Kann-Aufderheide Neg

R2

1NC
T- Direct Restriction
A.  INTERPRETATION.  A restriction must actually prevent production, not just indirectly make it more difficult.  Legal interpretations in the context of a similar kind of regulation support.

New York Court of Appeals Chief Justice Pound in 33
Roscoe, Nebbia v. New York, 262 N.Y 259, 264, lexis
The fixing of minimum prices is one of the main features of the act.
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State interference as to the price at which he shall sell his milk.

He continues [New York Court of Appeals Chief Justice Pound in 33]
Roscoe, Nebbia v. New York, 262 N.Y 259, 271, lexis
The New York law creates no monopoly; does not restrict production; was adopted to meet an emergency; milk is a greater family necessity than ice.

US Supreme Court Justice Roberts in 34
(Owen, Majority opinion in Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502, 531, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=291&invol=502
Notwithstanding the admitted power to correct existing economic ills by appropriate regulation of business,
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maladjustments by legislation touching prices? We think there is no such principle.

B.  VIOLATION [Choose one}
VIOLATION The plan removes a regulation on natural gas producers that is designed to protect oceans.  This is not a restriction on natural gas production; producers can still produce as much gas by fracking as they want and take their chances on proper disclosure.
C.  REASONS TO PREFER.

1.  Limits.
   Their interpretation opens aff case choice to changing anything that might discourage energy production.  They could improve the European economy, or stop a war with Iran.  Unlimited case possibilities make negative preparation too difficult.  
   2.  Ground
   The aff interpretation allows them to claim too many advantages unrelated to increasing energy production, such as protection of trade secrets.  Fair ground division on this topic should be centered around increasing or decreasing energy production.  Our interpretation guarantees this.
   3.  Bright line
   Their interpretation requires that you look at the intent or effects of regulations rather than on the words.  Our interpretation sets a bright line  if the words of the law mandate a limit on energy production, then it is topical to remove it.  Avoiding subjective judging decisions is good for the exercise of jurisdiction.  Also, any advantages based on removing restrictions would be extratopical, not reasons to vote aff.
   D.  TOPICALITY AND EXTRATOPICALITY ARE VOTERS.
   For reasons of education, fairness and jurisdiction.

ASPEC
(A) The Aff doesn’t specify the branch that implements the plan – USFG means 3 branches.

Babylon.com, ‘7 (http://www.babylon.com/definition/United_States_federal_government/English)
This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, see
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federal government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial.
And, the agent of action test – The Aff has to specify in their plan text what is necessary for the plan to take effect.  Not specifying the branch doesn’t meet since the “USFG” isn’t an agent and there wouldn’t be a political channel to implement the plan.
Chicago Manual of Style, ‘3
(http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles32.html, accessed 10/16/07)

The government of the United States is not a single official entity. Nor is
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the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.
(B) This is a voter 

1. CP Ground – Specifying in the plan is key to Agent CP competition and agent comparison is crucial to policy education.
   Stoddard, ‘97 (Professor of law at New York University, 72 New York University Law Review 967)

Many of my colleagues seeking social justice have deliberately avoided  legislatures in recent decades,
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may, in the end, be as  important as what it says.
2. Aff conditionality – Not specifying in the plan allows the Aff to shift the entire meaning of the plan and undermines 1NC decision-making.
Renewables Trade-Off DA
Natural gas undermines support for alternative energies- will result in subsidies that price them out
Harvey 6-6 [Fiona, Environment Correspondant at The Guardian, “Natural gas is no climate change 'panacea', warns IEA” http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jun/06/natural-gas-climate-change-no-panacea]

Natural gas is not the "panacea" to solve climate change that fossil fuel
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a "golden age of gas" with lower prices and plentiful supply.
The plan creates an opportunity cost with WWS which precludes effective policy to prevent warming- short term action is necessary and the bridge would take to long
Jacobson 7-21
[Mark Z., Stanford Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering focusing specifically in physical, chemical, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere better in order to solve atmospheric problems, such as global warming. B.S. Civil Engineering, B.A. Economics, and M.S. Environmental Engineering (1988) Stanford University M.S. (1991) and Ph.D. (1994) Atmospheric Science, University of California at Los Angeles. “Why Natural Gas Warms the Earth More but Causes Less Health Damage Than Coal, so is not a Bridge Fuel nor a Benefit to Climate” http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/NatGasVsWWS&coal.pdf]

Natural gas is not a recommended option for providing new sources of electric power for
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the global buildup of tropospheric ozone resulting in additional respiratory illness and mortality.

Warming causes extinction.
Oliver Tickell (Climate Researcher) August 11 ‘8 “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
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warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth. 

Elections
Obama will win- top models and factors prove
Klein 9-17
Ezra is a columnist for the Washington Post and an MSNBC Political Analyst, “The Romney Campaign is in Trouble,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/09/17/romney-is-behind-and-the-debates-arent-likely-to-save-him/

First came the changes in strategy. It went from doing everything possible to assure
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crack under the pressure, then that comeback becomes that much less likely.
Fracking regulations are popular
Bloomberg ’12  
 “Tighter Fracking Regulations Favored by 65% of U.S. in Poll,”  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-15/tighter-fracking-regulations-favored-by-65-of-u-s-in-poll.html

The U.S. public favors greater regulation of hydraulic fracturing, a natural
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to rise to 49 percent by 2035, according to the Energy Department. 

Approval Rating is key, lines up perfectly with reelection
Silver ’11
Nate directs five thirty eight and is a statistician, “Approval Ratings and Reelection Odds,” http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/approval-ratings-and-re-election-odds/

Earlier this month, we posted the simple version of a finding, based on
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— and that would not have been true a couple of months ago.

China label kills relations and the economy
Roach 8-28
Stephen is a lecturer at Yale University’s School of Management and Jackson Institute for International Affairs. He is also a Senior executive with Morgan Stanley, “How Romney Could go Wrong from Day 1,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c74802de-f0f9-11e1-89b2-00144feabdc0.html#axzz25ue916Yz

True to his word as a candidate, a few hours after taking office as
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economic policy blunder. Bad dreams can – and have – become reality.

Economic decline causes nuclear war
Harris and Burrows, 09 –
 PhD in European History @ Cambridge and Counselor of the US National Intelligence Council AND Member of the National Intelligence Council’s Long Range Analysis Unit (Mathew J. and Jennifer, “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis,” April, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_Burrows.pdf)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
Lopez CP
The United States Supreme Court should grant certiorari to a relevant test case ruling that the 50 states should substantially reduce restrictions on federal lands in the Outer Continental Shelf for conventional gas production.
Competitive – CP doesn’t reduce restrictions.
(1) Reduce means to bring down in a smaller amount.

Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reduce
to bring down to a smaller extent, size, amount, number, etc.: to reduce one's weight by 10 pounds.
(2) CP doesn’t reduce the restriction – it’s still on the books; it just has no legal force.

Anonymous Law Professor, ‘6 anon@anon.org, July 9, Prawfsblog, http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2006/07/are_supreme_cou.html
"He is proclaiming that though an Act of Congress was struck down by Congress
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deep-seated prejudice against concurring opinions, I don't see why not.
Net Benefit – The Supreme Court has shied away from Commerce Clause rulings – CP’s overruling of an environmental statute would reinvigorate federalist jurisprudence.

Bruce Meyers and Jay Austin 11, Senior Attorneys – Environmental Law Institute (Principles of Constitutional Environmental Law, Ed. James R. May, p. 61-3)
For the foreseeable future, the continued viability of environmental law’s Commerce Clause foundation hinges
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has ever decided a direct Commerce Clause challenge to a federal environmental law.¶
The precedent sends a strong signal encouraging federalism worldwide - Solves global war.

Calabresi ’95 (Steven G., Assistant Prof – Northwestern U., Michigan Law Review, Lexis)
The prevailing wisdom is that the Supreme Court should abstain from enforcing constitutional limits on
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legal academy would wake up to the importance of what is at stake.
Heg
Japan nuclear shutdown fueling massive gains in LNG
Jay Maroo 9/18/2012 (Writer for Energy Risk, "LNG seen as big winner from nuclear decline in Japan" www.risk.net/energy-risk/news/2206242/lng-seen-as-big-winner-from-nuclear-decline-in-japan)

Japan’s decision last week to remove nuclear energy from the country’s fuel mix by 2040
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nuclear projects team at Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, an international law firm.

Natural gas gaining—trend will stabilize or grow for the next year at a minimum
Richard Zeits 9/7/2012 (Zeits Energy Analytics, Seeking Alpha Investment Analysis, "US gas production to stay high for the next 12-18 months" seekingalpha.com/article/852901-southwestern-energy-u-s-gas-production-to-stay-high-for-the-next-12-18-months)

With regard to the natural gas production trend, Steven Mueller commented: "As
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get into 2014, you will start getting supply and demand back together."
Natural gas becoming stable—price controls already ensured growth for the next year
Richard Zeits 9/7/2012 (Zeits Energy Analytics, Seeking Alpha Investment Analysis, "US gas production to stay high for the next 12-18 months" seekingalpha.com/article/852901-southwestern-energy-u-s-gas-production-to-stay-high-for-the-next-12-18-months)

Mr. Mueller's forecast, while not bullish at the first glance, in fact
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infrastructure has largely been put in place to accommodate massive shale gas volumes.
Sweet spot drilling ensures natural gas strength despite lower prices
Richard Zeits 9/7/2012 (Zeits Energy Analytics, Seeking Alpha Investment Analysis, "US gas production to stay high for the next 12-18 months" seekingalpha.com/article/852901-southwestern-energy-u-s-gas-production-to-stay-high-for-the-next-12-18-months)

The key factor explaining the industry's resilience in the face of the seemingly very low
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of economically attractive drilling locations expands dramatically threatening with an imminent production glut.
Price declines irrelevant—natural gas strong in the near future
Ben Gersten 9/7/2012 (Associate Editor, Money Morning, "Natural Gas Companies: The Latest Must-Know News" moneymorning.com/2012/09/07/natural-gas-companies-the-latest-must-know-news/)

Natural gas companies watched their stocks tumble earlier this year with the price of nat
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.g. Hurricanes Debby and Isaac, could also send prices higher.
( ) No impact to China war –
A. War would be limited.
Jeffrey Record, Professor at the US Air War College, Senior Fellow at CISP, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis at Brookings, Winter, ’1 (Thinking About China and War. Aerospace Power Journal. Infotrac)
Assuming the absence of mindless escalation to a general nuclear exchange, a war between
AND
the US position on the ground would have been untenable without air dominance.)
B. US would ruckus them – no nuclear use.
Robert S. Ross, Staff Writer for the National Interest, Fall, 05 (Assessing the China Threat. The National Interest. Lexis)
At the strategic level, after decades of research and testing, China is preparing
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. nuclear capabilities ever provided for our European allies during the Cold War.
Heg is over

Rachman 11  (Gideon Rachman, Financial Times chief foreign affairs commentator, Zero-Sum Future, 2011, pp 3-4)

But the economic crisis that struck the world in 2008 has changed the logic of
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the "unipolar moment" that began with the collapse of the Soviet Union
( ) Heg not solve war –
A. No threats require primacy and other factors ensure security.
Friedman and Preble 10 (Benjamin Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the Cato Institute, Christopher Preble is director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, Budgetary Savings from Military Restraint, September 22, 2010 Cato Policy Analysis No. 667 September 23, 2010 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/PA667.pdf
The United States confuses what it wants from its military, which is global primacy
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resentment. Global military primacy is a game not worth the candle.56
B. No war – States have an incentive to avoid it.
Zakaria 08 (Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International, 2008, The Post-American World,  p. 244)
In certain areas – the South China Sea, for example – U.S
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futile and unnecessary.  Small work-arounds might be just as effective.
( ) Heg inevitable.
Goldberg 11 ( January 28 2011 “America's China Syndrome” AEIPPR American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research http://www.aei.org/article/103022)
It's true that from the early 1990s until around now, America has been essentially
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In that sense, the new normal looks a lot like the old normal
( ) Aging crisis solves heg.
Haas 7 (Mark L Haas, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Duquesne University, “A Geriatric Peace? The Future of U.S. Power in a World of Aging Populations” International Security, Vol. 32, No. 1, Summer, p 112-147 (EBSCO)) SV
Global population aging will influence U.S. foreign policies in five major ways
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aging and its economic and military effects make such an outcome unlikely.6
Trade
Free trade not solve war –
A. Interdependence alone can’t solve.
Layne ’98 (Christopher, prof of international politics and military strategy at the Naval Postgraduate School, consultant to the RAND Corp, World Policy Journal, “Rethinking American grand strategy: hegemony or balance of power in the twenty-first century?” v15 n2 p8(21), infotrac)
These arguments notwithstanding, international economic interdependence does not cause peace. In fact,
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modern international system only during the hegemonies of Victorian Britain and postwar America.
B. Historical evidence proves you wrong.
Mearsheimer 2k (John J., poli sci Professor at the U of Chicago, co-director of the Program on International Security Policy, The Future Of The American Military Presence In Europe, edited by Lloyd Matthews, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pubs/2000/milpres/milpres.pdf)
Implicit in your question and in Professor Kaysen’s answer is the belief that increasing economic
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should at least have reservations about the claim that economic interdependence produces peace.
C. So does comprehensive research.
Barbieri 96 (Katherine, Professor of Political Science – University of North Texas, Journal of Peace Research, February, p. 42-43)
This study provides little empirical support for the liberal proposition that trade provides a path
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greatest benefits, but such benefits and costs require a more rigorous investigation.
US-Japan relations resilient, cooperation on a wide range of issues and end of tensions
RTT News 6/22 (RTT News, “US, Japan to strengthen security, defense cooperation,” 6/22/11, http://www.rttnews.com/Content/TopStories.aspx?Id=1651487&SM=1, CJC)
In order to address the evolving regional and global security environment, the United States
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to Camp Schwab on the east coast of Nago City in northern Okinawa.
Economic interdependence makes relations collapse impossible
Cooper 10- Specialist in international trade and finance- congressional research service reportb(William H, “ U.S.-Japan Economic Relations: Significance, Prospects, and Policy Options,”3/11/10, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA516013&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf, Pg 3, CJC)
Japan and the United States are the two largest economic powers. Together they account for over 30% of world domestic product, for a significant portion of international trade in goods and services, and for a major portion of international investment. This economic clout makes the United States and Japan potentially powerful actors in the world economy. Economic conditions in the United States and Japan have a significant impact on the rest of the world. Furthermore, the U.S.-Japan bilateral economic relationship can influence economic conditions in other countries. The U.S.-Japan economic relationship is very strong and mutually advantageous. The two economies are highly integrated via trade in goods and services—they are large markets for each other’s exports and important sources of imports. More importantly, Japan and the United States are closely connected via capital flows. Japan is a major foreign source of financing of the U.S. national debt and will likely remain so for the foreseeable future, as the mounting U.S. debt needs to be financed and the stock of U.S. domestic savings remains insufficient to meet the demand. Japan is also a significant source of foreign private portfolio and direct investment in the United States, and the United States is the origin of much of the foreign investment in Japan.
Alt causes to species loss—9 reasons at least

Tonn ‘7 (Bruce, school of planning prof at U of Tenn, “Futures Sustainability,” Futures, November, lexis)
Threats to biodiversity are numerous and well known. Studies suggest that the number of
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levels enough in the atmosphere to asphyxiate all oxygen breathing species [17].
( ) No impact to biodiversity –
A. Impact to Biodiversity is a myth

NPR, 7 (5/30/2007, Donald J. Dodds M.S. P.E., President of the North Pacific Research, “The Myth of Biodiversity,” northpacificresearch.com/downloads/The_myth_of_biodiversity.doc CS)
Biodiversity is a corner stone of the environmental movement. But there is no proof
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of this graph. Biodiversity has never been higher than it is today. 

R4
1NC
Framework
Interpretation—the affirmative must defend the enactment of a topical plan by the United States federal government
They claim advantages independent of the plan and the imagination of governmental action

1. “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative form.
   Army Officer School 2004 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
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resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.
2. “United States federal government should” means the resolutional question concerns the imagination of outcome of the establishment of a policy by the government.
Jon M. Ericson 2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
Reasons to prefer—

1. Fairness:
   A. Predictable limits—there are limitless investigations of energy production and debate practice, but the grammar of the resolution is based on enacting a policy. We can’t predict disconnected from the resolutional question.
   B. Ground—they make stable ground impossible because they can always claim ‘critical’ outweigh disads to the plan or shift their advocacy to avoid impact turns—must hold them to a central question for productive argumentation and idea testing.
   Presumption – the affirmative defends current restrictions on energy production, that’s a reason to maintain the status quo and vote neg
   2. Education:
   A. Switch-side testing—changing the ballot from a yes/no question about desirability of the plan undermines effective argumentation because there is no point of stasis to continually re-interrogate.
   And, this idea testing is the best model for creating understanding and fostering tolerance.
   Gordon Mitchell et al. 2007 (Eric English, Stephen Llano, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief, and Carly Woods, Pitt Comm Studies Grad Students, Gordon Mitchell is an Associate Comm Studies Professor @ Pitt, Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies 4)

It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
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heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’
B. Stasis—

1. Subject Formation—absence of shared yardsticks for argument and the mismatch of interpretational scope limits out the possibility of debate.
   Diana Panke 2010 (Lecturer of Politics at the University College Dublin, Review of International Studies, Volume 36, Issue 01, January 2010 p. 145-168) 

Discourses take place in many political, judicial and societal arenas within and beyond nation
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reasoning whose interpretational scope fit the interpretational scope of the problem at stake.
2. Ideational Change—no chance of ideational change in their framework—lack of agreement over truth or between competing paradigms eliminates discussion.
Diana Panke 2010 (Lecturer of Politics at the University College Dublin, Review of International Studies, Volume 36, Issue 01, January 2010 p. 145-168) 

Judicial discourses accelerate argumentative speech acts. Yet, exchanging arguments is not sufficient to
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Are new concepts introduced? How are they defined? Are exceptions specified?
C. This is a voting issue—limiting discussion to the question being asked is a prerequisite to effective communication.
Topicality- Can’t Increase Restrictions
Interpretation: Incentives include only positive motivators
Russel Thomas, 2007 [Principal at Meritology, a consultancy that models business value and risk forinformation technology, Incentive-based Cyber Trust – A Call to Action,http://meritology.com/resources/Incentive based%20Cyber%20Trust%20Initiative%20v3.5.pdf]

“Incentive” – Our definition differs somewhat from the usual economic definition: “
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non-market processes such as legal , regulatory, or authority institutions .
Violation: The affirmative increases incentives for a conditional subsidy
Standards:
Limits – They double the number of mechanisms they can use to increase incentives for energy productive – The carbon tax, cap-and-trade, and equipment certification all become topical
Ground – Requiring a positive incentive forces the aff to defend an increase in government spending for energy production—Their “market-based” approach avoids core solvency questions
Voters: Fairness and Education

Coercion
Free access to energy is the lifeblood of liberty—government involvement destroys individual rights
Josh Loposer 2/24/2012 (journalist, author, managing editor of Digital Marketer, "Political Prisoners: Obama Energy Policy Puts American on House Arrest" www.absoluterights.com/political-prisoners-obama-energy-policy-puts-america-on-house-arrest/)

Energy is the lifeblood of liberty. No matter how you slice it, our
AND
pursued  and even celebrated  in Washington D.C. today.

And, any coercion brings us one step closer to the genocidal nightmares of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union
Harry Browne 1995 (Former Libertarian presidential candidate, executive director of public policy at American Liberty Foundation, editor of Liberty Magazine, financial advisor and economist, Why Government Doesn’t Work, p.66-67) 

The reformers of the Cambodian revolution claimed to be building a better world. They
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cover up the damage of all the failed government programs that came before.
And, it’s a moral side constraint
Sylvester Petro 1974 (Wake Forest Professor in Toledo Law Review, Spring, p. 480) 

However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in
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every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.
A2 Warming
Warming doesn’t cause extinction
Willis and Macdonald 11
(Kathy – Biodiversity Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, G.M. – Department of Geography, University of California, “Long-Term Ecological Records and Their Relevance to Climate Change Predictions for a Warmer World,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144704)

Persistence and range shifts (migrations) seem to have been the predominant terrestrial biotic
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of existing species resulted in plant assemblages that have no present day analog.
Turn – Ice Age – it’s coming now – multiple solar studies conclude.
Hecht 11 (Laurence, Editor of 21st Century Science & Technology, 6-24, http://www.21stcenturyscience tech.com/Articles_2011/WeakSun.pdf, 7-1-11, AH)
Three independent U.S. studies of solar activity arrive at the same conclusions
AND
of nuclear fission and fusion, is imperative for the survival of civilization.
CO2 prevents it.
Jaworowski, ‘4 [Zbigniew Jaworowski is chairman of the Scientific Council of the Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection in Warsaw and former chair of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. He was a principal investigator of three research projects of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and of four research projects of the International Atomic Energy Agency. He has held posts with the Centre d'Etude Nucleaires near Paris; the Biophysical Group of the Institute of Physics, University of Oslo; the Norwegian Polar Research Institute and the National Institute for Polar Research in Tokyo (hes qualed), “The Ice Age is Coming”, Winter 03-04, 7/16/08, http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202004/Winter2003-4/global_warming.pdf]
The approaching new Ice Age poses a real challenge for mankind, much greater than
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drift back into an Ice Age, not away from an Ice Age.”
Impact is extinction – it is comparatively worse than warming.
Caruba 5 ( “An Icy End for Mankind?” http://www.sepp.org/Archive/NewSEPP/Ice%20Age-Caruba.htm)
It is well known that, in the course of billions of years, the
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for the 3.5 billion years that life has existed on earth."
A2 Bio-D
( ) Alt causes to species loss—9 reasons at least

Tonn ‘7 (Bruce, school of planning prof at U of Tenn, “Futures Sustainability,” Futures, November, lexis)
Threats to biodiversity are numerous and well known. Studies suggest that the number of
AND
levels enough in the atmosphere to asphyxiate all oxygen breathing species [17].
( ) No impact to biodiversity –
A. Impact to Biodiversity is a myth

NPR, 7 (5/30/2007, Donald J. Dodds M.S. P.E., President of the North Pacific Research, “The Myth of Biodiversity,” northpacificresearch.com/downloads/The_myth_of_biodiversity.doc CS)
Biodiversity is a corner stone of the environmental movement. But there is no proof
AND
of this graph. Biodiversity has never been higher than it is today.
B. Not key to ecosystems.

Sasaki and Lauenroth, 11 - * Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University. PhD from the Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Member of the Ecological Society of Japan, and Winner of the Best Poster Prize in 2007 and 2008 at the Annual Meeting of Ecological Society of Japan (section: Plant Community and Species Diversity) – AND  Professor at the Department of Botany at the University of Wyoming. PhD in Range Science from the University of Colorado (1/11/11, Dr. Takehiro Sasaki and Dr. William K. Lauenroth, “Dominant species, rather than diversity, regulates temporal stability of plant communities,” Oecologia, 166(3):761-8 CS)
We found a significant negative relationship between temporal stability and species richness, number of
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supported by an increase in the number of rare species destabilized the communities.
C. Adaptation—allows survival and development of redundancy 

Doremus 2k (Law Prof – Berkeley, Washington and Lee Law Review)
Reluctant to concede such losses, tellers of the ecological horror story highlight how close
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a high proportion of species can be lost without precipitating a collapse.  n217
D. No snowballing—impact is small

Moore ’98 (Senior Fellow – Hoover Institute, Climate of Fear, Pg. 99)
Nevertheless, the loss of a class of living being does not typically threaten other
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imagine a single species that, if eliminated, would threaten us humans.
( ) Tech advances prevent spillover. 

Simon ’94 Julian, prof. of business administration at Univ. of Maryland, 2-9-94, The Ultimate Resource II: People, Materials, and Environment, Chapter 31, http://www.juliansimon.org/writings/Ultimate_Resource/TCHAR31.txt)
The issue first came to scientific prominence in 1979 with Norman Myers's book The Sinking
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in its natural habitat than would have been the case in earlier years.   
A2 Resource Wars
No resource wars impact –
A. Empirics and studies are conclusive – resource wars don’t happen
Salehyan 07 – Idean Salehyan Professor of Political Science at the University of North Texas. “The New Myth About Climate Change Corrupt, tyrannical governments—not changes in the Earth’s climate—will be to blame for the coming resource wars.” By
Idean Salehyan | August 14, 2007 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/08/13/the_new_myth_about_climate_change

First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
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there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters.
B. Trading goods solves
Allouche 10 Jeremy Allouche Research Fellow in water supply and sanitation. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, U The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade. Food Policy (2010), doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.013
Debates on resource scarcity and conflict have ignored the role of trade in both causing
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2009 and Aksoy and Beghin, 2005), alternatives have usually been dismissed.
C. Depletion of resources doesn’t cause violence
Victor 7 [David G. - professor at the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies and director of the School’s new Laboratory on International Law and Regulation. “What resource wars?”.  http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/IK14Dj04.html, November 14, 2007 ayc]
Most of this is bunk, and nearly all of it has focused on the
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and lose some friendships and contracts, but they do not unleash violence.
A2 Overpop
No overpopulation impact
A. Population smaller – won’t cause overshoot.
Hugh, 6 Edward Hugh, RETHINKING THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, 2006, http://www.edwardhugh.net/rethinking_the_demographic_.pdf
In the short-run there is no real global problem. The population range in 2050 will be only from 7.4 to 10.6 billion, numbers which at first can certainly be fed and, given proper safeguards, are not likely to cause a major upset to such global systems as the atmosphere.
B. Can’t attribute environmental impact to population – it’s the practices that are key.
Angus & Butler, ’10 (Socialist Voice, http://climatechangesocialchange.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/should-climate-activists-support-limits-on-immigration/)
The view that stopping immigration to wealthy countries is a good way to fight global
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different impact in the zero-emissions economy we need to fight for.
C. Maltusian Predictions wrong - Technology Solves Resources - 3 reasons
Hart, syndicated columnist, october 17, 99 (Betsey, milwalkee Setinel, p.4J)
Over the last decades prophets of doom and gloom have varied their tone about over
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of corrupt governments or social regimes, not because of too many people.
D. Population leads to more resources
Simon 94' (Julian, Economist, U. Maryland, Security Or Abundance)
The key theoretical idea is this: The growth of population and of income create
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not only themselves but the rest of us as well. Thank you.

R5
1NC
Renewables DA
Transition from nuclear to renewables now – industry will be dead worldwide now unless the US provides more subsidies.
Harvey Wasserman 12,Author, 'SOLARTOPIA! Our Green-Powered Earth' http://www.huffingtonpost.com/harvey-wasserman/post_3127_b_1353253.html

In the wake of Fukushima, grassroots citizen action is shutting the worldwide nuclear power
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sure these shut-downs happen before the next Fukushima irradiates us all.
Renewable energy decreases the perceived need for global nuclear power, meets Article IV requirements, and solves climate best. Promoting nuclear power only encourages other states to build dual use nuclear energy and delays an energy transition.
Amory B. Lovins 10, Founder – RMI, Holy god this card is orgasmic http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/a_roadmap_to_our_energy_future

Similar adherence to outmoded orthodoxies now cripples nonproliferation. Policy still rests on the fatally
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cost domestic energy strategy inform, integrate, and inspire foreign policy too?
*(read these if not in 1ac)*
Warming causes extinction.
Oliver Tickell (Climate Researcher) August 11 ‘8 “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction”, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
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warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth.
T- Not Procurement
A. Interpretation – incentives exclude guaranteed procurement – financial only
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
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import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.
B. Violation – the plan obtains nuclear technology
C. This is a voting issue for fairness and education

1. Ground – we lose disads to market action and perception – government purchasing should be neg ground.
   2. Limits – they double the number of affs by making financial and nonfinancial incentives possible for any energy – this is especially bad on an already broad topic.
   States CP
   The 50 state governments and relevant subnational governments should require that regulated utilities meet 20 percent of net electricity demand from renewable energy and Small Modular Reactors and establish renewable energy credits that can be applied across state lines to facilitate this goal. The 50 states and relevant subnational actors should pass appropriate policies allowing utilities to pass the cost of construction of Small Modular Reactors to customer rates.  The 50 states and relevant subnational actors should require that the military bases have guaranteed and first access to the electricity produced by any of the clean energies under the RPS. The 50 States should provide substantial incentives to private contractors to build renewables or Small Modular Reactors on military bases. We’ll clarify.
   Solves the Aff.

Lisa Janairo Senior policy analyst at The council of State Governments, Jan 09 (“Nuclear Power May Make a Comeback, csg.org)
Nuclear energy does appear to be reliable, generally clean and safe. The affordability
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, such as California and Wisconsin, but has not yet been adopted.
A2- Readiness
Nuclear energy expansion causes major water shortages.

Joe Romm ‘8, Center for American Progress Action Fund (http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2008/pdf/nuclear_report.pdf)
water Shortages will hamper    growth and increase costs   Finally, we have water consumption.
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fuels,”   as a 2002 report by the Electric Power   Research Institute found.
Water shortages kill the semiconductor industry.

Pacific Institute, February '9 (Feb, http://www.ceres.org/Document.Doc?id=406)
Water scarcity directly impacts business activities, raw material supply, intermediate supply chain,
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a manufacturing plant could compromise all material in production for an entire quarter.
Crucial to readiness.

Lieberman, '3 (US Senator, June 5, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2003_cr/s060503.html)
Studies have shown that numerous advanced defense applications now under consideration will require high-
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will be increasingly dependent on  such chips for a defense and intelligence edge.
( ) No impact to hard power –
A. Military power does not translate into security.
Hachigan and Sutphen 08 (Nina, Senior Fellow at American Progress, senior political scientist at RAND Corporation and served as the director of the RAND Center for Asia Pacific Policy for four years, From 1998 to 1999, Hachigian was on the staff of the National Security Council in the White House, Monica Sutphen, Stanford Center for International Security, 2008, The Next American Century, p. 168-9
IN PRACTICE, the strategy of primacy failed to deliver.  While the fact of
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dominate the world military and then question why China is modernizing its military.
B. Readiness doomed – multiple reasons.
Burns ‘6 (Robert, AP Military Writer, January 24, Associated Press, “Study: Army Stretched to Breaking Point,” http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060124/ap_on_go_ca_st_pe/army_breaking_point;_ylt=AkDwbD7AfATSH1tnoIHL_xSs0NUE;_ylu=X3oDMTA3ODdxdHBhBHNlYwM5NjQ-)
Stretched by frequent troop rotations to Iraq and Afghanistan, the Army has become a
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yearlong tours in Iraq, and some smaller units have served three times.
C. Squo military solves
Friedman and Preble 10 (Benjamin Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the Cato Institute, Christopher Preble is director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, Budgetary Savings from Military Restraint, September 22, 2010 Cato Policy Analysis No. 667 September 23, 2010 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/PA667.pdf
As for our potential great power rivals— Russia and China—we would have
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potential strategic partners contribute much of the rest. (See Figure 2.)

A2- Prolif
No global nuclear power expansion now – all rhetoric.
Dr Jim Green 8/2/12 is the national nuclear campaigner with Friends of the Earth and author of a detailed briefing paper on the events leading up to the Fukushima disaster http://www.worldnuclearreport.org/spip.php?article95

The 2012 World Nuclear Industry Status Report details the impact of the Fukushima disaster on
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will be required in coming decades just to replace permanent reactor shut downs.
Cart before the horse – Lack of skilled professionals prevents leadership.
Roland M. Frye, Jr. 8, Senior Attorney in the Office of Commission Appellate Adjudication of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 29 Energy L. J. 279

The current shortage of trained workers and nuclear-educated experts could hinder the nuclear
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bonuses" of more than $ 10,000 to new graduates. n561
Reliance on foreign materials kills leadership and makes expansion impossibly expensive.
Peter D’Ambrosio and Kevin O’Brien 9 Partner, Winston & Strawn LLP Washington, D.C. Partner, Howrey LLP Washington, D.C. http://www.winston.com/siteFiles/Publications/Nuclear_Power_Projects_D'Ambrosio_Article.pdf

Obtaining the necessary material and equipment to construct the next generation of nuclear plants in
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, as delays, back-orders and bottlenecks are sure to ensue.
New reactor types undermine nuclear conformity that’s key to tech leadership.
Lester and Rosner 9 (Richard and Robert, The growth of nuclear power: drivers & constraints, http://lion.chadwyck.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/searchFulltext.do?id=R04200587&divLevel=0&area=abell&forward=critref_ft)

In its earliest years, the nuclear power industry also seemed destined to develop along
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energy growth? How might it affect the course of international nonproliferation efforts?
Prolif inevitable
A. Conventional Weapons.

Gerson and Boyars ‘7 (Michael Gerson is a specialist in military strategy, nuclear deterrence, arms control, and WMD proliferation, is a member of CNA’s Center for Strategic Studies. and Jacob Boyars is an intern in CNA’s Center for Strategic Studies “The Future of U.S. Deterrence: Constructing Effective Strategies to Deter States and Non-State Actors” CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES 18 September 2007 http://www.cna.org/documents/D0017171. AT.pdf)
In today’s threat environment, however, it is possible that U.S.
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nuclear weapons as the only possible deterrent against U.S. power.
B. Regional concerns.

Blechman ‘9 (Barry. co-founder of the Henry L. Stimson Center and a Stimson Distinguished Fellow. Don’t Reduce the US Nuclear Arsenal Unilaterally: We Need Levers to Move the World Toward Disarmament 1/21/9. http://www.stimson.org/pub.cfm?id=734.)
Nor would a unilateral reduction help the US contain proliferation. Iran and North Korea
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nuclear blast on its territory to deter American involvement in a regional crisis.
( ) Prolif Not Cause War –
A. History supports.

Tepperman ‘9 (Jonathan Tepperman a journalist based in New York City. “Why Obama should learn to love the bomb” Newsweek Nov 9, 2009 http://jonathantepperman.com/Welcome_files/nukes_Final.pdf)
A growing and compelling body of research suggests that nuclear weapons may not, in
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Since acquiring atomic weapons, the two sides have never fought another war.
B. So does the best statistical evidence.

Asal and Beardsley ‘7 (Victor Asal Department of Political Science, State University of New York, Albany and Kyle Beardsley Department of Political Science, Emory University “Proliferation and International Crisis Behavior” Journal of Peace Research 2007; 44; 139)
As Model 1 in Table IV illustrates, all of our variables are statistically significant
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more reduction as the number of nuclear powers involved in the conflict increases. 

Solvency
Every major study shows that military use of nuclear plants would be impossibly uncompetitive and would still require 100% back up from other sources on the grid.
Amory B. Lovins 10, Physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, http://dodenergy.blogspot.com/2010/05/lovins-addresses-new-nuclear-power-for_12.html
Question 3: Are there any points in particular you'd like to call out re
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find a cost-insensitive customer for technologies already rejected by the marketplace.
Aff’s a massive security risk.
Terrence P. Smith 11, CSIS Analyst, http://csis.org/blog/idea-i-can-do-without-small-nuclear-reactors-military-installations
The proposed solution: small nuclear reactors that (in many of the proposed plans
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hardly writes off the possibility of alternative energy supplies short of going nuclear.  
Confining radiation won’t scale down and by the time we can build them they won’t be competitive.
Amory B. Lovins 10, Physicist, environmental scientist, writer, and Chairman/Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute http://dodenergy.blogspot.com/2010/04/lovins-addresses-new-nuclear-power-for.html

Question 2: Some make the case that recently popular, small, modular design
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, and the [business case] is unsound for any nuclear reactor.