Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A interpretation – the aff must defend a plan text in its specific political context. they are able to defend either themselves or the USFG as the actor.

B vote negative

1.      Predictable Ground – the plan’s introduction becomes the focus of the debate. If they do not defend it in its specific context, it allows the aff to moot the 1nc strategy and shift the debate – placing us at a unique disadvantage. This hurts education as substantive clash is reduced to a game of who goes first.

2.      Topic-Specific Education – “resolved” means “firm in purpose or intent’ by dictionary.com. aff should defend enacting a policy through the USFG or theirselves as individual actors. Not doing so moots common neg ground such as energy investment bad DA’s and same-actor CPs. A linear internal link from the plan text is crucial to understand policy making.

3.      Extra Topicality – aff should not be allowed to claim advantages off non-topical elements of the plan. Otherwise, they can spike out of links to one portion of the plan and claim advantages of the other.

4.      Outweighs their framework – without an equal debate, the quality of education and purpose of their message is moot.

C Net Benefit

Policy involvement is inevitable- we need to proactively engage for effective movements

Themba-Nixon, Makani. Executive Director of The Praxis Project, Former California Staffer,  Colorlines. Oakland: Jul 31, 2000.Vol.3, Iss. 2;  pg. 12

The flourish and passion with which she made the distinction said everything. Policy is

AND

should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.

our interpretation is crucial to emanating a safe space for community action

JENNY EDKINS AND MAJA ZEHF USS1 Review of International Studies (2005), 31,p. 454-5

What we are attempting in this article is an intervention that demonstrates how the illusion

AND

and how it might look to think about politics and the international differently.

And turn – communal action is engendered by equal-switch side debating, their framework is susceptible to co-optation

Philip Graham School of Communication Queensland University of Technology, Heidegger’s Hippies Sep 15 1999  http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Palms/8314/index.html

Politics has historically been about how people can best live together. Today’s politics is

AND

can have a violent clash of ideas or a violent clash with weapons.

Humans speak. They speak about the realities they inhabit. They will not remain silent about them. If they are temporarily silenced - whether by violence, threats, or intellectual confusion - they will eventually make themselves heard. History show us that this is so. Somewhere, someone must make a choice about when, whether, and how the current political space can be opened up to the public before it is prised open, once again, by mass annihilations.

The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract, however the abstract does not provide a means to apply their principles as an action.

Michael Ignatieff, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 Lesser Evils p. 20-1

As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should

AND

, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another.

Without predictable ground debate becomes meaningless and produces political strategy that is wedded to violence and fails to achieve productive change.

Ruth Lessl Shively, Assoc Prof Polisci at Texas AandM, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 182-3

The point may seem trite, as surely the ambiguists would agree that basic terms

AND

good arguments. Such agreements are simply implicit in the act of argumentation. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The affirmative fetishizes the narrative

Wendy Brown * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996

 But if the silences in discourses of domination are a site for insurrectionary noise

AND

dimension of silence and its putative opposite with which this Article is concerned.

In the course of this work, I want to make the case for silence

AND

regulation of those lives, all the while depoliti- cizing their conditions. 

This turns the case- it writes oppression into the law

Wendy Brown * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz.  The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996

These questions suggest that in legally codifying a fragment of an insurrec- tionary discourse

AND

of disciplinarity to produce a spectacularly potent mode of juridical-regulatory domination.

 Again, let me emphasize that the problem I am seeking to delineate is

AND

emancipators, how our confessions become the norms by which we are regulated.  

Tournament: Wwake | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Text - Local grassroots organizations should provide financial incentives for a nuclear energy program in the United States.

We solve better than the aff – empirical successes show communities can create their own space for political expression without being co-opted because they can focus on the intersections of their beliefs and find commonality.

Hansen 2012 (Sarah, Social Policy, The Case for Funding Grassroots Organizing, http://www.socialpolicy.org/index.php/about-us/538-the-case-for-funding-grassroots-organizing)

In 2001, seventeen proposed projects for new coal-fired power plants were on

AND

organizing has led to broad environmental change made possible by strategic philanthropic investments.¶

There are no prior questions to problem oriented IR- empirical validity is a sufficient justification for action. Emphasis on metaphysical hurdles destroys any chance of effectively describing the world and guiding action

David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton,  Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7

Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks that ‘a

AND

the first and second dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.

Tournament: Wake  | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The densely packed fuel is enough to trigger a full scaled meltdown – Fukushima proves.

Kinitisch 11

(Eli, Reporter at Science Magazine, “Waste Panel Expected To Back Interim Storage”, Science Magazine, Vol. 333, 7-8-11)

In any case, experts agree, some new plan for waste storage is essential

AND

calls for an expert panel at the National Academies to tackle the subject.

These catastrophic meltdowns cause extinction – reactors contain 100x the radiation of nuclear bombs.

Lendman 11

(Stephen, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization,

03/ 13, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan,”, The People’s Voice http:~/~/www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan(%%), accessed 8-2-12)

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused $100 billion in damage, up to

AND

entire region. "It could be, literally, an apocalyptic event.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

IN PRACTICE, QUEER THEORY ENVELOPES BISEXUAL IDENTITIES IN AN OVER-HOMOGENIZED “NON-HETERONORMATIVE”/ “HETERONORMATIVE” BINARY THAT REPLICATES HETEROPATRIARCHY

K. Caldwell, PhD Student, Disability Studies Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, ‘10

“We Exist: Intersectional In/Visibility in Bisexuality and Disability,” Disability Studies Quarterly, Vol 30, No 3-4, JT

Queer theory developed in the hope of providing disparate sexual orientations with a unified sexual

AND

assessment of whether commonalities between queer theory and disability studies are similarly limited.

With regards to how queer theory contributes to bisexual in/visibility, consider that

AND

reproduction of the familiar normal/abnormal binary applied to different pathologized identities.

***in/visible (“in/visibility”):  refers to the idea that bisexuals are included under the broad banner of “queer”, yet marginalized within it

Ivory tower – The affirmative fails to mobilize grass roots movements because it fails to use empiricism

Edwards 98

(Tim, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Leicester, Sexualities, “Queer Fears: Against the Cultural Turn”, Vol 1, p471-484, November, http:~/~/sex.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/cgi/reprint/1/4/471.pdf)

A second, and linked, question about queer theory concerns its academic and political

AND

, the foundations of such differing academic perspectives are not so easily reconciled.

Forcing transcendence of personal beliefs nurtures democratic deliberation – the alternative is unending social conflict
Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 90

 I have argued here that a well-ordered democratic society comprises three layers
AND
required of all those who would participate in this form of discourse. *

uldn't seem so odd for many of us who have weathered so many decades of
AND
radical than negation? Why can we not take Antigone at her word?

Turn – queer theory exploits women to advance the liberation of men
Jeffreys 04
(Sheila, Associate Professor in Political Science at the University of Melbourne, teaches sexual politics, international feminist politics and lesbian and gay politics, Sisyphe, “Queer theory and violence against women”, March, http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=1053) 

3/ Queer theory. Queer theory adapts the ideas of postmodernism to the interests
AND
liberated. They are serving the sexual liberation of their colonisers, men.

The postmodern politics of the 1AC essentializes the feminine as a place of otherness, making women a simulation and destroying identity
Jeffreys 94
(Sheila, Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Melbourne, Women’s Studies International Forum, “The Queer Disappearance of Lesbians: Sexuality In the Academy, Volume 17, Issue 5, p. 459-472)

Butler represents the enthusiasm for postmodern male masters in lesbian and gay studies. It
AND
own appropriation of the feminine the very touchstone of both lesbian and gay culture 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Non-defense sequestration would kill growth, destroy preventive health care, destroy education and kill jobs.
Chu, 11-8-12 (Judy, Fiscal responsibility, not sequestration, is the goal,  http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/campaign/266883-fiscal-responsibility-not-sequestration-is-the-goal)

Democrats offered a responsible alternative that balances budget cuts with tax increases, so everyone
AND
, sequestration was never intended to happen – so let’s not let it.
Fitch and Moody will downgrade U.S. Credit rating unless solution is found, Gridlock ensures.
LA Times 11-7-12 (Jim Puzzanghera, Fitch Ratings warns of U.S. credit downgrade from fiscal cliff
http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-fitch-credit-rating-fiscal-cliff-obama-20121107,0,6939564.story)

WASHINGTON -- Fitch Ratings said that there would be "no fiscal honeymoon" for
AND
likely result in a sovereign rating downgrade by Fitch," the company said.
Further downgrades would create a debt spiral, crippling the economy
Rowley 12 Charles Rowley, Professor Emeritus of Economics at George Mason University, 10/15/12, “Renewed threats to U.S. credit rating,” Charles Rowley’s blog, http://charlesrowley.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/renewed-threats-to-u-s-credit-rating/

If Moody’s downgrades and if S and P further downgrades U.S. credit
AND
downgrades that accelerates an already worsening fiscal situation. Greece here we come.

Compromise now – confrontation gives Obama the motive to veto

Lee and Hook 11-9 (Carol and Janet, WSJ, Obama, Boehner Open to Budget Bargain, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578108971200674876.html)
President Barack Obama and House Speaker John Boehner signaled Friday a willingness to compromise on
AND
, we found out that the majority of Americans agree with my approach."

winners win

Winners don’t win - statistics
Bond and Fleisher, professor in Political Science - Texas AandM and Professor in Political Science. Fordham - 1996 (Jon R. and Richard. "The President in Legislation" p.223)ZE
Presidency-centered variables, however, provide an even weaker explanation of presidential success
AND
the polls has only a marginal impact on the probability of success or failure
1nc Cards
Obama needs to maintain his leadership to overcome partisan gridlock and solve the fiscal cliff. 

The Independent (UK) 11/10/12 “President Obama's first business of new term: tax the rich and avoid 'fiscal cliff'” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/president-obamas-first-business-of-new-term-tax-the-rich-and-avoid-fiscal-cliff-8301360.html

Fresh from an electoral triumph, President Obama began to spend some of his newly
AND
rekindled fears of partisan gridlock, something the President is attempting to avoid.

Expanding nuclear power is massively contentious in Congress destroys Obamas political capital.
Industry Week, 12 (3/5/2012, “U.S. Energy Policies Stall As Partisan Gap Widens; Don't expect much movement during this election year, say CERA Week panelists,” http://www.industryweek.com/environment/us-energy-policies-stall-partisan-gap-widens )

Congress is progressing with bipartisan support for some energy issues, but wide rifts remain
AND
CEO Rex Tillerson and Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris.Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris.

failure to deal with cliff ensures deep recession.
Cox, 10-19-12 (Jeff, CNBC senior Writer, Fiscal Cliff’ may be bigger threat than investors think, http://marketday.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/19/14560618-fiscal-cliff-may-be-bigger-threat-than-investors-think?lite)
As the deadline for fiscal peril in the U.S. nears, Wall
AND
posed by the U.S. presidential election and the fiscal cliff."
Global economic crisis causes war
Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 )
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Non-defense sequestration would kill growth, destroy preventive health care, destroy education and kill jobs.
Chu, 11-8-12 (Judy, Fiscal responsibility, not sequestration, is the goal,  http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/campaign/266883-fiscal-responsibility-not-sequestration-is-the-goal)

Democrats offered a responsible alternative that balances budget cuts with tax increases, so everyone
AND
, sequestration was never intended to happen – so let’s not let it.
Fitch and Moody will downgrade U.S. Credit rating unless solution is found, Gridlock ensures.
LA Times 11-7-12 (Jim Puzzanghera, Fitch Ratings warns of U.S. credit downgrade from fiscal cliff
http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-fitch-credit-rating-fiscal-cliff-obama-20121107,0,6939564.story)

WASHINGTON -- Fitch Ratings said that there would be "no fiscal honeymoon" for
AND
likely result in a sovereign rating downgrade by Fitch," the company said.
Further downgrades would create a debt spiral, crippling the economy
Rowley 12 Charles Rowley, Professor Emeritus of Economics at George Mason University, 10/15/12, “Renewed threats to U.S. credit rating,” Charles Rowley’s blog, http://charlesrowley.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/renewed-threats-to-u-s-credit-rating/

If Moody’s downgrades and if S and P further downgrades U.S. credit
AND
downgrades that accelerates an already worsening fiscal situation. Greece here we come.

Compromise now – confrontation gives Obama the motive to veto

Lee and Hook 11-9 (Carol and Janet, WSJ, Obama, Boehner Open to Budget Bargain, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578108971200674876.html)
President Barack Obama and House Speaker John Boehner signaled Friday a willingness to compromise on
AND
, we found out that the majority of Americans agree with my approach."

winners win

Winners don’t win - statistics
Bond and Fleisher, professor in Political Science - Texas AandM and Professor in Political Science. Fordham - 1996 (Jon R. and Richard. "The President in Legislation" p.223)ZE
Presidency-centered variables, however, provide an even weaker explanation of presidential success
AND
the polls has only a marginal impact on the probability of success or failure
1nc Cards
Obama needs to maintain his leadership to overcome partisan gridlock and solve the fiscal cliff. 

The Independent (UK) 11/10/12 “President Obama's first business of new term: tax the rich and avoid 'fiscal cliff'” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/president-obamas-first-business-of-new-term-tax-the-rich-and-avoid-fiscal-cliff-8301360.html

Fresh from an electoral triumph, President Obama began to spend some of his newly
AND
rekindled fears of partisan gridlock, something the President is attempting to avoid.

Expanding nuclear power is massively contentious in Congress destroys Obamas political capital.
Industry Week, 12 (3/5/2012, “U.S. Energy Policies Stall As Partisan Gap Widens; Don't expect much movement during this election year, say CERA Week panelists,” http://www.industryweek.com/environment/us-energy-policies-stall-partisan-gap-widens )

Congress is progressing with bipartisan support for some energy issues, but wide rifts remain
AND
CEO Rex Tillerson and Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris.Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris.

failure to deal with cliff ensures deep recession.
Cox, 10-19-12 (Jeff, CNBC senior Writer, Fiscal Cliff’ may be bigger threat than investors think, http://marketday.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/19/14560618-fiscal-cliff-may-be-bigger-threat-than-investors-think?lite)
As the deadline for fiscal peril in the U.S. nears, Wall
AND
posed by the U.S. presidential election and the fiscal cliff."
Global economic crisis causes war
Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 )
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Non-defense sequestration would kill growth, destroy preventive health care, destroy education and kill jobs.
Chu, 11-8-12 (Judy, Fiscal responsibility, not sequestration, is the goal,  http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/campaign/266883-fiscal-responsibility-not-sequestration-is-the-goal)

Democrats offered a responsible alternative that balances budget cuts with tax increases, so everyone
AND
, sequestration was never intended to happen – so let’s not let it.
Fitch and Moody will downgrade U.S. Credit rating unless solution is found, Gridlock ensures.
LA Times 11-7-12 (Jim Puzzanghera, Fitch Ratings warns of U.S. credit downgrade from fiscal cliff
http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-fitch-credit-rating-fiscal-cliff-obama-20121107,0,6939564.story)

WASHINGTON -- Fitch Ratings said that there would be "no fiscal honeymoon" for
AND
likely result in a sovereign rating downgrade by Fitch," the company said.
Further downgrades would create a debt spiral, crippling the economy
Rowley 12 Charles Rowley, Professor Emeritus of Economics at George Mason University, 10/15/12, “Renewed threats to U.S. credit rating,” Charles Rowley’s blog, http://charlesrowley.wordpress.com/2012/06/15/renewed-threats-to-u-s-credit-rating/

If Moody’s downgrades and if S and P further downgrades U.S. credit
AND
downgrades that accelerates an already worsening fiscal situation. Greece here we come.

Compromise now – confrontation gives Obama the motive to veto

Lee and Hook 11-9 (Carol and Janet, WSJ, Obama, Boehner Open to Budget Bargain, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324439804578108971200674876.html)
President Barack Obama and House Speaker John Boehner signaled Friday a willingness to compromise on
AND
, we found out that the majority of Americans agree with my approach."

winners win

Winners don’t win - statistics
Bond and Fleisher, professor in Political Science - Texas AandM and Professor in Political Science. Fordham - 1996 (Jon R. and Richard. "The President in Legislation" p.223)ZE
Presidency-centered variables, however, provide an even weaker explanation of presidential success
AND
the polls has only a marginal impact on the probability of success or failure
1nc Cards
Obama needs to maintain his leadership to overcome partisan gridlock and solve the fiscal cliff. 

The Independent (UK) 11/10/12 “President Obama's first business of new term: tax the rich and avoid 'fiscal cliff'” http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/president-obamas-first-business-of-new-term-tax-the-rich-and-avoid-fiscal-cliff-8301360.html

Fresh from an electoral triumph, President Obama began to spend some of his newly
AND
rekindled fears of partisan gridlock, something the President is attempting to avoid.

Expanding nuclear power is massively contentious in Congress destroys Obamas political capital.
Industry Week, 12 (3/5/2012, “U.S. Energy Policies Stall As Partisan Gap Widens; Don't expect much movement during this election year, say CERA Week panelists,” http://www.industryweek.com/environment/us-energy-policies-stall-partisan-gap-widens )

Congress is progressing with bipartisan support for some energy issues, but wide rifts remain
AND
CEO Rex Tillerson and Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris.Dow Chemical's Andrew Liveris.

failure to deal with cliff ensures deep recession.
Cox, 10-19-12 (Jeff, CNBC senior Writer, Fiscal Cliff’ may be bigger threat than investors think, http://marketday.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/19/14560618-fiscal-cliff-may-be-bigger-threat-than-investors-think?lite)
As the deadline for fiscal peril in the U.S. nears, Wall
AND
posed by the U.S. presidential election and the fiscal cliff."
Global economic crisis causes war
Royal 10 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,? in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215 )
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.