Tournament: Monmouth | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rutgers AW | Judge: 

Plan Text

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors.

Prolif

Nuclear power is increasing globally – demand ensures it’ll be large reactors

Banks et al, Foreign Policy Energy Security Initiative nonresident fellow, 12-16

(John P. “Nuclear Power in Developing Countries? Let's Talk about It.” 12-16. http:~/~/www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/12/16-Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 1/1/2013. ADC)

 While the developed world gets cold feet on nuclear power, … nuclear power, but commitments are pending.

This will result in breakout proliferation-asymmetries undermine deterrence and ensure nuclear war-safeguards are key.

 (Fast/breakout, checks US influence, miscalc risk (small difference/opaqueness)

Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 09

Henry, June 1, 2009, “Avoiding a Nuclear Crowd”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/5534, 10/3/12, atl)

Finally, several new nuclear weapons …would ever want. None of this, however, is inevitable.

US construction is key to solve-SMR’s would out compete other models and a strong domestic industry ensures maintenance of the global gold standard.

Miller, Bipartisan Policy Co-Chair for the Nuclear Initiative, 12

(Dr. Warren F. “Pete” e-, Former DOE Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, Senator Pete Domenici, July 2012, “Challenges and Opportunities Facing Nuclear Energy in the United States”, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, 8/14/12, atl)

Several other countries, by contrast, have … development, and deployment (RDandD) programs.

The plan causes other suppliers to model US practices-ensures no proliferation.

Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 11

(Henry, “The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?”, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, 10/9/12, atl)

A Japanese decision to resist temptation and …standards in time, as it has reluctantly in the past.

Other countries follow the US lead-ensures they’ll pick SMR’s and implement safety measures

Lieberman, American Physical Society senior government relations specialist, 11

(Jodi, November 15, 2011 “Nonproliferation, Congress, and Nuclear Trade: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” http://csis.org/files/publication/111116_nonproliferation_congress_and_nucleartrade.pdf

 U.S. Nonproliferation Influence  While 123 … be  held in South Korea in 2012.

Proliferation causes nuclear war-crisis escalation, aggression, saving face, delegation and launch on warning guarantee it.

Kroenig, Georgetown University Government assistant professor, 12

(Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government at Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?,” 5-26-12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1182andrtid=2, accessed 10-2-12, mtf)

The proliferation optimist position, while … less-resolved opponents to back down.

Status quo nuclear power will be based off Chinese designs-guarantees accidents and meltdowns

Tu, Carnegie Energy and Climate Program senior associate, 12

(Kevin Jianjun. “China’s Nuclear Crossroads.” 3-11. http:~/~/carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/11/Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 It’s first important to acknowledge that the safety …mistake that energy-thirsty China can’t afford to make.  

Meltdowns cause extinction – just one can kill millions

Lendman, Research Associate, Center for Research on Globalization, 11

(Stephen, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” 3-13-11, http:~/~/www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan, accessed 9-15-12, ara)

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused … and parts of South America.

Economy

Manufacturing declining – it’s key to weather recession

Woellert, Bloomberg News, 1-18

(Lorraine, Manufacturing in area shows a recent decline, 1-18-13, http:~/~/www.philly.com/philly/business/20130118_Manufacturing_in_area_dropped_in_html, accessed 1-18-13, ara)

Manufacturing in the Philadelphia region has … was a good first step, but it didn't reduce the uncertainty."

SMR’s are key to revive domestic manufacturing-robust export market and job creation.

Locatelli and Mancini, Politecnico di Milano Department of Economics, 11

(Giorgio and Mauro, Dept. Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, "The role of the reactor size for an investment in the nuclear sector: An evaluation of not-financial parameters," Progress in Nuclear Energy Volume 53, Issue 2, March 2011, Science Direct, accessed 9-28-12, mtf)

11. Impact on employment This aspect is important …differential and promotes the SMR choice.

Manufacturing fuels hegemony and the economy-key to gains in jobs and innovation

Boushey, Center for American Progress senior economist, 2012

(Heather, “Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Meanson Tax Reform and the U.S. Manufacturing Sector”, 7-19, waysandmeans.house.gov/uploadedfiles/boushey_testimony.pdf, DOA: 11-5-12, ldg)

Having a strong manufacturing industry in … ideas originate somewhere else?”34

US is key to global economy-they set the trend

Seeking Alpha 2011

(“Prospects 2012: U.S. Economy Should Continue To Recover Slowly, But Risk Of Renewed Recession Remains”, 11-11, http:~/~/seekingalpha.com/article/307370-com/article/307370-prospects-2012-u-s-economy-should-continue-to-recover-slowly-but-risk-of-renewed-recession-remains, DOA: 1-6-12, ldg)

Although it has been more than two years … second major recession in four years.

Decline causes war – strong statistical support

Royal, director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010

(Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215, ldg)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may … here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Domestic manufacturing key to maintain robust military capabilities.

Ezell, ITIF senior analyst, 11

(Stephen J. “The Case for a National Manufacturing Strategy.” April 2011. http:~/~/www2.itif.org/2011-Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/29/2012. ADC)

 A strong manufacturing base … base in the coming decades.”58

Alternative to heg is nuclear war

Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 2011

(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean that the … be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary

Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10

(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in … 2011 budget request to triple the loan volume.

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages

Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12

(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of advantages … by significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s

Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10

(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http:~/~/www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting … initiative through industry working groups.

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility

Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11

(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and … quality for nuclear power plants.

We have the workforce and infrastructure

Spencer et al, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies research fellow, 11

(Jack. “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?” Heritage Foundation. 2-02. http:~/~/www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/7/2012. ADC)

Domestic Production. Although the …—all in the United States.

DOE grant was insufficient for commercialization – increases are still needed

Lyman, Cornell University Physics PhD, 12-21

(Ed, Princeton University’s Center for Energy and Environmental Studies former research scientist, Nuclear Control Institute former president, Union of Concerned Scientists writer. “Does DOE’s Funding Announcement Mark the End of its Irrational Exuberance for SMRs?” 12-21. http:~/~/allthingsnuclear.org/does-does-funding-announcement-mark-the-end-of-its-irrational-exuberance-for-smrs/http://allthingsnuclear.org/does-does-funding-announcement-mark-the-end-of-its-irrational-exuberance-for-smrs/. Accessed: 1/2/2013. ADC)

 And in fact, the real news … even this strategy may be doomed.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

International monopoly on violence has led to the rights revolutions – creating a psychological deterrent against all forms of xenophobia – bringing out the best in human nature

Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology – Harvard, 11

Steven, September 27, 2011, “A History of Violence: Edge Master Class 2011”, http://edge.org/conversation/mc2011-history-violence-pinker, 10/21/11, atl

The final historical development I call … that have made it possible.

Even if predictions aren’t perfect acting on relative confidence of scenarios materializing is good-~--the alt is either political inaction or pure reaction

Ulfelder, Political Instability Task Force research director, 2011

(Jay, “Why Political Instability Forecasts Are Less Precise Than We’d Like (and Why It’s Still Worth Doing)”, 5-5, dartthrowingchimp.wordpress.com/2011/05/05/why-political-instability-forecasts-are-less-precise-than-wed-like-and-why-its-still-worth-doing/, DOA: 11-4-12, ldg)

If this is the best we can do, then … of making a (positive) difference.

Securitization is inevitable.

Loader et al., All Souls College criminology professor, 2007

(Ian, Civilizing Security, pg 258-9, ldg)

The way ahead, in our view, and the … the inevitable exists in some form or other.

We can use security discourse for progressive aims.

Huysmans, Open University Politics Lecturer, March 1999

(Jef, “Language And The Mobilisation Of Security Expectations. The Normative Dilemma Of Speaking And Writing Security,” www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w18/pdf, DOA: 8-15-11, ldg)

There is no solution for the normative … as a good that should be secured.42 

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

We don’t preclude thorium – it works with SMRs

We can use thorium

Szondy, former university lecturer in history and archeology, 12

(David, award winning freelance writer for Gizmag, a science magazine, February 16, 2012, “Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?” http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/, 6/3/12, atl)

SMRs also enjoy a good deal of design … with the operation of the others.

All the benefits of thorium are far off and hypothetical—there’s a reason the industry isn’t investing.

NNL 2012

(National Nuclear Laboratory, “Comparison of thorium and uranium fuel cycles”, http:~/~/www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/meeting-energy-demand/nuclear/6300-pdf, DOA: 9-27-12, ldg)

Thorium fuel cycle RandD has a long … in the safety or performance claims.

Perm – do the CP, it’s topical

Nuclear advocacy is critical to informed decision making

Skutnik University of Tennessee Nuclear Engineering Assistant Professor, 11

(Steve, October 31, 2011, “Effective vs. Ineffective Nuclear Advocacy”, http://theenergycollective.com/skutnik/68078/effective-and-ineffective-advocacy, 9/28/12, atl)

Recently, there's been a push among … effective education and outreach efforts.

Discussion of technical nuclear strategy is inevitable - their attempts to silence nuclear discourse doesn't solve the problem, it just makes it invisible - this prevents critical response

Chaloupka, Colorado State University Professor of Political Science, 92

(William, “Knowing Nukes: The Politics and Culture of the Atom”, Univ Of Minnesota Press; 1 edition (June 3, 1992), p. 9-10, 10/4/12, atl)

Both Derrida’s insight and Schwenger’s … into a textual or literary context.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

*Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Jeffrey C. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate … undermines political effectiveness.

Economic growth and analysis are necessary for any impact framework.

Barnhizer, Professor of Law, Cleveland State University, 2006 (David, “Waking from Sustainability's "Impossible Dream": The Decisionmaking Realities of Business and Government”,  2006, 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595, lexis)

The scale of social needs, including the … the pattern once again intensifies.

Economic policy proscriptions are inevitable—voting aff ensures debaters are educated to evaluate economics correctly and empowers good policy analysis

Timmer, Harvard developmental studies professor, 1998

(Peter, “ADDING VALUE THROUGH POLICYORIENTED RESEARCH: REFLECTIONS OF A SCHOLAR-PRACTITIONER”, October, http:~/~/www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pdf, ldg)

These factors, in turn, raise issues … are listening, empowers good policy analysis.

Perm – do both

*Capitalism can be used to better civilization.

Rothkrug, Monthly Review, 1990

(Paul, “Ecological and historical timetables - comments on 'Socialism and Ecology'; includes reply of editors - letter to the editor

Monthly Review, March, 1990, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n10_v41/ai_8834605/pg_2/?tag=content;col1, ldg)

No institution is or ever has … success for that very effort.

*No root cause

Goldstein 03 (Joshua, Prof of Int'l Relations @ American University, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, p. 412)

First, peace activists face a dilemma … seems to be empirically inadequate.

Crisis will only strengthen capitalism – even severe damage won’t cause the system to collapse

Magdoff, Professor of Plant and Soil Science – University of Vermont, 2002

(Fred, “Capitalism’s Twin Crises: Economic and Environmental”, Monthly Review, September,

http:~/~/www.monthlyreview.org/0902magdoff.htm, ldg)

There are fortunetellers among the … some cases as a product of—this destruction.

Capitalism not unethical – it’s premised on humans being ends in themselves-key to value to life

Tracinski, Intellectual Activist editor, 2008

(Robert, “The Moral and the Practical”, http:~/~/www.moraldefense.com/Philosophy/Essays/The_Moral_and_the_htm, DOA: 9-12-11, ldg)

Stated in more fundamental terms, capitalism … ever-increasing wealth and prosperity.

We control uniqueness – poverty declining and standards of living improving globally

Munkhammar, senior adviser at the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, 2007

(Johnny, “Big Government: How to Create Poverty” Economic Affair, Volume 27, Issue 3, p 39-40, ebsco, ldg)

The economic development of the … it is up from 39 years to 63 years (Goklany, 2006).

*Turn- can’t abandon growth, past the limits of growth-only way to avert extinction is through technological progress

AtKisson, former executive editor of In Context: A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture, 2003

(Alan, “Sustainability is Dead— Long Live Sustainability”, 3-20, http:~/~/www.rrcap.unep.org/uneptg06/course/Robert/pdf, ldg)

At precisely the moment when … path, and we can never stop.

No movements-they’ll get coopted

Kliman, Pace economics professor, 2006

(Andrew, “Not By Politics Alone”, 4-2, akliman.squarespace.com, DOA: 1-13-12, ldg)

There are several different issues that … it would turn into its opposite.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: 3 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

LWRs are the best:

A) Commercialization

Yurman, Global Nuclear Energy Industry Consultant, 12

(Dan, 8/23/12 “LWR SMRs have fuel advantages” http://djysrv.blogspot.com/2012/08/lwr-smrs-have-fuel-advantages.html, 10/13/12, atl)

From 2007-2012 I was a … fuel. Business as usual for LWRs

B) NRC regs

McMahon, Forbes Contributor, 12

(Jeff, Contributor, “Small Modular Nuclear Reactors By 2022 -- But No Market For Them,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2012/05/23/small-modular-reactors-by-2022-but-no-market-for-them/, 10/13/12, atl)

The SMRs most likely to succeed …reactor, would have particular advantage.”

Tournament: monmouth | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

No link—reps about China don’t spur rivalry but they’re key to avoid disaster

Friedberg, Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School Professor of Politics and International Affairs, 01

(Aaron L. Friedberg, “News Post”, Commentary, Vol. 111, No. 2, February 2001, https:~/~/lists.lsit.ucsb.edu/archives/gordon-newspost/2001-May/001274.html(% class="MsoHyperlink" %), 10/17/12, atl)

Is it possible, finally, that … likely formula for disaster.

Our knowledge of China is accurate—their authors have flawed information

Chan, UCB Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science, 04

(Steve, “Extended Deterrence in the Taiwan Strait: Learning from Rationalist Explanations in International Relations”, Asian Affairs, Vol 31, No. 3 (Fall, 2004), 10/17/12, atl)

Rationalist interpretations do … models of foreign policy conduct. 

Tournament: Monmouth | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Winners win- presidents can build capital and transfers between domestic and foreign policies

Marshall and Prins, political science associate professors, 11

(Bryan W., associate professor of political science at Miami University; and Brandon C., associate professor of political science at the University of Tennessee and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, "Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force," Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume 41, Issue 3, September 2011, Wiley Online Library, accessed 1-4-13, mtf)

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in … political capital at home (Fordham 2002).

*SMRs are bipartisan – DOE programs prove

Domenici and Miller, Co-chairs of BPC Nuclear Initiative, 12

(Pete and Warren, Senator, BPC senior fellow, and Former Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, “Maintaining U.S.  Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets: A Report of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s  Nuclear Initiative,” July 2012, Bipartisan Policy Center, page 20, da 8-18-12, http:~/~/bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Leadership%20in%20Nuclear%20Energy%20Markets.pdf, mee)

Strategic Goal: Historically, the …, development, and deployment (RDandD) programs.

Opponents are disorganized- nuclear industry empirically controls the messaging battle

Squassoni, CSIS Senior Fellow, 12

(Sharon, Director and Senior Fellow, Proliferation Prevention Program at Center for Strategic and International Studies, former senior assoc. at Nuclear Nonproliferation Program at Carnegie, former Congressional adviser as senior specialist in weapons of mass destruction at the Congressional Research Service, “Nuclear Power in the Global Energy Portfolio” in the report: The Future of Nuclear Power in the United States, Federation of American Scientists, February 2012, http://www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, mtf)

Concerns about contamination …   poll conducted about a week after Fukushima.18

8% chance of an internal link at most

Beckmann, associate prof of poli sci at UC Irvine, 12

(Matthew N., “Opportunism in Polarization: Presidential Success in Senate Key Votes, 1953-2008,” Presidential Studies edu:2048/pubidlinkhandler/sng/pubtitle/Presidential+Studies+Quarterly/$N/37488/DocView/883131003/fulltext/$B/1?accountid=12085||title="Click to search for more items from this journal", 41. 3,http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/indexingvolumeissuelinkhandler/37488/Presidential+Studies+Quarterly/02011Y09Y01$23Sep+2011$3b++Vol.+41+$283$29/41/3?accountid=12085||title="Click to search for more items from this issue" Sep 2011, pages 488-503, accessed ProQuest 1-6-13, mee)

The final important piece in our t…will not matter, but can in close cases.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Biden key to immigration- looking to gain Hispanic support for 2016 election

com/tag/cnns-ashley-killough/, CNN reporter, 1-3

(Ashley, “Biden: Republicans had 'epiphany' on com/2013/01/03/biden-republicans-had-epiphany-on-immigration/||title="Permanent Link:Biden: Republicans had 'epiphany' on immigration",” 1-3-13, CNN, da 1-3-13, http:~/~/politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/01/03/biden-republicans-had-epiphany-on-immigration/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/01/03/biden-republicans-had-epiphany-on-immigration/, mee)

Vice President Joe Biden said Republicans … not win. You will not win."

Bottom of the docket

Munro, The Daily Caller staff writer, 12

(Neil. “Obama promises new immigration plan but keeps endgame close to his vest.” 12-31. http:~/~/dailycaller.com/2012/12/31/obama-promises-new-immigration-plan-but-keeps-endgame-close-to-his-vest/http://dailycaller.com/2012/12/31/obama-promises-new-immigration-plan-but-keeps-endgame-close-to-his-vest/. Accessed: 1/3/2013. ADC)

 However, Obama’s language suggested … our infrastructure, which is broken.”

Reform won’t pass – GOP will block, optimists are empirically wrong, and talks won’t begin for a month

CNN Wire, 1-16-13

(“Solve immigration without a quick path to citizenship,” Lexis, d/a 1-18-13, ads)

Now Obama wants to go further. According to … preserved. See you in 10 years.

Guns thump

Kayyem, Newstimes staff writer, 1/19

(Juliette. “Immigration reform suddenly approachable.” 2013. http:~/~/www.newstimes.com/local/article/Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 1/21/2013. ADC)

 But then all those children …kind of change a foregone conclusion.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round:  | Opponent: CUNY | Judge: 

1AC

Nuclear Aff – Plan Text

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase loan guarantees for and reduce licensing restrictions on thorium-fueled Small Modular Reactors.

Nuclear Aff – China – 1AC

US leads SMRs, but China is catching up – action needed to ensure US leadership

Wheeler, Power Engineering editor, 12

(Brian. “Developing Small Modular Reactor Designs in the U.S.” 4-01. http:~/~/www.power-eng.com/articles/npi/print/volume-5/issue-2/nucleus/Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 The development of small modular … chairman and CEO, Gen4 Energy. 

Licensing barriers are pushing investors to China

Behr, Climate Wire staff writer, 11

(Peter. “Futuristic U.S. Power Reactor May Be Developed Overseas.” 6-23. http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/cwire/2011/06/23/23climatewire-futuristic-us-power-reactor-may-be-developed-86684.html?pagewanted=Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 The TerraPower "wave reactor" … here is the proof that it works.'" 

US failure to lead causes Chinese leadership – leads to China hegemony

Cullinane, Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee staff associate, 11

(Scott. “America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy.” Journal of Energy Security. 9-28. http:~/~/www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandcatid=118:contentandItemid=376url:http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=319:america-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energyandcatid=118:contentandItemid=376. Accessed: 9/30/2012. ADC)

 The international trade of nuclear … of the Pacific to shape the 21st century.

Guarantees great power war

Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 11

(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22-11, http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in … that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Solvency

The plan solve

Spencer and Loris, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, 11

(Jack, Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at Heritage Foundation; and  Nicolas D., Research Associate, "A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?," February 2, 2011, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

Small modular reactors (SMRs) have garnered … be resolved by the end of 2011.

Loan guarantees key

Peskoe, Associate, McDermott Will and Emery LLP, 12

(Ari, focuses on regulation, legislation, and transactional issues related to energy policy, “A Solution Looking For a Problem: Building More Nuclear Reactors after Vogtle,” April 2012, Electricity Journal, Volume 25, Issue 3, ScienceDirect, accessed 10-2-12, ara)

Given the checkered history of … associate with a nuclear disaster.64

Nuclear power and the state are inevitable

Nordhaus, Breakthrough Institute, 11

(Ted, 2/25/11, “The Long Death of Environmentalists”, http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_long_death_of_environmenta)

Tenth, we are going to have to get … in which humans lived in harmony with Nature.

We’re a step in the right direction – thorium was ignored because it couldn’t be used to make a bomb

Puplava, PFS Group Chief Investment Strategist, 11

(President, “Kirk Sorensen States Thorium a Million Times More Energy Dense than Fossil Fuels”, http://www.financialsense.com/contributors/james-j-puplava/kirk-sorensen-thorium-a-million-times-more-energy-dense-than-fossil-fuels, 10/4/12, atl)

Kirk: (2:14) Yeah, I’d be happy to … to make nuclear power rather than to make nuclear weapons.

Heg solves everything

Violence has declined – your authors shortcut their scholarship towards convenient conclusions

Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology – Harvard, 11

(Steven, October 4, 2011, “The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined”, Viking Adult, 2/29/12, atl)

This book is about what may be the most …minds deal with changing circumstances.

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy-~--best statistical studies prove heg solves war because it makes democratic peace resilient globalization sustainable-~--it’s the deeper cause of proximate checks against war

Owen, UVA politics professor, 2011

(John, “Don’t Discount Hegemony”, 2-11, http:~/~/www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the … for liberal democracy remains strong.

Hegemony solves nuke war and extinction – multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US power smooths the transition and is empirically correlated to great-power peace

Barnett, Naval War College Warfare Analysis and Research Department professor, 2011

(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads”, 3-7, http:~/~/www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

Let me be more blunt: As the guardian …in the geometry to come.

American intervention is inevitable – it’s a question of whether it’s effective

Continetti, associate editor of the Weekly Standard, 2008

(Matthew, “If we don't maintain world order, who will?”, 3-4, LA Times, http:~/~/www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-antle-continetti4mar04,1,2482677.story?ctrack=4andcset=com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-antle-continetti4mar04,1,2482677.story?ctrack=4andcset=true, ldg)

Today's prompt asks us, "Is interventionism … not make the same mistakes again.

Politicians will cling to hegemony no matter what

Calleo, SAIS European Studies professor, 2010

(David, “American Decline Revisited,” Survival, 52:4, 215 – 227, ebsco, ldg)

The history of the past two decades … an imperial instrument that threatens the world with inflation.

Absolute decline means the US will become uncooperative and desperate-~--hegemonic wars will ensue

Goldstein, Penn IR professor, 2007

(Avery, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August, ebsco, ldg)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical … about the period prior to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650

Shocks to the system are the ONLY propensity for conflict—globalization and liberal norms have eradicated warfare and structural violence—every field study proves

Horgan, Stevens Institute of Technology Center for Science director, 2009

(John, “The End of the Age of War”, 12-6, http:~/~/www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/12/06/html, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

The economic crisis was supposed to increase … Peace Research Institute in Oslo.

Focus on strategic deterrence and democracy are key to adverting crisis escalation—reject the infinite number of root causes that debilitate action

Moore, UVA law professor, 2004

(John, “Beyond the Democratic Peace: Solving the War Puzzle”, 44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Winter, lexis, ldg)

If major interstate war is predominantly a product … are dramatically increased or decreased?

Blanket indicts aren’t accurate

Sorensen, Aarhus University IR professor, 1998

(Georg, “IR Theory after the cold war” Review of International Studies, JSTOR, ldg)

What, then, are the more general … metatheoretically compelled to embrace any conceivable change project.28

Rational choice theory is good

Owen, Southampton Political theory reader, 2002

(David, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 31.3, SAGE, ldg)

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in … so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Our method of policy advocate is productive and effective

Martin, Cambridge geography professor, 2001

(Ron, “Geography and public policy: the case of the missing agenda”, Progress in Human Geography 25,2, SAGE, ldg)

One reason for the neglect of public … the basis of critical public policy analysis.9

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Hegemony decline causes prolif.

Rosen, professor of National Security and Military Affairs at Harvard University, 2003

(Stephen, “An Empire, If you Can Keep It”, National Interest, Spring, lexis, ldg)

Rather than wrestle with such …alternatives are that much more attractive.

Hegemony prevents proliferation-provides security.

Posen et al., political science professor at MIT, 1997

(Barry, “Competing visions for U.S. grand strategy” International Security, Winter, ebsco, ldg)

The United States can, more … even for those not directly involved.

Unipolarity is the best way to reduce incentives for war.

Wohlforth, government professor at Dartmouth, 2009

(William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War”, World Politics, Volume 61, Number 1, January, project muse, ldg)

To most observers, moreover, … tend to be zero sum.9

International monopoly on violence has led to the rights revolutions – creating a psychological deterrent against all forms of xenophobia – bringing out the best in human nature

Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology – Harvard, 11

Steven, September 27, 2011, “A History of Violence: Edge Master Class 2011”, http://edge.org/conversation/mc2011-history-violence-pinker, 10/21/11, atl

The final historical development … of civilization and enlightenment that have made it possible.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Perm do both - power relations are strategically reversible-empirically proven.

Campbell, political science professor John Hopkins University, 1998

(David, Writing Security: US Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity; p. 204-205, ldg)

The political possibilities enabled by this … others) have also issued claims on society.

There is no such thing as self-hood and identity without the state—all our significant qualities are relational and defined by culture and community.  Non-participation in the institutions of the state is alienation from self and the Other—only continued engagement can create the ethical community necessary for self-making and genuine freedom.

Taylor, Oxford Social and Political Theory Professor, 1975

(Charles, Hegel, Cambridge UP, pg. 380-386) cab

These ideas only appear mysterious because of the …Absolute (which means also the Absolute's self-identity).

US is the best Sovereign – limited benevolence is better than contant authoritarianism - alternatives are worse in every instance

Sussman, researcher and columnist, Swarthmore College, 12

(Sam, International Policy Digest, think tank on international affairs, “Left Behind: Re-Evaluating American Hegemony,” 8-27-12, http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/08/27/left-behind-re-evaluating-american-hegemony/, accessed 11-29-12, ara)

Yet three intersecting geopolitical trends … benevolence over decisive autocratic apathy.

The state is inevitable—people with no government will find themselves being ruled over by predatory gangs

Holcombe, Florida economics professor, 2004

(Randall, “Government: Unnecessary but inevitable”, The Independent Review Volume 8 Number 3 Winter 2004, http:~/~/www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=15url:http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=15, ldg)

In the foregoing arguments, I have maintained that … will establish a government over them.

The alt can’t solve:

A. The Alternative cannot overcome the state

Daly, Research Fellow at the Philosophy Department of the Australian National University, 2004

(Frances, The Non-Citizen and the Concept of Human Rights; Borderlands E-Journal; Volume 3, Number 1, project muse, ldg)

It is always possible to suppose … to the type of issue it addresses

.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences

Jeffrey C. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine

Power is not a dirty word or an …it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: Finals | Opponent: Army | Judge: 

Plan Text

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase loan guarantees for small modular thermal reactors for domestic energy production.

Heg

Manufacturing declining now

Woellert, Bloomberg News, 1-18

(Lorraine, Manufacturing in area shows a recent decline, 1-18-13, http:~/~/www.philly.com/philly/business/20130118_Manufacturing_in_area_dropped_in_html, accessed 1-18-13, ara)

Manufacturing in the Philadelphia region … but it didn't reduce the uncertainty."

SMR’s are key to revive domestic manufacturing-robust export market and job creation.

Locatelli and Mancini, Politecnico di Milano Department of Economics, 11

(Giorgio and Mauro, Dept. Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, "The role of the reactor size for an investment in the nuclear sector: An evaluation of not-financial parameters," Progress in Nuclear Energy Volume 53, Issue 2, March 2011, Science Direct, accessed 9-28-12, mtf)

11. Impact on employment This aspect … differential and promotes the SMR choice.

Manufacturing fuels hegemony -key to gains in jobs and innovation

Boushey, Center for American Progress senior economist, 2012

(Heather, “Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Meanson Tax Reform and the U.S. Manufacturing Sector”, 7-19, waysandmeans.house.gov/uploadedfiles/boushey_testimony.pdf, DOA: 11-5-12, ldg)

Having a strong manufacturing industry … we fare if those ideas originate somewhere else?”34

Domestic manufacturing key to maintain robust military capabilities.

Ezell, ITIF senior analyst, 11

(Stephen J. “The Case for a National Manufacturing Strategy.” April 2011. http:~/~/www2.itif.org/2011-Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/29/2012. ADC)

 A strong manufacturing base … industrial base in the coming decades.”58

Alternative to heg is nuclear war

Zhang et al., Carnegie Endowment researcher, 2011

(Yuhan, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry”, 1-22, http:~/~/www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/, DOA: 9-21-11, ldg)

This does not necessarily mean that … be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Hegemony solves nuke war– multipolarity is inevitable but absolute US power smooths the transition and is empirically correlated to great-power peace

Barnett, Naval War College Warfare Analysis and Research Department professor, 2011

(Thomas, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads”, 3-7, http:~/~/www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, DOA: 10-9-11, ldg)

Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of … in the geometry to come.

Absolute decline means the US will become uncooperative and desperate-~--hegemonic wars will ensue

Goldstein, Penn IR professor, 2007

(Avery, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August, ebsco, ldg)

Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical … to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650

Politicians will cling to hegemony no matter what

Calleo, SAIS European Studies professor, 2010

(David, “American Decline Revisited,” Survival, 52:4, 215 – 227, ebsco, ldg)

The history of the past two … threatens the world with inflation.

American intervention is inevitable – it’s a question of whether it’s effective

Continetti, associate editor of the Weekly Standard, 2008

(Matthew, “If we don't maintain world order, who will?”, 3-4, LA Times, http:~/~/www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-antle-continetti4mar04,1,2482677.story?ctrack=4andcset=com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-antle-continetti4mar04,1,2482677.story?ctrack=4andcset=true, ldg)

Today's prompt asks us, "Is interventionism … make the same mistakes again.

Nuclear Aff – Grid – 1AC

Grid is vulnerable – multiple reasons

Merica, CNN production assistant, 12

(Dan, Rotating Editor and Writer at The American Observer, Intern; Executive Producer of Intern Edition at National Public Radio “DoD official: Vulnerability of U.S. electrical grid is a dire concern,” CNN, 07-27-12, http:~/~/security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/27/dod-official-vulnerability-of-u-s-electrical-grid-is-a-dire-concern/http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/07/27/dod-official-vulnerability-of-u-s-electrical-grid-is-a-dire-concern/, accessed 08-30-12, hgh)

Speaking candidly at the Aspen Security … saving and life sustaining capabilities.

SMRs key to decentralizing the grid – causes shift to localized power

Loudermilk, Energy and Environmental Security Policy Research Associate, National Defense University, 11

(Micah, Master degree in International Relations from the University of Akron, “Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs,” 5-31-11, http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375, published by the Journal of Energy Security, accessed 8-12-12, ara)

Lastly, and often ignored, is … grid to become a reality.

Decentralization solves – means any grid failure won’t escalate

Verclas, Senior Program Manager at AICGS, 12

(Kirsten, "The Decentralization Of The Electricity Grid - Mitigating Risk In The Energy Sector," April 27 , 2012, American Institute For Contemporary German Studies at Johns Hopkins University, http://www.aicgs.org/publication/the-decentralization-of-the-electricity-grid-mitigating-risk-in-the-energy-sector/4/, d/a 8-3-12, ZML)

A decentralized electricity grid … could be one of the policies to address this issue.

Grid failure causes meltdown, kills millions

Ayers, Director, Task Force on National and Homeland Security, 12

(Cynthia E., formerly Vice President of EMPact Amercia, having retired from the National Security Agency after over 38 years of federal service, “Terror Warning: Grid Down, 7-27-12, http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/terror-warning-grid-down, accessed 9-15-12, ara)

Could the reluctance to secure our … prepare and protect the grid is now .

Meltdowns cause extinction – just one can kill millions

Lendman, Research Associate, Center for Research on Globalization, 11

(Stephen, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,” 3-13-11, http:~/~/www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan, accessed 9-15-12, ara)

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused …and parts of South America.

Solvency

Capitalization is key to nuclear commercialization-only the federal government can leverage the funds necessary

Bennett, Vice President for Public Affairs, Third Way, 10

(Matt, Josh Freed is Director of the Third Way Clean Energy initiative, Jeremy Ershow is a Policy Advisor at Third Way, “Breaking the Nuclear Financing Barrier,” February 10, http://content.thirdway.org/publications/265/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Breaking_the_Nuclear_Financing_Barrier.pdf, accessed 9-30-12, ara)

High financing costs stand in the way … budget request to triple the loan volume.

SMR’s can be commercialized quickly and are safe-studies prove they have multiple advantages

Kessides and Kuznetsov, World Bank chief economist, 12

(Ioannis N., Development Research Group and The World Bank; and Vladimir, Consultant at The World Bank, "Small Modular Reactors for Enhancing Energy Security in Developing Countries," Sustainability 2012, 4.8, http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/4/8/1806/htm, accessed 9-29-12, mtf)

SMRs offer a number of advantages … characterized by significant economies of scale 19.

NRC will streamline SMR’s

Sullivan, et al., partner, Hogan Lovells’ LLP, 10

(Mary Anne, partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice in Washington, D.C., Daniel F. Stenger is a partner in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, Amy C. Roma is a senior associate in Hogan Lovells' energy practice, “Are Small Reactors the Next Big Thing in Nuclear?” 12-21-10, http:~/~/www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/3288852302/articles/electric-light-power/volume-88/issue-6/sections/html, accessed 9-20-12, ara)

The biggest challenge to getting SMRs … NRC's initiative through industry working groups.

SMR’s compete with gas-better risk premium and no volatility

Rosner, Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Astronomy and Astrophysics, and Physics – Chicago University, 11

(Robert e-, Senior Fellow, Computation Institute; Director, Energy Policy Institute; Enrico Fermi Institute; Harris School of Public Policy, Stephen Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Director Argonne National Laboratory, “Small Modular Reactors – Key To Future Nuclear Power Generation In The U.S.”, Energy Policy Institute at Chicago The Harris School of Public Policy Studies, 6/2/12, atl)

In both the 2004 Chicago Study and the … assessing the debt quality for nuclear power plants.

We have the workforce and infrastructure

Spencer et al, Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies research fellow, 11

(Jack. “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?” Heritage Foundation. 2-02. http:~/~/www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/Apthorp-Trujillo Aff Accessed: 9/7/2012. ADC)

Domestic Production. Although the …all in the United States.

SMRs are safe – invulnerable to natural disaster, and checks prolif threats

Szondy, former university lecturer in history and archeology, 12

(David, award winning freelance writer for Gizmag, a science magazine, February 16, 2012, “Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?” http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/, 6/3/12, atl)

SMRs also enjoy a good deal of … with the operation of the others.

DOE grant was insufficient for commercialization – increases are still needed

Lyman, Cornell University Physics PhD, 12-21

(Ed, Princeton University’s Center for Energy and Environmental Studies former research scientist, Nuclear Control Institute former president, Union of Concerned Scientists writer. “Does DOE’s Funding Announcement Mark the End of its Irrational Exuberance for SMRs?” 12-21. http:~/~/allthingsnuclear.org/does-does-funding-announcement-mark-the-end-of-its-irrational-exuberance-for-smrs/http://allthingsnuclear.org/does-does-funding-announcement-mark-the-end-of-its-irrational-exuberance-for-smrs/. Accessed: 1/2/2013. ADC)

 And in fact, the real news is not … as the “fiscal cliff” looms, even this strategy may be doomed.

08 funds stretched 6 times too thin – proves industry would invest with the plan

Hanson, MIT DOE Office of Science Graduate Research Fellow, 09

(John, August 5, 2009, “Financing New Nuclear: The Federal Government’s Role in the Nuclear Renaissance”, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2009/documents/HansonWISEPolicyPaperFinal.pdf, 9/18/12, atl)

Perhaps the most significant existing … will be discussed later in this paper.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge:
Hegemony decline causes prolif.
Rosen, professor of National Security and Military Affairs at Harvard University, 2003
(Stephen, “An Empire, If you Can Keep It”, National Interest, Spring, lexis, ldg)

Rather than wrestle with such difficult … are that much more attractive. 

The plan causes other suppliers to model US practices-ensures no proliferation.
Sokolski, Nonproliferation Policy Education Center Executive Director, 11
(Henry, “The Post-Fukushima Arms Race?”, Foreign Policy, July, 29, 2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/29/the_post_fukushima_arms_race?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, 10/9/12, atl)

A Japanese decision to resist …, as it has reluctantly in the past.

Proliferation will be slow-nonproliferation efforts and feasibility check
Waltz, professor political science Columbia University, 2003
(Kenneth, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed”, pg 3, ldg)

What will the spread of nuclear…is therefore a compelling question.

Tournament: Monmouth | Round: Finals | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan solves freshwater shortages

Clegg et al., Lloyd’s Register Global Nuclear Director, 12

(Richard e-, founder and Director of the Dalton Nuclear Institute at the University of Manchester, Mamdouh El-Shanawany, Nuclear Technical Director of Energy at Lloyd’s Register, September, 2012, “Small Modular Reactors”, Article - Issue 52, Sep 2012, 9/4/12, atl)

The third SMR design is based on … adapted to a desalination plant.

Key to prevent extinction

Dudgeon et al, University of Hong Kong Ecology and Biodiversity professor, 6

(David, he has spent 30 years researching the ecology, biodiversity and conservation of the animals that inhabit streams and rivers, author of over 150 papers in international journals, with Angela H. Arthington, Mark O. Gessner, Zen-Ichiro Kawabata, Duncan J. Knowler, Christian Le´veˆque, Robert J. Naiman, Anne-He´le`ne Prieur-Richard, Doris Soto, Melanie L. J. Stiassny, and Caroline A. Sullivan, "Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges," Biological Reviews, 81.2, 2006, 163-82, Wiley Online Library, accessed 2-7-12, mss)

Freshwater biodiversity is the …; Postel and Richter, 2003 ; Clark and King, 2004).