Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Chapter 1: A History of Dispossession

Christopher Columbus’s arrival marked the beginning of a new era of genocidal violence on Native Americans

AND

The legacy of dispossession continues today.

Indigenous lands are being isolated in policymaking discussionson NOW how we can increase energy production. Even within these policy conversations, indigenous communities are divided by those who can hold land in trust and those who cannot.

Press Release 12 (Office of Hawaiian Senator Daniel Akaka, 2-16-12, http://akaka.senate.gov/print-release.cfm?method=releases.viewandid=6b083a29-9fd7-4103-8c87-b1e41bc5fd3f) PM

WASHINGTON D.C. - U.

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policies that improve energy development on Native lands."

This turn to indigenous communities, lands and resources for increased U.S. domestic energy production is not innocent or new. American energy production and consumption is intrinsically linked to violent colonialisms.

Thomas-Muller 2005 (Clayton, Cree Indian and a Native energy organizer for the Indigenous Environmental Network, Moving the Movement for Transportation Justice Vol 12, No1, http://urbanhabitat.org/node/307) PM

The link between unsustainable energy consumption in the

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our attitudes towards the sacredness of Mother Earth.

U.S. civil society’s comportment towards energy production is premised on the structural imposition of an epistemology of “possession”—the belief that humans have a right to possess and dispose of the land and its “resources” as they see fit. The mode of relationality inherent within the paradigm of Settlerism is tantamount to ontological degradation and responsible for the genocide of indigenous populations.

Wilderson 10 (Frank, MFA @ Columbia University in Fiction Writing, Ph.D. @ University of California, Berkeley in Rhetoric/Film Studies, Prof @ UC Irvine, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, p176-178//shree)

"Savage" sovereignty qua land is distinguished

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a struggle to re-Indigenize the land.

Genocidal assaults on indigenous populations set the foundation for serial policy failure in imperialist campaigns abroad—risks extinction.

Street 4 (Paul Street, phD in History from Binghamton, march 11, “Those Who Deny the Crimes of the Past,” http://www.zcommunications.org/those-who-deny-the-crimes-of-the-past-by-paul-street //shree)

It is especially important to appreciate the significance

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civilized people than those who came to destroy.

An analysis of oppression that neglects a paradigmatic analysis of indigenous genocide has failed to come to prior material conditions—indigenous criticism is the first priority

Churchill 3 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p 263-5//shree)

I am here, however, as may

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to every indigenous nation within its purported borders.

Thus, JMU BM affirms the resolution as a site of interrogation to analyze the historical paradigm of Settlerism that undergirds energy production in the United States.

Chapter 2: Lay the West to Rest

We don’t defend the instrumental adoption of energy production—instead, we affirm the resolution as a locus to trace the lineage of political repugnancies in the U.S.

Churchill 3 (Ward, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p. xv-xvii) PM

The question arises of how best to approach

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that made on 9-1-1.

Our advocacy stands in an antagonistic relation to civil society—any alternative that tries to take a middle ground is complicit.

Wilderson 10 (Frank, MFA @ Columbia University in Fiction Writing, Ph.D. @ University of California, Berkeley in Rhetoric/Film Studies, Prof @ UC Irvine, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, p6-7//shree)

Semiotics and linguistics teach us that when we

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both political common sense and in political cinema?

Energy production is a vital starting point to address legacies of dispossession

Powell 10 (Dana E., Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Ph.D. at University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and D.J. Long, “Landscapes of Power: Renewable Energy Activism in Diné Bikéyah,”, Indians and Energy: Exploitation and Opportunity in the American Southwest.)ERM

Contemporary debates on the Navajo Nation form a

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deeply cultural, political spiritual, and social.

Debate is key—repudiation of Euro-American imperialism in academia helps establish modes of knowledge production that file away at systems of domination

Dei 2 (George Sefa, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies@ Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, “Rethinking the Role of Indigenous Knowledges in the Academy,” The Research Network for New Approaches to Lifelong Learning, http://www.nall.ca/res/58GeorgeDei.pdf //shree)

Ultimately, we have to consider the role

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systems in our academic communicative and pedagogical practices.

Reformism’s attempt to assimilate natives into its lattice of doctrine and laws fails—Leftists reassurances have historically resulted in hacks from the military industrial complex being sent from Washington to dissolve native struggles

Churchill 3 (Ward, “Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader,” Questia, Page 110//shree)

Although the United States did not have to

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of native people and backed by the army.

The 1AC’s gesture towards impossible realism is productive—you should be skeptical of arguments refuting solvency for our method

Churchill 96 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, “From a Native Son”, p.85-90//shree)

The question which inevitably arises with regard to

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it time we all worked on attaining it?

While each indigenous collective has different histories and traditions, strategic essentialism is key—reinforcing the common experience of Eurocentric domination is key to prevent atomization that mystifies the violence of colonialism

Churchill 8 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, “I Am Indigenist,” November 18, http://www.zcommunications.org/i-am-indigenist-by-ward-churchill //shree)

The manifestation of indigenism in North America has

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five centuries of [Eurocentric] domination.9

Speaking for groups by acknowledging suffering has been empirically effective in the context of indigeneity

Alcoff 92

(Linda, Syracuse Philosophy, “The Problem of Speaking for Others” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html //shree)

While the "Charge of Reductionism" response

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effects can be garnered in no other way.

Policy Debate is skewed towards Western ways of knowing—it compartmentalizes arguments and privileges the tit-for-tat “objectivity” of the line-by-line instead of viewing our speeches as an interconnected, coherent whole. The idea that negs can “kick” arguments at any point in the debate is mired in an idea of neutral consensus building that crowds out an indigenization of the debate space

Walker 4

(Polly O, is of Cherokee and Anglo descent and holds a PhD in conflict transformation from the University of Queensland in Australia. “Decolonizing conflict resolution: addressing the ontological violence of westernization,” The American Indian Quarterly 28.3and4 (2004) 527-549//shree)

The atomistic conceptualizations on which these Western models

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conflict (Burton 1996, 60–61).

Unproblematized use of Western norms for conflict resolution commits ontological violence and trains us to be future colonizers

Walker 4 (Polly O, is of Cherokee and Anglo descent and holds a PhD in conflict transformation from the University of Queensland in Australia. “Decolonizing conflict resolution: addressing the ontological violence of westernization,” The American Indian Quarterly 28.3and4 (2004) 527-549//shree)

In this article I have argued that Western

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processes that are in alignment with Indigenous worldviews.

That’s especially true in college debate

Spanos 4 (William, Prof of English @ Binghamton U, in Joe Millers’ Book Cross-ex, pg. 467)

Dear Joe Miller, Yes, the statement

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Administration and his neocon policy makers is leading.

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Pinker’s analysis is awful and precludes consideration of modern genocide
Douthat 11 (Ross, Former Senior editor at the Atlantic, New York Times Columnist, Magna Cum Laude at Harvard, "Steven Pinker's History of Violence", douthat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/steven-pinkers-history-of-violence/ shree)

1) Pinker links the decline … were “civilized” out of existence.

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Hegemony projects our anxiety and paranoia onto the world—creates self-fulfilling prophecies that make war inevitable—all of their arguments are ideologically loaded

Hoggett 4 prof of politics and co-… major threat to global society.
Hegemony is unsustainable – too many alt causes overwhelm the aff
Layne 11
(Christopher Layne is Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at  Texas A and M University's Bush School of Government and Public Service. “Bye bye, Miss American Pie” The European Magazine Online – 3-28-2011 http://theeuropean-magazine.com/223-layne-christopher/231-pax-americana) AK               
American primacy’s end is result … is crumbling in slow motion.
Hegemonic peace theory has zero empirical backing
Montiero 12 (Nuno, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, Unrest Assured, International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Winter 2011/12), http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Unrest_Assured.pdf shree)

In contrast, the question of … all but monopolized our attention. 

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Nurture not Nature—Cultural inputs can change pre-programmed instincts that cause violence—their approach is reductionist. 

Busser 6 (Mark, Master’s Candidate Department of Political Science York University Revisiting the Human Nature Debate in International Relations, Holds an Ontario Graduate Scholarship for 2006-2007 and currently holds a Harry Lyman Hooker Senior Fellowship at McMaster August 06, Revisiting the Human Nature Debate in International Relationsshree)

Citing evolutionary Science does not … a failure to fulfill basic needs.
Deterministic projections of the future referencing historical or “empirical” trends are self-fulfilling prophecies that naturalize colonialist violence and annihilate agency—take a leap of faith by voting aff

Dunmire 5 (Patricia, Kent State University, Discourse and Society 16:4, 481-513shree)

In Becomings: Explorations in Memory, … is still to be won’.

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Root cause arguments are productive because it’s more important to respond to basic assumptions—symptom-specific scenarios occlude the question of the social context for events.  

McCormack 10 Tara McCormack is Lecturer … , Security and Power pp42-46shree

Problem-solving theory then has … a distinction between  facts and values. 

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And, their obsession with a specific extinction scenario that outweighs devoid of an interrogation of structural violence results in error replication that comparatively results in a worse impact than their predictions

Sandy and Perkins 2 (Leo R. veteran of the U.S. Navy and an active member of Veterans for Peace, Inc., co-founder of Peace Studies at Plymouth State College, Ray; Teaches philosophy at Plymouth State College, The Nature of Peace and Its Implications for Peace Education”, Online journal of peace and conflict resolution, Issue 4.2, Spring 02, http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/4_2natp.htm shree)

The peace process additionally must … to fester and erupt later.

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Boggs vehemently votes aff—identifying with the current left continues oppression, only a comprehensive move like the aff can solve

Boggs 9 (Carl, Your Carl Boggs, “A Way Forward,” http://www.zcommunications.org/a-way-forward-by-carl-boggs ZNET, August 21shree)

I'm delighted and flattered to … , are a total waste of time.

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Imperialism isn’t carried out by the sword, but through the word—we must begin with intellectual decolonization before material efforts

Ani 94 (Marimba; BA UChicago, PhD New School, former professor of African studies, current anthropologist; 1994 Yurugu: an African-Centered Critique of European Cultural Thought and Behavior P.Intro)

There is a "stultifying" intellectual mystification … which Caucasians lead us, is genocidal.

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We reject the “noble savage stereotype,” but a wholesale denial of cultural difference between people and the unique violence of Euro-American Settlerism serves as an excuse for colonialism.

Grande 99, (Sandy Marie Anglas Grande, Program In Education And Human Development, Colby College, fall 1999, Environmental Ethics 21, “Beyond the Ecologically Noble Savage: Deconstructing the White man’s Indian,”  p. 315shree)

The “we are all the … -white relations in the Americas. 

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(A)  Resolved means reduce to fundamentals by analysis

Webster 11 (www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/resolved shree)

 (1):  to become separated into … reduced by dissolving or analysis
(B)  Resolved comes before the colon—the direction of the resolution is towards the aff as a question of positionality because the clause preceding the colon must be independent.  

Punctuation Guide 11 (www.english-the-international-language.com/lessons/punctuation.html shree)

Colons are commonly used to … preceding the colon is independent.

(6)  Limits are auto-deconstructive—… provoke transgression to crazier content

Rehn and O’Doherty 7 (Alf, Department of Industrial Management, Royal Institute of Technology, Lindstedtsvägen, Damian, University of Manchester Business School, “Organization: On the Theory and Practice of Excess,” Culture and Organization, June, Vol. 13(2), pp. 99–113shree)

We have suggested that organization … to think of excess…

(B) Anyone who is so far gone that they can’t think of opposing arguments without being forced to publicly debate them won’t benefit from being forced to play devil’s advocate

Yudkowsky 8 (Eliezer, Research Fellow at the Singularity Institute June, Against Devils Advocacy http://lesswrong.com/lw/r3/against_devils_advocacy/ shree)

Believe me, I understand the Traditional argument … be too ambivalent to advocate
Lammenranta 8 (Markus, Prof Department of Philosophy University of Helsinki The Pyrrhonian Problematic, http://www.helsinki.fi/teoretiskfilosofi/personal/Lammenranta/Lammenranta_The+Pyrrhonian+Problematic.pdf shree)

There is another common way … them to suspend all belief.

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Pointing to an over-arching paradigm of ableism fails—only the perm involves attending to the details of cultural locatedness which is the starting point for their K.  

Barker and Murray 10 Clare Barker, Stuart Murray, English Professors University of Birmingham, University of Leeds, Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies Volume 4, Number 3, 2010 “Disabling Postcolonialism: Global Disability Cultures and Democratic Criticism”

Instead of imposing a hegemonic model … their understandings of specific localities.
(   )  Alternative alone can’t solve—they fail to account for the ontological and material conditions that are formative in constructing disabled lives—means case is a disad.

Barker and Murray 10 Clare Barker, Stuart Murray, English Professors University of Birmingham, University of Leeds, Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies Volume 4, Number 3, 2010 “Disabling Postcolonialism: Global Disability Cultures and Democratic Criticism”

A vital step toward such … formative in constructing disabled lives.

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(   ) Invocation of community or identity aren’t about “greater inclusion” or “hierarchies of authenticity” but about resisting appropriation of Indian culture which means we avoid unconditional violence—refusing the viability of communities in favor of atomization are part and parcel of the strategy of the colonizers—that’s Churchill 8.  The alternative’s postmodern appeals to hybridity aids in imperialism

Grande 4 (Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Red Pedagogy, p 107shree)

That being said, postmodern constructions … consume all that it produces.
(   )  Cultural Relativism DA—overblurring of boundaries mystifies the structural and material relation of power that authorizes a retreat from social transformation—solves none of the case

Grande 4 (Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Red Pedagogy, p 114shree)

In a postmodern world where "everything … the existing hierarchies of power.
(   )  Materialism DA—focusing on heterogeneity posits a reactive pedagogy that privileges discursive quibbles instead of confronting material domination.

Grande 4 (Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, Red Pedagogy, p 22-24shree)

Insofar as they theorize against "… transformation with a politics of representation.

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(   )  They footnote indigenous struggles in their attempt to make ecological ethics central, marginalizing indigenous knowledges in the academy—impacted by case.  Refusing to evaluate specific indigenous struggles in favor of generalities like “all oppression came from how we treat animals” is blind to the different magnitudes in which raced subjects experience subjugation and can’t solve the 1AC

Harper 10 (Amie Breeze Harper is a PhD Candidate at University of California- Davis in the field of Critical Food Geographies, Race as a “Feeble Matter” in Veganism: Interrogating whiteness, geopolitical privilege, and consumption philosophy of “cruelty-free” products, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 3, 2010shree)

Racialized spaces create racialized psychic … as whiteness as the norm. 

 (   )  Even if they win root cause, vote aff—empirics prove that single issue focus on intrinsic ecological ethics can’t mobilize enough political support to solve—the perm is comparatively better even if there’s residual links

Sztybel 10 (David, Sztybel was born in Toronto, Ontario. He obtained his BA in philosophy in 1991, his MA in 1994, and his PhD in 2000 – for a thesis entitled "Empathy and Rationality in Ethics" – from the University of Toronto. He fulfilled an Advisory Research Committee Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Queen's University (2001-2002), held a fellowship at the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics (2007–2011), and a research fellowship at the University of Vienna (2011 to present).  Rebuttal #2 to Dr. Perlo on Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Appeals, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 1/2, 2010shree)

Dr. Perlo has been good … swaying considerable numbers of speciesists.
 (   )  Alt doesn’t solve case—even if they shift to ethical consumption practices, they continue to do it on the backs of murdered native bodies 

Harper 10 (Amie Breeze Harper is a PhD Candidate at University of California- Davis in the field of Critical Food Geographies, Race as a “Feeble Matter” in Veganism: Interrogating whiteness, geopolitical privilege, and consumption philosophy of “cruelty-free” products, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 3, 2010shree)

Though race is a social construction, … particularly with the EU (Carrier, 2007).

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Even if we lose the root cause debate, the affirmative is a prerequisite – Native American class consciousness is uniquely placed to disrupt capitalism because they have been not only the first targeted by capitalist violence such as the legacy of genocide but they have a history of an unalienated relationship with the land that is not based off of violent dispossession – absent this historical interrogation their revolution has no blueprint for a postcapitalist society
Libretti 01
(Tim, professor of English and Women's Studies at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago, Ph.D from the University of Michigan MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 47, Number 1, Spring 2001, pp. 164-189, The Johns Hopkins University Press)ERM

And it is this issue … genre is a place to begin.

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(  ) No Solvency—Deconstruction can’t account for material conditions and has no positive program—it’s opposed to indigenous worldviews

Fejfar 7 (Anthony J, B.A. Philosophy, Magna Cum Laude, Creighton University, J.D., With Distinction, University of Nebraska College of Law, “Deconstructing Deconstruction: Deconstructing Derrida”, http://www.scribd.com/doc/980/Deconstructing-Deconstruction-Deconstructing-Derrida) 

I have heard that Derrida … cannot support any positive statements.  
(  ) It justifies cultural relativism and racist violence

Wolin 4 (Richard, B.A. from Reed College--M.A. … fascism : from Nietzsche to postmodernism, p. 234)

CHAPTER SIX Moreover, one can … hostility and even my hatred."
(  ) Deconstruction’s focus on semantics precludes focus on material oppression

Wolin 4 (Richard, B.A. from Reed College--M.A. … fascism : from Nietzsche to postmodernism, p. 229-230)

Deconstruction and the "Political" The … utility are futile or unserious.27 

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(  ) Turn—Diagnosing our kritik … they make their impacts inevitable.

Dean 2 (Tim – dept of English and the Center for the Study of Psychoanalysis and Culture at SUNY-Buffalo, "Art as Symptom: Žižek and the Ethics of Psychoanalytic Criticism," Diacritics, v. 32, pp. 22-23shree)

If, according to Lacan at … self-evident but lurking everywhere.
(  ) The alternative risks silence, which is infinitely worse than the potential for “ethical cannibalism”—impacted by case. Some appropriations are good even if there’s some commodification—that’s true in the historical context of natives—that’s Alcoff—1% risk means you vote aff.

Kleinman and Kleinman 96 (Arthur and Joan. “The appeal of experience; the dismay of images: Cultural appropriations of suffering in our times,” Daedalus. Winter 1996. Vol.125, Iss. 1; pg. 1-24shree)

It is necessary to balance … and to craft humane responses.
(  ) Alternative solves nothing—it’s intellectual masturbation that ends in violence

Critchley 9 (Simon Critchley, professor of philosophy at the New School, studied philosophy at the University of Essex and the University of Nice, Ph.D. in philosophy, Chief Philosopher of the International Necronautical Society, "Violent Thoughts About Slavoj Zizek", www.nakedpunch.com/articles/39)

But, in a final twist, Zizek … will come back to that.

(  ) Even if they’re right that academic discourses have a possibility of being commodified, this only happens when we’ve self-marginalized ourselves into a prescribed political space—our performance of the 1AC is an occupation of the space in the activity that generates the epistemological confrontation necessary for activism. Total social death is only possible when we’ve submissive to the status quo.

Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9 (The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC; http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, 11/19 shree) 

In this graveyard our actions … . We will find one another.
(   )  Given that they have no real intention of implementing the alternative beyond the empty gesture of the ballot, the criticism turns itself by giving us false ideological distance from the existing order—placing us more firmly within it.

Donahue 1 (Brian, Department of English, Gonzaga University, “Marxism, Postmodernism, Žižek,” Postmodern Culture,12.2, Project Muse)

Developing this idea in specifically … pursuit of clearly understood interests.

(  ) They aren’t over-identification, … the heartstrings and re-asserts moralism. 

Pope 6 (Richard, a dual PhD Candidate in Communication and Culture at York University and in Communication Studies at the European Graduate School, where he is studying with Zizek. Cultural Psychoanalysis, or Theory, Resurrected; Theory and Event 9:1shree)

This is a hard and more … , is that of David Lynch.

They make a leap from psychoanalyzing … you vote aff on presumption.

Robinson 5 (Andrew Robinson, PhD in political theory at the University of Nottingham, 2005, Theory and Event 8.1shree)

The operation of the logic … transformation of the debate community.

Paik 5 (Peter, Assistant Professor in Comparative Literature at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, 2005, Theory and Event, Vol. 8, No. 2shree)

However, is this apparently synoptic … to the realm of politics.16 

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(  ) Free will exists—neuroscience 

Machan 95 (Tibor, A professor emeritus in the department of philosophy at Auburn University, Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Business and Economics at Chapman University in Orange, California. A Brief Defense of Free Will, http://mol.redbarn.org/objectivism/writing/TiborMachan/DefenseOfFreeWill.html shree)

Finally, there is also the … which we in fact behave.
(  ) Their science will prove our argument

Wolchover 12 (Natalie, Staff Writer, Is Free Will an Illusion? Scientists, Philosophers Forced to Differ
By: Natalie Wolchover, Life's Little Mysteries Staff Writer, March 21, http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/2261-free-exist-fate.html shree)

A counterargument came from Hilary … to override their brains' predispositions.
(  ) No eternal return

Wikipedia quoting Kaufmann 74 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_return#cite_note-18)

Nietzsche scholar Walter Kaufmann has … line-up would never recur.”

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Ethical Mediation DA—they make the … responsibility and turns the case

Kappeler 95  (Susanne, Associate Professor at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11shree)

We are the war' does … therefore subject to human control. 12 

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Perm do both.  We deploy the generic terms in a context or intention that is critical of the colonizer’s worldview which gave rise to the terms.  Critiques of terminology have little effect on the actual treatment of indigenous people—becoming obsessed with political correctness maintains the status quo.  

d’Errico 98, (Peter, Legal Studies Department @ U.Mass, “Native American Indian Studies – A Note on Names”, http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html shree)

"American Indians" derives from … generic name imposed on them.
The impact to linguistic reform is trivial, it masquerades as a substitute for material transformation, and make it more difficult to root out and counteract its undesirable effect.  Prefer our ev because it’s specific to debate.

Roskoski and Peabody 91 (Matthew and Joe, A Linguistic and Philosophical Critique of Language Arguments, http://debate.uvm.edu/Library/DebateTheoryLibrary/RoskoskiandPeabody-LangCritiques, accessed 10/17/02)

Previously, we have argued that … about the underlying societal problem..." (560).

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(  ) Perm do the plan and all non-competitive parts of the alternative—exercising the will politically is not necessarily moralizing messianism—we recognize that the body is thrown into a network of social practices and meanings, its orientation towards them is constantly in flux. We endorse an experimental ethics of world-changing—the alternative of uncritical assent cedes politics and negates the Other without justification

May 5 (Todd, prof @ Clemson. “To change the world, to celebrate life,” Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31:5-6 p 517–531shree)

To change the world and … your world up for you.
(  ) Not all suffering is inevitable and it’s bad to equate all types, some suffering is intentionally inflicted and can be prevented

Weinhold 4 (Jessica, “Help your congregation do something about violence,” Fall http://www.pcusa.org/ideas/2004fall/violence.htm shree)

It is important to note … the aff prevents life affirmation

Edelglass 6 (William, Department of Philosophy, Colby College in Maine, “Levinas on Suffering and Compassion,” Sophia, Volume 45, Issue 2, October 2006, pg. 43-59, SpringerLink, pdf)

According to Levinas's phenomenology, mild … is both severe and unjustified.
(  ) Particularly true in the context of the aff—their account of value to life is privileged—they are telling the natives to enjoy their genocide. 

Nussbaum 94 (Martha, David Benedict Professor, Professor of Philosophy and Classics, and Adjunct Professor of Comparative Literature at Brown University, 1994, Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals, ed. Richard Schacht, p. 158-59shree)

We now turn to the … not inspire him with weakness.
(  ) The alternative risks silence, which is infinitely worse than the potential for “turns”—impacted by case. Some appropriations are good even if there’s some commodification—that’s true in the historical context of natives—that’s Alcoff—1% risk means you vote aff.

Kleinman and Kleinman 96 (Arthur and Joan. “The appeal of experience; the dismay of images: Cultural appropriations of suffering in our times,” Daedalus. Winter 1996. Vol.125, Iss. 1; pg. 1-24shree)

It is necessary to balance … and to craft humane responses.

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(   )  Psychoanalysis is non-verifiable – the studies that warrant their theory are vacuous

Mahrer 99 (Alvin R., professor emeritus at the University of Ottawa School of Psychology, “Embarrassing Problems for the Field of Psychotherapy” John Wileyand Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 1147–1156, 1999. p. 1151, via Wiley Inter Scienceshree)

Most scientists believe that if … is a public relations success story.
(   )  Attempting to verify their psychological principles through appeals to empirical data inherently because it assumes there exists some Archimedean point outside psychology from which to analyze it

Giegerich 1 (Wolfgang, Ph.D from Berkeley and former Professor of German Literature at Rutgers, The Soul’s Logical Life, p. 95-96shree)

With the eccentric standpoint, consciousness … neg¬ativity of its inner infinity.

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(   )  Psychoanalysis is non-verifiable – the studies that warrant their theory are vacuous

Mahrer 99 (Alvin R., professor emeritus at the University of Ottawa School of Psychology, “Embarrassing Problems for the Field of Psychotherapy” John Wileyand Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 1147–1156, 1999. p. 1151, via Wiley Inter Scienceshree)

Most scientists believe that if … is a public relations success story.
(   )  Attempting to verify their psychological principles through appeals to empirical data inherently because it assumes there exists some Archimedean point outside psychology from which to analyze it

Giegerich 1 (Wolfgang, Ph.D from Berkeley and former Professor of German Literature at Rutgers, The Soul’s Logical Life, p. 95-96shree)

With the eccentric standpoint, consciousness … neg¬ativity of its inner infinity.

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Turn – they either double turn themselves by using a binary critique of binaries or they fail to solve the aff – strategic use of binaries is necessary to address the complexities of settler colonialism otherwise genocide is made invisible
Smith 10
(Andrea, “Queer Theory and Native Studies: The Heteronormativity of Settler Colonialism,” GLQ 16:1-2, DOI 10.1215/10642684-2009-012, accessed 9-18-12 Bosley)

Thus, while queer theorists such … will always continue to exist.

Affirming empty identities fails in the context of Native American genocide – colonization relied on the Native as an empty signifier to be dominated
Smith 10
(Andrea, “Queer Theory and Native Studies: The Heteronormativity of Settler Colonialism,” GLQ 16:1-2, DOI 10.1215/10642684-2009-012, accessed 9-18-12 Bosley)

Besides providing a helpful place from … savagery or disappear into “civilization.”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Case outweighs any risk of co-option
Koukkanen 3 (Rauna Kuokkanen, from Samiland, has recently completed her PhD at the University of British Columbia on Indigenous epistemes and the academy. In January 2005 she will commence her post-doctoral fellowship with a collaborative research project on globalization and autonomy at McMaster University.  “Toward a New Relation of Hospitality in the Academy,” The American Indian Quarterly 27.1and2 (2003) 267-295 shree)

Further, as knowing is often … and inscribing hospitality in its practices.
 
Politics is hermeneutical, not empirical — our genealogical interrogation describes the world better than objective “data” which can never exist independently of the observer
Deacon 2K (Roger; Professor of Philosophy and Education Theory at the University of Natal; "Theory as Practice: Foucault's Concept of Problematization"; Telos; Winter 2000; Issue 118; p.1 27+shree)

Even if it has begun to operationalize … also a product of a perpetual struggle.(n52) 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Contention One – The Foundational Violence of US Energy Policy
What drives U.S. energy policy, why now? On the heels of the renewed war in Iraq, War on Terror, war in Afghanistan, economic recessions, failed and slowing recoveries, increasing signs of worldwide environmental destruction and global economic interdependence; the U.S. has determined again to renew interest in increasing energy production to meet American demand while simultaneously decreasing dependence on outside energy sources and experimenting with less ecologically violent forms of production.
In response to these exigencies, the affirmative is asked to increase energy production in the U.S. While we affirm that action is desperately needed, we must know that such action is never as simple as the demand asks.
 
One needs look no further than how the U.S. is responding to the pressure for increased so-called “domestic energy” production through energy imperialism by relying on legal divisions in indigenous communities
Press Release 12 (Office of Hawaiian Senator Daniel Akaka, http://akaka.senate.gov/print-release.cfm?method=releases.viewandid=6b083a29-9fd7-4103-8c87-b1e41bc5fd3f) PM

WASHINGTON D.C. - U.S. Senator Daniel K. Akaka …improve energy development on Native lands."

 
This turn to indigenous communities, lands and resources for increased U.S. domestic energy production is not innocent or new. American energy production and consumption is intrinsically linked to violent colonialisms.  
Thomas-Muller 05 (Clayton, Cree Indian and a Native energy organizer for the Indigenous Environmental Network, Moving the Movement for Transportation Justice Vol 12, No1, http://urbanhabitat.org/node/307) PM

The link between unsustainable energy consumption … in our attitudes towards the sacredness of Mother Earth.

U.S. energy policy, domestic production and indigenous lands are necessarily linked together in a sovereign relationship. Which lands fall under U.S. jurisdiction, who has authority over those lands, what counts as resources, even if sovereignty is possible are all prior questions to answering if or how we can increase energy production in the U.S.
Current U.S. policy with and over indigenous communities is rooted in a foundational moment of sovereign violence, a zone of in-distinction where they are both inside and outside of U.S. jurisdiction. Indigenous peoples are included in U.S. doctrine, legislation and court standings in so much as they are excluded, a negative presence on which the rest of American society is built.
As the discussion of energy production policy demonstrates, territory and geopolitics makes this form of sovereign relationship foundational to understanding all U.S.–Indigenous relationships and policies. The initial U.S. move to declare sovereign authority over land already occupied by indigenous communities has made possible the violent history of energy policy.
Moreover, this sovereign relationship is meta-political. This is not an issue of specific content, issues or policies but of the very foundation for what constitutes “the political.” Rather than focusing on the race or culture of indigenous communities, we must trace U.S. imperialist violence to sovereignty.
Rifkin 09 (Mark, Professor of English at UNC-Greensboro, “Indigenizing Agamben: Rethinking sovereignty in light of the peculiar status of native peoples,” Cultural Critique 73, Fall, p. 89-91) PM 

What does “sovereignty” mean in the context …, the “peculiar”-ization of Native peoples.

2012 legislation and court decisions have reaffirmed the exceptional and paradoxical space of indigenous communities relative to the United States. Sovereignty is the key issue that must be grappled with else imperialist violence will continue.
Wilkins 12 (David, McNight Presidential Professorship in American Indian Studies at the University of Minnesota, “Federal Assumptions that Enfeeble Native America,” Indian Country Today, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ict_sbc/federal-assumptions-that-enfeeble-native-america) PM

Native American people and the distinctive …and the larger state and society.

This discussion does not occur on a neutral playing field; Elyssa and I both benefit from our position of settler privilege on stolen Algonquian land. However, in an attempt to de-hegemonize our privilege:

JMU BM affirms that the United States federal government should remove all restrictions on Native American energy production in the United States for: coal, natural gas, nuclear power, oil, solar power, wind power. 

Contention Two – Interrupting US Energy Imperialism
While we don’t defend an instrumental adoption of the plan, the 1AC functions as a discursive entry point to trace and call into question the sovereign violence that founds U.S. energy policy and energy production. Voting affirmative uses the language and tools of sovereignty to highlight the contradictions, paradoxes and state of exception that indigenous communities exist in with relation to U.S. energy policy.
While this strategy risks violence, the countercitation of sovereignty highlights the groundless of existing U.S. policy which can only incorporate indigenous communities through sovereignty violence. Our discursive entry opens the indigenous-sovereign state of exception for new possible relationships.
Rifkin 09 (Mark, Professor of English at UNC-Greensboro, “Indigenizing Agamben: Rethinking sovereignty in light of the peculiar status of native peoples,” Cultural Critique 73, Fall, p. 108-115) PM 

This effort to find a way to ameliorate the force …institutional structures of the settler-state.

Debate is key—repudiation of Euro-American imperialism in academia helps establish modes of knowledge production that file away at systems of domination
Dei 2 (George Sefa, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies@ Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, “Rethinking the Role of Indigenous Knowledges in the Academy,” The Research Network for New Approaches to Lifelong Learning, http://www.nall.ca/res/58GeorgeDei.pdf shree) 

Ultimately, we have to consider the role of Indigenous … our academic communicative and pedagogical practices.

 
Speaking for groups by acknowledging suffering has been empirically effective in the context of indigeneity
Alcoff 92
(Linda, Syracuse Philosophy, “The Problem of Speaking for Others” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html shree)

While the "Charge of Reductionism" response has been …can be garnered in no other way.

 
We must abandon band-aid solutions for an epistemic overhaul
Deloria Jr. 99 (Vine, For This Land: Writing on Religion in America, p. 101-7) PM 

But this replacement only begins the task of liberation… reasoning are the primary tools For gaining knowledge.  

Case outweighs any risk of co-option
Koukkanen 3 (Rauna Kuokkanen, from Samiland, has recently completed her PhD at the University of British Columbia on Indigenous epistemes and the academy. In January 2005 she will commence her post-doctoral fellowship with a collaborative research project on globalization and autonomy at McMaster University.  “Toward a New Relation of Hospitality in the Academy,” The American Indian Quarterly 27.1and2 (2003) 267-295 shree)

Further, as knowing is often associated with power and control, …hospitable academy and inscribing hospitality in its practices.

 
The Indian functions as the prior ontological stage for modern theory
Byrd, citizen of the Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma and an Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 11
(Jodi, “Transit of Empire,” p. xxxv, accessed via Google Books 11-25-12 Bosley)

To that end, the first chapter interrogates the Indian … global wars on terror, the environment, and livability.

Focus on inclusion functions as an epistemic tradeoff that strengthens colonialism
Byrd, citizen of the Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma and an Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies and English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 11
(Jodi, “Transit of Empire,” p. xvii, accessed via Google Books 11-25-12 Bosley)

There is more than one way to frame … into complicity with settler colonialism. 

Isolating policy from politics re-entrenches hegemonic ideology construction—leads to bad policy-making because technocracy relies on fabricated narratives of control
Carpentier 11
(Nico, asst prof comm @  Vrije Universiteit Brussel “Policy’s Hubris: Power, Fantasy, and the Limits of (Global) Media Policy Interventions” The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy, First Edition.shree)

This discussion on the nature of policy brings us …exterior to the practices that bring it into being.” 

 
Overly narrow technocratic deliberation fail to confront injustice
Norval 12
(Alleta, University of Essex—Government, ''Don't Talk Back!''−−The Subjective Conditions of Critical Public Debate”, Political Theory December 2012 vol. 40 no. 6 802-810)

While Habermas’s sentiments clearly mirror the disdain … by the world coming into being.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Monocultures DA—Definitional limits and “topical version” perpetuates colonialism by accepting natives only if they’re in-line with Western norms—try-or-die for the aff’s creative process approach 

Baker 8 (Michael, U Rochester, Eurocentrism and the Modern/Colonial Curriculum: Towards a Post-Eurocentric Math and Science Education – A Critical Interpretive Review, http://www.academia.edu/1517810/Towards_a_Post-Eurocentric_Math_and_Science_Education_~-~-_A_Critical_Interpretive_Review)

This essay reviews literature in … ways of making sense”

Deliberative democracy cant solve- Does not rectify injustices that keep voices of less privileged out of debates over the USFG and Divorcing ourselves from ideology continues the historical amnesia- that’s street impacted in the case overview
Dryzek 2005 (John S., PhD, Professor of Political Science and Australian Research Council Federation Fellow. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, former Head of the Departments of Political Science at the Universities of Oregon and Melbourne and the Social and Political Theory program at ANU, and former editor of the Australian Journal of Political Science,
Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia, Political Theory, http://www.chinesedemocratization.com/materials/6DryzekDeliDemDividedSocieties.pdf)ERM

I consider how deliberative … develop elements of both.

1AR Card
Debunking naturalized assumptions is key—leftist technocracy is insufficient
Mignolo 6 (Chaired Professor and Director, Center for Global Studies and the Humanities, at Duke University, Walter, Citizenship, Knowledge, and the Limits of Humanity, American Literary History 18.2, 312-331.  Note - The expression "pensée unique" (French for "single thought") describes the claimed supremacy of neoliberalism as an ideology) 

When the idea of "citizenship" … center) took away from them. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Here’s evidence to prove the distinction
Layne, Professor of International Relations at Rexas AandM, 2010
(Yes, the one you’re thinking of - Christopher, Professor and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at Texas AandM's George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service. "Graceful decline: the end of Pax Americana". The American Conservative. May 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7060/is_5_9/ai_n54223596/)

The foundational American myth …need to change the way we see the world.

Their data is flawed or cooked – global conflict is increasing
Arquilla, Professor in the Special Operations Program at the US Naval Postgraduate School, 12-3-12
(John, also PhD in International Relations and chairman of the Defense Analysis department at the US Naval Postgraduate School, “The Big Kill: Sorry, Steven Pinker, the world isn’t getting less violent.” 12-3-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/03/the_big_kill?print=yesandhidecomments=yesandpage=full, accessed 12-4-12 Bosley)

The Human Security Report … he may even have found a fresh mount. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Chapter 1: A History of Dispossession

The exploration of the Americas …The legacy of dispossession continues today.
 
One needs look no further than how the U.S. is respondingto the pressure for so-called “domestic energy” production through energy imperialism by relying on legal divisions in indigenous communities
Press Release 12 (Office of Hawaiian Senator Daniel Akaka, 2-16-12, http://akaka.senate.gov/print-release.cfm?method=releases.viewandid=6b083a29-9fd7-4103-8c87-b1e41bc5fd3f) PM 

WASHINGTON D.C. - U.S. Senator … development on Native lands."

 
This turn to indigenous communities, lands and resources for increased U.S. domestic energy production is not innocent or new. American energy production and consumption is intrinsically linked to violent colonialisms.  
Thomas-Muller 2005 (Clayton, Cree Indian and a Native energy organizer for the Indigenous Environmental Network, Moving the Movement for Transportation Justice Vol 12, No1, http://urbanhabitat.org/node/307) PM

The link between unsustainable .. the sacredness of Mother Earth.
 
U.S. civil society’s comportment towards energy production is premised on the structural imposition of an epistemology of “possession”—the belief that humans have a right to possess and dispose of the land and its “resources” as they see fit - that’s responsible for the genocide of indigenous populations
Moreton-Robinson 8 (Aileen, Professor of Indigenous Studies at the Queensland University of Technology. “Writing off Treaties: White Possession in the United States Critical Whiteness Studies Literature.” Transnational Whiteness Matters, 2008. pp. 81-98shree)

Whiteness studies proliferated … sovereign incommensurable difference.  
 
Genocidal assaults on indigenous populations set the foundation for serial policy failure in imperialist campaigns abroad—risks extinction.
Street 4 (Paul Street, phD in History from Binghamton, march 11, “Those Who Deny the Crimes of the Past,” http://www.zcommunications.org/those-who-deny-the-crimes-of-the-past-by-paul-street shree)

It is especially important … who came to destroy.
 
An analysis of oppression that neglects a paradigmatic analysis of indigenous genocide has failed to come to prior material conditions—indigenous criticism is the first priority
Churchill 3 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p 263-5shree)

I am here, however…within its purported borders.

Thus, JMU BM affirms the resolution as a site of interrogation to analyze the historical paradigm of Settlerism that undergirds energy production in the United States.

Chapter 2:  Lay the West to Rest
We don’t defend the instrumental adoption of energy production—instead, we affirm the resolution as a locus to trace the lineage of political repugnancies in the U.S.
Churchill 3 (Ward, Acts of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, p. xv-xvii) PM

The question arises of … than that made on 9-1-1.
Debate is key—repudiation of Euro-American imperialism in academia helps establish modes of knowledge production that file away at systems of domination
Dei 2 (George Sefa, Professor of Sociology and Equity Studies@ Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, “Rethinking the Role of Indigenous Knowledges in the Academy,” The Research Network for New Approaches to Lifelong Learning, http://www.nall.ca/res/58GeorgeDei.pdf shree) 

Ultimately, we have to consider …and pedagogical practices.

The 1AC’s gesture towards impossible realism is productive—you should be skeptical of arguments refuting solvency for our method
Churchill 96 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, “From a Native Son”, p.85-90shree)

The question which … worked on attaining it?
 
Speaking for groups by acknowledging suffering has been empirically effective in the context of indigeneity
Alcoff 92
(Linda, Syracuse Philosophy, “The Problem of Speaking for Others” http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html shree)

While the "Charge of Reductionism" … in no other way.

 
While each indigenous collective has different histories and traditions, strategic essentialism is key—reinforcing the common experience of Eurocentric domination is key to prevent atomization that mystifies the violence of colonialism
Churchill 8 (Ward, ex-Prof of Ethnic Studies @ U of Colorado, “I Am Indigenist,” November 18, http://www.zcommunications.org/i-am-indigenist-by-ward-churchill shree)

The manifestation of indigenism …almost five centuries of Eurocentric domination.9

 
Case outweighs any risk of co-option
Koukkanen 3 (Rauna Kuokkanen, from Samiland, has recently completed her PhD at the University of British Columbia on Indigenous epistemes and the academy. In January 2005 she will commence her post-doctoral fellowship with a collaborative research project on globalization and autonomy at McMaster University.  “Toward a New Relation of Hospitality in the Academy,” The American Indian Quarterly 27.1and2 (2003) 267-295 shree)

Further, as knowing is often …inscribing hospitality in its practices.

Any alternative that refuses to interrogate Settler Colonialism re-entrenches the status quo
Moreton-Robinson 8 (Aileen, Professor of Indigenous Studies at the Queensland University of Technology. “Writing off Treaties: White Possession in the United States Critical Whiteness Studies Literature.” Transnational Whiteness Matters, 2008. pp. 81-98shree)

Despite the colonial history…its continued existence.