Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

1NC

T

Interpretation – Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced. Aff only reduces a regulation on production.

Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf

The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
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to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures. 

On is exclusive

Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)

The Standard Dictionary defines the word "on" as follows: "In or
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are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

Production refers to primary energy extraction for a specific list of sources

Energici 12 (provides business intelligence and decision support services to companies and investors active in the wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and bioenergy industries. Specializes in providing robust research, analysis and intelligence coverage of trends and developments) February "PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION (MONTHLY)" http://www.energici.com/energy-profiles/by-country/europe-m-z/sweden/49-countries/north-america/usa/usa-geothermal/449-primary-energy-production

Definition : Primary Energy Production is the amount of energy converted from a primary energy
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and wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption and biofuels feedstock. 

Voting issue –

1. Including regulations is a limits disaster.

Doub 76 Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy Annual Review of Energy Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976) DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby %26 MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President’s Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970.  He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council.  Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435

FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in
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agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception. 

2. Precision – A distinction between regulation and restrictions is key.

Sinha 6 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/ Supreme Court of India Union Of India %26 Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries on 7 November, 2006 Author: S.B. Sinha Bench: S Sinha, Mark, E Katju CASE NO.: Writ Petition (civil) 4695 of 2006 PETITIONER: Union of India %26 Ors. RESPONDENT: M/s. Asian Food Industries DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/11/2006  BENCH:  S.B. Sinha %26 Markandey Katju  JUDGMENT:  J U D G M E N T  ~Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17008 of 2006~ WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4696 OF 2006 ~Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17558 of 2006~  S.B. SINHA, J :
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P
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the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

2NC

T

2NC- Regulation Not Restriction

Qualitative difference—regulation is how you do something

Schackleford 17, justice – Supreme Court of Florida, 3/12 (J., "ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILROAD COMPANY, A CORPORATION, et al., Plaintiff in Error, v. THE STATE OF FLORIDA, Defendant in Error," 73 Fla. 609; 74 So. 595; 1917 Fla. LEXIS 487)

There would seem to be no occasion to discuss whether or not the Railroad Commissioners
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failure to comply with the order for the erection of a union depot.

Regulation is distinct from restriction of production

Qureshi 46 Indian representative at the United Nations Social and Economic council
http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90220091.pdf-http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90220091.pdf

Mr. Chairman, I would like to point out that in Article 47, Paragraph 1, the regulation of production should not mean restriction of production, otherwise the whole aim of raising the standard of living will be defeated; nor should it mean to discourage the production of certain commodities if certain countries find it necessary to do so and to expand their production in the interests of their country.  

’Restrictions’ must be direct and immediate limitations– otherwise it’s a regulation

CJ Veeraswami 66 (Former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, India) "T.M. Kannappa Mudaliar And Ors. vs The State Of Madras" Majority opinion,
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/838831/

The collection of a toll or a tax for the use of a road or
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Das, J., in Automobile Transport Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan 

2NC- Conditions/Incentive

Those aren’t restrictions.

Pashman 63, justice – New Jersey Supreme Court, 3/25 (Morris, "ISIDORE FELDMAN, PLAINTIFF AND THIRD-PARTY PLAINTIFF, v. URBAN COMMERCIAL, INC., AND OTHERS, DEFENDANT," 78 N.J. Super. 520; 189 A.2d 467; 1963 N.J. Super. LEXIS 479)

HN3A title insurance policy "is subject to the same rules of construction as are
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against the person or persons seeking to enforce them." (Emphasis added)

Even if similar, they aren’t restrictions on production.

Priebe ’99 (Director of Agricultural Economic Law, European Commission)
Rhinehard, Production Rights in European Agriculture p.200
The milk quota system, to quote the prime example, is a levy imposed
AND
is another example of this form of restriction. This ev. gender paraphrased

2NC- Limits

We’ll quantify limits explosion—

1. Research hours—

Regulations are FIVE MILLION research hours

Tugwell 88 The Energy Crisis and the American Political Economy: Politics and Markets in
AND
). Dr. Tugwell received a PhD in political science from Columbia University. 

 Finally, administering energy regulations proved a costly and cumbersome endeavor, exacting a
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regulatory process also exceeded %241 billion a year from 1974 to 1980.^

So much lit they had to establish an overflow court to handle challenges

Edwards 80 JUDGES: Before EDWARDS, LEAR and WATKINS, JJ. OPINION BY: EDWARDS AYOU BOUILLON CORPORATION, ET AL. v. ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY
 No. 13229  Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit  385 So. 2d 834; 1980 La. App. LEXIS 3972; 67 Oil %26 Gas Rep. 240   May 5, 1980  PRIOR HISTORY:  ~1~  ON APPEAL FROM THE 18TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, PARISH OF IBERVILLE, HONORABLE EDWARD N. ENGOLIO, JUDGE.

 Comprehending the applicability and complexity of federal energy regulation necessitates both a stroll down the tortuous legislative path and a review of legal challenges so numerous as to require the establishment of a Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals. 

2. Regulatory barriers affs

Opens the door to a proflieration of nukes affs that are currently not allowed

Geoffrey Rothwell 1992 (Senior research associate with the Center for Economic Policy Research Stanford University http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n1/reg15n1-rothwell.html-http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n1/reg15n1-rothwell.html)

Commercial nuclear power is the world’s most regulated industry. The early reason for heavy
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of reactors on a cost-plus basis during the next ten years.  

Specifically, radiation regulations

David Lochbaum 2010 (Union of Concerned Scientists, "The NRCs Inconsistent Oversight of Radioactive Release from Nuclear Power Plants" www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-radioactive-releases.pdf)

While it is not possible to eliminate the risks of radioactive releases, the NRC
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, the NRC has allowed plant owners to violate these regulations with impunity.

Industrial boiler regulations that block chemical manufactures—barrier for all fossil fuels

Nichola Groom and Branden Reddall 11/7/2012 (Reuters, "Harsher energy regulations seen in Obama’s second term" www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usa-campaign-energy-companies-obama-idUSBRE8A60N920121107)

Obama is also likely to implement long-delayed emissions regulations for industrial boilers that are commonly used by chemical makers. The centerpiece provision, Boiler MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology), was proposed in 2004 but effectively shot down by courts before the EPA revived it in 2011.

3. Opens non-policy barriers to renewable development

Nichola Groom and Branden Reddall 11/7/2012 (Reuters, "Harsher energy regulations seen in Obama’s second term" www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usa-campaign-energy-companies-obama-idUSBRE8A60N920121107)

Renewable energy also faces obstacles that are not directly related to policy: competition from low-priced natural gas; lack of infrastructure to connect projects to the grid; and a glut of solar panels putting manufacturers out of business. Yet having Obama back was broadly welcomed by most in the green business.

2NC- Precision

Restriction is narrower than regulation—precision key

US District Court 9—Judge Thomas E. Johnson, US District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/west-virginia/wvsdce/5:2009cv00152/61171/33
The fourth prong of the Central Hudson test refers to "regulation" of speech
AND
broad or no more expansive than ’necessary’ to serve its substantial interests").  

Causes conflation in policy—"infringement", "limitation" and "denial" all become topical—prevents analysis of energy policy

Eric Heinze 3 (Senior Lecturer in Law, University of London, Queen Mary. He has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the French and German governments. He teaches Legal Theory, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Public International Law. JD Harvard) "The Logic of Liberal Rights A study in the formal analysis of legal discourse" http://mey.homelinux.org/companions/Eric%20Heinze/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20%28839%29/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20-%20Eric%20Heinze.pdf

Variety of ’restrictions’
The term ’restriction’, defined so broadly, embraces any number of familiar concepts
AND
of a formal model, for which any distinctions among them are irrelevant.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

ASPEC

(A) The Aff doesn’t specify the branch that implements the plan – USFG means 3 branches.

Babylon.com, ’7 (http://www.babylon.com/definition/United_States_federal_government/English)
This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, see Politics of the United States. The federal government of the United States is the United States governmental body that carries out the roles assigned to the federation of individual states established by the Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. 

And, the agent of action test – The Aff has to specify in their plan text what is necessary for the plan to take effect.  Not specifying the branch doesn’t meet since the "USFG" isn’t an agent and there wouldn’t be a political channel to implement the plan.

Chicago Manual of Style, ’3
(http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles32.html, accessed 10/16/07)

The government of the United States is not a single official entity. Nor is it when it is referred to as the federal government or the U.S. government or the U.S. federal government. It’s just a government, which, like those in all countries, has some official bodies that act and operate in the name of government: the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.

(B) This is a voter —

1. CP Ground – Specifying in the plan is key to Agent CP competition and agent comparison is crucial to policy education.

Stoddard, ’97 (Professor of law at New York University, 72 New York University Law Review 967)

Many of my colleagues seeking social justice have deliberately avoided  legislatures in recent decades,
AND
may, in the end, be as  important as what it says.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

PTIX

Obama is spending all of his political capital on CIR now, the vote will be soon, and it will pass on a razor thin vote.
Gary Martin 3/28/13, http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

A Republican Party in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
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experiences along the way," said Frank Sharry, America’s Voice executive director.

Alternative energy face massive opposition.
Peter Behr and Joel Kirkland 11/7, E%26E reporters http://www.eenews.net/public/energywire/2012/11/07/1

But the return of a Republican-controlled House also means that Obama’s pitch for
AND
said Furchtgott-Roth, author of a book slamming these Obama initiatives.

CIR is key to the economy and resolving aging
Krudy 1/29/13. (Edward, Reuters, "Immigration reform seen boosting US economic growth." Hosted by NBC News Business http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298-http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298)

The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
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estate market. Some large companies have fallen foul of tougher enforcement regulations.
Extinction.
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Resolving the US Aging crisis solves global aging—immigration key
Haas, ’7 (Political Science Professor — Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
AND
the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.
Multiple nuclear wars.
Jackson %26 Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS %26 Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

1NR

Overview

Highly skilled immigration key to a clean energy transition – plan can’t solve without CIR and CIR solves the case
Herman and Smith in ’10 Richard T. Herman is the founder of Richard T. Herman %26 Associates, an immigration and business law firm in Cleveland, Ohio which serves a global clientele in over 10 languages. He is the co-founder of a chapter of TiE, a global network of entrepreneurs started in 1992 in Silicon Valley, and Robert L. Smith is a veteran journalist who covers international cultures and immigration issues for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Ohio’s largest newspaper. "Why Immigrants Can Drive the Green Economy". June 2010. http://immigrationpolicy.org/perspectives/why-immigrants-can-drive-green-economy

Yet, the connection between immigration and the development and commercialization of alternative energy technology
AND
that the current system is broken, and that action is required now.

Preemption on wind siting bad
Rosenberg 8 (Ronald, William and Mary Law School, "Making Renewable Energy a Reality-Finding Ways to Site Wind Power Facilities" 32 Wm. %26 Mary Envtl. L. %26 Pol’y Rev. 635 (2008))
Taken together, these three statutes reflect contemporary congressional action expressing strong federal preferences and
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entity usually has the primary permitting authority even if several agencies are involved.

Impact Defense

Path citizenship key to solve on-coming aging crisis.
Cynthia Tucker 10, Pulitzer Prize Winning Journalist, http://blogs.ajc.com/cynthia-tucker/2010/11/19/we-need-immigrants-to-help-pay-the-deficit/?cp=3

If you’ve spent any time pondering those dense reports on cutting the deficit, you
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taxes." Why not add all of them to the federal tax rolls?

Latin American Relations 2NC

CIT’s key to Latin American relations
Shifter 12 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. "Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf
Some enduring problems stand squarely in the way of partnership and effective cooperation. The inability of Washington to reform its broken immigration system is a constant source of friction between the United States and nearly every other country in the Americas. Yet US officials rarely refer to immigration as a foreign policy issue. Domestic policy debates on this issue disregard the United States’ hemispheric agenda as well as the interests of other nations.
Relations are key to solve a laundry list of existential threats—-the brink is now
Shifter 12 Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. "Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America," April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf
There are compelling reasons for the United States and Latin America to pursue more robust
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—both from the United States and from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Unix Wall

Pass now – momentum.
Sunshine State News 3/28/13, http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/blog/obama-promises-immigration-reform-soon-hispanics-telemundo-univision

President Barack Obama, the ever-present campaigner, took his push for immigration
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Hispanic electorate, this could be the year the heavy lift gets done.
Strong public support.
Jon Terbush 3/28, is a staff writer for TheWeek.com covering politics, sports and other things he finds interesting. He’s previously written for Talking Points Memo, Raw Story, and Business Insider. http://theweek.com/article/index/242064/even-a-majority-of-republicans-support-legalizing-undocumented-workers

A broad majority of Americans believe the government should allow undocumented immigrants to legally remain
AND
that a slightly smaller 53 percent majority of Americans supported a citizenship path.

Reform will pass – Senates close to a consensus and other issues won’t crowd it out
Dann 3-12
Carrie Dann, NBC News, "Napolitano: Obama ’urgently awaiting’ bipartisan immigration draft" http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/12/17283744-napolitano-obama-urgently-awaiting-bipartisan-immigration-draft?lite
Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said Tuesday that the Obama administration is "
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"But now is the time when this issue rises to the top." 

Legislators are close to a deal—GOP is onboard
Fox 3-18
Lauren Fox, US News %26 World Report, March 18, 2013, "Poll Shows Republican Involvement With Immigration Reform Won’t Cause Latinos to Vote GOP" http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/18/poll-shows-republican-involvement-with-immigration-reform-wont-cause-latinos-to-vote-gop
Legislators appear closer to achieving comprehensive immigration reform than they have in years. And Republicans are coming out of the woodwork to get their party’s stamp on a bill.  In the November presidential election, the GOP got just a quarter of the Latino votes in the country. And the party is hoping softening its rhetoric and fighting hard for immigration reform could help it expand its tent. 

Disputes are resolvable.
David Yonkman 3/28/13, Washington Correspondent http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/sessions-leahy-immigration-reform/2013/03/28/id/496793
Negotiations with the eight senators were left in limbo last Friday as Congress went into
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get it done certainly before the end of the summer," Obama told Telemundo

A2: Obama not pushing

Not true – he is behind the scenes.
JULIE PACE 3/27, AP White House Correspondent, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/27/obama-immigration-bill-could-pass-by-summer/

In an effort to keep Republicans at the negotiation table, Obama has stayed relatively
AND
Congress returns from a two-week recess the week of April 8.
New controversy causes Obama to over-correct – he’ll introduce his own version – thwarts the bill
Dann 3-27 (Carrie, Political Reporter – NBC News, "Obama optimistic on immigration legislation," http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/27/17490075-obama-optimistic-on-immigration-legislation?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/27/17490075-obama-optimistic-on-immigration-legislation?lite)

As a bipartisan group of senators chips away at the remaining obstacles to an immigration
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— among this group of Democratic and Republican senators to get this done."

Aff ignored

Even bipartisan renewable energy legislation is massively controversial
Christine McEntee 8/15  is the Executive Director and CEO at the American Geophysical Union. "Science, Politics and Public Opinion," 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php

We know that objective scientific knowledge is needed to inform good policy decisions—-and
AND
national economies, public health and national security. This needs to change.
Expends political capital.
China Daily, 11-7, 12, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2012-11/07/content_15888474.htm

But environmentalists say the world’s biggest emitter, after China, of carbon dioxide can
AND
head-on by encouraging a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. 

Big energy lobbies ensure media storm
Adams, 12  (Rod, Atomic Insights,  Pro-nuclear advocate with small nuclear plant operating and design experience. Former submarine Engineer Officer. Founder, Adams Atomic Engines, Inc. Host and producer, The Atomic Show Podcast. , 7/24/12, http://atomicinsights.com/2012/07/the-atomic-show-185-is-thorium-superior-to-uranium.html-http://atomicinsights.com/2012/07/the-atomic-show-185-is-thorium-superior-to-uranium.html
Thought I did not think of phrasing it in this manner until I sat down
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fission based machines being allowed to operate on a remotely level playing field.

Pol Cap not Key

Obama has leverage – quotes internal White House staff.
Amie Parnes and Justin Sink 3/20/13, The Hill, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/289179-obama-honeymoon-may-be-over

The White House disputes any notion that Obama has lost any political capital in recent
AND
It looks like immigration is closer ~to passage~ than ever before."
Statements from Republicans prove Obama’s support is crucial.
FirstRead 2-28
~NBC News’ Politics Analysis Blog, "First Thoughts: Sequester fight already taking a toll" http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/27/17117063-first-thoughts-sequester-fight-already-taking-a-toll?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/27/17117063-first-thoughts-sequester-fight-already-taking-a-toll?lite~~

• • • John %26 Lindsey’s Excellent Meeting: Why does immigration reform still look like the
      AND
      immigration, because we also have learned the sequester standoff also came up.

Political capital is still key—-Obama’s leading negotiations with the GOP
AFP 2/19 "Obama courts key Republicans on immigration reform," 2013, Factiva
US President Barack Obama on Tuesday called key Senate Republicans, with whom he is
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certified as secure.¶ Obama has so far declined to make that linkage.
Obama has leverage now—-he’ll get what he wants on immigration specifically
Goddard 2/21 Taegan is a politics expert and founder of The Political Wire. "It’s actually the Republicans who are overreaching," 2013, http://theweek.com/article/index/240414/its-actually-the-republicans-who-are-overreaching-http://theweek.com/article/index/240414/its-actually-the-republicans-who-are-overreaching
I’ve argued before that President Obama is not overreaching on his ambitious second-term
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position right now and President Obama is using it to his political advantage.

A2: Dickinson

Prefer issue specific evidence—Political capital is necessary for policy passage
Schier 9, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton, (Steven, "Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10-http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10)
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.

Capital determines the agenda
Light 99 – Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service (Paul, the President’s Agenda, p. 34)
In chapter 2, I will consider just how capital affects the basic parameters of
AND
he will be restricted to a series of limited initiatives and vetoes.  Capital

Energy legislation specifically trades off with immigration
Page 1/15 (Susan, USA Today, "How Obama can avoid the second-term curse" 1/15/13 http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/01/14/obama-second-term-curse/1834765/)
2. Pick a priority The president can do something in his second term,
AND
recipe for having a very long and cantankerous legislative session with little accomplished."

Dickinson Concludes neg – prefer this evidence because its from a peer reviewed journal and isn’t just a random blog post.
Dickinson, yes the same damn one, 2009 (Matthew, professor of political science at Middlebury College. He taught previously at Harvard University, where he also received his Ph.D., working under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt, We All Want a Revolution: Neustadt, New Institutionalism, and the Future of Presidency Research, Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 no4 736-70 D 2009)

Small wonder, then, that initial efforts to find evidence of presidential power centered
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that a president’s legislative preferences will come to a vote (Beckmann 2008,

A2: Winners Win

Political capital finite – Bush proves.
David Makovsky 11/8/12, Ziegler distinguished fellow and director of the Project on the Middle East Peace Process at The Washington Institute. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/relationship-advice

Moreover, those who are playing up the possibility of an Obama-Netanyahu feud
AND
in 2013, which will be central to resolving the country’s economic crisis.

Obama doesn’t believe winners win theory
O’Neill, ’9 (President — O’Neill Associates, http://www.mytwocensus.com/tag/michael-j-oneil/)
I think this says something very revealing, but far more about the Obama administration
AND
has concluded that it is simply not worth the political capital to try.

Can’t win on energy
Eisler 12 Matthew is a Researcher @ the Chemical Heritage Foundation. "Science, Silver Buckshot, and ’All of The Above’" April 2, http://scienceprogress.org/2012/04/science-silver-buckshot-and-%E2%80%9Call-of-the-above%E2%80%9D/
Conservatives take President Obama’s rhetoric at face value. Progressives see the president as disingenuous
AND
will probably mean four more years of inaction and increased resort to cant.

Capital doesn’t rebound quickly enough
Lashof ’10 (Dan Lashof "Lessons from Senate climate fail" 28 JUL 2010 http://www.grist.org/article/2010-07-28-lessons-from-senate-climate-fail/-http://www.grist.org/article/2010-07-28-lessons-from-senate-climate-fail/)

Lesson 2: Political capital is not necessarily a renewable resource Perhaps the most fateful
AND
political capital in time to help push climate legislation across the finish line.

Winners lose for Obama – first term proves.
IHT 11/13/12 International Herald Tribune, Lexis

That story line, stoked by Republicans but shared by some Democrats, holds that
AND
leaders,’’ he added, ’’exploit opportunities rather than create them.’’

Winners lose—-PC’s not renewable, is zero-sum, and diminishes fast
Ryan 9 Selwyn, Professor Emeritus and former Director, Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, "Obama and political capital," 1/18 http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_opinion?id=161426968
Like many, I expect much from Obama, who for the time being,
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his 15 million strong constituency in cyberspace (the latent "Obama Party").

Guns

Pivoting to immigration away from other issues
Hook 3-24 (Janet, "Congress Set to Alter Focus After Passing Two Budgets," Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323466204578380820319800066.html-http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323466204578380820319800066.html)

After the Senate passed its budget this weekend, Congress is expected to pivot to
AND
although they fell short of their goal of reaching consensus before leaving town.

Obama won’t use political capital on gun control
Stirewalt 3/25 ~Chris, "Gun Laws Highlight Deepening Democratic Disarray," 3/25/13,
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/25/gun-laws-highlight-deepening-democratic-disarray/~~%23ixzz2OxNhCHjB~~
Obama seems unlikely to do what is required to win Senate passage of such a
AND
own political capital on behalf of this cherished liberal cause will only deepen.
Biden’s pushing guns, not Obama, and immigration comes first
Potts 2/21 Tracie is a writer for WWLP News. "Immigration, guns, or the budget?" 2013, http://www.wwlp.com/dpp/news/politics/immigration-guns-or-the-budget
(NBCNC) - Vice president Biden speaks at a gun violence conference in Connecticut
AND
Arizona. ¶ And it could eclipse any quick action on gun control.
He’s given up on gun control—-merely rhetorical support
Lender 2/16 Jon is a writer at The Hartford Courant. "Obama’s ’Candid Admission Of Defeat’ On Gun Control?" 2013, http://articles.courant.com/2013-02-16/news/hc-guns-congress-newtown-20130216_1_gun-restrictions-gun-control-executive-orders
The most powerful moment in President Barack Obama’s State of the Union address last Tuesday
AND
muster the 60 votes for cloture to end the stall, Moffett said.

Executive

Obama is the Velcro president he gets the blame—attempts to deflect fail
Nicholas and Hook 10 (Peter and Janet, Tribune Washington Bureau, July 30, "Obama the Velcro president", http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730)jn
Those towering goals remain a long way off. And most people would have preferred
AND
the face of the oil spill. The buck stops with his office."
Trying to deflect blame costs PC – perceived as weak

Steven Pearlstein, staff writer, 9-3-2011, "Steven Pearlstein: A Jobs program for a floundering president," Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/steven-pearlstein-a-jobs-program-for-a-floundering-president/2011/08/29/gIQAvjLXzJ_story.html
It sends a powerful message to employees and customers — taxpayers in this instance —
AND
efficient than those meaningless set-piece media events at schools and factories.
Presidents get the blame for agency action.
Cohen %26 Collier, ’99 (Professors of Political Science — Fordham %26 Kansas, Presidential Policymaking, p. 42)

In his study of the agenda-setting process, Kingdon finds that respondents cite
AND
administration and the president. Thus, the president has many "voices". 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

K

Discourse of sustainability and tech optimism hides the logic of energy decision-making and threatens survival
John Byrne and Noah Toly 6, Distinguished Professor of Energy %26 Climate Policy  — University of Delaware and Associate Professor of Urban Studies – Wheaton College (http://seedconsortium.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/45925604/Byrne_etal.pdf-http://seedconsortium.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/45925604/Byrne_etal.pdf)

From climate change to acid rain, contaminated landscapes, mercury pollution, and biodiversity
AND
considers the discursive continuities between the premises of conventional and sustainable energy futures.

Vote neg against crisis-driven sustainability—opens the debate space for proper politics by exposing socio-economic dimensions of decision making.
Swyngedouw 10 ~Erik, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Manchester. "Apocalypse Forever? Post-political Populism and the Spectre of Climate Change" Theory, Culture %26 Society March/May 2010 vol. 27 no. 2-3 213-232~

Conclusion: Re-thinking the Political Environment Against thoughts of the end and catastrophe
AND
and, most importantly, for the naming of different possible socioenvironmental futures.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

1NC

Cloud DA

Coal dominating renewables—question of price controls the aff would change
Desiree Mohindra 3/5/2013 (Associate Director, World Economic Forum, "Despite rise of renewables, fossil fuel still fastest growing energy source" www.weforum.org/news/despite-rise-renewables-fossil-fuel-still-fastest-growing-energy-source)

In response to this challenge, policy-makers are looking towards low-carbon
AND
mix, but probably not until the 2030s, owing to lead times.
Coal key to sustain data centers and the internet
Mark Mills 5/31/2011 (Writer for Forbes, "Opportunity in the internet’s voracious energy appetite: the cloud begins with coal and fracking" www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2011/05/31/opportunity-in-the-internets-voracious-energy-appetite-the-cloud-begins-with-coal-and-fracking/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2011/05/31/opportunity-in-the-internets-voracious-energy-appetite-the-cloud-begins-with-coal-and-fracking/)

With apologies to my Prius-driving local-produce-eating natural-fiber
AND
a contribution that will remain largely the same for at least a decade.
Extinction
David Eagleman 11/9/2010 (Baylor college of Medicine, Author of "Why the Net Matters", "Six ways the internet will save civilization" www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/12/start/apocalypse-no)

Many great civilisations have fallen, leaving nothing but cracked ruins and scattered genetics.
AND
to suggest that the net may just be the technology that saves us.

2NC

Coal

Impact—Rural Economies

Internet key to local economies
CCVM 2007 (Center for Creative Voices in Media, "The case for universal broadband in America: Now", http://www.scribd.com/doc/4094214/Broadband-Now-Report-Final)

Using a different methodology, researchers reported in a 2006 study commissioned by the U
AND
Internet generates a wealth of economic growth and an avalanche of good jobs.

Kills US growth
Porter 2004 (Professor of competitive strategy and economic development @ Harvard’s Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness ~Michael E. Porter, "Competitiveness in Rural U.S. Regions: Learning and Research Agenda," Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School, February 25,  http://www.eda.gov/ImageCache/EDAPublic/documents/pdfdocs/eda_5frural_5fregions_2epdf/v1/eda_5frural_5fregions.pdf-http://www.eda.gov/ImageCache/EDAPublic/documents/pdfdocs/eda_5frural_5fregions_2epdf/v1/eda_5frural_5fregions.pdf)

Current policies to improve the disappointing economic performance of rural regions are, by and
AND
last decade provide an opportunity to now examine rural regions in new ways.
Extinction
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

2NC- Uniqueness

Coal stable now—

Largest generator and growing
WEF 2013 (World Economic Forum, "Energy Vision 2013: Energy transitions- past and future" www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_EnergyVision_Report_2013.pdf) 

After coal’s long history in the energy mix, it remains the largest contributor to
AND
of air pollutants, including particulate matter, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides.
Current renewables can’t stop coal—aff’s the final push
Christof Ruhl 2013 (Group Chief Economist and Vice President, "Energy Transitions" www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_EnergyVision_Report_2013.pdf)

Today, oil, coal and natural gas account for almost 90% of the
AND
the case, their ability to acquire durable market share will be impaired. 

Reports of decline exaggerated
Patrice Hill 3/4/2013 (Writer for the Washington Times, "As US scales back, King COal reigns as global powerhouse" www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/4/king-coal-reigns-as-global-powerhouse/?page=all)

Elliott Gue, an energy investment adviser, agrees that reports about the death of
AND
today and the EIA says it will fall to 35 percent by 2040.

Steady employment proves
Erica Peterson 2/5/2013 (Reporter for WFPL, subsidary of the BBC World News Service, "Coal mining employment holding steady since november" wfpl.org/post/coal-mining-employment-holding-steady-november)

But the most recent data released from the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that coal
AND
month. The coal industry outlook is stronger in the Powder River Basin.

Link- Renewable

Subsidies for renewables force coal out
Daniel Yergin 2013 (Vice Chairman IHS, World Economic Forum, "The Puzzle of Energy Transitions" www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_EnergyVision_Report_2013.pdf)

Yet the picture is more complicated. Though little recognized, in terms of energy
AND
result from a price on carbon and/or government incentives and subsidies.

Renewable scale up now is slow and can’t displace coal
WEF 2013 (World Economic Forum, "Energy Vision 2013: Energy transitions- past and future" www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EN_EnergyVision_Report_2013.pdf) 

In response to these challenges, many policy-makers are looking for the next
AND
long-term planning are critical to meeting the challenges of the future.

A2- Renewables Solve

Industry mindset blocks—they won’t risk renewables
James Glanz 9/22/2012 (Writer for the New York Times, "Power, pollution and the internet" www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html?pagewanted=1%26_r=0%26ref=technology-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/technology/data-centers-waste-vast-amounts-of-energy-belying-industry-image.html?pagewanted=1%26_r=0%26ref=technology)

"You do have to take into account that the explosion of data is what
AND
for having the data center available 99.999 percent of the time."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

FITs CP

1NC

The fifty state governments and all relevant territories should remove restrictions pre-emptive of local governments, remove all state restrictions on solar and wind siting, and establish a feed-in tariff that funds long term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return. The fifty states should guarantee grid access to all solar and wind power.
Removing pre-emptive regulations solves—empirically proven to be the cause of local problems
Pursley and Wiseman 11 Garrick, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law, and Hannah, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law, "Local Energy", Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877)

To maximize the degree of location-specific variation that is so important to distributed
AND
renewable energy area may be withdrawn, making the implementation regime unstable.393

State feed-in tariffs solve distributed solar power
Fulton, 12
(Deutsche Bank Climate Change Adviser, June, "Ramping up Renewables: Leveraging State RPS Programs amid Uncertain Federal Support," http://uspref.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ramping-up-Renewables-Leveraging-State-RPS-Programs-amid-Uncertain-Federal-Support-US-PREF-White-Paper1.pdf)
To diversify America’s energy mix and hedge against uncertainty in the price of fossil fuels
AND
at levels that would support private investment, including in renewable energy generation. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

1NC

MOU CP

The Chairperson of the Federal Energy Regulatory Committee, the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency should create a Memorandum of Understanding to develop and document a formal process to monitor, industry progress adopting offshore wind programs.

The Chairman of FERC should assess the adequacy of the existing rules and determine the schedule for retrofits and retirement and facilitate adaptation when appropriate. 

Solves the aff
GAO July 2012 (Government Accountability Office, "EPA regulations and electricity: better monitoring by agencies could strengthen efforts to address potential challenges" www.gao.gov/assets/600/592542.pdf)

We are making the following two recommendations: • To further strengthen agency efforts to
AND
adequate, FERC should consider requesting that these entities make changes where appropriate.

2NC

MOU CP

DA

Must streamline process—current development model drains investment capital and ensures people turn away from industry
Tom Zeller 2/28/2013 (Writer for Renewable Energy World, "Cape wind: regulation, litigation and the struggle to develop offshore wind power in the US" www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/02/cape-wind-regulation-litigation-and-the-struggle-to-develop-offshore-wind-power-in-the-u-s-http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/02/cape-wind-regulation-litigation-and-the-struggle-to-develop-offshore-wind-power-in-the-u-s)

During his State of the Union address last week, President Barack Obama declared that
AND
. "And for some worthy projects, that would be a shame."

Federal agency regulations are a bigger barrier—streamline solves aff
Tom Zeller 2/28/2013 (Writer for Renewable Energy World, "Cape wind: regulation, litigation and the struggle to develop offshore wind power in the US" www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/02/cape-wind-regulation-litigation-and-the-struggle-to-develop-offshore-wind-power-in-the-u-s-http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/02/cape-wind-regulation-litigation-and-the-struggle-to-develop-offshore-wind-power-in-the-u-s)

Of course, even accepting these benefits, opponents have fought tenaciously to keep it
AND
at the federal level — and untold thousands more at the state level.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

1NC

Environment Advantage

Warming

Cape Wind already going to be built—solves signaling and first-mover effect
Scott DiSavino 3/19/2013 (Writer for Reuters, "Wind farm expects construction start off Cape Cod by year-end" www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/19/usa-windfarm-capecod-idUSL1N0CBC4B20130319)

Cape Wind said Tuesday it expects to complete financing for its long-delayed 468
AND
, including Cape Wind and privately held Deepwater Wind, off Rhode Island.

No infrastructure for offshore scale up—jones act is barrier to installation
Tim McDonnell 2/28/2013 (Writer for the Guardian, "Why the US still doesn’t have a single offshore wind turbine" www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/feb/28/windpower-renewableenergy)

Not a single ship in the Unites States is equipped to handle wind turbines:
AND
. Offshore turbines could find themselves all dressed up with nowhere to go.

Can’t solve climate – too fast, stays in the air, and cuts won’t happen.
David G. Victor et al 12, Professor at the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at the University of California, San Diego, May/Jun (with Charles F. Kennel and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91 Issue 3)

FOR MORE than two decades, diplomats have struggled to slow global warming. They
AND
the economic and geophysical realities of carbon dioxide emissions almost guarantee political gridlock.
Warming won’t cause extinction
Scott Barrett 7, professor of natural resource economics – Columbia University
(Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods, introduction)

First, climate change does not threaten the survival of the human species.5
AND
defense, but we would have done much more about it by now.
Temperatures have peaked – best models prove.
Zhang and Liu 12 ~Wenjun, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Chunhua, International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong, "Some thoughts on global climate change: will it get warmer and warmer?" Environmental Skeptics and Critics, 2012, 1(1):1-7~

Many studies discussed climate change without considering the complexity of climate system. In our
AND
climate change were also developed based on past hundreds of years’ historical records.
Adaptation solves.
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, "Climate Change and Economic Growth," online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf

The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long‐run balanced responses.

CO2 isn’t key
Watts 7/25, 25-year climate reporter, works with weather technology, weather stations, and weather data processing systems in the private sector, (Anthony, http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/25/lindzen-at-sandia-national-labs-climate-models-are-flawed/-http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/07/25/lindzen-at-sandia-national-labs-climate-models-are-flawed/)

ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Richard Lindzen,
AND
rising, he said temperatures are always fluctuating by tenths of a degree.
 ( ) Can’t solve internationally –
An international solution to global warming is impossible – entrenched interests in key stakeholders mean that no agreement will ever be reached

Rachman 11  (Gideon Rachman, Financial Times chief foreign affairs commentator, Zero-Sum Future, 2011, pp 203-204)

As for the Americans themselves, faced with foreign suggestions that America’s love affair with
AND
change continues to be a major source of tension within the international system.

Disease

Can’t solve disease spread – too many alt causes.
HSNW, 11 (Homeland Security Newswire, 2/15/11, "US unprepared for climate-induced disease outbreaks", http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/us-unprepared-climate-induced-disease-outbreaks-http://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/us-unprepared-climate-induced-disease-outbreaks)
Officials warn that the United States is not equipped to handle the spread of infectious
AND
of investing to remedy this situation, the White House has cut all funding

No extinction—biological checks
Posner ’4 (Richard, Senior Lecturer in Law University of Chicago, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, p. 23-4)
Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
wider human contacts that make it more difficult to localize an infectious disease.

No escalation—prevention and treatment check
Britt ’1 (Rober, Sr Science Writer for space.com, "Survival of the Elitist: Bioterrorism May Spur Space Colonies," 10-30,  http://www.rezoweb.com/forum/technologie/aaaroskoforum/319.shtml-http://www.rezoweb.com/forum/technologie/aaaroskoforum/319.shtml)
Many scientists argue that there is no need to worry about the mortality of civilization
AND
, but prevention measures and ever-evolving medical treatments overcome the outbreaks.

Disease risk exaggerated.
Lind, ’11 – policy director at the New America Foundation ~Michael Lind, policy director of the New America Foundation’s Economic Growth Program; "So Long, Chicken Little;" published in Foreign Policy, March/April 2011; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/22/so_long_chicken_little?page=0,8-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/02/22/so_long_chicken_little?page=0,8; Jay~
There’s nothing like a good plague to get journalists and pundits in a frenzy.
AND
fatigue on the part of a public subjected to endless Chicken Little scares. 

Ocean Bio-D

Dead sea floor checks.
South Bend Tribune, ’95 October 19, p. A10
Rough estimates for the number of species on the deep-sea floor have now
AND
models, suddenly fall apart. We’re having to change all our ideas."

Massive size of Ocean checks snowball and ensures slow timeframe.
Bjørn Lomborg, Director, Environmental Assessment Institute, THE SKEPTICAL ENVIRONMENTALIST, 2001p. 189 (WFU50)
But the oceans are so incredibly big that our impact on them has been astoundingly
AND
present, a minor consequences to communities of organisms living in ocean waters.

Ocean species are resilient.
Dulvy et al ’3 (Nicholas, (School of Marine Science and Tech. @ U. Newcastle), Yvonne Sadovy, (Dept. Ecology and Biodiversity @ U. Hong Kong), and John D. Reynolds, (Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation @ School of Bio. Sci. @ U. East Anglia), Fish and Fisheries, "Extinction vulnerability in marine populations", 4:1, Blackwell-Synergy)
Marine organisms are perceived to be less vulnerable to extinction than terrestrial taxa for a
AND
for recovery, and (vi) their populations are naturally highly variable.
continued
Marine fish populations are more variable and resilient than terrestrial populations Great natural variability in
AND
population fluctuations when there are few adults (Pauly et al. 2002-http://www3.interscience.wiley.com.proxy.lib.uiowa.edu/cgi-bin/fulltext/118899298/main.html,ftx_abs).

( ) Alt causes – overfishing.
Craig ’3 (Associate Law Prof — Indiana, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)
Overfishing as the Primary Cause of Marine Ecosystem Degradation
Declines in fishing stocks and the economic chaos that results when a fishery collapses have
AND
163~  both depleted fisheries stocks and destruction of ecosystem biodiversity generally. 27

2NC

Case

Cape Now

Cape Wind already going to be built—solves signaling and first-mover effect
Scott DiSavino 3/19/2013 (Writer for Reuters, "Wind farm expects construction start off Cape Cod by year-end" www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/19/usa-windfarm-capecod-idUSL1N0CBC4B20130319)

Cape Wind said Tuesday it expects to complete financing for its long-delayed 468
AND
, including Cape Wind and privately held Deepwater Wind, off Rhode Island.

Offshore wind already streamlined and funded now—no future difficulties
Tina Casey 3/20/2013 (Writer for CleanTechnica, "Another milestone for Cape Wind, the first US offshore wind farm" cleantechnica.com/2013/03/20/first-us-offshore-wind-farm-cape-wind-nears-construction/)

The U.K., China, Belgium and Denmark have been leading the world
AND
, based on the identification of pre-designated "wind energy areas."

Already hit investment tipping point for offshore wind
Mary Ann Hitt 3/21/2013 (Writer for EcoWatch and the Sierra Club, "Huge victory for offshore wind in maryland" www.resilience.org/stories/2013-03-21/huge-victory-for-offshore-wind-in-maryland)

The winds of change brought some great progress to Maryland this week when the Maryland
AND
of incorporating degree programs into Maryland Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

Federalism

Bio-d

Alt causes to species loss—9 reasons at least
Tonn ’7 (Bruce, school of planning prof at U of Tenn, "Futures Sustainability," Futures, November, lexis)
Threats to biodiversity are numerous and well known. Studies suggest that the number of
AND
levels enough in the atmosphere to asphyxiate all oxygen breathing species ~17~.
Impact to Biodiversity is a myth
NPR, 7 (5/30/2007, Donald J. Dodds M.S. P.E., President of the North Pacific Research, "The Myth of Biodiversity," northpacificresearch.com/downloads/The_myth_of_biodiversity.doc CS)
Biodiversity is a corner stone of the environmental movement. But there is no proof
AND
of this graph. Biodiversity has never been higher than it is today.
Not key to ecosystems.
Sasaki and Lauenroth, 11 - * Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
AND
plant communities," Oecologia, 166(3):761-8 CS)
We found a significant negative relationship between temporal stability and species richness, number of
AND
supported by an increase in the number of rare species destabilized the communities.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: Emory PS | Judge: 

WAR

Great power war not obsolete.
Gonsell 12 April, Lieutenant Commander Rachael Gosnell, U,S. Navy and Second Lieutenant Michael Orietti U,S. Marine Corps "Now Hear This - ls Great-Power War Still Possible?" http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-04/now-hear-great-power-war-still-possible

The Center for Naval Analyses recently published Grand Strategy: Contemporary Contending Analyst Views and
AND
cannot be ruled out. U.S. policymakers must plan accordingly.
Even if they win the world is getting better—war is still increasingly possible—multiple reasons
Ferguson 8—Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, William
AND
, AL~

So The War of the World, singular, is an attempt to explain why
AND
killing fields conceivably of Palestine, of Lebanon, of the Persian Gulf. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Topicality—Energy Production
A) In terms of energy production fincancial inctentives must directly increase government expenditures for energy—RandD is support 

Financial incentives for energy production directly increase expenditure—RandD doesn;t
Gielecki et al 1 (Mark, an economist with the Department of Energy, Fred Mayes, and Lawrence Prete, “Incentives, Mandates, and ¶ Government Programs for ¶ Promoting Renewable Energy” http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
, thus enhancing the commercial viability of the good(s) provided.
FOR is exclusive.
Clegg 95—J.D., 1981 Yale Law School; the author is vice president and general counsel of the National Legal Center for the Public Interest. (Roger, “Reclaiming The Text of The Takings Clause,” 46 S.C. L. Rev. 531, Summer, lexis)

Even if it made no sense to limit the clause to takings "for public
AND
no doubt that the phrase is narrowing the scope of the Amendment. n20
Production refers to primary energy extraction
Energici 12 (provides business intelligence and decision support services to companies and investors active in the wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and bioenergy industries. Specializes in providing robust research, analysis and intelligence coverage of trends and developments) February “PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION (MONTHLY)” http://www.energici.com/energy-profiles/by-country/europe-m-z/sweden/49-countries/north-america/usa/usa-geothermal/449-primary-energy-production

Definition : Primary Energy Production is the amount of energy converted from a primary energy
AND
and wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption and biofuels feedstock. 

Specifically They’re target tech, not energy production
EIA 7 (Energy Information Administration, "Federal Energy Research and Development," http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy2/pdf/chap5.pdf) 

The previous chapters of this report also quantified energy-related tax expenditures, R
AND
12-month period ending September 30, 2007 (FY2007 MWh).200

Violation – Energy production refers to the extraction, conversion, and distribution of energy – excludes RandD
Doug Koplow 4 Founder of Earth Track in Cambridge, MA. He has worked on natural resource subsidy issues for 20 years, primarily in the energy sector "Subsidies to Energy Industries" Encyclopedia of Energy Vol 5, http://www.earthtrack.net/files/Energy%20Encyclopedia,%20wv.pdf

3. SUBSIDIES THROUGH THE FUEL CYCLE Because no two fuel cycles are exactly the
AND
the energy resource to the point of final use, and accident risks.
Voter –
1.Limits – Including RandD Aff’s allows the Aff to develop any future energy source and claim unpredictable spin-off advantages not related to changing energy production.
2. Solvency distortion – they avoid the central question of changing energy markets – RandD has at best uncertain effects on energy production.  
EIA 7 (Energy Information Administration, "Federal Energy Research and Development," http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy2/pdf/chap3.pdf)
It is easier to measure energy RandD spending than to characterize it as
AND
likely to be measurable only years after the funded research effort is initiated.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The world is creating a space cooperation norm—it’s fragile
Michael Krepon 1/17/2012 (Co-founder of Stimson, and director of the South Asia and Space Security Programs, “Space Code of Conduct Advances” http://krepon.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/3329/space-code-of-conduct-advances) 

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s announcement that the Obama administration will lend its support to
AND
politics could foreclose the former and make a powerful case for the latter.
Nuclear propulsion causes space lasers
Maybury 1/31/2012 (Chief Scientist-USAF, “Energy Horizons: United States Air Force Energy SandT Vision 2011-2026,” http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/energy.pdf)

Space is the ―ultimate high ground, providing access to every part of the
AND
plants decrease in size, their utility on board space based assets increases.

2 Impacts—

First, break down of the Code of Conduct causes extinction
Hitchens 2008 – president of the Center for Defense Information (Theresa, “Space Wars - Coming to the Sky Near You?”, Scientific American, February, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=space-wars-coming-to-the-sky-near-you)

Perhaps of even greater concern is that several other nations, including one of China’s
AND
lasted half a century. The likely alternative would be unacceptable to all.

Second, war with Russia—extinction
Bostrom 2002 (PhD  Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University  “Existential Risks :Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards” http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)

A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The fifty state governments and all relevant territories should establish a feed-in tariff that funds long term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return. The fifty states should fund a program to cover 4.8% of the surface of the Earth’s oceans in a monolayer of latex particles, bearing a conventional stabilization system

Only a feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to solve warming-- best studies prove.
John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

Solves warming, only costs $2 billion, and avoids all solvency deficits associated with traditional ocean albedo modifications.
Morgan 11 – (10/8/11, John, PhD in physical chemistry, runs RandD programmes at a Sydney startup company, research experience in chemical engineering in the US and at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia's national science agency, “Low intensity geoengineering – microbubbles and microspheres,” http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/10/08/low-intensity-geoengineering-microbubbles-and-microspheres/
Is there another way to look at this? The Achilles heel of the hydrosol
AND
reefs as envisaged by Seitz for the microbubble concept, are also possible.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The 50 state governments and all relevant territories should create and fully fund a prize to demonstrate a nuclear powered propulsion booster.

State action best promotes technological innovation and change – 2 reasons

1. Picks technologies best for their region
   2. Technological change best occurs at regional levels (Silicon Valley Example)
   David E. Adelman, Associate Professor of Law, University of Arizona, Kirsten H. and Engel ‘8, Professor of Law, University of Arizona (50 Ariz. L. Rev. 835)
   *851  State-level policies also have certain advantages over their federal counterparts
   AND
   establish geographically concentrated centers of innovation that can boost development of new technologies.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
T Direct
1NC
 “Financial incentives” require the expenditure of government money to encourage energy production –Prizes violate this
Kernaghan Webb 93, Law Lecturer – University of Ottawa 31 Alta. L. Rev. 501  

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements 18 of
AND
In effect, these programs are assistance, but they are not incentives.

Voter – This results in an unlimited topic.
Dyson et al, 3 - International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Megan, Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, p. 67-68) 

Understanding of the term ‘incentives’ varies and economists have produced numerous typologies. A
AND
these incentives within the realm of economic and fiscal policy is practically limitless. 

2NC Limits 

Allowing indirect incentives means the aff doesn’t even have to target the energy sector
Enters et al, 4  - Food and Agricultural Organization  (Thomas, “What does it take?
The role of incentives in forest plantation
development in Asia and the Pacific”,  http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad524e/ad524e05.htm)

While there is no dearth of definitions for incentives, a single agreed definition does
AND
and transport costs within - as well as outside - the plantation sector.
Indirect sanctions interp allows disincentives to other fuels – makes the topic bidirectional
Beddor et al, ’09 Christopher, Securing America’s Future Enhancing Our National Security by Reducing Oil Dependence and Environmental Damage, Aug,  http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/08/pdf/energy_security.pdf

Electricity is responsible for about 30 percent of all U.S. greenhouse gas
AND
moving electricity onto the grid to prioritize natural gas and other clean electricity.

Tech development is distinct from energy production
EIA 7 (Energy Information Administration, "Federal Energy Research and Development," http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy2/pdf/chap3.pdf)
Finally, much of what is defined as energy RandD in the Federal government's budget accounts is not directly expended on energy research or development. Rather, a portion of the funds are expended on environmental restoration and waste management associated with the byproducts of energy-related research facilities, e.g., nuclear waste disposal.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
Nuclear propulsion would destroy the ecosphere

Gagnon 3 (Bruce, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, Jan, www.space4peace.org/articles/npowerexpansion.htm AD: 7-7-11, jam)
Included in NASA plans are the nuclear rocket to Mars; a new generation of
AND
previous mistakes. NASA doggedly pursues its fantasy of nuclear power in space.”  

Multiple space nuclear power accidents in the past prove
Gagnon 3 (Bruce, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, Jan, www.space4peace.org/articles/npowerexpansion.htm AD: 7-7-11, jam)

Since the 1960s there have been eight space nuclear power accidents by the US and
AND
The time has come for vigorous organizing around the space nuclear power issue. 

Extinction – it's like Fukushima and Chernobyl happening a hundred times in space
Earth Times, 11
http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/environmental-disasters/
Nuclear accidents can have serious environmental effects. Prior to 2011 the 1986 Chernobyl disaster
AND
slow the process down, but it will require swift and worldwide action.

2NC
Impact
This has multiple impacts – 

First, extend the Carey evidence and Earth Times evidence – an accident causes the vessel to catch fire, spiraling over the earth and spraying it with nuclear ash – this decimates the environment and causes planetary extinction – it's highly probable – no agent who has ever launched anything into space has done so without some accidents
Multiple reasons this turns the aff

CISAC – payloads returning to earth are even MORE vulnerable to terrorist exploitation then the status quo – turns the advantage 

Additionally, nuclear accidents in space end the space program – public will demand it – no space program means no colonization
Grossman, 2002 (Karl Grossman, “Covert Action Quarterly Plutonium in Space Again
AND
tolerate a Chernobyl in the sky. That would doom the space program."

And, radiation causes satellite failure
Krepon, 3 – president of the Henry Stimson Center (Michael, Space Assurance
AND
until the radiation levels dropped to the point where satellite electronics could survive. 

Debris makes space unusable – turns the colonization advantage
Forden, 8 - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Geoffrey, Astropolitics, 6:
AND
chain of collisions that renders space unusable from hundreds to thousands of years.

Link Wall

Meteor collisions and launch failures increase risks of accidents and radiation
Hewitt, ‘
AND
investigating space disposal schemes indicates how desperate the radioactive waste problem has become.

And—Launch and orbit failures could easily send waste packages back to Earth.
AND
separation would be required, as in the case for PandT. 

Orbits likely to intersect the Earth
Eder, ‘84
Dani Eder,
AND
velocity around the Sun.  This becomes a very difficult container design problem.


Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
Not competitive—
Artificially low projections distort costs—jack up price as it goes and generates opposition to every project—ensures delays
Mark Cooper 2012 (senior research fellow for economic analysis, Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School, "An analysis of market forces that make nuclear reactors risky investments"www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/market-forces-analysis.pdf)

Factor 1: Nuclear reactors cost much more than the industry projected when it made
AND
and ratepayers with the inevitably much higher price tag at a later date.

NASA incentives for private businesses fail – peer reviewed statistical analysis
Zervos, International Space University, ’08, (peer-reviewed and presented at the 55th International Astronautical Congress)
Journal of Applied Economics, “Whatever Happened To Competition In Space Agency Procurement? The Case of NASA”, Vol XI, No. 1 (May 2008), 228-231  Lack

The econometric tests were initially performed using recursive least squares (RLS), a method
AND
driven primarily by industrial consolidation and a diminished “pool” of contractors.

No Solvency – tech barriers, no market and little demand
Sterner, former Associate Deputy Administrator for Policy and Planning at NASA, ‘10
George C. Marshall Institute, “Worthy of a Great Nation? NASA’s Change of Strategic Direction”, April 2010, http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/798.pdf, pg. 7-8  Lack

NASA seems to assume that buying human spaceflight services will lead to lower prices.
AND
been about $3 billion, roughly $120 million a seat.27

Statistics prove – you’re an idiot if you think asteroids will kill us.
Everitt ‘8 James Everitt, energy and environment organizer for Pickens Plan; “If an asteroid hit the earth?” published 12/20/2008; http://push.pickensplan.com/video/2187034:Video:1691581;
A computer video circulating the internet has rekindled fears that an asteroid will hit Earth
AND
person or animal, your chances are even worse if you bring company.

Colonization infeasible in short-term
Roger Launius 2010 (PhD, Curator, Planetary Exploration Programs, National Air and Space Museum, expert on Aerospace history, fellow and board member of the American Astronautical Society, “Can we colonize the solar system? Human biology and survival in the extreme space environment,” Endeavour Volume 34, Issue 3, September 2010, Pages 122-129, science direct)

Although microbial life might survive the extreme conditions of space, for Homo sapien sapiens
AND
– provide serious challenges for humans engaged in space colonization (Figure 4). 

Mars can’t be colonized
Minard 7 – Anne, National Geographic News, “Mars Volcanoes May Re-Erupt, Hawaii Comparison Shows,” October 18, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/10/071018-mars-volcanoes.html

The observations also suggest that the three Martian volcanoes might not be extinct. If
AND
very hostile towards life as we know it to exist," he added.
Short-term existential risks outweigh and turn the aff
Baum 2010 – visiting scholar at Columbia University's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, PhD candidate in Geography, and focuses on risk analysis (2/12/2010, Seth, “Is Humanity Doomed? Insights from Astrobiology”, Sustainability Journal, http://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v2y2010i2p591-603d7141.html)

The fact that the universe will remain habitable for much longer than Earth will means
AND
out opportunities to reduce existential risk with an eye towards eventual space colonization. 

Self-fulfilling prophecy—ignoring Earth makes terrestrial problems worse
Williams 2010 – M.S. in Physics and is a physics faculty member at Santa Rose Junior College (1/1/2010, Lynda, “Irrational Dreams of Space Colonization”, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 22:4–8, http://www.scientainment.com/lwilliams_peacereview.pdf) 

According to scientific theory, the destruction of Earth is a certainty. About five
AND
energies on solving and mitigating the problems that create these threats on Earth? 

Great power war not obsolete.
Gonsell 12 April, Lieutenant Commander Rachael Gosnell, U,S. Navy and Second Lieutenant Michael Orietti U,S. Marine Corps “Now Hear This - ls Great-Power War Still Possible?” http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-04/now-hear-great-power-war-still-possible

The Center for Naval Analyses recently published Grand Strategy: Contemporary Contending Analyst Views and
AND
PLA or among the greater masses, could conceivably compel contemporary party leadership toward

 a bellicosity it does not desire. How might this happen? The two most likely scenarios deal with Chinese “core interests” in the Pacific: sovereignty in the South China Sea and Taiwan. The South China Sea is no stranger to conflict. Its location and material promise have led to a host of conflicting territorial claims and brought the Chinese and Vietnamese to armed conflict over the Spratly Islands in the late 1980s. After a period of relative calm, tensions have once again begun to flare. American commitment to freedom of the seas in the region, exemplified by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s July 2010 speech in Hanoi, Vietnam, provides ample opportunity for a Sino-American butting of heads. Similarly, the Republic of China remains a perennially sore issue for the Chinese; the furor over the sale of American F-16s provides an ample platform for future, more-polarizing interactions over Taiwan. War between China and the United States is unlikely. Economic interdependence and nuclear weapons are powerful, persuasive deterrents against it. However, Sino-American dealings, particularly in Taiwan or the South China Sea, provide instances in which the powder keg of Chinese nationalism could explode, effectively forcing party leadership into a series of irrational but irreversible actions. As such, the possibility of great-power war, unlimited or otherwise, cannot be ruled out. U.S. policymakers must plan accordingly.
Even if they win the world is getting better—war is still increasingly possible—multiple reasons
Ferguson 8—Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University, William Ziegler Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, senior fellow at the Hoover Institute, graduated from Magdalen College in Oxford, named as one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine, writer of many bestselling books, including The War of the World, generally a badass british historian, with a specialty in financial and economic history 9/26, Niall, interviewed by Joanne Myers, “The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West”,  Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/resources/transcripts/5396.html/:pf_printable, AL

So The War of the World, singular, is an attempt to explain why
AND
killing fields conceivably of Palestine, of Lebanon, of the Persian Gulf. 

2NC
Laundry list of barriers
Egan and Kreso 2011 – (2011, Michael Egan and John Kreso, thesis paper submitted in fulfillment of a BS degree at WPI, advised by Professor Mayer Humi, Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, “Expediting Factors in Developing a Successful Space Colony,” http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-041911-134845/unrestricted/IQP_Final.pdf DH) 

Currently, it is still not technologically feasible to colonize space. Although many countries
AND
humans the first colonies still would not be able to sustain human life. 

Tech doesn’t solve
Rapp 6 – Donald, former senior research scientist and division technologist at JPL, “The challenges of manned Mars exploration,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/602/2

The requirements for life support consumables and technology for providing them have been discussed extensively
AND
that several launches will be required merely to supply life-support consumables.

Zubrin’s an idiot – mars is too cold
Bell 5 – (Jeffery, former space scientist, 11/24/05, “The Dream Palace of the Space Cadets”, http://www.spacedaily.com/news/oped-05zzb.html)

Unfortunately, the new generation of organizations like the Space Frontier Foundation and the Mars
AND
to colonize Mars. Instead you find - a MARS COLONIZATION SONG CONTEST!!
2NC- Impact Framing
Second, trade-off—aff is a self-fulfilling prophecy—ignoring Earth makes terrestrial problems worse
Williams 2010 – M.S. in Physics and is a physics faculty member at Santa Rose Junior College (1/1/2010, Lynda, “Irrational Dreams of Space Colonization”, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 22:4–8, http://www.scientainment.com/lwilliams_peacereview.pdf) 

According to scientific theory, the destruction of Earth is a certainty. About five
AND
energies on solving and mitigating the problems that create these threats on Earth?
There’s also no unique offense because gamma rays make colony extinction inevitable, too. 

A2- Bostrom Says!
Bostrom agrees there are terrestrial alternatives to space colonization
Bostrom 2011 – Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School (Nick, “Existential Risks FAQ”, http://www.existentialrisk.com/faq.html#_Toc295939364) 

A possibly somewhat more cost-effective project might be to operate a bunker or
AND
emerging from the shelter in the aftermath of a civilization-destroying catastrophe. 

Comparatively as effective as colonization
Baum 2009 (visiting scholar at Columbia University's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions, PhD candidate in Geography, and focuses on risk analysis (May 2009, Seth, “Cost–benefit analysis of space exploration: Some ethical considerations”, Space Policy, Vol. 25, Is. 2, accessed on Science Direct)

While space colonization would provide a hedge against these very long-term astronomical threats
AND
-effective means of increasing the probability of long-term human survival.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
Obama is spending all of his political capital on CIR now, the vote will be soon, and it will pass on a razor thin vote.
Gary Martin 3/28/13, http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

A Republican Party in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
AND
experiences along the way," said Frank Sharry, America's Voice executive director.

Plan drains capital and causes an immediate fight
Szondy, ‘12 David, freelance writer -- Gizmag, 2-16, “Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?” http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/

The problem is that nuclear energy is the proverbial political hot potato - even in
AND
has caused many governments to take an almost schizophrenic stance regarding the atom.

CIR is key to the economy and resolving aging
Krudy 1/29/13. (Edward, Reuters, “Immigration reform seen boosting US economic growth.” Hosted by NBC News Business http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298)

The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
AND
estate market. Some large companies have fallen foul of tougher enforcement regulations.
Extinction.
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Resolving the US Aging crisis solves global aging—immigration key
Haas, '7 (Political Science Professor -- Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
AND
the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.
Multiple nuclear wars.
Jackson and Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS and Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

1NR Politics

Overview

Economic collapse coming now—Immigrants add 1.5 trillion dollars in taxes—our economy will collapse inevitably do to poor structure

Aging causes turn in 

This economic collapse would inevitably turn back the affirmative.

Highly skilled immigration key solve nuclear workforce shortages – plan can’t solve without CIR and CIR solves the case.
COC 9 COMPETE – Council on Competitiveness, “Mobilizing a World-Class Energy Workforce,” Dec., http://www.compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/CoC_-_Pillar_6_Handout_-_Mobilizing_a_World-Class_Energy_Workforce,_Dec09.pdf

America currently lacks an energy workforce of sufficient size and capabilities to meet the needs
AND
by working closely with educational institutions as well as within their own organizations.

A2: Dickinson

Prefer issue specific evidence—Political capital is necessary for policy passage
Schier 9, Professor of Poliitcal Science at Carleton, (Steven, "Understanding the Obama Presidency," The Forum: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Berkely Electronic Press, http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss1/art10)
 In additional to formal powers, a president’s informal power is situationally derived and
AND
Barack Obama – to engage in major ongoing battles to impose his preferences.
Capital determines the agenda
Light 99 – Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service (Paul, the President’s Agenda, p. 34)
In chapter 2, I will consider just how capital affects the basic parameters of
AND
he will be restricted to a series of limited initiatives and vetoes.  Capital

Unix Wall
Pass now – momentum.
Sunshine State News 3/28/13, http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/blog/obama-promises-immigration-reform-soon-hispanics-telemundo-univision

President Barack Obama, the ever-present campaigner, took his push for immigration
AND
Hispanic electorate, this could be the year the heavy lift gets done.
Strong public support.
Jon Terbush 3/28, is a staff writer for TheWeek.com covering politics, sports and other things he finds interesting. He's previously written for Talking Points Memo, Raw Story, and Business Insider. http://theweek.com/article/index/242064/even-a-majority-of-republicans-support-legalizing-undocumented-workers

A broad majority of Americans believe the government should allow undocumented immigrants to legally remain
AND
that a slightly smaller 53 percent majority of Americans supported a citizenship path.

Reform will pass – Senates close to a consensus and other issues won’t crowd it out
Dann 3-12
Carrie Dann, NBC News, “Napolitano: Obama 'urgently awaiting' bipartisan immigration draft” http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/12/17283744-napolitano-obama-urgently-awaiting-bipartisan-immigration-draft?lite
Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said Tuesday that the Obama administration is “
AND
“But now is the time when this issue rises to the top.” 

Legislators are close to a deal—GOP is onboard
Fox 3-18
Lauren Fox, US News and World Report, March 18, 2013, “Poll Shows Republican Involvement With Immigration Reform Won't Cause Latinos to Vote GOP” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/18/poll-shows-republican-involvement-with-immigration-reform-wont-cause-latinos-to-vote-gop
Legislators appear closer to achieving comprehensive immigration reform than they have in years. And
AND
rhetoric and fighting hard for immigration reform could help it expand its tent. 

Guns
Obama won’t use political capital on gun control
Stirewalt 3/25 Chris, “Gun Laws Highlight Deepening Democratic Disarray,” 3/25/13,
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/25/gun-laws-highlight-deepening-democratic-disarray/#ixzz2OxNhCHjB
Obama seems unlikely to do what is required to win Senate passage of such a
AND
own political capital on behalf of this cherished liberal cause will only deepen.

Budget
Obama’s pushing immigration – and backing away from budget
Weil 3-28 (Dan, “Obama a ‘Minor Actor’ in DC as His Power Wanes,” Newsmax, 2013, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/karl-rove-obama/2013/03/28/id/496756)

The former White House aide adds, “Bipartisan groups of senators and congressmen are
AND
to understand that progress is more likely with the president on the sideline.”

Link
NASA action is a political lightning rod
David 4 (Leonard, Writer – Space.com, “Robotic Missions to Save Hubble Proposed”, CNN, 4-5, Lexis)

Lightning rod decisions The look at how best to extend Hubble's useful scientific life has
AND
for an uncontrolled reentry into Earth's atmosphere no earlier than the year 2013.

Increased discretionary spending is politically unpopular – space exploration is far from a political priority.
Handberg 11 - professor and chair of the department of political science at the university of central florida (rodger, “small ball or home runs: the changing ethos of us human spaceflight policy,” the space review, 1/17, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1759/1)
The us space program remained focused, not on duplicating apollo, but on achieving
AND
least for a time; now the small ball approach becomes your mantra.

Political capital key
Obama has leverage – quotes internal White House staff.
Amie Parnes and Justin Sink 3/20/13, The Hill, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/289179-obama-honeymoon-may-be-over

The White House disputes any notion that Obama has lost any political capital in recent
AND
It looks like immigration is closer to passage than ever before.”
Statements from Republicans prove Obama’s support is crucial.
FirstRead 2-28
NBC News’ Politics Analysis Blog, “First Thoughts: Sequester fight already taking a toll” http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/27/17117063-first-thoughts-sequester-fight-already-taking-a-toll?lite

• • • John and Lindsey’s Excellent Meeting: Why does immigration reform still look like the
      AND
      immigration, because we also have learned the sequester standoff also came up.

Against Chico's IFR Aff (waste, competitiveness, water):

1NC- 

T- RandD not direct
Politics- Immigration
States CP
China Coal DA
Case

2NC- 

States CP
Case
China Coal

1NR-

Politics

2NR-

Politics
Case

1NC- T-Direct incentive, FW, Cap K, Case
2NC- FW, T
1NR- Case
2NR- T, FW, Case

1NC- T-direct incentive, T- substantially, Framework, Renewables DA
2NC- T- direct incentives, Framework
1NR- Case
2NR- T, FW, Case

New Aff- Offshore Wind (environment, federalism)

1NC-
T- Restriction
T- Aspec
Memorandum of Understanding CP
FITs CP
Coal DA
Politics
Case Defense

2NC-
T- Restriction
Coal DA
Case Defense

1NR-
Politics

2NR-
Politics
Coal DA
Case

1NC-
States FITs/Geoengineering
States Prizes
T- RandD
T- Production
Code of Conduct DA
Accidents DA
Politics (Immigration)
Case

2NC-
T- RandD
States FITs/Geoengineering
Accidents DA
Case

1NR-
Politics

2NR-
Politics
Accidents
States CP
Case