Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Inherency

The US provides nuclear incentives now, but government policy is uncertain

Biello ‘12

David Biello has been covering energy and the environment for nearly a decade, the last four years as an associate editor at Scientific American. He also hosts 60-Second Earth, a Scientific American podcast covering environmental news, and is working on a documentary with Detroit Public Television on the future of electricity. “Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power,” 3/27/12 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-powerandpage=4 AD 9/20/12

But the Department of Energy funding may only support two designs. Innovation spurred by

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the world in safety, if we're not building new nuclear power plants."

Advantage 1: Hegemony

US pursuit of hegemony inevitably—it’s only a question of whether those actions will be successful

Gvosdev 11 – associate prof @Naval War College

Nikolas K., PhD from Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Associate Professor at U.S. Naval War College, former Senior Fellow of Strategic Studies at the Nixon Center, “The Realist Prism: Despite Austerity, U.S. Military Restraint Is Unlikely” World Politics Review, August 19, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9826/the-realist-prism-despite-austerity-u-s-military-restraint-is-unlikely Acc. 8/22/11 // bjk

It is amusing to hear U.S. politicians of all ideological stripes sounding

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it can no longer properly discern what is essential and what is extraneous.

-~--Dependence weakens hegemony in two ways—first, forward basing-~--Fuel dependence seriously restricts military effectiveness – supply chains divert resources and slow operations

Hourihan and Stepp’11

Matt, MA in Public Policy with a focus on science and technology policy, previous Jan Schori Fellow at the Business Council for Sustainable Energy; Matt, former Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, a California energy policy think tank, MS in Science, Tech, and Public Policy. ITIF - Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, DC think tank exploring innovation policy. "Lean, Mean and Clean: Energy Innovation and the Department of Defense," March 2011. www.itif.org/files/2011-lean-mean-clean.pdf AD 9/8/12

But the aggregate dollar amount also doesn’t tell the whole story. Deloitte estimates the

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challenge the defense establishment to “unleash us from this fuel tether.”27

This decimates future military operations—conventional fuel supplies are insufficient for future theatres

Schlossberg 11

(Andrew Scholssberg, Department of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania, 4/8/11, “The Military Dimensions of Post-Cold War U.S. Oil Policy: Access to Oil and Consequences for Geostrategy” http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173andcontext=curej)

To OEPP planners, future wars will likely be held in theaters very close in

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use, imposing high costs in blood, treasure, and combat effectiveness.

Forward basing is the only answer to the future of remote and irregular warfare

Elwell '11

Andrew, MA in history, Univ of Nottingham, worked with a niche armour systems manufacturer, former project manager for an in-theater MoD vehicle, headed up RandD at the company, Senior Editor ata a news and data provider, Defence IQ, news source for global defence; "Renewable energy tech sought for forward operating bases," 12/1/11, http://www.defenceiq.com/army-and-land-forces/articles/forward-operating-base-technologies-clean-green-an/, AD 9/16/12

“Military operations are a fairly energy-intense undertaking, and energy security is

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the desire, nay necessity, to reduce dependence on fossil fuel intensifies.

SMRs key to forward deployment and solving operational vulnerabilities—squo measures won’t solve

***solves for oil

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR

Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February

Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.

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the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.

Forward deployment ensures international stability—effectiveness key to carry out future missions and ensure deterrence and contain conflict

Davidson and Flournoy ‘12

Michèle Flournoy, former distinguished research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at

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July-August 12, Academic OneFile, AD 9/16/12

The United States' network of alliances and partnerships ensures that the country rarely has to

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shared practices that make the militaries work together more effectively in the field.

Benefits outweigh risks of accident or attack

Andres and Breetz 11

(Richard Andres, Senior Fellow and Energy and Environment Security and Policy Chair at INSS, and Hanna Breetz, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2011, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http:~/~/www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=pdfandAD=ADA545712)

Despite these potential events, a cost-benefit analy- sis should shape any

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while forward operating bases endanger American convoy support personnel who must deliver fuel.

-~--Second, military response -~--Reliance on oil prevents military response to crises in hot spots

Bender '07

Bryan, Boston Globe, "Pentago study says oil reliance strains military," 5/1/07, citing LMI study and Milton R. Copulos, president of the National Defense Council Foundation, advisor on energy to the Secretary of Defense for the Defense Industrial Base Initiative and the principal consultant to the Department of Defense on the Defense Environment Initiative, member of the National Petroleum Council, former director of energy studies for the conservative Heritage Foundation, Senior Fellow at the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/01/pentagon_study_says_oil_reliance_strains_military/?page=1

WASHINGTON -- A new study ordered by the Pentagon warns that the rising cost and

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supply units that sustain them, which will result in increased energy consumption."

An energy transition increases DoD flexibility and mobility

Crowley et al '07

Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12

An energy transformation that leverages process change in the short term and  technological innovation in

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the support of the public while acting in concert with national environmental  goals.

Mobility key to demonstrate strength and respond to international incidents

Crowley et al '07

Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12

Recent experience indicates that the nature of the threat facing the United States is  changing

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that address alternative supply sources and efficient  consumption across all aspects of military operations

-~--Transition solves—Reducing petroleum dependence sends a global signal of US strength and doesn’t sacrifice readiness

Parthemore and Nagl '10

Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University's Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston's Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12

A successful transition away from petroleum   will produce financial, operational and strategic   gains.

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armed services to accomplish their   missions in the years and decades to come.

Preserving the perception of military effectiveness key—a weakened military invites aggression and rash wars

Feaver 3

Professor of Political Science at Duke, Peter D., Armed Services: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations, p.213

The civil-military problematique is so vexing because it involves balancing two vital and

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leading them to rash behavior and then failing in the ultimate military contest.

Decline destabilizes all global hotspots

Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif

Brzezinski '12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS

Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb '12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12

With the decline of America's global preeminence, weaker countries will be more susceptible to

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extremism; a worldwide energy crisis; vulnerability of America's Persian Gulf allies.

Any of these would escalate into great power wars—American retrenchment collapse current restraints

Zhang and Shi 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Currently on leave from Graduate School in Economic and Political Development, Lin Shi, MA from Columbia in International Affairs, also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank

America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it

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forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Advantage 2: Nuclear Proliferation

Expansion of nuclear power internationally coming now

Bernstein and Gerami 12

(Paul Bernstein, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CSWMD) at the National Defense University, and Nina Gerami, Research Fellow in CSWMD, ***ENR = uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing*** June 2012, “Proliferation Risks of Civilian Nuclear Power Programs” http://wmdcenter.dodlive.mil/files/2012/06/CSWMD-Proceedings-3-FINAL.pdf)

Nuclear Renaissance? Lending added urgency to nonproliferation efforts is the possibility that nuclear power

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deferring their plans, while others have vowed to stay on track.6

Unmanaged nuclear renaissance of status quo reactor tech ensures proliferation and nuclear terrorism

Macalister ‘09

Tony, The Guardian **Citing Frank Charles Barnaby, Nuclear Issues Consultant to the Oxford Research Group, nuclear physicist, former Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Professor at the VU University Amsterdam and awarded the Harold Stassen Chair of International Relations at the University of Minnesota AND Ian Kearns Deputy Chair of Institute for Public Policy Research’s Security Commission** New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy' 3/16/09 www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste AD 9/18/12

The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other

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low-carbon energy and a stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.

Widespread prolif risks nuclear war—escalates ongoing disputes and risk of terrorist acquisition

Blechman '08

Barry, PhD in International Relations, Co-Founder/Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, "Nuclear Proliferation: Avoiding a Pandemic," 9/29/08 www.stimson.org/books-reports/nuclear-proliferation-avoiding-a-pandemic/ AD 9/19/12

The world has been spared the detonation of a nuclear device in anger for more

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the next administration placing the highest priority on reining in the nuclear danger.

And those conflicts all escalate to extinction

Utgoff in 2 —Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces and Resources @Institute for Defense Analysis

 Victor A., Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions,” Survival, v. 44 n. 2, Summer 2002.

In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out

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a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Traditional deterrence theory doesn’t apply to rapid new proliferators—don’t have experience to prevent escalation

Horowitz ‘09

Michael C., PhD in Government at Harvard, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 2/10/09, cc.sjtu.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20120301175143_293108991670.pdf, AD 9/19/12

Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated.While to  some extent

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to find themselves in disputes with resolved adversaries  that will reciprocate militarized challenges.

Nuclear terrorism triggers nuclear retaliation

Speice 6

Speice, Patrick F., Jr. "Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs." William and Mary Law Review 47.4 (Feb 2006): 1427(59). Expanded Academic ASAP.

The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups

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in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.53

DoD leadership on small nuclear reactors is key to locking the market—the alternative causes prolif and nuclear meltdowns

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR

Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February

Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From the perspective of larger national security issues, if DOD

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will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.

Strong US nuclear industry key to nuclear leadership and nonproliferation standards

Loudermilk ‘11

Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy and Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 AD 9/18/12

Combating proliferation with US leadership  Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering

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standards on nuclear agreements, spent fuel reprocessing, and developing reactor technologies.

Plan

The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors deployed in the United States.

Solvency

DoD market key to preventing SMR failure

Andres and Breetz ‘11

Richard B. Andres is Professor of  National Security Strategy at the  National War College and a Senior  Fellow and Energy and Environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic Research, Institute for  National Strategic Studies, at the  National Defense University. Hanna L.  Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the  Department of Political Science at The  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations:  Capabilities, Costs, and  Technological Implications  Strategic Form Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that  small reactors hold for military

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, gaining NRC certification for new  technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD has enormous procurement power—best way to develop

Fitzpatrick et al '11

Ryan, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy; Josh Freed is the Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way    Mieke Eoyang is Director for National Security at Third Way ; Third Way is the leading think tank of the moderate wing of the progressive movement    "   Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance Clean Energy Technology... And Why It Has To ," http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CEAQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.thirdway.org%2Fpublications%2F414%2FThird_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdfandei=qvdLUMv9Bo369gS36IHQCgandusg=AFQjCNGb9TOO069aF0CT-EADvO8wsN9DjA June 2011 AD 9/8/12

Use the Procurement Process to Promote Innovative Energy   Technologies   The DoD has over $400

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DoD’s energy   goals, even if these procurements come with higher upfront costs.

SMRs don’t have accidents

Loudermilk 11

Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy and Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 AD 9/18/12

Although large reactors possess a stellar safety record throughout their history of operation, SMRs

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, an accident affecting one reactor would be limited to that individual reactor.

DoD drives innovation

Marquesse 11

Jeffret Marquesse is Executive Director of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) at¶ the Department of Defense. ENERGY INNOVATION¶ at the DEPARTMENT of DEFENSE¶ ASSESSING the OPPORTUNITIES http:~/~/bipartisanpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Energy%20Innovation%20at%20DoD.pdf

Although they receive less attention, DoD’s efforts in the area¶ of facilities energy

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of those that prove effective to jump-start the¶ commercial market.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The Federal Transit Administration should allocate grants to metropolitan transit agencies for establishing integrated solar transit bus systems in inner cities.

Transit Racism Advantage

A.    Transit Bus Racism

Federal transportation policies are the vital link in entrenching a public pedagogy that racializes space and marginalizes communities

Bullard 07

Robert D. Bullard is the Ware Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University¶ In, Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities, Environmental Justice, And Regional Equality¶ Google books

U.S. transportation policies, at least in the figurative sense, still relegate African Americans to the back of the bus. For more than a century, African Americans and other people of color have struggled to end transportation discrimination on buses, trains, and highways (Bullard and Johnson 1997). This form of racial apartheid, which clearly violates constitutionally guaranteed civil rights, was codified in 1896 by Plessy v. Ferguson, a U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld Louisiana's segregated ''white" and "colored" seating on railroad cars, ushering in the infamous doctrine of "separate but equal." Plessy not only codified apartheid for transportation facilities but also served as the legal basis for racial segregation in education until it was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, another U.S. Supreme Court decision.

The modern civil rights movement has its roots in transportation. In 1953, nearly

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dollars are suballocated directly to the metropolitan regions (Puentes and Bailey 2003).

Lack of access to transportation is central to institutionalized racialization

Robert Bullard, Dean of the BarbaraJordan-MickeyLelandSchool of Public Affairs at Texas Southern University, Highway Robbery 2004

America’s dirty secret, institutional racism is a part of our national heritage.  Racism

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often than not, public transportation does not connect urban residents to jobs.

Present federal policies perpetuate racial apartheid in transportation as the old dirty equipment is assigned to the inner cities

Seymour 06

Sean, Assoc Prof of Law and Chemistry Univ of Vanderbilt¶ Set the Captives Free!: Transit Inequity in Urban Centers, and the Laws and Policies which Aggravate the Disparity¶ George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal¶ Winter, 2005¶ 16 Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. 57 Lex/Nexis

The continued socioeconomic polarization of American cities directly impacts transportation policies. n68 Transit authorities

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, buses which serve low-income neighborhoods are often overcrowded. n86¶

Present transportation inequity locks minorities into a system that destroys their health and creates a cycle of inequality

Seymour 06

Sean, Assoc Prof of Law and Chemistry Univ of Vanderbilt¶ Set the Captives Free!: Transit Inequity in Urban Centers, and the Laws and Policies which Aggravate the Disparity¶ George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal¶ Winter, 2005¶ 16 Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. 57 Lex/Nexis

"Side Effects"¶ ¶ Transportation inequity adversely affects three critically important concerns of urban

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political power to change zoning regulations or to reroute heavy vehicular traffic. n103

The lack of access to clean buses perpetuates class based racism

Hess 07

David J. Hess is a professor of sociology at Vanderbilt University, associate director of the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment What is a clean bus? Object conflicts in the greening of urban transit http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol3iss1/0608-027.hess.html

 A second perspective comes from the view that discussions of sustainability can only be

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health politics to develop an environmental justice basis for opposition to diesel exhaust.

Bus inequity creates transportation apartheid

Hess 12

Amanda Hess, reporter for The Atlantic Cities  Race, Class, and the Stigma of Riding the Bus in America

July 11, 2012   http:~/~/www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/culture/com/thenextamerica/culture/race-class-and-the-stigma-of-riding-the-bus-in-america-20120711

The U.S. government has made efforts to accommodate the superior attitudes of

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cut bus service by 7 percent and bumped transit fares by 44 percent.¶

The lack of investment in city bus systems is a manifestation of class based racism that must be rejected

Mann 96

Eric Mann¶ is director of the Labor/Community Strategy Center in Los Angeles “A New Vision for Urban Transportation”¶ http://www.uchastings.edu/faculty-administration/faculty/piomelli/class-website/docs/Bus-Riders-Union-New-Vision.pdf

Across this region, one of the primary ways in which racial and class segregation

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to finding money to repair, let alone uplift, the bus system.

Institutional racism itself is a form of violence that must be rejected

Barndt- Director of Crossroads, a non profit Organization 1991

Joseph-ordained minister; “Dismantling Racism:  The Continuing Challenge

            to White America; p.31-33

Racism can be expressed with an iron fist or with a velvet glove.  At its coarsest and most unsophisticated, racism uses violence to enforce explicit laws to subjugate and control.  Examples of such racism are the practice of slavery in the United States, the genocide of Jews in Nazi Germany, and the system of apartheid in South Africa.  The evil of such blatant racism is obvious.

                BUT Racism also assumes sophisticated forms that depend less on brute force

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is exercised for us by others in ways that are to our benefit.

Racism should be rejected

Memmi 2k

MEMMI  Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-165

The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission

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.  True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

B.     Solvency

FTA grants are key to developing solar power transit bus system that assure zero emissions

Adkisson 07

Tommy Adkisson, County Commissioner of San Antonio¶ The Case for Solar-Powered Downtown Transit! http://www.bexar.org/commct/cmpct4/Articles___Etc_/ARTICLES/Prior_Years/2007_Articles/The_Case_for_Solar-Powered_Dow/the_case_for_solar-powered_dow.htm

One workable strategy is to rely on clean, free, abundant solar power and

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Solar power contributes no emissions to ground level ozone or greenhouse gas emissions.

The technology is available and non polluting

Solar Village 12

Solar Electric Transit Bus Comes to North America Published: May 9, 2012

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transit system that will be far more reliable than conventional combustion engine buses.

This assures pollution free transit and expanded access

Eckerle 11

Tyson Eckerle- Executive Director of Energy Independence Now holds a B.A. in Biology from the University of California, Davis and a Master of Environmental Science and Management (MESM) from the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara http://www.einow.org/newsblog/category/health.html

Bus transit thrives in densely populated communities, providing mobility to those who otherwise would

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noise pollution, and will be accessible to all economic and social classes.

Transportation is the critical nexis vital to challenging the racialization of space

Lipsitz 11

GEORGE LIPSITZ Professor of black studies and sociology at the University of California

How Racism Takes Place  google books

The strong desire to move freely across space formed an important part of the Black

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to cross the 1-10 service road to reach shopping centers.41'

Federal policy is the key to constructing new norms to challenge racialization

Johnson 11

Olatunde C.A. Johnson* Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School¶ Columbia Law Review¶ January, 2011¶ Columbia Law Review¶ 111 Colum. L. Rev. 154

At the same time, this Essay argues, the stimulus provides a powerful occasion

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a new regulatory and advocacy framework for advancing racial equity through federal spending.

Warming Advantage

A.    Impacts

Warming is real and anthropogenic-4 reasons

Prothero 12 (M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees in geological sciences from Columbia University, and a B.A. in geology and biology from the University of California, Riverside, Professor of Geology at Occidental College in Los Angeles, and Lecturer in Geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, “How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused”  Skeptic. Altadena: 2012. Vol. 17, Iss. 2; pg. 14, 10 pgs, proquest) HDG

How do we know that global warming is real and primarily human caused? There

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Florida, and most of the world's river deltas) would be drowned.

Scientific Consensus goes aff

EDF 11 (Environmental Defense Fund, leading national nonprofit organization representing more than 700,000 members.  Citing Science and the IPCC, as well as other multinational climate organizations, “Scientific Consensus on the Basic Facts of Global Warming,” http:~/~/www.edf.org/climate/org/climate/scientific-consensus)

The most respected scientific bodies have stated unequivocally that global warming is occurring, and

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warming is real. The time to start working on solutions is now.

The International Energy Agency has reversed itself as well

Hamilton 12

IEA Says more Clean Energy Investment Needed to Avoid the Worst Climate Impacts

By Tyler Hamilton | Tue, 19 June 2012 http:~/~/oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/html

It’s a convenient way of dismissing bad news, which is why it’s important when

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That, he added, “would have devastating consequences for the planet.”

There is a new consensus that warming will destroy the Oceans in ways that haven’t been seen for 300 million years

Hance 12

Jeremy Hance¶ mongabay.com    2,600 scientists: climate change killing the world's coral reefs¶ ¶ July 10, 2012¶ http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0710-hance-coral-reefs-climate-statment.html

In an unprecedented show of concern, 2,600 (and rising) of

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the world to act on climate change—but it is closing rapidly."

The impact destroys all life

Gerhardt 11

Tina Gerhardt is an independent journalist. Her work has appeared in the Nation, the Wall Street Journal, and many other publications Our Oceans Are in Dire Shape, But Without Them All Life on Land -- Human, Plant and Animal -- Is Totally Screwed http:~/~/www.alternet.org/story/152636/our_oceans_are_in_dire_shape%2C_but_without_them_all_life_on_land_~-~-_human%2C_plant_and_animal_~-~-_is_totally_org/story/152636/our_oceans_are_in_dire_shape%2C_but_without_them_all_life_on_land_~-~-_human%2C_plant_and_animal_~-~-_is_totally_screwed

Global warming has often been discussed with regard to its effects for life on land

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energy needed through solar and wind energy would emit less greenhouse gas emissions.

B.     Solvency

Transit Bus investments spur global transitions

Lowe 10

Marcy Lowe¶ Center on Globalization, Governance and Competitiveness, Duke University¶ Value Chain Analysis of the U.S. Transit Bus Industry¶ Key Findings presented to the President’s Council on Environmental Quality¶ February 25, 2010 http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/Lowe_CEQ_key_findings_bus_value_chain.pdf

U.S. leadership in “green” buses can lead the way for

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in, in order to compete globally in the clean¶ energy economy.¶

Vehicle solar is unparalleled in its ability to solve air pollution and warming

McCarthy 06

Ryan McCarthy, THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES¶ SCHOOL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGEINEERING¶ OPPORTUNITIES FOR¶ VEHICLE INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS http://rpmccarthy.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/vipv_ryan_mccarthy.pdf

There is virtually no financial incentive for vehicle manufacturers to meet emissions or fuel economy

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and it increases renewable energy market penetration: all in the one package.

That’s key to solve warming

Gordon 11

Deborah Gordon¶ Nonresident Senior Associate¶ Energy and Climate Program Carnegie Endowment for International Peace¶ Transportation Trifecta: Cars, Climate Change, and Oil Security¶ http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/04/18/transportation-trifecta-cars-climate-change-and-oil-security/wbs

Cars, not coal, need to be the priority in addressing climate change.

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in the midst of back-to-back oil crises in 1977.

Solvency

Only federal government action can transform racialization and promote an ethic of equity

Johnson 11

Olatunde C.A. Johnson* Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School¶ Columbia Law Review¶ January, 2011¶ Columbia Law Review¶ 111 Colum. L. Rev. 154

Federal spending programs can serve as key locations for advancing conceptions of citizenship and inclusion

AND

 cooperation agreements between local public housing authorities and local municipal governments. n63

Only federal government investment can create transformative norms of social equity

Johnson 11

Olatunde C.A. Johnson* Associate Professor of Law, Columbia Law School¶ Columbia Law Review¶ January, 2011¶ Columbia Law Review¶ 111 Colum. L. Rev. 154

Structuring Citizenship. - Particular substantive equity goals and the process of making equity and

AND

commence a process to elaborate and embed these norms in the public sphere.

Demonstration programs for vehicular solar lead to its widespread adoption

McCarthy 06

Ryan McCarthy, THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES¶ SCHOOL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGEINEERING¶ OPPORTUNITIES FOR¶ VEHICLE INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS http://rpmccarthy.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/vipv_ryan_mccarthy.pdf

This report has revealed that the concept of VIPV is economically feasible, technically possible

AND

road transport and photovoltaic industries, the future scope for VIPV is enormous.

Vehicle integrated solar is technologically applicable to all vehicles and solves air pollution and warming

McCarthy 06

Ryan McCarthy, THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES¶ SCHOOL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGEINEERING¶ OPPORTUNITIES FOR¶ VEHICLE INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS http://rpmccarthy.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/vipv_ryan_mccarthy.pdf

1. VIPV generates energy where it is most valuable: at the point of

AND

up. VIPV presents an accessible option to further increase existing vehicle efficiency.

Vehicular solar is key to solving global greenhouse emissions

McCarthy 06

Ryan McCarthy, THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES¶ SCHOOL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGEINEERING¶ OPPORTUNITIES FOR¶ VEHICLE INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS http://rpmccarthy.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/vipv_ryan_mccarthy.pdf

The Kuznets curve presents a theory that as income levels rise, the level of

AND

deciding on the most effective policy support for photovoltaics and other technologies. ¶

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors deployed in the United States.

Inherency

The US provides incentives now, but US leadership is eroding and government policy is uncertain

Biello ‘12

David Biello has been covering energy and the environment for nearly a decade, the last four years as an associate editor at Scientific American. He also hosts 60-Second Earth, a Scientific American podcast covering environmental news, and is working on a documentary with Detroit Public Television on the future of electricity. “Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power,” 3/27/12 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-powerandpage=4 AD 9/20/12

But the Department of Energy funding may only support two designs. Innovation spurred by

AND

the world in safety, if we're not building new nuclear power plants."

Advantage

US pursuit of hegemony inevitably—it’s only a question of whether those actions will be successful

Gvosdev 11 – associate prof @Naval War College

Nikolas K., PhD from Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Associate Professor at U.S. Naval War College, former Senior Fellow of Strategic Studies at the Nixon Center, “The Realist Prism: Despite Austerity, U.S. Military Restraint Is Unlikely” World Politics Review, August 19, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9826/the-realist-prism-despite-austerity-u-s-military-restraint-is-unlikely Acc. 8/22/11 // bjk

It is amusing to hear U.S. politicians of all ideological stripes sounding

AND

it can no longer properly discern what is essential and what is extraneous.

-~--Dependence weakens hegemony in two ways—first, forward basing-~--Fuel dependence seriously restricts military effectiveness – supply chains divert resources and slow operations

Hourihan and Stepp’11

Matt, MA in Public Policy with a focus on science and technology policy, previous Jan Schori Fellow at the Business Council for Sustainable Energy; Matt, former Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, a California energy policy think tank, MS in Science, Tech, and Public Policy. ITIF - Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, DC think tank exploring innovation policy. "Lean, Mean and Clean: Energy Innovation and the Department of Defense," March 2011. www.itif.org/files/2011-lean-mean-clean.pdf AD 9/8/12

But the aggregate dollar amount also doesn’t tell the whole story. Deloitte estimates the

AND

challenge the defense establishment to “unleash us from this fuel tether.”27

This decimates future military operations—conventional fuel supplies are insufficient for future theatres

Schlossberg 11

(Andrew Scholssberg, Department of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania, 4/8/11, “The Military Dimensions of Post-Cold War U.S. Oil Policy: Access to Oil and Consequences for Geostrategy” http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173andcontext=curej)

To OEPP planners, future wars will likely be held in theaters very close in

AND

use, imposing high costs in blood, treasure, and combat effectiveness.

Forward basing is the only answer to the future of remote and irregular warfare

Elwell '11

Andrew, MA in history, Univ of Nottingham, worked with a niche armour systems manufacturer, former project manager for an in-theater MoD vehicle, headed up RandD at the company, Senior Editor ata a news and data provider, Defence IQ, news source for global defence; "Renewable energy tech sought for forward operating bases," 12/1/11, http://www.defenceiq.com/army-and-land-forces/articles/forward-operating-base-technologies-clean-green-an/, AD 9/16/12

“Military operations are a fairly energy-intense undertaking, and energy security is

AND

the desire, nay necessity, to reduce dependence on fossil fuel intensifies.

SMRs key to forward deployment and solving operational vulnerabilities—squo measures won’t solve

***solves for oil

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR

Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February

Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.

AND

the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.

Forward deployment ensures international stability—effectiveness key to carry out future missions and ensure deterrence and contain conflict

Davidson and Flournoy ‘12

Michèle Flournoy, former distinguished research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, former UnderSecretary of Defense for Policy, President of the Center for a New American Security, former Senior Adviser at the CSIS; Janine Davidson, PhD in International Studies, Assistant Professor in the School of Public Policy at GMU, previous Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Plans, “"Obama's new global posture: the logic of U.S. foreign deployments." Foreign Affairs, July-August 12, Academic OneFile, AD 9/16/12

The United States' network of alliances and partnerships ensures that the country rarely has to

AND

shared practices that make the militaries work together more effectively in the field.

Benefits outweigh risks of accident or attack

Andres and Breetz 11

(Richard Andres, Senior Fellow and Energy and Environment Security and Policy Chair at INSS, and Hanna Breetz, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2011, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http:~/~/www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=pdfandAD=ADA545712)

Despite these potential events, a cost-benefit analy- sis should shape any

AND

while forward operating bases endanger American convoy support personnel who must deliver fuel.

-~--Second, military response -~--Reliance on oil prevents military response to crises in hot spots

Bender '07

Bryan, Boston Globe, "Pentago study says oil reliance strains military," 5/1/07, citing LMI study and Milton R. Copulos, president of the National Defense Council Foundation, advisor on energy to the Secretary of Defense for the Defense Industrial Base Initiative and the principal consultant to the Department of Defense on the Defense Environment Initiative, member of the National Petroleum Council, former director of energy studies for the conservative Heritage Foundation, Senior Fellow at the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/01/pentagon_study_says_oil_reliance_strains_military/?page=1

WASHINGTON -- A new study ordered by the Pentagon warns that the rising cost and

AND

supply units that sustain them, which will result in increased energy consumption."

An energy transition increases DoD flexibility and mobility

Crowley et al '07

Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12

An energy transformation that leverages process change in the short term and  technological innovation in

AND

the support of the public while acting in concert with national environmental  goals.

Mobility key to demonstrate strength and respond to international incidents

Crowley et al '07

Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12

Recent experience indicates that the nature of the threat facing the United States is  changing

AND

that address alternative supply sources and efficient  consumption across all aspects of military operations

-~--Transition solves—Reducing petroleum dependence sends a global signal of US strength and doesn’t sacrifice readiness

Parthemore and Nagl '10

Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University's Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston's Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12

A successful transition away from petroleum   will produce financial, operational and strategic   gains.

AND

armed services to accomplish their   missions in the years and decades to come.

Preserving the perception of military effectiveness key—a weakened military invites aggression and rash wars

Feaver 3

Professor of Political Science at Duke, Peter D., Armed Services: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations, p.213

The civil-military problematique is so vexing because it involves balancing two vital and

AND

leading them to rash behavior and then failing in the ultimate military contest.

Decline destabilizes all global hotspots

Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif

Brzezinski '12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS

Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb '12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12

With the decline of America's global preeminence, weaker countries will be more susceptible to

AND

extremism; a worldwide energy crisis; vulnerability of America's Persian Gulf allies.

Any of these would escalate into great power wars—American retrenchment collapse current restraints

Zhang and Shi 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Currently on leave from Graduate School in Economic and Political Development, Lin Shi, MA from Columbia in International Affairs, also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank

America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/

This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it

AND

forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Longitudinal empirical analysis supports our impacts

Drezner 5 – Professor of IR @ Tufts

Daniel, Gregg Easterbrook, Associate Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, “War, and the dangers of extrapolation”

Daily explosions in Iraq, massacres in Sudan, the Koreas smakestaring at each other

AND

, the prospect of U.S. intervention would be equally daunting.

Statistical and unbiased evidence supports our impact—heg solves proximate causes to war

Owen 11 – associate professor of politics – University of Virginia

John, “Don’t Discount Hegemony,” http:~/~/www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/http://www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated

AND

U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Hardpower independently solves—key to protecting the liberal international order and hardpower means the US still has influence even if it’s not popular

Kagan 12— senior fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings

Robert “The Importance of U.S. Military Might Shouldn’t Be Underestimated” http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2012/0202_us_military_power_kagan.aspx February 2

These days “soft” power and “smart” power are in vogue (

AND

and where they need help the most, they will make other arrangements.

The shared membership of multilateral institutions is key to global cooperation – moralizing is insufficient – pragmatic and material change is a pre-requisite to solve multiple scenarios for extinction

Smith 3 – Professor of Political Science @ Penn

Rogers, Professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania and PhD Harvard University, “Stories Of Peoplehood, The Politics and Morals of Political Membership”, p. 166-169

It is certainly important to oppose such evolutionary doctrines by all intellectually credible means.

AND

Kymlicka, Iris Young, William Connolly, and Jurgen Habermas all envision.

Asian conflicts escalate to nuclear war

Fisher ‘11

Max Fisher is an associate editor at The Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War  10/31/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/

The U.S. has the world's second-largest nuclear arsenal with around

AND

Soviet mishaps of the 1980s -- is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Solvency

DoD market key to SMR success for military applications

Andres and Breetz ‘11

Richard B. Andres is Professor of  National Security Strategy at the  National War College and a Senior  Fellow and Energy and Environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic Research, Institute for  National Strategic Studies, at the  National Defense University. Hanna L.  Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the  Department of Political Science at The  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations:  Capabilities, Costs, and  Technological Implications  Strategic Form Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that  small reactors hold for military

AND

, gaining NRC certification for new  technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD has enormous procurement power—best way to develop

Fitzpatrick et al '11

Ryan, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy; Josh Freed is the Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way    Mieke Eoyang is Director for National Security at Third Way ; Third Way is the leading think tank of the moderate wing of the progressive movement    "   Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance Clean Energy Technology... And Why It Has To ," http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CEAQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.thirdway.org%2Fpublications%2F414%2FThird_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdfandei=qvdLUMv9Bo369gS36IHQCgandusg=AFQjCNGb9TOO069aF0CT-EADvO8wsN9DjA June 2011 AD 9/8/12

Use the Procurement Process to Promote Innovative Energy   Technologies   The DoD has over $400

AND

DoD’s energy   goals, even if these procurements come with higher upfront costs.

Inherency
The US provides nuclear incentives now, but government policy is uncertain
Biello ‘12
David Biello has been covering energy and the environment for nearly a decade, the last four years as an associate editor at Scientific American. He also hosts 60-Second Earth, a Scientific American podcast covering environmental news, and is working on a documentary with Detroit Public Television on the future of electricity. “Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power,” 3/27/12 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-powerandpage=4 AD 9/20/12
But the Department of Energy funding may only support two designs. Innovation spurred by
AND
the world in safety, if we're not building new nuclear power plants."
Advantage 1: Hegemony
US pursuit of hegemony inevitably—it’s only a question of whether those actions will be successful
Gvosdev 11 – associate prof @Naval War College
[Nikolas K., PhD from Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Associate Professor at U.S. Naval War College, former Senior Fellow of Strategic Studies at the Nixon Center, “The Realist Prism: Despite Austerity, U.S. Military Restraint Is Unlikely” World Politics Review, August 19, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9826/the-realist-prism-despite-austerity-u-s-military-restraint-is-unlikely Acc. 8/22/11  bjk]
It is amusing to hear U.S. politicians of all ideological stripes sounding
AND
it can no longer properly discern what is essential and what is extraneous.
---Dependence weakens hegemony in two ways—first, forward basing---Fuel dependence seriously restricts military effectiveness – supply chains divert resources and slow operations
Hourihan and Stepp’11
Matt, MA in Public Policy with a focus on science and technology policy, previous Jan Schori Fellow at the Business Council for Sustainable Energy; Matt, former Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, a California energy policy think tank, MS in Science, Tech, and Public Policy. ITIF - Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, DC think tank exploring innovation policy. "Lean, Mean and Clean: Energy Innovation and the Department of Defense," March 2011. www.itif.org/files/2011-lean-mean-clean.pdf AD 9/8/12
But the aggregate dollar amount also doesn’t tell the whole story. Deloitte estimates the
AND
challenge the defense establishment to “unleash us from this fuel tether.”27
This decimates future military operations—conventional fuel supplies are insufficient for future theatres  
Schlossberg 11
(Andrew Scholssberg, Department of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania, 4/8/11, “The Military Dimensions of Post-Cold War U.S. Oil Policy: Access to Oil and Consequences for Geostrategy” http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173andcontext=curej)
To OEPP planners, future wars will likely be held in theaters very close in
AND
use, imposing high costs in blood, treasure, and combat effectiveness.
Forward basing is the only answer to the future of remote and irregular warfare
Elwell '11
Andrew, MA in history, Univ of Nottingham, worked with a niche armour systems manufacturer, former project manager for an in-theater MoD vehicle, headed up RandD at the company, Senior Editor ata a news and data provider, Defence IQ, news source for global defence; "Renewable energy tech sought for forward operating bases," 12/1/11, http://www.defenceiq.com/army-and-land-forces/articles/forward-operating-base-technologies-clean-green-an/, AD 9/16/12
“Military operations are a fairly energy-intense undertaking, and energy security is
AND
the desire, nay necessity, to reduce dependence on fossil fuel intensifies.
SMRs key to forward deployment and solving operational vulnerabilities—squo measures won’t solve
*solves for oil
Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR
Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” [http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf] February
Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
AND
the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.
Forward deployment ensures international stability—effectiveness key to carry out future missions and ensure deterrence and contain conflict
Davidson and Flournoy ‘12
Michèle Flournoy, former distinguished research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at
AND
July-August 12, Academic OneFile, AD 9/16/12
The United States' network of alliances and partnerships ensures that the country rarely has to
AND
shared practices that make the militaries work together more effectively in the field. 

Benefits outweigh risks of accident or attack
Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard Andres, Senior Fellow and Energy and Environment Security and Policy Chair at INSS, and Hanna Breetz, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2011, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712)
Despite these potential events, a cost-benefit analy- sis should shape any
AND
while forward operating bases endanger American convoy support personnel who must deliver fuel.

---Second, military response ---Reliance on oil prevents military response to crises in hot spots
Bender '07
Bryan, Boston Globe, "Pentago study says oil reliance strains military," 5/1/07, citing LMI study and Milton R. Copulos, president of the National Defense Council Foundation, advisor on energy to the Secretary of Defense for the Defense Industrial Base Initiative and the principal consultant to the Department of Defense on the Defense Environment Initiative, member of the National Petroleum Council, former director of energy studies for the conservative Heritage Foundation, Senior Fellow at the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/01/pentagon_study_says_oil_reliance_strains_military/?page=1
WASHINGTON -- A new study ordered by the Pentagon warns that the rising cost and
AND
supply units that sustain them, which will result in increased energy consumption."
An energy transition increases DoD flexibility and mobility
Crowley et al '07
Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News~-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12
An energy transformation that leverages process change in the short term and  technological innovation in
AND
the support of the public while acting in concert with national environmental  goals.
Mobility key to demonstrate strength and respond to international incidents
Crowley et al '07
Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News~-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12
Recent experience indicates that the nature of the threat facing the United States is  changing
AND
that address alternative supply sources and efficient  consumption across all aspects of military operations
---Transition solves—Reducing petroleum dependence sends a global signal of US strength and doesn’t sacrifice readiness
Parthemore and Nagl '10
Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University's Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston's Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12
A successful transition away from petroleum   will produce financial, operational and strategic   gains.
AND
armed services to accomplish their   missions in the years and decades to come.
Preserving the perception of military effectiveness key—a weakened military invites aggression and rash wars
Feaver 3
Professor of Political Science at Duke, Peter D., Armed Services: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations, p.213
The civil-military problematique is so vexing because it involves balancing two vital and
AND
leading them to rash behavior and then failing in the ultimate military contest.

Decline destabilizes all global hotspots
Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif
Brzezinski '12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS
Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb '12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12
With the decline of America's global preeminence, weaker countries will be more susceptible to
AND
extremism; a worldwide energy crisis; vulnerability of America's Persian Gulf allies.

Any of these would escalate into great power wars—American retrenchment collapse current restraints  
Zhang and Shi 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Currently on leave from Graduate School in Economic and Political Development, Lin Shi, MA from Columbia in International Affairs, also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank
America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
This does not necessarily mean that the US is in systemic decline, but it
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Advantage 2: Nuclear Proliferation

Expansion of nuclear power internationally coming now
Bernstein and Gerami 12
(Paul Bernstein, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CSWMD) at the National Defense University, and Nina Gerami, Research Fellow in CSWMD, *ENR = uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing* June 2012, “Proliferation Risks of Civilian Nuclear Power Programs” http://wmdcenter.dodlive.mil/files/2012/06/CSWMD-Proceedings-3-FINAL.pdf)
Nuclear Renaissance? Lending added urgency to nonproliferation efforts is the possibility that nuclear power
AND
deferring their plans, while others have vowed to stay on track.6
Unmanaged nuclear renaissance of status quo reactor tech ensures proliferation and nuclear terrorism
Macalister ‘09
Tony, The Guardian Citing Frank Charles Barnaby, Nuclear Issues Consultant to the Oxford Research Group, nuclear physicist, former Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Professor at the VU University Amsterdam and awarded the Harold Stassen Chair of International Relations at the University of Minnesota AND Ian Kearns Deputy Chair of Institute for Public Policy Research’s Security Commission New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy' 3/16/09 www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste AD 9/18/12
The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other
AND
low-carbon energy and a stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.
Widespread prolif risks nuclear war—escalates ongoing disputes and risk of terrorist acquisition
Blechman '08
Barry, PhD in International Relations, Co-Founder/Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, "Nuclear Proliferation: Avoiding a Pandemic," 9/29/08 www.stimson.org/books-reports/nuclear-proliferation-avoiding-a-pandemic/ AD 9/19/12
The world has been spared the detonation of a nuclear device in anger for more
AND
the next administration placing the highest priority on reining in the nuclear danger.
And those conflicts all escalate to extinction
Utgoff in 2 —Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces and Resources @Institute for Defense Analysis
 [Victor A., Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions,” Survival, v. 44 n. 2, Summer 2002].
In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Traditional deterrence theory doesn’t apply to rapid new proliferators—don’t have experience to prevent escalation
Horowitz ‘09
Michael C., PhD in Government at Harvard, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 2/10/09, cc.sjtu.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20120301175143_293108991670.pdf, AD 9/19/12
Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated.While to  some extent
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to find themselves in disputes with resolved adversaries  that will reciprocate militarized challenges.

Nuclear terrorism triggers nuclear retaliation
Speice 6
Speice, Patrick F., Jr. "Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs." William and Mary Law Review 47.4 (Feb 2006): 1427(59). Expanded Academic ASAP.
The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
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in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.53
DoD leadership on small nuclear reactors is key to locking the market—the alternative causes prolif and nuclear meltdowns
Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR
Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” [http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf] February
Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From the perspective of larger national security issues, if DOD
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will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.
Strong US nuclear industry key to nuclear leadership and nonproliferation standards
Loudermilk ‘11
Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy and Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 AD 9/18/12
Combating proliferation with US leadership  Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering
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standards on nuclear agreements, spent fuel reprocessing, and developing reactor technologies.

Plan
The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors deployed in the United States.
Solvency
DoD market key to preventing SMR failure
Andres and Breetz ‘11
Richard B. Andres is Professor of  National Security Strategy at the  National War College and a Senior  Fellow and Energy and Environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic Research, Institute for  National Strategic Studies, at the  National Defense University. Hanna L.  Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the  Department of Political Science at The  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations:  Capabilities, Costs, and  Technological Implications  Strategic Form Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that  small reactors hold for military
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, gaining NRC certification for new  technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32
DoD has enormous procurement power—best way to develop
Fitzpatrick et al '11
Ryan, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy; Josh Freed is the Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way    Mieke Eoyang is Director for National Security at Third Way ; Third Way is the leading think tank of the moderate wing of the progressive movement    "   Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance Clean Energy Technology... And Why It Has To ," http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CEAQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.thirdway.org%2Fpublications%2F414%2FThird_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdfandei=qvdLUMv9Bo369gS36IHQCgandusg=AFQjCNGb9TOO069aF0CT-EADvO8wsN9DjA June 2011 AD 9/8/12
Use the Procurement Process to Promote Innovative Energy   Technologies   The DoD has over $400
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DoD’s energy   goals, even if these procurements come with higher upfront costs.