Tournament: UMKC  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

*1AC

Warming

Warming is real and human induced – consensus is on our side – numerous studies prove

Rahmstorf 8 – Professor of Physics of the Oceans
Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto, Edited by Ernesto Zedillo, "Anthropogenic Climate Change?," pg. 42-4
It is time to turn to statement B: human activities are altering the climate
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that anthropogenic global warming is a reality with which we need to deal.

Only action now solves future catastrophe

Antholis and Talbott 10 – Director and President @ Brookings
William Antholis, managing director of the Brookings Institution and a senior fellow in Governance Studies, former director of studies at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution, deputy Sec. of State under Clinton, "The Global Warming Tipping Point," The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=8523
Moreover, we need to start reductions now in order to slow temperature rise later
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not burn fossil fuels and therefore do not pump CO2 into the atmosphere.

Warming is an existential threat

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
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adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Warming is the largest impact – its certainty requires that we transition away from current trends in policy making – we must orient our ethical questions towards the effects of a transforming climate on the most vulnerable nations in the world – this ethic assures we prevent the annihilation of the most vulnerable

Gordon 7
Ruth Gordon, Professor of Law at Villinova University, "The Climate of Environmental Justice: Taking Stock: Climate Change and the Poorest Nations: Further Reflections on Global Inequality". Colorado Law Review, Lexis
There is no longer any question that the earth’s climate is warming. We can
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a slow death in ecologically vulnerable and technologically lacking low-income nations.

Global warming disproportionately effects the worlds most vulnerable populations – continued emissions affect all functions critical to a healthy and sustainable life

Goldman 11 – MD, Representative for the American Public Health Association
Lynn Goldman, MD, Representative for the American Public Health Association, 2-9-2011, "ENERGY AND TAX PREVENTION ACT OF 2011," CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis
Climate change is a public health issue and is one of the greatest threats to
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among our most vulnerable populations, children, the elderly and the poor.

No ethical principle justifies the inequality of climate change – mitigation is the utmost ethical imperative because it is the only thing that address structural injustice

Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, "Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism," 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The emerging field of "climate justice" is concerned with the intersection of race
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off militate in favor of distribution bending steeply in favor of the poor.

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should extend the Production Tax Credit of 2.2 cents per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced from wind energy for four years.

Solvency

====Wind industry growth is increasing, but PTC extension and predictability are vital to making wind a sustainable source of energy- failure to extend the PTC causes wind to fold.====
Orcutt ’12
Mike Orcutt, Technology Review’s Research Editor, Does the Wind Production Tax Credit Matter?, August 17, 2012, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/428927/does-the-wind-production-tax-credit-matter/
The fast-growing but still relatively tiny U.S. wind industry is
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anticipate much lower wind capacity additions in the absence of federal tax incentives. 

Must transition from natural gas—development of clean energy necessary to solve warming in the long run

Friedman ’12 
Thomas L., Friedman, NYT Op-Ed columnist, Pulitzer Prize winner, author, "Get it Right on Gas," 8/4/12 html?_r=4%26ref=opinion AD 8/17/12
That is the question — because natural gas is still a fossil fuel. The
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have to apply them, too, so everyone has the same cost basis

Framework

We are civil society actors debating about dystopian imagery towards the end of transforming domestic energy policy and avoiding preventable catastrophic consequences produced by irresponsible actions.

This framework transforms the debate community into a weak public capable of influencing public policy through preventative foresight- we are the concerned citizenry that shape public discussion of warming and push for more cooperative IR approaches

Kurasawa ’4, (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)
In the twenty-first century, the lines of political cleavage are being drawn
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a position to ’move up’ and become  institutionalized via strong publics.7   

And, this culture of foresight is crucial if we are to avert the impact of climate change- we must be willing to transform debate in order to galvanize cooperation on long-term issues. Anything else lets nationalism and fundamentalism fill the void.

Kurasawa ’4, (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)
In addition, farsightedness has become a priority in world affairs due to the  appearance
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case of the spiraling African and Asian AIDS pandemics, appear  particularly glaring.  
 

And, within this framework we must orient ourselves towards concern for future generations- the alternative is a regression into concern for only immediate problems, making warming irreversible and locking down cooperative approaches to international relations.

Kurasawa ’4, (Fuyuki, Assistant Prof. of Sociology @ York University, Cautionary Tales, Constellations Vol. 11, No. 4, Blackwell Synergy)

In the previous section, I described how the capacity to produce, disseminate,
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the basis of which civic associations can enact the work of preventive foresight.   

Public understanding of climate change is low—debate is critical to bring awareness of conceptual solutions and the risks of climate change

Weber and Stern 11—professor @ Center for Research on Environmental Studies @ Columbia
Elke U. and Paul C, "Public Understanding of Climate Change in the United States" American Psychologist Vol. 66, No. 4, 315–328 (May/June)
The trajectory of public understanding frustrates many climate scientists and educators who see climate risks
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region to weather even the most pessimistic climate projections if action begins soon.

Our deployment of scenarios of risk is enabling – we need to visualize climate change impacts to shake up political apathy

Beck 10 – Professor of Sociology @ Munich
Ulrich, sociology prof at Munich, "Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity?", Theory Culture Society 2010 27: 254
Sixth thesis: The political explosiveness of global risks is largely a function of their
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powerful as this hunger for modernization or it is condemned to repeated failure.

And, contesting possible futures is an affirmation of life- it allows us to gamble on the future as open, making subversion of disciplinary subjectivities possible

Dunmire ’3, (Patricia, Assoc. Prof. of English @ Kent State U, Preempting the future: rhetoric and ideology of the future in political discourse, Discourse and Society, Vol 16(4): 481–513 10.1177, muse)

Alessandrini (2003) calls for re-conceptualizing the future through critical  readings of
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identifications for particular social  fractions at particular moments.  (p. 275) 

Tournament: UMKC | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors deployed in the United States.

Inherency

The US provides incentives now, but US leadership is eroding and government policy is uncertain

Biello 12
David Biello has been covering energy and the environment for nearly a decade, the last four years as an associate editor at Scientific American. He also hosts 60-Second Earth, a Scientific American podcast covering environmental news, and is working on a documentary with Detroit Public Television on the future of electricity. "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power," 3/27/12 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power%26page=4 AD 9/20/12
But the Department of Energy funding may only support two designs. Innovation spurred by
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the world in safety, if we’re not building new nuclear power plants."

And the DoD’s aggressively pursuing clean energy

Wong 8/22 
GreenBiz Associate Editor Kristine A. Wong is a multimedia journalist who became an editor and reporter after working for environmental and public health organizations in the Bay Area and Seattle for over 10 years. She has a master’s degree in journalism from UC Berkeley. , "Inside the military’s multibillion-dollar push for renewables," 8/22/12www.greenbiz.com/news/2012/08/22/military-multibillion-push-renewables AD 9/20/12
As the largest consumer of energy in the world, the Department of Defense has
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largest commitments to clean energy in history, according to the White House.

Advantage 1: Hegemony

US pursuit of hegemony inevitable – just a question of if its successful

Gvosdev 11 – associate prof @Naval War College
~[Nikolas K., PhD from Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Associate Professor at U.S. Naval War College, former Senior Fellow of Strategic Studies at the Nixon Center, "The Realist Prism: Despite Austerity, U.S. Military Restraint Is Unlikely" World Politics Review, August 19, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9826/the-realist-prism-despite-austerity-u-s-military-restraint-is-unlikely Acc. 8/22/11  bjk~]
It is amusing to hear U.S. politicians of all ideological stripes sounding
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it can no longer properly discern what is essential and what is extraneous.

DoD oil dependence is unsustainable

Parthemore and Nagl ’10
Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University’s Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston’s Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12
Changing Supply and Demand DOD cannot be assured of continued access to the energy it
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half of the ratio will increase, and likely at a faster pace.

—-Dependence weakens hegemony in two ways—first, forward basing—-Fuel dependence seriously restricts military effectiveness – supply chains divert resources and slow operations

Hourihan and Stepp’11
Matt, MA in Public Policy with a focus on science and technology policy, previous Jan Schori Fellow at the Business Council for Sustainable Energy; Matt, former Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, a California energy policy think tank, MS in Science, Tech, and Public Policy. ITIF - Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, DC think tank exploring innovation policy. "Lean, Mean and Clean: Energy Innovation and the Department of Defense," March 2011. www.itif.org/files/2011-lean-mean-clean.pdf AD 9/8/12
But the aggregate dollar amount also doesn’t tell the whole story. Deloitte estimates the
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challenge the defense establishment to "unleash us from this fuel tether."27

This dependence will decimate future military operations—conventional fuel supplies are insufficient for future theatres

Schlossberg 11
(Andrew Scholssberg, Department of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania, 4/8/11, "The Military Dimensions of Post-Cold War U.S. Oil Policy: Access to Oil and Consequences for Geostrategy" http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173%26context=curej)
To OEPP planners, future wars will likely be held in theaters very close in
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use, imposing high costs in blood, treasure, and combat effectiveness.

Only SMRs can solve

*solves for oil
Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR
Richard and Andrea, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications" ~[http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf~~] February
Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents a second serious vulnerability for the U.
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the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.

—-Second, military response abilities—-Reliance on oil prevents military respond to crises in hot spots

Bender 7 
Bryan, Boston Globe, "Pentago study says oil reliance strains military," 5
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_says_oil_reliance_strains_military/?page=1
WASHINGTON — A new study ordered by the Pentagon warns that the rising cost and
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supply units that sustain them, which will result in increased energy consumption."

An energy transition increases DoD flexibility and mobility

Crowley et al 7
Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody %26 Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News—-Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12
An energy transformation that leverages process change in the short term and technological innovation in
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the support of the public while acting in concert with national environmental  goals.

Mobility key to demonstrate strength and respond to international incidents

Crowley et al 7
Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody %26 Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News—-Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12
Recent experience indicates that the nature of the threat facing the United States is changing
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that address alternative supply sources and efficient consumption across all aspects of military operations

—-Transition solves—Reducing petroleum dependence sends a global signal of US strength and doesn’t sacrifice readiness

Parthemore and Nagl 10
Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University’s Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston’s Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12
A successful transition away from petroleum   will produce financial, operational and strategic   gains.
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armed services to accomplish their   missions in the years and decades to come.

Forward deployment ensures international stability—effectiveness key to carry out future missions and ensure deterrence and contain conflict

Davidson and Flournoy 12
Michèle Flournoy, former distinguished research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at
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July-August 12, Academic OneFile, AD 9/16/12
The United States’ network of alliances and partnerships ensures that the country rarely has to
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shared practices that make the militaries work together more effectively in the field. 

Conflict in the Middle East escalates to nuclear war

Daily Mail 11
Daily Mail, 2-2-2011, "U.S. warned atomic arms race in Middle East and Asia could lead to nuclear war," http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1352901/WikiLeaks-Atomic-arms-race-Middle-East-Asia-lead-nuclear-war.html
An atomic arms race in the Middle East and Asia has the ’direct potential
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used to make weapons to the state, according to the leaked cables.

Asian conflicts escalate to nuclear war

Fisher 11
Max Fisher is an associate editor at The Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War  10/31/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/
The U.S. has the world’s second-largest nuclear arsenal with around
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Soviet mishaps of the 1980s — is exactly what makes them so dangerous. 

Decline destabilizes all global hotspots – even a perceived decline can trigger these wars

Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif
Brzezinski ’12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS 
Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb ’12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12
With the decline of America’s global preeminence, weaker countries will be more susceptible to
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extremism; a worldwide energy crisis; vulnerability of America’s Persian Gulf allies.

Longitudinal empirical analysis supports our impacts

Drezner 5 – Professor of IR @ Tufts
Daniel, Gregg Easterbrook, Associate Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, "War, and the dangers of extrapolation"
Daily explosions in Iraq, massacres in Sudan, the Koreas smakestaring at each other
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, the prospect of U.S. intervention would be equally daunting.

Advantage 2: Nuclear Proliferation

Expansion of nuclear power internationally coming now

Bernstein and Gerami 12
(Paul Bernstein, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CSWMD) at the National Defense University, and Nina Gerami, Research Fellow in CSWMD, *ENR = uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing* June 2012, "Proliferation Risks of Civilian Nuclear Power Programs" http://wmdcenter.dodlive.mil/files/2012/06/CSWMD-Proceedings-3-FINAL.pdf)
Nuclear Renaissance? Lending added urgency to nonproliferation efforts is the possibility that nuclear power
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deferring their plans, while others have vowed to stay on track.6 

Demand for nuclear power increasing as faith in the NPT waning

Miller and Sagan 9
Steven E. Miller Ph.D. in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy is Editor-in-chief of International Security and Director of the International Security Program of BCSIA. Scott D. Sagan Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science; FSI and CISAC Senior Fellow "Nuclear Power without Nuclear Proliferation?" Fall 2009 Daedalus www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/daed.2009.138.4.7 AD 9/18/12
The global nuclear order is changing.  Concerns about climate change, the  volatility of
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regime seems to be eroding even as interest in nuclear power is expanding.

Unmanaged nuclear renaissance of status quo reactor tech ensures proliferation and nuclear terrorism

Macalister 9
Tony, The Guardian Citing Frank Charles Barnaby, Nuclear Issues Consultant to the Oxford Research Group, nuclear physicist, former Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Professor at the VU University Amsterdam and awarded the Harold Stassen Chair of International Relations at the University of Minnesota AND Ian Kearns Deputy Chair of Institute for Public Policy Research’s Security Commission New generation of nuclear power stations ’risk terrorist anarchy’ 3/16/09 www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste AD 9/18/12
The new generation of atomic power stations planned for Britain, China and many other
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low-carbon energy and a stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.

Widespread prolif risks nuclear war—escalates ongoing disputes and risk of terrorist acquisition

Blechman 8 
Barry, PhD in International Relations, Co-Founder/Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, "Nuclear Proliferation: Avoiding a Pandemic," 9/29/08 www.stimson.org/books-reports/nuclear-proliferation-avoiding-a-pandemic/ AD 9/19/12
The world has been spared the detonation of a nuclear device in anger for more
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the next administration placing the highest priority on reining in the nuclear danger.

Traditional deterrence theory doesn’t apply to rapid new proliferators—don’t have experience to prevent escalation

Horowitz 9
Michael C., PhD in Government at Harvard, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 2/10/09, cc.sjtu.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20120301175143_293108991670.pdf, AD 9/19/12
Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated.While to  some extent
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to find themselves in disputes with resolved adversaries  that will reciprocate militarized challenges.

We outweigh your generic theoretical arguments—the risk that we are right in even a single instance easily dwarfs your generic prolif good arguments

Knopf in ’2—department of National Security Affairs @Naval Postgrad School 
~[Jeffrey, Department of National Security Affairs at Naval Postgraduate School, Security Studies, "Recasting the Proliferation Optimism-Pessimism Debate", Oct. 2002~]
DEVELOPING AND testing theories are core tasks in the social sciences. Accordingly, social
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nuclear use are too unpredictable to tempt us to run the experiment."24

Retaliation causes extinction

Speice 6 
Speice, Patrick F., Jr. "Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs." William and Mary Law Review 47.4 (Feb 2006): 1427(59). Expanded Academic ASAP.
The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
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United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. (53)

DoD leadership on small nuclear reactors is key to locking the market—the alternative foreign dominated market that causes prolif and nuclear meltdowns

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR 
Richard and Andrea, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications" ~[http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf~~] February
Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From the perspective of larger national security issues, if DOD
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will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.

Strong US nuclear industry key to nuclear leadership and nonproliferation standards —alternative is to cede to China

Loudermilk 11
Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375 AD 9/18/12
Combating proliferation with US leadership  Reactor safety itself notwithstanding, many argue that the scattering
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standards on nuclear agreements, spent fuel reprocessing, and developing reactor technologies.

US strategy key to international nuclear nonproliferation regime

Choubey 8
Deepti, M.I.A. Columbia Unviersity, former deputy director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment, former director of the Peace and Security Initiative for the Ploughshares Fund, Current Senior Director for Nuclear and Bio-Security at the Nuclear Threat Initiative, member of CFR; "Are New Nuclear Bargains Attainable?" :Carnegie Endowment Report, October 2008, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2008/10/08/are-new-nuclear-bargains-attainable/6ly, AD 9/19/12
Critics of the recommendations of this analysis will assert that U.S. nuclear
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that may yield the support of others and possibly burnish its own reputation.

Solvency

DoD market key to preventing SMR failure

Andres %26 Breetz 11
Richard B. Andres is Professor of  National Security Strategy at the  National War College and a Senior  Fellow and Energy and Environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic Research, Institute for  National Strategic Studies, at the  National Defense University. Hanna L.  Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the  Department of Political Science at The  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations:  Capabilities, Costs, and  Technological Implications  Strategic Form Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
The "Valley of Death." Given the promise that small reactors hold for military
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, gaining NRC certification for new  technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD has enormous procurement power—best way to develop

Fitzpatrick et al 11
Ryan, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy; Josh Freed is the Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way    Mieke Eoyang is Director for National Security at Third Way ; Third Way is the leading think tank of the moderate wing of the progressive movement    "   Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance Clean Energy Technology... And Why It Has To ," http://www.google.com/url?sa=t%26rct=j%26q=%26esrc=s%26source=web%26cd=2%26ved=0CEAQFjAB%26url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.thirdway.org%2Fpublications%2F414%2FThird_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdf%26ei=qvdLUMv9Bo369gS36IHQCg%26usg=AFQjCNGb9TOO069aF0CT-EADvO8wsN9DjA June 2011 AD 9/8/12
Use the Procurement Process to Promote Innovative Energy   Technologies   The DoD has over %24400
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DoD’s energy   goals, even if these procurements come with higher upfront costs.

SMRs don’t have accidents

Loudermilk 11
Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375 AD 9/18/12
Although large reactors possess a stellar safety record throughout their history of operation, SMRs
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, an accident affecting one reactor would be limited to that individual reactor.

SMR development reinvigorate US nuclear industry

Loudermilk 11
Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375 AD 9/18/12
In recent years, though the "renaissance" has yet to occur, thinking
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at Argonne-West in Idaho, demonstrate the potential of such technology.

*DoD key to success—experience

CNA 9
not-for-profit company providing analysis to government leaders, Military Advisory Board includes - CHAIRMAN: General Charles F. "Chuck" Wald, USAF (Ret.)   Former Deputy Commander, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM)   General Charles G. Boyd, USAF (Ret.)   Former Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM)   Lieutenant General Lawrence P. Farrell, Jr., USAF (Ret.)   Former Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force   General Paul J. Kern, USA (Ret.)   Former Commanding General, U.S. Army Materiel Command   General Ronald E. Keys, USAF (Ret.)   Former Commander, Air Combat Command   Admiral T. Joseph Lopez, USN (Ret.)   Former Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Europe and of Allied Forces, Southern Europe   General Robert Magnus, USMC (Ret.)   Former Assistant Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps   "Powering America’s Defense: Energy and the Risks to National Security," May 2009, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t%26rct=j%26q=%26esrc=s%26source=web%26cd=2%26ved=0CCoQFjAB%26url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cna.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPowering%2520Americas%2520Defense.pdf%26ei=2i9MUJLyAYT69gTOg4HwAg%26usg=AFQjCNF3dCDpNZvm91zZm6SIOz_mTa_2Gg AD 9/9/12
In achieving this new energy future, DoD should   once again play an important role
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of energy security and climate change, must   be "efficient mission effectiveness."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan BaJa | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Plan

The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular reactors deployed in the United States.

Inherency

The US provides incentives now, but US leadership is eroding and government policy is uncertain

Biello ‘12

David Biello has been covering energy and the environment for nearly a decade, the last four years as an associate editor at Scientific American. He also hosts 60-Second Earth, a Scientific American podcast covering environmental news, and is working on a documentary with Detroit Public Television on the future of electricity. “Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power,” 3/27/12 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-powerandpage=4 AD 9/20/12

But the Department of

AND

nuclear power plants."

And the DoD’s aggressively pursuing clean energy

Wong 8/22

GreenBiz Associate Editor Kristine A. Wong is a multimedia journalist who became an editor and reporter after working for environmental and public health organizations in the Bay Area and Seattle for over 10 years. She has a master's degree in journalism from UC Berkeley. , "Inside the military's multibillion-dollar push for renewables," 8/22/12www.greenbiz.com/news/2012/08/22/military-multibillion-push-renewables AD 9/20/12

As the largest consumer of energy in

AND

energy in history, according to the White House.

Advantage 1: Hegemony

US will continue to pursue hegemony inevitably—it’s only a question of whether those actions will be successful

Shalmon and Horowitz 9 - * Senior Analyst at Lincoln Group * assistant professor of Political Science at The University of Pennsylvania

(Dan, Senior Analyst at Lincoln Group, LLC, Mike, assistant professor of Political Science at The University of Pennsylvania, as well as an FPRI scholar, Orbis, Spring)

It is important to recognize

AND

given America’s role in the global order.24

DoD oil dependence is unsustainable

Parthemore and Nagl '10

Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University's Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston's Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12

Changing Supply and Demand

AND

, and likely at a faster pace.

Dependence weakens hegemony in two ways—first, forward basing-~--Fuel dependence restricts military effectiveness

Hourihan and Stepp’11

Matt, MA in Public Policy with a focus on science and technology policy, previous Jan Schori Fellow at the Business Council for Sustainable Energy; Matt, former Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, a California energy policy think tank, MS in Science, Tech, and Public Policy. ITIF - Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, DC think tank exploring innovation policy. "Lean, Mean and Clean: Energy Innovation and the Department of Defense," March 2011. www.itif.org/files/2011-lean-mean-clean.pdf AD 9/8/12

But the aggregate dollar amount also

AND

us from this fuel tether.”27

This dependence will decimate future military operations—conventional fuel supplies are insufficient for future theatres

Schlossberg 11

(Andrew Scholssberg, Department of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania, 4/8/11, “The Military Dimensions of Post-Cold War U.S. Oil Policy: Access to Oil and Consequences for Geostrategy” http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173andcontext=curej)

To OEPP planners, future

AND

, and combat effectiveness.

Only SMRs can solve

***solves for oil

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR

Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February

Operational Vulnerability. Operational

AND

or thousands of U.S. lives.

Second, military response abilities-~--Reliance on oil prevents military respond to crises in hot spots

Bender 7

Bryan, Boston Globe, "Pentago study says oil reliance strains military," 5/1/07, citing LMI study and Milton R. Copulos, president of the National Defense Council Foundation, advisor on energy to the Secretary of Defense for the Defense Industrial Base Initiative and the principal consultant to the Department of Defense on the Defense Environment Initiative, member of the National Petroleum Council, former director of energy studies for the conservative Heritage Foundation, Senior Fellow at the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/01/pentagon_study_says_oil_reliance_strains_military/?page=1

WASHINGTON -- A new study ordered by

AND

, which will result in increased energy consumption."

An energy transition increases DoD flexibility and mobility

Crowley et al 7

Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12

An energy transformation that

AND

acting in concert with national environmental  goals.

Mobility key to demonstrate strength and respond to international incidents

Crowley et al 7

Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody and Associates, Inc,   Tanya D. Corrie  David B. Diamond  Stuart D. Funk  Wilhelm A. Hansen  Andrea D. Stenhoff  Daniel C. Swift  Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News-~--Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12

Recent experience indicates that

AND

across all aspects of military operations

Transition solves—Reducing petroleum dependence sends a global signal of US strength and doesn’t sacrifice readiness

Parthemore and Nagl '10

Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University's Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston's Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force   Preparing the Department of Defense   for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12

A successful transition away from

AND

missions in the years and decades to come.

Forward deployment ensures international stability—effectiveness key to carry out future missions and ensure deterrence and contain conflict

Davidson and Flournoy 12

Michèle Flournoy, former distinguished research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, former UnderSecretary of Defense for Policy, President of the Center for a New American Security, former Senior Adviser at the CSIS; Janine Davidson, PhD in International Studies, Assistant Professor in the School of Public Policy at GMU, previous Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Plans, “"Obama's new global posture: the logic of U.S. foreign deployments." Foreign Affairs, July-August 12, Academic OneFile, AD 9/16/12

The United States' network of alliances

AND

work together more effectively in the field.

Decline in military dominance will cause the US to become uncooperative and desperate.  Hegemonic wars will ensue

Goldstein 7

 - Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682

Two closely related, though distinct,

AND

period prior to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650

Decline destabilizes all global hotspots

Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif

Brzezinski '12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS

Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb '12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12

With the decline of

AND

of America's Persian Gulf allies.

Conflict in the Middle East or between India and Pakistan escalates to global nuclear war

Daily Mail 11

Daily Mail, 2-2-2011, “U.S. warned atomic arms race in Middle East and Asia could lead to nuclear war,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1352901/WikiLeaks-Atomic-arms-race-Middle-East-Asia-lead-nuclear-war.html

An atomic arms race in the Middle

And

according to the leaked cables.

Asian conflicts escalate to nuclear war

Fisher 11

Max Fisher is an associate editor at The Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War  10/31/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/

The U.S. has the world's second-

AND

 exactly what makes them so dangerous.

And miscalc leads to extinction

Engdahl 7

F. William, February 18, pg. http://www.financialsense.com/editorials/engdahl/2007/0218.html

Putin also did not

AND

civilization in the process. 

Advantage 2: Nuclear Proliferation

Expansion of nuclear power internationally coming now

Bernstein and Gerami 12

(Paul Bernstein, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CSWMD) at the National Defense University, and Nina Gerami, Research Fellow in CSWMD, ***ENR = uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing*** June 2012, “Proliferation Risks of Civilian Nuclear Power Programs” http://wmdcenter.dodlive.mil/files/2012/06/CSWMD-Proceedings-3-FINAL.pdf)

Nuclear Renaissance? Lending added

And

while others have vowed to stay on track.6

Demand for nuclear power increasing as faith in the NPT waning

Miller and Sagan 9

Steven E. Miller Ph.D. in international relations from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy is Editor-in-chief of International Security and Director of the International Security Program of BCSIA. Scott D. Sagan Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science; FSI and CISAC Senior Fellow "Nuclear Power without Nuclear Proliferation?" Fall 2009 Daedalus www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/daed.2009.138.4.7 AD 9/18/12

The global nuclear order is changing.

AND

in nuclear power is expanding.

Unmanaged nuclear renaissance of status quo reactor tech ensures proliferation and nuclear terrorism

Macalister 9

Tony, The Guardian **Citing Frank Charles Barnaby, Nuclear Issues Consultant to the Oxford Research Group, nuclear physicist, former Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Professor at the VU University Amsterdam and awarded the Harold Stassen Chair of International Relations at the University of Minnesota AND Ian Kearns Deputy Chair of Institute for Public Policy Research’s Security Commission** New generation of nuclear power stations 'risk terrorist anarchy' 3/16/09 www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/16/nuclearpower-nuclear-waste AD 9/18/12

The new generation of atomic

AND

stable nuclear weapons environment," he said.

Widespread prolif risks nuclear war—escalates ongoing disputes and risk of terrorist acquisition

Blechman 8

Barry, PhD in International Relations, Co-Founder/Distinguished Fellow at the Stimson Center, "Nuclear Proliferation: Avoiding a Pandemic," 9/29/08 www.stimson.org/books-reports/nuclear-proliferation-avoiding-a-pandemic/ AD 9/19/12

The world has been spared the detonation of a

And

in the nuclear danger.

Traditional deterrence theory doesn’t apply to rapid new proliferators—don’t have experience to prevent escalation

Proliferate opaquely, will try to hide information about it

Horowitz 9

Michael C., PhD in Government at Harvard, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 2/10/09, cc.sjtu.edu.cn/G2S/eWebEditor/uploadfile/20120301175143_293108991670.pdf, AD 9/19/12

Learning as states gain experience with nuclear

And

will reciprocate militarized challenges.

Retaliation causes extinction

Speice 6

Speice, Patrick F., Jr. "Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs." William and Mary Law Review 47.4 (Feb 2006): 1427(59). Expanded Academic ASAP.

DoD leadership on small nuclear reactors is key to locking the market—the alternative foreign dominated market that causes prolif and nuclear meltdowns

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR

Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February

Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From

AND

performance, and proliferation resistance.

Strong US nuclear industry key to nuclear leadership and nonproliferation standards —alternative is to cede to China

Loudermilk ‘11

Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy and Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 AD 9/18/12

Combating proliferation with US

AND

developing reactor technologies.

Solvency

DoD market key to preventing SMR failure

Andres and Breetz 11

Richard B. Andres is Professor of  National Security Strategy at the  National War College and a Senior  Fellow and Energy and Environmental  Security and Policy Chair in the Center  for Strategic Research, Institute for  National Strategic Studies, at the  National Defense University. Hanna L.  Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the  Department of Political Science at The  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  Small Nuclear Reactors  for Military Installations:  Capabilities, Costs, and  Technological Implications  Strategic Form Feb 2011 http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf

The “Valley of Death.” Given the

AND

, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD has enormous procurement power—best way to develop

Fitzpatrick et al '11

Ryan, Senior Policy Advisor for Clean Energy; Josh Freed is the Vice President for Clean Energy at Third Way    Mieke Eoyang is Director for National Security at Third Way ; Third Way is the leading think tank of the moderate wing of the progressive movement    "   Fighting for Innovation: How DoD Can Advance Clean Energy Technology... And Why It Has To ," http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CEAQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.thirdway.org%2Fpublications%2F414%2FThird_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Fighting_for_Innovation.pdfandei=qvdLUMv9Bo369gS36IHQCgandusg=AFQjCNGb9TOO069aF0CT-EADvO8wsN9DjA June 2011 AD 9/8/12

Use the Procurement Process to Promote

AND

come with higher upfront costs.

SMRs don’t have accidents

Loudermilk 11

Micah J., MA in International Relations, research Associate with Energy and Environmental Security Policy Program at National Defense University, supports Andres and Brown "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" 5/31/12 www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costsandcatid=116:content0411andItemid=375 AD 9/18/12

Although large reactors possess a stellar

AND

limited to that individual reactor.

Absent DoD investment, designs will be unusable by the military

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR

Richard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February

Technological Lock-in. A second risk

AND

the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

DoD key to success—experience

CNA '09

not-for-profit company providing analysis to government leaders, Military Advisory Board includes - CHAIRMAN: General Charles F. “Chuck” Wald, USAF (Ret.)   Former Deputy Commander, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM)   General Charles G. Boyd, USAF (Ret.)   Former Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM)   Lieutenant General Lawrence P. Farrell, Jr., USAF (Ret.)   Former Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force   General Paul J. Kern, USA (Ret.)   Former Commanding General, U.S. Army Materiel Command   General Ronald E. Keys, USAF (Ret.)   Former Commander, Air Combat Command   Admiral T. Joseph Lopez, USN (Ret.)   Former Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces Europe and of Allied Forces, Southern Europe   General Robert Magnus, USMC (Ret.)   Former Assistant Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps   "Powering America's Defense: Energy and the Risks to National Security," May 2009, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=2andved=0CCoQFjABandurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cna.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPowering%2520Americas%2520Defense.pdfandei=2i9MUJLyAYT69gTOg4HwAgandusg=AFQjCNF3dCDpNZvm91zZm6SIOz_mTa_2Gg AD 9/9/12

In achieving this new energy future, DoD

AND

change, must   be “efficient mission effectiveness.”

Tournament: NU | Round: 1/2  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Contention 1—Warming

Warming is real and human induced – consensus is on our side – numerous studies prove

Rahmstorf 8 – Professor of Physics of the Oceans
Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto, Edited by Ernesto Zedillo, "Anthropogenic Climate Change?," pg. 42-4
It is time to turn to statement B: human activities are altering the climate
AND
that anthropogenic global warming is a reality with which we need to deal.

Only action now solves future catastrophe

Antholis and Talbott 10 – Director and President @ Brookings
William Antholis, managing director of the Brookings Institution and a senior fellow in Governance Studies, former director of studies at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution, deputy Sec. of State under Clinton, "The Global Warming Tipping Point," The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=8523
Moreover, we need to start reductions now in order to slow temperature rise later
AND
not burn fossil fuels and therefore do not pump CO2 into the atmosphere.

Warming is an existential threat

Mazo 10 – PhD in Paleoclimatology from UCLA
Jeffrey Mazo, Managing Editor, Survival and Research Fellow for Environmental Security and Science Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, 3-2010, "Climate Conflict: How global warming threatens security and what to do about it," pg. 122
The best estimates for global warming to the end of the century range from 2
AND
adaptation to these extremes would mean profound social, cultural and political changes.

Warming is a linear impact and tipping points are unpredictable—every degree reduction matters—not to late to solve

Mills 11 
MSc in Geological Sciences @ Cambridge, Robin, "Capturing Carbon: The New Weapon in the War Against Climate Change," Google Book
Part of this fallacy is to say that carbon capture (or nuclear, or
AND
out ab initio some valid options is bound to be sub-optimal.

Warming is the largest impact – its certainty requires that we transition away from current trends in policy making – we must orient our ethical questions towards the effects of a transforming climate on the most vulnerable nations in the world – this ethic assures we prevent the annihilation of the most vulnerable

Gordon 7
Ruth Gordon, Professor of Law at Villinova University, "The Climate of Environmental Justice: Taking Stock: Climate Change and the Poorest Nations: Further Reflections on Global Inequality". Colorado Law Review, Lexis
There is no longer any question that the earth’s climate is warming. We can
AND
a slow death in ecologically vulnerable and technologically lacking low-income nations.

Global warming disproportionately effects the worlds most vulnerable populations – continued emissions affect all functions critical to a healthy and sustainable life

Goldman 11 – MD, Representative for the American Public Health Association
Lynn Goldman, MD, Representative for the American Public Health Association, 2-9-2011, "ENERGY AND TAX PREVENTION ACT OF 2011," CQ Congressional Testimony, Lexis
Climate change is a public health issue and is one of the greatest threats to
AND
among our most vulnerable populations, children, the elderly and the poor.

Warming perpetuates racism

Hoerner 8—Former director of Research at the Center for a Sustainable Economy, Director of Tax Policy at the Center for Global Change at the University of Maryland College Park, and editor of Natural Resources Tax Review. He has done research on environmental economics and policy on behalf of the governments of Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Andrew received his B.A. in Economics from Cornell University and a J.D. from Case Western Reserve School of Law—AND—Nia Robins—former inaugural Climate Justice Corps Fellow in 2003, director of Environmental Justice and Climate Change Initiative (J. Andrew, "A Climate of Change African Americans, Global Warming, and a Just Climate Policy for the U.S." July 2008, http://www.ejcc.org/climateofchange.pdf)
Everywhere we turn, the issues and impacts of climate change confront us. One
AND
points and raising the average African American income by 3 to 4 percent. 

No ethical principle justifies the inequality of climate change – mitigation is the utmost ethical imperative because it is the only thing that address structural injustice

Burkett 8 – Professor of Law
Maxine Burkett, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Law School, 2008, "Just Solutions to Climate Change: A Climate Justice Proposal for a Domestic Clean Development Mechanism," 56 Buffalo L. Rev. 169, Lexis
The emerging field of "climate justice" is concerned with the intersection of race
AND
off militate in favor of distribution bending steeply in favor of the poor.

Global nuclear power inevitable—US SMR key to solve emissions

Shellenberger 12 – et al and Ted Nordhaus—co-founders of American Environics and the Breakthrough Institute a think tank that works on energy and climate change – AND – Jesse Jenkins-Director of Energy and Climate Policy, the Breakthrough Institute (Michael, Why We Need Radical Innovation to Make New Nuclear Energy Cheap, 9/11, thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/energy-and-climate/new-nukes/)
Arguably, the biggest impact of Fukushima on the nuclear debate, ironically, has
AND
than developing the nuclear technologies we will need to get that job done.

Coal biggest contributor of carbon emissions—nuclear only energy that can displace it

Moore 4—co-founder of Greenpeace, is chairman and chief scientist of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd.  (Patrick, Going Nuclear, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401209.html)
In the early 1970s when I helped found Greenpeace, I believed that nuclear energy
AND
gas emissions. Every responsible environmentalist should support a move in that direction.

SMRs solve coal use

Colvin 11—Joe Colvin, President, American Nuclear Society, June 7, 2011, TESTIMONY BEFORE THECOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCESUNITED STATES SENATEhttp://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/58930/ans-president-joe-colvin-testifies-about-smr-legislation-http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/58930/ans-president-joe-colvin-testifies-about-smr-legislation
The ANS and its membership believe that the development of a new generation of small
AND
and transmission facilities and the necessary infrastructure, thereby simplifying the installation process.

No emissions—clean energy

Gronlund 7 Nuclear power in a Warming world: Assessing the Risks, Addressing the Challenges, Lisbeth Gronlund; David Lochbaum; Edwin Lyman, Union of Concerned Scientists, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf
Nuclear power plants do not produce global warming emissions when they operate. However,
AND
of the nuclear power life cycle would result in very low emissions.7

Coal pollution kills 13,000 yearly

Zelman 11 Joanna, The Huffington Post, "Power Plant Air Pollution Kills 13,000 People Per Year, Coal-Fired Are Most Hazardous: ALA Report", 3/15, www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/14/power-plant-air-pollution-coal-kills_n_833385.html
The American Lung Association (ALA) recently released a new report on the dramatic
AND
respiratory illnesses connected to pollutant emissions totaled over %24185 billion per year.

Plan key to SMR domestic industry

Loris 11 Nicolas D, Research Associate in the Roe Institute, Jack Spencer – Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Currently is The Heritage Foundation’s senior research fellow in nuclear energy policy, Previously worked on commercial, civilian and military components of nuclear energy at the Babcock %26 Wilcox Companies, Holds a bachelor’s degree in international politics from Frostburg State University and a master’s degree from the University of Limerick, "A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?", February 2, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors
Abstract: More and more companies—in the U.S. and abroad
AND
Congress should demand that these issues be resolved by the end of 2011.

No waste

Biello 12 David, March 27, "Small Reactors Make a Bid to Revive Nuclear Power", www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=small-reactors-bid-to-revive-nuclear-power
Alternative fuel?¶ Small modular reactors may help with two of the biggest challenges facing
AND
signed memorandums of understanding to host prototypes of the NuScale and Holtech reactors.

Safe—no accidents

Ringle 10 John, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering at Oregon State University, "Reintroduction of reactors in US a major win", November 13, robertmayer.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/reintroduction-of-reactors-in-us-a-major-win/
Small nuclear reactors will probably be the mechanism that ushers in nuclear power’s renaissance in
AND
no scenario in which a loss-of-coolant accident could occur.

Plan

The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular reactors for domestic military installations.

Contention 2

Extinction comes first

Cummiskey ’96
(David, Associate Philosophy Professor, Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 129-131)
It does, however, support the consequentialist interpretation. Since the moral demand to
AND
conclusion that the more persons with dignity who are saved, the better.

Apocalyptic reps induce action-studies prove

-several surveys
-case studies
-also indicts the fatalism argument
Veldman 12 
("Narrating the Environmental Apocalypse¶ How Imagining the End Facilitates Moral Reasoning Among Environmental Activists" Ethics %26 the Environment¶ Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2012)
As we saw in the introduction, critics often argue that apocalyptic rhetoric induces feelings
AND
section explores the implications of that relationship further. ~End Page 8~

*Depictions of abrupt climate change leads to focus on action – the alternative is political inertia

Gardiner 10 – Professor @ Washington
Stephen Gardiner, Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the Program on Values in Society at the University of Washington, Future Ethics, pg. 91-92
What are the implications of all this psychology? Weber suggests that we must find
AND
truly global and catastrophic instances of it at that – which can help.

Government action is necessary. Alternatives like anarchy, localism, spirituality, and eco-centrism will get squashed and worsen current destruction

Taylor 2k – Professor of Social Ethics
Bron, Professor of Religion %26 Social Ethics, Director of Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, BENENEATH THE SURFACE: CRITICAL ESSAYS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF DEEP ECOLOGY, P. 282-284
A more trenchant problem is how bioregionalists (and the anarchists who influenced their most
AND
, the most beautiful bioregional experiments and models will be overwhelmed and futile.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Procurement is a financial incentive because it requires disbursing federal funds—This provides a narrow manageable definition

Webb ’93 
Kernaghan, lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa "Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives", 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501 (1993) Hein Online
In this paper, "financial incentives" are … furtherance of specific public policy objectives. In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Countrinterp—Transfer of resources to a seller to acquire a good

Gielecki et al ’01
 Mark, Fred Mayes, Lawrence Prete, "Incentives, Mandates, and Government Programs for Promoting Renewable Energy", Energy Information Administration (official energy statistics from the US government), Feburary 2001, http://www.eia.doe.g...ues/incent.html
Over the years, incentives and mandates … or service over what it otherwise would have been without the incentive. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Elections

New events can still swing the election

Rothkopf 10/4
David, Visiting Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Editor of the Foreign Policy Group, CNN, "It wasn’t just Romney who won", http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/04/opinion/rothkopf-presidential-debate/index.html?utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_allpolitics+%28RSS%3A+Politics%29
But in the end, for all the winners … one set piece.

DOD doesn’t link to elections.

Sorcher, September 18
Sara Sorcher, National Journal, "Insiders: Romney’s Attacks on Obama Over Defense Cuts Won’t Move Needle for Voters" 2012 http://www.nationaljournal.com/nationalsecurity/insiders-romney-s-attacks-on-obama-over-defense-cuts-won-t-move-needle-for-voters-20120918
Seventy percent of National Journal’s …fense~ but don’t follow it closely: Afghanistan ... are we still there???"

Continuing Resolution included funding for new nuclear development, Obama signed Oct. 1

President Obama has signed a …the RD%26D programme. "Machines continue to be built, and the programme is on time and on budget," it said.

Romney winning Virginia and Florida

Louis 10/6
Arthur Louis spent more than forty years as a print journalist, with the Philadelphia Inquirer. 10/6/12. Romney Gets a Much-needed Boost in Florida and Virginia. http://www.bernardgoldberg.com/romney-gets-a-much-needed-boost-in-florida-and-virginia/.
No question about it: Mitt Romney struck gold … number of voters remain undecided, or plan to vote for splinter-party candidates.

Debates pushed momentum in Romney’s favor

Silver 10/5 
"Oct. 5: Day After Debate, Strong Swing State Polls for Romney," fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/oct-5-day-after-debate-strong-swing-state-polls-for-romney/ AD 10/6/12
On Friday, Mitt Romney had his … — and gained an average of 7 points from We Ask America’s prior polling of the same states.

Public Opinion Polls

Whitman 12
Christine Todd Whitman, CASEnergy Co-Chair, Former EPA Administrator and New Jersey Governor, "Nuclear Power Garners Bipartisan Support", August 13, 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php?rss=1%26utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+njgroup-energy+%28Energy+%26+Environment+Experts—Q+with+Answer+Previews%29~%232237728-http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php?rss=1%26utm_source=feedburner%26utm_medium=feed%26utm_campaign=Feed%3A+njgroup-energy+%28Energy+%26+Environment+Experts~-~-Q+with+Answer+Previews%29
The energy policy that I’ve seen …of power that leaders on both sides of the aisle can support.

SMRs publically popular – easier to explain safety features.

NEA, ’8
(Nuclear Energy Agency, "Why SMRs are being developed", Brief 7)
SMRs seem to respond well to these requirements… to the non-specialist, which should improve public acceptance.

Even if voters are generally anti-spending, defense spending increases are popular

Oliveri 11
(Oliveri, Frank, "Defense and Virginia: A Crucial Relationship", December 1, 2011, Congressional Quarterly: Roll Call, http://www.rollcall.com/features/Outlook_Swing-States/outlook/-210709-1.html)
Three years ago, Obama became … who can walk this tightrope will be successful."¶ 

Virginia is key to election

Horsley and Halloran 7/20
Scott and Liz, staff writers, NPR, "Why New Swing State Of Virginia May Determine Presidency",
http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/07/13/156741555/why-new-swing-state-of-virginia-may-determine-presidency
Yes, Virginia, you are this election year’s Santa Claus… "your region of your country right in his crosshairs."

Even if strikes don’t destroy all the facilities, they can destroy the infrastructure, which halts production and causes moderation

Doron 7
Daniel. president of the Israel Center for Social and Economic Progress. 2/1/7. Weekley Standard. " Yes, Iran Can Be Stopped." Lexis.
But it is not really necessary to … to return the Iranian leadership to its senses.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Doesn’t solve the aff—only DoD development makes sure the technology can be used in military applications

Andres and Breetz 11—national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSR 
Richard and Andrea, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications" ~http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf~~ February
Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that … likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory.

Solar and wind don’t solve – intermittency

Szondy 12
(David Szondy, freelance writer, 2/16/12, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?" http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/)
Globally, there is a growing demand … and reliability of coal and natural gas plants was needed. Nuclear, in other words.

The intermittency of solar and wind technology precludes solvency

Inhaber 11 – PhD in Physics
Herbert, PhD in Physics and Mathematics from the University of Oklahoma. "Why wind power does not deliver the expected emissions reductions." May 5, 2011. Science Direct.
 Certain renewables, such as geothermal … depend on a certain power level from these sources in the next hour or minute.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round: 6 | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

Coal Tradeoff Advantage

GHG emissions declining now because low natural gas prices are making coal uncompetitive

Lu et al. 12

Xi and Jackson Salovaara, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Michael B. McElroy, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, “Implications of the Recent Reductions in Natural Gas Prices for Emissions of CO2 from the US Power Sector”

CO2 emissions from the US

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with further savings in CO2 emissions.

Natural gas emits significantly less GHGs than coal- this evidence accounts for methane leaks

Lu et al. 12

Xi and Jackson Salovaara, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Michael B. McElroy, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, “Implications of the Recent Reductions in Natural Gas Prices for Emissions of CO2 from the US Power Sector”

Natural gas is expected to play an

AND

gas components of the national power system.

New restrictions cause natural gas price spikes ensuring companies return to coal—even companies that already use natural gas

Brady 12

Phil, Business Development Analyst, 6/6, Chesapeake: Turning Point or Point of No Return?, http://www.theopportunetime.com/news/online/Chesapeake-Turning-Point-or-Point-of-No-Return.php

Natural gas is a commodity that historically has been

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reach levels seen in early 2008.

Coal is the biggest cause of global warming—stopping usage now avoids tipping points

-bio d internal link

Hansen 9 - Director of Nasa's Goddard Institute for Space Studies

James Hansen, Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences @ Columbia University and Ph.D. in Physics  from the University of Iowa),  “Coal-fired power stations are death factories. Close them,” The Observer, Sunday 15 February 2009,  pg. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/15/james-hansen-power-plants-coal

A year ago, I wrote to Gordon Brown

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if carbon dioxide rose another 100 ppm. 

Warming is real and human induced – consensus is on our side – numerous studies prove

Rahmstorf 8 – Professor of Physics of the Oceans

Richard, of Physics of the Oceans at Potsdam University, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto, Edited by Ernesto Zedillo, “Anthropogenic Climate Change?,” pg. 42-4

It is time to turn to statement B: human activities

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anthropogenic global warming is a reality with which we need to deal.

Warming is a linear impact and tipping points are unpredictable—every degree reduction matters—not to late to solve

Mills 11

MSc in Geological Sciences @ Cambridge, Robin, “Capturing Carbon: The New Weapon in the War Against Climate Change,” Google Book

Part of this fallacy is to say that carbon

AND

ab initio some valid options is bound to be sub-optimal.

Shale gas is a key bridge fuel that can replace carbon intensive fuels in the transition to renewables

Yergin and Ineson 9

Daniel and Robert, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning "The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power" and chairman of IHS CERA. Mr. Ineson is senior director of global gas for IHS CERA; “America's Natural Gas Revolution”, 11/9, http:~/~/online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703399204574507440795971268.html#html#printMode

To have the resource base

AND

acute as the mandates for renewable electric power grow.

US key to global adoption of fracking—cooperation happening now, new restrictions stop international development and partnerships

Rahm 11

Dianne, Department of Political Science, Texas State University; “Regulating hydraulic fracturing in shale gas plays: The case of Texas”, Energy Policy 39 (2011) 2974–2981, 3/2, Science Direct

Shale gas extraction using horizontal drilling and

AND

was been created with Poland (Galbraith, 2010a).

Manufacturing Advantage

Low natural gas prices are revitalizing chemical and manufacturing industry now

Yergin 12

Daniel, vice chairman of IHS, a global market information and analytics company, “Daniel Yergin: The Real Stimulus: Low-Cost Natural Gas; The impact of the U.S. energy revolution is only beginning. It is already providing a foundation for a domestic renaissance in manufacturing.”, 8/22, WSJ online, factiva

An unconventional oil and gas

AND

could in the years ahead be offset by cheap energy in the U.S.

Natural gas prices low and stable now—key to investment, and ensures sustainability

CCES 12

“NATURAL GAS IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR”, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions is a non-partisan, and independent organization dedicated to providing credible information, straight answers, and innovative solutions in the effort to address global climate change, May, http://www.c2es.org/publications/natural-gas-industrial-sector

Increased availability and low prices

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the potential to stabilize prices.22

Domestic manufacturing is key to US military tech innovation and readiness

Ettlinger and Gordon 11

Michael Ettlinger is the Vice President for Economic Policy at American Progress, Kate is a Senior Fellow at American Progress. “The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing,” April, http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/04/pdf/manufacturing.pdf

The United States will clearly never again

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conversion devices that are specifically designed for military application.10

Military tech innovation is key to hegemony

Segal 4 – Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. Foreign Affairs, November 2004 - December 2004, Is America Losing Its Edge?, Adam Segal, Pg. 2 Vol. 83 No. 6, Technology Enterprises in China.

The United States' global primacy

AND

entrepreneurship at home.

US will continue to pursue hegemony inevitably—it’s only a question of whether those actions will be successful

Shalmon and Horowitz 9 - * Senior Analyst at Lincoln Group * assistant professor of Political Science at The University of Pennsylvania

(Dan, Senior Analyst at Lincoln Group, LLC, Mike, assistant professor of Political Science at The University of Pennsylvania, as well as an FPRI scholar, Orbis, Spring)

It is important to recognize at the

AND

/asymmetric threats are inevitable given America’s role in the global order.24

Decline destabilizes all global hotspots

Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif

Brzezinski '12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS

Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb '12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12

With the decline of America's

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vulnerability of America's Persian Gulf allies.

Any of these would escalate into great power wars—American retrenchment collapse current restraints

Zhang and Shi 11 – *Yuhan Zhang is a researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Currently on leave from Graduate School in Economic and Political Development, Lin Shi, MA from Columbia in International Affairs, also serves as an independent consultant for the Eurasia Group and a consultant for the World Bank

America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/

This does not necessarily mean that

AND

will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Renewed Russian expansionism threatens global nuclear war.

Blank 9

Dr. Stephen Blank, Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College. March 2009. “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf

Proliferators or nuclear states like China and

AND

on their neighbors or their own people.172

Only scenario for extinction

Bostrom 2

Nick, PhD, Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html

A much greater existential risk emerged

AND

that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Conflict in the Middle East or between India and Pakistan escalates to global nuclear war

Daily Mail 11

Daily Mail, 2-2-2011, “U.S. warned atomic arms race in Middle East and Asia could lead to nuclear war,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1352901/WikiLeaks-Atomic-arms-race-Middle-East-Asia-lead-nuclear-war.html

An atomic arms race in the Middle East

AND

make weapons to the state, according to the leaked cables.

Asian conflicts escalate to nuclear war

Fisher 11

Max Fisher is an associate editor at The Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War  10/31/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/

The U.S. has the world's second-largest

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1980s -- is exactly what makes them so dangerous.

Longitudinal empirical analysis supports our impacts

Drezner 5 – Professor of IR @ Tufts

Daniel, Gregg Easterbrook, Associate Professor of International Politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, “War, and the dangers of extrapolation”

Daily explosions in Iraq, massacres in Sudan,

AND

of U.S. intervention would be equally daunting.

Chemistry industry key to semiconductor innovation and industry

Boswell 9

Clay, Senior Editor, ICIS Chemical Business at ICIS, Chemists have always played a fundamental role in the dramatic advance of electronics, 5/12, http://www.icis.com/Articles/2009/05/12/9215545/chemistry-plays-key-role-in-advancing-electronics.html

EVERY YEAR, computers fall in price

AND

at tighter and tighter tolerances."

Semiconductors key to US nuclear modernization

Chandratre et al. 7

 V.B. Chandratre et al 7, Menka Tewani, R.S. Shastrakar, V. Shedam,¶ S. K. Kataria and P. K. Mukhopadhyay¶ Electronics Division,¶ Bhabha Atomic Research Centre “AN APPROACH TO MODERNIZING NUCLEAR¶ INSTRUMENTATION: SILICON-BASED SENSORS,¶ ASIC AND HMC” October, http://www.barc.ernet.in/publications/nl/2007/200710-2.pdf

Modernization of nuclear instrumentation is

AND

technology have aided in realizing this concept.

Perception of declining U.S. deterrence causes great power nuclear war

Caves 10

John P. Caves Jr., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, January 2010, “Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,” Strategic Forum, No. 252

Perceptions of a compromised

AND

terror-  ists alone could inflict.

Nuclear primacy makes crisis escalation impossible—all wars remain conventional

Lieber and Press 7 

Keir A. Lieber, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and Daryl G. Press, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania, Winter 2007, “U.S. Nuclear Primacy and the Future of the Chinese Deterrent,” China Security, Issue No. 5, online: http:~/~/www.wsichina.org/cs5_5.pdf

Third, the growth of U.S. nuclear

AND

United States at the conventional level.

Plan

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia Circuit should rule federal restrictions on shale natural gas production in the United States are unconstitutional.

Solvency

New EPA regulations kill natural gas industry and production—

Compliance reduces production by 50%

ARI 12

Advanced Resources International Inc. report for the American Petroleum Institute, "Estimate of Impacts of EPA Proposals to Reduce Air Emissions from Hydraulic Fracturing Operations, February 2012, "www.api.org/~/media/Files/Policy/Hydraulic_Fracturing/NSPS-OG-ARI-Impacts-of-EPA-Air-Rules-Final-Report.ashx

Depending on the REC-Set Use Rate

AND

services, and indirect employment.

Air pollution emissions restrictions prevent use of low cost tech

Pyle 12

Thomas J., President, Institute for Energy Research (IER), EPA's Flawed Rule Warrants Scrutiny, 4/25, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/04/regulating-natural-gas-whats-t.php

These are but a few of the

AND

assumptions and vague authority.

Compliance costs

Sgamma 12     

Kathleen, Vice President of Government and Public Affairs, Western Energy Alliance, States Already Provide Balance, 4/23,  http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/04/regulating-natural-gas-whats-t.php

The idea that the federal government

AND

at a time when its budget and personnel resources are decreasing?

Future waste water and BLM regs

Freshman 12

John, Principal with Troutman Sanders Strategies and an expert in federal water policy, principal aides responsible for developing the Clean Water Act (CWA) and also served as a Presidential appointee at the EPA and OMB; Industry Must Prepare for Fracking Wastewater Regulations, 4/11, http://www.oilgasmonitor.com/industry-prepare-fracking-wastewater-regulations/1723/

The EPA continues to

AND

the EPA’s Clean Water Act.

Sets precedent for future encroachment on states right to regulate

O’Keefe 12

William, CEO of George C. Marshall Institute, science and public policy think tank, Unjustified EPA Intrusion Into Fracking, 4/23, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/04/regulating-natural-gas-whats-t.php

¶Reactions to EPA’s newly

AND

for EPA’s reach and regulatory stringency

No race to the bottom—state centric environmental regulatory schemes empirically solve better—only a risk of race to the middle

Willie 11

Matt, J.D. candidate, April 2012, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, Brigham Young University Law Review, 2011 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 1743, “Hydraulic Fracturing and "Spotty" Regulation: Why the Federal Government Should Let States Control Unconventional Onshore Drilling”

The push for more federal control of

AND

federal controls are simply unjustifiable.

The D.C. circuit has jurisdiction over federal agencies and empirically strikes down regulations

Adler 2K

Jonathan Adler is a senior fellow in environmental policy at the Competitive Enterprise¶ Institute, a nonpartisan, nonprofit research and advocacy organization in Washington, D.C., where he¶ previously served as Director of Environmental Studies P o l i c y S t u d y N o . 2 6 9¶ No Intelligible Principles:¶ The EPA's Record in Federal Court¶ http://reason.org/files/3217ecd7bf37b4ea6aa81d4dc9f59a26.pdf

The U.S. Court of Appeals

AND

board, will fail to get through each hoop.41

D.C. solves

Mcarthy and Copeland 12

James E. McCarthy, Specialist in Environmental Policy, Claudia Copeland, Specialist in Resources and Environmental Policy, October 5, EPA Regulations: Too Much, Too Little, or On Track?

Promulgation of

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by previous administrations.