Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

FW-1NC

Interpretation—the affirmative should defend the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan by the United States federal government

They claim advantages independent of the plan and the imagination of governmental action.

• • 1. "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative form.
       Army Officer School 2004 (5-12, "~%23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm-http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. "United States federal government should" means the resolutional question concerns the imagination of outcome of the establishment of a policy by the government.
Jon M. Ericson 2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Reasons to prefer—

• • 1. Fairness:
       
       A. Predictable limits—there are limitless investigations of energy production and debate practice, but the grammar of the resolution is based on enacting a policy. We can’t predict the infinite number of critical positions the aff allows because they are disconnected from the resolutional question of demands for government action.

B. Ground—their framework makes stable ground impossible because they can always claim ’critical’ outweigh disads to the plan or shift their advocacy to avoid impact turns—must hold them to a central question for productive argumentation and idea testing to occur.  

2. Education:
A. Switch-side testing—changing the ballot from a yes/no question about desirability of the plan undermines effective argumentation because there is no point of stasis to continually re-interrogate, removing the ability to test their ideas and others.
And, this idea testing is the best model for creating understanding and fostering tolerance. 
Gordon Mitchell et al. 2007 (Eric English, Stephen Llano, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief, and Carly Woods, Pitt Comm Studies Grad Students, Gordon Mitchell is an Associate Comm Studies Professor @ Pitt, Communication %26 Critical/Cultural Studies 4)

It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology
AND
heirs to brand the activity as a ’’weapon of mass destruction.’’

B. Stasis—

1. Subject Formation—absence of shared yardsticks for argument and the mismatch of interpretational scope limits out the possibility of debate.
   Diana Panke 2010 (Lecturer of Politics at the University College Dublin, Review of International Studies, Volume 36, Issue 01, January 2010 p. 145-168) 

Discourses take place in many political, judicial and societal arenas within and beyond nation
AND
reasoning whose interpretational scope fit the interpretational scope of the problem at stake.

2. Ideational Change—no chance of ideational change in their framework—lack of agreement over truth or between competing paradigms eliminates discussion.
Diana Panke 2010 (Lecturer of Politics at the University College Dublin, Review of International Studies, Volume 36, Issue 01, January 2010 p. 145-168) 

Judicial discourses accelerate argumentative speech acts. Yet, exchanging arguments is not sufficient to
AND
Are new concepts introduced? How are they defined? Are exceptions specified?

C. This is a voting issue—limiting discussion to the question being asked is a prerequisite to effective communication. 

Ruth Lessl Shively 2000 (Assistant Professor of Political Science, Texas A%26M, Partisan Politics %26 Political Theory, p. 181-2)
The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Framework 2NC

AT Duffey

Their interpretation of the ballot assumes that we are engaged in substantive debate and not an educational debate

Freely, professor of communication and director of debate at John Carroll, 66
(Austin J, Argumentation and debate: rational decision making, 2nd edition, p. 14)
Debate may be classified into two broad categories: substantive and educational. Substantive debate is conducted on propositions in which the advocates have a special interest; the debate is presented before a judge or audience with power to render a binding decision on the proposition; and the purpose of debate is to establish a fact, value, or policy.  Educational debate is conducted on propositions in which the advocates usually have an academic interest.; it is presented
before a judge or audience usually without direct power to render a decision on the proposition—indeed, in educational debate the judge is instructed to disregard the merits of the proposition and to render a decision on the merits of the debate; and the purpose of the debate is to provide educational opportunities for the participants.

Green Grid

Green grid key to solve environmental justice

Behles 12. (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. "An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid." Spring 2012. 36 Wm. %26 Mary Envtl. L. %26 Pol’y Rev. 671 Lexis.)

The New Green Grid Can Reduce Pollution and Provide Economic Development in Environmental Justice Neighborhoods
AND
Hunters Point and Richmond, as high impact areas for air pollution. n187

Policy Good:  Environment

Focus on state policy is key to environmental action

DEHGAN 2007 Alex, PhD., Afghanistan Country Director For The World Conservation Society, degrees in both evolutionary biology and law, Interview on Mongabay.com, August 7, http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0807-interview-dehgan.html-http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0807-interview-dehgan.html)

Dehgan: Conservation solutions involve more than just science, but also being able to
AND
. It also calls for an understanding of the differences between the fields.

Science Good

Debating science is able to solve hteir aff

Nature 10 international weekly science journal (Nature, 9/9/2010, "Science Scorned", http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7312/full/467133a.html) MH

There is a growing anti-science streak on the American right that could have
AND
politicians to help illuminate the pressing science-based issues of our time. 

2NC Switch Side Good

1. Our framework forces debates on both sides of a social issue which stimulates critical thinking and helps students understand the complexities of policy dilemmas – this is critical to check dogmatism

Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

This type of education is crucial to solving the affirmative - Malcom X proves the value of switch-side debate—it produces more effective advocacy.

Branham, Professor of Rhetoric at Bates College 1995 (Robert, "I Was Gone on Debating’: Malcom X’s Prison Debates and Public confrontation", Argumentation and Advocacy, Winter, Volume 31, Number 3, page 117)
As Malcolm X sought new outlets for his heightened political consciousness, he turned to
AND
. 184). Preparation for each debate included four or five practice sessions.

AT: Limits Bad – Butler

The failure to articulate norms and standards allows subversion and parody to be used in counterproductive ways – preventing the ultimate goals they wish to achieve.

Nussbaum, 99 – Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago
(Martha C., The New Republic, "The Professor of Parody," 2-22-1999, http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf, JMP)

Suppose we grant Butler her most interesting claims up to this point: that the
AND
we have to articulate those norms—and this Butler refuses to do.

2NC- Testing DA

1. Role of the second speaker—need to have dialogue over all ideas and be open to testing from a ’second speaker’ to develop new understandings and better politics

Nikolas Kompridis 2005 (professor at the Centre for Citizenship and Public Policy at the University of Western Sydney, "Disclosing Possibility: The Past and Future of Critical Theory", International
Journal of Philosophical Studies. p. 339-340) 

Thus, to put it in my terms, it is the choice between a
AND
about such change as can initiate better and more reflective ways of life.

3. Risky role-taking—MUST resist the aff’s version of ideal role playing and be open to testing. Failure to do so means even the most moral view can become abstracted from context and manipulated.

Nikolas Kompridis 2006 (professor at the Centre for Citizenship and Public Policy at the University of Western Sydney, "Critique and Disclosure: Critical Theory between Past and Future". p. 213-215) 

The design of discursive procedures of justification, no matter how demanding the standards of
AND
process cannot be determined in advance by the normative rules of practical discourses.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

T-Incentives Exclude R&D

Interpretation – Financial incentives directly increase government expenditures for energy production – R%26D is support.

Gielecki et al 1 (Mark, an economist with the Department of Energy, Fred Mayes, and Lawrence Prete, "Incentives, Mandates, and ¶ Government Programs for ¶ Promoting Renewable Energy" http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm-http://lobby.la.psu.edu/_107th/128_PURPA/Agency_Activities/EIA/Incentive_Mandates_and_Government.htm)

Over the years, incentives and mandates for renewable energy have been used to advance
AND
, thus enhancing the commercial viability of the good(s) provided.

FOR is exclusive.

Clegg 95—J.D., 1981 Yale Law School; the author is vice president and general counsel of the National Legal Center for the Public Interest. (Roger, "Reclaiming The Text of The Takings Clause," 46 S.C. L. Rev. 531, Summer, lexis)

Even if it made no sense to limit the clause to takings "for public
AND
no doubt that the phrase is narrowing the scope of the Amendment. n20

Violation – Energy production refers to the extraction, conversion, and distribution of energy – excludes R%26D

Doug Koplow 4 Founder of Earth Track in Cambridge, MA. He has worked on natural resource subsidy issues for 20 years, primarily in the energy sector "Subsidies to Energy Industries" Encyclopedia of Energy Vol 5, http://www.earthtrack.net/files/Energy%20Encyclopedia,%20wv.pdf

3. SUBSIDIES THROUGH THE FUEL CYCLE Because no two fuel cycles are exactly the
AND
the energy resource to the point of final use, and accident risks.

Voter –

1.Limits – Including R%26D Aff’s allows the Aff to develop any future energy source and claim unpredictable spin-off advantages not related to changing energy production.

2. Solvency distortion – they avoid the central question of changing energy markets – R%26D has at best uncertain effects on energy production.

EIA 7 (Energy Information Administration, "Federal Energy Research and Development," http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/subsidy2/pdf/chap3.pdf)
It is easier to measure energy R%26D spending than to characterize it as
AND
likely to be measurable only years after the funded research effort is initiated.

T-Positive Motivators

Interpretation: Incentives include only positive motivators

Russel Thomas, 2007 ~Principal at Meritology, a consultancy that models business value and risk forinformation technology, Incentive-based Cyber Trust – A Call to Action,http://meritology.com/resources/Incentive based%20Cyber%20Trust%20Initiative%20v3.5.pdf~

"Incentive" – Our definition differs somewhat from the usual economic definition: "
AND
non-market processes such as legal , regulatory, or authority institutions .

Violation: The affirmative doesn’t increase incentives

Standards:

Limits – key to hold the line on mechanisms – The carbon tax, cap-and-trade, and equipment certification all become topical

Ground – Requiring a positive incentive forces the aff to defend an increase in government spending for energy production—

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Security

Their threat discourses uphold security’s ontological precepts which causes mass war and violence

Burke, 7 ( Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney,  "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)  

My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant’s moral demand for the eventual abolition
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

The alternative is to Vote Negative - rejecting the dominant hegemonic discourse of security inherent in the 1AC opens up space for counter-hegemonies

Richard Wyn Jones, Professor International Politics @ Aberystwyth University, ’99 (Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163)
The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a
AND
molecular, struggle to break down the prevailing hegemony and construct an alternative counterhegemony
 to take its place. Organic intellectuals have a crucial role to play in
AND
should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

Cap

By focusing on a single site of oppression such as racism the aff localizes knowledge and prevents the formation of class consciousness – this strategically divides the proletariat

Hennessy ’00 (Prof @ SUNY Albany, Rosemary, "Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism", Routledge)

The signs of an intensified class war are everywhere (even if we only look
AND
wide array of discourses and institutional sites to address a host of concerns.

Their demand for "equality" arises out of the crisis of liberalism, which particularizes the oppressions of capitalism to the point that the universal system is naturalized – Attaining white, male bourgeoisie privilege becomes the bench-mark of political success, re-entrenching the system.

Brown ’93 (Professor of Political Science, Wendy, "Wounded Attachments", Political Theory, Aug. p. 392-394)

Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
AND
produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

Capitalism causes extinction.

Brown ’05 (Charles ~Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan~ May 13th 2005 (http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)

The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means
AND
at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

The alternative is to vote neg to embrace a revolutionary struggle against capitalism.

Class-conscious revolution is key – The oppression and violence of capital will sustain themselves until we identify with the universal of class and rise up as one

Avakian ’99 (Chairman of Revolutionary Communist Party, Bob, "We Have a New Millenium—What we Need is a New World", Revolutionary Worker ~%231036, Dec. 26, p. online: http://rwor.org/a/v21/1030-039/1036/millenium.htm-http://rwor.org/a/v21/1030-039/1036/millenium.htm)

BUT the BIG QUESTION is: WHAT WILL REPLACE THE RULE OF THESE IMPERIALISTS WHEN
AND
as a powerful force at the core of this world-changing struggle. 

Daoism

No one knows what is good and bad. Reject the aff’s judgments, even if we lose all life on earth—

Kirkland, professor of Asian religions and Taoism at the University of Georgia, 2001
(Russell, "’Responsible Non-Action’ in a Natural World: Perspectives from the Neiye, Zhuangzi, and Daode jing," Daoism and Ecology: Ways within a Cosmic Landscape, http://kirkland.myweb.uga.edu/rk/pdf/pubs/ECO.pdf)
In the Taoist classic Huai-nan-tzu, one finds a famous story
AND
the water had been the ancient Chinese equivalent of Adolf Hitler, and the
saving of young Adolf — though occasioned by the deepest feelings of compassion, and a deep-felt veneration for "life" — led to the systematic extermination of millions of innocent men, women, and children? If one knew, in retrospect, that Hitler’s
atrocities could have been totally prevented by the simple moral act of refraining from leaping
AND
the morally responsible course of simply accepting the new state of things.’

Live in the present: looking to the future makes life meaningless and denies any benefits your action would have

Watts, dean of the American Academy of Asian Studies and research fellow at Harvard University, 1951
(Alan, The Wisdom of Insecurity, pg 51-2)
 But in the process of symbolizing the universe in this way or that for
AND
magic of naming and thinking has come to something of a temporary breakdown. 

The alternative is to take no action to create desired ends—

Kirkland, professor of Asian religions and Taoism at the University of Georgia, 1996
(Russell, "The Book of the Way," Great Literature of the Eastern World, http://kirkland.myweb.uga.edu/rk/pdf/pubs/DAODE.pdf)
 Specifically, the Tao is humble, yielding, and non-assertive.
AND
most powerful force in existence, and nothing can thwart its unceasing operation. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC- Renewables DA

Transition from nuclear to renewables now – industry will be dead worldwide now unless the US provides more subsidies.

Harvey Wasserman 12,Author, ’SOLARTOPIA%21 Our Green-Powered Earth’ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/harvey-wasserman/post_3127_b_1353253.html

In the wake of Fukushima, grassroots citizen action is shutting the worldwide nuclear power
AND
sure these shut-downs happen before the next Fukushima irradiates us all.

Renewable energy decreases the perceived need for global nuclear power, meets Article IV requirements, and solves climate best. Promoting nuclear power only encourages other states to build dual use nuclear energy and delays an energy transition.

Amory B. Lovins 10, Founder – RMI, Holy god this card is orgasmic http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/a_roadmap_to_our_energy_future

Similar adherence to outmoded orthodoxies now cripples nonproliferation. Policy still rests on the fatally
AND
cost domestic energy strategy inform, integrate, and inspire foreign policy too?

Warming causes extinction.

Oliver Tickell (Climate Researcher) August 11 ’8 "On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction", http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange)

We need to get prepared for four degrees of global warming, Bob Watson told
AND
warming caused by human emissions could propel us towards a similar hothouse Earth. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Elections

Obama will win- top models and factors prove

Klein 9-17
Ezra is a columnist for the Washington Post and an MSNBC Political Analyst, "The Romney Campaign is in Trouble," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/09/17/romney-is-behind-and-the-debates-arent-likely-to-save-him/-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/09/17/romney-is-behind-and-the-debates-arent-likely-to-save-him/

First came the changes in strategy. It went from doing everything possible to assure
AND
crack under the pressure, then that comeback becomes that much less likely.

Any increased offshore drilling plans would cause public outrage

Baram 11
(Michael – Professor Emertius, Boston University Law, "Preventing Accidents in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations: the US Approach and Some Contrasting Features of the Norwegian Approach," Deepwater Horizon Study Group, ttp://ccrm.berkeley.edu/pdfs_papers/DHSGWorkingPapersFeb16-2011/PreventingAccidents-in-OffshoreOil-and-GasOperations-MB_DHSG-Jan2011.pdf)
¶

 Despite some committed opponents, political and public complacency about the risks had set
AND
initiatives to reform the legal and¶ regulatory regime for OCS operations.9

Approval Rating is key, lines up perfectly with reelection
Silver ’11 
Nate directs five thirty eight and is a statistician, "Approval Ratings and Reelection Odds," http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/approval-ratings-and-re-election-odds/-http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/approval-ratings-and-re-election-odds/

Earlier this month, we posted the simple version of a finding, based on
AND
— and that would not have been true a couple of months ago.

Romney will destroy US-Russian relations – hardline %26 won’t compromise

Larison 6-27 
Columnist for the American Conservative ~Daniel Larison "U.S.-Russian Relations Would Get Much Worse Under Romney" http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/u-s-russian-relations-would-get-much-worse-under-romney/-http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/u-s-russian-relations-would-get-much-worse-under-romney/~~

Putin doesn’t actually want a "hard-line conservative in the White House."
AND
Russian relations will deteriorate much more than they have in the last year.

Nuclear war

ALLISON  11  
Director @ Belfer Center for Science and Int’l Affairs @ Harvard’s Kennedy School, Former Assistant Secretary of Defense, Robert D. Blackwill, Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations   ~Graham Allison, "10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters", Politico — October 31 — http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=161EF282-72F9-4D48-8B9C-C5B3396CA0E6-http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=161EF282-72F9-4D48-8B9C-C5B3396CA0E6~~

That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
Security Council, as well as a member of the G-8 and

Relations key to solve cyber terror and accidental nuclear war

Weitz 5 (Richard,  Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at Hudson Institute and  non-resident Senior Fellow at the Project on National Security Reform (PNSR) and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security (CNAS), 2005,  Revitalising US-Russian security cooperation : practical measures, book)DR

Enhancing ties between the Russia and American defence research, development and acquisition communities could
AND
appears ripe to fund demonstration projects of the most promising of these concepts.

Cyberterror causes great power escalation

Fritz, 2009 
~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf-http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~

This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

'My Partner and I'

Replace with 'We'

They necessitate destructive dichotomies which assures violence, they adherence to  grammatical rules make rhizomatic politics impossible
Schantz 9 (ORLA SCHANTZ writes for the enlightenment underground, "The Urdoxa of Personal Pronouns" Donnie) http://enlightenmentunderground.blogspot.com/2009/03/urdoxa-of-personal-pronouns_28.html-http://enlightenmentunderground.blogspot.com/2009/03/urdoxa-of-personal-pronouns_28.html

Grammar has always been the fearful guardian against the chaos of language, the general commanding the unruly troops. A system of indoctrination, created by meticulous bureaucrats in the service of the State (clergy, literati, linguistic accountants, and pedants). Grammar is not to be believed, but to be obeyed. In education when a teacher explains the rules, no information is communicated, instead orders are given. If language is water, grammar is ice. The personal pronouns as graphic entities came relatively late in Indo-European languages, but have since reigned supreme. And along with it the subject became the Cartesian king. And the object the ambitious prince, always trying to usurp the power of the throne. However, when the first homo sapiens spied a member of a different tribe, he cried out and defined the fatal creation of The Other. The dualism between, the attraction and enmity of the two have since bedeviled thinking, always creating destructive dichotomies. Squeezed in in the space, left open, the verb insisted on its rightful place as the doer. It meant action. The verb also came in Harlequin clothing with many patchworks of colors. One of them threatened the subject: the infinitive. Verbs in the infinitive have the courage to challenge the hierarchical power structure. True revolutionaries%21 No longer is "the subject" the dictator, and no more can "the object" claim its right as heir apparent. In fact, verbs in the infinitive are limitless becomings, blissfully ignoring the personal pronoun of the subject. Infinite-becomings have no "fathers", only referring to an "it" of the event = it is raining - or thinking. Infinitives are too busy becoming, too action-orientated, too much process, too few (if any) products. Becomings which both await the missing subject and precede it. Thinking in the infinitive means transcending personal pronouns. To die, to live, to love, to ponder, to do. Never-ending flux and flows. Personal pronouns breed opposition, the dreaded cul-de-sacs of discussion which never finds its way, always losing direction and purpose. Personal pronouns demand numbers: three of them. Singular and plural. What about a fourth or more? Grammar is Stalinistic and tolerates no insurgents or dissidents, yet this is what it needs to survive outside of the Gulag. Where Urdoxa provides "stable entities" out in the world that corresponds to distinct faculties, paradox points to the unstable character of the relationship of language and world. Representation is exactly this: a second version: a RE of what is presented, and consequently a fraud of a fraud. Language is always more than language. Or better, language is always more than representation. It spills over into the world, woven, as it is, into the world in order to be able to function as representation. This quilt requires paradoxes of sense and nonsense that escape the grasp of language. But personal pronouns don’t care, having secured their place in human communication. There is no escape. And so, dualisms fester like virus when they could thrive as rhizomes.====

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Election gave Obama limited political capital – key to preventing a global depression on Jan 1.

Andrew Sullivan 11/9, British-American author, editor, political commentator and blogger.
The Daily Beast, http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com

But it would be a huge error, it seems to me, if the
AND
given the exponential growth of spending on everything we now call "health."

Sequestration guts the US deterrent.

Maginnis 11 (Robert Maginnis is a retired Army lieutenant colonel, and a national security and foreign affairs analyst for radio and television, ’CATASTROPHIC’ DEFENSE CUTS SEEN AS TIPPING POINT OF U.S. MILITARY SUPREMACY, 10/20/11, Human Events)

Our nuclear deterrence could diminish.  Cuts would undermine our nuclear triad—our ability
AND
fact create a tipping point for America as the world’s leading military power. 

Extinction

Caves, ’10 ~John P., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University. Strategic Forum, January~

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration should substantially increase its support for the International Space Station National Laboratory, including launch and utilization support for parties interested in research.

Plans to abandon ISS signal perception of failure and decline of scientific leadership—timeframe is 2015—only the CP solves

Hauser and John, 9
~Marty. VP, Washington Operations, Research and Analysis. Mariel. Research analyst at the Space Foundation, Space Foundation, 2009, "The International Space Station: Decision 2015" http://www.spacefoundation.org/docs/ISS_Decision_2015.pdf~~
If the United States allows its leadership of the ISS program to expire in 2015
AND
unprecedented retrenchment: the United States abandoning a National Laboratory to other nations.

key to STEM education

Hauser and John, 9
~Marty. VP, Washington Operations, Research and Analysis. Mariel. Research analyst at the Space Foundation, Space Foundation, 2009, "The International Space Station: Decision 2015" http://www.spacefoundation.org/docs/ISS_Decision_2015.pdf~~
The space program has long been recognized as a program that stimulates public interest in
AND
used to promote science and technology education and to inspire the next generation. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Obama will push CIR now and it will pass, — his political capital is key.

Elise Foley and Sam Stein 1/2/13 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/02/obama-immigration-reform_n_2398507.html

Despite a bruising fiscal cliff battle that managed to set the stage for an even
AND
in both parties working together and singing ’Kumbaya,’" Sharry said.

*Insert Link

The bill will open immigration and increase highly skilled immigrants.

Amanda Peterson Beadle 12/10/12, Reporter/Blogger at ThinkProgress.org http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/12/10/1307561/top-10-reasons-why-the-us-needs-comprehensive-immigration-reform-that-includes-a-path-to-citizenship/

The nation needs a comprehensive immigration plan, and it is clear from a recent
AND
U.S. university, 2.62 American jobs are created.

Impact – Global Aging – Open immigration key to US aging transition – solves global aging.

Haas, ’7 (Political Science Professor — Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
AND
the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.

Multiple nuclear wars.

Jackson %26 Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS %26 Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2NR was PTX and Case

A-SPEC – they don’t. Voter.

1) Education – agency action on energy proves
2) Ground – agent and spending disads, politics, and counterplan competition.

1NC PTX

Fiscal cliff gave Obama political capital for a compromise on the debt ceiling.

John B. Judis 1/3/13, Senior Editor – TNR http://www.tnr.com/blog/plank/111573/obama-didnt-get-rolled-the-fiscal-cliff-in-fact-he-won~~%23

It is tempting, in view of Barack Obama’s re-election, to look
AND
Democrats make the kind of public fuss that they did over fiscal cliff.  

Plan costs political capital

MART 8 Mergers and Acquisitions Round Table, This section includes quotes from Andrew Spitzer, Founder of the Energy and Power Group at Harris and Williams Co., and Douglas Korn of Irving Place Partners. "Combustible; The volatility of the energy sector has turned the industry upside down. Top players in the space discuss what this means for investors and how dealmakers can capitalize.," Dec 1, Lexis
But it’s also important to remember that oil is a fungible commodity and the price
AND
through an energy policy that tries to¶ accomplish what either candidate proposed.

Obama’s limited political capital key to debt talks.

Chris Cillizza and Aaron Blake, 12/11/12, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2012/12/11/what-susan-rice-can-tell-us-about-obamas-second-term/

President Obama continues to mull whether to nominate Susan Rice to be Secretary of State
AND
on a Cabinet nominee — even one as prominent as Secretary of State.

That causes cyberattacks.
Sideman, 2-23-2011
~Alysha, Federal Computer Week Contributor, "Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown" http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1~~
With the WikiLeaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present, guarding against cyberattacks has
AND
be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Great power escalation.
Fritz, 2009
~Jason, researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, former Army officer and consultant, and has a master of international relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," July,  http://www.icnnd.org/latest/research/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf~~
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism in regard to nuclear weapons.
AND
, thereby hindering the disaster relief effort and maximizing destruction. Disruptions in comm

unication and the use of disinformation could also be used to provoke uninformed responses.
AND
its own, without the need for compromising command and control centres directly.

1NC Renewables DA

Unique Link — Plan collapses oil prices – stops the shift to biofuels, solar, and EV’s

Bullis, sr. editor of energy, MIT Technology Review, 6/26/12(Kevin, "Could New Oil Production Cause Oil Prices—and Energy Innovation—to Collapse?" http://www.technologyreview.com/view/428343/could-new-oil-production-cause-oil-prices%E2%80%94and-energy-innovation%E2%80%94to-collapse/?nlid=nldly%26nld=2012-06-27)
A new report out of Harvard suggests that a boom in oil exploration and production
AND
economy standards that are driving automakers to sell more efficient vehicles hold up?

EV’s key to smart grid — solves blackouts, econ, and heg

CNN 12 (Commentary: How the U.S. can avoid a blackout like India’s, By John J. Licata @CNNMoney August 8, 2012, John J. Licata is the founder and chief energy strategist for Blue Phoenix Inc., an independent research and consulting company focused on clean energy.)
So rather than wait for another big blackout like the one in the Northeast nearly
AND
to remember that we can’t remain a superpower if our lights aren’t on. 

Blackouts cause accidental launch
EIJ 00

(Earth Island Journal, Winter, 14(4), http://www.earthisland.org/eijournal/win2000/wr_win2000y2k.html)-http://www.earthisland.org/eijournal/win2000/wr_win2000y2k.html%29¶ 

NIRS notes that increasingly severe winter storms have caused power outages in the eastern US
AND
Currently, all other nuclear weapons states are in de-alert status."

The impact is extinction

Mintz 1 (Morton, Former Chair – Fund for Investigative Journalism and Former Washington Post Reporter, The American Prospect, "Two Minutes to Launch", http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch)-http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch%29**
Hair-trigger alert means this: The missiles carrying those warheads are armed and
AND
would be, basically, a nuclear war by checklist, by rote."

Solar solves warming

Wolf 10 (Advances in Energy Technology Promise More Than Global Warming Solutions
by Vicki Wolf, 2010, cleanhouston.org)
Most experts agree we will need a broad array of technologies to stop global warming
AND
CSP is essential in what he calls "the full global warming solution." 

Warming is real, anthropogenic, causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war

Deibel ’7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Courts CP

The United States Supreme Court should rule restrictions on the production of crude oil on federal lands unconstitutional on the grounds that it violates the tenth amendment

Courts can effectively rule to invalidate restrictions on all forms of energy production

Simon 7 ~Christopher A. Simon - Director, Master of Public Administration, Political Science Department, University of Utah, Professor, Political Science, "Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility"~
THE COURTS
The institutional power of the federal courts regarding energy policy is not ex- plicit
AND
goals not inconsistent with national constitutional in- terpretation and national policy priorities.

1NC Solvency

Can’t scale up production fast enough—

No human capital—50% of workforce going to retire

Charles Ebinger et al May 2012 (Charles Ebinger, Kevin Massy and Govinda Avasarala, Brookings Energy Security Initiative Policy Brief, "Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas" www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)

Human capital in the unconventional oil and gas development sectors is also in short supply
AND
time lag before there is an adequate supply of petroleum engineers in the market

Abundance forecasts flawed—assume stable variables

Jan Stuart 12/7/2012 (Credit Suisse Global Head of Energy Research, "Part 2: US Oil Output to Overtake Saudi Arabia?" http://www.thefinancialist.com/u-s-oil-output-to-overtake-saudi-arabia/)

Why does your forecast differ from the IEA conclusions regarding U.S. export
AND
that have been made in the last 10 years in natural gas drilling.

No infrastructure for scale up—means dependence inevitable in the short-term

Danny Boyd May 2012 (Writer for the American oil and gas reporter, "Soaring oil production spurs infrastructure growth across booming bakken play" www.aogr.com/index.php/magazine/cover-story/soaring-oil-production-spurs-infrastructure-growth-across-booming-bakken-pl)

Five years into the Williston Basin’s historic oil boom, operators and municipalities find themselves
AND
to three years, we will begin to see that infrastructure catch demand."

No Solvency Companies ignoring 72% of current lease potential

Mackenzie Bronson 10/23/2012 (Energy policy team at the Center for American Progress, "Use it or lose it: report shows oil and gas companies sitting on thousands of unused leases"thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/10/23/1072351/use-it-or-lose-it-report-shows-oil-and-gas-companies-sitting-on-thousands-of-unused-leases/)

Mitt Romney, the American Petroleum Institute, and other fossil fuel allies constantly agitate
AND
total acres leased offshore and 56 percent of the total acres leased onshore.

2^nd ECON ADV

1NC- Economy Impact

Can’t solve job creation—

Exaggerated numbers—takes too long and has little impact

Michael Levi 10/18/2011 (CFR Energy Security and Climate Change Program Director, Senior Fellow "New Energy Jobs Won’t Solve the U.S. Unemployment Problem", www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136599/michael-levi/new-energy-jobs-wont-solve-the-us-unemployment-problem)
U.S. President Barack Obama and the leading Republican candidates for president don’t
AND
in sectors that collectively make up less than five percent of the economy.

Can’t solve the economy—

Oil not a big enough GDP factor

Jan Stuart 12/10/2012 (Credit Suisse Global Head of Energy Research, "Part 2: US Oil Output to Overtake Saudi Arabia?" www.thefinancialist.com/part-2-u-s-oil-output-to-overtake-saudi-arabia/-http://www.thefinancialist.com/part-2-u-s-oil-output-to-overtake-saudi-arabia/)

The Financialist: How will increased oil production impact the U.S. economy
AND
, but as a share of GDP, probably not big at all.

At best federal lands would decrease the price of oil by 1%

Hahn and Passell 10
~Robert, University of Manchester and Smith School University of Oxford, and Georgetown Center for Business and Public Policy, United States.  Peter, Milken Institute, "The economics of allowing more U.S. oil drilling" Energy Economics, Volume 32, Issue 3~

2. Estimating price impacts  There are three areas in the United States in which
AND
if only because the long-term price change would be modest.26

Studies and reports prove- no impact on prices or shocks

Bewig 8-13
~Matt, Writer for AllGov.com, "CBO Says Drilling on Federal Land Won’t Net Much Money or Energy" http://www.allgov.com/news/top-stories/cbo-says-drilling-on-federal-land-wont-net-much-money-or-energy?news=844911-http://www.allgov.com/news/top-stories/cbo-says-drilling-on-federal-land-wont-net-much-money-or-energy?news=844911~~

It turns out that the slogan "drill, baby, drill" ought to
AND
.58 — exactly the opposite result predicted by supporters of more drilling.

Growth now – Jobs, manufacturing, and housing.

CHRISTOPHER RUGABER 1/4/13 AP http://www.theprovince.com/life/Employment+economic+recovery+picks/7775862/story.html

U.S. employers added 155,000 jobs in December, a steady
AND
overall sales that had slumped earlier in the crucial two-month period.

No manufacturing impact—

Energy not key

Michael Levi 5/7/2012 (David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment, "Oil and Gas Euphoria Is Getting Out of Hand", blogs.cfr.org/levi/2012/05/07/oil-and-gas-euphoria-is-getting-out-of-hand/)

But there is more. Ignatius’s column isn’t just about energy; it’s also about
AND
close to what’s needed for U.S. manufacturing to broadly thrive.

Not key to economy

Steve Chapman 3/18/2012 (member of the Tribune’s editorial board http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-18/news/ct-oped-0318-chapman-20120318_1_manufacturing-sector-rick-santorum-products-http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-18/news/ct-oped-0318-chapman-20120318_1_manufacturing-sector-rick-santorum-products) 

Manufacturing accounts for a shrinking slice of the total economy mainly because as we grow
AND
to resist powerful and beneficial economic forces, bet on the economic forces.

Food Prices Impact

1NC- Food Prices

Commodity speculation is the major internal to price shocks- models don’t make sense without it

Bar-Yam and Lindsay 10-25
~Yaneer and Greg. Yaneer Bar-Yam is the president of the New England Complex Systems Institute, an independent academic research institution in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greg Lindsay is an affiliate of NECSI and a visiting scholar at New York University. "The real reason for spikes in food prices" http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2012/10/25/the-real-reason-for-spikes-in-food-prices/~~

Spikes in grain prices are regularly blamed on oil shocks, droughts and emerging markets’
AND
less than annual consumption, we can’t afford to gamble with our food.

High food prices drive food independence which mitigates the impact

Holland 12/3
~Andrew, American Security Project’s Senior Fellow for Energy and Climate. He is a Washington-based expert on energy, climate change, and infrastructure policy. He has over seven years of experience working at the center of debates about how to achieve sustainable energy security and how to effectively address climate change, "Complexity: World Food Prices, Fuel, Ethanol, and Conflict" American Security Project, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/complexity-world-food-prices-fuel-ethanol-and-conflict/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/complexity-world-food-prices-fuel-ethanol-and-conflict/~~

Late last week, I was quoted in an article in National Defense disagreeing with
AND
getting about 10% of our gasoline supply now comes from corn ethanol.

Numerous alt causes to food price spikes

– speculation – weather – neglect of ag – reduction in food stocks – supply disruptions – rising demand – decline of the dollar
Ajonovic 2010
~Amela, Energy Economics Group, Vienna University of Technology, "Biofuels versus food production: Does biofuels production increase food prices?" Energy xxx (2010) 1-7~
¶ And in spite of the increasing use of wheat and corn for biofuels production
AND
whether a forced biofuels production will increase food prices will then be obsolete.

A2 New Impact

Russia’s economy is resilient
Garrels 8 Roving foreign correspondent for NPR’s foreign desk. (Anne Garrels, "Russia Economy Strong Despite Commodity Fallout", NPR, September 20, 2008, page 1, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94647099-http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94647099)
For the past six years, Russia’s economy has boomed in large part because of
AND
financial analysts predict its economy will continue to grow at about six percent.

Diversification solves.
Times (UK) 12/20/2007 "Looking to diversify from an oil economy"
Far East, Nadi aims to provide the link between regional governments and interested investors
AND
a consumer boom that has begun to spread outside of Russia’s main cities.

High oil prices cause Russian inflation causing rouble adjustments that wreck growth
The Financial Times 6/15 (Charles Clover, "Unable to shake off energy dependence", http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6df5e9f8-9623-11e0-8256-00144feab49a.html~~%23axzz1RM7EY1xl-http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/6df5e9f8-9623-11e0-8256-00144feab49a.html, ZBurdette)
Russia has floated for most of the past decade on a cushion of steadily rising
AND
newspaper Gazeta.ru, calling his country’s dependence on oil "primitive".

) No Russian Economy Impact —

A. No impact—no change in foreign policy

Blackwill 2009 – former associate dean of the Kennedy School of Government and Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning (Robert, RAND, "The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution", http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf, WEA)
Now on to Russia. Again, five years from today. Did the global
AND
are likely to be changed in any serious way by the economic crisis.

B. It’s resilient

Heilprin 11 – AP Report (John, "Putin says Russia economy recovering, still below pre-global financial crisis level"  June 15, 2011  http://www.startribune.com/world/123913759.html)
GENEVA - Russia’s economy is recovering, but remains well below the level it was
AND
young mothers, disabled workers and people with health problems as it recovers. 

C. If not, collapse is inevitable—plan can’t solve.

KHRUSHCHEVA 2008 (Nina L. Khrushcheva is an associate professor of international affairs at the New School, Chronicle of Higher Education, 9-5)
That scenario, however, is unlikely. The unstable conditions that are stoking Russia’s
AND
alternative solutions to the world’s dependence on oil and gas will be found.

D. Russia rebounds – no impact.

Aslund 10 -  Senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics  (Anders, November 25, 2010 10 "Reasons Why the Russian Economy Will Recover" http://www.piie.com/publications/opeds/oped.cfm?ResearchID=1712)
While the energy curse is well understood, it tends to be over-emphasized
AND
crystal clear as in 1985, when the Soviet elite opted for change. 

GEOPOLITICS

Empirics and studies are conclusive – resource wars don’t happen

Salehyan 07 – Idean Salehyan Professor of Political Science at the University of North Texas. "The New Myth About Climate Change Corrupt, tyrannical governments—not changes in the Earth’s climate—will be to blame for the coming resource wars." By Idean Salehyan | August 14, 2007 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/08/13/the_new_myth_about_climate_change
First, aside from a few anecdotes, there is little systematic empirical evidence that
AND
there is much more to armed conflict than resource scarcity and natural disasters. 

Trading goods solves

Allouche 10 Jeremy Allouche Research Fellow in water supply and sanitation. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, U The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade. Food Policy (2010), doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.013
Debates on resource scarcity and conflict have ignored the role of trade in both causing
AND
2009 and Aksoy and Beghin, 2005), alternatives have usually been dismissed. 

1NC Internals

Energy independence not possible—even producing enough for domestic consumption still impacted by world events

Kurt Cobb 12/23/2012 (Writer for the Energy Bulletin at the Post Carbon Institute, "There’s no such thing as energy independence in our globalized, fossil-fueled world" www.energybulletin.net/stories/2012-12-23/there-s-no-such-thing-as-energy-independence-in-our-globalized-fossil-fueled-world)

Anyone who tells you that energy independence can be achieved based on globally traded commodities
AND
are freely exportable regardless of whether that country produces enough for its own consumption

. In such countries consumers of these fuels including domestic industry and transportation, commercial
AND
home country regardless of the needs of the country those companies operate in. 

No statistical support for oil resolving it

Levi 12
~Michael, senior fellow for energy and environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Think Again: The American
Energy Boom" Foreign Policy, http://www.relooney.info/0_New_14413.pdf-http://www.relooney.info/0_New_14413.pdf~~

No. This massive new U.S. oil and gas output has brought
AND
their windfalls, skyrocketing prices could still knock the economy on its back.

Oil independence doesn’t solve heg—security ties

Nye 2012 ~Joseph S. Nye, a former US assistant secretary of defense and chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, 7/11/12, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/energy-independence-in-an-interdependent-world-http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/energy-independence-in-an-interdependent-world~~

But one should not jump to conclusions. A balance of energy imports and exports
AND
%2450 billion per year – to protect oil routes in the region. 

Don’t buy their opec internal, its written by a us oil company executive

1NC—China Advantage

Multiple factors ensure cooperation

Zhu ’12 – professor in the School of International Studies and the deputy director of the Center for International and Strategic Studies at Beijing University (Zhu Feng, "No One Wants a Clash," May 3, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/roo0mfordebate/2012/05/02/are-we-headed-for-a-cold-war-with-china/no-one-wants-a-cold-war-between-the-us-and-china)

However there is little worry that the two powers will collide into a "new
AND
together is not pragmatism only, but mutual interest — especially in trade.

No China War –

A. No incentive.

Bremmer, 10 – president of Eurasia Group and author (Ian Bremmer, "China vs. America: Fight of the Century," Prospect, March 22, 2010, http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/03/china-vs-america-fight-of-the-century/)
China will not mount a military challenge to the US any time soon. Its
AND
largely co-opted already by offering Taiwan’s business elite privileged investment opportunities.

B. No war in ANY dispute.

Fravel ’8 (Taylor, poli sci prof and member of the Security Studies Program at MIT, "Power Shifts and Escalation," International Security, Winter, lexis)  
The prospects for China’s use of force in its six unresolved disputes are mixed.
AND
confident about the strength of its claim and the outcome of any negotiations.

No impact to China war –

A. War would be limited.

Jeffrey Record, Professor at the US Air War College, Senior Fellow at CISP, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis at Brookings, Winter, ’1 (Thinking About China and War. Aerospace Power Journal. Infotrac)
Assuming the absence of mindless escalation to a general nuclear exchange, a war between
AND
the US position on the ground would have been untenable without air dominance.)

B. US would ruckus them – no nuclear use.

Robert S. Ross, Staff Writer for the National Interest, Fall, 05 (Assessing the China Threat. The National Interest. Lexis)
At the strategic level, after decades of research and testing, China is preparing
AND
. nuclear capabilities ever provided for our European allies during the Cold War.

1NC—Iran Prolif

No iran prolif and the timeframe is huge

Colin H. Kahl 12, security studies prof at Georgetown, senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, was Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Middle East, "Not Time to Attack Iran", January 17, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137031/colin-h-kahl/not-time-to-attack-iran?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137031/colin-h-kahl/not-time-to-attack-iran?page=show
Kroenig argues that there is an urgent need to attack Iran’s nuclear infrastructure soon,
AND
much more quickly or out of sight, which could be years off.

No impact to prolif.

Sadr 05 ~Ehsanah I., graduate student in the department of government and politics at the University of Maryland, College Park, Middle East Policy, Summer~
If Iran is successful in its nuclear quest, Israel might feel compelled to begin
AND
the world has witnessed since Hiroshima and Nagasaki – that is, zero. 

1NC—Heg Defense

Data disproves heg impacts

Christopher J. Fettweis 11, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332 

It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship
AND
global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.

Can’t solve decline – unipolar moment over.

Gideon Rachman 11, Financial Times chief foreign affairs commentator, Zero-Sum Future, pp 3-4

But the economic crisis that struck the world in 2008 has changed the logic of
AND
the "unipolar moment" that began with the collapse of the Soviet Union

A2 New Impact

Assign terror impacts zero weight –

A. Al Qaeda wrecked now, WMD terrorism is impossible, and all of your evidence is empirically disproven scare-mongering.

Mueller, 8-2-11 (Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center
Professor of Political Science, Foreign Affairs)
The chief lesson of 9/11 should have been that small bands of terrorists
AND
terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

No Muslim support for radicalism and current security efforts solve – Arab Spring and collapse of Al Qaeda proves.

Gerges, August ’11 (Fawaz Gerges is so qualified, it’s stupid. Fellow at ISPU, director of the Middle East Centre at the London School of Economics and Political Science and author of The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda, Gerges has taught at Oxford, Harvard, and Columbia, and was a research scholar at Princeton and chairholder (the Christian A. Johnson Chair in Middle Eastern Studies and International Affairs) at Sarah Lawrence College, New York. Gerges has been the recipient of MacArthur, Fullbright and Carnegie fellowships, http://www.ispu.org/pdfs/ISPUPolicy%20Brief45GergesWEB.pdf)
Al-Qaeda still has a hold over the western imagination, in part because
AND
a miracle will resuscitate a transnational jihad of the al-Qaeda variety.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2NR WAS POLITICS, STATES CP AND CASE

1

Obama is spending all of his political capital on CIR now, the vote will be soon, and it will pass on a razor thin vote.

Gary Martin 3/28/13, http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

A Republican Party in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
AND
experiences along the way," said Frank Sharry, America’s Voice executive director.

Removing state jurisdiction is controversial

Dotten and Jones 09   energy attorneys, Seattle and Portland
Mike and Steve, http://www.martenlaw.com/newsletter/20090310-transmission-siting-battle

As alternative energy development accelerates, the need for additional transmission capacity will also increase. The question is not whether there is a need for new transmission capacity, but rather, who will fulfill the demand, and whether the states or the federal government will be responsible for the siting and environmental review associated with those projects. State vs. Federal Authority for Siting Transmission Lines Prior to 2005, state utility officials were the only regulators with authority to site electric transmission lines. However, increasing concerns over a transmission grid that is an interconnected patchwork of state-authorized facilities led Congress to adopt the Energy Policy Act of 2005.~6~ The 2005 Energy Policy Act considerably changed the dynamic by authorizing the Secretary of Energy to designate National Interest Energy Transmission Corridors ("NIETC") in "any geographic area that experiences electric energy transmission constraints or congestion that adversely affects consumers."~7~ Under the Act, the federal government was granted authority to condemn private property for the acquisition of rights of way for transmission corridors. Condemnation authority is delegated to FERC. The Act requires that, prior to exercising condemnation authority, FERC must find: (1) that the state where the transmission lines are to be constructed lacks authority to approve the siting of the facilities or to consider interstate benefits; (2) that the applicant for the construction of the transmission line does not provide retail service in the state were the line is to be constructed; (3) that the state siting authority has failed to approve the application within one year; or (4) that it has attached conditions that will prevent congestion reduction or make the new line economically infeasible.~8~ This shift in the balance from state to federal oversight has been a lightening rod for debate at both levels. In their meeting last month in Washington, the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners ~NARUC~ rejected a draft resolution recommending that the group not oppose amendments to the Federal Power Act that would give transmission siting oversight to federal regulators for new interstate transmission lines. Despite the failure of the resolution, NARUC’s president Frederick Butler said that the group is "having a very healthy discussion on the role of the states versus the role of the federal government. We realize that the federal government may have an interest in a larger responsibility here, but the role of the states must be preserved to the maximum extent possible. And certainly the states are in a better position to play on whether transmission should be built and how much of it should be built because there is a tension between transmission and other forms of dealing with the problem, like renewable energy and distributed generation local to load service."~9~ The issue is also high on the Obama administration’s agenda. National energy and climate czar Carol Browner stated that "some sort of inter-agency siting team" is being considered as a "one stop" means of siting transmission lines.~10~ Browner’s statement came at a meeting of Western governors, many of whom support a more uniform federal policy for siting and building a national energy grid.~11~

CIR is key to the economy and resolving aging

Krudy 1/29/13. (Edward, Reuters, "Immigration reform seen boosting US economic growth." Hosted by NBC News Business http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298-http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298)

The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
AND
estate market. Some large companies have fallen foul of tougher enforcement regulations.

Extinction.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Resolving the US Aging crisis solves global aging—immigration key

Haas, ’7 (Political Science Professor — Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
AND
the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.

Multiple nuclear wars.

Jackson %26 Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS %26 Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

2

Interpretation – Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced. Aff only reduces a regulation on production.

Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf

The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
AND
to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures. 

On is exclusive

Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)

The Standard Dictionary defines the word "on" as follows: "In or
AND
are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

Production refers to primary energy extraction for a specific list of sources

Energici 12 (provides business intelligence and decision support services to companies and investors active in the wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and bioenergy industries. Specializes in providing robust research, analysis and intelligence coverage of trends and developments) February "PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION (MONTHLY)" http://www.energici.com/energy-profiles/by-country/europe-m-z/sweden/49-countries/north-america/usa/usa-geothermal/449-primary-energy-production

Definition : Primary Energy Production is the amount of energy converted from a primary energy
AND
and wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption and biofuels feedstock. 

Voting issue –

1. Including regulations is a limits disaster.

Doub 76 Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy Annual Review of Energy Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976) DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby %26 MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President’s Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970.  He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council.  Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435

FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in
AND
agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception. 

2. Precision – A distinction between regulation and restrictions is key.

Sinha 6 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/ Supreme Court of India Union Of India %26 Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries on 7 November, 2006 Author: S.B. Sinha Bench: S Sinha, Mark, E Katju CASE NO.: Writ Petition (civil) 4695 of 2006 PETITIONER: Union of India %26 Ors. RESPONDENT: M/s. Asian Food Industries DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/11/2006  BENCH:  S.B. Sinha %26 Markandey Katju  JUDGMENT:  J U D G M E N T  ~Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17008 of 2006~ WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4696 OF 2006 ~Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17558 of 2006~  S.B. SINHA, J :
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P
AND
the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

3

Reduce does not mean eliminate
Words and Phrases 2
(vol 36B, p. 80)

Mass. 1905. Rev.Laws, c.203, § 9,
AND
Sklar, 74 N.E. 595, 188 Mass. 363.

Vote negative for fairness and education – they explode limits to include any statute on the books and destroy precision which is how the topic is researched

4

The fifty state governments and all relevant territories should remove restrictions pre-emptive of local governments, remove all state restrictions on solar and wind siting, and establish a feed-in tariff that funds long term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Removing pre-emptive regulations solves—empirically proven to be the cause of local problems

Pursley and Wiseman 11 Garrick, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law, and Hannah, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law, "Local Energy", Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877)

To maximize the degree of location-specific variation that is so important to distributed
AND
renewable energy area may be withdrawn, making the implementation regime unstable.393

State feed-in tariffs solve distributed solar power

Fulton, 12
(Deutsche Bank Climate Change Adviser, June, "Ramping up Renewables: Leveraging State RPS Programs amid Uncertain Federal Support," http://uspref.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Ramping-up-Renewables-Leveraging-State-RPS-Programs-amid-Uncertain-Federal-Support-US-PREF-White-Paper1.pdf)

To diversify America’s energy mix and hedge against uncertainty in the price of fossil fuels
AND
at levels that would support private investment, including in renewable energy generation. 

5

Coal dominating renewables—question of price controls the aff would change

Desiree Mohindra 3/5/2013 (Associate Director, World Economic Forum, "Despite rise of renewables, fossil fuel still fastest growing energy source" www.weforum.org/news/despite-rise-renewables-fossil-fuel-still-fastest-growing-energy-source)

In response to this challenge, policy-makers are looking towards low-carbon
AND
mix, but probably not until the 2030s, owing to lead times.

Coal key to sustain data centers and the internet

Mark Mills 5/31/2011 (Writer for Forbes, "Opportunity in the internet’s voracious energy appetite: the cloud begins with coal and fracking" www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2011/05/31/opportunity-in-the-internets-voracious-energy-appetite-the-cloud-begins-with-coal-and-fracking/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2011/05/31/opportunity-in-the-internets-voracious-energy-appetite-the-cloud-begins-with-coal-and-fracking/)

With apologies to my Prius-driving local-produce-eating natural-fiber
AND
a contribution that will remain largely the same for at least a decade.

Extinction

David Eagleman 11/9/2010 (Baylor college of Medicine, Author of "Why the Net Matters", "Six ways the internet will save civilization" www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/12/start/apocalypse-no)

Many great civilisations have fallen, leaving nothing but cracked ruins and scattered genetics.
AND
to suggest that the net may just be the technology that saves us.

Centralized Injustice

Siting decisions based on non-racial factors – best evidence

Kevin 97
Mr. Kevin is an environmental analyst at the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
AND
AND LOCALLY UNDESIRABLE LAND USES: A CRITIQUE OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE THEORIES AND REMEDIES

Nondiscriminatory factors account for disparate results in the great majority of formal siting decisions.
AND
non-racial factors better explain the outcomes than intentional or societal racism.

We have the best SYNTHESIS of studies

Foreman 98
Christopher Foreman is a nonresident senior fellow in Governance Studies. Since 2000, he has also been a professor and director of the social policy program at the University of Maryland’s School of Public Policy. His research focuses on the politics of health, race, environmental regulation, government reform, and domestic social policy
Ph.D. (1980), A.M. (1977), A.B. (1974), Harvard University
The Promise and Peril of Environmental Justice

Christopher Boerner and Thomas Lambert have observed that many studies suffer from severe methodological difficulties
AND
, and no insight into the crucial issues of risk and health impact.

Solar Panels produce hazardous E-waste—dumping policies perpetuate
Gies 10. Gies, Reporter for The Guardian, 2010
(Erica, "Are solar panels the next e-waste?" http:~/~/www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/03/uk/environment/2010/sep/03/solar-panels-ewaste-http://68.233.253.124/xwiki/bin/create/%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co/uk%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Fsep%2F03%2Fsolar-panels-ewaste?parent=Liberty.Bobbitt%2DAyodeji+Neg

In recent years the electronics industry has gained notoriety for creating an endless stream of
AND
expected to reach cost parity with fossil fuels in most markets by 2013.

Solar distributed generation impractical – interconnection costs and regulatory variation

Outka, visiting scholar – Energy and Land Use Law @ FSU, ’10
(Uma, 37 Ecology L.Q. 1041)

Rooftop PV is prototypical distributed generation (DG) - power generated at many geographically
AND
on the right to maintain access to sunlight once a system is installed.

Solar electricity generation is uncompetitive – efficiency levels aren’t high enough

Zehner 12
Green illusions, Ozzie Zehner is the author of Green Illusions and a visiting scholar
AND
was awarded with honors at both institutions. He lives in San Francisco.

Free Panels, Anyone? Among the ceos and chief scientists in the solar industry
AND
the Department of Energy quietly slid into its annual statistics without a peep.

Linearity might not be true but complexity isn’t 100% true either

Dr. Sebastian L. V. Gorka et al 12, Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, et al., Spring 2012, "The Complexity Trap," Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf-http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf
These competing views of America’s national security concerns indicate an important and distinctive characteristic of
AND
in which everything is potentially relevant is a model in which nothing is.

Prediction and scenario planning are inevitable

Danzig 11
Richard Danzig, Center for a New American Security Board Chairman, Secretary of the Navy under President Bill Clinton, October 2011, Driving in the Dark Ten Propositions About Prediction and National Security, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Prediction_Danzig.pdf

3. The Propensity for Prediction Is Especially Deeply Embedded in the U.S
AND
deeply within the DNA of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Probabilistic evaluation of hypothetical impacts is the only way to grapple with strategic uncertainty

Krepinevich 9 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is a defense policy analyst, currently executive director of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. His influential book, The Army and Vietnam, contends that the United States could have won the Vietnam War had the Army adopted a small-unit pacification strategy in South Vietnam’s villages, rather than conducting search and destroy operations in remote jungles. Today, he criticizes the counterinsurgency approaches being employed in the Iraq War. He is a West Point graduate. 1/27/2009, "7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century", http://www.amazon.com/reader/0553805398?_encoding=UTF8%26query=so%20are%20we%20building~~%23reader_0553805398-http://www.amazon.com/reader/0553805398?_encoding=UTF8%26query=so%20are%20we%20building)

While the Pentagon would dearly like to know the answers to these questions, it
AND
, or dissuade enemies from creating threatening new capabilities in the first place. 

Energy scenario-planning is good for decisionmaking

Lankshear and Noble 00
http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/volume1/lankshearknobel.pdf-http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/volume1/lankshearknobel.pdf
Colin Lankshear is Adjunct Professor at James Cook University, Mount St Vincent University and McGill University. He is an internationally acclaimed scholar in the study of new literacies and digital technologies (cf., Lankshear 1987; Lankshear 1997; Lankshear %26 Snyder, 2000; Lankshear %26 Knobel, 2003; Lankshear %26 Knobel 2006; Knobel %26 Lankshear, 2007; Coiro, Knobel, Lankshear %26 Leu, 2008; Lankshear %26 Knobel, 2008).

Classic examples of scenario planning successes abound. An early one (from the 1970s
AND
that would most certainly be new to prevailing mindsets within formal literacy studies.

The goal of complexity theorists is still risk avoidance via resiliency – the disads are examples of how the plan could go wrong

Ogilvy 11
Facing The Fold: Essays on scenario planning¶ Jay is a cofounder of GBN
AND
emergent systems, e.g. consciousness, leadership, and wealth.

But what if we measure scenario planning against the standards of a different kind of
AND
efficacy of good intentions. In short, there is reason for hope.

Political Advantage

Must state clearly the intent to preserve local control or it will be struck down

Pursley and Wiseman 11 Garrick, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Toledo College of Law, and Hannah, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tulsa College of Law, "Local Energy", Emory Law Journal, 60 Emory L.J. 877)

For our purposes, a few brief observations suffice to dispel most of the force
AND
might be permissible if Congress made its intentions plain in statutory text.404

No such thing as environmental racism —- the movement cherry-picks studies but ignores broader scientific conclusions

Christopher H. Foreman 98, Jr., Nonresident Senior Fellow, Governance Studies – Brookings Institution, The Clash of Purposes: Environmental Justice and Risk Assessment, 3-20-98, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/03/20environment-foreman

But when you clear away all the smoke blown over risk and racism in recent
AND
this is the real game that environmental justice activists are playing. These activist

s (especially those more or less full-time advocates who champion a
AND
most certainly is not what the ticket buyers are really all about.Not

Structural violence decreasing.

Brookings Institute ’11 (Brookings Institute, Global Think tank, "Poverty in Numbers: The Changing State of Global Poverty from 2005 to 2015 by the Brookings Institute", http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/02/poverty-in-numbers-changing-state-of.html-http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/02/poverty-in-numbers-changing-state-of.html, February 26, 2011, LEQ)

By 2015, we will not only have halved the global poverty rate, but
AND
percent—a rate China did not achieve until the mid-90s.

AND – War turns structural violence

Bulloch 8 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595 Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

1. Turn – Rational Policymaking
   
   A. Abandoning calculability leaves no way to measure between competing policy options
   Jarvis, senior lecturer @ University of Australia, 2K
   (D.S.L. International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism )
   To what end these approaches will prove beneficial, however, to what end their
   AND
   or assess the merits of one solution vis-à-vis another? 

B. This disables progressive politics and allows totalitarianism, turning the affirmative – engaging in policy calculations can capture affirmative impacts while avoiding bad outcomes –
Campbell, Professor of Int’l Politics @ Newcastle, 1998
(David, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia, 186-187)
Derrida’s argument addresses more directly—more directly, I would argue, than is
AND
be reappropriated by the most perverse calculation."  The necessity of calculating the incalculable

 thus responds to a duty, a duty that inhabits the instant of madness
AND
of xenophobia, racism, anti-Semitism, religious or nationalist fanaticism."

3. Extinction outweighs– irreversibility 

Leslie 98 (John, Oxford educated, former philosophy professor @ U of Guelph, Lecturer appointed by British Academy, "The end of the world: the science and ethics of human extinction", London: Routledge, April 17, pp. 135-7) GZ
Another is this. It could well seem that only short-term dangers could
AND
ethical viewpoint—is whether anything could put an end to all humans. 

 
Empirical impacts can accurately predict events – their authors are actually the biased ones because their authors do not understand the real content of our arguments

Sullivan, 1998 (Phillip A., professor of aerospace engineering at the University of
AND
attention from serious issues in the practice of science worthy of detached analysis.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
*Obama is spending all of his political capital on CIR now, the vote will be soon, and it will pass on a razor thin vote.*
Gary Martin 3/28/13, http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

A Republican Party in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
AND
experiences along the way," said Frank Sharry, America's Voice executive director.

*Obama gets the blame*
Mirengoff 10 Paul E. Mirengoff, JD Stanford, Attorney in DC,   http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:aNOGdaFrKhYJ:www.fed-soc.org/debates/dbtid.41/default.asp+obama+minimalism+blame+court+confirmationandcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a, 6-23-10

There's a chance that the Democrats' latest partisan innovation will come back to haunt them
AND
president at that time, he likely will receive some of the blame. 

*Bipartisan opposition*
Greenwire 6 (“Rough going seen for efforts to lift congressional moratoria,” 5-26-6,
http://www.noia.org/website/download.asp?id=295)

With a growing number of Republican lawmakers facing stiff midterm races, efforts to open
AND
drilling are not quite partisan showdowns, more Democrats oppose wider offshore leasing. 

*CIR is key to the economy and resolving aging*
Krudy 1/29/13. (Edward, Reuters, “Immigration reform seen boosting US economic growth.” Hosted by NBC News Business http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298)

The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
AND
estate market. Some large companies have fallen foul of tougher enforcement regulations.

*Resolving the US Aging crisis solves global aging—immigration key*
Haas, '7 (Political Science Professor -- Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
AND
the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.
*Multiple nuclear wars.*
Jackson and Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS and Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge: 

Interpretation – Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced. Aff only reduces a regulation on production.

Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf

The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
AND
to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures. 

On is exclusive

Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)

The Standard Dictionary defines the word "on" as follows: "In or
AND
are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

Production refers to primary energy extraction for a specific list of sources

Energici 12 (provides business intelligence and decision support services to companies and investors active in the wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and bioenergy industries. Specializes in providing robust research, analysis and intelligence coverage of trends and developments) February “PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION (MONTHLY)” http://www.energici.com/energy-profiles/by-country/europe-m-z/sweden/49-countries/north-america/usa/usa-geothermal/449-primary-energy-production

Definition : Primary Energy Production is the amount of energy converted from a primary energy
AND
and wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption and biofuels feedstock. 

Voting issue –

1. Including regulations is a limits disaster.

Doub 76 Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy Annual Review of Energy Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976) DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President's Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970.  He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council.  Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435

FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in
AND
agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception. 

2. Precision – A distinction between regulation and restrictions is key.

Sinha 6 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/ Supreme Court of India Union Of India and Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries on 7 November, 2006 Author: S.B. Sinha Bench: S Sinha, Mark, E Katju CASE NO.: Writ Petition (civil) 4695 of 2006 PETITIONER: Union of India and Ors. RESPONDENT: M/s. Asian Food Industries DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/11/2006  BENCH:  S.B. Sinha and Markandey Katju  JUDGMENT:  J U D G M E N T  Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17008 of 2006 WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4696 OF 2006 Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17558 of 2006  S.B. SINHA, J :
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P
AND
the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
The President of the United States should lift restrictions on existing leases for crude oil production. 

Executive orders have the force of law to control the bureaucracy

Gedicks ’05 (Frederick Mark, Chair and Professor of Law – Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, ESSAY: ON THE PERMISSIBLE SCOPE OF LEGAL LIMITATIONS ON THE FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF IN: THE UNITED STATES, 19 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 1187, Summer 2005, LEXIS)
Finally, the President may exercise a certain degree of control over the various Cabinet
AND
religious liberty imposed by federal departments, agencies, and other executive actors.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge: 

Gay marriage will pass with Roberts as the swing vote—just a question of how bold he’ll be

J.W. Williamson 12/9/2012 (Political blogger and analyst, "All eyes on chief justice Roberts" blog.wataugawatch.net/2012/12/all-eyes-on-chief-justice-john-roberts.html)

It may all come down to Chief Justice John Roberts and how he wants history
AND
for gay marriage but is something far more timid than we would like.

Gay marriage will be a 5-4 decision to overturn with Kennedy as the swing vote—but he’s concerned about his legacy
Michael Klarman March-April 2013 (Kirkland and Ellis professor of Law at Harvard, "How same-sex marriage came to be" "harvardmagazine.com/2013/03/how-same-sex-marriage-came-to-be)

Predicting how the Court will rule on Proposition 8 is harder. The justices are
AND
the Brown v. Board of Education of the gay-rights movement?

Overruling requires Court capital
Rhenquist 1986 (66 B.U.L. Rev. 345, March)

A recurring argument is that overrulings of precedent jeopardize the Supreme Court's "legitimacy."
AND
, rather than simply for five or more lawyers in black robes. 56

Kennedy perceives the courts judicial capital as finite and drained by overruling
Rappaport 2004 (Law Prof – San Diego, Fall, 99 Nw. U.L. Rev. 369)

If these critiques of the Rehnquist Court are not accurate, then how should we
AND
anything that would provoke the strong reactions that occurred during the New Deal.

Failure to support same-sex marriage and immigration damages US human rights cred
Amy Zaske 2006 (J.D. Candidate 2006, William Mitchell College of Law  “FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN GAY RIGHTS LITIGATION: NOTE: LOVE KNOWS NO BORDERS  THE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE DEBATE AND IMMIGRATION LAWS” William Mitchell Law Review, 2006, p.1-2 Lexis Nexis)

In this area of the law, the United States has lagged behind several other
AND
in the United States to being solely between one man and one woman. 

Extinction
Copelan 1999 (Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

The indivisible human rights framework survived the Cold War despite U.S. machinations
AND
bring the human rights framework to bear on both domestic and foreign policy.

Failure to support same-sex marriage and immigration damages US human rights cred

Amy Zaske 2006 (J.D. Candidate 2006, William Mitchell College of Law  “FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN GAY RIGHTS LITIGATION: NOTE: LOVE KNOWS NO BORDERS -- THE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE DEBATE AND IMMIGRATION LAWS” William Mitchell Law Review, 2006, p.1-2 Lexis Nexis)

In this area of the law, the United States has lagged behind several other
AND
in the United States to being solely between one man and one woman. 

Extinction

Copelan 1999 (Rhonda Copelan, law professor, NYU, NEW YORK CITY LAW REVIEW, 1999, p. 71-2)

The indivisible human rights framework survived the Cold War despite U.S. machinations
AND
bring the human rights framework to bear on both domestic and foreign policy.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
Can’t scale up production fast enough—

No human capital—50% of workforce going to retire
Charles Ebinger et al May 2012 (Charles Ebinger, Kevin Massy and Govinda Avasarala, Brookings Energy Security Initiative Policy Brief, "Liquid Markets: Assessing the Case for US Exports of Liquefied Natural Gas" www.brookings.edu//media/research/files/reports/2012/5/02%20lng%20exports%20ebinger/0502_lng_exports_ebinger.pdf)

Human capital in the unconventional oil and gas development sectors is also in short supply
AND
time lag before there is an adequate supply of petroleum engineers in the market

US production glut now
Asjylyn Loder 1/9/2013 (Writer for Bloomberg, "Fracking pushes US oil production to highest in 20 years" www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-09/fracking-pushes-u-s-oil-production-to-highest-level-in-20-years.html)

U.S. oil production exceeded 7 million barrels a day for the first
AND
a combination of technologies pioneered by Continental Resources Inc. in the Bakken.

Economic decline not cause war – 
A. Empirically denied – 2008 
Barnett, senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC, 8/25/200’9, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx
When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago,
AND
 War II international liberal trade order.

B. Studies prove.
Miller 2k – Professor of Management, Ottawa (Morris, Poverty As A Cause Of Wars?, http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG4draft1.htm, AG)
Thus, these armed conflicts can hardly be said
AND
 of violence to abort another. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
No spillover – larger precedent is still a mixed bag.
Pietro S. Nivola ‘1 Senior Fellow – Governance Studies (Winter, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2001/12/winter-governance-nivola)

Finally, no explanation for the consolidation of federal power is more fundamental than the
AND
ability of car-accident victims to invoke state safety standards in lawsuits.
No modeling.
Alfred Stepan, formally Gladstone Professor of Government at Oxford University in 1996-99, is now Wallace Sayre Professor of Government at Columbia University, 1999, (Journal of Democracy 10.4 (1999) 19-34, Federalism and Democracy:
Beyond the U.S. Model, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v010/10.4stepan.html)

The U.S. model of federalism, in terms of the analytical categories
AND
of "coming-together," "demos-constraining," symmetrical federalism. 

Pakistan Collapse is good:

a) No offense - Pakistan collapse leads to multiple stable states and no war with India
Puntambekar, Indian Defence Review, 1/14/11 (Puntambekar, Ashish, "Possible Collapse of Pakistan: Quantifying the fallout," http://www.indiandefencereview.com/geopolitics/Possible-Collapse-of-Pakistan-Quantifying-the-Fallout.html)
The Stratfor article however has important strategic implications for South Asia , If Stratfor’s information
AND
on three different fronts is difficult for any army from a logistical standpoint.

b) Pakistan’s arsenal is secure, even if there is instability military control continues
HSNW 09(Homeland Security Newswire,”The security of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal” May 8th, 2009 http://homelandsecuritynewswire.com/security-pakistans-nuclear-arsenal-dinshaw-mistry)
Over the past decade, Pakistan has strengthened its nuclear command and control mechanisms,
AND
.Thus, Pakistan has significantly strengthened its nuclear command and control mechanisms. 

China won’t attack – diplomat assurances and geostrategic interests
Malik, Asia-pacific center for security studies, 2003, Malik, Mohan, frmr prof. of defense studies, Deakin University in Australia, "The China Factor in the India-Pakistan Conflict," http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+China+factor+in+the+India-Pakistan+conflict.-a099233026)
These scenarios put Beijing on the horns of a dilemma. Some Chinese strategists see
AND
international financial institutions would be better able to balance and contain rival India.
 
Pakistan stability causes an unavoidable conflict with India
The Diplomat 10(Sumit Ganguly, professor of Political Science at Indiana University, “Does India Want Stable Pakistan?” 9/14/10 , http://the-diplomat.com/author/sumit/)
Much depends on how things unfold on the domestic political scene. As long as
AND
prove to be inimical to the prospects of regional and even global security.

India-Pakistan war means extinction
Ghulam Nabi Fai,  Executive Director, Kashmiri American Council, WASHINGTON TIMES, September 8, 2001, p. 1
The foreign policy of the United States in South Asia should move from the lackadaisical
AND
winter threatening the entire globe. The United States would enjoy no sanctuary. 

c) 

Pakistan collapse creates afghan stability – ISI funding
Verma 10(Bharat, major in military strategy Westpoint, Former Cavalry officer, editor of Indian defense Review,“Stable Pakistan not in India's interest” 12/28/10)
The chances of Central Asia getting infected with the Jihadi fervour will recede. Afghanistan
AND
vanish. Even a country like Thailand will heave a sigh of relief!

ISI collapses Indian economy - fake currency
Shashikumar, Indian defence review, 2008 (Shashikumar, VK, "Pakinstan's Export of Fake Currency via Nepal," http://www.indiandefencereview.com/homeland%20security/Pakistans-export-of-fake-currency-via-Nepal.html)
Law enforcement officials in Nepal and India admit that the long border is porous and
AND
India. Their objective is to fund terror and sabotage the Indian economy.

Indian Econ manages key relations – several impacts: nuclear winter with Pakistan, nuclear war with China, and Naxalite Insurgents
Robinson ’10 Dr. David Robinson, History lecturer at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Western Australia and published author that holds a PhD in History, and is mid-way through a Master of International Relations degree. “The Regional and Global Implications of India’s Rise as a Great Power.” – June 17th, 2010 – made available at http://lfort.wordpress.com/2010/06/17/indias-rise-as-a-great-power/#_ftn21
Over the last decade there has been an increasing focus on India’s economic and military
AND
against the other country.70

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge:
Can’t solve biotech –
A. EU opposition makes biotech impossible worldwide
McDonald 04 – 03 JD Candidate @ University of Georgia Michelle K. McDonald, “International Trade Law and the U.S.-EU GMO Debate: Can Africa Weather This Storm?,” The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Spring 2004, 32 Ga. J. Int'l and Comp. L. 501

In addition to cultivating GMOs domestically for sale both at home and on the world
AND
the WTO's underlying principal encouraging free trade among all of its members. 25
B. Biotech resilient
John Carroll, “EandY: A resilient biotech industry registers it first profitable year,” 4-28-2010. (http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/e-y-resilient-biotech-industry-registers-its-first-profitable-year/2010-04-28)
Ernst and Young has scanned the global biotech industry and found that established biotech hubs
AND
year, with follow-on offerings ginning a considerable amount of that.
( ) No impact to biotech -- 
A. Lack of distribution tubes solvency.
Tripp, overseas development institute, 01 ("Can biotechnology reach the poor? The adequacy of information and seed delivery" http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImgand_imagekey=B6VCB-4372V04-3-3and_cdi=5950and_user=440026and_pii=S0306919201000021and_orig=searchand_coverDate=06/30/2001and_sk=999739996andview=candwchp=dGLzVzb-zSkWAandmd5=3996a862e9cf38cb0bda3b01bab09a62andie=/sdarticle.pdf)
It is therefore inaccurate to see biotechnology as some type of magic bullet that can
AND
and equitable local input markets, biotechnology is unlikely to reach many smallholders.

Biotech expansion enables bioterror—more effective weapons and diverse users
Huang 11 (Yanzhong, Senior Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations and Associate Professor @ Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations @ Seton Hall University, “Managing Biosecurity Threats in China,” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, March 11 2011, Volume 9 Issue 1, accessed 12/6/11)

Furthermore, rapid advances in biotechnology allow for greater effectiveness in the actual use of
AND
to share or sell their know-how to potential bio-offenders. 

No bioterror risk—

A. Won’t use bioweapons 
Paranchi‘1 (John, RAND Analyst, “Anthrax Attacks, Biological Terrorism and Preventive Responses,” Rand Testimony, Ct 186, http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT186/CT186.pdf  nov.)

The use of disease and biological material as a weapon is not a new method
AND
simply concentrate their efforts on more readily available alternatives.Pg 11-12

Can’t solve biotech –
A. EU opposition makes biotech impossible worldwide
McDonald 04 – 03 JD Candidate @ University of Georgia [Michelle K. McDonald, “International Trade Law and the U.S.-EU GMO Debate: Can Africa Weather This Storm?,” The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Spring 2004, 32 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 501]

In addition to cultivating GMOs domestically for sale both at home and on the world
AND
the WTO's underlying principal encouraging free trade among all of its members. 25
B. Biotech resilient – within the US and globally
John Carroll, “E&Y: A resilient biotech industry registers it first profitable year,” 4-28-2010. (http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/e-y-resilient-biotech-industry-registers-its-first-profitable-year/2010-04-28)
Ernst & Young has scanned the global biotech industry and found that established biotech hubs
AND
year, with follow-on offerings ginning a considerable amount of that.
( ) No impact to biotech
A. Lack of distribution tubes solvency.
Tripp, overseas development institute, 01 ("Can biotechnology reach the poor? The adequacy of information and seed delivery" http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VCB-4372V04-3-3&_cdi=5950&_user=440026&_pii=S0306919201000021&_orig=search&_coverDate=06/30/2001&_sk=999739996&view=c&wchp=dGLzVzb-zSkWA&md5=3996a862e9cf38cb0bda3b01bab09a62&ie=/sdarticle.pdf)
It is therefore inaccurate to see biotechnology as some type of magic bullet that can
AND
and equitable local input markets, biotechnology is unlikely to reach many smallholders.

Biotech expansion enables bioterror—more effective weapons and diverse users
Huang 11 (Yanzhong, Senior Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations and Associate Professor @ Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations @ Seton Hall University, “Managing Biosecurity Threats in China,” Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, March 11 2011, Volume 9 Issue 1, accessed 12/6/11)

Furthermore, rapid advances in biotechnology allow for greater effectiveness in the actual use of
AND
to share or sell their know-how to potential bio-offenders. 

No bioterror risk—

A. Won’t use bioweapons
Paranchi‘1 (John, RAND Analyst, “Anthrax Attacks, Biological Terrorism and Preventive Responses,” Rand Testimony, Ct 186, http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT186/CT186.pdf  nov.)

The use of disease and biological material as a weapon is not a new method
AND
simply concentrate their efforts on more readily available alternatives.Pg 11-12

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge: 

Overview

Turns every impact -- Aging crisis makes solvency for any global problem impossible.
Peterson, '99 (President -- IIE, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb)
The list of major global hazards in the next century has grown long and familiar
AND
manage, the other major challenges that will face us in the future.

Probability of the impact outweighs – An oncoming global aging crisis is as certain as social science gets – it will ignite conflicts in every regional hotspot.
Jackson and Howe, ‘8 (Senior Fellow – CSIS and Senior Associate – CSIS, The Graying of the Great Powers: Demography and Geopolitics in the 21st Century, With Rebecca Strauss and Keisuke Nakashima, p. 1-5)

The world is entering a demographic transformation of unprecedented dimensions. Global aging is not
AND
all peoples, but rather as mere elder defenders of their own privileged hegemony

Uniqueness

Immigration will pass soon – bipart and issues are being fixed
Parker and Greenhouse 3/29/13, Ashley and Steven, New York Times, “Guest Workers Are at Crux of Groups’ Deal on Immigration”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/30/us/politics/guest-worker-program-low-skilled-immigrants.html?nl=todaysheadlinesandemc=edit_th_20130330and_r=0

The nation’s top business and labor groups were near agreement Friday on a guest worker
AND
very close to a point where the senators will have an announcement soon.”

Biggest hurdle has been negotiated- reform likely to pass
AP 3-29
“Possible breakthrough on immigration reform“ http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2013/03/possible_breakthrough_on_immig.html

WASHINGTON -- Big business and major labor unions appeared ready Friday to end a fight
AND
program after five years, threatening a key priority of the business community.

Pass now – momentum.
Sunshine State News 3/28/13, http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/blog/obama-promises-immigration-reform-soon-hispanics-telemundo-univision

President Barack Obama, the ever-present campaigner, took his push for immigration
AND
Hispanic electorate, this could be the year the heavy lift gets done.
Strong public support.
Jon Terbush 3/28, is a staff writer for TheWeek.com covering politics, sports and other things he finds interesting. He's previously written for Talking Points Memo, Raw Story, and Business Insider. http://theweek.com/article/index/242064/even-a-majority-of-republicans-support-legalizing-undocumented-workers

A broad majority of Americans believe the government should allow undocumented immigrants to legally remain
AND
that a slightly smaller 53 percent majority of Americans supported a citizenship path.

Top of Docket

Not true – he is behind the scenes.
JULIE PACE 3/27, AP White House Correspondent, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/27/obama-immigration-bill-could-pass-by-summer/

In an effort to keep Republicans at the negotiation table, Obama has stayed relatively
AND
Congress returns from a two-week recess the week of April 8.
Obama is putting the pressure on now.
Woodruff and Murray 3/25, PBS NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june13/immigration_03-25.html

JUDY WOODRUFF: So, the president calling on Congress to finish the job.
AND
that says, hey, guys, make sure you're still doing that.

Obama pressuring law makers now.
Woodruff and Murray 3/25, PBS NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june13/immigration_03-25.html

JUDY WOODRUFF: You mentioned earlier the White House has language. They have a
AND
the table, then, hey, I'm stepping in and taking over.

Key to Econ

Berman 1/30/13. (Jillian, Huffington Post, “Immigration Reform Could Be A Boon to U.S.-Born Workers, Experts Say.” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/30/immigration-reform-workers_n_2583576.html)

Business leaders are pushing Congress and President Obama to move forward with broad proposals for
AND
capital, then there doesn’t have to be this negative impact on wages.”

Economic decline kills oil drilling.
World Oil 12 August, http://www.worldoil.com/August-2012-US-drilling-hits-a-plateau.html

Weakness in crude oil prices, coupled with uncertainty about the presidential election and future
AND
has pushed U.S. output higher and backed out some imports.

Link Debate

Obama gets the blame
Mirengoff 10
the plan would exacerbate the current political conflict over the agenda.
Whittington 1, Assistant Politics Professor – Princeton, Spring Polity, Vol. 33, pg. 365

The judiciary not only serves as a target for presidential attacks in these instances.
AND
as to how to preserve its authority in the face of presidential attack.
Congress will react to the plan:
A—Court decisions cause Congressional backlash.
Katzman, Law Professor, in ’97 Courts and Congress, pg. 109

For defenders of the
AND
 for the decisions they made.
B—Interest group backlash guarantees Congressional reaction.
Canon, Poli Sci Prof – UK, and Johnson, Poli Sci Prof – Texas AandM, in ’99 Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact

More than any other public agency, Congress tends to be the focal point for
AND
score political points by showing righteous indignation on behalf of the disaffected groups.
C—This will impact presidential-congressional relations and agenda.
LeLoup, Poli Sci Professor – Wash State, and Shull, Poli Sci Prof – New Orleans, in ‘99 The President and Congress, pg. 23

Institutions outside the presidency and Congress can also be important to the policy process.
AND
abortion, civil rights, and school prayer help shape the policy agenda.

AT: Oil K2 Agenda

Plan can only hurt Obama – only opposition to the plan.
Margaret Kriz Hobson 12, EandE reporter, April 18, http://www.eenews.net/public/energywire/2012/04/18/1

OFFSHORE DRILLING: Obama's development plans gain little political traction in years since Gulf spill
AND
the Gulf of Mexico and excludes the West Coast and northern East Coast.
Forces political energy fights- saps capital
Geman 10 Ben, The Hill, 4/1/10, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/90137-drilling-push-shakes-up-climate-fight-

While most of the drilling proposal can be undertaken using executive power, expanded drilling
AND
legislation. "You do the math,"

AT: Lobbies

Oil lobby weak - congressional defiance proves
Learsy, 9/10 (Raymond J., "No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act': A Presidential Issue And A Test Of Political Integrity", Politics Daily, lexis)
Yet some years ago, in 2007, there was a genuine effort to change
AND
clear that he would veto the bill should it land on his desk.

AT: It’s a win

Can’t win on energy.
Eisler 12 Matthew is a Researcher @ the Chemical Heritage Foundation. “Science, Silver Buckshot, and ‘All of The Above’” April 2, http://scienceprogress.org/2012/04/science-silver-buckshot-and-%E2%80%9Call-of-the-above%E2%80%9D/
Conservatives take President Obama’s rhetoric at face value. Progressives see the president as disingenuous
AND
will probably mean four more years of inaction and increased resort to cant.
Winners lose for Obama – first term proves
IHT 11/13/12 International Herald Tribune, Lexis

That story line, stoked by Republicans but shared by some Democrats, holds that
AND
leaders,'' he added, ''exploit opportunities rather than create them.''

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge: 

Impact—Freedom

Key to liberation of all peoples – solves terminal impact to case.
Tatchell,’89 (Author and Political Activist, http://www.petertatchell.net/masculinity/gay%20liberation.htm)

PETER TATCHELL says the gay liberation movement’s challenge to straight male masculinity offers a unique
AND
to be a purely private matter or simply a question of personal lifestyle. 

Failure to ensure same-sex marriage undercuts US soft power
Wong and Ayoub 2006 (Lena Ayoub is a Staff Attorney with the National Center for Lesbian Rights, J.D. 2000, DePaul University. Ms. Ayoub's professional experience has covered various sectors of the legal public interest field, with special focus on international human rights and immigrant rights.)
 (Lena Ayoub  and Shin-Ming Wong, “FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN GAY RIGHTS LITIGATION: SEPARATED AND UNEQUAL”, William Mitchell Law Review, pg. 5 CB)

Currently eighteen countries around the world recognize same-sex couples for immigration purposes,
AND
without granting the right to marry or creating an alternative partnership scheme. n65

Soft power is key to heg, terror, warming and disease
Joseph Nye 2008 (Joseph S. Professor of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, 3-7-2008, http://abs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/9/1351) 

Etzioni is correct that a successful policy of security first will require the combination of
AND
, that he had spent a few more pages developing one for Iran.

Uniqueness (T/F Stuff)

DOMA struck down now- will be a close 5-4 and the thing getting Kennedy on board is a massive change in court philosophy
Chemerinsky 3-28
Erwin, Erwin Chemerinsky is the founding Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, at the University of California, Irvine School of Law, with a joint appointment in Political Science. “Commentary: What might happen?” http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/03/commentary-what-might-happen/#more-161966
¶ Instead, more likely, the Court will try to issue narrower rulings.   
AND
But how he’ll write the opinion is impossible to know at this point.

2NC- Kennedy Thinks Capital Zero Sum

Kennedy believes in “institutional capital” model
Bragaw and Perry 2002 (Assistant Gov't Prof -- Sweet Briar College and Gov't Professor -- Sweet Briar, 13 Stan. L. and Pol'y Rev 19)

Kennedy, who at this point had already testified for half an hour before the
AND
search for that voice and to make sure you're doing what's neutral." 98

Court capital will have to be invested for gay marriage—it’s zero sum
James Esseks 11/7/2012 (Director for the ACLU LGBTQ and AIDS project, "A Marriage Moment (and Another One to Come) www.aclu.org/blog/lgbt-rights/marriage-moment-and-another-one-come)

Although judges are sworn to uphold the Constitution, they do not decide cases in
AND
not seen as an imposition on an unwilling public by an unelected judiciary.”

He’s the deciding vote
Nan Hunter 2/7/2013 (Writer for the Williams Institute, "Is the supreme court argument over gay marriage really all about straight people?" williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/headlines/is-the-supreme-court-argument-over-gay-marriage-really-all-about-straight-people/)

In the end, of course, it will boil down to the nine Justices
AND
pretty good bet that he will get the last word on marriage too.

Kennedy will decide on federalism grounds
Beth Hawkins 12/17/2012 (Writer for the Minnesota Post, "How might Supreme Court justices view the gay-marriage issues before them?" www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2012/12/how-might-supreme-court-justices-view-gay-marriage-issues-them)

Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan and Ruth Bader Ginsburg make up the
AND
And they may not reach the merits of the first case at all.

That’ll require court capital
Ducoff 1998 (Fall, 30 Rutgers L. J. 209)

Perhaps Professor Choper's most interesting and persuasive justifications for abrogating the Court's responsibility to decide
AND
, rather than Congress, receives substantial backlash after affirming Congress' actions.  n166

A2- Winners Win

History proves that Capital can only be finite.
Choper, 80 (Law School Dean – Berkeley, Judicial Review and the National Political Process, p. 162-3)
Therefore, if the question of whether the Court gain or loses enforcement capacity by
AND
American public emerges as profoundly indifferent to liberties long established and presumably noncontroversial.”
Court capital is always finite – losers mobilize faster and capital is hard to restore.
Adamany, ’80 (CSU – Long Beach, Western Political Quarterly, pg. 592)
In protecting individual rights, the Supreme Court is limited by the “fragile character
AND
needs: Congress can refuse the President’s programs and he can veto theirs.

Overrule Link

Overrules drain Court capital.
Yoo, 01 (Law Prof – Berkeley, Summer, 68 U. Chi. L. Rev. 775)
How does the Court maintain this legitimacy? According to the Casey plurality, the
AND
following standards of procedural justice or by making decisions that follow principled rules.
Overrules hurt the Court’s legitimacy and cause political outrage against the Court.
Young, 02 (Assistant law Prof – UT, Fall, 73 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1139)
Courts may also be criticized as activist when they depart from the authority of judicial
AND
might pursue "inflexible and uniform adherence" to binding legal materials. 38

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota SS | Judge: 

Biotech

 bioterror==

b) Biotech for medical goals enables bioterrorism and extinction
Bostrom 2, Nick Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, (“Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html)

With the fabulous advances in genetic technology currently taking place, it may become possible
AND
-term potential for medicine 39 it carries its own hazards.

Biodiversity Defense

No impact to biodiversity loss—incorrect studies and increased ecosystem strength
Ted Nordhaus, Michael Shellenberger and Linus Blomqvist June 2012 (Chairman, Policy Associate and President of the Breakthrough Institute, "The Planetary Boundaries Hypothesis: A Review of the Evidence" thebreakthrough.org/blog/Planetary%20Boundaries%20web.pdf)

Rockström et al. state that “biodiversity loss occurs at the local to regional
AND
of new arrivals, leading to a net increase in local species richness.

 On many oceanic islands, for example, the number of plant species has
AND
while ecosystem health continues to deteriorate in most places, and vice versa.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa DH | Judge: 

T Restrictions

Interpretation – Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced. Aff only reduces a conditioned regulation

Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf

The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
AND
to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures. 

On is exclusive

Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)

The Standard Dictionary defines the word "on" as follows: "In or
AND
are controlled by the operator, in whatever direction he may deem advisable.

Production refers to primary energy extraction for a specific list of sources

Energici 12 (provides business intelligence and decision support services to companies and investors active in the wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and bioenergy industries. Specializes in providing robust research, analysis and intelligence coverage of trends and developments) February "PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION (MONTHLY)" http://www.energici.com/energy-profiles/by-country/europe-m-z/sweden/49-countries/north-america/usa/usa-geothermal/449-primary-energy-production

Definition : Primary Energy Production is the amount of energy converted from a primary energy
AND
and wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption and biofuels feedstock. 

Reduce means to lessen

Oxford English Dictionary, 89 (online, at Emory)
reduce, v.
b. To lower, diminish, lessen.

Voting issue –

1. Including regulations is a limits disaster.

Doub 76 Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy Annual Review of Energy Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976) DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby %26 MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President’s Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970.  He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council.  Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435

FERS began with the recognition that federal energy policy must result from concerted efforts in
AND
agencies. Unfortunately, this example is the rule rather than the exception. 

2. Precision – A distinction between regulation and restrictions is key.

Sinha 6 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/ Supreme Court of India Union Of India %26 Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries on 7 November, 2006 Author: S.B. Sinha Bench: S Sinha, Mark, E Katju CASE NO.: Writ Petition (civil) 4695 of 2006 PETITIONER: Union of India %26 Ors. RESPONDENT: M/s. Asian Food Industries DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/11/2006  BENCH:  S.B. Sinha %26 Markandey Katju  JUDGMENT:  J U D G M E N T  ~Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17008 of 2006~ WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4696 OF 2006 ~Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17558 of 2006~  S.B. SINHA, J :
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P
AND
the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect." 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa DH | Judge: 

T USFG

The Aff doesn’t specify the branch that implements the plan – USFG means 3 branches.

Babylon.com, ’7 (http://www.babylon.com/definition/United_States_federal_government/English)
This article describes the government of the United States. For other issues, see Politics of the United States. The federal government of the United States is the United States governmental body that carries out the roles assigned to the federation of individual states established by the Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. 

And, the agent of action test – The Aff has to specify in their plan text what is necessary for the plan to take effect.  Not specifying the branch doesn’t meet since the "USFG" isn’t an agent and there wouldn’t be a political channel to implement the plan.

Chicago Manual of Style, ’3
(http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles32.html, accessed 10/16/07)

The government of the United States is not a single official entity. Nor is it when it is referred to as the federal government or the U.S. government or the U.S. federal government. It’s just a government, which, like those in all countries, has some official bodies that act and operate in the name of government: the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.

(B) This is a voter —

1. CP Ground – Specifying in the plan is key to Agent CP competition and agent comparison is crucial to policy education.

Stoddard, ’97 (Professor of law at New York University, 72 New York University Law Review 967)

Many of my colleagues seeking social justice have deliberately avoided  legislatures in recent decades,
AND
may, in the end, be as  important as what it says.

2. Aff conditionality – Not specifying in the plan allows the Aff to shift the entire meaning of the plan and undermines 1NC decision-making.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal Berkley PS | Judge: 

Courts CP

The United States Supreme Court should grant certiorari to a relevant test case and issue a limited ruling that states that the Atomic Energy Act cannot pre-empt state regulations because such pre-emption violates the 10th amendment.

Competitive – CP doesn’t reduce restrictions.

(1) Reduce means to cease or eliminate.

US Code, 09 (26 CFR 54.4980F-1, lexis)

  § 54.4980F-1 Notice requirements for certain pension plan amendments significantly reducing the rate of future benefit accrual. (c) Elimination or cessation of benefits. For purposes of this section, the terms reduce or reduction include eliminate or cease or elimination or cessation.

(2) CP doesn’t reduce the restriction – it’s still on the books; it just has no legal force.

Anonymous Law Professor, ’6 anon@anon.org, July 9, Prawfsblog, http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2006/07/are_supreme_cou.html
"He is proclaiming that though an Act of Congress was struck down by Congress
AND
deep-seated prejudice against concurring opinions, I don’t see why not.

Removing pre-emption solves – that’s their Garvey evidence – They have no solvency advocate for reducing restrictions, but an advocate for abandoning federal preemption.

Solves the case – won’t be rolled back.

Mark A. Miller, Lawyer @ Baker Botts, 1998, Cleveland State L. Rev., ln
The history of the Tenth Amendment is an appropriate starting point in the development of
AND
the Commerce Clause, then it can also curtail the Spending power. 267

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal Berkley PS | Judge: 

Pan K

The affirmative views China as a knowable object – their prescription of certain values onto the Chinese identity is violent and results in self-fulfilling violence to contain a threat

Pan lecturer pol sci and IR @ deaken U 2k4 (Chengxin, "The ’China Threat’ In American Self Image" Alternatives 29 (2004) 305-331
While U.S. China scholars argue fiercely over "what China precisely is
AND
.^ It is in this context that this article seeks to make a contribution

 Securitization is a precondition to genocide- their advantage descriptions will be used to justify massive violence
Karsten Friis, UN Sector @ the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2k ~Peace and Conflict Studies 7.2, "From Liminars to Others: Securitization Through Myths," http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf~~%23page=2-http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf~~
The problem with societal securitization is one of representation. It is rarely clear in
AND
on behalf of the natural and eternal, where truth is never questioned. 

The alternative is to Vote Negative - rejecting the dominant hegemonic discourse of security inherent in the 1AC opens up space for counter-hegemonies

Richard Wyn Jones, Professor International Politics @ Aberystwyth University, ’99 (Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory, p. 155-163)
The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a
AND
should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal Berkley PS | Judge: 

CIR  DA

Obama is spending all of his political capital on CIR now, the vote will be soon, and it will pass on a razor thin vote.

Gary Martin 3/28/13, http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php

A Republican Party in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
AND
experiences along the way," said Frank Sharry, America’s Voice executive director.

Decreases in NRC Regulations get massive political blowback
Goad 3/20/13. (Ben, The Hill, "Nuclear Regulators under fire for delay of post-Fukushima safety requirement." RegWatch http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/energyenvironment/289275-nuclear-regulators-under-fire-over-delay-of-safety-rule-http://thehill.com/blogs/regwatch/energyenvironment/289275-nuclear-regulators-under-fire-over-delay-of-safety-rule)

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is facing blowback for its decision to delay
AND
the recommendations of safety experts and not just accept a partial fix."

CIR is key to the economy and resolving aging

Krudy 1/29/13. (Edward, Reuters, "Immigration reform seen boosting US economic growth." Hosted by NBC News Business http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298-http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/immigration-reform-seen-boosting-us-economic-growth-1C8159298)

The sluggish U.S. economy could get a lift if President Barack Obama
AND
estate market. Some large companies have fallen foul of tougher enforcement regulations.

Resolving the US Aging crisis solves global aging—immigration key

Haas, ’7 (Political Science Professor — Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
AND
the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.

Multiple nuclear wars.

Jackson %26 Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS %26 Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
AND
already has nuclear weapons, while the other seems likely to obtain them.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa DH | Judge: 

2NC—Limits DA

Federal Energy regs are FIVE MILLION RESEARCH HOURS

Tugwell 88 The Energy Crisis and the American Political Economy: Politics and Markets in
AND
). Dr. Tugwell received a PhD in political science from Columbia University. 

 Finally, administering energy regulations proved a costly and cumbersome endeavor, exacting a
AND
regulatory process also exceeded %241 billion a year from 1974 to 1980.^

Limits DA Link – Nucs

Their interp allows the aff to reduce ANY regulation that effectively makes nuclear less profitable. That’s massive since nuclear has more regulations on it than any other industry in the world.  Under the aff interp ANY regulation is a topical aff.

Rothwell ’92
(Geoffrey Rothwell is a senior research associate with the Center for Economic Policy Research Stanford University.)
http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n1/reg15n1-rothwell.html
Commercial nuclear power is the world’s most regulated industry. The early reason for heavy
AND
of reactors on a cost-plus basis during the next ten years.  

2NC—Precision DA

Restriction is narrower than regulation—precisions is key

US District Court 9—Judge Thomas E. Johnson, US District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/west-virginia/wvsdce/5:2009cv00152/61171/33
The fourth prong of the Central Hudson test refers to "regulation" of speech
AND
broad or no more expansive than ’necessary’ to serve its substantial interests").  

All our offense above applies as well as a limits disad – Precise limits for this term are crucial to informed analysis

Eric Heinze 3 (Senior Lecturer in Law, University of London, Queen Mary. He has held fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the French and German governments. He teaches Legal Theory, Constitutional Law, Human Rights and Public International Law. JD Harvard) "The Logic of Liberal Rights A study in the formal analysis of legal discourse" http://mey.homelinux.org/companions/Eric%20Heinze/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20%28839%29/The%20Logic%20of%20Liberal%20Rights_%20A%20Study%20in%20%20-%20Eric%20Heinze.pdf

Variety of ’restrictions’
The term ’restriction’, defined so broadly, embraces any number of familiar concepts
AND
of a formal model, for which any distinctions among them are irrelevant.
being used in the same limited fashion as "zoning."

A2 WM - 2. Regulatory barriers affs

Opens the door to a proflieration of nukes affs that are currently not allowed

Geoffrey Rothwell 1992 (Senior research associate with the Center for Economic Policy Research Stanford University http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n1/reg15n1-rothwell.html-http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n1/reg15n1-rothwell.html)

Commercial nuclear power is the world’s most regulated industry. The early reason for heavy
AND
of reactors on a cost-plus basis during the next ten years.  

A2 CI – Limitations/Conditions

Even if conditions are restrictions, they aren’t restrictions on production.

Priebe ’99 (Director of Agricultural Economic Law, European Commission)
Rhinehard, Production Rights in European Agriculture p.200
The milk quota system, to quote the prime example, is a levy imposed
AND
is another example of this form of restriction. This ev. gender paraphrased

Restrictions must actually prevent production, not just indirectly make it more difficult.

Pound ’33 New York Court of Appeals Chief Justice Roscoe, Nebbia v. New York, 262 N.Y 259, lexis
In fixing sale prices the Board "must take into consideration the amount necessary to
AND
jurisprudence make easy a decision on the strength of seeming authority. . .
~No text omitted from original, all elipses are lexis’~

2NC- Regulation Not Restriction

Qualitative difference—regulation is how you do something

Schackleford 17, justice – Supreme Court of Florida, 3/12 (J., "ATLANTIC COAST LINE RAILROAD COMPANY, A CORPORATION, et al., Plaintiff in Error, v. THE STATE OF FLORIDA, Defendant in Error," 73 Fla. 609; 74 So. 595; 1917 Fla. LEXIS 487)

There would seem to be no occasion to discuss whether or not the Railroad Commissioners
AND
failure to comply with the order for the erection of a union depot.

Regulation is distinct from restriction of production

Qureshi 46 Indian representative at the United Nations Social and Economic council
http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90220091.pdf-http://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90220091.pdf

Mr. Chairman, I would like to point out that in Article 47, Paragraph 1, the regulation of production should not mean restriction of production, otherwise the whole aim of raising the standard of living will be defeated; nor should it mean to discourage the production of certain commodities if certain countries find it necessary to do so and to expand their production in the interests of their country.  

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal Berkley PS | Judge: 

Courts CP

A2—Perm Do Both

Still links to politics – Shielding fails –

(a) Sequencing — Any shielding evidence assumes a sequence of events where the Court acts first, then Congress enforces this action.  This permutation has Congress act at the same time as the Courts.

(b) No shielding.

Toner, ’90 (NYT, June 13)
Flag burning has tormented Congress since the Supreme Court handed down its first decision on
AND
has spoken. It is now up to the lawmakers in the middle. 

(c) Congress 4 times more perceived than the courts.

Marquand, Staff Writer – CSM, 6—25’97 CSM, Lexis
And there’s some truth to it. The members of the court don’t need to
AND
it seems more harmonious and less political," says one court-watcher. 

A2—Rollback

judicial review – something Congress can’t strike down.

Worse case scenario is no pay raises.

Baum, 98 ~Research Professor in Political Science, Ohio StatE, Lawrence,THE SUPREME COURT, 1998, p. 253.~
That attack on the justices through their salaries was perhaps the most serious concrete action
AND
at the Supreme Court has been a good deal worse than its bite. 

Congress won’t undermine – they have elections

Ura %26 Wohlfarth, ’10 asst. prof of poli sci, Texas A%26M, %26 doctoral candidate in poli sci, UNC Chapel Hill, (Ura, Joseph, and Wohlfarth, Patrick, "’An Appeal to the People’: Public Opinion and Congressional Support for the Supreme Court" http://www.unc.edu/~~pcwohlf/jop_rr_manuscript_anon-1.pdf)
A classic resolution to this puzzle is that public sentiment in support of judicial authority
AND
and Wolbrecht 2000; Hausegger and Biddle 2004; Mondak 1990, 1994).

We don’t have to win enforcement - Ruling makes agency rules void

Albertsworth, 1921 (Harvard Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, Dec., 1921, pp. 127-153)
As the authority of administrative bodies depends largely on statutes, their action in any
AND
fast line can be drawn between mistakes of law and mistakes of jurisdiction.

A2—Links to Politics

The Court will wait until June to hand down the opinion

US Courts.gov no date ~… /outreach/topics/hamdan/procedures.html~
All opinions of the Court are, typically, be handed down by the last
AND
, may not be handed down until the last day of the term.

— Supreme Court decisions avoid Congressional politics

Curry et al, 8 (Brett W, Richard L., Jr., Bryan W., Professors of Political Science – Georgia Southern University, "An informal and limited alliance", Presidential Studies Quarterly, 6/1, http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-34845337_ITM)
Presidents have an incentive to use their time in the White House to cement their
AND
the Court’s decisions will be implemented and respected (Canon and Johnson 1999).

— Courts can execute policies without a political reaction

Ward 9 (Artemus, Professor – Political Science – Northern Illinois University "Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court", Congress %26 the Presidency, Jan-Apr, (36)1; p. 119)
Perhaps counter-intuitively, affiliated political actors - including presidents - encourage Courts to
AND
division of labor exists between politicians and judges affiliated with the dominant regime.

A2—Terrorism

The Court’s nature ensures any decision is perceived positively.

Baum, ’4 ~Lawrence, professor of political science at the Ohio State
AND
Supreme Court, Eight Edition, CQ Press, 2004, page 18~ 

The Court reveals little about its decision-making processes, which its public information
AND
with some protection from criticism and from more concrete attacks by other policymakers. 

— Link shield – only risk that the plan is received positively.

Hoekstra, Washington University St. Louis, March 2k APSR, Vol. 94, No. 1, pg. 90

Finally, others argue that Court procedures—such as the secrecy of deliberations,
AND
(Hibbing and TheissMorse 1995; Marshall 1989; Mondak and Smithey 1997).

Al Qaeda wrecked now, WMD terrorism is impossible, and all of your evidence is empirically disproven scare-mongering.

Mueller, 8-2-11 (Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center
Professor of Political Science, Foreign Affairs)
The chief lesson of 9/11 should have been that small bands of terrorists
AND
terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Cal Berkley PS | Judge: 

Overview

Uniqueness

Pass now – momentum.

Sunshine State News 3/28/13, http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/blog/obama-promises-immigration-reform-soon-hispanics-telemundo-univision

President Barack Obama, the ever-present campaigner, took his push for immigration
AND
Hispanic electorate, this could be the year the heavy lift gets done.

Strong public support.

Jon Terbush 3/28, is a staff writer for TheWeek.com covering politics, sports and other things he finds interesting. He’s previously written for Talking Points Memo, Raw Story, and Business Insider. http://theweek.com/article/index/242064/even-a-majority-of-republicans-support-legalizing-undocumented-workers

A broad majority of Americans believe the government should allow undocumented immigrants to legally remain
AND
that a slightly smaller 53 percent majority of Americans supported a citizenship path.

Disputes are resolvable.

David Yonkman 3/28/13, Washington Correspondent http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/sessions-leahy-immigration-reform/2013/03/28/id/496793
Negotiations with the eight senators were left in limbo last Friday as Congress went into
AND
it done certainly before the end of the summer," Obama told Telemundo.

AT: Capital Irrelevant

Obama has leverage – quotes internal White House staff.

Amie Parnes and Justin Sink 3/20/13, The Hill, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/289179-obama-honeymoon-may-be-over

The White House disputes any notion that Obama has lost any political capital in recent
AND
It looks like immigration is closer ~to passage~ than ever before."

Statements from Republicans prove Obama’s support is crucial.

FirstRead 2-28
~NBC News’ Politics Analysis Blog, "First Thoughts: Sequester fight already taking a toll" http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/27/17117063-first-thoughts-sequester-fight-already-taking-a-toll?lite-http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/27/17117063-first-thoughts-sequester-fight-already-taking-a-toll?lite~~

• • • John %26 Lindsey’s Excellent Meeting: Why does immigration reform still look like the
      AND
      immigration, because we also have learned the sequester standoff also came up.

Political capital is still key—-Obama’s leading negotiations with the GOP

AFP 2/19 "Obama courts key Republicans on immigration reform," 2013, Factiva
US President Barack Obama on Tuesday called key Senate Republicans, with whom he is
AND
certified as secure.¶ Obama has so far declined to make that linkage.

Obama has leverage now—-he’ll get what he wants on immigration specifically

Goddard 2/21 Taegan is a politics expert and founder of The Political Wire. "It’s actually the Republicans who are overreaching," 2013, http://theweek.com/article/index/240414/its-actually-the-republicans-who-are-overreaching-http://theweek.com/article/index/240414/its-actually-the-republicans-who-are-overreaching
I’ve argued before that President Obama is not overreaching on his ambitious second-term
AND
position right now and President Obama is using it to his political advantage.

Barker 11

Federalism super popular

Murphy 3/5. (Sean, Huffington Post.  "States’ Rights Bills Surge in GOP-Controlled States After Obama Re-election." 3/5/13. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/05/states-rights_n_2813469.html?utm_hp_ref=politics-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/05/states-rights_n_2813469.html?utm_hp_ref=politics
While provocative bills aren’t particularly unusual in state legislatures, so many have been offered
AND
, dozens of bills have been introduced to nullify federal firearms laws alone.

Compartmentalization

Issues aren’t compartmentalized – policy failures prevent future legislative successes – political capital is key to overcome opposition
Silber 7 – Political Science phd Student at UF (November 2007, Marissa, "What makes a president quack? Understanding lame duck status through the eyes of the media and politicians", from paper Prepared for delivery at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 30th-September 2nd 2007, http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:bbkJmVQ3SJMJ:scholar.google.com/+%22political+capital%22+%22finite%22+resources+president%26hl=en%26as_sdt=80000000) MGM

Political capital, based on external resources "determines whether the President will have the
AND
of political capital make it difficult for a President to get anything done.
A lame duck President is plagued by past policy failures, while not benefiting as much from policy successes (Dunn 2006). George Bush has been plagued by his lack of response to Hurricane Katrina and first term foreign policies after 9/11 to deal with the War on Terrorism (Dunn 2006). Past Presidents have also been plagued by both domestic and foreign policy failures, affecting both party and public support.
Party support is the chief ingredient in Presidential capital; even if public approval ratings
AND
," the 1960 election showed that the Democrats’ strategy was successful (281).
Public approval and electoral margin are not solely independent factors for political capital, but
AND
begins to have substantial impact in eroding legislative support" (Light 29).
Reputation’s effect on a President’s political capital is unclear. Neustadt argues it is really important, using Eisenhower has an example to show this. According to Neustadt:
Everything ~the President~ personally says and does (or fails to say, omits to do), becomes significant in everyone’s appraisals regardless of the claims of his officialdom. For his words, his own actions, provide clues not only to his personal proclivities but to the forecasts and asserted influence of those around him (Neustadt 68).
While Neustadt argues that reputation is important, Carter and Nixon staff assistants suggest that
AND
is attributable to the speed of the investigative process" (Dunn 2006).
Important to the discussion of political capital is whether or not it can be replenished
AND
determining this, a definition of a lame duck President must be developed.

GOP doesn’t like PC

Concessions embolden Republicans – won’t help Obama.

Eric Boehlert 1/11, Media Matters for America, http://readersupportednews.org/opinion2/276-74/15505-hagel-republicans-and-the-farce-of-beltway-journalism

Meanwhile, most of the Beltway pundits who have chastised Obama for failing to "
AND
GOP’s cabinet blowback was routine. Obama just can’t win with that crowd.

Dem’s key to immigration – unified support key to passage – empirically they can abandon him.

AP 2/7, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/02/07/obama-to-promote-agenda-to-house-dems/

President Obama is promoting his second-term agenda to House Democrats, eager to
AND
including a path to citizenship for the nation’s estimated 11 million illegal immigrants.

Democratic unity is key to steamroll Republicans

Chowdhury, writer for the Daily Times, 1/24/2013
(Sabria Balland, "Obama: second term and potential Republican opposition," Lexis)
Immigration promises to be a significant issue in Obama’s second term. One constituency,
AND
as it did over the fiscal cliff battle over tax rates in December.

AT: No PC

Not true – he is behind the scenes.

JULIE PACE 3/27, AP White House Correspondent, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/27/obama-immigration-bill-could-pass-by-summer/

In an effort to keep Republicans at the negotiation table, Obama has stayed relatively
AND
Congress returns from a two-week recess the week of April 8.

Obama pressuring law makers now.

Woodruff and Murray 3/25, PBS NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june13/immigration_03-25.html

JUDY WOODRUFF: You mentioned earlier the White House has language. They have a
AND
the table, then, hey, I’m stepping in and taking over.

Obama is putting the pressure on now.

Woodruff and Murray 3/25, PBS NewsHour http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june13/immigration_03-25.html

JUDY WOODRUFF: So, the president calling on Congress to finish the job.
AND
that says, hey, guys, make sure you’re still doing that.