.ans.org/pi/resources/myths/, accessed 9-15-12, ads)

Myth # 10: Nuclear energy can't ……….synthetic liquid fuels. 

Oil price decrease collapses the Russian economy
Harding, The Guardian Lead Correspondent, 08
(Luke, November 20, “Russia close to economic collapse as oil price falls, experts predict,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/20/oil-russia-economy-putin-medvedev, accessed 8-31-12, ads)

The collapse in ……….Moscow brokerage Uralsib. 

Economic collapse causes secession and instability
Hale, George Washing University Political Science Associate Professor, and Rein, University of California at Irvine Professor of Political Science, 02
(Henry, PhD in Political Science from Harvard University, Taagepera, November, “Russia: Consolidation or Collapse,” http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0966813022000017159#preview, accessed 8-30-12, ads)

From the perspective ……………..to go it alone.

Causes nuclear war and turns all their impacts
Olicker, RAND senior international policy analysts, 2
(Olga and Tanya Charlick-Paley, RAND Corporation Project Air Force, “Assessing Russia’s Decline,” 2002,
www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1442/, accessed 1-21-10, mss)

The preceding ………..risk of nuclear war.