Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Most Recent Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish a feed-in tariff that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

1AC Warming

Catastrophic anthropogenic warming is happening – observable data and a scientific consensus confirm positive feedbacks will cause rapid warming triggering nuclear conflicts globally.

Kaku 11. (Michio, PhD from Berkeley University. Author of Ph.D. level textbooks. "Physics of the Future." http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics%20of%20the%20Future.pdf-http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics of the Future.pdf)

By midcentury, the full impact of a fossil fuel economy should be in full
AND
methane gas to be released, causing a runaway cycle of global warming. 

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.

Fiona Harvey 11 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, "World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns," 11/9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is likely to build so many fossil-fuelled power stations, energy
AND
temperatures to 2C of warming~] will be closed forever," said Birol.

FITS solves—3 internal links:

FITS are necessary for renewable transition

Masterson 10. (Crystal D., Third Year student at University of Oklahoma College of Law, American Indian Law Review, "Wind-Energy Ventures in Indian Country: Fashioning a Functional Paradigm." 2010. 34 Am. Indian L. Rev. 317 Lexis.)

The feed-in tariffs require that every utility connect and give priority to all
AND
renewable energy" n265 and the potential for less expensive electricity altogether. n266

Electricity sector is key

Mormann 11 (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Economic Law Quarterly, "Requirements for a Renewables Revolution." 05/02/11. http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq38_4_03_2012_0808.pdf)

Renewable sources of energy are relevant not only to electricity generation but also to other
AND
this Article focuses on the use of renewables for the generation of electricity.

National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict

Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, "Geopolitical implications of ’Peak everything’" January 10^th 2012. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D-http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals
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—will most probably be economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

2. Natty Gas—The US will be locked in to natural gas unless renewable alternatives are developed—Natural Gas causes methane release and fast warming

Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger 12 are the authors of Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Feb 27 (http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/)
A funny thing happened while environmentalists were trying and failing to cap carbon emissions in
AND
fossil fuels. There simply is no substitute for making clean energy cheap.

FITs prevents volatile natural gas prices and frees up supply for the agriculture sector

Blake 09, Maria, the Washington Monthly, "The Rooftop Revolution", http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2009/0903.blake.html

You might expect that a system like this—one that allows countless independent producers
AND
cut your use of natural gas, bringing prices down across the board.

Diversity of fuels and decreased natural gas usage for energy production is essential to the future America’s agricultural sector

IECA 3 ~[Industrial Energy Consumers of America, nonprofit organization created to promote the interests of manufacturing companies for which the availability, use and cost of energy, power or feedstock play a significant role in their ability to compete, July 22 2003, "IMPACT OF THE U.S. NATURAL GAS CRISIS ON THE NORTH AMERICAN NITROGEN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY," http://www.ieca-us.com/wp-content/uploads/072203Fertilizerbriefing.pdf~~]
Natural gas is the principal and only economically feasible feedstock raw material used for producing
AND
must enact policies that stabilize the supply/demand balance for natural gas.

US agriculture and food production is critical to prevent world food wars

Lugar 2000 (Richard, Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee, "Plant power" http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)
In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
research will generate the innovations that will be necessary to feed the world.

3. Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand

Kofetsky 2008, "DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)", https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v%26pid=gmail%26attid=0.1%26thid=13955f78a3a8375d%26mt=application/pdf%26url=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zw%26sig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA

Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become unavoidable
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are dim for advancing clean tech to sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.

And clean tech is key to get our hands on economic growth

Jenkins 2011, Jesse, "Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php~~%232102285

There are a host of reasons why targeted policies and smart public investments in emerging
AND
Making clean energy cheap and fully competitive should become our nation’s rallying focus.

Nuclear war.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~[Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~]
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

( ) Global economic crises cause war — strong statistic support and their defense doesn’t account for global crises.
Royal, ’10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program — DOD, Economics of War %26 Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith %26 Brauer, p. 213-15)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Warming causes extinction - oceans

Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, "Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?", http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html-http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html, WEA)
The findings of the comprehensive report: ’The impact of climate change on the world’s
AND
warned, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science

1AC Grids

Grid centralization ensures energy disruptions through accidents, storms, energy trading, and cyber terror.

Hildyard et al 12 
(Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy system is subjected to centralised
AND
of generators magnify such "cyber-security" and data protection challenges.

FITS solves 3 ways:

1. Distributed Generation—insulates the grid from power shortages

2. Geographic and fuel diversification increases grid resiliency

Mendonça et al 9
(Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies.
AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Modernization of the grid deters attacks and prevents attacks effectiveness

NETL 7 
(National Energy Technology Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, "MODERN GRID BENEFITS" August 2007 http://www.netl.doe.gov/smartgrid/referenceshelf/whitepapers/Modern%20Grid%20Benefits_Final_v1_0.pdf)
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED VULNERABILITY TO TERRORIST ATTACK AND NATURAL DISASTERS A Center for Contemporary Conflict white
AND
increased resistance to attack makes it better able to cope with natural disasters. 

Independently, Susceptibility of our grid makes cyber-attacks likely in the near term

Copelin 12 (Laylan,Austin American-Statesman "Growing threat to utilities weighed" May 25, 2012 Lexis)
U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul on Thursday huddled behind closed doors with
AND
all other sectors, it deserves special and urgent attention," he said.

Successful cyber-attack on the grid would cause US lash out triggering nuclear war

Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Second, Blackouts cause nuclear meltdown

Capiello 11 (Dina, Huffington Post, "Long Blackouts Pose Risk To U.S. Nuclear Reactors" 3/29/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/blackout-risk-us-nuclear-reactors_n_841869.html)

A 2003 federal analysis looking at how to estimate the risk of containment failure said
AND
things in a place that would not have been swept away by tsunami." 

Nuclear Meltdown causes Extinction

Lendmen 11 

(Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, "Nuclear Meltdown in Japan" 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it’s coming. In her 1978 book, "
AND
or face extinction. No one listened. The Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.

1AC Plan Text

Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish a feed-in tariff that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities that use wind and/or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

1AC Modified Critical

Contention One

First, global warming is real – newest scientific studies

Spotts 11 Pete, staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor ("Climate study, funded in part by conservative group, confirms global warming," 10/21/11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/1021/Climate-study-funded-in-part-by-conservative-group-confirms-global-warming)

A new climate study shows that since the mid-1950s, global average temperatures
AND
help restart the discussion about what is next," Dr. Ammann says.

And its anthropogenic- 7 indicators

Shahan 11
Zachary, writer for Scientific American and Reuters ("Yes, Global Warming is Real AND Caused by Humans," 10/28/11, http://planetsave.com/2011/10/28/yes-global-warming-is-real-and-caused-by-humans/)

Now, that’s the quick and simple, and for those of you not satisfied
AND
warming. This has been observed by satellites (Laštovi?ka 2006)." 

The nature of the global warming problem demands accepting scientific consensus

Dennis Patrick O’Hara and Alan Abelsohn 11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael’s College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics %26 the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)

Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
AND
certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.

FITS are necessary for renewable transition

Masterson 10. (Crystal D., Third Year student at University of Oklahoma College of Law, American Indian Law Review, "Wind-Energy Ventures in Indian Country: Fashioning a Functional Paradigm." 2010. 34 Am. Indian L. Rev. 317 Lexis.)

The feed-in tariffs require that every utility connect and give priority to all
AND
renewable energy" n265 and the potential for less expensive electricity altogether. n266

Electricity sector is key

Mormann 11 (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Economic Law Quarterly, "Requirements for a Renewables Revolution." 05/02/11. http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq38_4_03_2012_0808.pdf)

Renewable sources of energy are relevant not only to electricity generation but also to other
AND
this Article focuses on the use of renewables for the generation of electricity.

National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

2. Natural Gas—The US will be locked in to natural gas unless renewable alternatives are developed—Natural Gas causes methane release and fast warming

Nordhaus and Shellenberger 12. 
Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger 12 are the authors of Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Feb 27 (http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/-http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/)

A funny thing happened while environmentalists were trying and failing to cap carbon emissions in
AND
fossil fuels. There simply is no substitute for making clean energy cheap.

FITs prevents volatile natural gas prices and frees up supply for the agriculture sector

Blake 09, Maria, the Washington Monthly, "The Rooftop Revolution", http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2009/0903.blake.html

You might expect that a system like this—one that allows countless independent producers
AND
cut your use of natural gas, bringing prices down across the board.

Diversity of fuels and decreased natural gas usage for energy production is essential to the future America’s agricultural sector—impact is starvation

IECA 3 ~[Industrial Energy Consumers of America, nonprofit organization created to promote the interests of manufacturing companies for which the availability, use and cost of energy, power or feedstock play a significant role in their ability to compete, July 22 2003, "IMPACT OF THE U.S. NATURAL GAS CRISIS ON THE NORTH AMERICAN NITROGEN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY," http://www.ieca-us.com/wp-content/uploads/072203Fertilizerbriefing.pdf~~]

Natural gas is the principal and only economically feasible feedstock raw material used for producing
AND
must enact policies that stabilize the supply/demand balance for natural gas.

Addressing the root cause of climate change attacks environmental racism and institutional racism in the United States
Cropwatch 01 ("Climate Change and Environmental Racism:  Addressing Racism and Labor in the Climate Change Negotiations," php?id=920)

MARRAKECH — The lack of transparency and public participation in the climate negotiations will further worsen conditions for Indigenous Peoples, people of color and workers in the US and US-Mexico border. Speakers from Indigenous Environmental Network, Southwest Network for Environmental and Economic Justice, CorpWatch and Redefining Progress held a briefing on Tuesday in Marrakech, bringing issues of racial justice and worker’s rights to the center of the climate change negotiations.
Climate change is a reality in North America, and those least responsible for creating
AND
plays a major factor in the siting of polluting industries in the US.
The corporate lobby has been very instrumental in derailing the negotiations on climate change and
AND
in the US — a society addicted to fossil fuels," added Goldtooth.
Oil and other fossil fuel corporations are pushing the world to the edge of ecological
AND
be held accountable to forging genuine solutions," said Amit Srivastava of CorpWatch.
"For Indigenous People and people of color, climate change is a matter of life and death," said Ansje Miller of Redefining Progress, "Yet, our government turns its back on Americans most vulnerable to climate change by saying that we can’t afford to address the problem. The truth is, we can’t afford not to."
"Any solution must ensure the need for communities and workers to live in a
AND
works on the US-Mexico border for the bi-national network.

Adopting a mindset of scientific inquiry for climate change makes sense because it’s a phenomenon uniquely suited to an empiricist methodology

Jean Bricmont 1, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, "Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism", September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf-http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf

Given that instrumentalism is not defensible when it is formulated as a rigid doctrine,
AND
but we would like to offer a few ideas that might prove useful.

DELIBERATIVE POLICYMAKING through DEBATE is the CRUCIAL internal link to solving warming through public policy and SUBSUMES their critiques ¶

Herbeck and Isham 10¶
http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775-http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775¶ Jon Isham¶ Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College ¶ In the fall of 1999, Jon joined the department of economics and the program in environmental studies at Middlebury College. Jon teaches classes in environmental economics, environmental policy, introductory microeconomics, social capital in Vermont, and global climate change. Jon is co-editing a new book, Ignition: The Birth of the Climate Movement; has co-edited Social Capital, Development, and the Environment (Edward Elgar Publications); has published articles (several forthcoming) in Economic Development and Cultural Change, The Journal of African Economies, The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Rural Sociology, Society and Natural Resources, The Southern Economic Journal, The Vermont Law Review, and the World Bank Economic Review; and has published book chapters in volumes from Ashgate Press, The New England University Press, Oxford University Press, and Cambridge University Press. His current research focuses on building the new climate movement; the demand for water among poor households in Cambodia; information asymmetries in low-income lending; and the effect of local social capital on environmental outcomes in Vermont.¶ Herbeck, member of the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Honors College. ¶ 

Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments in
AND
, including those on pressing issues related to climate change and clean energy. 

Warming causes extinction - oceans

Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, "Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?", http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html-http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html, WEA)
The findings of the comprehensive report: ’The impact of climate change on the world’s
AND
warned, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science

Contention Two

Environmental injustices are perpetuated by an imbalance in energy externalities—a green urban grid is the only alternative

Behles 12. (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. "An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid." Spring 2012. 36 Wm. %26 Mary Envtl. L. %26 Pol’y Rev. 671 Lexis.)

The New Green Grid Can Reduce Pollution and Provide Economic Development in Environmental Justice Neighborhoods
AND
Hunters Point and Richmond, as high impact areas for air pollution. n187

FITS solves 2 ways:

Distributed Generation

Mendonça et al 9
(Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies.
AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Energy Storage technology

Behles 12. (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. "An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid." Spring 2012. 36 Wm. %26 Mary Envtl. L. %26 Pol’y Rev. 671 Lexis.)

To provide an economic incentive to overcome the barrier of the initial capital cost,
AND
of resources on the new urban green grid such as energy storage. n233

Seeking environmental justice key to avert extinction

Byrant 95 (Bunyan, Professor in the school of Natural Resources and Environment, and an adjunt professor in the center for Afro-American and African studies at the University of Michigan, "Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions, p.209-212, MV) 

The cooperative relations forged after World War II are now obsolete. New cooperative relations
AND
the production cycle, we should at least have that as a goal.

Contention 3:  Debate Process

Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments

Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor. 

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals

Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ’9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x) 

These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
AND
, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens.

The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences

Larsen et al 9
    a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy and History of
AND
scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures 

 In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of
AND
result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Coal

Coal’s already done – lowest usage since ww2

Fahey 6/12/12, Jonathan, "U.S. coal use falling fast as utilities switch to gas", http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/story/2012-06-12/coal-to-gas-project-denied/55557114/1**

The fuel that powered the U.S. from the industrial revolution into the
AND
disputes are breaking out as they try to cancel contracts and defer deliveries.

And coal demand projected to decrease this year

Five Star Equities 9/3/12, "U.S. Domestic Coal Output Projected to Decline as Demand Continues to Fall", http://world.einnews.com/pr_news/113101264/u-s-domestic-coal-output-projected-to-decline-as-demand-continues-to-fall**

Shares of companies in the coal industry have lagged in the market in 2012.
AND
Energy Information Administration domestic output will decline by 81 million tons in 2012. 

Solar compliments and increases coal usage

Clay 5/21/12, Rhys, The Energy Collective, "Solar and Coal: Arch Enemies or Best Friends?", http://theenergycollective.com/rhys-clay/85569/solar-and-coal-arch-enemies-or-best-friends**
To many the concept of power generated from solar energy and fossil fuels seem diametrically
AND
, offsetting some of the work needed to be performed by the coal. 

Wind has already been cheaper than coal – should have triggered impact

Sinclair 2011, Peter, "Wind Costs: Cheaper than Coal. Wind Turbine Noise: You decide.", http://climatecrocks.com/2011/06/27/wind-costs-cheaper-than-coal-wind-turbine-noise-you-decide/**

Meanwhile, yet more evidence that Renewables are not only viable, they are the
AND
or expensive, (and getting more so) polluting 19th century energy. 

And wind power will inevitably become cheaper than coal – DA inevitable

Fitzsimmons 5/31/12, Jill, Media Matters, "Myths And Facts About Wind Power: Debunking Fox’s Abysmal Wind Coverage", http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/05/31/492467/myths-and-facts-about-wind-power-debunking-foxs-abysmal-wind-coverage/**

FACT: New Wind Generation Will Be Cheaper Than New Coal Generation MYTH: Wind
AND
~Americans for a Clean Energy Grid, 5/22/12~

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Rare Earth

No shortage – plenty of REEs exist to last a century

Castor, Stephen B. Castor, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, 2008, "Rare Earth Deposits of North America", http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00068.x/pdf, Date accessed July 8, 2011
In the past, REE commodities were not only mined dominantly in the USA,
AND
will provide new and potentially large markets in Southeast Asia and Eastern Europe.

New deposits in Japan are sufficient to meet all need

Tehran Times, 7-9-11, http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=243828)
Vast deposits of rare earth minerals, crucial in making high-tech electronics products
AND
no estimate of when extraction of the materials from the seabed might start. 

Inevitable

Sato 11 (Nan, J.D. University of Illinois College of Law. University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology %26 Policy. "Red Dragon Gone Green: China’s Approach to Renewable Energy Technologies, its Legal Implications, and it’s Impact on U.S. Energy Policy" Fall 2011 U. Ill. J.L. Tech. %26 Pol’y 463 Lexis.)

1. Countervailing Measures and Anti-Dumping Duties As discussed above, it might
   AND
   wind power in the world and the leading global solar energy market. n173

. War is inevitable

 a) Pentagon studies
Ergas, Dec 5, ’6 Zeki, visiting scholar for three years at the Institute of International Studies of the University of California, at Berkeley, and for four years at the at the African Studies Program of the School of Foreign Service, at Georgetown University, presently Secretary General of PEN International’s Swiss Romand Center and lives in Geneva, "Introduction:  The Neo-con Project for a New American Century and its Implications"
As its title indicates, according to the larger study, America’s ’manifest destiny’
AND
heads of state or of government of the 43 African countries that participated. 

b) Energy competition

Bajpaee 05, Researcher for Civic Exchange, HK-based think-tank and for Intl. Inst for Strategic Studies, (Chietigi China’s Quest for Energy. PINR 2/25 www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=10840)
Friction between China and the West has so far focused on the question of China’s
AND
development is limited to areas where China’s vital strategic interests are not threatened.

c) China’s self-image

Krolikowski ’8 (Alanna is a doctoral student in International Relations at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto. She completed an MA in International Relations at the Munk Centre for International Relations of the University of Toronto in August 2006; State Personhood in Ontological Security Theories of International Relations and Chinese Nationalism: A Sceptical View: http://www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies/Krolikowski_2008.pdf)
According to such an approach, the history of the Chinese state-as-
AND
, flexibility in the state’s responses to different situations, adaptation and learning. 

2. China is modernizing its nuclear forces now

Gill, phd, Director of SIPRI, 10 ~Bates, "CHINA AND NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL: CURRENT POSITIONS AND FUTURE POLICIEs" , http://books.sipri.org/files/insight/SIPRIInsight1004.pdf-http://books.sipri.org/files/insight/SIPRIInsight1004.pdf~~
Nonetheless, China is in the midst of a significant modernization programme for its nuclear
AND
and deployments by Russia and the USA will be particularly important in this regard

And, Chinese modernization prevents US and Russian nuclear cuts

Reuters, 10 ~China seen staking "middle" role at nuclear talks", april. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63P0GB20100426~~
"China is unlikely to take part in any unilateral or multilateral (nuclear)
AND
, showing a willingness to engage in multilateral disarmament discussions," said Gill.

Those prevents Russian loose nukes from falling into the hands of terrorists

NSN, 09 ~National Security Network, "Start with START", http://www.nsnetwork.org/node/1348~~
A START follow-on will secure more Russian nuclear materials; rebuild a significant
AND
opposition to such efforts flows from ancontinued, no text deleted
outdated Cold War view of the threat. The Nunn-Lugar cooperative threat reduction
AND
. Bulletin of Atomic Scientist, 6/23/09-http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/will-the-senate-support-new-nuclear-arms-reductions.~~ 

Loose nukes culminate in global nuclear war

Speice, 6 (Patrick F., Jr., J.D. Candidate 2006, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary; B.A. 2003, Wake Forest University, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February, 2006, ln)
The potential consequences of the unchecked spread of nuclear knowledge and material to terrorist groups
AND
in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53-http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=95c7dc0db14c883f515a3b19f5192a95%26csvc=bl%26cform=bool%26_fmtstr=FULL%26docnum=1%26_startdoc=1%26wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkAz%26_md5=98122b02f455685255055df486fa389d

3. War now is good —-

A) Eliminates the Chinese arsenal

Lieber and Press, 9 (Keir A.,  Associate Professor @ Georgetown University,  Daryl G., Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth College, Foreign Affairs, Nov/Dec)
Today, a multiple-warhead attack on a single silo using a Trident II
AND
the capabilities that would give a U.S. president real options.
 

B) China’s military is woefully inadequate —- a US attack obliterates their military capacity

 Lieber and Presse 6 – Keir A. Leiber, author of War and the Engineers: The Primacy of Politics over Technology, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Daryl G. Press, author of Calculating Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats, Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania ("The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2006)
China’s nuclear arsenal is even more vulnerable to a U.S. attack.
AND
today and should be able to maintain it for a decade or more. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Elections

All but conclusive Obama will win—Silver puts it at 80%

Rainey 9/12 (James, La Times, "Two election models, like recent polls, tilt toward Obama" 9/12 http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-two-election-models-obama-20120912,0,2273167.story)
There are two competing temptations when looking at the boost in support for President Obama
AND

"Dramatic events or substantial new information between now and the election...."

Romney winning Ohio in real voters currently despite Obama ahead in other areas

Jackson 9/20/12, David, US Today,"Obama leads Romney in Ohio, Florida and Virgina, according to Fox News poll", http://www.ksdk.com/news/article/339340/28/Fox-News-poll-Obama-leads-in-Ohio-Florida-Virginia-

A new Fox News poll shows President Obama leading Mitt Romney in three key states
AND
Romney is up by one point in Ohio (48-47 percent)."

Swing voters view renewable energy as a benefit – key to the election

DiPeso 2/12/12, Jim, "Swing Voters Want Renewable Energy, http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/blogs/republican/swing-voters-renewable-energy-1202~~%23ixzz24zlAv6c4
Swing voters likely will determine the outcome of the November election, for both the
AND
in a way that the dysfunctional U.S. government is not.

Clinton backs FITs

Carus 8/21 (Felicity, PV Tech, "Bill Clinton: fan of solar feed-in-tariffs thinks we should "get" the clean energy tattoo" 8/21/12 http://www.pv-tech.org/editors_blog/bill_clinton_fan_of_solar_feed_in_tariffs_thinks_we_should_get_the_clean_en)
At the Clean Energy Conference in Las Vegas earlier this month, a new voice
AND
"every single programme federal government had in clean energy or energy efficiency".

Clinton key to the election—Can spin future Obama policies

Heldermen 9/11 (Rosalind, The Washington Post, "In election’s last weeks, Obama campaign deploys Bill Clinton to battleground states" 9/11/12 http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/in-elections-last-weeks-obama-campaign-deploys-bill-clinton-to-battleground-states/2012/09/11/a1316f90-fc20-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html)
The newly minted "secretary of explaining stuff" came to this key Democratic stronghold
AND
the ballot in November, he answered quickly: "I’d pick Clinton."

Romney is incapable of cashing in on Anti-FITs boost

Romm 8/31 (Joseph, The Energy Collective, "Romney’s Energy Plan: ’A Document Not Worth Serious Analysis’?" 8/31/12 http://theenergycollective.com/josephromm/108121/cleantech-experts-romney-s-energy-plan-political-document-not-worth-serious-analys)
One of the most frustrating parts of Romney’s energy plan is that it actually succeeded
AND
weeks away from a presidential election, so unreasonable is all we get.

Iowa supports renewable energy – specifically wind

Bolger 7/30, Glen, Public Opinion Strategies, "ATTITUDES TOWARD WIND POWER IN IOWA", http://awea.org/issues/state_policy/upload/Iowa-Statewide-Memo.pdf**

Our recent survey confirms findings that have grown in intensity over the years: an overwhelming majority of Iowa voters see wind energy as an important part of the state’s economy and as an important resource for creating jobs. Iowa voters also say that a candidate’s position on developing domestic wind may influence their vote for President
or Member of Congress. An overwhelming majority of Iowa voters would be less likely
AND
Independents believe that wind energy has helped bring new jobs to the state.

Iowa key, not Ohio

Eischen 7/30 ~Faith, "Swing State Iowa: Critical Puzzle Piece for November Win," 7/30/12, http://ivn.us/2012/07/30/swing-state-iowa-presidential-election-2012/
With less than four months until the general election, competition heats up between President
AND
surely to amplify and only time will reveal which way Iowa will swing.

Relations resilient—too many ties

IANS 10— Indo-Asian News Service
(June 4, 2010 "India, US vow to cooperate on terror" lexis)

Both recalled that the "India-US partnership rests on the firm foundation of
AND
USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah and Deputy National Security Advisor Michael Froman among others.

Hold impact cards to a high threshold: relations and common interests doesn’t mean they work on it or solve it

Tellis 07 -  senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, specializing in international security, defense, and Asian strategic issues. Former Department of State senior adviser to the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs. Former senior policy analyst at the RAND corporation
CHAPTER 8 Gauging U.S.-Indian strategic cooperation Edited By Henry D. Sokolski, Army War College (U.S.). Strategic Studies Institute WHAT SHOULD WE EXPECT FROM INDIA AS A STRATEGIC PARTNER? Ashley J. Tellis http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:AN0FEcbqUQ0J:scholar.google.com/+india+author:%22Ashley+Tellis%22%26hl=en%26as_sdt=0,23
It would not be an exaggeration to say that for the first time in recent
AND
, differences in negotiating styles and tactics may sometimes divide the two sides. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

New Version

The CP only magnifies uncertainty.

Benjamin K. Sovacool 9, Energy Governance Program, Centre on Asia and Globalisation, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Nov, Energy Policy, Science Direct

Consequently, the variability of policy relating to renewable energy serves as a serious impediment
AND
, and encourages tedious and expensive litigation (Sovacool and Cooper, 2007).

Certainty is key to solvency and only a central, predictable scheme solves.

Isabel Bjork et al 11, Pierce %26 Atwood LLP, with Catherine Connors Thomas Welch Deborah Shaw William Hewitt, Jan, http://www.naruc.org/international/Documents/NARUC%20-%20RES%20Handbook%20-%20FINAL%20FULL%20VERSION%2003%2004%2011rev%20again.pdf

FYI – RE Means Renewable Energy
There is an acute need to select and commit to one coherent support scheme.
AND
RE. For growth to take place, selection and certainty are required. 

The CP gets struck down –the FERC ruling was definite and crystal clear on that question.

Steven Ferrey 12, Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School (7 Tex. J. Oil Gas %26 Energy L. 59) 

Of particular note, RPS and SBC discrimination does not confront the more formidable constitutional
AND
S. Constitution. Feed-in tariffs do not so fit. n395
Perm do both—maximizes renewable penetration
Grinlinton* and Paddock 10.( David*, LLM from Western Australia AND LeRoy, JD from University of Iowa <- REPRESENT%21 Writing for The University of Toledo Law Review "Climate Change and the Future of Energy: The Role of Feed-In Tariffs in Supporting the Expansion of Solar Energy Production." Winter 2010. Lexis. 

A national feed-in tariff would give FERC unprecented authority to set retail electricity
AND
but perhaps at would require a higher tariff due to lower solar efficiency.

OLD VERSION

States can’t solve on their own:

a. Pre-emption – FERC ruling was definitive and crystal clear – state FIT’s are unconstitutional.

Steven Ferrey 12, Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School (7 Tex. J. Oil Gas %26 Energy L. 59) 

Of particular note, RPS and SBC discrimination does not confront the more formidable constitutional
AND
S. Constitution. Feed-in tariffs do not so fit. n395

b. Even if Courts don’t rule in favor of feds, the FERC will just change the rules to maintain control

Perkins 9. (John, J.D. Golden Gate University School of Law, "Overcoming Jurisdictional Obstacles to Feed-In Tariffs in the United States," 40 Golden Gate
U. L. Rev. (2009), http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev/vol40/iss1/5-http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev/vol40/iss1/5 )

Feed-In Tariffs Win a Battle but Lose the War: The Consequences of
AND
the Preamble the language on which the New York Court of Appeals relied. 

Today, Consolidated Edison continues to permit New York regulators to exceed PURPA’s avoided-
AND
Supreme Court review, but states lack a practicable argument for asserting jurisdiction.

Perm do both—maximizes renewable penetration

Grinlinton* and Paddock 10.( David*, LLM from Western Australia AND LeRoy, JD from University of Iowa - REPRESENT%21 Writing for The University of Toledo Law Review "Climate Change and the Future of Energy: The Role of Feed-In Tariffs in Supporting the Expansion of Solar Energy Production." Winter 2010. Lexis. 

A national feed-in tariff would give FERC unprecented authority to set retail electricity
AND
but perhaps at would require a higher tariff due to lower solar efficiency.

Modeling key to solvency.

Kevin L. Doran ’6, Attorney and senior research fellow at the Energy and Environmental Security Initiative (7 Vt. J. Envtl. L. 95 2005-2006)

No discussion of the potential efficacy of state-level policies in achieving a national
AND
need technology solutions and policy frameworks at all geographic levels working in concert.

State based financial incentives aren’t constitutional—especially if they work together

Ferrey 12. (Steve, Professor of Law at Suffolk University, J.D., Masters in Regional planning and B.A. in Economics. Writing for the Virginia Journal of Law %26 Technology. Summer 2012. http://www.vjolt.net/vol17/issue2/v17_i2_89-Ferrey.pdf-http://www.vjolt.net/vol17/issue2/v17_i2_89-Ferrey.pdf )

Geographic program restrictions raise dormant Commerce Clause concerns under Article I of the U.
AND
power of one over the energy facility siting decisions of the other.120

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

China Protectionsism

Numerous constraints prevent protectionism

Rajiv Kumar, 11/12/08, Protectionism and Obama, p. http://www.mydigitalfc.com/opinion/protectionism-and-obama
President designate Obama, while he can, of course, take the protectionist route
AND
actual imposition of higher tariff or non-tariff walls by the US. 

( ) Protectionism doesn’t escalate.

Kati Suominen in March, 2009 (Transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund and trade economist at the Inter-American Development Bank, "A New Age of Protectionism? The Economic Crisis and Transatlantic Trade Policy," ¶ http://www.gmfus.orgdoc/Suominen%20final.pdf-http://www.gmfus.orgdoc/Suominen final.pdf) 

This paper makes three arguments First, fears of an all-out trade war
AND
the policies of their trading partners and the fortunes of the global trading system

Inevitable

Sato 11 (Nan, J.D. University of Illinois College of Law. University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology %26 Policy. "Red Dragon Gone Green: China’s Approach to Renewable Energy Technologies, its Legal Implications, and it’s Impact on U.S. Energy Policy" Fall 2011 U. Ill. J.L. Tech. %26 Pol’y 463 Lexis.)

1. Countervailing Measures and Anti-Dumping Duties As discussed above, it might
   AND
   wind power in the world and the leading global solar energy market. n173

No China War

Walt 1/16, Stephen, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University ~"What I told Al Jazeera About China," http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/14/what_i_told_al_jazeera_about_china~~ 

1. Is there a new Cold War between the United and China? In
   AND
   Beijing will achieve its various aims, of course, is another matter. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Natives Add-On

FITS for wind good for natives, gets rid of PTC which is kills sovereignty

Masterson 10. (Crystal D., Third Year student at University of Oklahoma College of Law, American Indian Law Review, "Wind-Energy Ventures in Indian Country: Fashioning a Functional Paradigm." 2010. 34 Am. Indian L. Rev. 317 Lexis.)

By eliminating the need for the PTC, the feed-in tariff system should
AND
ownership rights to outside parties in order to profit from the tax incentives.

Native sovereignty and survival is key to human survival and is a moral side constraint

Suagee 93 (Dean B., member of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, J.D. – University of North Carolina Law, LLM – American University, University of Michigan, "Indigenous Rights and Responsibilities for the Natural World", http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v2i3/suagee23.htm-http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v2i3/suagee23.htm, Acc: 7/26/12, og)

Some might suggest that the most compelling reasons for promoting the survival of indigenous peoples
AND
what the struggle for the human rights of indigenous peoples is all about.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

We do, in fact, know the difference between simulation and reality—the media plays a healthy role in the public sphere.

March, 95
James Marsh, Professor of Philosophy, Fordham University, 95, Critique, Action, and Liberation, pp. 292-293
Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
AND
, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7 

Baudrillard offers no means to confront environmental problems.

Leigh Glover, Director of GAMUT %26 former Assistant Professor at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, ’6 (Postmodern Climate Change, gbooks)
A major liability of postmodernity’s contribution to environmentalism is its inability to construct political programs
AND
which account for the career of the environmentalist  cause in the affluent West. 

Our aff may contain an element of fear, but that’s not really the point – it’s about embracing freedom – their search for an authentic relationship to mortality recreates the worst kind of solipsism

Dollimore, Sociology – U Sussex, ’98  (Jonathan, Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture, pg. 221)
But freedom cannot embrace death. Despite taking so much from modern philosophers of death
AND
no place for it in my subjectivity’ (pp. 547-8).

Repeated meta-analyses prove fear appeals motivate adaptive behavior.

Witte and Allen ’00  (Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education %26 Behavior, "A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns", 27:5, October, Sage Journals)
At least three meta-analyses have been conducted on the fear appeal literature.
AND
fear appeal, the greater the attitude, intention, and behavior change.

Nuclear war cause extinction through nuclear winter

CNN News 06 (CNN News citing a report by the Geophusical Union in San Francisco, 12 Dec. 2006.  http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id -2720173%26page -1)
The decline of the Soviet Union may have left many Americans feeling safer from nuclear
AND
seasons, less rain, less sun, and starvation around the world.  

Permutation do the plan and then the alternative—we should contingently engage in something thinking we understand it and after we take preventative action, reflect on the accuracy of our actions—this solves best

Kurasawa, 04 (Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, Constellations Volume 11, No 4, 2004).
A radically postmodern line of thinking, for instance, would lead us to believe
AND
early warning is making its way into preventive action on the global stage. 

Turn—rejecting strategic predictions of threats makes them inevitable—decisionmakers will rely on preconceived conceptions of threat rather than the more qualified predictions of analyst

Fitzsimmons, 07  (Michael, Washington DC defense analyst, "The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning", Survival, Winter 06-07, online)
But handling even this weaker form of uncertainty is still quite challeng-  ing.
AND
, such decisions may be poorly understood by the decision-makers  themselves. 

Focusing on the details and inner-workings of government policy-making is productive – critical approaches can’t resolve real world problems like poverty, racism and war

McClean, 01 – Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Molloy College, New York
(David E., "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope," Presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion%20papers/david_mcclean.htm, JMP)

Yet for some reason, at least partially explicated in Richard Rorty’s Achieving Our Country
AND
may also be disastrous for our social hopes, as I will explain.
Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
AND
one member in a community of nations under a "law of peoples?"
The new public philosopher might seek to understand labor law and military and trade theory
AND
critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Plan

Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish a feed-in tariff that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Contention 1

First, global warming is real – newest scientific studies

Spotts 11 Pete, staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor ("Climate study, funded in part by conservative group, confirms global warming," 10/21/11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/1021/Climate-study-funded-in-part-by-conservative-group-confirms-global-warming)

A new climate study shows that since the mid-1950s, global average temperatures
AND
help restart the discussion about what is next," Dr. Ammann says.

And its anthropogenic- 7 indicators

Shahan 11
Zachary, writer for Scientific American and Reuters ("Yes, Global Warming is Real AND Caused by Humans," 10/28/11, http://planetsave.com/2011/10/28/yes-global-warming-is-real-and-caused-by-humans/)

Now, that’s the quick and simple, and for those of you not satisfied
AND
warming. This has been observed by satellites (Laštovi?ka 2006)." 

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

The nature of the global warming problem demands accepting scientific consensus

Dennis Patrick O’Hara and Alan Abelsohn 11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael’s College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics %26 the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)

Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
AND
certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.

Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.

Fiona Harvey 11 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, "World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns," 11/9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is likely to build so many fossil-fuelled power stations, energy
AND
temperatures to 2C of warming~ will be closed forever," said Birol.

FITS solves—2 internal links:

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.

John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

Avoiding 450 PPM is key

Hansen ’9 (Climate Scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at NASA
AND
, "Storms of our grandchildren", pages 158-160, AS) 

Now let us turn to the question of why atmospheric carbon dioxide changed during the
AND
per square meter, restoring the planet’s energy balance, to first approximation.

Adaptation is useless—avoiding 450 ppm is the only way to avoid catastrophic warming

Romm ’10 (Joe, PhD in Physics from MIT, senior fellow at American progress, editor of Climate Progress, "Real adaptation is as politically tough as real mitigation, but much more expensive and not as effective in reducing future misery," Climate Progress, August 27, 2010, PM)

Rhetorical adaptation, however, is a political winner. Too bad it means preventable
AND
limiting future climate impacts to a level that one could actually adapt to. 

Electricity sector is key

Mormann 11 (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Economic Law Quarterly, "Requirements for a Renewables Revolution." 05/02/11. http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq38_4_03_2012_0808.pdf)

Renewable sources of energy are relevant not only to electricity generation but also to other
AND
this Article focuses on the use of renewables for the generation of electricity.

Federal action is key—2 reasons:

a. Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.

Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

b. Modeling—National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

3. Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand

Kofetsky 2008, "DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)", https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v%26pid=gmail%26attid=0.1%26thid=13955f78a3a8375d%26mt=application/pdf%26url=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zw%26sig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA

Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become unavoidable
AND
are dim for advancing clean tech to sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.

And clean tech is key to get our hands on economic growth

Jenkins 2011, Jesse, "Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php~~%232102285

There are a host of reasons why targeted policies and smart public investments in emerging
AND
Making clean energy cheap and fully competitive should become our nation’s rallying focus.

( ) Global economic crises cause war — strong statistic support and their defense doesn’t account for global crises.

Royal, ’10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program — DOD, Economics of War %26 Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith %26 Brauer, p. 213-15)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Warming causes extinction - oceans

Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, "Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?", http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html-http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html, WEA)
The findings of the comprehensive report: ’The impact of climate change on the world’s
AND
warned, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science

Contention 2

Dependence on large power plants are the prime cause of water shortages

UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, our demand for electricity is colliding with our need for
AND
felt by the power sector, its customers, and other water users.

Solar and wind are key – consume less water than any other energy source.

Gail Rajgor 9/19/12, Renewable Energy Focus Writer, http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/blog/2012/9/19/water-use-in-electricity-generation-the-sobering-facts-that-make-a-case-for-wind-and-solar-power/651.aspx

Water use in electricity generation: the sobering facts that make a case for wind
AND
and offshore projects, range from just 55 to 85 gallons per MWh.

Energy water shortages deplete the Ogallala.

UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

A matter of time. The high-stakes competition for access to groundwater among
AND
century18), demand for both water and energy in the region may increase.

Ogallala depletion causes extinction from biodiversity loss.

ENS Quoting Ehrlich 97 (Paul Ehrlich is a bit of a hippy at Stanford University, Environmental News Service, http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/970207ehrlich.html)

Ehrlich coined the term "brownlash" to describe the efforts of those trying to
AND
implementing steps to sustain its life-support systems and thus preserve civilization.

Also causes a quick collapse in food prices.

Ashworth 87 ~William, Award winning author and environmental scholar, "The Late, Great Lakes", Wayne State University Press~

The Ogallala Aquifer is a U.S. national treasure- a genuine liquid
AND
dramatically- and food availability would be nowhere near what it is today. 

Food price spikes trigger global instability in every hotspot.

Jeff Horwich and Rob Bailey 12 Interim host of Marketplace Morning Report %26 Royal Institute of International Affairs, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-drought-could-have-global-impact-food-prices

Bailey: Well America is an agricultural superpower as well as a traditional global superpower
AND
to rise and this could actually have implications for China, quite seriously.

WWIII.

Calvin, ’98 (University of Washington Theoretical Neurobiologist, Jan, Atlantic Monthly)

The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would
AND
a Third World War—but Europe’s vulnerability is particularly easy to analyze.

And, billions die.

Brown, ’5 (Earth Policy Institute President, http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Out/-http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Out/)

"Many Americans see terrorism as the principal threat to security," said Brown,
AND
For them, it is the next meal that is the overriding concern."

Water shortages will deck semiconductor manufacturing.

Pacific Institute, February ’9 (Feb, http://www.ceres.org/Document.Doc?id=406)

Water scarcity directly impacts business activities, raw material supply, intermediate supply chain,
AND
a manufacturing plant could compromise all material in production for an entire quarter. 

Semiconductor advances crucial to nuclear modernization.

V.B. Chandratre 7, Menka Tewani, R.S. Shastrakar, V. Shedam, S. K. Kataria and P. K. Mukhopadhyay Electronics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, http://www.barc.ernet.in/publications/nl/2007/200710-2.pdf

Modernization of nuclear instrumentation is pursued for realizing the goal of compact portable nuclear instruments
AND
electronics. Rapid developments in semiconductor technology have aided in realizing this concept.

Nuclear primacy prevents extinction.

Caves, ’10 ~John P., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University. Strategic Forum, January~

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Deterrence is good enough – empirical testing proves

Moore 4 – Dir. Center for Security Law @ University of Virginia, 7-time Presidential appointee, %26 Honorary Editor of the American Journal of International Law, Solving the War Puzzle: Beyond the Democratic Peace, John Norton Moore, pages 41-2.
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

K1

No link and collapse not inevitable

Arthur MOL Environmental Sociology @ Wageningen ’2K "The Environmental Movement in an Era of Ecological Modernisation" Geoforum 31 p. EBSCO

In the 1980s increasing numbers of environmental sociologists, and other social scientists who had
AND
order, as far as these concerned the preservation of its sustenance base.

Alt fails – can’t overcome societal trends

Carolan, 4 (Michael S., Departments of Sociology and Environmental Studies, Whitman College, "Ecological Modernization Theory: What About Consumption?," Society %26 Natural Resources, Volume 17, Issue 3, pg. 247-260, Taylor and Francis, pdf, Tashma)

While in some respects our age is a postmaterial one, it is in other
AND
), increased production requires increased consumption in ’’both volume and kind.’’

— Perm – Do the Aff and non-competitive parts of the alt. Only a middle ground accesses ethics and dodges your root cause arguments

Graham HARRIS Adjunct Prf. @ Centre for Environment University of Tasmania ’7 Seeking Sustainability in an age of complexity p. 9-10

1 am not going to address the global ’litany’ at length here. The arguments
AND
see themselves more as agents in relationships with society and less as observers. 

renewable energy complements their alt in breaking down capitalism, but the alt is doomed to fail and causes extinction from climate change.

David Schwartzman, Department of Biology – Howard University, 12 (Capitalism Nature Socialism, 23:1)

Bonaiuti and Latouche critique the capitalist mode of production but are rather vague with respect
AND
and the quality of life for all, especially in the global South.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Prediction and scenario planning are inevitable

Danzig 11
Richard Danzig, Center for a New American Security Board Chairman, Secretary of the Navy under President Bill Clinton, October 2011, Driving in the Dark Ten Propositions About Prediction and National Security, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Prediction_Danzig.pdf

3. The Propensity for Prediction Is Especially Deeply Embedded in the U.S
AND
deeply within the DNA of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Probabilistic evaluation of hypothetical impacts is the only way to grapple with strategic uncertainty

Krepinevich 9 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is a defense policy analyst, currently executive director of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. His influential book, The Army and Vietnam, contends that the United States could have won the Vietnam War had the Army adopted a small-unit pacification strategy in South Vietnam’s villages, rather than conducting search and destroy operations in remote jungles. Today, he criticizes the counterinsurgency approaches being employed in the Iraq War. He is a West Point graduate. 1/27/2009, "7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century", http://www.amazon.com/reader/0553805398?_encoding=UTF8%26query=so%20are%20we%20building~~%23reader_0553805398-http://www.amazon.com/reader/0553805398?_encoding=UTF8%26query=so%20are%20we%20building)

While the Pentagon would dearly like to know the answers to these questions, it
AND
, or dissuade enemies from creating threatening new capabilities in the first place. 

Energy scenario-planning is good for decisionmaking

Lankshear and Noble 00
http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/volume1/lankshearknobel.pdf-http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/volume1/lankshearknobel.pdf
Colin Lankshear is Adjunct Professor at James Cook University, Mount St Vincent University and McGill University. He is an internationally acclaimed scholar in the study of new literacies and digital technologies (cf., Lankshear 1987; Lankshear 1997; Lankshear %26 Snyder, 2000; Lankshear %26 Knobel, 2003; Lankshear %26 Knobel 2006; Knobel %26 Lankshear, 2007; Coiro, Knobel, Lankshear %26 Leu, 2008; Lankshear %26 Knobel, 2008).

Classic examples of scenario planning successes abound. An early one (from the 1970s
AND
that would most certainly be new to prevailing mindsets within formal literacy studies.

Perm: do both.

Only by combining methods can we avoid fragmentation and facilitate real political change to prevent planetary extinction – even if the perm risks cooption the apocalyptic imagery of the aff is rejuvenating to ecocriticism

JL Schatz. 2012. Professor of English and Feminist Evolutionary Studies %26 Director of Debate at Binghamton University. The Importance of Apocalypse: The Value of End-Of-The-World Politics While Advancing Ecocriticism. Journal of Ecocriticism: A New Journal of Nature, Society and Literature. 4(2) 

There are three things ecocriticism must keep in mind to retain its effectiveness in the
AND
the world that we will be able to envision how to save it. 

if you win that we can’t prove that the world is objectively structured in the way that our advantages depict, it doesn’t make them untrue – we can still make reliable and predictable observations about the world, and act on them

Miller in 02  
(Katherine Miller, Prof. of Communication at Texas A%26M,  Communication theories:  Perspectives, processes, and contexts, 2002, p 35-36)
If positivism, in its classical and logical forms, is largely rejected, what
AND
are studied within post-positivist theory are considered in the next section.

Perm do the plan and then do the alternative

Linearity might not be true but complexity isn’t 100% true either

Dr. Sebastian L. V. Gorka et al 12, Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, et al., Spring 2012, "The Complexity Trap," Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf-http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf
These competing views of America’s national security concerns indicate an important and distinctive characteristic of
AND
in which everything is potentially relevant is a model in which nothing is.

Our args are grounded in empiricism – accurate way of viewing the world
Walt 05 annu rev polit sci 8 23-48 ("the relationship between theory
AND
theory, large-N statistical analysis, and hermeneutical or interpretivist approaches.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Have to have both – insufficient separately.

Dr. J.B.V. SUBRAHMANYAM 12, P.K SAHOO, and Madhukar REDDY — Electrical %26Electronics Engineering Dept - Bharat Institute of Engineering %26Technology, "Local PV-Wind Hybrid System Development for Supplying Electricity to Industry," Vol. 53, No. 1, 2012, http://ie.utcluj.ro/Contents_Acta_ET/2012/Number1/Paper02_Subrahmanyam.pdf
PV modules and wind turbines(3)are now widely used in developed countries
AND
power generation. Wind energy has become the least expensive renewable energy technology in

Alt causes to bird deaths and new Wind plants check.

Worldwatch, ’6
(American Energy: The Renewable Path to Energy Security, p. 27).
As with all energy technologies, there are environmental costs associated with wind power,
AND
technological changes, such as slower rotating speeds, and careful project siting.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

ROUND 6 CITES 

Cliff is inevitable—political capital can’t change it
Nancy Cook 11/8, National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/to-avert-a-fiscal-cliff-catastrophe-someone-has-to-blink-20121108

THE FRAMEWORK Agreeing on the elusive “grand bargain”—or at least …unknown that hopefully sometime produces a compromise.

Pundits are wrong – no fiscal cliff impact
Chait 11/1 (Jonathon, 11/1/12, “There Is No Fiscal Cliff” New York Magazine) http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/11/there-is-no-fiscal-cliff.html
A vast array of centrist pundits and business leaders are mobilizing to …don’t need to be scared. 

Recession inevitable now EVEN WITH a dealaff is only shot to save the economy
SEEKING ALPHA 11/9, "Even with a Fiscal Cliff Deal, Stocks and the U.S. Economy Will Unravel in 2013," 12, http://seekingalpha.com/article/995621-even-with-a-fiscal-cliff-deal-stocks-and-the-u-s-economy-will-unravel-in-2013, accessed 11-10-12.
Ever since the Presidential election was decided, the focus on the "Fiscal Cliff" …for the next couple of years.

They will punt it.
YUVAL ROSENBERG 11/11, The Fiscal Times http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2012/11/11/The-Fiscal-Cliff-Showdown-4-Ways-It-Could-Play-Out.aspx#page1

A Modest Compromise A number of analysts still expect Obama and …Hanson and Ethan Harris wrote Friday.

FITs avoid political backlash – less government bureaucracy and investment
Lynch 2011, Peter, Renewable Energy World contributor, “Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road NOT Taken…Why?”, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/11/feed-in-tariffs-the-proven-road-not-takenwhy

FITs do not depend on taxpayer contributions (it …timely and costly for developers/owners.

Bipartisan support for renewable energy
Jones 7/13/12, R.T., Green Chip Stocks, “Is There Finally Bipartisan Support for Renewable Energy?”, http://www.greenchipstocks.com/articles/renewable-energy-bipartisan-support/2048

Think only liberals support renewable energy? Not …government support for “innovate technologies.”

Double bind—Either fiat solves the link or the debate is happening right now, which means republicans are already pissed off by the suggestion

Political capital is not key – issues are compartmentalized
*Dickinson 9- professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward almost certain confirmation goes as …that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores. 

When a tough measure is enacted Obama can build more capital – health care proves
Singer 9 (Jonathan, 3/3/9, MyDD, “By Expending Capital, Obama Grows His Capital” http://mydd.com/2009/3/3/by-expending-capital-obama-grows-his-capital)
Peter Hart gets at a key point. Some believe that political capital is …energy reform to ending the war in Iraq. 

• • • EARLIER CITES *

No link – plan can be scuddled into the fiscal cliff without causing it – Republicans will compromise.

Scott Lincicome 12, International trade attorney, published author, political adviser, frustrated libertarian. 10/21, http://lincicome.blogspot.com/2012/10/will-green-subsidies-be-part-of-fiscal.html

In order to avoid the political spotlight, Congress and the President have punted on
AND
into a bipartisan deal to avert "fiscal disaster" on January 1.

Insider statements prove – Obama won’t compromise.

GovWin, 11/7/12 Sean Tucker, What Obama’s Win Means for Sequestration, http://govwin.com/seantucker_blog/what-obamas-win-means-for/734623-http://govwin.com/seantucker_blog/what-obamas-win-means-for/734623

In the second presidential debate against Republican challenge Mitt Romney, Obama stunned observers with
AND
there is no signal that the Republican House would consider such a move. 

No impact – departments can deal, future compromise solve, and it doesn’t turn the case.

Peter Behr and Joel Kirkland 11/7, E%26E reporters http://www.eenews.net/public/energywire/2012/11/07/1

The Treasury Department has flexibility in postponing for some time the increases in withholding taxes
AND
traction and the demand for energy will pick up, moving into 2014.

Compromise also triggers the impact.

Uri Dadush 11/7, Senior Associate – CEIP, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/11/07/u.s.-fiscal-cliff-risks-dragging-global-economy-into-darkness/eeis

Confronted with this dire alternative, Obama will have to compromise by accepting a program
AND
possible because the election outcome has not fundamentally altered the balance of forces.

FITs avoid political backlash – less government bureaucracy and investment

Lynch 2011, Peter, Renewable Energy World contributor, "Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road NOT Taken…Why?", http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/11/feed-in-tariffs-the-proven-road-not-takenwhy

FITs do not depend on taxpayer contributions (it is not a subsidy) and
AND
and engineers — which is both timely and costly for developers/owners.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gtown AM  | Judge: DHeidt

Plan

Plan: The United States Federal Government should establish a feed-in tariff that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Contention 1

Catastrophic anthropogenic warming is happening – observable data and a scientific consensus confirm positive feedbacks will cause rapid warming triggering nuclear conflicts globally.

Kaku 11. (Michio, PhD from Berkeley University. Author of Ph.D. level textbooks. “Physics of the Future.” http:~/~/213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics%20of%20the%20Future.pdf)

By midcentury, the full impact of a fossil fuel economy should be in …causing a runaway cycle of global warming.

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. “NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science.” September 2012. http:~/~/psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists …engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.

Fiona Harvey 11 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is likely to build so … 2C of warming will be closed forever," said Birol.

FITS solves—two internal links

1.    Renewables are inevitable—but only a feed-in tariff sparks fast enough capital formation to solve 450 PPM

John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies … any substantial inroads by 2020.

Avoiding 450 PPM is key

Hansen ‘9 (Climate Scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at NASA and professor in the department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, received the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal which is the highest award for atmospheric research of the American Meteorological Society, Time Magazine’s Top 100 Most influential People, Member of the National Academy of Sciences, PhD in Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa (John, “Storms of our grandchildren”, pages 158-160, AS)

Now let us turn to the question of why atmospheric …, restoring the planet’s energy balance, to first approximation.

2. Federal action on climate is key—2 reasons:

a. Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.

Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a …rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

b. Modeling—National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09#ixzz24aVQZwDO

The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to …decrease the associated massive annual cash drain.

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict

Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, “Geopolitical implications of ‘Peak everything’” January 10^th 2012. http:~/~/energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9Durl:http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals…economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

3. Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand

Kofetsky 2008, “DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)”, https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vandpid=gmailandattid=0.1andthid=13955f78a3a8375dandmt=application/pdfandurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zwandsig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA

Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become …sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.

And clean tech is key to get our hands on economic growth

Jenkins 2011, Jesse, ”Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php#2102285

There are a host of reasons why…should become our nation’s rallying focus.

Warming causes extinction - oceans

Sify 2010 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http:~/~/www.sify.com/news/html(% class="StyleBoldUnderline" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), WEA)

The findings of the comprehensive report: '…release. These findings were published in Science

Contention 2

Grid centralization ensures energy disruptions through accidents, storms, energy trading, and cyber terror.

Hildyard et al 12

(Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy …” and data protection challenges.

FITS solves 2 ways:

1. Distributed Generation—insulates the grid from power shortages

2. Geographic and fuel diversification increases grid resiliency

Mendonça et al 9

(Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies. David Jacobs is a researcher and PhD candidate at the Environmental Policy Research Centre in Berlin (FFU) focusing on support mechanisms for renewable electricity. Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool is an Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. He is also a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization. (Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability … the adoption of wind and solar, the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Successful cyber-attack on the grid would cause US lash out triggering nuclear war

Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)

However, there are reasons to believe that what is … making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Grid instability makes economic collapse inevitable

Jagdfeld ’12 (Aaron, President and CEO of Generac Power Systems, “India-Style Blackout Could Strike The U.S.” Forbes, 8/6, http:~/~/www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2012/08/06/india-style-blackout-could-strike-the-u-s/http://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2012/08/06/india-style-blackout-could-strike-the-u-s/)

More people in the United States were …. Meantime, we should prepare for the next outage.

Contention 3

Dependence on large power plants are the prime cause of water shortages

UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, our demand …, and other water users.

Next year will be crucial.

Frum 9/3 (David, CNN, “Why 2013 will be a year of crisis” 9/3/12 http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/03/opinion/frum-food-price-crisis/index.html)

(CNN) -- Prediction: 2013 will be a year of … -- and it is anything but reassuring.

Solar and wind solve – consume less water than any other energy source.

Gail Rajgor 9/19/12, Renewable Energy Focus Writer, http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/blog/2012/9/19/water-use-in-electricity-generation-the-sobering-facts-that-make-a-case-for-wind-and-solar-power/651.aspx

Water use in electricity generation: the …, range from just 55 to 85 gallons per MWh.

Scenario 1 – Ag – 2 Internals

First – Food prices – US droughts cause spikes that trigger global instability in every hotspot.

Jeff Horwich and Rob Bailey 12 Interim host of Marketplace Morning Report and Royal Institute of International Affairs, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-drought-could-have-global-impact-food-prices

Bailey: Well America is an … implications for China, quite seriously.

Causes World War III.

Calvin, 02 (William H, Univ Washington, A Brain For All Seasons,  http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/BrainForAllSeasons/NAcoast.htm)

The population-crash scenario is surely … longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.

And, billions die.

Brown, ‘5 (Earth Policy Institute President, http:~/~/www.earth-policy.org/Books/Out/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Out/)

“Many Americans see terrorism as … it is the next meal that is the overriding concern.”

Extinction.

Brown ’11 (from World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse, by Lester R. Brown © 2011 Earth Policy Institute

For the Mayans, it was deforestation and … it could be the weak link but that it is the weak link.

Second—Ogallala— Energy water shortages drain it.

UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

A matter of time. The high-… energy in the region may increase.

Causes quick spike in prices – causes global starvation – defense doesn’t assume this scenario.

Ashworth 87 William, Award winning author and environmental scholar, “The Late, Great Lakes”, Wayne State University Press

The Ogallala Aquifer is a U.S… availability would be nowhere near what it is today.

Ogallala depletion independently causes extinction from biodiversity loss.

ENS Quoting Ehrlich 97 (Paul Ehrlich is a bit of a hippy at Stanford University, Environmental News Service, http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/970207ehrlich.html)

Ehrlich coined the term "brownlash" to … its life-support systems and thus preserve civilization.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gtown Am | Judge: DHeidt

States CP

50 State Fiat is a voting issue:

a.    Aff ground—can’t leverage offense against an unrealistic uniform cp

b.    Education—no literature base for uniform policies across the states

Comparative evidence concludes – using REC’s to price renewables instead of the plan kills investor confidence.

Chad Laurent 9, Meister Consultants Group, Inc, with Wilson Rickerson and Hilary Flynn, http://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/FITness_Testing_Myths.pdf

Feed-in tariffs cost more than other types of renewable energy policies. …to finance clean-energy ventures (Lorinc, 2009).”

Certainty is key—States also don’t solve distributed generation

Kopetsky 8.

The CP gets struck down –the FERC ruling was definite and crystal clear on that question.

Steven Ferrey 12, Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School (7 Tex. J. Oil Gas and Energy L. 59)

Of particular note, RPS and SBC discrimination does not confront the more…do not so fit. n395

States modify avoided costs

Grinlinton* and Paddock** 10.( David*, LLM from Western Australia AND LeRoy**, JD from University of Iowa - REPRESENT! Writing for The University of Toledo Law Review “Climate Change and the Future of Energy: The Role of Feed-In Tariffs in Supporting the Expansion of Solar Energy Production.” Winter 2010. Lexis.

FERC's initial Southern California Edison decision appeared to …rate that is above avoided cost." n115

RPS means more warming- increased natural gas usage.

Fershee 2008 Professor of Law, University of North Dakota School of Law; Joshua “Changing Resources, Changing Market: The Impact of a National Renewable Portfolio Standard on the U.S. Energy Industry” Jan 2008 http://works.bepress.com/joshua_fershee/2 accessed 7/27 //NG

A long-term reduction in natural gas costs as a result of a…can only be expected to continue.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gtown AM  | Judge: DHeidt

Consumption K

No link and collapse not inevitable

Arthur MOL Environmental Sociology @ Wageningen ‘2K “The Environmental Movement in an Era of Ecological Modernisation” Geoforum 31 p. EBSCO

In the 1980s increasing numbers of environmental sociologists, …concerned the preservation of its sustenance base.

-- Perm – Do the Aff and non-competitive parts of the alt. Only a middle ground accesses ethics and dodges your root cause arguments

Graham HARRIS Adjunct Prf. @ Centre for Environment University of Tasmania ‘7 Seeking Sustainability in an age of complexity p. 9-10

1 am not going to address the global 'litany' at length here. The arguments have been …agents in relationships with society and less as observers.

Consumption inevitable—psychological ties to economic growth

Wilk 2002 - Ph.D. in Anthropology, University of Arizona, Provost Professor of Anthropology (Richard, Consumption, human needs, and global environmental change,  http://ac.els-cdn.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/S0959378001000280/1-s2.0-S0959378001000280-main.pdf?_tid=9e9d844ccd262ce7cb72228cb6867674andacdnat=1340735574_f26d14ee6db898338b27786d06d8d816)

There have been several excellent reviews of consumption theory …form of protection is therefore needed.

Constant innovation ensures resources are infinite
 Geddes 4 – Writer and Libertarian Analyst (Marc, “The monster non-socialist FAQ”, 2/12, http://rebirthofreason.com/War/MonsterFAQ.shtml) MGM

A significant disruption to supplies of critical resources …capitalism is the system which generates wealth the fastest.

Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equal/unconditional human dignity-solves value to life

Cummiskey, 1996 (David, Associate Philosophy Professor at Bates College, Kantian Consequentialism, p. 145-146)

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the …to sacrifice some to save many.

Alternative impossible – incentives towards sustainability key.

David Barnhizer 6, Professor of Law, Cleveland State University. 18 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 595

Medieval alchemists sought unsuccessfully to discover the process that would …achieved incrementally with limited positive effects.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gtown AM | Judge: DHeidt

Framework – debate should be about the consequences of the plan where it to be done by the federal government – infinite number of representations in the 1AC guts predictability.

Concern for death inevitable – alt makes life meaningless.

Tom Pyszczynski, '4 (UCCS Psychology Professor, Social Research, Winter, Find Articles)

TMT starts with a consideration of how human beings are…attain symbolic immortality by being valued parts of them.

Strong fear appeals motivate positive behavior responses, not inertia.

Witte and Allen ’2k  (Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education and Behavior, “A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns”, 27:5, October, Sage Journals)

Table 2 shows that all of the messag..., and behaviors toward the recommended response.

Rest of the 1NC justifies judge kick, no net benefit to voting neg

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Gtown AM  | Judge: DHeidt

T

We meet—

a.   FITS are financial incentives

Siegel 11. (Bari Faye, technology writer and marketing consultant for Noveda Technologies. “When It Comes to Rebates, SRECs Make Long-Term Sense.” Written for Clean Techies. 07/20/11. http:~/~/blog.cleantechies.com/2011/07/20/when-it-comes-to-rebates-srecs-make-long-term-sense/http://blog.cleantechies.com/2011/07/20/when-it-comes-to-rebates-srecs-make-long-term-sense/)

One of the most important factors in …system doesn’t deal with quotas or minor goals.

b.   We reduce restrictions by mandating grid access

Hutton 8. (John, BA and BCL and a member of the House of Lords. Written for Metering.com. “Distributed energy an option to increase renewable growth in U.K.” June 26, 2008. http:~/~/www.metering.com/node/12867url:http://www.metering.com/node/12867)

Other proposals include introducing a new financial …of new renewable technologies should be encouraged.

Counter-Interpretation—Financial Incentives are ONLY per kwh payments—no “its” in the resolution means we don’t have to increase government incentives

Pace and Gatrell 9. (James, Masters in Geography from Indiana State University AND Jay D., PhD in Geography. “Spatial Analysis, Policy, Planning, and Alternative Energy Production.” 02/03/09 http:~/~/www.springerlink.com/content/h65n12q537383q47/pdf)

The last tool used to promote renewable energy production is to…43.7%) of all Federal incentives (Bezdek 2007).

Prefer our interpretation:

A. Precision—our contextual interp is key to limits

Gold 99. (Marsha, Dr.Sc., “Financial Incentives” January 1999. http:~/~/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1496870/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1496870/)

To enhance understanding, financial incentives …features may detect faulty responses to incentives.

B. Predictability—feed in tariffs are the most predictable and widely discussed mechanism for increasing energy production

Soerensen and Rousseau 9*. (Hans Chr., PhD and Vice President of the European Ocean Energy Administration AND Nathalie, B.A. in Information and Communications Technology and Director of the European Ocean Energy Administration *Unable to find exact publish date, but most recently cited work is a paper for the IEE published in October 2009. “Best Practice” a report by Waveplam. http:~/~/www.waveplam.eu/files/downloads/best_practiceD2.3_pdf)

The three most used kWh based financial incentives …not be able to recover this share.

C. Aff Ground—pricing regime aff’s are the only way to effectively access renewables on this topic

Farrell 09

John, John Farrell is a research associate on the New Rules Project at the ¶ Institute for Local Self-Reliance, where he examines the benefits of ¶ local ownership and dispersed generation of renewable energy. “Feed-in Tariffs in America ¶ Driving the Economy with Renewable ¶ Energy Policy that Works” http:~/~/www.boell.de/downloads/ecology/FIT_in_America_pdf

The Power of Feed-in Tariffs¶ In the United States, renewable …alternative policies for the same level of renewable energy ¶ deployment.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Warming

Catastrophic change is real and can still be averted but the U.S. must resolve electricity emissions now

Ferrey 12. (Steven, JD, MA in energy and environmental Law and currently a Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School. "Alternative Energy In A Spaghetti Westen: Clint Eastwood Confronts State Renewable Energy Policy." Utah Environmental Law Review. 2012 http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594-http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594)

Chief NASA climatologist James Hansen notes that waiting a decade until 2018 to stop the
AND
during the forty-two-year period between 1961 and 2003.32

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

The nature of the global warming problem demands accepting scientific consensus

Dennis Patrick O’Hara and Alan Abelsohn 11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael’s College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics %26 the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)

Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
AND
certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.

John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

Avoiding 450 PPM is key

Hansen ’9 (Climate Scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at NASA
AND
, "Storms of our grandchildren", pages 158-160, AS) 

Now let us turn to the question of why atmospheric carbon dioxide changed during the
AND
per square meter, restoring the planet’s energy balance, to first approximation.

National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict

Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, "Geopolitical implications of ’Peak everything’" January 10^th 2012. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D-http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals
AND
—will most probably be economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand

Kofetsky 2008, "DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)", https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v%26pid=gmail%26attid=0.1%26thid=13955f78a3a8375d%26mt=application/pdf%26url=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zw%26sig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA

Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become unavoidable
AND
are dim for advancing clean tech to sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.

And clean tech is key to get our hands on economic growth

Jenkins 2011, Jesse, "Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php~~%232102285

There are a host of reasons why targeted policies and smart public investments in emerging
AND
Making clean energy cheap and fully competitive should become our nation’s rallying focus.

Nuclear war.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

( ) Global economic crises cause war — strong statistic support and their defense doesn’t account for global crises.
Royal, ’10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program — DOD, Economics of War %26 Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith %26 Brauer, p. 213-15)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Impact is extinction—oceans

Westenskow 8. (Rosalie, UPI Correspondent, United Press International, "Acidic oceans may tangle food chain." 06/06/08. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/-http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/)
citing Scott Doney, PhD from MIT in Chemistry, AND CITING, David Adamec, head of Ocean Sciences at NASA with a PhD in Meteorology from Naval Postgraduate School

Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists
AND
one year, potentially leading to extinction for some species, Adamec said.

Grid

Grid centralization ensures energy disruptions through accidents, storms, energy trading, and cyber terror.

Hildyard et al 12 
(Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy system is subjected to centralised
AND
of generators magnify such "cyber-security" and data protection challenges.

FITS solves 2 ways:

1. Distributed Generation—insulates the grid from power shortages

2. Geographic and fuel diversification increases grid resiliency

Mendonça et al 9
(Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies.
AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Independently, Susceptibility of our grid makes cyber-attacks likely in the near term

Copelin 12 (Laylan,Austin American-Statesman "Growing threat to utilities weighed" May 25, 2012 Lexis)
U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul on Thursday huddled behind closed doors with
AND
all other sectors, it deserves special and urgent attention," he said.

Successful cyber-attack on the grid would cause US lash out triggering nuclear war

Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Second, Blackouts cause nuclear meltdown

Capiello 11 (Dina, Huffington Post, "Long Blackouts Pose Risk To U.S. Nuclear Reactors" 3/29/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/blackout-risk-us-nuclear-reactors_n_841869.html)

A 2003 federal analysis looking at how to estimate the risk of containment failure said
AND
things in a place that would not have been swept away by tsunami." 

Nuclear Meltdown causes Extinction

Lendmen 11 

(Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, "Nuclear Meltdown in Japan" 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it’s coming. In her 1978 book, "
AND
or face extinction. No one listened. The Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should establish a renewable energy payment program that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Renewables coming now but not enough

Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy." 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf-http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

The good news is that a timely transition to a low-carbon, renewables
AND
leverage the necessary private sector investment to deploy renewable energy technologies at scale.

Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.

Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Warming

Catastrophic warming is real, anthropogenic, causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war

Deibel ’7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Catastrophic change can still be averted but the U.S. must resolve electricity emissions now

Ferrey 12. (Steven, JD, MA in energy and environmental Law and currently a Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School. "Alternative Energy In A Spaghetti Westen: Clint Eastwood Confronts State Renewable Energy Policy." Utah Environmental Law Review. 2012 http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594-http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594)

Chief NASA climatologist James Hansen notes that waiting a decade until 2018 to stop the
AND
during the forty-two-year period between 1961 and 2003.32

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.

John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict

Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, "Geopolitical implications of ’Peak everything’" January 10^th 2012. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D-http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals
AND
—will most probably be economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand

Kofetsky 2008, "DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)", https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v%26pid=gmail%26attid=0.1%26thid=13955f78a3a8375d%26mt=application/pdf%26url=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zw%26sig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA

Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become unavoidable
AND
are dim for advancing clean tech to sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.

And clean tech is key to get our hands on economic growth

Jenkins 2011, Jesse, "Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php~~%232102285

There are a host of reasons why targeted policies and smart public investments in emerging
AND
Making clean energy cheap and fully competitive should become our nation’s rallying focus.

Nuclear war.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

( ) Global economic crises cause war — strong statistic support and their defense doesn’t account for global crises.
Royal, ’10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program — DOD, Economics of War %26 Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith %26 Brauer, p. 213-15)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Impact is extinction—oceans

Westenskow 8. (Rosalie, UPI Correspondent, United Press International, "Acidic oceans may tangle food chain." 06/06/08. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/-http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/)
citing Scott Doney, PhD from MIT in Chemistry, AND CITING, David Adamec, head of Ocean Sciences at NASA with a PhD in Meteorology from Naval Postgraduate School

Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists
AND
one year, potentially leading to extinction for some species, Adamec said.

The nature of the global warming problem demands accepting scientific consensus

Dennis Patrick O’Hara and Alan Abelsohn 11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael’s College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics %26 the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)

Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
AND
certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.

Clean energy deployment is the only means to attain absolute zero emissions.

Matthew Stepp 12, Senior Analyst with the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (1/24, http://www.innovationfiles.org/the-future-of-global-climate-policy-is-economic-contraction-a-climate-solution-part-2/)

Roberts, quoting climate scientists Kevin Anderson and Alice Bows, argues, that the
AND
while buying us time to decarbonize the energy system and build climate resilience.

Grid

Grid centralization ensures energy disruptions through accidents, storms, energy trading, and cyber terror.

Hildyard et al 12 
(Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy system is subjected to centralised
AND
of generators magnify such "cyber-security" and data protection challenges.

FITS solves 2 ways:

1. Distributed Generation—insulates the grid from power shortages

2. Geographic and fuel diversification increases grid resiliency

Mendonça et al 9
(Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies.
AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Independently, Susceptibility of our grid makes cyber-attacks likely in the near term

Copelin 12 (Laylan,Austin American-Statesman "Growing threat to utilities weighed" May 25, 2012 Lexis)
U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul on Thursday huddled behind closed doors with
AND
all other sectors, it deserves special and urgent attention," he said.

Successful cyber-attack on the grid would cause US lash out triggering nuclear war

Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Second, Blackouts cause nuclear meltdown

Capiello 11 (Dina, Huffington Post, "Long Blackouts Pose Risk To U.S. Nuclear Reactors" 3/29/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/blackout-risk-us-nuclear-reactors_n_841869.html)

A 2003 federal analysis looking at how to estimate the risk of containment failure said
AND
making it difficult to ascertain water levels and the condition of the core. 

One variable not considered in the NRC risk assessments of severe blackouts was cooling water
AND
things in a place that would not have been swept away by tsunami." 

Nuclear Meltdown causes Extinction

Lendmen 11 

(Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, "Nuclear Meltdown in Japan" 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it’s coming. In her 1978 book, "
AND
or face extinction. No one listened. The Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should establish a renewable energy payment program that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Renewables coming now but not enough

Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy." 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf-http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

The good news is that a timely transition to a low-carbon, renewables
AND
leverage the necessary private sector investment to deploy renewable energy technologies at scale.

Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.

Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

Natural Gas Advantage

Natural Gas Lock-in coming making volatility inevitable—only diversifying with wind and solar can stabilize prices

Doran and Reed 12. (Kevin, J.D. and  an institute fellow and assistant research professor at the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), a joint institute of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Colorado at Boulder AND* Adam Reed J.D.,  is a research associate at RASEI, August 13th, 2012, "Natural Gas and Its RoleIn the U.S.’s Energy Endgame" e360.yale.edu/feature/natural_gas_role_in_us_energy_endgame/2561/

A full-throttle shift to a gas-dominated electricity system, which now
AND
is more economically and environmentally sustainable. We should opt for the latter.

Peak Shale

Chris Nelder 12/29/2011 (Energy analyst and consultant, "What the Frack" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_wortw_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html)

Assuming that the United States continues to use about 24 tcf per annum, then
AND
, yet those same advocates never adjust their years of supply estimates accordingly.

Volatility kills US chem industry

CCES 12 – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, May 2012, "Natural Gas in the Industrial Sector,"http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/natural-gas-industrial-sector.pdf)
For the chemicals industry, natural gas also serves a unique function, providing a
AND
prices are relatively low, as is currently the case with natural gas.

Extinction

Baum 99 – editor-in-chief of the American Chemical Society’s Chemical and Engineering News ~[Rudy M. Baum, C%26E News, "Millennium Special Report," 12-6-99, http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html~~]  LDK
The pace of change in today’s world is truly incomprehensible. Science is advancing on
AND
water by the end of the 1980s or 1990s have proven utterly wrong.  
While I do not count myself as one of the technological pessimists who see technology
AND
up in real public fear of genetic manipulation and corporate control over food.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Warming

Catastrophic warming is real, anthropogenic, causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war
Deibel ’7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Catastrophic change can still be averted but the U.S. must resolve electricity emissions now
Ferrey 12. (Steven, JD, MA in energy and environmental Law and currently a Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School. "Alternative Energy In A Spaghetti Westen: Clint Eastwood Confronts State Renewable Energy Policy." Utah Environmental Law Review. 2012 http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594-http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594)

Chief NASA climatologist James Hansen notes that waiting a decade until 2018 to stop the
AND
during the forty-two-year period between 1961 and 2003.32

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations
Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.
John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.
National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide
Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict
Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, "Geopolitical implications of ’Peak everything’" January 10^th 2012. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D-http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals
AND
—will most probably be economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

Impact is extinction—oceans
Westenskow 8. (Rosalie, UPI Correspondent, United Press International, "Acidic oceans may tangle food chain." 06/06/08. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/-http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/)
citing Scott Doney, PhD from MIT in Chemistry, AND CITING, David Adamec, head of Ocean Sciences at NASA with a PhD in Meteorology from Naval Postgraduate School

Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists
AND
one year, potentially leading to extinction for some species, Adamec said.

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Lock-in coming making volatility inevitable—only diversifying with wind and solar can stabilize prices
Doran and Reed 12. (Kevin, J.D. and  an institute fellow and assistant research professor at the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), a joint institute of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Colorado at Boulder AND* Adam Reed J.D.,  is a research associate at RASEI, August 13th, 2012, "Natural Gas and Its RoleIn the U.S.’s Energy Endgame" e360.yale.edu/feature/natural_gas_role_in_us_energy_endgame/2561/

A full-throttle shift to a gas-dominated electricity system, which now
AND
is more economically and environmentally sustainable. We should opt for the latter.

Peak Shale
Chris Nelder 12/29/2011 (Energy analyst and consultant, "What the Frack" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_wortw_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html)

Assuming that the United States continues to use about 24 tcf per annum, then
AND
, yet those same advocates never adjust their years of supply estimates accordingly.

Volatility kills US chem industry
CCES 12 – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, May 2012, "Natural Gas in the Industrial Sector,"http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/natural-gas-industrial-sector.pdf)
For the chemicals industry, natural gas also serves a unique function, providing a
AND
prices are relatively low, as is currently the case with natural gas.
Extinction
Baum 99 – editor-in-chief of the American Chemical Society’s Chemical and Engineering News ~Rudy M. Baum, C%26E News, "Millennium Special Report," 12-6-99, http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html~~  LDK
The pace of change in today’s world is truly incomprehensible. Science is advancing on
AND
water by the end of the 1980s or 1990s have proven utterly wrong.  
While I do not count myself as one of the technological pessimists who see technology
AND
up in real public fear of genetic manipulation and corporate control over food.

Chemical industry is key to solve infectious disease spread and develop effective bio monitoring capabilities
Royal 10. (Royal Society of Chemistry. "The economic benefits of chemistry research to the UK" September 2010. http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf-http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf)

Global health is inextricable from chemistry research, which will continue to help to save
AND
devices could lead to combined devices that detect infection and respond to attack.

Bioterror is inevitable, possible, probable and worse than nuclear war—advances in monitoring key to solve
Maurer 7
Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. -http://violet.berkeley.edu/~gspp/iths/maurercv.htmDirector of the Goldman School Project-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/index.html at the University of California, Berkeley-http://www.berkeley.edu/ on Information Technology and Homeland Security-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/affiliates/maurer.html LIFEBOAT FOUNDATION BIOSHIELD HTTP://LIFEBOAT.COM/EX/BIO.SHIELD 2007

The new realities of terrorism and suicide bombers pull us one step further. How
AND
threat of bioengineered malevolent viruses and microbial organisms. Time is running out.

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should establish a renewable energy payment program that funds long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.
Renewables coming now but not enough
Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy." 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf-http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

The good news is that a timely transition to a low-carbon, renewables
AND
leverage the necessary private sector investment to deploy renewable energy technologies at scale.

Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.
Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

New Advantage

No other market has the capacity to solve the glut—only the US is poised to take up the demand
Zacks 12. (Zacks Equity Research, "Alternative Energy Stock Outlook—October 2012." Zacks News 10/18/12. http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/85076/alternative-energy-stock-outlook-october-2012-http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/85076/alternative-energy-stock-outlook-october-2012)

Historically, the growth outlook of alternative energy companies-http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/85076/alternative-energy-stock-outlook-october-2012 has been directly related to the
AND
(SI-http://www.zacks.com/stock/quote/si), we are apprehensive about the performance of the wind pack.

Feed-in tariffs guarantee market for Chinese imports—proven by EU and French initiatives
Guerin and Schiavo 11. (Emmanuael, MA in International Affairs and Development Economics and is the coordinator of the enrgy and climate program at the French Insitute for Sustainable Development and International Relations AND Joseph, IDDRI researcher. "Pushing and pulling: The bumpy road to effective renewable energy policy." Bridges Rrade BioRes Review. April 2011. http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/103559/-http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/103559/)

Hand in hand: Demand-pull and technology-push policies Support policies can
AND
is as pervasive for renewable energies as it is for any other technology.

The critical mass for protests against the CCP is now.
Steve LeVine 8/3/12, Foreign Policy Mag, http://oilandglory.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/03/the_weekly_wrap_aug_3_2012_part_i?wp_login_redirect=0

China’s moment of coal truth: A question that has vexed us for some time
AND
and economic outcomes. And yet that is exactly what we are seeing.
Pollution pushes party instability over the brink – causes extinction
Yee and Storey 02 ~Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University —AND— Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 "The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality," p5~ 

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Its reverse causal—Strong Chinese renewables prevent CCP collapse
Hart 12. (Melanie, PhD in political science from UC San Diego. "Why China Is So Wary of Ambitious International Climate Targets." Think Progress 12/06/12. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/-http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/)

Central leaders in Beijing are devoting a huge amount of political will toward increasing energy
AND
protest the construction of new coal plants, and Beijing is taking notice.

Specifically, collapse causes nuclear war with Russia
Nankivell 9 ~Nathan, Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Canadien Department of National Defence, "China’s Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability", Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-21, http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799~~

Moreover, protests serve as a venue for the politically disaffected who are unhappy with
AND
in full-scale war between two powerful, nuclear-equipped nations.
Extinction
Sharavin, 1 (Alexander, The Third Threat, What the Papers Say, 10/3, Lexis)

Russia may face the "wonderful" prospect of combating the Chinese army, which
AND
both, and even against the first frost of a possible nuclear winter.

Grids if time

Chemical industry is key to solve infectious disease spread and develop effective bio monitoring capabilities
Royal 10. (Royal Society of Chemistry. "The economic benefits of chemistry research to the UK" September 2010. http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf-http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf)

Global health is inextricable from chemistry research, which will continue to help to save
AND
devices could lead to combined devices that detect infection and respond to attack.

Bioterror is inevitable, possible, probable and worse than nuclear war—advances in monitoring key to solve
Maurer 7
Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. -http://violet.berkeley.edu/~gspp/iths/maurercv.htmDirector of the Goldman School Project-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/index.html at the University of California, Berkeley-http://www.berkeley.edu/ on Information Technology and Homeland Security-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/affiliates/maurer.html LIFEBOAT FOUNDATION BIOSHIELD HTTP://LIFEBOAT.COM/EX/BIO.SHIELD 2007

The new realities of terrorism and suicide bombers pull us one step further. How
AND
threat of bioengineered malevolent viruses and microbial organisms. Time is running out.

Chemical industry is key to solve infectious disease spread and develop effective bio monitoring capabilities
Royal 10. (Royal Society of Chemistry. "The economic benefits of chemistry research to the UK" September 2010. http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf-http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf)

Global health is inextricable from chemistry research, which will continue to help to save
AND
devices could lead to combined devices that detect infection and respond to attack.

Bioterror is inevitable, possible, probable and worse than nuclear war—advances in monitoring key to solve
Maurer 7
Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. -http://violet.berkeley.edu/~gspp/iths/maurercv.htmDirector of the Goldman School Project-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/index.html at the University of California, Berkeley-http://www.berkeley.edu/ on Information Technology and Homeland Security-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/affiliates/maurer.html LIFEBOAT FOUNDATION BIOSHIELD HTTP://LIFEBOAT.COM/EX/BIO.SHIELD 2007

The new realities of terrorism and suicide bombers pull us one step further. How
AND
threat of bioengineered malevolent viruses and microbial organisms. Time is running out.

Chemical industry is key to solve infectious disease spread and develop effective bio monitoring capabilities
Royal 10. (Royal Society of Chemistry. "The economic benefits of chemistry research to the UK" September 2010. http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf-http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf)

Global health is inextricable from chemistry research, which will continue to help to save
AND
devices could lead to combined devices that detect infection and respond to attack.

Bioterror is inevitable, possible, probable and worse than nuclear war—advances in monitoring key to solve
Maurer 7
Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. -http://violet.berkeley.edu/~gspp/iths/maurercv.htmDirector of the Goldman School Project-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/index.html at the University of California, Berkeley-http://www.berkeley.edu/ on Information Technology and Homeland Security-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/affiliates/maurer.html LIFEBOAT FOUNDATION BIOSHIELD HTTP://LIFEBOAT.COM/EX/BIO.SHIELD 2007

The new realities of terrorism and suicide bombers pull us one step further. How
AND
threat of bioengineered malevolent viruses and microbial organisms. Time is running out.

Second, Blackouts cause nuclear meltdown
Capiello 11 (Dina, Huffington Post, "Long Blackouts Pose Risk To U.S. Nuclear Reactors" 3/29/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/blackout-risk-us-nuclear-reactors_n_841869.html)

A 2003 federal analysis looking at how to estimate the risk of containment failure said
AND
making it difficult to ascertain water levels and the condition of the core. 

One variable not considered in the NRC risk assessments of severe blackouts was cooling water
AND
things in a place that would not have been swept away by tsunami." 

Nuclear Meltdown causes Extinction
Lendmen 11 

(Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, "Nuclear Meltdown in Japan" 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)
For years, Helen Caldicott warned it’s coming. In her 1978 book, "
AND
or face extinction. No one listened. The Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Warming

Catastrophic warming is real, anthropogenic, causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war

Deibel ’7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Catastrophic change can still be averted but the U.S. must resolve electricity emissions now

Ferrey 12. (Steven, JD, MA in energy and environmental Law and currently a Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School. "Alternative Energy In A Spaghetti Westen: Clint Eastwood Confronts State Renewable Energy Policy." Utah Environmental Law Review. 2012 http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594-http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594)

Chief NASA climatologist James Hansen notes that waiting a decade until 2018 to stop the
AND
during the forty-two-year period between 1961 and 2003.32

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.

John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

Impact is extinction—oceans

Westenskow 8. (Rosalie, UPI Correspondent, United Press International, "Acidic oceans may tangle food chain." 06/06/08. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/-http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/)
citing Scott Doney, PhD from MIT in Chemistry, AND CITING, David Adamec, head of Ocean Sciences at NASA with a PhD in Meteorology from Naval Postgraduate School

Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists
AND
one year, potentially leading to extinction for some species, Adamec said.

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Lock-in coming making volatility inevitable—only diversifying with wind and solar can stabilize prices

Doran and Reed 12. (Kevin, J.D. and  an institute fellow and assistant research professor at the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), a joint institute of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Colorado at Boulder AND* Adam Reed J.D.,  is a research associate at RASEI, August 13th, 2012, "Natural Gas and Its RoleIn the U.S.’s Energy Endgame" e360.yale.edu/feature/natural_gas_role_in_us_energy_endgame/2561/

A full-throttle shift to a gas-dominated electricity system, which now
AND
is more economically and environmentally sustainable. We should opt for the latter.

Peak Shale

Chris Nelder 12/29/2011 (Energy analyst and consultant, "What the Frack" www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2011/12/is_there_really_100_years_wortw_of_natural_gas_beneath_the_united_states_.html)

Assuming that the United States continues to use about 24 tcf per annum, then
AND
, yet those same advocates never adjust their years of supply estimates accordingly.

Volatility kills US chem industry

CCES 12 – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, May 2012, "Natural Gas in the Industrial Sector,"http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/natural-gas-industrial-sector.pdf)
For the chemicals industry, natural gas also serves a unique function, providing a
AND
prices are relatively low, as is currently the case with natural gas.
Extinction
Baum 99 – editor-in-chief of the American Chemical Society’s Chemical and Engineering News ~Rudy M. Baum, C%26E News, "Millennium Special Report," 12-6-99, http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html~~  LDK
The pace of change in today’s world is truly incomprehensible. Science is advancing on
AND
water by the end of the 1980s or 1990s have proven utterly wrong.  
While I do not count myself as one of the technological pessimists who see technology
AND
up in real public fear of genetic manipulation and corporate control over food.

Chemical industry is key to solve infectious disease spread and develop effective bio monitoring capabilities

Royal 10. (Royal Society of Chemistry. "The economic benefits of chemistry research to the UK" September 2010. http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf-http://www.rsc.org/images/Economic_Benefits_of_Chemistry_Sep_2010_tcm18-191337.pdf)

Global health is inextricable from chemistry research, which will continue to help to save
AND
devices could lead to combined devices that detect infection and respond to attack.

Bioterror is inevitable, possible, probable and worse than nuclear war—advances in monitoring key to solve
Maurer 7
Stephen M. Maurer, J.D. -http://violet.berkeley.edu/~gspp/iths/maurercv.htmDirector of the Goldman School Project-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/index.html at the University of California, Berkeley-http://www.berkeley.edu/ on Information Technology and Homeland Security-http://gspp.berkeley.edu/academics/affiliates/maurer.html LIFEBOAT FOUNDATION BIOSHIELD HTTP://LIFEBOAT.COM/EX/BIO.SHIELD 2007

The new realities of terrorism and suicide bombers pull us one step further. How
AND
threat of bioengineered malevolent viruses and microbial organisms. Time is running out.

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should establish a renewable energy payment program that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Renewables coming now but not enough

Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy." 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf-http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

The good news is that a timely transition to a low-carbon, renewables
AND
leverage the necessary private sector investment to deploy renewable energy technologies at scale.

Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.

Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

China

The Chinese economy will crash due to stagnation in clean energy – glut of solar panels

Bradsher 12. (Keith, Public Policy MA in Economics from Princeton University and is the Chief Hong Kong Correspondent of the NYT. "Glut of Solar Panels Poses a New Threat to China." New York Times 10/05/12. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html?pagewanted=all%26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html?pagewanted=all%26_r=0)

China in recent years established global dominance in renewable energy, its solar panel-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html?pagewanted=all%26_r=0 and
AND
price of solar power remains far higher than for coal-generated power.

Chinese economic collapse causes lashout and war.

Kristen Gunness and Dr. Jacqueline Newmeyer 9, US Navy and Long-Term Strategy Group, April 8, http://cnponline.org/index.php?ht=a/GetDocumentAction/i/12503

So I think either way, either because of the insecurity that is stoked by
AND
the downturn would lead to a greater chance of conflict abroad for China.   

Nuclear war.

Cheong 2k 6—25, Lexis Strait Times
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

No other market has the capacity to solve the glut—only the US is poised to take up the demand

Zacks 12. (Zacks Equity Research, "Alternative Energy Stock Outlook—October 2012." Zacks News 10/18/12. http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/85076/alternative-energy-stock-outlook-october-2012-http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/85076/alternative-energy-stock-outlook-october-2012)

Historically, the growth outlook of alternative energy companies-http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/85076/alternative-energy-stock-outlook-october-2012 has been directly related to the
AND
(SI-http://www.zacks.com/stock/quote/si), we are apprehensive about the performance of the wind pack.

Feed-in tariffs guarantee market for Chinese imports—proven by EU and French initiatives

Guerin and Schiavo 11. (Emmanuael, MA in International Affairs and Development Economics and is the coordinator of the enrgy and climate program at the French Insitute for Sustainable Development and International Relations AND Joseph, IDDRI researcher. "Pushing and pulling: The bumpy road to effective renewable energy policy." Bridges Rrade BioRes Review. April 2011. http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/103559/-http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/103559/)

Hand in hand: Demand-pull and technology-push policies Support policies can
AND
is as pervasive for renewable energies as it is for any other technology.

The critical mass for protests against the CCP is now.

Steve LeVine 8/3/12, Foreign Policy Mag, http://oilandglory.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/03/the_weekly_wrap_aug_3_2012_part_i?wp_login_redirect=0

China’s moment of coal truth: A question that has vexed us for some time
AND
and economic outcomes. And yet that is exactly what we are seeing.

Pollution pushes party instability over the brink – causes extinction

Yee and Storey 02 ~Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and IR, Hong Kong Baptist University —AND— Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin, 02 "The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality," p5~ 

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Its reverse causal—Strong Chinese renewables prevent CCP collapse

Hart 12. (Melanie, PhD in political science from UC San Diego. "Why China Is So Wary of Ambitious International Climate Targets." Think Progress 12/06/12. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/-http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/)

Central leaders in Beijing are devoting a huge amount of political will toward increasing energy
AND
protest the construction of new coal plants, and Beijing is taking notice.

Specifically, collapse causes nuclear war with Russia

Nankivell 9 ~Nathan, Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Canadien Department of National Defence, "China’s Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability", Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-21, http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799~~

Moreover, protests serve as a venue for the politically disaffected who are unhappy with
AND
in full-scale war between two powerful, nuclear-equipped nations.

Extinction

Sharavin, 1 (Alexander, The Third Threat, What the Papers Say, 10/3, Lexis)

Russia may face the "wonderful" prospect of combating the Chinese army, which
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both, and even against the first frost of a possible nuclear winter.

Tech transfer enabled by the plan uniquely key to get China on board for binding Durban Commitments

Hart 12. (Melanie, PhD in political science from UC San Diego. "Why China Is So Wary of Ambitious International Climate Targets." Think Progress 12/06/12. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/-http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/)

Where Beijing likely does have more maneuvering room is on the legal nature of their
AND
higher-end clean energy technology without disadvantaging U.S. firms.

Getting China on board for binding commitments is key to global commitment which is necessary to solve warming

Hart 12. (Melanie, PhD in political science from UC San Diego. "Why China Is So Wary of Ambitious International Climate Targets." Think Progress 12/06/12. http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/-http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/12/06/1296241/why-china-is-so-wary-of-ambitious-international-climate-targets/)

From many perspectives, China is a global powerhouse. China is the world’s
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equally "applicable to all," in the terms of the Durban Platform.

Tech transfers to Chinese manufacturers solve relations

Eisen 11. (Joel B., J.D. Professor of Environmental Law, Energy Law and Law of Climate Change. Sustainable Development Law %26 Policy. "China’s Greentech Programs and the USTR Investigation." Winter 2011. http://www.wcl.american.edu/org/sustainabledevelopment/documents/SDLP-v11-22011winterClimateLawRep.pdf-http://www.wcl.american.edu/org/sustainabledevelopment/documents/SDLP-v11-22011winterClimateLawRep.pdf)

While many believe the United States is losing the green energy race, the reality
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climate of distrust and delay further progress on a post-Kyoto agreement.

U.S.-Sino relations key to East Asia stability
Bandow 10 (Doug, Senior Fellow, Cato Institute, cato.org"Engaging China to Maintain Peace in East Asia", http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11845-http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11845, 5-25-2010 ~NT~)
How to maintain the peace in East Asia Washington must engage the PRC on both
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would share the nightmare if an unstable North Korea expands its nuclear arsenal. 

East Asian instability leads to World War III

Knight Ridder in ’00 (Jonathon S. Landay, "Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts", 3-11, L/N)

Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
no institutionalized security mechanism in place. There are elements for potential disaster."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

FITS democratize energy decision-making by incentivizing local renewables projects at the expense of larger, corporate energy.

Tregilus 13 ~Bob, Co-Host at This Week in Energy, "Solar for All – Jan/Feb 2013- Sierra Magazine – Sierra Club; Read Comments and Join the Conversation" http://indianadg.wordpress.com/tag/german-feed-in-tariff/~~

(4) Most importantly is how we connect distributed renewable energies to the grid
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huge waste of resources and is the most expensive way to do renewables.

The plans vision for renewable energy sets the ball rolling against concentrated fossil fuel production

Scheer 2. (Hermann, Member of the German Parliament, President of the European Association for Renewable Energy, PhD in Economy, Social Science, Public Law at Free University Berlin and recipient of the alternative Nobel Prize. "The Solar Economy: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future." Earthscan Publications. 2002. Pgs. 24-25) 

Re-establishing the natural circular flow of resources is the key to sustainable and
AND
in its time. Modern technology is what will make this acceleration possible.

Fossil Fuels have monopolized the intellectual space of energy decision making- transitioning to renewables is necessary to break up that hegemony

Scheer 2012
~Herman, Social Democrat member of the German Bundestag (Parliament), President of EUROSOLAR (The European Association for Renewable Energy) and General Chairman of the World Council for Renewable Energy. "The Energy Imperative" Pg. 20- 24~

For decades, nuclear energy has diverted attention from the fact that renewable energy is
AND
technological and social logic of renewable energy and to recognise its true potential.

The fossil fuel economy relies on genocidal, totalitarian ideologies, which render populations disposable – a commitment to a decentralized solar economy enables global freedom and an authentic relationship to environmental problems

Scheer 2. (Hermann, Member of the German Parliament, President of the European Association for Renewable Energy, PhD in Economy, Social Science, Public Law at Free University Berlin and recipient of the alternative Nobel Prize. "The Solar Economy: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future." Earthscan Publications. 2002. Pgs. 31-34) 

The most sensitive question humanity faces is whether the global economy produces enough to go
AND
the market’ alone can be achieved with the visible hand of the sun.

Our demand for renewables incentives in this debate space injects green politics into the public sphere enabling new forms of agency locked out by industrialist and administrative logics.

Torgerson 1 ~Douglass, Professor of Politics, Cultural Studies, and Environmental and Resource Studies at Trent University in Canada, "Rethinking Politics for a Green Economy: A Political Approach to Radical Reform" Social Policy and Administration, 35:5~

In the quest for a green economic community, the critique of industrialism  and the
AND
both a means and an end in the promotion of a  green economy.

Public deliberation and demands for a precautionary approach to environmental politics upends the worst excesses of industrialization while offering a new mode of individual agency

Torgerson 8 ~Douglass, Professor of Politics, Cultural Studies, and Environmental and Resource Studies at Trent University in Canada, "Constituting Green Democracy: A Political Project" The Good Society 17:2~

Beyond Constitutionalism? Authoritarianism and Anarchism What both authoritarian and anarchist schools of thought shared
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, especially with the debates that take place in the green public sphere.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Warming

Catastrophic warming is real, anthropogenic, causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war

Deibel ’7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. "Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft", Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Catastrophic change can still be averted but the U.S. must resolve electricity emissions now

Ferrey 12. (Steven, JD, MA in energy and environmental Law and currently a Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School. "Alternative Energy In A Spaghetti Westen: Clint Eastwood Confronts State Renewable Energy Policy." Utah Environmental Law Review. 2012 http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594-http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594)

Chief NASA climatologist James Hansen notes that waiting a decade until 2018 to stop the
AND
during the forty-two-year period between 1961 and 2003.32

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations

Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. "NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science." September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf-http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated rejection of science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.

John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide

Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09~~%23ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict

Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, "Geopolitical implications of ’Peak everything’" January 10^th 2012. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D-http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals
AND
—will most probably be economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

Feed-in tariffs are the best mechanism to spur clean tech innovation

Kopetsky 8. (Brad A., J.D. from University of Wisconsin (09) and thanks Joan Pratt for a lifetime of unconditional love, support and sacrifice. "Deutschland Uber Alles: Why German Regulations Need to Conquer the Divided U.S. Renewable-Energy Framework to Save Clean Tech (And The World)" Wisconsin Law Review. 12/01/08. http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/lawreview/issues/2008_5/3_-_kopetsky.pdf-http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/lawreview/issues/2008_5/3_-_kopetsky.pdf)

If current federal subsidies only work to a certain point, and a state system
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-energy framework to encourage clean-tech innovation and meet national environmental goals

Clean tech innovation key to the economy

Jenkins 2011, Jesse, "Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute", http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php~~%232102285

There are a host of reasons why targeted policies and smart public investments in emerging
AND
Making clean energy cheap and fully competitive should become our nation’s rallying focus.

Nuclear war.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~[Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~]
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Global economic crises cause war — strong statistic support and their defense doesn’t account for global crises.

Royal, ’10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program — DOD, Economics of War %26 Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith %26 Brauer, p. 213-15)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Impact is extinction—oceans

Westenskow 8. (Rosalie, UPI Correspondent, United Press International, "Acidic oceans may tangle food chain." 06/06/08. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/-http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/)
citing Scott Doney, PhD from MIT in Chemistry, AND CITING, David Adamec, head of Ocean Sciences at NASA with a PhD in Meteorology from Naval Postgraduate School

Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists
AND
one year, potentially leading to extinction for some species, Adamec said.

Grids

Grid centralization ensures energy disruptions through accidents, storms, energy trading, and cyber terror.

Hildyard et al 12 
(Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy system is subjected to centralised
AND
of generators magnify such "cyber-security" and data protection challenges.

FITS solves 2 ways:

1. Distributed Generation—insulates the grid from power shortages

2. Geographic and fuel diversification increases grid resiliency

Mendonça et al 9
(Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies.
AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Independently, Susceptibility of our grid makes cyber-attacks likely in the near term

Copelin 12 (Laylan,Austin American-Statesman "Growing threat to utilities weighed" May 25, 2012 Lexis)
U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul on Thursday huddled behind closed doors with
AND
all other sectors, it deserves special and urgent attention," he said.

Successful cyber-attack on the grid would cause US lash out triggering nuclear war

Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Solvency

The United States Federal Government should establish a renewable energy payment program that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Renewables coming now but not enough

Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. "Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy." 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf-http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

The good news is that a timely transition to a low-carbon, renewables
AND
leverage the necessary private sector investment to deploy renewable energy technologies at scale.

Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.

Chris Nelder 11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.

Water

Dependence on large power plants are the prime cause.

UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, our demand for electricity is colliding with our need for
AND
felt by the power sector, its customers, and other water users.

Solar power displaces enough water intensive production to avoid water shortages.

Sovacool 9 ~[Benjamin K., Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of
AND
Volume 37, Issue 7, July 2009, Pages 2763–2773~]

Finally, electric utilities can draw on two types of electricity generators that require almost
AND
far the country has harnessed less than one percent of this possible generation.

Energy water shortages deplete the Ogallala.

UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

A matter of time. The high-stakes competition for access to groundwater among
AND
century18), demand for both water and energy in the region may increase.

Ogallala depletion causes extinction from biodiversity loss.

ENS Quoting Ehrlich 97 (Paul Ehrlich is a bit of a hippy at Stanford University, Environmental News Service, http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/970207ehrlich.html)

Ehrlich coined the term "brownlash" to describe the efforts of those trying to
AND
implementing steps to sustain its life-support systems and thus preserve civilization.

Those shortages will collapse the American agricultural base.

Sovacool 9 ~[Benjamin K., Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of
AND
Volume 37, Issue 7, July 2009, Pages 2763–2773~]

If electric utilities build the thermoelectric capacity planned for by 2025, those new power
AND
, agricultural collapse could strike the entire region and possibly spread to Mexico.

US agriculture is key to prevent global food wars.

Klare 12 ~[Michael, Professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, As Food Prices Rise, Dangers of Social Unrest Seem Imminent, August 9, http://highbrowmagazine.com/1459-food-prices-rise-dangers-potential-social-unrest-seem-imminent~~]

The Great Drought of 2012 has yet to come to an end, but we
AND
droughts, recurring food shortages, and billions of famished, desperate people.

Extinction.

Lugar 2k—Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee ~[Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. "calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability," http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html~~]

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Warming
Innovation Key to solve climate change
Davis et al. 13. (Steven J, PhD in Geological and Environmental Sciences from Stanford University AND Long Cao, PhD in Atmospheric Science from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign AND Ken Caldeira, PhD in Atmospheric Sciences from New York University AND Martin I Hoffert, PhD in Astronautics. Environmental Research Letters. “Rethinking Wedges.”
Confronting the need for as many as 31 wedges (12 hidden, 9 stabilization and 10 phase-out), the question is whether there are enough affordable mitigation options available, and—because the main source of CO2 emissions is the burning of fossil fuels—the answer depends upon an assessment of carbon-free energy technologies. There is a longstanding disagreement in the literature between those who argue that existing technologies, improved incrementally, are all that is needed to solve the climate problem (e.g. 1) and others who argue that more transformational change is necessary (e.g. 42). Although the disagreement has turned on the definitions of incremental and transformative and the trade-offs of a near-term versus a longer-term focus, the root difference lies in the perceived urgency of the climate problem 6. The emission reductions required by current targets, let alone a complete phase-out of emissions, demand fundamental, disruptive changes in the global energy system over the next 50 years. Depending on what sort of fossil-fuel infrastructure is replaced and neglecting any emissions produced to build and maintain the new infrastructure (see, e.g. 43), a single wedge represents 0.7–1.4 terawatts (TW) of carbon-free energy (or an equivalent decrease in demand for fossil energy). Whether the changes to the energy system are called incremental or revolutionary, few would dispute that extensive innovation of technologies will be necessary to afford many terawatts of carbon-free energy and reductions in energy demand 42, 44, 45. Currently, only a few classes of technologies might conceivably provide carbon-free power at the scale of multiple terawatts, among them fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear, and renewables (principally solar and wind, and perhaps biomass) 42, 46, 47. However, CCS has not yet been commercially deployed at any centralized power plant; the existing nuclear industry, based on reactor designs more than a half-century old and facing renewed public concerns of safety, is in a period of retrenchment, not expansion; and existing solar, wind, biomass, and energy storage systems are not yet mature enough to provide affordable baseload power at terawatt scale. Each of these technologies must be further developed if they are to be deployed at scale and at costs competitive with fossil energy. Yet because investments in the energy sector tend to be capital intensive and long term, research successes are often not fully appropriable 48, and technologies compete almost entirely on the price of delivered electricity, private firms tend to underinvest in RandD, which has made energy one of the least innovative industry sectors in modern economies 44. Supporting deployment of newer energy technologies at large scales will undoubtedly lead to further development and reduced costs 45, 49, 50, but additional public support for early stage RandD will also be necessary to induce needed innovation 6, 44, 45, 51–53. Moreover, it is imperative that policies and programs also address the intermediate stages of development, demonstration, and commercialization, when ideas born of public-funded research must be transferred to and diffused among private industries 44, 54, 55.

US leadership on energy innovation causes Chinese modeling.

Gardner 7, Energy and Environment Correspondent at Reuters (Timothy, October 2, “Experts Say China Would Follow U.S. Lead On Climate”, Correspondent Energy and Environment, http://www.christiantoday.com/article/china.would.follow.us.lead.on.climatenrdc/13580.htm)
China would soon follow the U.S. lead if Washington agrees to tackle its emissions in the next few years because China's government takes the threat of global warming more seriously than the United States does, a climate expert said on Tuesday. "My impression is that the national government -- top level ministry officials -- in China regard the threats of global warming to their country with a much higher level of seriousness than their counterparts do here in the United States," said David Hawkins of the environmental group National Resources Defense Council. Hawkins, head of the group's climate center, spoke by telephone to the Reuters Environment Summit in New York. If the United States agrees to cut emissions deeply with a baseline that gets tougher over time, it would spur U.S. manufacturers to build low-emissions technologies like alternative energy and coal plants that store carbon dioxide underground. It could then market those technologies to the world, forcing China to act. "The biggest carrot is to have the U.S. to take a leadership role," he said. "Then countries like China are going to say, 'What does the United States know that we don't know?' and agree to their own cuts," said Hawkins. Hawkins is based in Washington but visits China often, meeting with government ministers heading the country's science and technology, environmental protection, agriculture, and development reform agencies. He said they are very concerned about the possibility that global warming will lead to drastic cuts in water for agriculture.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
SMR CP
Plan costs capital --- it’s massively unpopular.
Fairley 10 Peter, IEEE Spectrum, May, "Downsizing Nuclear Power Plants,” spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/downsizing-nuclear-power-plants/0
However, there are political objections to SMRs. Precisely because they are more affordable, they may well increase the risk of proliferation by bringing the cost and power output of nuclear reactors within the reach of poorer countries.  Russia’s first SMR, which the nuclear engineering group Rosatom expects to complete next year, is of particular concern. The Akademik Lomonosov is a floating nuclear power plant sporting two 35-MW reactors, which Rosatom expects to have tethered to an Arctic oil and gas operation by 2012. The reactor’s portability prompted Greenpeace Russia to call this floating plant the world’s most dangerous nuclear project in a decade.  SMRs may be smaller than today’s reactors. But, politically at least, they’re just as nuclear.

Solvency takes decades and the reactors won’t be cost-competitive – requires re-orienting the nuclear manufacturing industry
Ryan 11
Dylan,  Masters in Mechanical Engineering, expertise in energy, sustainability, Computer Aided Engineering, renewables technology; Ph.D. in solar energy systems, 2011, "Part 10 – Small modular reactors and mass production options," http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/ca/part-10-smallreactors-mass-prod/

So there are a host of practical factors in favour smaller reactors. But what’s the down side? Firstly, economies of scale. With a small reactor, we have all the excess baggage that comes with each power station, all the fixed costs and a much smaller pay-off. As I noted earlier, even thought many smaller reactors are a lot safer than large LWR’s (even a small LWR is somewhat safer!) you would still need to put them under a containment dome. It’s this process of concrete pouring that is often a bottle neck in nuclear reactor construction. We could get around the problem by clustering reactors together, i.e putting 2 or 4 reactors not only on the same site but under the same containment dome. The one downside here is that if one reactor has a problem, it will likely spread to its neighbours. How much of a showstopper this fact is depends on which type of reactors we are discussing. Also, in the shorter term small reactors would be slower to build, especially many of those we’ve been discussing, given that they are often made out of non-standard materials. Only a few facilities in the world could build them as the entire nuclear manufacturing industry is currently geared towards large LWR’s.

 Turning that juggernaut around would take decades. So by opting for small reactors while we’d get safer more flexible reactors, we be paying for it, as these reactors would be slower to build (initially anyway) and probably more expensive too.

The DOD won’t deploy SMR’s on all bases- doesn’t solve
Wong ’12 (Kelvin Wong, Kelvin Wong is an Associate Research Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University. He is with the Military Studies Programme at the School’s constituent unit, the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, “The Military’s Quest for Nuclear Power”, http://rolandsanjuan.blogspot.com/2012/05/beyond-weapons-militarys-quest-for.html, May 18, 2012, LEQ)

Synopsis The military has always maintained an interest in the application of nuclear energy in its operations. In a bid to reduce logistical strain caused by power-hungry bases and vehicles operating over significant distances, some military forces have experimented with nuclear technology to seek potential solutions. However, it is unlikely that such concepts will become a mainstream reality. Commentary In April 2012 American scientists unveiled a radical plan for advanced unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) powered by ‘next generation concepts’. The proposal, titled ‘Unmanned Air Vehicle Ultra Persistence Research’ was jointly developed by Sandia National Laboratories – the US government’s principal nuclear research and development agency – and military contractor Northrop Grumman. The research team noted that the application of such persistent technologies to UAVs would dramatically extend flight times, as well as enable more powerful sensor and weapon systems to be fitted. The proposal all but established that the team had been experimenting with nuclear propulsion concepts, especially when considering Sandia’s background and the research team’s concern over political sensitivities of nuclear power. Nuclear power: more than destruction Military exploitation of nuclear power has not always been limited to weapons of mass destruction and large naval platforms. As early as the 1940s, American scientists experimented with a salt-based nuclear reactor concept for civilian aircraft propulsion. However, early designs lacked durability and it was not till 1954 that a stable reactor was built at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union experimented with nuclear technology for its military aircraft, with the same intention to develop intercontinental bombers capable of reaching virtually any target on the planet. American defence contractors at the behest of the United States Air Force (USAF) investigated the feasibility of nuclear powered military aircraft, which was never realised as a result of cost and technical limitations, as well as crew safety concerns. On the other side of the Bering Strait, the Soviet Union also pursued its own nuclear-powered aircraft development. Despite promising results from limited flight-testing, Soviet military interest in the nuclear-powered bomber soon faded in favour of more cost-effective ballistic missile systems. There had also been an interest in the application of nuclear power for land-based forces during the same period. From early 1950 to late 1970 the US military had investigated the possibility of deploying smaller-scale and portable nuclear reactors in a bid to reduce logistical challenges imposed by energy-dependent vehicles and military bases. For example, a 1963 study submitted to the US Department of Defense (DOD) proposed the use of a small nuclear reactor as the power source for an energy depot. The proposal, called the military compact reactor (MCR), was an attempt to solve the logistics problem of supplying fuel to military vehicles on the battlefield. While military vehicles could not derive power directly from the nuclear reactor, the MCR could provide power to produce synthetic fuel to replace conventional petroleum fuel. In addition to the MCR, US Army engineers had also successfully operated a series of compact nuclear reactors in remote military bases, and even considered the use of nuclear power overseas to provide uninterrupted power in the event that US bases were cut off from regular supply lines. However, further development of the MCR ceased due to the cost and technical limitations. Other concepts had been more successful. From 1968 to 1975, the US Army operated a floating nuclear reactor which supplied electrical power in the Panama Canal Zone. Even though it proved its worth, the floating reactor eventually ceased operation due to high costs and the cancellation of the Army’s nuclear research programme. Civilian and military nuclear incidents Despite improvements in nuclear safety, public sentiment on nuclear power is generally unfavourable, particularly after a series of high-profile nuclear incidents over the years. Disasters like Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and the recent Fukushima episodes have sorely demonstrated the perils of operating nuclear reactors, emanating be it from human error or natural calamities. Military forces have also been stung by peacetime nuclear incidents. In March 2008, the American nuclear submarine USS Houston leaked minute amounts of radiation into Sasebo naval base while on a port call, triggering condemnation from Japanese citizens in the district. In the same year, the British nuclear submarine HMS Trafalgar leaked hundreds of litres of radioactive wastewater into a nearby river while docked at Devonport naval base, raising concerns from nuclear safety experts. Mainstream nuclear power in the military? Yet military scientists have not ceased to be tempted by the potential of nuclear power. In response to increasing oil prices and global supply uncertainties, and well-documented cases of logistical strain on forces operating in the Middle East in recent conflicts, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) issued a proposal for innovative solutions in deployable compact nuclear reactors in 2010. In the proposal, DARPA outlined the need to reduce the logistical burden of supplying forward operating bases and forces without access to reliable fuel supply lines. The proposal also suggested that materials science have advanced to the stage where it might have a positive impact on deployable nuclear reactor research. While recent developments suggest that nuclear power technology can potentially be employed in unmanned aircraft and on the ground, it is unlikely to have mainstream military utility. The Cold War period was an era when general attitudes towards nuclear energy were quite favourable, and military experimentation was only limited by funding and scientific expertise. In contrast, nuclear power today has become a hotly debated issue despite its importance in powering the economies of advanced nations today. For the military, the problem with nuclear power is not just about cost and safety, but also of the nature of its operating environment. Deploying volatile nuclear reactors into harm’s way on the battlefield, where their destruction and sabotage are likely, should give military planners cause to pause.

Multiple barriers to deployment and distribution of small modular reactors – economies of scale, regulatory and licensing costs, and siting conditions
Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard B. Andres and Hanna L. Breetz, “Small Nuclear Reactor for Military Installations:
Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implication,” February 2011, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/
pdf/strforum/sf-262.pdf)

The small size and newness of these reactor concepts¶ have projected downsides as well. From a financial perspective, small reactors represent substantial losses in economies¶ of scale. They are likely to be less economical domestic¶ energy sources per kilowatt-hour than larger reactors—al-¶ though at forward locations where liquid fuel used to power¶ generators is more expensive, they may be more economical than traditional methods.24 Making reliable projections¶ about these reactors’ economic and technical performance¶ while they are still on paper is a significant challenge.¶ Furthermore, the regulatory timeline and costs for¶ licensing are also sources of financial uncertainty. NRC li-¶ censing processes have historically evolved around LWRs,¶ and although NRC officials have begun dialogue on licens-¶ ing for small reactors, they have estimated in the past that¶ it could take a decade to develop new regulatory guides and¶ licensing reviews.25 The NRC fee structure is also a barrier¶ for small reactors.

 Under current regulations, the annual fee¶ to operate each licensed nuclear reactor is $4.5 million—a¶ prohibitive cost for many small reactor developers and users.¶ The NRC is considering a variable fee structure based on¶ reactor output, but it has deferred any actions or decisions¶ until a licensing application is submitted.26¶ Small reactors used on domestic military bases are¶ likely to face a number of additional siting hurdles. As a¶ distributed energy source, they are likely to face substan-¶ tial “not-in-my-backyard” battles. Moreover, dispersing a¶ large number of reactors leads to questions about long-¶ term nuclear waste disposal.27 Arguably, reactors should be¶ relatively safe on domestic military installations, certainly¶ more secure than, for instance, the reactors situated in de-¶ veloping countries or intended for processing tar sands.¶ Nevertheless, no issue involving nuclear energy is simple.¶ Institutional and technical uncertainties—such as the se-¶ curity of sealed modules, the potential and unintended¶ social and environmental consequences, or the design of¶ reliable safeguards—make dispersing reactors across the¶ country challenging. Some key issues that require consid-¶ eration include securing sealed modules, determining how¶ terrorists might use captured nuclear materials, carefully¶ considering the social and environmental consequences of¶ dispersing reactors, and determining whether Permissive¶ Action Links technology could be used to safeguard them.¶ Using the emerging technology at expeditionary loca-¶ tions carries far greater risks. Besides the concerns outlined¶ above, forward located reactors could be subject to attack.¶ Today, forward operating bases in Iraq and Afghanistan¶ are regularly subjected to mortar attacks, suggesting that¶ reactors at such locations could make these bases prime¶ targets for attack. Since forward bases are also subject to¶ capture, any design proposal that envisions deployment¶ at forward operating bases must incorporate contingency¶ plans in the event that reactors fall into enemy hands.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Warming
Catastrophic warming is real, anthropogenic, causes extinction and outweighs nuclear war
Deibel ‘7 (Terry L. Professor of IR @ National War College, 2007. “Foreign Affairs Strategy: Logic for American Statecraft”, Conclusion: American Foreign Affairs Strategy Today)

Finally, there is one major existential threat to American security (as well as
AND
States, but potentially to the continued existence of life on this planet.

Catastrophic change can still be averted but the U.S. must resolve electricity emissions now
Ferrey 12. (Steven, JD, MA in energy and environmental Law and currently a Law Prof, Suffolk University Law School. “Alternative Energy In A Spaghetti Westen: Clint Eastwood Confronts State Renewable Energy Policy.” Utah Environmental Law Review. 2012 http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/jlrel/article/view/789/594)

Chief NASA climatologist James Hansen notes that waiting a decade until 2018 to stop the
AND
during the forty-two-year period between 1961 and 2003.32

Err Aff—There is a peer-reviewed scientific consensus behind warming—skeptics are driven by economic motivations
Lewandowsky et al. 12. (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. “NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science.” September 2012. http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude.
John Lorinc 9, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide
Lynch 8/9/12, Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09#ixzz24aVQZwDO
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
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foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Resource shortages escalate to global conflict
Heinberg 12. (Richard, Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute, Energy Bulletin, “Geopolitical implications of ‘Peak everything’” January 10th 2012. http://energybulletin.net/stories/2012-01-10/geopolitical-implications-%E2%80%9Cpeak-everything%E2%80%9D)

From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals
AND
—will most probably be economic and ecological ruin accompanied by political chaos.

US National Energy Stance makes China Model
Gardner 7, Energy and Environment Correspondent at Reuters (Timothy, October 2, “Experts Say China Would Follow U.S. Lead On Climate”, Correspondent Energy and Environment, http://www.christiantoday.com/article/china.would.follow.us.lead.on.climatenrdc/13580.htm)
China would soon follow the U.S. lead if Washington agrees to tackle
AND
possibility that global warming will lead to drastic cuts in water for agriculture.

Feed-in tariffs are the best mechanism to spur clean tech innovation
Kopetsky 8. (Brad A., J.D. from University of Wisconsin (09) and thanks Joan Pratt for a lifetime of unconditional love, support and sacrifice. “Deutschland Uber Alles: Why German Regulations Need to Conquer the Divided U.S. Renewable-Energy Framework to Save Clean Tech (And The World)” Wisconsin Law Review. 12/01/08. http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/lawreview/issues/2008_5/3_-_kopetsky.pdf)

If current federal subsidies only work to a certain point, and a state system
AND
-energy framework to encourage clean-tech innovation and meet national environmental goals

Clean tech innovation key to the economy
Jenkins 2011, Jesse, ”Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute”, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/10/is-america-losing-the-clean-en.php#2102285

There are a host of reasons why targeted policies and smart public investments in emerging
AND
Making clean energy cheap and fully competitive should become our nation’s rallying focus.

Nuclear war.
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Global economic crises cause war -- strong statistic support and their defense doesn't account for global crises.
Royal, '10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program -- DOD, Economics of War and Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-15)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.

Innovation Key to solve climate change
Davis et al. 13. (Steven J, PhD in Geological and Environmental Sciences from Stanford University AND Long Cao, PhD in Atmospheric Science from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign AND Ken Caldeira, PhD in Atmospheric Sciences from New York University AND Martin I Hoffert, PhD in Astronautics. Environmental Research Letters. “Rethinking Wedges.”
Confronting the need for as many as 31 wedges (12 hidden, 9 stabilization
AND
transferred to and diffused among private industries 44, 54, 55.

Impact is extinction—oceans
Westenskow 8. (Rosalie, UPI Correspondent, United Press International, “Acidic oceans may tangle food chain.” 06/06/08. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2008/06/06/Acidic_oceans_may_tangle_food_chain/UPI-84651212763771/print/)
citing Scott Doney, PhD from MIT in Chemistry, AND CITING, David Adamec, head of Ocean Sciences at NASA with a PhD in Meteorology from Naval Postgraduate School

Increased carbon levels in ocean water could have devastating impacts on marine life, scientists
AND
one year, potentially leading to extinction for some species, Adamec said.

Grids
Grid centralization ensures energy disruptions through accidents, storms, energy trading, and cyber terror.
Hildyard et al 12
(Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy system is subjected to centralised
AND
of generators magnify such “cyber-security” and data protection challenges.

FITS solves 2 ways:

1. Distributed Generation—insulates the grid from power shortages
   2. Geographic and fuel diversification increases grid resiliency
   Mendonça et al 9
   (Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies.
   AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8))

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Independently, Susceptibility of our grid makes cyber-attacks likely in the near term
Copelin 12 (Laylan,Austin American-Statesman “Growing threat to utilities weighed” May 25, 2012 Lexis)
U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul on Thursday huddled behind closed doors with
AND
all other sectors, it deserves special and urgent attention," he said.

Successful cyber-attack on the grid would cause US lash out triggering nuclear war
Habiger, 2/1/2010 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)
However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
AND
based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.

Impact Defense is skewed—cyberattacks have greater grid penetration than the industry will reveal—independently kills E-Commerce
Engelman and Strohm 12 (Eric Engleman and Chris Strohm, Bloomberg, “Cybersecurity Disaster Seen in U.S. Survey Citing Spending Gaps” 1/30/12 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-31/cybersecurity-disaster-seen-in-u-s-survey-citing-spending-gaps.html)
¶ Power Grid Vulnerability¶ In an event that hints at the damage of a
AND
the capability is we’ll wake up one day and the lights won’t work.”

Ecommerce is key to Chinese economy
Xi 13 (Ma, Peoples Daily Online, “E-commerce: New engine of China’s economic development” 1/18/13 http://english.people.com.cn/90778/8098340.html)
China’s electronic business has developed rapidly in recent years, which has become the new
AND
express delivery, and it has also reduced the jobless rate in China. 

Chinese economic collapse causes lashout and war.
Kristen Gunness and Dr. Jacqueline Newmeyer 9, US Navy and Long-Term Strategy Group, April 8, http://cnponline.org/index.php?ht=a/GetDocumentAction/i/12503

So I think either way, either because of the insecurity that is stoked by
AND
the downturn would lead to a greater chance of conflict abroad for China.   
Extinction
Cheong 2k 6—25, Lexis Strait Times
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

Cyberterrorism to the grid probable—causes power outage and economic collapse
Barrett and Gamble 3/19 (*J. Michael Barrett is a principal of the Washington, DC-based national security consulting firm, Diligent Innovations. A former Naval intelligence officer, he served as Director of Strategy for the White House Homeland Security Council, intelligence officer for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and senior counterterrorism analyst for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. A Fellow in counterterrorism at the Manhattan Robert Gamble is a senior analyst at Diligent Innovations and recently completed a 17-month deployment to Afghanistan as a civilian employee with the Department of Defense. 3/19/2013 “Keeping the Lights On: Cyber Terrorism and the Power Grid” http://www.lexingtoninstitute.org/keeping-the-lights-on-cyber-terrorism-and-the-power-grid)kyan
The clear and present danger of cyber threats to our critical infrastructure, such as
AND
and coordinated secure access protocols, and better monitoring systems that detect intrusion.

Solvency
The United States Federal Government should establish a Clean Local Energy Access Now program that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind or solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.
Renewables coming now but not enough
Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. “Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy.” 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

The good news is that a timely transition to a low-carbon, renewables
AND
leverage the necessary private sector investment to deploy renewable energy technologies at scale.

Only a feed-in-tariff pricing regime solves haphazard state and federal incentives
Farrell 09
John, John Farrell is a research associate on the New Rules Project at the ¶ Institute for Local Self-Reliance, where he examines the benefits of ¶ local ownership and dispersed generation of renewable energy. “Feed-in Tariffs in America ¶ Driving the Economy with Renewable ¶ Energy Policy that Works” http://www.boell.de/downloads/ecology/FIT_in_America_web.pdf

The Power of Feed-in Tariffs¶ In the United States, renewable energy
AND
benefits than alternative policies for the same level of renewable energy ¶ deployment.

Water
Dependence on large power plants are the prime cause.
UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

ACROSS THE UNITED STATES, our demand for electricity is colliding with our need for
AND
felt by the power sector, its customers, and other water users.

Solar power displaces enough water intensive production to avoid water shortages.
Sovacool 9 Benjamin K., Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of
AND
Volume 37, Issue 7, July 2009, Pages 2763–2773

Finally, electric utilities can draw on two types of electricity generators that require almost
AND
far the country has harnessed less than one percent of this possible generation.

Energy water shortages deplete the Ogallala.
UCS, Union of Concerned Scientists, June 11 (Energy and Water at Risk, ucs.org)

A matter of time. The high-stakes competition for access to groundwater among
AND
century18), demand for both water and energy in the region may increase.
Ogallala depletion causes extinction from biodiversity loss.
ENS Quoting Ehrlich 97 (Paul Ehrlich is a bit of a hippy at Stanford University, Environmental News Service, http://news.stanford.edu/pr/97/970207ehrlich.html)

Ehrlich coined the term "brownlash" to describe the efforts of those trying to
AND
implementing steps to sustain its life-support systems and thus preserve civilization.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Warming

Grids
China’s economy is sustainable – strong consumer base, tech innovation and changing governmental policies subsume all their warrants
Xinhua 12 (“China Voice: China's development momentum sustainable,” 3/19/12, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-03/19/c_131476413.htm)//AM

BEIJING, March 19 (Xinhua) -- China's economy will slow down, but
AND
, there is no doubt that the country will continue to make progress. 

Solvency
Mormann 12. (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Environmental Law. “Enhancing the Investor Appeal of Renewable Energy.” 8/03/12. http://law.lclark.edu/live/files/12872-42302mormannpdf) 

Feed-in tariffs show excellent capacity to appeal to a broad range of investors
AND
evidenced by internationally funded renewable energy generation facilities such as those from Spain.

Water
T
We meet—
a. FITS are financial incentives
Siegel 11. (Bari Faye, technology writer and marketing consultant for Noveda Technologies. “When It Comes to Rebates, SRECs Make Long-Term Sense.” Written for Clean Techies. 07/20/11. http://blog.cleantechies.com/2011/07/20/when-it-comes-to-rebates-srecs-make-long-term-sense/)

One of the most important factors in moving the United States over from conventional to
AND
feed-in-tariff system doesn’t deal with quotas or minor goals.

b. We reduce restrictions by mandating grid access
Hutton 8. (John, BA and BCL and a member of the House of Lords. Written for Metering.com. “Distributed energy an option to increase renewable growth in U.K.” June 26, 2008. http://www.metering.com/node/12867)

Other proposals include introducing a new financial incentive mechanism to encourage a large increase in renewable heat, including in homes and other buildings, and ensuring appropriate incentives for new electricity grid infrastructure and removing grid access as a barrier to renewable deployment. In addition the planning system should be helped to deliver, by agreeing a clear deployment strategy at regional level, and the development of new renewable technologies should be encouraged.

Counter-Interpretation—Financial Incentives are ONLY per kwh payments—no “its” in the resolution means we don’t have to increase government incentives
Pace and Gatrell 9. (James, Masters in Geography from Indiana State University AND Jay D., PhD in Geography. “Spatial Analysis, Policy, Planning, and Alternative Energy Production.” 02/03/09 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h65n12q537383q47/fulltext.pdf)

The last tool used to promote renewable energy production is to provide financial incentives.
AND
billion (43.7%) of all Federal incentives (Bezdek 2007).

Prefer our interpretation:

A. Precision—our contextual interp is key to limits
Gold 99. (Marsha, Dr.Sc., “Financial Incentives” January 1999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1496870/)

To enhance understanding, financial incentives should be looked at in context. The following
AND
cannot be predicted). Quality oversight features may detect faulty responses to incentives.

B. Predictability—feed in tariffs are the most predictable and widely discussed mechanism for increasing energy production
Soerensen and Rousseau 9*. (Hans Chr., PhD and Vice President of the European Ocean Energy Administration AND Nathalie, B.A. in Information and Communications Technology and Director of the European Ocean Energy Administration *Unable to find exact publish date, but most recently cited work is a paper for the IEE published in October 2009. “Best Practice” a report by Waveplam. http://www.waveplam.eu/files/downloads/best_practiceD2.3_final.pdf)

The three most used kWh based financial incentives are • Feed-in tariff •
AND
and/or abandoned projects will not be able to recover this share.

EIA concludes aff a decade later
EIA 11. (U.S. Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Outlook 2011: Chapter footnotes. 09/19/11. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/footnotes.cfm)

A feed-in tariff is a financial incentive that encourages the adoption of renewable electricity. Under a feed-in tariff, government legislation requires electric utilities to purchase renewable electricity at a higher price than the wholesale price, allowing the renewable generator to achieve a positive return on investment despite higher costs.

C. Aff Ground—pricing regime aff’s are the only way to effectively access renewables on this topic
Farrell 09
John, John Farrell is a research associate on the New Rules Project at the ¶ Institute for Local Self-Reliance, where he examines the benefits of ¶ local ownership and dispersed generation of renewable energy. “Feed-in Tariffs in America ¶ Driving the Economy with Renewable ¶ Energy Policy that Works” http://www.boell.de/downloads/ecology/FIT_in_America_web.pdf

The Power of Feed-in Tariffs¶ In the United States, renewable energy
AND
benefits than alternative policies for the same level of renewable energy ¶ deployment.

Sufficiency Applies to Competing Interpretations—if our interpretation resolves enough of their offense you evaluate that unquantifiable residual risk as zero

Natural Gas DA
Low prices inevitable—no production cuts

Market analysis proves—producers will add steps to make current wells more profitable
Elliot Gue 5/11/2012 (Writer for Investing Daily, “Profiting from the Gas Glut” http://www.investingdaily.com/15219/profiting-from-the-gas-glut)

Subscribers often ask whether the decline in natural gas-directed drilling activity will relieve
AND
shut-in their wells to rebalance the supply side of the equation.¶ 

Structural factors—we’re locked in despite declining rig numbers
Travis Hoium 8/8/2012 (Analyst at the Motley Fool, “No End in Sight for Cheap Natural Gas”
http://www.dailyfinance.com/2012/08/08/no-end-in-sight-for-cheap-natural-gas/)

I remember hearing about how cheap natural gas was when I was interning at a
AND
don't see demand overtaking supply on a level that will drive prices higher.

No Russian gas heg—
No incentive for hardline
Iain Grant 2011(Ph. D. dissertation at Dalhousie University Department Of Political Science, “RUSSIA, GERMANY AND THE CONTEST FOR HEGEMONY
IN EUROPEAN NATURAL GAS” http://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/14059)

Russia has supplied natural gas to Europe reliably for nearly four decades. But recent
AND
imminent peril either. I conclude by discussing possible directions for future research.

Already decreasing share of EU market willingly
Steven Mufson 12/10/2012 (Writer for the Washington Post, "As shale gas booms, US considers LNG exports" www.willitsnews.com/ci_22163548/natural-gas-boom-fracking-lng-export)

The decline in Europe has put pressure on Russia and its state-owned gas
AND
natural gas production increased by an amount equal to total Russian exports today.

Best studies prove
Karen Smith-Stegen 2011 (Jacobs University Bremen, Germany and Bremer Energie Institut, German, “Deconstructing the ‘‘energy weapon’’: Russia’s threat to Europe as case study” Energy Policy (39))

5. Discussion As indicated by the energy weapon model developed here, Russia appears
AND
, will help defuse Russia's energy weapon and restore the balance of power.

Advantage CP

Even if the CP initially solves warming, its political ramifications kill solvency and cause global war.
Robert J. Lempert and Don Prosnitz 11, Rand Analysts, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2011/RAND_TR846.pdf

These quantitative results are consistent with the claims of many commentators that one of geoengineering’s
AND
geoengineering capability as a weapon, intentionally inflicting harm on some other nation.
Can’t solve Ocean acidification – CO2 independently triggers it and causes extinction—That’s Romm.
Doesn’t stop black carbon – kills the glaciers
Burger 12 (Andrew Burger, “Post-Industrial Age Black Carbon Deposits Help Accelerate Loss of Glacial Ice, Marine Ecosystem Changes,” 2/21/12) http://globalwarmingisreal.com/2012/02/21/post-industrial-age-black-carbon-deposits-help-accelerate-loss-of-glacial-ice-marine-ecosystem-changes/#more-15557
Burning fossil fuels and biomass are the primary sources of “black carbon” in
AND
has influenced the coastal food webs of Alaska and the fisheries they support.”
Extinction
The Capital Times, 8 (Anita Weier. UW scientist: Sea level changes a driving force in mass extinctions http://www.madison.com/tct/news/292715)

Watch out for the oceans. That's the lesson of an extensive study by University
AND
many people live close to the sea. The toll will be large." 

Aff solves – global geo-engineering inevitable without emissions reductions.
Gernot Wagner 11/2/12, Ph.D. Student in Political Economy and Government, Harvard University. Environmental economics, growth and development. http://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2012/11/2/science-environment/fast-track-geoengineered-future

First, it’s not a question of if but when humanity will be compelled to
AND
driver” effect will kick in as the world warms. It’s when.
Extinction.
Prof. James Lovelock, 2008 leading British independent scientist on Global Warming, September 1, 2008 Monday 2:48 AM BST, (Emily Beament, PA Environment Correspondent, HEADLINE: GLOBAL WARMING 'HAPPENING FASTER THAN PREDICTED', p. Lexis)

But he warned that large-scale climate engineering - such as schemes which aimed
AND
Earth into a cycle problem and solution from which there was no escape.

Courts CP

Game theory proves states won’t enact FITS on their own
Kopetsky 8. (Brad A., J.D. from University of Wisconsin (09) and thanks Joan Pratt for a lifetime of unconditional love, support and sacrifice. “Deutschland Uber Alles: Why German Regulations Need to Conquer the Divided U.S. Renewable-Energy Framework to Save Clean Tech (And The World)” Wisconsin Law Review. 12/01/08. http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/lawreview/issues/2008_5/3_-_kopetsky.pdf)

Game theory 193 offers an interesting way to frame the concepts of state myopia and
AND
-tech equipment market and thereby discourages further development in the area. 207
State FiT’s are too watered down and don’t implement crucial elements that make FiT’s effective.
Miguel Mendonça et al 9. Miguel Mendonça. Researcher, author and advocate
AND

The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 93-4)
Other states and utilities throughout the country have since experimented with ‘performance-based
AND
grid access, and did not mandate that utilities have to offer it.

PTX
Won’t pass – Border security.
David Grant 3/27/13, CSM Staff, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0327/How-border-security-trigger-could-stop-immigration-reform

As immigration reform negotiations continue, determining just what counts as a “secure border
AND
offering temporary work visas to the undocumented in the second year after enactment.

Gun control thumps
Murray 3-28 (Mark, “First Thoughts: Obama jumps back into the gun debate,” NBC News, http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/28/17501341-first-thoughts-obama-jumps-back-into-the-gun-debate?lite)

Obama jumps back into the gun debate: With some GOP senators vowing to filibuster
AND
that’s what makes for good legislation. It’s compromise that brings everybody together.”

Obama isn’t spending pc on immigration—if he did it’s backfire
AP 3/28/13, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/28/obama-says-immigration-bill-could-pass-by-summer/

While overhauling the nation's patchwork immigration laws is a top second term priority for the
AND
new low-skilled workers was unlikely to "doom" the legislation.
No vote until August.
Ted Hesson 3/27/13, http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/Politics/reasons-immigration-reform-timeline-matters/story?id=18822563#.UVWF5avWE98

If the so-called Senate "Gang of Eight" working on immigration reform is able to produce a bill in April, the Senate and House could feasibly vote and pass legislation before the August recess in Congress

CLEAN programs don’t link to politics
Gallucci 12. (Maria, BSJ, in Spanish from Ohio. “FIT to Be CLEAN: EU’s ‘Feed-In Tariff’ Rebranded for Americans.” Inside Climate News 05/14/12. http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20120514/europe-feed-tariff-solar-wind-long-island-new-york-germany-rates-utility)

Jimison, who hadn't heard of the CLEAN acronym, said making over feed-
AND
growth to go bust and gave feed-in tariffs a bad name.

Relations resilient- shared goals
Kumar 9 (Arum, staff writer Headlines India, "US and India poised to become global partners", June 26, http://headlinesindia.mapsofindia.com/india-and-world/united-states/us-and-india-poised-to-become-global-partners-15116.html, JS)
Washington: With the India-US civil AND a broad range of shared interests."

Clean tech dissemination solves Indian Electricity
Shue 13. (Henry, PhD in Philosophy from Princeton University specializing in political philosophy. “Climate Hope: Implementing the Exit Strategy.” Chicago Journal of International Law. Winter 2013. Lexis.)

Why is making progress on both climate change and poverty simultaneously, although morally inescapable
AND
universally available is vital to protect human rights as climate change encroaches." n15

Renewables policy is super popular with the public—people want to fix warming
Vraga et al. 13. (Emily, PhD in Mass Communications from the University of Wisconsin Madison AND Connie Roser-Renouf, PhD in Communication Research from Stanford University AND Anthony Leiserowitz, PhD in Environmental Science Studies and Policy from University of Oregon AND Edward Maibach, PhD in Communication Research from Stanford University. Yale Project on Climate Change Communication. “The Political Benefits to Taking a Pro-Climate Stand in 2013.” 01/15/12. http://environment.yale.edu/climate/publications/Political-benefits-to-taking-a-pro-climate-stand-in-2013/)

Concern about the effects of global warming is high across political groups, with majorities
AND
do more to address global warming, as do increasing numbers of Republicans.

Public Key to CIR
Parsons and Hennessey 2/4/13. (Christi and Kathleen, Washington Bureau. “Obama takes second-term agenda to the campaign trail.” LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-obama-20130204,0,3889723.story)

Obama isn't waiting. He's running opinion leaders through the White House at a daily
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issues. Obama has seized on issues that already have solid public support.

Wind PTC passed in the fiscal cliff and it thumps the link.
Zack Colman 1/2/13, The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/275301-issa-wind-power-credit-of-serious-interest

A recently renewed wind power credit could face more scrutiny next Congress, as House
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the committee’s “ongoing oversight of the federal government’s excessive and wasteful spending.”

Plan is a win
Nedler 12. (Chris, energy analyst citing Jennifer Gleason, Adjuct Professor at University of Oregon Law School. Smart Planet, “Beyond carbon policy: A national feed-in tariff.” 11/14/12. http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/take/beyond-carbon-policy-a-national-feed-in-tariff/231)

A national FiT would take essentially the opposite approach to carbon mitigation than has been
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market in carbon offsets, or wind up being spent on other things.

Their reading of second terms is wrong – winners win during second terms and limited pol cap is untrue.
Van Dusen 2/10 The truth about second-term politics¶ ¶ ¶ By Lisa Van Dusen, Ottawa Citizen February 10, 2013 12:01 PM¶ Read more: http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/truth+about+second+term+politics/7945084/story.html#ixzz2KX2Cq4US

When Barack Obama delivers his fourth State of the Union address Tuesday, he’ll have
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second-term threat not political capital depreciation or lame duckdom, but hubris
Winners win – political capital doesn’t explain agenda success, but victories do.
Michael Hirsh 2/7, Chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
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but to move. It’s your choice. The future is wide open.

FITs avoid political backlash – less government bureaucracy and investment
Lynch 2011, Peter, Renewable Energy World contributor, “Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road NOT Taken…Why?”, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/11/feed-in-tariffs-the-proven-road-not-takenwhy

FITs do not depend on taxpayer contributions (it is not a subsidy) and
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and engineers — which is both timely and costly for developers/owners.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
More Thumpers
Cyberterror thumps
Martinez, The Hill, 3-18-13
(Jennifer, “Cyberattacks sound alarms as business, lawmakers scramble to bolster defenses,” 3-18-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/288643-cyberattacks-sound-alarms-dc-scrambles)

President Obama planned to address cybersecurity AND private sector can work together to thwart them. 

Obama’s pushing fuel emission standards and they thump if the aff links
Eilperin, Washington Post, 3-28-13
(Juliet, “Obama administration moves ahead with sweeping rules requiring cleaner gasoline,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-administration-moves-ahead-with-sweeping-rules-requiring-cleaner-gasoline/2013/03/28/4ea2e01c-97cd-11e2-814b-063623d80a60_print.html, accessed 3-28-13)

The Environmental Protection AND and confirmed by the administration Thursday night.

Geoengineering
Kills India Relations
Sarah Evelyn Harvey 11/13/12, Techonomy, http://techonomy.com/2012/11/can-geo-engineering-help-lower-the-earths-temperature/

There are obvious consequences, both environmental and political. First, the only way
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“I think we urgently need to build up some type of rule.”

Empirics prove our argument
Boswell 11 (Randy Boswell, Vancouver Sun, “Mass extinction due to high ocean acidity: Canadian-led team solves biggest mystery in Earth history,” September 9, http://www.vancouversun.com/business/technology/Mass+extinction+high+ocean+acidity+study/5377124/story.html)
A Canadian-led team of scientists may have solved the biggest whodunit in Earth
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linked extinction at the end of the dinosaur age 65 million years ago.

Ocean acidification destroys coral reefs – extinction
Leahy 06 (Stephen Leahy, environmental journalist, cites John Guinotte, marine scientist at the Marine Conservation Biology Institute in Washington State, “Climate Change Shattering Marine Food Chain,” Inter Press Service, April 10, 2006, http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=32843)
BROOKLIN, Canada, Apr 10, 2006 (IPS) - Vast swaths of
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these conditions and are unlikely to adapt in time," Guinotte told IPS. 

PTX
IF Obama is caving on gun control, CIR inevitable
Dell 3/12/25. (Dell’s Bottom Line, The Independent Sentinel. “Obama Willing to Trade Guns for Votes?” http://www.independentsentinel.com/2013/03/obama-willing-to-trade-guns-for-votes/)

The practice of “I’ll vote for your bill if you’ll vote for mine”
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I’ll cave in on gun control if you’ll cave in on immigration reform”.

Public key
Solar incentives are nearly as popular as killing Osama
Romm, 12 -- Climate Progress editor
(Joe, Ph.D. in physics from MIT, American Progress fellow, former acting assistant secretary of energy for energy efficiency and renewable energy, "Government Investment in Renewable Energy Nearly as Popular With Swing Voters as Death of Osama bin Laden," Think Progress, 1-25-12, thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/01/25/411355/government-investment-in-renewable-energy-popular-with-swing-voters-death-of-osama-bin-laden/?mobile=nc, accessed 10-19-12)

Government Investment in Renewable Energy Nearly as Popular With Swing Voters as Death of Osama
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growing, and they want their state to have a part of it.

Relations

Resilient
Other factors
Compartmentalization

Mutual deterrence solves the impact
Devin Hagerty, professor of political science at the University of Maryland, 1998, The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia, p. 191-2

Could deterrence fail? While nuclear weapons have a deterrent impact on decision-making
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separatists in other states, ultimately threatening the integrity of the Indian federation.

FIT
AD 1: Warming
AD 2: Grid
AD 3: Water