Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The United States Federal Government should subsidize algae sequestration for the purpose of domestic crude oil production.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Fuel costs specifically drive budget and training cuts – lowers combat readiness.

Schanz, AF Magazine editor, 2007

(Marc V., Associate Editor of Air Force Magazine, June, "The Fuel War," http://www.afa.org/magazine/june2007/0607fuel.pdf, d/a 9-3-12, RJF)

Since then, fuel costs have risen by …, is less training and lower combat readiness.

Defense Cuts scare allies and cause backsliding on international commitments- that kills hegemony

Kagan, Carnegie Endowment for international peace, 9

(Robert, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "No Time to Cut Defense," http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/02/AR2009020202618.html, d/a 9-3-12, RJF)

 A reduction in defense spending… changes in both countries.

American military readiness is key to maintain global hegemony

FAS, USFG, 09

Federation of American Scientists (FAS), Chapter 10, P. 123 05/29/09, "Budget of the US Government," FY 1998 Defense Budget, “Budget of the United States Government.” www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/.../BUDGET-1998-BUD-6-10.htm, d/a 9-3-12, RJF)

America's armed forces remain i… our free and open society.

Increase algae production key to fuel cost

Goldenberg, Guardian Correspondent, 10
 (Suzanne, US environment correspondent, Saturday 13 February 2010 11.04 EST, "Algae to solve the Pentagon's jet fuel problem, US scientists believe they will soon be able to use algae to produce biofuel for the same cost as fossil fuels," http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/feb/13/algae-solve-pentagon-fuel-problem, d/a 9-3-12, RJF)

For DARPA, the support for … from insurgents.

Algae will be competitive in the energy industry once it’s on its feet

Benedetto, Energy Intelligence Group, 09

Alex, Washington, Energy Intelligence Group INC. – Natural Gas Week, August 24, “Algae-Based Biofuels Become Serious Contender,” Lexis, d/a 8-25-12, RJF)

Algae has typically been … and algae-based biodiesel research. 

Algae can be converted into Crude Oil and is cost effective-

UPI, 12

(UPI, Energy Resources: U.S. Energy Department backs plan to produce algae crude oil Jan 16, 2012, United Press International, 8-13-12,  http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2012/01/16/US-Energy-Department-backs-plan-to-produce-algae-crude-oil/UPI-61091326752182/#ixzz22yEYbJZ6 RJF)

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (UPI) – Raw algae can be converted … energy sources since 1949.

U.S. hegemonic decline causes global great-power war, collapses trade and spreads economic nationalism and protectionism

Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 11

(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in s…of unrivalled US primacy.

No risk of their heg bad turns-~--US engagement and reintervention are inevitable-~--it’s only a question of making it effective-~--the plan prevents failed engagement that triggers their turns

Kagan, Brooking senior foreign policy fellow, 2011

(Robert, "The Price of Power" Weekly Standard, 1-24, www.weeklystandard.com/articles/price-power_533696.html?page=3, DOA: 10-11-11, ldg)

In theory, the United States could … has built and defended.

Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction-multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US power smooths the transition and is empirically correlated to perpetual great-power peace

Barnett, Naval War College Warfare Analysis and Research Department professor, 2011

(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads”, 3-7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of globalization, … embedded in the geometry to come

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
 

Economic growth fails without more oil investment- current renewables don’t solve

MacNaughton, PRW Staff Writer, 12

Cheryl, (PRWEB) January 16, 2012 “An in-depth analysis of the economic conditions currently impacting Americans conducted by InvestmentsinOilandGas.com has revealed that economic growth in America is dependent on cheap oil that is drilled in America,” http://www.prweb.com/releases/investments-in-oilandgas/09-01-2012/prweb9090950.htm

InvestmentsinOilandGas.com, after concluding a month… it a win-win situation.

Algae creates a better economy based on a better type of oil- it creates jobs, promotes growth, and provides new avenues of research

U San Diego, SD-CAB, 10

(University of San Diego, June 18, “Societal Benefits” San Diego Center for Algae Biotechnology, http://algae.ucsd.edu/potential/societal-benefits.html, d/a 8-27-12, RJF)

Growing algae not only provides a … genetically-modified algae.

Algae is sustainable and creates massive opportunities in the jobs market

Rickman, MBA Boston U, 12

(James III, CEO – Ecommerce Web Development Director at iHuman Evolution LLC, Director Internet Business Support and Digital Media Services, Mr. James Rickman leads the iHuman Evolution team of Internet marketing specialist, M.B.A. Boston University March 23, “Algae Renewable Energy Creates Jobs in America Growing Fuel, Food and Medicine for People” http://ihumanevolution.com/Algae_Renewable_Energy.html, d/a 8-27-12, RJF) 

Many leading energy RandD companies like Solazyme, … when it comes to transportation. 

Algae crude accelerates fuel sustainability and economic viability- spurs scientific leadership

McAuliff, Huffington Post Staff Writer, 2012

(Michael, Staff Writer, February 8, “Algae Biofuel Proposal, Now Mocked By Republicans, Used To Have Their Support,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/28/mitch-mcconnell-mocks-pre_n_1307862.html, d/a 8-27-12, RJF)

"The center will not only accelerate … wrote to the Department of Energy.

The US is key to preventing global economic collapse

Caploe,  PhD in International political economy from Princeton, 2009

(David,  “Focus still on America to lead global recovery,” The Straits Times, 4-7, lexis, ldg)

IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most … to have to be solved there too.

Global economic crisis causes war–strong statistical support

Royal, director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010

(Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215, ldg)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic … ancillary to those views. 

Poverty is on-par with an ongoing nuclear war – it kills millions a year
Mumia Abu-Jamal, 9-19-1998, “A Quiet and Deadly Violence,” www1.minn.net/meis/quietdv.htm

We live, equally … throughout the world." [Gilligan, p. 196]  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Algae Crude Oil is significantly more efficient and can be integrated into our current infrastructure

Sapphire Energy, 10

(Sapphire Energy, Algae Producing Corporation, Feb 7, 2010, “Why Does is Matter,” http://www.sapphireenergy.com/green-crude/why-does-it-matter/, d/a 8-20-12, RJF)

BENEFITS OF GREEN CRUDE- Sapphire Energy's … or other natural resources. 

Algae is fast, simple, and concentrated with Crude Oil-

Wagner, Staff Analyst MORA Associates, 07

(Lenard Wagner, Staff Analyst, Biodiesel from Algae oil Research report July 2007, Mora Associates is a London-based advisory firm specialized in clean energy, clean technology, environment and sustainable development. We provide consultancy services covering both financial and technological sides of projects. Our areas of expertise include wind power, photovoltaic power, geothermal power, electric mobility and smart grids. Our clients are large utilities, investment funds and project developers, relying on our knowledge of the renewable energy industry, our in-house technical expertise and our experience in venture capital, private equity and project finance. 8-13-12, http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/0707_Wagner_-_Biodiesel_from_algae_oil.pdf RJF)

In the short term, a handful of early-… those wastes into resources.

All algae needs is subsidies to take off

Pennsylvania U, 10

(Pennsylvania University, Department of Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering , Senior Design Reports (CBE) 2010 “Algae to Alkane” http://www.scribd.com/doc/90996290/74/Government-Subsidies-and-Incentives, d/a 8-21-12, RJF)

Although algae have many distinct …competitive with petroleum.

DARPA has extracted Oil at $2 per gallon – but it’s not commercialized

Goldenberg, Guardian, 10

(Suzanne, US environment correspondent, February 13, “Algae to solve the Pentagon's jet fuel problem, US scientists believe they will soon be able to use algae to produce biofuel for the same cost as fossil fuels,” http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/feb/13/algae-solve-pentagon-fuel-problem, d/a 9-6-12, RJF)

Darpa's research projects have … gallon, headed towards $1 per gallon."

Algae grows in deserts or sea water, cleans waste water, reduces emissions and economically creates large amounts of oil due to fast growth rate and valuable by-products

NRC 11

(National Research Centre Engineering Division, Egypt and Pelagia Research Library Dr Guzine I. El Diwani, Dr. ShadiaA. El Rafei*, Salwa I. Hawash, Sanaa A. El Enin; “Optimized flocculation of microalgae for fuel oil and antioxidant production” 8-1-11 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e609d061-513c-4b8f-b18f-b79b7db39558%40sessionmgr104andvid=4andhid=110 accessed 8-20-12) mjl

Under suitable culture conditions, … by approximately ten fold

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

CP doesn’t solve spending – states use federal money

The Economist, 11

(“Life in the slow lane.” 4-28. http:~/~/www.economist.com/node/18620944url:http://www.economist.com/node/18620944. Accessed: 9/1/2012. ADC)

Formula-determined block … certainly worse now.

Federal intervention is non-unique – massive micromanagement now

Nivola, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution, 10

(Pietro S. is senior fellow and C. Douglas Dillon Chair in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, “Rebalancing American Federalism,” March 2010, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article-bd.cfm?piece=787, accessed 9-5-12, ara)

Let us glance … nation’s intelligence services.

Federal control of energy is inevitable – commerce clause and national security make it federal ground

Stein, Associate Professor, Tulane University School of Law, 12

(Amy L, “The Tipping Point Of Federalism,” 7-3-12, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2098176, Connecticut Law Review, accessed 8-17-12, ara)

The siting of … protect national security

Perm solves – creates interactive federalism, ideal for energy policy AND has 5 advantages

Kay, Senior Extension Associate, CaRDI, Cornell University, 12

(David, Senior Extension Associate with the Community and Regional Development Institute (CaRDI) in the Department of Development Sociology, Master of Science, Cornell University, “Energy Federalism: Who Decides?” June 2012, http://devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/cals/devsoc/outreach/cardi/publications/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfileandPageID=1069208, accessed 8-14-12, ara)

Equally briefly, dual… these energy issues

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Big swing states will vote on energy policies that create jobs and promote development

Purpuro, 12

Laurie KandL Gates, Government Affairs Advisor, June 7, “Capitol Hill Briefing: Romney and Obama campaigns, Defense Production Act, 2012 Farm Bill and the RFS,”

States can help …of his administration.

Implosive Romney ensures Obama win

Witcover, columnist, 12

(Jules, 3, "Will Obama win by default? With a sputtering economy, the president's best hope may be the ineptitude of Mitt Romney,"  www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-witcover-obama-20120803,0,2151262.story  d/a 8-4-12 sae)

Could it be … stockholder in it.   

Obama promises empirically prove

Gibson, FoxNews Producer, 11

(Jake, “A Brief Look at Candidate Obama’s 2008 Campaign Promises,” FoxNews, 4-5-11, http:~/~/politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2011/04/05/com/2011/04/05/brief-look-candidate-obamas-2008-campaign-promises, accessed 9-22-12, hgh)

With the news …our Truth-O-Meter."

No trade war

Van Steenwyk, former Investors’ Digest managing editor, 2011

(Jason, “Will There Be a U.S. – China Currency War?”, 10-12, http:~/~/www.greaterchinafund.com/newsmedia/2011/China%20Currency%20Dispute.pdf, DOA: 8-28-12, ldg)

At this point, … years to come

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Alt causes to Russia economy, impact is denied and they are diversifying.

Kopinski, Chief Investment Officer Global and Non-U.S. Equity, 2011

(Mark, “Russia’s Push for economic Diversification and Modernization”, January, https:~/~/www.americancentury.com/pdf/CIO_Insights_pdf, ldg)

Russia is contending  … world behind China

No impact to price drops – Russia is diversified

Telegraph, 08

(February 18, “Are Russian funds the crème de la Kremlin?” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2785283/Are-Russian-funds-the-creme-de-la-Kremlin.html, accessed 9-17-12, ads)

Russia is also… the prices fall."  

Low Cost and freedom from the global crude mechanism solves

Green Air Online News, 12

(Green Air Online News, September 21, “Lufthansa turns to algae and municipal solid waste in quest for new sources of sustainable jet biofuel ,” http:~/~/www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1593url:http://www.greenaironline.com/news.php?viewStory=1593, d/a 9-21-12, RJF)

Although a number  currently subject to.”  

Non- unique

Prices low now - output is increasing

Associated Press, 8-29-12

(Pamela Sampson, “Oil prices fall amid calls for increased output,” http:~/~/news.yahoo.com/oil-prices-fall-amid-calls-increased-output-054927888~-~-html, accessed 9-4-12, ads)

Crude prices fell … prices in check.

Dependence on imported Oil is making the US military more vulnerable- readiness is threatened

Karbuz, Oil Price News, '12

(com/contributors/Sohbet-Karbuz, Staff Writer OilPrice.com is the fastest growing energy news site online. Our analysis focuses on Oil and Gas, Alternative Energy and Geopolitics. We have 3 in house writers and publish research from over 150 contributors, Tue, 21 August 2012 22:07, "The Real Reason Why the U.S. Military is Going Green," http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/The-Real-Reason-Why-the-U.S.-Military-is-Going-Green.html, d/a 9-3-12, RJF)

The U.S. military …DoD’s dependence on oil. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Hegemony solves global wars and terrorism

Friedberg and Schoenfeld 8

(Aaron, professor of politics and international relations at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, Gabriel, Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, "The Dangers of a Diminished America," WSJ, October 18, http://www.scribd.com/doc/88663068/16/Econ-Collapse-Bad, d/a 9-3-12, RJF)

Meanwhile, traditional foreign… of maximum vulnerability

Perception outweighs structural constraints-financial crisis proves.

Ferguson, history professor at Harvard, 2010

(Niall, “Complexity and Collapse”, Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2010, Vol. 89 Issue 2, p18-32, ebsco, ldg)

IF EMPIRES are…  in its viability. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Increasing oil energy production is key to solve racism and protect civil rights—high energy prices destroy minority rights and quality of life.  Moral obligation to vote aff.

Innis, Congress of Racial Equality Chairman, 08

(Roy, "Drill now for energy in America," http://prfamerica.org/2008/DrillNowForEnergyInAmerica.html, cab)

America’s energy situation …its countless benefits.

Increasing renewable energy production is key to solve racism and protect civil rights—fossil fuels fail, regulations destroy equal opportunity.  Regulations on production and lack of incentives are structural racism.

Innis, Congress of Racial Equality Chairman, 11

(Roy, "Chairman’s Corner," The Corelator vol. 44.22, http://www.core-online.org/News/newsletter/newsletter_page4.htm, cab)

We do not … this great country!

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Methodologies that focus on liberation of the oppressed by shunning institutional structures will result in backlash and gives the oppressors free reign to maintain power, furthering domination. We must include a political strategy to achieve true liberation.

Graff, 1994

( Gerald, University of Chicago, George M. Pullman English and Education professor, "The Pedagogical Turn," The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, Vol. 27, No. 1, Spring 65-69.) gh

Then, too, the … may persuade us.

Our strategy is uniquely good—Extreme emphasis on individual approaches to fighting oppression fragments the resistance and reinforces models of oppression.

Albert, 2002

( Editor of Z Magazine, "The Tragectory of Change, Activist Strategies for Social Transformation" ) gh

One of the …, resources, and status.

Embracing a methodology of political action solves inequality—Deeper understandings of the state prevent it from hiding the wrongs and inequalities of the state.

King, Oxford American government professor, 2012

(Desmond, “America's Hidden Government”, Foreign Affairs; May/Jun2012, Vol. 91 Issue 3, ebsco, ldg)

One consequence and …better-off constituents.

We must learn the praxis of the state- knowing how the state works is critical to removing its more insidious actions

Makani Themba-Nixon, The Praxis Project Director, 2000

Colorlines, “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” July 31, 3:2

"This is all …four above poverty.

Political engagement is necessary to prevent fascism

Donald S. Lutz, Professor of Political Science at the University of Houston, 2000 (Political Theory and Partisan Politics, edited by Portis, Gundersen, and Shively, “Political Theory and Constitutional Construction,” 43-44)

To the extent …rhetorical moral superiority.

Patten, McGill University political Science professor, 2001

(Alan, “Social Contract Theory and the Politics of Recognition,” in Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism, ed. Robert Williams, SUNY Press, pg. 175-176) cab

The suggestion seems … of freedom complete" (Henrich 74).

Kenneth J. Gergen, Professor of Psychology, 1995.  Swarthmore College Construction and the Transformation of Identity Politics, April 7, http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/kgergen1/text8.html

Although the phrase … in democratic governance.

Appeals to group identity for government policy reifies ideas of inferiority and ignores the significance of the individual, leading to internal conflict.

Dean, Associate Professor of Political Science at Trinity Hall, 1996.  Solidarity of Strangers:  Feminism after Identity Politics (Jodi, p.7)

The articulation of … of the “we.”

Turn—Emphasizing identity in the legal system through race consciousness forces people to define themselves in opposition to the Other, which leads to oppression.

Heyes, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montreal, 2002

(Cressida, “Identity Politics” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall http://plato.stanford,edu/archives/fall2002/entries/identity-politics/)

Poststructuralist challenges to … over this pain” (Brown 1995, 74).

Oppression results from reliance upon group identity, constraining individual opportunity while privileging those in the dominant group.

Heyes 2002

(Cressida, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montreal “Identity Politics” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall http://plato.stanford,edu/archives/fall2002/entries/identity-politics/)

On a philosophical … risking neighbors' disapproval (1993).

Focusing on discrimination against blacks as representative of all forms of discrimination ignores and exacerbates the discrimination suffered by non-black groups.

Luna, 2003

(Eduardo Luna: J.D. 2002, University of California, Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall); B.A. 1998, University of California, San Diego. 14 La Raza L.J. 225 lexis)

Perea argues convincingly … their incomplete analyses.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Algae can adapt to a huge range of environments – modified metabolism

NRC 11

(National Research Centre Engineering Division, Egypt and Pelagia Research Library Dr Guzine I. El Diwani, Dr. ShadiaA. El Rafei*, Salwa I. Hawash, Sanaa A. El Enin; “Optimized flocculation of microalgae for fuel oil and antioxidant production” 8-1-11 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e609d061-513c-4b8f-b18f-b79b7db39558%40sessionmgr104andvid=4andhid=110 accessed 8-20-12) mjl

Today about 80% … in environmental conditions 

Under Mass Production One hecter of land could produce 200 barrels of oil annually using algae – exponential biomass growth

NRC 11

(National Research Centre Engineering Division, Egypt and Pelagia Research Library Dr Guzine I. El Diwani, Dr. ShadiaA. El Rafei*, Salwa I. Hawash, Sanaa A. El Enin; “Optimized flocculation of microalgae for fuel oil and antioxidant production” 8-1-11 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e609d061-513c-4b8f-b18f-b79b7db39558%40sessionmgr104andvid=4andhid=110 accessed 8-20-12)

The major attraction  … various polymeric flocculants 

Algae is Carbon Neutral- it adds no NEW carbon emissions to the air and it virtually recycles it-

Sapphire Energy ‘06

(Sapphire Energy is at the forefront of an entirely new industrial category with the potential to radically change America's energy landscape. They educate federal policymakers on the significance of algae’s scalability and fungibility, as well as the importance of putting algae on a level playing field with other advanced biofuel feedstocks, and giving advanced biofuels the same incentives and sustained federal programmatic funding that other clean technologies have. 2006 California Air Resources Board; Life Cycle Associates, LLC, 8-13-12 http:~/~/www.sapphireenergy.com/learn-more/59520-com/learn-more/59520-c02-and-algae-environmental-benefits-of, RJF)

Current annual coal … consumption practices.

Crude Oil/Biofuel

Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 12

http:~/~/www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/com/dictionary/biofuel

a fuel (as … biological raw materials

The US economy is simply not resilient – we have a possibility to double dip without jobs

Market News International, 12

(Market News International, September 18, “Chicago Fed’s Evans: US Economy Simply Not Resilient Enough,” http:~/~/www.forexlive.com/blog/2012/09/18/chicago-feds-evans-us-economy-simply-not-resilient-enough/http://www.forexlive.com/blog/2012/09/18/chicago-feds-evans-us-economy-simply-not-resilient-enough/, d/a 9-22-12, RJF)

“Our economy today … from late-2014. 

Under Mass Production One hecter of land could produce 200 barrels of oil annually using algae – exponential biomass growth

NRC 11

(National Research Centre Engineering Division, Egypt and Pelagia Research Library Dr Guzine I. El Diwani, Dr. ShadiaA. El Rafei*, Salwa I. Hawash, Sanaa A. El Enin; “Optimized flocculation of microalgae for fuel oil and antioxidant production” 8-1-11 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e609d061-513c-4b8f-b18f-b79b7db39558%40sessionmgr104andvid=4andhid=110 accessed 8-20-12) mjl

The major attraction …various polymeric flocculants 19.

Tournament: GSU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Capitalism solves war

Griswold, director of the Cato Institute Center for Trade Policy Studies, 2005

(Daniel, “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among  Men”, 12-28, http:~/~/www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344url:http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344, ldg)

As one little-…best at home.

Cap solves the environment-resources and shifts attitudes to conservation.

Adler, Case Western law professor, 2008

(Jonathan, “Green Bridge to Nowhere”, The New Atlantis, Fall, http:~/~/www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/com/publications/green-bridge-to-nowhere, ldg)

The first item …  plausibly democratic alternative.