Tournament: NU | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1AC

Plan

The United States Army Corps of Engineers should procure mobile solar power systems from companies who comply with the Solar Industry Environment and Social Responsibility Commitment for its training exercises and activities in response to emergencies in the United States.

Contention 1: Solvency

Solar inevitable

Wilcher 12
Marvin Wilcher¶ Contributing Columnist for Louisiana Weekly¶ Solar power: African Americans may miss the boat, again%21¶ 27th August 2012 · ¶ http://www.louisianaweekly.com/solar-power-african-americans-may-miss-the-boat-again/-http://www.louisianaweekly.com/solar-power-african-americans-may-miss-the-boat-again/
To understand just how fast this industry is growing, in 2009 solar technologies generated
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that provides much of the power that propels airplanes on cross country flights.¶ 

Solar key to effective disaster response

Young ’03
William Young. Jr. Research Engineer. University of Central Florida PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS: TRAINING DISASTER ORGANIZATIONS¶ On The Use Of PV http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/fsec-pf-371-03.pdf
Experience has shown that photovotaics can be used effectively to supply electrical power during emergencies
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and experience they need to accept PV in their operations under these circumstances?

Solar emergency generators are the key to effective stable energy supplies in an emergency

Spisak ’11
John Spisak Spisak has extensive experience in the national environmental policy arena having co-chaired a national organization for the reform of the Superfund Law working closely with both houses of Congress having been invited to testify numerous times before various Senate and House Committeesis, the President and CEO of SolaRover, , a science graduate of Purdue University has broad international business experience in the natural resources, new technologies and environmental industries.¶ http://www.theicosamagazine.com/solarover
Mobile Solar in Disaster Zones¶ The second part of the value equation is found
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be prolonged. Mobile solar power can provide the security and the solutions.

Only solar solves – no supply routes for diesel

DOE 99
Counting on Solar Power for¶ Disaster Relief¶ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/26042.pdf
When disaster strikes, electric power¶ is usually the first critically¶ important service
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weather is extremely cloudy or stormy¶ for more than a few days.

The Army Corps of Engineers has unique capabilities to anticipate and respond quickly to any disaster

Corps Results 09
"Emergency Management" Produced by the U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources inpartnership with the Headquarters Emergency
Management Branch, http://www.corpsresults.us/docs/VTNEmerMgmtBro_loresprd.pdf, AD 10/25/12
The Corps is committed to ensuring that its emergency¶ management teams are well prepared
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. These vehicles contain¶ cuttingedge¶ communications systems and computer¶ systems.

Contention 2: Disasters

The effects of natural disasters are not natural, but rather determined by a social calculus—Katrina has exposed the discrimination of violence to underprivileged persons

Smith 6 - Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the CUNY Graduate Center
Neil, 6/11/06, "There’s No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster" http://www.masteramericanstudies.unito.it/courses/dawson_course/Smith,%20Natural%20Disaster.pdf
It is generally accepted among environmental geographers that there is no such thing as a
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more than anything dependent on one’s race, ¶ ethnicity and social class.

Katrina highlighted the inherent racism in policymaking

Stivers 7 – Professor and Distinguished Scholar of Public Administration in the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University
Camilla, 12/7/07, ""So Poor and So Black": Hurricane Katrina, Public Administration, and the Issue of Race" Public Administration Review Volume 67, Issue Supplement s1, pages 48–56
It is impossible to explain the past fully. The meaning of an event exceeds
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obligation, and one that cannot be solved by diversity or preparedness training.

And, the logic of racism is a structural necessity for war

Mendieta ’2
Eduardo, SUNY @ Stony Brook, Meeting of the Foucault Circle from To make live and to let die – Foucault on Racism, April 25
This is where racism intervenes, not from without, exogenously, but from within
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of the living, then these threat and foes are biological in nature.

And, racism is also structurally violent and intrinsically unjust

Memmi 2k
Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
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. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

This is a question of violence that occurs against normal people every day- deprioritize questions of uniqueness and timeframe and investigate the structures most likely to produce injustice

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ’4 
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
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as a chronic "state of emergency" (Taussig, Chapter 31).  

You should frame your decision in terms of pedagogical impact- using the debate space to criticize violent structures expands the boundaries of our consciousness and creates research practices that are more sensitive to slow, everyday violence- that’s a pre-requisite to effective use of science and empiricism

Nixon ’11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 14-16)
How do we bring home-and bring emotionally to life-threats that take
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often whose very existence-is of indifferent interest to the corporate media. 

Facilitating access to life saving technologies is critical to embracing an ethic of care

Lawson 8
Victoria Lawson a¶ a Department of Geography, University of Washington¶ Victoria Lawson (2007): Geographies of Care and Responsibility, Annals of the Association of American¶ Geographers, 97:1, 1-11
¶ Within geospatial analysis, care ethics poses questions¶ about the social and spatial
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especially in poor areas where people are less able to help¶ themselves.¶ 

====The ethic of care of the 1AC spills over to larger social inequalities and the orientation of disaster relief as the starting point for that ethic allows us to establish a model for future ethical acts====
Carse and Nelson, 96
Alisa L. Carse, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Philosophy and a Senior Research Fellow at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University and Hilda Lindemann Nelson, M.A., is Director of the Center for Applied and Professional Ethics at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 6.1 (1996) 19-35
Many critics argue that care, which is naturally extended to intimates and others with
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it to dyadic relationships or to proximate spheres of social relationship and interaction. 

Our plan is an academic intervention- it represents a historic and political act that links the history of racial violence in the United States to social disorder during disasters. Focusing on these methodological questions is the only relevant addition that debaters can make to the academic community.

Apple and Beane ’7
Michael W. Apple and James A. Beane, Democratic Schools, January 30, 2007, Chapter One: The Case for Democratic Schools
We have chosen to include in this book four examples of democracy brought to life
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are either futile or subversive. They have no legitimate reason for existence.

This examination in the context of disasters provides the power to change social life on a political and personal scale

Giroux 6 - Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University
Henry, 2006, "Reading Hurricane Katrina: Race, Class, and the Biopolitics of Disposability" College Literature 33.3
Katrina reveals that we are living in dark times. The shadow of authoritarianism remains
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lifeblood of democracy, becomes cold and indifferent in the face of death.

Failure to act represents incompetence and an ethical failure of the government

Adams and Balfour 7 – *PhD, Professor @ Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs PhD, Professor @ Grand Valley State University
Guy and Danny, May 2007, "Leadership, Administrative Evil and the Ethics of Incompetence: Lessons from Katrina and Iraq" http://www.ipa.udel.edu/3tad/papers/workshop6/Adams%26Balfour.pdf
Incompetence refers to the inability to properly and effectively perform a given function ¶ (
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public service response to ¶ Hurricane Katrina, to which we now turn.

Challenging these inequalities in the context of energy is key

Miller et al 11
Lee Miller, PhD, Associate Professor Department of Sociology Sam Houston State University, Robert Antonio, PhD Sociology Professor @ KU, and Alessandro Bonanno, Sam Houston State University Distinguished Professor, and a Texas State University System Professor, of Sociology, September 2011, "Hazards of neoliberalism: delayed electric power restoration after Hurricane Ike" The British Journal of Sociology Volume 62, Issue 3, pages 504–522
This article analyses the actions of electric companies serving the Houston, Texas area2 as
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Spill disaster and highlight that neoliberalism makes us all more susceptible to disasters.

Tournament: d3 | Round: 4 | Opponent: kckcc | Judge: bbox

1ac

The federal government has established federal restrictions on oil and gas production on "Public Lands"

BLM 12
11/14/12, "Oil %26 Gas Leasing Instructions" http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/BLM_Programs/oilandgas/CO_leasing_information.html
Lands Available For Leasing¶ Public lands are available for oil and gas leasing only
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or remove any minerals other than oil and gas from the leased land.  

These "Public Land" limits on production are time, place, and manner restrictions on production.  While they are sometimes referred to as regulations they are restrictions
Penderey 10
BRUCE M. PENDERY is program director and a staff attorney with the Wyoming Outdoor Council¶ BLM’S RETAINED RIGHTS: HOW REQUIRING¶ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FULFILLS¶ OIL AND GAS LEASE OBLIGATIONS http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/5647
There are approximately 39,000,000 acres of federal mineral estate¶ in
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them, and several policy changes that could accomplish this¶ are suggested.

The Bureau of Land Management has wrongly extended these public land restrictions to indian lands—indian lands are not public lands and policy that asserts otherwise prevents indian self-determination and sovereignty

Fredericks and Aseff 12 – *JD, Senior Partner of Fredericks Peebles %26 Morgan LLP JD, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law %26 Policy, Associate Member
Tom and Andrea, 2012, "WHEN DID CONGRESS DEEM INDIAN LANDS PUBLIC LANDS?: THE PROBLEM OF BLM EXERCISING OIL AND GAS REGULATORY JURISDICTION IN INDIAN COUNTRY" Energy Law Journal 33 Energy L. J. 119 Lexis
While the BLM has been asserting regulatory jurisdiction over oil and gas development on Indian
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, which results in the BLM not having statutory authority over Indian lands.

Congress has made this explicit

Hall 12
Written Testimony of Tex "Red Tipped Arrow" Hall, Chairman¶ Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation of the Fort Berthold Reservation¶ Oversight Hearing on Impacts of Environmental Changes on Treaty Rights,¶ Traditional Lifestyles, and Tribal Homelands¶ Senate Committee on Indian Affairs
July 19, 2012 http://www.indian.senate.gov/hearings/upload/Tex-Hall-testimony071912.pdf-http://www.indian.senate.gov/hearings/upload/Tex-Hall-testimony071912.pdf
Even Congress was clear on this point. When Congress passed the Federal Land Policy
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, in violation of the federal government’s trust responsibility and our treaty rights.

Indigenous organizations are asking the BLM to not apply public land restrictions to their lands

Gilmer 2/8/13
Revised Interior rule loops in industry-favored FracFocus ¶ Mike Soraghan and Ellen M. Gilmer, E%26E reporters¶ EnergyWire: Friday, February 8, 2013
http://www.eenews.net/public/energywire/2013/02/08/1
Stirring on the sidelines of the fracking rule debate is ongoing criticism from American Indian
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must include a tribal opt-out in its final hydraulic fracturing rule."

Managing indian land as if it were public causes exploitation

Rosser 10 – Associate Professor, American University Washington College of Law
Ezra. "Ahistorical Indians and Reservation Resources" Environmental Law, Vol. 40, p. 437, 2010; American University, WCL Research Paper No. 2010-02. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1539703
Elsewhere I have argued that the United States bears some responsibility for establishing the conditions
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of natural resources," even where not supported by tribes or tribal members.   

Environmental racism manifests itself in these paternalistic notions

Foster 98 – associate professor of law @ Rutgers
Shelia Foster, 1998 (July. 86 Calif Law Rvw. 775)
~*806~ Environmental racism manifests itself quite differently in the case of Native Americans
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"environmental racism’ is inherent in the choosing, not in the choice."

Indigenous nations are far better at sustaining their land—self-determination is key

Zelmer 98 – Assistant Professor of Law @ University of Toledo College of Law
Sandi, "ARTICLE: INDIAN LANDS AS CRITICAL HABITAT FOR INDIAN NATIONS AND ENDANGERED SPECIES: TRIBAL SURVIVAL AND SOVEREIGNTY COME FIRST" South Dakota Law Review, 1998, 43 S.D. L. REV. 381
Finally, while environmentalists and neighboring landowners n222 criticize tribes for accepting development proposals that
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priorities, with tribes as full partners in the decision-making process.

Paternalistic governmental control over indian lands and their resources is rooted in racial discrimination and violence—placing control of the land and resources back into tribal hands is critical to ending this exploitation

Jacques et al 3 – Ph.D. University of Central Florida
Peter, Sharon Ridgeway, Ph.D. Grinnell College and the University of Iowa, and Richard Witmer, Ph.D. Grinnell College, Fall 2003, "Federal Indian Law and Environmental Policy: A Social Continuity of Violence" Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Lexis
Introduction¶ ¶ Currently, federal Indian environmental policy relies on the annulment of treaties
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a Kiowa experience that was later applied to all federal-tribal relationships.

This specific form of land management creates a colonial ontology that perpetuates exploitation and violence against indians—the terminal impact is extinction

Jacques et al 3 – Ph.D. University of Central Florida
Peter, Sharon Ridgeway, Ph.D. Grinnell College and the University of Iowa, and Richard Witmer, Ph.D. Grinnell College, Fall 2003, "Federal Indian Law and Environmental Policy: A Social Continuity of Violence" Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Lexis
It should be noted that plenary power and the power to abrogate, as it
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groups of people and nature which is responsible for this mosaic of destruction.

This is a question of violence that occurs everyday and is the underlying cause for macro-level violence—deprioritize linear models of conflict to investigate the structures that cause injustice

Scheper-Hughes 7 – Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely
Nancy, 2007, "The Gray Zone: Small Wars, Peacetime Crimes, and Invisible Genocides" Chapter 7 of The Shadow Side of Fieldwork Edited by Athena McLean and Annette Leibing p. 161-180
The Anthropology of Violence¶ In the introduction to our edited volume, Violence in
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) view of late modern history as a chronic "state of emergency."

Using the debate space to criticize violent structures expands the boundaries of our consciousness and creates research practices that are more sensitive to slow, everyday violence- that’s a pre-requisite to effective use of science and empiricism

Nixon ’11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 14-16)
How do we bring home-and bring emotionally to life-threats that take
AND
often whose very existence-is of indifferent interest to the corporate media. 

Plan: The United States federal government should reduce its public land restrictions on oil and natural gas production on indian lands.

Indigenous knowledge creates more environmentally suitable decision-making—current policies are bent around western epistemological frames for domination and exploitation—replicates violence

Robyn 2 – PhD, assistant professor in the Criminal Justice Department at Northern Arizona University
Linda, 2002, "Indigenous Knowledge and Technology Creating Environmental Justice in the Twenty-First Century" The American Indian Quarterly 26.2 Muse
As we begin to examine the relationship between American Indians and environmental justice, it
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global society can be utilized in many ways, if given the chance.

Using the land as a starting point for knowledge production is key—it’s the basis for all personal and indigenous thought

Cragg 10
Andy, 4/3/10, "An Essay on Indigenous and Non-Indigenous views of Place" http://www.andycragg.ca/wordpress/an-essay-on-indigenous-and-non-indigenous-views-of-place/
In writing about indigenous philosophy "in general" it seems to me that there
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which are rooted in some important way in places—in the land.

And it should be our first priority—alternative modes of thought trade off with indigenous knowledge—that’s complicit with colonialism

Churchill 8 – former prof @ UC Boulder
Ward, 11/18/08, "I Am Indigenist" http://www.zcommunications.org/i-am-indigenist-by-ward-churchill
Indian Land Recovery in the United States?¶ ¶ Leaving aside questions concerning the validity of various treaties, the beginning point for any indigenist endeavor in the United States centers, logically enough, in efforts to restore direct Indian control over the huge portion of the continental United States that was plainly never ceded by native nations. Upon the bedrock of this foundation,

 a number of other problems integral to the present configuration of power and privilege
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, sexist, classist, homophobic, militaristic order upon non-Indians.

Tournament: dis | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge: bbox

United States includes territories and possessions

American Law Encyclopedia 8 
("Territories of the United States - Further Readings", Vol 10)  
Portions of the United States that are not within the limits of any state and
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Reef, Jarvis, Johnston, Midway, Palmyra, and Wake Islands.