JMU Aff

JMU Aff-Chapter One

Chapter 1: A History of Dispossession

Exploration of the Americas …. dispossession continues today….

U.S. energy production policies are premised on the imposition of an epistemology of possession of the natural world.  This mode of relationality inherent within the paradigm of Settlerism is tantamount to ontological degradation and is responsible for the genocide of indigenous populations.

Wilderson 10 (Frank, MFA @ Columbia University in Fiction Writing, Ph.D. @ University of California, Berkeley in Rhetoric/Film Studies, Prof @ UC Irvine, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, p176-178shree)  

"Savage" sovereignty qua …. struggle to re-Indigenize the land. 

Genocidal assaults on indigenous populations set the foundation for serial policy failure in imperialist campaigns abroad—risks extinction.

Street 4 (Paul Street, phD in History from Binghamton, march 11, “Those Who Deny the Crimes of the Past,” http://www.zcommunications.org/those-who-deny-the-crimes-of-the-past-by-paul-street shree)

It is especially important …. who came to destroy. 

An analysis of oppression that neglects a paradigmatic analysis of indigenous genocide has failed to come to prior material conditions—indigenous criticism is the first priority

Churchill 3 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p 263-5shree)

I am here, …. its purported borders.

Thus, JMU MM endorses the resolution as a site of interrogation to analyze the historical paradigm of Settlerism that undergirds energy production in the United States.

Chapter 2:  Lay the West to Rest

We don’t defend the instrumental adoption of energy production—instead, we affirm the resolution as a locus to trace the lineage of political repugnancies in the U.S.

Churchill 3 (Ward, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p. xv-xvii) PM

The question arises … than that made on 9-1-1. 

Debate is key—repudiation of Euro-American imperialism in academia helps establish modes of knowledge production that file away at systems of domination

Dei 2 (George Sefa, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies@ Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, “Rethinking the Role of Indigenous Knowledges in the Academy,” The Research Network for New Approaches to Lifelong Learning, http://www.nall.ca/res/58GeorgeDei.pdf shree) 

Ultimately, we have …. and pedagogical practices.

Our advocacy stands in an antagonistic relation to civil society—any alternative that tries to take a middle ground is complicit.

Wilderson 10 (Frank, MFA @ Columbia University in Fiction Writing, Ph.D. @ University of California, Berkeley in Rhetoric/Film Studies, Prof @ UC Irvine, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, p6-7shree)  

Semiotics and linguistics …. and in political cinema?

The 1AC’s gesture towards impossible realism is productive—you should be skeptical of arguments refuting solvency for our method

Churchill 96 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, “From a Native Son”, p.85-90shree)

The question which …. we all worked on attaining it? 

While each indigenous collective has different histories and traditions, strategic essentialism is key—reinforcing the common experience of Eurocentric domination is key to prevent atomization that mystifies the violence of colonialism

Churchill 8 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, “I Am Indigenist,” November 18, http://www.zcommunications.org/i-am-indigenist-by-ward-churchill shree)

The manifestation of …. of [Eurocentric] domination.9

Policy Debate is skewed towards Western ways of knowing—it compartmentalizes arguments and privileges the “objectivity” of the line-by-line instead of viewing our speeches as an interconnected, coherent whole.  The idea that negs can “kick” arguments at any point in the debate is mired in an idea of neutral consensus building that crowds out an indigenization of the debate space 

Walker 4 (Polly O, is of Cherokee and Anglo descent and holds a PhD in conflict transformation from the University of Queensland in Australia. “Decolonizing conflict resolution: addressing the ontological violence of westernization,” The American Indian Quarterly 28.3&4 (2004) 527-549shree)

The atomistic conceptualizations ….the conflict (Burton 1996, 60–61). 

Unproblematized use of Western norms for conflict resolution commits ontological violence and trains us to be future colonizers

Walker 4 (Polly O, is of Cherokee and Anglo descent and holds a PhD in conflict transformation from the University of Queensland in Australia. “Decolonizing conflict resolution: addressing the ontological violence of westernization,” The American Indian Quarterly 28.3&4 (2004) 527-549shree)

In this article I have … with Indigenous worldviews.

That’s especially true in college debate

Spanos 4 (William, Prof of English @ Binghamton U, in Joe Millers’ Book Cross-ex, pg. 467)

Dear Joe Miller, …. makers is leading.

Decentralization Aff

1AC
ADVANTAGE ONE WARMING
Warming is real, anthropogenic, and causes extinction – comparatively outweighs and our evidence assumes their defense
Deibel, Professor of Foreign Affairs Strategy at the National War College, 07
(Terry L, “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, p387-390, accessed via GoogleBooks on 4-26-12)

Finally, there is one ….life on this planet.

Global Warming makes ocean temperatures rise
Morton, 09
(Adam, writer, "Rising ocean temperatures near worst-case predictions", June 19, http://www.theage.com.au/environment/rising-ocean-temperatures-near-worstcase-predictions-20090619-cmcs.html) NL

The ocean is warming …. are cut to zero.

Warming destroys the oceans – causes extinction
IANS, Indo-Asian News Service, 10
(Article cites Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?” http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html, accessed 4-25-12Bosley)

Sydney: Scientists have …according to a GCI release.

Warming is the controlling impact – exacerbates all other conflict hotspots and breeds wars
Scheffran et. al. 10
(Jürgen Scheffran – Senior Research Scientist in the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament and International Security at the Unviersity of Illinois and has adjunct faculty appointments at the Departments of Atmospheric Sciences and Political Science, and Antonella Battaglini – Department Member of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, “Climate and conflicts: the security risks of global warming,” Reg Environ Change (2011) 11 (Suppl 1):S27–S39, DOI 10.1007/s10113-010-0175-8, accessed 5-13-12Bosley)

For Gilman et al. (2007) climate … information or resources’’ (UNGA 2009, p. 2).
Aff cut emissions in half  
Casten and Downes 2005
(Thomas R. Casten and Brennan Downes, Thomas R. Casten is an energy policy analyst, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Primary Energy, Brennan Downes is a project engineer at Primary Energy. Casten adapted this article from his keynote address to the International Association for Energy Economics in Washington, D.C. “Critical Thinking About Energy: The Case for Decentralized Generation of Electricity,” Center For Inquiry Affiliate: Volume 29.1, January / February 2005, http://www.csicop.org/si/show/critical_thinking_about_energy_the_case_for_decentralized_generation_of_ele/, accessed 12/17/12, EGM)

We have attempted .to critical review.

Aff cuts emissions
Martin 2009
Jeremi Martin, HEC Paris, “Distributed vs. centralized electricity generation: are we witnessing
a change of paradigm? An introduction to distributed generation” May 2009, http://www.vernimmen.net/ftp/An_introduction_to_distributed_generation.pdf, accessed 12/28/12, EGM) 

Environmental Impact: … distributed renewable energy.

ADVANTAGE TWO THE ECONOMY 

Economy in is weak now – continuing trend of slow development
Rasmus 2/17
(Jack Rasmus, “4th Quarter 2012 US GDP: On the Road to Double Dip? U.S. GDP and the Global Economic Slowdown” February 17, 2013, http://www.zcommunications.org/u-s-gdp-and-the-global-economic-slowdown-by-jack-rasmus, accessed 2/22/13, EGM)

US GDP data …. an ‘epic’ recession.
A)  Prices-
Decentralized energy is economical – creating huge savings in expenditures solves for high prices as companies internalize electricity costs.
Greenpeace 2005
(“Decentralizing energy: an energy revolution for the 21st century,” http://www.localpower.org/documents/reporto_greenpeace.pdf, accessed 11/22/12, EGM)

Another IEA analysis…. of their commercial potential.
Low, stable prices are key to the economy
EEI, 08
(Edison Electric Institute, “Electricity and the U.S. Economy”; http://www.getenergyactive.org/value/economy.htm)
The U.S. economy … price of electricity.

B) Jobs  
Alternative energy production creates more jobs than fossil fuels – a centralized focus harms the jobs created
Floum 2009
Alexander Floum Economic Policy Examiner, is an attorney and former adjunct law school professor,
“Can Alternative Energy Really Create A Lot of New Jobs?” AUGUST 26, 2009
http://www.examiner.com/article/can-alternative-energy-really-create-a-lot-of-new-jobs, accessed 12/29/12, EGM)
President Obama has …., potentially, a lot more jobs.

Job growth key to the economy
AP, 11
(AP, 9-2, 11, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Employers-add-no-net-jobs-in-apf-4252098583.html?x=0&sec=topStories&pos=main&asset=&ccode= DOA: 9/2/11)
Analysts say the ….. "Something has to give."

Economic decline causes war – multiple warrants and the best research flows aff
Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010
(Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p.213-215) JDB

Less intuitive is how ….ancillary to those views.

ADVANTAGE THREE GRID TECH
There is a huge push for microgrid technology in the status quo – ending restrictions and incentivizing decentralized energy would allow for the creation of extremely important microgird tech
Warner 2011
(Guy Warner, founder and CEO of Pareto Energy Decentralized Power and Disaster Preparation, “Microgrids, once considered a technology for off-grid communities, are emerging as a path toward disaster preparation,” APRIL 12, 2011, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/decentralized-power-and-disaster-preparation, accessed 12/29/12, EGM)

As noted earlier, …. the most of the opportunity.

Decentralized energy and microgrids are key to avoid gird failure during natural disasters
Warner 2011
(Guy Warner, founder and CEO of Pareto Energy Decentralized Power and Disaster Preparation, “Microgrids, once considered a technology for off-grid communities, are emerging as a path toward disaster preparation,” APRIL 12, 2011, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/decentralized-power-and-disaster-preparation, accessed 12/29/12, EGM)

Since the earthquake …. CHP generation systems.

Decentralized solar energy solves – Sandy proves
Collins 2012
(Chris Collins, helmed Solar One since 2004. A graduate of Holy Cross College and Albany Law School, Chris previously worked for 20 years as a litigator in both New York and California, specializing in complex commercial litigation, environmental litigation, civil rights, securities, elder abuse and many other areas of the law, “Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems Will Make Us Less Vulnerable to Hurricanes,” November 27, 2012, http://energy.aol.com/2012/11/27/decentralized-renewable-energy-systems-will-make-us-less-vulnera/, accessed 12/29/12, EGM)

I saw that accountability …. that belongs to another century.

Small grid failure brings down the entire system – impact is chemical plant explosions, worse than atom bomb
Latynina 2003
(Yulia Latynina, World Press Review, “Eye on the United States: America in the Dark” (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm, accessed 12/29/12, EGM) 

The scariest thing …. the entire grid system.

PLAN TEXT
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially reduce restrictions on and increase financial incentives for decentralized solar energy production in the United States. 

ADVANTAGE FOUR IS SOLVENCY
Solar power is key to decentralized energy.
Keenan 2011
(CHRIS KEENAN, Green Building Elements, Solar Power and Decentralization NOVEMBER 9, 2011, http://greenbuildingelements.com/2011/11/09/solar-power-and-decentralization/, accessed 12/23/12, EGM)
The move away from ….. other areas, it will be a less centralized world. 

Incentives for decentralized energy solves
McIlmoil, et all 2012
(Rory McIlmoil Nathan Askins Jason Clingerman, Rory McIlmoil, M.A., Project Manager, Energy Program, Downstream Strategies, Nathan Askins, B.A., Staff Environmental Analyst, Downstream Strategies, Jason Clingerman, M.S., Project Aquatic Ecologist, Downstream Strategies, “The Opportunities for Distributed Renewable Energy in Kentucky,” June 18, 2012, http://www.downstreamstrategies.com/documents/reports_publication/DS_ky_distrib_energy_opportunities.pdf, accessed 2/11/13, EGM)

Provide more effective …. produced over time.

Renewable DE decreases the need for expensive infrastructure and transfer systems
Greenpeace 2005
(“Decentralizing energy: an energy revolution for the 21st century,” http://www.localpower.org/documents/reporto_greenpeace.pdf, accessed 11/22/12, EGM)

Interest in the economics …. distribute energy
Centralized solar power is on increasing and inevitable
Jackson 12
(Rob Jackson, graduate of Environmental Engineering from Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO and earned his Master’s Degree from Boston University in Energy and Environmental Analysis. He is also a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, “Outlook Bright for Future of Solar Energy,” 6-29-12, http://blog.trcsolutions.com/solar-energy/ accessed 2/8/12, EGM)

The global solar energy …. of incredible growth.

Federal action need – state regulation guts solvency
Kopetsky ‘8
(Brad A. Kopetsky, J.D. U of Wisconsin Law School, “Deutschland Uber Alles: Why German Regulations Need to Conquer the Divided U.S. Renewable-Energy Framework to Save Clean Tech (And the World),” 8 Wis. L. Rev. 941)
Global warming, threats …. many developing nations. n23

Try-or-Die—Extinction precedes all impacts
Paterson 3 [Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island Craig, “A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, http://sce.sagepub.com shree]

Contrary to those ….. all human  possibility.82 

Violence is proximately caused so prefer specific scenarios.  
Sharpe and Goucher 10 (Matthew, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies; and Geoff, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231-233) 

We realise that this …. reject Theory’s legitimacy.

The role of the ballot is to maximize the lives saved—util gives equality to all beings this short circuits “value to life” claims.
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, pg. 131)

Finally, even if one …. are saved, the better.*

Their alternative is a paper tiger—merely recognizing harmful structures doesn’t solve. Policy Key.
O'Callaghan 2  (Terry, lecturer in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia, International Relations and the third debate, ed: Jarvis, 2002, p. 80-81)

There are also a host ….. attracted few disciples.
Universities gladly permit such discourses by leftist academics, knowing that the proliferation of these discourses in the academy get co-opted by the sign economy and are graveyards for radical potential.  
Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC; http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, 11/19 shree) 

He and his ….. inside books, lecture halls.